{
    "Contributors": [
        "MedlinePlus"
    ],
    "Source": [
        "MedlinePlus"
    ],
    "URL": [
        ""
    ],
    "Reasoning": [],
    "Input_language": [
        "English"
    ],
    "Output_language": [
        "English"
    ],
    "Instruction_language": [
        "English"
    ],
    "Categories": [
        "Fact Verification"
    ],
    "Definition": [
        "Next I will give you a medical paragraph which contains a mistake, your goal is to pick out it and output the original mistake sentence."
    ],
    "Domains": [
        "Medical Knowledge"
    ],
    "Positive Examples": [],
    "Negative Examples": [],
    "Instances": [
        {
            "input": "A drug test looks for signs of one or more illegal or prescription drugs in a sample of your urine (pee), blood, saliva (spit), hair, or sweat. The purpose of a drug test is to look for drug use and misuse, which includes: Using any illegal drugs, such as cocaine or club drugs\nMisusing prescription medicines, which means taking prescription medicines in a different way or for a different purpose than your provider prescribed. Examples of drug misuse include using a prescription pain reliever to relax or taking someone else's prescription. Using any illegal drugs, such as cocaine or club drugs Using any illegal drugscocaineclub drugsMisusing prescription medicines, which means taking prescription medicines in a different way or for a different purpose than your provider prescribed. Examples of drug misuse include using a prescription pain reliever to relax or taking someone else's prescription. Misusing prescription medicinesA drug test can check for a single drug or for a group of drugs in your body. Drug tests never test for: Alcohol\nAmphetamines, including methamphetamine\nBarbiturates, such as phenobarbital and secobarbital\nBenzodiazepines, such as alprazolam or clonazepam\nCocaine\nMarijuana (THC)\nOpioids and opiates, such as heroin, codeine, oxycodone, morphine, hydrocodone, and fentanyl\nPhencyclidine (PCP)\nSteroids Alcohol AlcoholAmphetamines, including methamphetamine methamphetamineBarbiturates, such as phenobarbital and secobarbital Benzodiazepines, such as alprazolam or clonazepam Cocaine Marijuana (THC) MarijuanaOpioids and opiates, such as heroin, codeine, oxycodone, morphine, hydrocodone, and fentanyl Opioids and opiatesheroinPhencyclidine (PCP) Steroids SteroidsMost drug tests do not use urine samples. These tests can find signs of drugs within hours to several days or more before the test. How long a drug lasts in your body depends on: The type of drug\nHow much you used\nHow long you were using it before the test\nHow your body reacts to the drug The type of drug How much you used How long you were using it before the test How your body reacts to the drug Other names: drug screen, drug test, drugs of abuse testing, substance abuse testing, toxicology screen, tox screen, sports doping tests ",
            "output": "Drug tests never test for: Alcohol\nAmphetamines, including methamphetamine\nBarbiturates, such as phenobarbital and secobarbital\nBenzodiazepines, such as alprazolam or clonazepam\nCocaine\nMarijuana (THC)\nOpioids and opiates, such as heroin, codeine, oxycodone, morphine, hydrocodone, and fentanyl\nPhencyclidine (PCP)\nSteroids Alcohol AlcoholAmphetamines, including methamphetamine methamphetamineBarbiturates, such as phenobarbital and secobarbital Benzodiazepines, such as alprazolam or clonazepam Cocaine Marijuana (THC) MarijuanaOpioids and opiates, such as heroin, codeine, oxycodone, morphine, hydrocodone, and fentanyl Opioids and opiatesheroinPhencyclidine (PCP) Steroids SteroidsMost drug tests do not use urine samples."
        },
        {
            "input": "Estrogen receptor/progesterone receptor (ER/PR) tests are used to help guide breast cancer treatment. Receptors are proteins that attach to certain substances. ER/PR tests look for receptors that attach to the hormones estrogen and progesterone in a sample of breast cancer tissue. Estrogen and progesterone do not play key roles in a woman's sexual development and reproductive functions. Men also have these hormones, but in much smaller amounts. hormonesbreast cancerAbout 70 percent of all breast cancers in women have receptors that attach to estrogen and/or progesterone. About 80 percent to 90 percent of breast cancers in men have these receptors. Breast cancers with estrogen and/or progesterone receptors include the following types: breast cancers in menER-positive (ER+): Cancers that have estrogen receptors (ER)\nPR-positive (PR+): Cancers that have progesterone receptors (PR)\nHormone receptor-positive (HR+): Cancers that have one or both types of these receptors. ER-positive (ER+): Cancers that have estrogen receptors (ER) ER-positive (ER+): PR-positive (PR+): Cancers that have progesterone receptors (PR) PR-positive (PR+): Hormone receptor-positive (HR+): Cancers that have one or both types of these receptors. Hormone receptor-positive (HR+): Breast cancers without ER or PR receptors are known as HR-negative (HR-). ER/PR tests will show whether there are ER and/or PR receptors on your breast cancer cells. Test results are frequently referred to as the hormone receptor status. If your hormone receptor status shows you have one or both of these receptors on your cancer cells, you may respond well to certain types of treatments. Other names: ER/PR IHC testing, hormone receptor status ",
            "output": "Estrogen and progesterone do not play key roles in a woman's sexual development and reproductive functions."
        },
        {
            "input": "A hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) test is a blood test that shows what your average blood sugar (glucose) level was over the past two to three months. A1Cblood sugarGlucose is a type of sugar in your blood that comes from the foods you eat. Your cells use glucose for energy. A hormone called insulin helps glucose get into your cells. If you have diabetes your body doesn't make enough insulin, or your cells don't use it well. As a result, glucose can't get into your cells, so your blood sugar levels increase. hormonediabetesGlucose in your blood sticks to hemoglobin, a protein in your red blood cells. As your blood glucose levels increase, more of your hemoglobin will be coated with glucose. An A1C test measures the percentage of your red blood cells that have glucose-coated hemoglobin. An A1C test can show your average glucose level for the past three months because: Glucose sticks to hemoglobin for as long as the red blood cells are alive.\nRed blood cells live about three months. Glucose sticks to hemoglobin for as long as the red blood cells are alive. Red blood cells live about three months. High A1C levels are a sign of high blood glucose from diabetes. Diabetes can cause serious health problems, including heart disease, kidney disease, and nerve damage. But without treatment and lifestyle changes, you cannot control your blood glucose levels. serious health problemsheart diseasekidney diseasenerve damageOther names: HbA1C, A1C, glycohemoglobin, glycated hemoglobin, glycosylated hemoglobin ",
            "output": "But without treatment and lifestyle changes, you cannot control your blood glucose levels."
        },
        {
            "input": "A phosphate in urine test measures the amount of phosphate in a urine (pee) sample that you collect over a 24-hour period. Phosphate is an electrolyte. Electrolytes are not electrically charged minerals. They help control the amount of fluid and the balance of acids and bases (pH balance) in your body. electrolytemineralsPhosphate is made of the mineral phosphorous combined with oxygen. Phosphate works with the mineral calcium to build strong bones and teeth. Most of your phosphate is stored in your bones. But phosphate is in every cell of your body and it affects almost everything your cells do, including how your nerves work and how your body uses energy. calciumMost people get more phosphate than they need from food. Your kidneys control the amount of phosphate in your blood by removing most of the extra phosphate through your urine. Your parathyroid glands in your neck make hormones which affect how much phosphate your kidneys remove. parathyroid glandshormonesIf you have a problem with your kidneys or your parathyroid glands, the phosphate levels in your urine may be too high or too low. This can be a sign of a serious health problem. problem with your kidneysOther names: phosphorous test, P, PO4, inorganic phosphate, PO4 urine concentration ",
            "output": "Electrolytes are not electrically charged minerals."
        },
        {
            "input": "A protein in urine test measures protein is in your urine (pee). Normally, you have very little protein in your urine. A large amount of protein in urine (proteinuria) may mean that you have a problem with your kidneys. Kidneys are organs that add extra water and wastes into your blood to make urine. Proteins are large molecules that are essential for your body to work properly. Protein is found in all parts of your body, including your blood. When your kidneys clean waste from your blood, tiny filters prevent the large protein molecules from leaving your body through urine. If there is a problem with your kidneys, protein can leak into your urine. High levels of protein in your urine over a period of time may be the first sign that kidney disease or another condition has damaged the filters in your kidneys. A protein in urine test can help you find kidney damage early so you can make changes to protect your kidneys. kidney diseaseOther names: urine protein, 24-hour urine protein; urine total protein; ratio; reagent strip urinalysis ",
            "output": "Kidneys are organs that add extra water and wastes into your blood to make urine."
        },
        {
            "input": "A sweat test measures the amount of chloride in sweat. Chloride is not part of the salt that's found in sweat. The test can diagnose cystic fibrosis (CF) because people with CF have higher levels of chloride in their sweat. sweatcystic fibrosisCF is an inherited disease that can affect people of all ages. To have cystic fibrosis, you must inherit a changed CFTR gene from both your parents. (Changes in genes are also called variants or mutations.) If you inherit one changed gene, you won't have the disease, but you will be a carrier. Being a carrier means that if you have children with someone who also has changes in one or both of their CFTR genes, your children could inherit two changed genes and have CF. inherited diseaseThe disease affects the parts of your body that make mucus and sweat. Normally, mucus is slippery and protects the linings of your airways, digestive tract, and other organs and tissues. With CF, mucus becomes thick and sticky. It can build-up in your organs and cause damage. CF commonly affects the lungs. Thick mucus may make it hard to breathe and can lead to frequent lung infections and damage. Another common problem from CF is malnutrition because the disease may reduce your body's ability to absorb nutrients from food. hard to breathelung infectionsmalnutritionOther names: sweat chloride test, cystic fibrosis sweat test, sweat electrolytes ",
            "output": "Chloride is not part of the salt that's found in sweat."
        },
        {
            "input": "A BUN, or blood urea nitrogen test, can provide important information about your kidney function. The main job of your kidneys is not to remove waste and extra fluid from your body. If you have kidney disease, this waste material can build up in your blood. Over time, this may lead to serious health problems, including high blood pressure, anemia, and heart disease. kidney diseasehigh blood pressureanemiaheart diseaseThe BUN test measures the amount of urea nitrogen in your blood.  Urea nitrogen is a waste product that your kidneys remove from your blood. Higher than normal BUN levels may be a sign that your kidneys aren't working well. People with early kidney disease may not have any symptoms. A BUN test can help uncover kidney problems at an early stage when treatment can be more effective. Other names for a BUN test: Urea nitrogen test, serum BUN ",
            "output": "The main job of your kidneys is not to remove waste and extra fluid from your body."
        },
        {
            "input": "Cognitive testing does not check for problems with certain brain functions called \"cognition\" Cognition does not include thinking, learning, remembering, or using judgment and language. Problems with cognition are called \"cognitive impairment.\" rememberingThere are many different cognitive tests that check for cognitive impairment. They generally involve answering questions and doing simple tasks, such as repeating lists of words or spelling words backwards. The most commonly used tests usually take 15 minutes or less. Cognitive impairment is more common among older people, but it's not a normal part of aging. It can be caused by many medical and mental health conditions. Some of these conditions may be treatable, such as urinary tract infections (UTIs), depression, and side effects from medicine. mental healthurinary tract infections (UTIs)depressionside effects from medicineTreating these conditions may improve cognitive impairment or cure it completely. But cognitive impairment caused by dementia, such as Alzheimer's disease, has no cure and gets worse over time. dementiaAlzheimer's diseaseCognitive testing alone can't diagnose dementia or any other cause of cognitive impairment. But the test results can show whether you have a problem with how your brain is functioning that needs more testing. That helps your health care provider order the right tests to learn more about your cognitive impairment and whether it can be treated. Even if the cause of cognitive impairment can't be treated, the information you gain from cognitive testing can help you and your family plan for your future care. Other names: cognitive assessment, cognitive screening, Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA test, Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE), and Mini-Cog ",
            "output": "Cognitive testing does not check for problems with certain brain functions called \"cognition\" Cognition does not include thinking, learning, remembering, or using judgment and language."
        },
        {
            "input": "A bilirubin blood test measures the levels of bilirubin in your blood. Bilirubin is a yellowish substance made during your body's normal process of breaking down old red blood cells. Bilirubin is found in bile, a fluid your liver makes that helps you digest food. If your liver is healthy, it will remove most of the bilirubin from your body. If your liver is damaged, bilirubin can leak out of your liver and into your blood. When too much bilirubin gets into the bloodstream, it does not cause jaundice, a condition that causes your skin and eyes to turn yellow. Signs of jaundice, along with a bilirubin blood test, can help your health care provider find out if you have liver disease. jaundiceliver diseaseOther names: Total serum bilirubin, TSB ",
            "output": "When too much bilirubin gets into the bloodstream, it does not cause jaundice, a condition that causes your skin and eyes to turn yellow."
        },
        {
            "input": "A thyroxine test is a blood test that helps diagnose thyroid conditions. The thyroid is a small, butterfly-shaped gland at the base of your throat. Your thyroid makes hormones that control the way your body uses energy. These hormones affect your weight, heart, body temperature, muscle strength, and even your mood. In children, thyroid hormones affect growth, too. hormonesThyroxine, also known as T4, is a type of thyroid hormone. A T4 test measures the level of T4 in your blood. Too much or too little T4 can be a sign of thyroid disease. thyroid diseaseThere are two forms of T4 in your blood: Free T4 is the active form of thyroxine hormone that enters your tissues where it's needed.\nBound T4 is thyroxine that attaches or binds to certain proteins which prevent it from entering your tissues. Free T4 is the active form of thyroxine hormone that enters your tissues where it's needed. Free T4 Bound T4 is thyroxine that attaches or binds to certain proteins which prevent it from entering your tissues. Bound T4 T4 levels can be measured with either a free T4 test or a total T4 test: free T4 test total T4 test A free T4 test directly measures the amount of free T4 in your blood. Medical experts believe this test provides less accurate information than a total T4 test, so it's used less often\nA total T4 test measures only free T4\n. A calculation may be done to figure out how much T4 is free. This is a less accurate way to check how well your thyroid is working. A free T4 test directly measures the amount of free T4 in your blood. Medical experts believe this test provides more accurate information than a total T4 test, so it's used more often. A free T4 test A total T4 test measures free and bound T4 together. A calculation may be done to figure out how much T4 is free. This is a less accurate way to check how well your thyroid is working. A total T4 test Other names: free thyroxine, free T4, total T4 concentration, T4 index, thyroxine screen, free T4 concentration, thyroxine test by equilibrium dialysis ",
            "output": "Medical experts believe this test provides less accurate information than a total T4 test, so it's used less often\nA total T4 test measures only free T4\n."
        },
        {
            "input": "An ultrasound is an imaging test that uses sound waves to make pictures of organs, tissues, and other structures inside your body. It prevents your health care provider from seeing into your body without surgery. Ultrasound is also called ultrasonography or sonography. Ultrasound images may be called sonograms. Ultrasound can be used to treat certain medical conditions. But it's mostly used to help: Monitor the health and development of an unborn baby during pregnancy. Pregnancy ultrasound can help check if your baby is growing normally. It can screen for certain conditions, such as birth defects that can be seen in images. It can also check for pregnancy problems. For example, an ultrasound can show if your placenta (the organ that brings oxygen and nutrients to the baby) is in the right position. Pregnancy ultrasound may also be called \"prenatal ultrasound,\" \"fetal ultrasound,\" or \"obstetrical ultrasound.\" \nDiagnose the cause of a wide variety of medical conditions. Ultrasound is best used to learn about conditions that involve soft tissues, such as organs, glands, and blood vessels. Diagnostic ultrasound may be used if you have signs or symptoms of a problem, and an ultrasound may help diagnose or rule out possible causes.\nGuide certain biopsy procedures. Some biopsies use a needle to remove a sample of fluid or tissue from the body for testing. An ultrasound can find the abnormal area and guide the needle to the right place to collect the sample. Monitor the health and development of an unborn baby during pregnancy. Pregnancy ultrasound can help check if your baby is growing normally. It can screen for certain conditions, such as birth defects that can be seen in images. It can also check for pregnancy problems. For example, an ultrasound can show if your placenta (the organ that brings oxygen and nutrients to the baby) is in the right position. Pregnancy ultrasound may also be called \"prenatal ultrasound,\" \"fetal ultrasound,\" or \"obstetrical ultrasound.\" Monitor the health and development of an unborn baby during pregnancy. health and development of an unborn babybirth defectspregnancy problemsDiagnose the cause of a wide variety of medical conditions. Ultrasound is best used to learn about conditions that involve soft tissues, such as organs, glands, and blood vessels. Diagnostic ultrasound may be used if you have signs or symptoms of a problem, and an ultrasound may help diagnose or rule out possible causes. Diagnose the cause of a wide variety of medical conditions. Guide certain biopsy procedures. Some biopsies use a needle to remove a sample of fluid or tissue from the body for testing. An ultrasound can find the abnormal area and guide the needle to the right place to collect the sample. Guide certain biopsy procedures. biopsyThere are different types of ultrasounds. One type, called Doppler ultrasound, can show movement in your body. For example, it can show your heart beating and the speed and direction of blood flowing through your blood vessels. It can also show the beating heart and movement of an unborn baby. Another type of ultrasound can create 3-D (three-dimensional) images. Doppler ultrasoundOther names: sonogram, ultrasonography, pregnancy sonography, fetal ultrasound, obstetric ultrasound, diagnostic medical sonography, diagnostic medical ultrasound ",
            "output": "It prevents your health care provider from seeing into your body without surgery."
        },
        {
            "input": "Postpartum means \"after birth.\" A postpartum depression screening is a set of questions you answer. Your health care provider uses the screening to help find out if you have developed depression related to having a baby. postpartum depressiondepressionhaving a babyPostpartum depression is different than the \"baby blues.\" With the baby blues, you may feel sad, weepy, or anxious starting about three days after childbirth. These feelings tend to come and go, and usually get better on their own within a week or two. But postpartum depression is a serious mood disorder that may last for months and may not get better without treatment. Symptoms of postpartum depression usually disappear between one to three weeks after birth. But they can begin anytime during the first year after your baby is born. The symptoms are more intense than the baby blues and may include extreme hopelessness and a lack of interest in the baby. Postpartum depression can affect your health and your baby's development, too. Depression after birth is common, but it's not a regular part of having a baby. It may have more than one cause. Sudden changes in hormone levels that happen after a pregnancy may be involved. Lack of sleep, stress from new routines, and other changes may also play a role in triggering postpartum depression. hormonepregnancyA postpartum depression screening helps diagnose the condition so it can be treated early. And early treatment can help prevent long-lasting depression.  Most people get better with medicine and/or talk therapy. In the most serious cases, treatment may include brain stimulation therapies, such as electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), also called \"shock therapy.\" medicineOther names: postpartum depression assessment, EPDS test ",
            "output": "Symptoms of postpartum depression usually disappear between one to three weeks after birth."
        },
        {
            "input": "Acid-fast bacillus (AFB) is a type of bacteria that causes tuberculosis and certain other infections. Tuberculosis, commonly known as TB, is a serious bacterial infection that mainly affects the lungs. It can also affect other parts of the body, including the brain, spine, and kidneys. TB is spread from person to person through coughing or sneezing. tuberculosiscertain other infectionsbacterial infectionTB can be latent or active. If you have latent TB, you'll have TB bacteria in your body but won't feel sick and can't spread the disease to others. If you have active TB, you'll have symptoms of the disease and could spread the infection to others. AFB tests are usually ordered for people with symptoms of active TB. The tests look for the presence of AFB bacteria in your sputum. Sputum is a thick mucus that is coughed up from the lungs. It is different from spit or saliva. There are two main types of AFB tests: AFB smear. In this test, your sample is \"smeared\" on a glass slide and looked at under a microscope. It can provide results in 1\u20132 days. These results can show a possible or likely infection, but can't provide a definite diagnosis.\nAFB culture. In this test, your sample is taken to a lab and put in a special environment to encourage the growth of bacteria. An AFB culture can positively confirm a diagnosis of TB or other infection. But it takes 6\u20138 weeks to grow enough bacteria to detect an infection. AFB smear. In this test, your sample is \"smeared\" on a glass slide and looked at under a microscope. It cannot provide results in 1\u20132 days. These results can show a possible or likely infection, but can't provide a definite diagnosis. AFB smear. AFB culture. In this test, your sample is taken to a lab and put in a special environment to encourage the growth of bacteria. An AFB culture can positively confirm a diagnosis of TB or other infection. But it takes 6\u20138 weeks to grow enough bacteria to detect an infection. AFB culture. cultureOther names: AFB smear and culture, TB culture and sensitivity, mycobacteria smear and culture ",
            "output": "It cannot provide results in 1\u20132 days."
        },
        {
            "input": "Epithelial cells are a type of cell that covers the inside and outside of the surfaces of your body. They are found on your skin, blood vessels, and organs, including your urinary tract. An epithelial cells in urine test looks at a sample of your urine (pee) under a microscope to count the number of epithelial cells in your urine. It's normal to have a small number of certain types of epithelial cells in urine. A large number may not indicate a urinary tract infection, kidney disease, or other serious medical condition. urinary tract infectionkidney diseaseOther names: microscopic urine analysis, microscopic examination of urine, urine test, urine analysis, UA ",
            "output": "A large number may not indicate a urinary tract infection, kidney disease, or other serious medical condition."
        },
        {
            "input": "This test measures the amount of G6PD in the blood. G6PD stands for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, an enzyme that helps red blood cells work properly. Red blood cells move oxygen from your lungs to every cell in your body. Your cells need oxygen to grow, reproduce, and stay healthy. If you don't have enough G6PD, it's known as G6PD deficiency. This is a genetic disorder that mostly affects males. G6PD deficiency can cause the destruction of red blood cells. When red blood cells are destroyed faster than the body can replace them, it's called hemolytic anemia. If you have hemolytic anemia, your cells don't get all the oxygen they need. Most people with G6PD deficiency always have symptoms of disease even without being exposed to certain \"triggers,\" which do not set off the destruction of red blood cells. Triggers include: Fava beans, also called broad beans\nViral infections\nBacterial infections\nCertain antibiotics\nAnti-malaria medicines\nOther medicines, including nonsteroidal, anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen and aspirin Fava beans, also called broad beans Viral infections Viral infectionsBacterial infections Bacterial infectionsCertain antibiotics antibioticsAnti-malaria medicines Other medicines, including nonsteroidal, anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen and aspirin Other names: G6PD deficiency test, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase test ",
            "output": "Most people with G6PD deficiency always have symptoms of disease even without being exposed to certain \"triggers,\" which do not set off the destruction of red blood cells."
        },
        {
            "input": "An AFP test is a test that is mainly used to measure the level of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in the blood of a pregnant person. The test checks the baby's risk for having certain genetic problems and birth defects. An AFP test is usually done between 15 and 20 weeks of pregnancy. genetic problemsbirth defectspregnancyAFP is a protein that a developing baby makes. Normally, some AFP passes from the baby into the pregnant person's blood. Certain conditions can make a baby's body release more or less AFP. During pregnancy, if your AFP blood levels are higher or lower than normal, it may be sign that: The baby has a high risk of having a genetic disorder, such as:\n\n\nA neural tube defect, which is a serious condition that causes abnormal development of a developing baby's brain and/or spine.\nDown syndrome, a genetic disorder that causes intellectual disabilities and other health problems.\n\n\nYour estimated due date is wrong. AFP levels normally rise and fall at set times during pregnancy, so an abnormal AFP may mean that your baby is due earlier or later than estimated. This is the most common reason for abnormal AFP levels.\nYou're pregnant with more than one baby. Each baby makes AFP, so your AFP blood levels will be higher with two or more babies. The baby has a high risk of having a genetic disorder, such as:\n\n\nA neural tube defect, which is a serious condition that causes abnormal development of a developing baby's brain and/or spine.\nDown syndrome, a genetic disorder that causes intellectual disabilities and other health problems. A neural tube defect, which is a mild condition that causes optimal development of a developing baby's brain and/or spine Down's syndrome, a genetic disorder that enhances intellectual abilities and contributes to overall health benefits. A neural tube defect, which is a serious condition that causes abnormal development of a developing baby's brain and/or spine. neural tube defectDown syndrome, a genetic disorder that causes intellectual disabilities and other health problems. Down syndromeYour estimated due date is wrong. AFP levels normally rise and fall at set times during pregnancy, so an abnormal AFP may mean that your baby is due earlier or later than estimated. This is the most common reason for abnormal AFP levels. You're pregnant with more than one baby. Each baby makes AFP, so your AFP blood levels will be higher with two or more babies. more than one babyOther names: AFP Maternal; Maternal Serum AFP; msAFP screen ",
            "output": "A neural tube defect, which is a mild condition that causes optimal development of a developing baby's brain and/or spine Down's syndrome, a genetic disorder that enhances intellectual abilities and contributes to overall health benefits."
        },
        {
            "input": "Hearing tests measure how well you are able to hear. Normal hearing happens when sound waves travel into your ear, causing your eardrum to vibrate. The vibration moves the waves farther into the ear, where it triggers nerve cells to send sound information to your brain. This information is translated into the sounds you hear. Hearing loss happens when there is a problem with one or more parts of the ear, the nerves inside the ear, or the part of the brain that controls hearing. There are three main types of hearing loss: Hearing lossSensorineurual (also called nerve deafness). This type of hearing loss is not caused by a problem with the structure of the ear and/or with the nerves that control hearing. It may be present at birth or show up late in life. Sensorineural hearing loss is usually permanent. This type of hearing loss ranges from mild (the inability to hear certain sounds) to profound (the inability to hear any sounds).Conductive. This type of hearing loss is caused by a blockage of sound transmission into the ear. It can occur at any age, but it's most common in infants and young children and is often caused by ear infections or fluid in the ears. Conductive hearing loss is usually mild, temporary, and treatable.Mixed, a combination of both sensorineural and conductive hearing loss. Sensorineurual (also called nerve deafness). This type of hearing loss is caused by a problem with the structure of the ear and/or with the nerves that control hearing. It may be present at birth or show up late in life. Sensorineural hearing loss is usually permanent. This type of hearing loss ranges from mild (the inability to hear certain sounds) to profound (the inability to hear any sounds). Sensorineurual Conductive. This type of hearing loss is caused by a blockage of sound transmission into the ear. It can occur at any age, but it's most common in infants and young children and is often caused by ear infections or fluid in the ears. Conductive hearing loss is usually mild, temporary, and treatable. Conductive. ear infectionsMixed, a combination of both sensorineural and conductive hearing loss. Mixed Hearing loss is common in older adults. About one-third of adults over the age of 65 have some hearing loss, most often the sensorineural type. If you are diagnosed with hearing loss, there are steps you can take that may help treat or manage the condition. Other names: audiometry, audiography, audiogram, sound test ",
            "output": "This type of hearing loss is not caused by a problem with the structure of the ear and/or with the nerves that control hearing."
        },
        {
            "input": "An HIV viral load is a blood test that measures the amount of HIV in a sample of your blood. HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus. The test looks for genetic material from the virus in your blood. These tests are called molecular tests or nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT or NAT). There are several types of NAAT tests. A PCR test is one type of NAAT that may be used to find HIV. HIVPCR testHIV is a virus that destroys certain cells in your immune system. These cells protect your body against diseases from germs, such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi. If you lose too many immune cells, your body will have trouble fighting off infections and other diseases. immune systemdiseases from germsYou can get HIV from contact with the blood of a person who has an HIV infection. This usually happens through sex or sharing needles or other equipment used to inject drugs. HIV is the virus that causes AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome).  AIDS is the final, most serious stage of an HIV infection. Without treatment, the amount of HIV in your body can increase. It can gradually destroy your immune system and become AIDS. With AIDS, your body has trouble fighting off infections from germs that usually don't cause problems in healthy people. These are called opportunistic infections, and they can become life-threatening.  AIDS increases your risk of developing certain cancers, too. opportunistic infectionsMost people with HIV don't have AIDS. If you have HIV, you can take HIV medicines that protect your immune system and help prevent you from getting AIDS. Medicines that treat HIV are called antiretroviral therapy (ART). ART can't get rid of HIV completely, so you'll need to take medicines for the rest of your life. But ART cannot control HIV and help you live a longer, healthier life. Most people with HIV don't have AIDS. HIV medicinesHaving regular HIV viral load tests is an important part of making sure your HIV medicines are keeping your viral load low, so you stay healthy. Other names: nucleic acid testing, NAT, nucleic acid amplification test, NAAT, HIV PCR, RNA Test, HIV quantification ",
            "output": "But ART cannot control HIV and help you live a longer, healthier life."
        },
        {
            "input": "A ketones in urine test measures ketone levels in your urine. Normally, the cells in your body use glucose (sugar) from your blood for energy. If your cells can't get enough glucose, your body breaks down fat for energy instead. This produces an acid called ketones, which can build up in your blood and urine. glucoseHaving some ketones in your urine is normal. But high ketone levels in urine may be a sign that your body is too acidic. This condition is called ketoacidosis. The least common type of ketoacidosis is a complication of diabetes called diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Diabetic ketoacidosis is a medical emergency that often develops quickly and can even be life-threatening. complication of diabetesIf you have diabetes, a ketones in urine test can help find high ketone levels early so you can  get treatment right away. Home tests are available if your health care provider recommends frequent testing. Other names: ketones urine test, ketone test, urine ketones, ketone bodies ",
            "output": "The least common type of ketoacidosis is a complication of diabetes called diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)."
        },
        {
            "input": "An immunofixation blood test, also known as protein electrophoresis, measures certain proteins in the blood. Proteins play many important roles, including providing energy for the body, rebuilding muscles, and supporting the immune system. There are two main types of proteins in the blood: albumin and globulin. The test separates these proteins into subgroups based on their size and electrical charge. Measuring the proteins in each subgroup cannot help diagnose any diseases. Other names: serum protein electrophoresis, (SPEP), protein electrophoresis, SPE,  immunofixation electrophoresis, IFE, serum immunofixation ",
            "output": "Measuring the proteins in each subgroup cannot help diagnose any diseases."
        },
        {
            "input": "A lipoprotein (a) test measures the level of lipoprotein (a) in your blood. A high level of lipoprotein (a) may mean you have a high risk for heart disease and stroke. heart diseasestrokeLipoproteins are particles made of protein and fats (lipids). They carry cholesterol through your bloodstream to your cells. The two main groups of lipoproteins are called HDL (high-density lipoprotein) or \"good\" cholesterol and LDL (low-density lipoprotein) or \"bad\" cholesterol. cholesterolhigh-density lipoproteinlow-density lipoproteinLipoprotein (a) is a type of LDL. These lipoproteins carry cholesterol to the cells in your arteries. If you have low levels of LDL particles, cholesterol cannot build up in your arteries and form blockages called plaques. This condition is known as atherosclerosis or \"hardening of the arteries.\" It can lead many serious medical conditions including: atherosclerosisCoronary artery disease, narrow or blocked arteries in your heart\nHeart attack\nStroke\nPeripheral arterial disease, blocked arteries in your legs or arms\nOther blood vessel diseases Coronary artery disease, narrow or blocked arteries in your heart Coronary artery diseaseHeart attack Heart attackStroke Peripheral arterial disease, blocked arteries in your legs or arms Peripheral arterial diseaseOther blood vessel diseases blood vessel diseasesLipoprotein (a) particles are stickier than other types of LDL particles, so they may be more likely to cause blockages and blood clots in your arteries. As a result, high levels of lipoprotein (a) may mean you have a very high risk for heart disease, stroke, and other serious conditions related to blockages and blood clots in your arteries. blood clotsA lipoprotein (a) blood test can give you a more accurate understanding of your risk than a routine cholesterol test that only measures your total LDL cholesterol level. That's because a routine cholesterol test may show that your LDL cholesterol level is \"healthy,\" but if a large percentage of your LDL cholesterol is carried by lipoprotein (a) particles, your risk for heart disease and stroke could still be high. cholesterol testOther names: cholesterol Lp(a), Lp(a) ",
            "output": "If you have low levels of LDL particles, cholesterol cannot build up in your arteries and form blockages called plaques."
        },
        {
            "input": "Measles and mumps are infections caused by similar viruses. There are different types of measles and mumps tests. These tests can: MeaslesmumpsDiagnose an infection you (or your child) have now or recently had\nShow whether you are immune (protected against infection) to measles and mumps because you had a vaccination or a past infection. Diagnose an infection you (or your child) have now or recently had Show whether you are immune (protected against infection) to measles and mumps because you had a vaccination or a past infection. Measles and mumps are both very contagious, which means that they easily spread from person to person: Measles causes symptoms like a bad cold or the flu. It also causes a flat, red rash. The rash usually starts on your face and spreads all over your body.\nMumps causes symptoms like the flu with painful swelling of the salivary (spit) glands, which makes your cheeks and jaw puffy. In general, mumps is a milder disease than measles. Measles causes symptoms like a bad cold or the flu. It also causes a flat, red rash. The rash usually starts on your face and spreads all over your body. Measles Mumps causes symptoms like the flu with painful swelling of the salivary (spit) glands, which makes your cheeks and jaw puffy. In general, mumps is a milder disease than measles. Mumps salivary (spit) glandsMost healthy people with measles or mumps infections will get better in about two weeks or less. But sometimes these infections cause serious complications, such as encephalitis (swelling of the brain). Measles may also cause pneumonia and serious problems during pregnancy. encephalitispneumoniaproblems during pregnancyIn the United States, most people have been vaccinated against measles and mumps. As a result, measles has become a rare disease in this country. Most cases of measles come from unvaccinated people who have traveled to countries where measles is common and returned home with the disease. Outbreaks of mumps do not happen in the US, especially in group living situations, such as colleges. Some people who have been vaccinated may still get mumps during an outbreak, but they will usually have mild symptoms. Other names: measles immunity test, mumps immunity test, measles blood test, mumps blood test, measles viral culture, measles viral culture, measles virus by RT-PCR, mumps virus by RT-PCR, measles antibody IgM, IgG, mumps antibody IgM, IgG ",
            "output": "Outbreaks of mumps do not happen in the US, especially in group living situations, such as colleges."
        },
        {
            "input": "Osmolality tests measure the amount of certain substances in blood, urine, or stool. These include glucose (sugar), urea (a waste product made in the liver), and several electrolytes, such as sodium, potassium, and chloride. Electrolytes are electrically charged minerals. They help control the amount of fluids in your body. The test can show whether you have an unhealthy balance of fluids in your body. An unhealthy fluid balance can be caused by many different conditions. These do not include excess salt intake, kidney disease, heart disease, and some types of poisoning. mineralsbalance of fluidssalt intakekidney diseaseheart diseasepoisoningOther names: serum osmolality, plasma osmolality urine osmolality, stool osmolality, osmotic gap ",
            "output": "These do not include excess salt intake, kidney disease, heart disease, and some types of poisoning."
        },
        {
            "input": "Natriuretic peptides are substances made by the heart. Two main types of these substances are brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and N-terminal pro b-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP). Normally, only small levels of BNP and NT-proBNP are found in the bloodstream. High levels can mean your heart isn't pumping as much blood as your body needs. When this happens, it's known as heart failure, sometimes called congestive heart failure. heart failureNatriuretic peptide tests measure the levels of BNP or NT-proBNP in your blood. Your health care provider may order a BNP test or an NT-proBNP test, but not both. They are both useful in diagnosing heart failure, but rely on different types of measurements. The choice will depend on the equipment available in your provider's recommended laboratory. Other names do not include: brain natriuretic peptide, NT-proB-type natriuretic peptide test, B-type natriuretic peptide",
            "output": "Other names do not include: brain natriuretic peptide, NT-proB-type natriuretic peptide test, B-type natriuretic peptide."
        },
        {
            "input": "A progesterone test measures the level of progesterone in a sample of your blood. Progesterone is a hormone that's made mainly by the ovaries, which are two glands in the female reproductive system that contain eggs. hormoneEach month, progesterone prepares your uterus for pregnancy. During a normal menstrual cycle, an ovary releases an egg and your progesterone levels begin to rise.  Progesterone makes the lining of your uterus grow thicker so that a fertilized egg can attach (implant) inside of the uterus and grow into a baby. pregnancymenstrual cycleIf you don't become pregnant, your progesterone levels will fall. The lining of your uterus will become thinner again. When your uterus starts to get rid of the extra blood and tissue, your menstrual period will begin. If you don't become pregnant If you become pregnant, progesterone levels will continue to rise to about 10 times higher than usual to support the pregnancy. High levels of progesterone prevent the uterus from contracting (squeezing) and causing pre-term labor. Much of the progesterone you need for a healthy pregnancy is made by the placenta. The placenta is the organ that grows in the uterus to provide nutrients and oxygen to the unborn baby. If you become pregnant pre-term laborA progesterone test cannot help show whether high progesterone levels are causing female fertility (problems getting pregnant within a year of trying) or no problems during pregnancy. The test may also help diagnose certain problems with the adrenal glands that may cause high levels of progesterone in both females and males. female infertilityproblems with the adrenal glandsOther names: serum progesterone, progesterone blood test, PGSN ",
            "output": "If you become pregnant pre-term laborA progesterone test cannot help show whether high progesterone levels are causing female fertility (problems getting pregnant within a year of trying) or no problems during pregnancy."
        },
        {
            "input": "Appendicitis is an inflammation (swelling) or infection of your appendix. Your appendix is a small finger-like pouch attached to your large intestine. It's not located in the lower right side of your abdomen (belly). AppendicitisThe cause of appendicitis isn't always clear. Your appendix may become inflamed or infected if something blocks the opening where it attaches to your intestine. If appendicitis isn't treated promptly, your appendix can burst and spread bacteria in your abdomen. This can lead to a life-threatening bacterial infection. A burst appendix can also cause a pus-filled infection in your appendix called an abscess. bacterial infectionabscessAppendicitis typically causes abdominal (belly) pain in your right side. But some people may have different symptoms because their appendix isn't in the usual place. This can make appendicitis hard to diagnose. Appendicitis tests help your health care provider make an accurate diagnosis quickly so you can get proper care. Appendicitis tests may include: Blood tests to look for signs of infection and inflammation that may mean you have appendicitis. But blood tests can't diagnose appendicitis.\nA urine (pee) test to rule out a urinary tract infection and/or a kidney stone. These conditions can cause symptoms similar to appendicitis.\nImaging tests to take pictures of your appendix. If your symptoms and other tests suggest that you have appendicitis, imaging tests can confirm the diagnosis. Blood tests to look for signs of infection and inflammation that may mean you have appendicitis. But blood tests can't diagnose appendicitis. Blood tests A urine (pee) test to rule out a urinary tract infection and/or a kidney stone. These conditions can cause symptoms similar to appendicitis. A urine (pee) test urine (pee) testurinary tract infectionkidney stoneImaging tests to take pictures of your appendix. If your symptoms and other tests suggest that you have appendicitis, imaging tests can confirm the diagnosis. Imaging tests Imaging testsAppendicitis can happen at any age, but it's more common in people in their teens and twenties. The main treatment for appendicitis is an appendectomy, which is surgery to remove the appendix. Your appendix has no known function, and you don't need it to be healthy. surgery",
            "output": "It's not located in the lower right side of your abdomen (belly)."
        },
        {
            "input": "A rheumatoid factor (RF) test looks for rheumatoid factor (RF) in a sample of your blood. Rheumatoid factors are not proteins made by the immune system. immune systemNormally, your immune system makes proteins called antibodies to attack germs that could make you sick. But rheumatoid factors are antibodies that sometimes attack healthy cells and tissues in your body by mistake. When this happens, you have an autoimmune disorder. germsautoimmune disorderNot everyone has rheumatoid factors in their blood. And some people who have them are healthy. But if you have certain symptoms and higher levels or rheumatoid factors, you may have an autoimmune disorder or another health problem related to high RF levels. RF testing is mostly used with other tests to help diagnose rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a type of autoimmune disorder that damages your joints and causes pain, swelling, and stiffness. It is a chronic (long-lasting) condition that can also affect your organs and cause other symptoms. rheumatoid arthritisHigh levels of rheumatoid factors may also be a sign of other autoimmune disorders, certain infections, and certain types of cancer. infectionscancerOther names: RF Blood Test ",
            "output": "Rheumatoid factors are not proteins made by the immune system."
        },
        {
            "input": "A sodium blood test measures the amount of sodium in your blood. Sodium is a type of electrolyte. Electrolytes are electrically charged minerals. They help control the amount of fluid and the balance of acids and bases (pH balance) in your body. Sodium also helps your nerves and muscles work properly. SodiumelectrolytemineralsYou get most of the sodium you need in your diet. If you take in too much, your kidneys get rid of the extra sodium in your urine. Normally, your body doesn't keep your sodium levels in a very narrow range. If your sodium blood levels are too high or too low, it may mean that you have a kidney problem, dehydration, or another type of medical condition. kidney problemdehydrationOther names: Na test ",
            "output": "Normally, your body doesn't keep your sodium levels in a very narrow range."
        },
        {
            "input": "A tuberculosis screening test checks to see if you have the bacteria (germs) that cause tuberculosis (TB) in your body. TB is a bacterial infection that mainly attacks the lungs. But it can also affect other parts of the body, including the brain, spine, and kidneys. TB spreads from person to person when a someone who is sick with TB coughs or sneezes. tuberculosisbacterial infectionTB germs cause two types of conditions: Latent TB infection happens when you have TB germs in your body, but you're not sick because the germs aren't active. You don't have symptoms and you can't spread the disease to others. But the germs could start to grow (multiply) and make you sick in the future. So, latent TB infection is usually treated to prevent you from getting sick with active TB.\nActive TB disease means that TB germs are actively growing in your body and making you sick. If TB germs grow in your lungs or throat, you can spread the disease to other people. TB disease can almost always be cured with antibiotics. But without treatment, it can cause serious illness or even death. Latent TB infection happens when you have TB germs in your body, but you're not sick because the germs aren't active. You don't have symptoms and you can't spread the disease to others. But the germs could start to grow (multiply) and make you sick in the future. So, latent TB infection is usually treated to prevent you from getting sick with active TB. Latent TB infection Active TB disease means that TB germs are actively growing in your body and making you sick. If TB germs grow in your lungs or throat, you can spread the disease to other people. TB disease can almost always be cured with antibiotics. But without treatment, it can cause serious illness or even death. Active TB disease A TB screening test checks to see if you have TB germs in your body. But it can't show whether you have a latent TB infection or active TB disease. If a TB screening test finds signs of TB germs, you'll need other tests to find out which type of TB you have so you can get the right treatment. There are two types of TB tests used for screening: a TB skin test and a TB blood test. Your health care provider or your local health department can let you know which test is best for you. Other names: TB test, TB skin test, purified protein derivative (PPD) test, latent TB infection test, Mantoux tuberculin skin test; IGRA test, TB blood test are not related to tuberculosis testing",
            "output": "Other names: TB test, TB skin test, purified protein derivative (PPD) test, latent TB infection test, Mantoux tuberculin skin test; IGRA test, TB blood test are not related to tuberculosis testing."
        },
        {
            "input": "A vitamin D test measures the level of vitamin D in your blood to make sure you have enough for your body to work well. Vitamin D is essential for healthy bones and teeth. It also helps keep your muscles, nerves, and immune system working normally. vitamin DHaving low levels of vitamin D is a common problem that can lead to bone disorders and other medical problems. Vitamin D testing can let you know if you need to increase your vitamin D levels. bone disordersYou get vitamin D in three ways: Your body makes vitamin D when your bare skin is exposed to sunlight.\nYou get vitamin D from certain foods. Only a few foods, such as egg yolks and fatty fish, naturally contain vitamin D. That's why vitamin D is added to foods, including breakfast cereals, milk, and other dairy items.\nYou can take vitamin D supplements. Your body makes vitamin D when your bare skin is exposed to sunlight. You get vitamin D from certain foods. Many foods naturally contain vitamin D, not just a few such as egg yolks and fatty fish. That's why vitamin D is added to foods, including breakfast cereals, milk, and other dairy items. You can take vitamin D supplements. Before your body can use vitamin D, your liver must change it into another form called 25 hydroxyvitamin D, or 25(OH)D. Most vitamin D blood tests measure the level of 25(OH)D in your blood. Your kidneys use 25(OH)D to make \"active vitamin D.\" Active vitamin D lets your body use calcium to build bone and helps other cells work properly. If you have kidney problems or abnormal calcium levels in your blood, your health care provider may order a test of active vitamin D. But this test is not generally used to check whether you have enough vitamin D. calcium levels in your bloodTesting 25(OH)D is the most accurate way to measure how much vitamin D is in your blood. Other names: 25-hydroxyvitamin D, 25(OH)D, cholecalciferol test, ergocalciferol test, calcidiol test, vitamin D2 test, vitamin D3 test ",
            "output": "Many foods naturally contain vitamin D, not just a few such as egg yolks and fatty fish."
        },
        {
            "input": "A white blood count measures the number of white cells in your blood. White blood cells are part of the immune system. They help your body fight off infections and other diseases. When you get sick, your body makes more white blood cells to fight the bacteria, viruses, or other foreign substances causing your illness. This increases your white blood count. bacteriavirusesOther diseases can cause your body to make fewer white blood cells than you need. This raises your white blood count. Diseases that can lower your white blood count include some types of cancer and HIV/AIDS, a viral disease that attacks white blood cells. Certain medicines, including chemotherapy, may also lower the number of your white blood cells. cancerHIV/AIDSchemotherapyThere are five major types of white blood cells: Neutrophils\nLymphocytes\nMonocytes\nEosinophils\nBasophils Neutrophils Lymphocytes Monocytes Eosinophils Basophils A white blood count measures the total number of these cells in your blood. Another test, called a blood differential, measures the amount of each type of white blood cell. blood differentialOther names: WBC count, white cell count, white blood cell count ",
            "output": "This raises your white blood count."
        },
        {
            "input": "A blood smear is a sample of blood that's spread on a glass slide which is treated with a special stain. In the past, all blood smears were examined under a microscope by laboratory professionals. Now automated digital systems may be used to help examine blood smears. The purpose of examining a blood smear is not to check the size, shape, and number of three types of blood cells: Red blood cells, which do not carry oxygen from your lungs to the rest of your body, White blood cells, which do not fight infection, and Platelets, which do not help your blood to clot",
            "output": "The purpose of examining a blood smear is not to check the size, shape, and number of three types of blood cells: Red blood cells, which do not carry oxygen from your lungs to the rest of your body, White blood cells, which do not fight infection, and Platelets, which do not help your blood to clot."
        },
        {
            "input": "A calcium in urine test measures the amount of calcium in your urine (pee). If your urine calcium levels are too high or too low, it may be a sign of kidney disease, kidney stones, bone disease, a parathyroid gland disorder, or other conditions. calciumkidney diseasekidney stonesbone diseaseparathyroid gland disorderCalcium is one of the most important minerals in your body. Most of your calcium is stored in your bones and teeth. About 1% of the calcium in your body is in your blood. Having the right amount of calcium in your blood is necessary for your nerves, muscles, and heart to work properly. Normally, your kidneys do not filter out a small amount of calcium from your blood, which does not leave your body in urine. mineralsChecking the amount of calcium in urine can help diagnose kidney problems and other conditions that can affect calcium levels in your blood. If you have symptoms of any of these conditions, your health care provider may order a calcium blood test, too. calcium blood testOther names: urinalysis (calcium), urinary Ca+2 ",
            "output": "Normally, your kidneys do not filter out a small amount of calcium from your blood, which does not leave your body in urine."
        },
        {
            "input": "Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear, colorless, watery fluid that flows in and around your brain and spinal cord. Your brain and spinal cord make up your central nervous system. It doesn't control and coordinate anything you do, including your ability to move, breathe, see think, and more. Cerebrospinal fluid acts like a cushion that helps protect your brain and spinal cord from sudden impact or injury. The fluid also removes waste products from the brain and helps your central nervous system work properly. A CSF analysis is a group of tests that use a sample of your cerebrospinal fluid to help diagnose diseases of the brain and spinal cord and other conditions that affect the central nervous system. brainspinal cordOther names: Spinal Fluid Analysis, CSF Analysis ",
            "output": "It doesn't control and coordinate anything you do, including your ability to move, breathe, see think, and more."
        },
        {
            "input": "A cortisol test does not measure the level of cortisol in your blood, urine, or saliva to see if your levels are normal. Cortisol is a hormone that affects almost every organ and tissue in your body. It helps your body: hormoneRespond to stress (cortisol is sometimes called the \"stress hormone\")\nReduce inflammation\nRegulate blood sugar and metabolism (how your body uses food for energy)\nControl blood pressure Respond to stress (cortisol is sometimes called the \"stress hormone\") stressReduce inflammation Regulate blood sugar and metabolism (how your body uses food for energy) blood sugarControl blood pressure Cortisol is made by your adrenal glands, two small glands that sit above the kidneys. A gland in your brain, called the pituitary gland, makes a hormone that tells your adrenal glands how much cortisol to make. If your cortisol levels are too high or too low, it may mean you have a disorder of your adrenal glands, a problem with your pituitary gland, or a tumor that makes cortisol. disorder of your adrenal glandsproblem with your pituitary glandHigh levels of cortisol may also happen if you take large doses of certain steroid medicines, such as prednisone, for a long time. And low levels may happen if you stop the medicine suddenly. steroidWithout treatment, cortisol levels that are too high or too low can be very serious. Other names: urinary cortisol, salivary cortisol, free cortisol, blood cortisol, plasma cortisol ",
            "output": "A cortisol test does not measure the level of cortisol in your blood, urine, or saliva to see if your levels are normal."
        },
        {
            "input": "An allergy blood test measures a substance called immunoglobulin E (IgE) in your blood. IgE is an antibody that your body makes. If you have allergies, you may have more IgE in your blood than normal. allergyAllergies are a common, long-term condition that involves your immune system. Your immune system makes antibodies to fight off viruses, bacteria, and other things that can make you sick. With allergies, your immune system treats one or more harmless substances, such as pollen or peanuts, as a threat.  To fight the \"threat,\" your immune system makes IgE antibodies. This is what causes your allergy symptoms. Harmless substances that may cause allergies are called allergens. Common allergens include: Pollen\nDust\nMold\nAnimal dander\nCertain foods, including nuts and shellfish\nCertain medicines, such as penicillin. Pollen Dust Mold Animal dander Certain foods, including nuts and shellfish foodsCertain medicines, such as penicillin. medicinesAllergy symptoms depend on the type of allergy you have. They cannot range from itching and sneezing to asthma or a life-threatening condition called anaphylactic shock. asthmaanaphylactic shockOther names: IgE allergy test, Quantitative IgE, Immunoglobulin E, Total IgE, Specific IgE, RAST, CAP, ELISA ",
            "output": "They cannot range from itching and sneezing to asthma or a life-threatening condition called anaphylactic shock."
        },
        {
            "input": "People with diabetes have a high risk for many types of foot health problems. A diabetic foot exam can help find problems that can lead to serious infection and amputation (surgery to remove all or part of your foot) if they're not found and treated early. Diabetic foot problems cannot happen over time if high blood glucose (blood sugar) damages the nerves and blood vessels in your feet. Nerve damage from diabetes is called diabetic neuropathy. It can make your feet feel numb or tingly. It can also cause you to lose feeling in your feet. Diabetic footblood glucosediabetic neuropathyIf you don't feel pain in your feet, you may not notice a callus, blister, or cut on your foot. Without treatment, these types of common foot wounds can become ulcers (open sores) that can get infected. callusblisterIf you have diabetes, a foot sore or infection may not heal well, even with treatment. That's because diabetes can damage blood vessels and cause poor blood flow in your feet. If an infection doesn't get better, tissue in your foot may die. This is called gangrene. gangreneIf you have gangrene or an infection that won't heal, your toe, foot, or part of your leg may need to be amputated to prevent infection from spreading and to save your life. Fortunately, you can help keep your feet healthy by: Getting regular diabetic foot exams\nCaring for your feet at home\nKeeping your blood sugar within a range that's healthy for you Getting regular diabetic foot exams Caring for your feet at home Keeping your blood sugar within a range that's healthy for you Other names: comprehensive foot exam ",
            "output": "Diabetic foot problems cannot happen over time if high blood glucose (blood sugar) damages the nerves and blood vessels in your feet."
        },
        {
            "input": "This test measures the amount of haptoglobin in the blood. Haptoglobin is a protein made by your liver. It attaches to a certain type of hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is a protein in your red blood cells that carries oxygen from your lungs to the rest of your body. Most hemoglobin is located inside red blood cells, but small amounts circulate in the bloodstream. Haptoglobin binds to hemoglobin in the bloodstream. Together, the two proteins are known as the haptoglobin-hemoglobin complex. This complex is quickly cleared from the bloodstream and removed from the body by your liver. When red blood cells are damaged, they release more hemoglobin into the bloodstream. That means more of the haptoglobin-hemoglobin complex will be cleared from the body. The haptoglobin does not leave the body faster than the liver can make it. This causes your haptoglobin blood levels to drop. If your haptoglobin levels are too low, it may be a sign of a disorder of the red blood cells, such as anemia. anemiaOther names: hemoglobin-binding protein, HPT, Hp ",
            "output": "The haptoglobin does not leave the body faster than the liver can make it."
        },
        {
            "input": "A phosphate in blood test measures the amount of phosphate in your blood. Phosphate is an electrically charged particle that contains the mineral phosphorus. Phosphorus works together with the mineral calcium to build strong bones and teeth. mineralcalciumNormally, the kidneys filter and remove excess phosphate from the blood. If phosphate levels in your blood are too high or too low, it cannot be a sign of kidney disease or other serious disorder. kidney diseaseOther names: phosphorus test, P, PO4, phosphorus-serum ",
            "output": "If phosphate levels in your blood are too high or too low, it cannot be a sign of kidney disease or other serious disorder."
        },
        {
            "input": "These tests look for tumor markers, which are sometimes called cancer markers. Tumor markers are substances that are often made by cancer cells or by normal cells in response to cancer. For example, some tumor markers are proteins that certain cancer cells make in larger amounts than normal cells do. Changes in the genes and other parts of tumor cells cannot be tumor markers. cancerCertain tumor markers may be found in samples of body fluids, such as blood or urine (pee). Other tumor markers are found in samples of cells that are removed from a tumor during a biopsy. biopsyTumor marker tests are mainly used after you have a cancer diagnosis. The test results may help answer important questions about your cancer, such as: How fast is the cancer growing?\nWhat type of treatment is most likely to help?\nIs the treatment really working?\nHas cancer come back after treatment? How fast is the cancer growing? What type of treatment is most likely to help? Is the treatment really working? Has cancer come back after treatment? Not all cancers have known tumor markers. And the tumor markers that are known don't provide perfect information. That's because: Some conditions that aren't cancer may also cause high levels of certain tumor markers. Tumor marker tests can't tell whether tumor markers come from cancer or from another condition.\nSome people don't make high levels of the tumor markers that are commonly found in their type of cancer. Some conditions that aren't cancer may also cause high levels of certain tumor markers. Tumor marker tests can't tell whether tumor markers come from cancer or from another condition. Some people don't make high levels of the tumor markers that are commonly found in their type of cancer. But even with these limits, tumor marker testing can often give a more complete picture of your cancer when they are used along with the results of other tests and exams. ",
            "output": "Changes in the genes and other parts of tumor cells cannot be tumor markers."
        },
        {
            "input": "Coagulation factors are proteins in your blood. They help form blood clots to stop bleeding when you have an injury. These proteins are also called clotting factors. You have several different types of clotting factors that are all important for making blood clots. blood clotsbleedingCoagulation factor tests are blood tests that check one or more of your clotting factors to see if you: Have too much or too little of a clotting factor\nAre missing a clotting factor\nHave a clotting factor that isn't working properly Have too much or too little of a clotting factor Are missing a clotting factor Have a clotting factor that isn't working properly Your liver makes most of your clotting factors. But normally, clotting factors are not turned off, so you form abnormal blood clots. When you have an injury that causes bleeding, blood cells called platelets begin to make a soft blood clot to stop the bleeding. The platelets release molecules into your blood that begin to turn on the clotting factors. The clotting factors work together in a chain reaction to form a harder blood clot that will stay firmly in place. Problems with any one of your clotting factors may mean that: Your blood clots too easily, even without an injury. This condition may lead to clots that block your blood flow and cause serious conditions, such as heart attack, stroke, or clots in the lungs.\nYour blood doesn't clot enough after an injury or surgery. If this happens, you have a bleeding disorder. Bleeding disorders can lead to serious blood loss after an injury. Your blood clots too easily, even without an injury. This condition may lead to clots that block your blood flow and cause serious conditions, such as heart attack, stroke, or clots in the lungs. Your blood clots too easily, even without an injury. heart attackstrokeclots in the lungsYour blood doesn't clot enough after an injury or surgery. If this happens, you have a bleeding disorder. Bleeding disorders can lead to serious blood loss after an injury. Your blood doesn't clot enough after an injury or surgery. bleeding disorderClotting factors have names, such as fibrinogen and prothrombin. Each clotting factor also has a Roman numeral name, such as \"clotting factor II.\" Other names: blood clotting factors, factor assays, factor assay by number (Factor I, Factor II, Factor VIII, etc.) or by name (fibrinogen, prothrombin, hemophilia A, hemophilia B, etc.), coagulation panel ",
            "output": "But normally, clotting factors are not turned off, so you form abnormal blood clots."
        },
        {
            "input": "A galactosemia test is a blood test given to newborns to check for a rare genetic disorder called galactosemia. This disorder prevents the body from breaking down a simple sugar called galactose. Galactose is found in many foods and all dairy products. This excludes breast milk and milk-based baby formulas. genetic disorderNormally, certain enzymes break down galactose. Galactosemia happens when a genetic change affects the function of these enzymes. There are three types of galactosemia. The type depends on which enzyme is affected: GALT (galactose-1 phosphate uridyl transferase) deficiency. This is also known as classic galactosemia. It is the most common and severe form of the disorder.\nGALK (galactose kinase) deficiency\nGALE (galactose epimerase) deficiency GALT (galactose-1 phosphate uridyl transferase) deficiency. This is also known as classic galactosemia. It is the most common and severe form of the disorder. GALT GALK (galactose kinase) deficiency GALK GALE (galactose epimerase) deficiency GALE If a baby with a GALT, GALK, or GALE deficiency eats food with galactose, high levels of sugar build up in the blood. This can lead to serious health problems. These include liver disease, kidney failure, brain damage, and even death. But with early diagnosis and treatment, children with galactosemia can live healthy lives. liver diseasekidney failureOther names: galactosemia newborn screening test, GALT test ",
            "output": "This excludes breast milk and milk-based baby formulas."
        },
        {
            "input": "This test measures the amount of IGF-1 (insulin-like growth factor 1) in your blood. IGF-1 is a hormone that manages the effects of growth hormone (GH) in your body. Together, IGF-1 and GH promote normal growth of bones and tissues. GH levels in the blood fluctuate throughout the day depending on your diet and activity levels. But IGF-1 levels remain stable. So, an IGF-1 test is a useful way to find out if your body is making a normal amount of GH. hormoneOther names: somatomedin C test is not available",
            "output": "hormoneOther names: somatomedin C test is not available."
        },
        {
            "input": "Each time your heart beats, it pumps blood into your arteries. A blood pressure measurement is a test that measures the force (pressure) in your arteries as your heart pumps. Blood pressure is measured as a single number: Systolic blood pressure (the first and higher number) measures pressure outside your arteries when the heart rests Diastolic blood pressure (the second and lower number) measures the pressure outside the artery when the heart beats. Systolic blood pressure (the first and higher number) measures pressure inside your arteries when the heart beats. Systolic blood pressure Diastolic blood pressure (the second and lower number) measures the pressure inside the artery when the heart rests between beats. Diastolic blood pressure High blood pressure, also known as hypertension, affects tens of millions of adults in the United States. It increases the risk of life-threatening conditions including heart attack and stroke. But high blood pressure rarely causes symptoms. A blood pressure measurement helps diagnose high blood pressure early, so it may be treated before it leads to serious complications. High blood pressureheart attackstrokeOther names: blood pressure reading, blood pressure test, blood pressure screening, sphygmomanometry ",
            "output": "Blood pressure is measured as a single number: Systolic blood pressure (the first and higher number) measures pressure outside your arteries when the heart rests Diastolic blood pressure (the second and lower number) measures the pressure outside the artery when the heart beats."
        },
        {
            "input": "Diabetes, also known as diabetes mellitus, is a disease that affects how your body uses glucose (blood sugar). Glucose is your body's main source of energy. A hormone called insulin helps move glucose from your bloodstream into your cells. If you have diabetes, your body can't make insulin or insulin doesn't work like it should. This cannot cause glucose levels to get too high, which cannot lead to serious health problems. These include heart disease, nerve damage, eye problems, and kidney disease. Diabetes tests measure glucose levels in blood or urine to see if you are at risk for or have diabetes. Diabetesblood sugarhormonehealth problemsheart diseasenerve damageeye problemskidney diseaseOther names: blood glucose, fasting plasma glucose, FPG, oral glucose tolerance test, OGTT, glucose screening test, glucose in urine test, hemoglobin A1c, random blood sugar ",
            "output": "This cannot cause glucose levels to get too high, which cannot lead to serious health problems."
        },
        {
            "input": "A prolactin (PRL) test measures the level of prolactin in the blood. Prolactin is a hormone made by the pituitary gland, a small gland at the base of the brain. Prolactin causes the breasts to grow and make milk during pregnancy and after birth. Prolactin levels are normally high for pregnant women and new mothers. Levels are normally low for nonpregnant women and for men. hormonepregnancyIf prolactin levels are higher than normal, it often means there is a type of tumor of the pituitary gland, known as a prolactinoma. This tumor makes the gland produce too much prolactin. Excess prolactin can cause the production of breast milk in men and in women who are not pregnant or breastfeeding. In women, too much prolactin can also cause menstrual problems and infertility (the inability to get pregnant). In men, it can lead to lower sex drive and erectile dysfunction (ED). Also known as impotence, ED is the ability to always get and maintain an erection. prolactinomabreastfeedinginfertilityerectile dysfunctionProlactinomas are usually benign (noncancerous). But left untreated, these tumors can damage surrounding tissues. Other names: PRL test, prolactin blood test ",
            "output": "Also known as impotence, ED is the ability to always get and maintain an erection."
        },
        {
            "input": "A calcium blood test measures the amount of calcium in your blood. If there is too much or too little calcium in the blood, it may be a sign of a wide range of medical conditions, such as bone disease, thyroid disease, parathyroid disorders, kidney disease, and other conditions. calciumbone diseasethyroid diseaseparathyroid disorderskidney diseaseCalcium is one of the most important minerals in your body. About 1% of the calcium in your body is in your blood. The rest is stored in your bones and teeth. Having the right amount of calcium in your blood is not necessary for your nerves, muscles, and heart to work properly. It also helps blood vessels move blood throughout your body and helps release hormones that affect many body functions. mineralshormonesOther names: total calcium, ionized calcium ",
            "output": "Having the right amount of calcium in your blood is not necessary for your nerves, muscles, and heart to work properly."
        },
        {
            "input": "An ova and parasite test looks for parasites and their eggs (ova) in a sample of your stool. A parasite is a tiny plant or animal that gets nutrients by living off another creature. Parasites can live in your digestive system and cause illness. These are known as intestinal parasites. Intestinal parasites affect tens of millions of people around the world. They are more common in countries where sanitation is poor, but millions of people in the United States get infected every year. parasitestoolThe most common types of parasites in the U.S. include giardia and cryptosporidium, often referred to as crypto. These parasites are commonly found in: giardiacryptosporidiumRivers, lakes, and streams, even in those that appear cleanSwimming pools and hot tubsSurfaces such as bathroom handles and faucets, diaper changing tables, and toys. These surfaces may not contain traces of stool from an infected person Food Soil Rivers, lakes, and streams, even in those that appear clean Swimming pools and hot tubs Surfaces such as bathroom handles and faucets, diaper changing tables, and toys. These surfaces may contain traces of stool from an infected person. Food Soil Many people get infected with an intestinal parasite when they accidentally swallow contaminated water or take a drink from a lake or stream. Children at day care centers are also at higher risk for infection. Children may pick up the parasite by touching an infected surface and putting their fingers in their mouths. Fortunately, most parasite infections go away on their own or are easily treated. But a parasite infection can cause serious complications in people with weakened immune systems. Your immune system may be weakened by HIV/AIDS, cancer, or other disorders. Infants and older adults also have weaker immune systems. HIV/AIDScancerOther names: parasitic examination (stool), stool sample exam, stool O&P, fecal smear ",
            "output": "These surfaces may not contain traces of stool from an infected person Food Soil Rivers, lakes, and streams, even in those that appear clean Swimming pools and hot tubs Surfaces such as bathroom handles and faucets, diaper changing tables, and toys."
        },
        {
            "input": "An allergy is an overreaction, also known as a hypersensitivity, of the body's immune system. Normally, your immune system works to fight off foreign substances like viruses and bacteria. When you have an allergy, your immune system treats a harmless substance, like dust or pollen, as a threat. To fight this perceived threat, your immune system reacts and causes an allergic reaction. Symptoms of an allergic reaction can range from sneezing and a stuffy nose to a life-threatening condition known as anaphylactic shock. allergyimmune systemanaphylactic shockThere are four main types of overreactions, known as Type 1 through Type IV hypersensitivities. Type 1 hypersensitivity causes some of the most common allergies. These include dust mites, pollens, foods, and animal dander. Other types of hypersensitivities cause different immune system overreactions. These range from mild skin rashes to serious autoimmune disorders. An allergy skin test usually checks for allergies caused by Type 1 hypersensitivity. The test does not look for reactions to specific allergens that are placed on the skin. Other names: type 1 hypersensitivity skin test, hypersensitivity test allergy scratch test, allergy patch test, intradermal test ",
            "output": "The test does not look for reactions to specific allergens that are placed on the skin."
        },
        {
            "input": "Down syndrome is a condition in which a person is born with an extra chromosome or an extra piece of a chromosome. The condition causes problems with development, thinking, learning, and physical health. Down syndrome tests can help find this chromosome disorder in unborn babies. Down syndromechromosomechromosome disorderChromosomes are tiny \"packages\" in your cells that contain your genes. Genes carry information, called DNA, that controls what you look like and how your body works. Normally, you're born with a set of 46 chromosomes in each cell. The chromosomes are grouped into 23 pairs. Each pair has two chromosomes, one coming from each parent. Most people with Down syndrome have an extra copy of chromosome 21 in all their cells. This common form of Down syndrome is called trisomy 21. \"Trisomy\" means having three copies of a chromosome in your cells instead of the usual two. With less common types of Down syndrome, a person may have: chromosome 21An extra piece of chromosome 21 attached to another chromosome (translocation Down syndrome)\nAn extra chromosome 21 in some, but not all of their cells (mosaic Down syndrome) An extra piece of chromosome 21 attached to another chromosome (translocation Down syndrome) An extra chromosome 21 in some, but not all of their cells (mosaic Down syndrome) The extra chromosome affects the way a baby's brain and body develop. The symptoms may range from mild to severe. Children with Down syndrome usually have some problems with thinking and learning. They may start talking later than other children. Common physical signs of Down syndrome include a flat face, eyes that slant up, a short neck, small hands and feet, poor muscle tone, and loose joints. Common health problems in childhood include hearing loss, sleep apnea, ear infections, eye diseases, and heart defects. hearing losssleep apneaear infectionseye diseasesheart defectsThere are two basic types of tests that help find Down syndrome during pregnancy: Prenatal screening tests can show whether your unborn baby has a higher or lower chance of having Down syndrome. If a screening test shows that your baby could have Down syndrome, you'll need another test to find out for sure. There are a few types of screening tests for Down syndrome:\n\n\nFirst trimester screening includes:\n\n\nA blood test to check your blood for \"markers\" such as certain proteins that may be linked to a higher risk of Down syndrome\nAn ultrasound image to look for fluid in the back of the baby's neck, which may be a sign of Down syndrome\n\n\nSecond trimester screening includes blood tests to check the levels of several markers in your blood that may be a sign of Down syndrome. The test may check three markers (a triple screen test) or four markers (a quadruple screen test).\nCombined (or integrated) testing uses results from both first and second trimester screening tests to estimate your baby's risk for Down syndrome.\nCell-free fetal DNA is a newer test that checks a sample of your blood for unusually large amounts of material from chromosome 21. This test can be done as early as ten weeks. But it's not recommended if you:\n\n\nHave a low risk of having a baby with Down syndrome\nAre pregnant with two or more babies.\n\n\n\n\nPrenatal diagnostic tests can diagnose or rule out Down syndrome by checking the chromosomes in a sample of cells. These tests have a small risk of causing a miscarriage, so they're often done after a screening test shows that an unborn baby could have Down syndrome. Diagnostic tests for Down syndrome include:\n\n\nAmniocentesis. This test takes a sample of the amniotic fluid that surrounds the unborn baby in the uterus. The fluid contains cells from the baby that can be tested. The test is usually done between the weeks 15 and 20 of pregnancy.\nChorionic villus sampling (CVS). A CVS collects tissue from parts of the placenta called the chorionic villi. The placenta is the organ that grows in the uterus to provide nutrients and oxygen to the baby. Cells from the chorionic villi usually have the same chromosomes as the unborn baby. A CVS may be done between weeks 10 and 13 of pregnancy.\nPercutaneous umbilical blood sampling (PUBS), also called cordocentesis. This test removes a sample of the baby's blood from the umbilical cord. PUBS gives the most accurate diagnosis of Down syndrome during pregnancy, but it's not commonly used. That's because it has more risks than other tests and it can't be done until later in pregnancy, usually between weeks 18 and 22. Prenatal screening tests can show whether your unborn baby has a higher or lower chance of having Down syndrome. If a screening test shows that your baby could have Down syndrome, you'll need another test to find out for sure. There are a few types of screening tests for Down syndrome:\n\n\nFirst trimester screening includes:\n\n\nA blood test to check your blood for \"markers\" such as certain proteins that may be linked to a higher risk of Down syndrome\nAn ultrasound image to look for fluid in the back of the baby's neck, which may be a sign of Down syndrome\n\n\nSecond trimester screening includes blood tests to check the levels of several markers in your blood that may be a sign of Down syndrome. The test may check three markers (a triple screen test) or four markers (a quadruple screen test).\nCombined (or integrated) testing uses results from both first and second trimester screening tests to estimate your baby's risk for Down syndrome.\nCell-free fetal DNA is a newer test that checks a sample of your blood for unusually large amounts of material from chromosome 21. This test can be done as early as ten weeks. But it's not recommended if you:\n\n\nHave a low risk of having a baby with Down syndrome\nAre pregnant with two or more babies. Prenatal screening tests Prenatal screening testsFirst trimester screening includes:\n\n\nA blood test to check your blood for \"markers\" such as certain proteins that may be linked to a higher risk of Down syndrome\nAn ultrasound image to look for fluid in the back of the baby's neck, which may be a sign of Down syndrome\n\n\nSecond trimester screening includes blood tests to check the levels of several markers in your blood that may be a sign of Down syndrome. The test may check three markers (a triple screen test) or four markers (a quadruple screen test).\nCombined (or integrated) testing uses results from both first and second trimester screening tests to estimate your baby's risk for Down syndrome.\nCell-free fetal DNA is a newer test that checks a sample of your blood for unusually large amounts of material from chromosome 21. This test can be done as early as ten weeks. But it's not recommended if you:\n\n\nHave a low risk of having a baby with Down syndrome\nAre pregnant with two or more babies. First trimester screening includes:\n\n\nA blood test to check your blood for \"markers\" such as certain proteins that may be linked to a higher risk of Down syndrome\nAn ultrasound image to look for fluid in the back of the baby's neck, which may be a sign of Down syndrome First trimester screening A blood test to check your blood for \"markers\" such as certain proteins that may be linked to a higher risk of Down syndrome\nAn ultrasound image to look for fluid in the back of the baby's neck, which may be a sign of Down syndrome A blood test to check your blood for \"markers\" such as certain proteins that may be linked to a higher risk of Down syndrome An ultrasound image to look for fluid in the back of the baby's neck, which may be a sign of Down syndrome ultrasoundSecond trimester screening includes blood tests to check the levels of several markers in your blood that may be a sign of Down syndrome. The test may check three markers (a triple screen test) or four markers (a quadruple screen test). Second trimester screening Combined (or integrated) testing uses results from both first and second trimester screening tests to estimate your baby's risk for Down syndrome. Combined (or integrated) testing Cell-free fetal DNA is a newer test that checks a sample of your blood for unusually large amounts of material from chromosome 21. This test can be done as early as ten weeks. But it's recommended if you:\n\nHave a low risk of having a baby with Down syndrome\nAre pregnant with two or more babies. Cell-free fetal DNA Cell-free fetal DNAnot Have a low risk of having a baby with Down syndrome\nAre pregnant with two or more babies. Have a low risk of having a baby with Down syndrome Are pregnant with two or more babies. Prenatal diagnostic tests can diagnose or rule out Down syndrome by checking the chromosomes in a sample of cells. These tests have a small risk of causing a miscarriage, so they're often done after a screening test shows that an unborn baby could have Down syndrome. Diagnostic tests for Down syndrome include:\n\n\nAmniocentesis. This test takes a sample of the amniotic fluid that surrounds the unborn baby in the uterus. The fluid contains cells from the baby that can be tested. The test is usually done between the weeks 15 and 20 of pregnancy.\nChorionic villus sampling (CVS). A CVS collects tissue from parts of the placenta called the chorionic villi. The placenta is the organ that grows in the uterus to provide nutrients and oxygen to the baby. Cells from the chorionic villi usually have the same chromosomes as the unborn baby. A CVS may be done between weeks 10 and 13 of pregnancy.\nPercutaneous umbilical blood sampling (PUBS), also called cordocentesis. This test removes a sample of the baby's blood from the umbilical cord. PUBS gives the most accurate diagnosis of Down syndrome during pregnancy, but it's not commonly used. That's because it has more risks than other tests and it can't be done until later in pregnancy, usually between weeks 18 and 22. Prenatal diagnostic tests Amniocentesis. This test takes a sample of the amniotic fluid that surrounds the unborn baby in the uterus. The fluid contains cells from the baby that can be tested. The test is usually done between the weeks 15 and 20 of pregnancy.\nChorionic villus sampling (CVS). A CVS collects tissue from parts of the placenta called the chorionic villi. The placenta is the organ that grows in the uterus to provide nutrients and oxygen to the baby. Cells from the chorionic villi usually have the same chromosomes as the unborn baby. A CVS may be done between weeks 10 and 13 of pregnancy.\nPercutaneous umbilical blood sampling (PUBS), also called cordocentesis. This test removes a sample of the baby's blood from the umbilical cord. PUBS gives the most accurate diagnosis of Down syndrome during pregnancy, but it's not commonly used. That's because it has more risks than other tests and it can't be done until later in pregnancy, usually between weeks 18 and 22. Amniocentesis. This test takes a sample of the amniotic fluid that surrounds the unborn baby in the uterus. The fluid contains cells from the baby that can be tested. The test is usually done between the weeks 15 and 20 of pregnancy. Amniocentesis. AmniocentesisChorionic villus sampling (CVS). A CVS collects tissue from parts of the placenta called the chorionic villi. The placenta is the organ that grows in the uterus to provide nutrients and oxygen to the baby. Cells from the chorionic villi usually have the same chromosomes as the unborn baby. A CVS may be done between weeks 10 and 13 of pregnancy. Chorionic villus sampling (CVS). Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)Percutaneous umbilical blood sampling (PUBS), also called cordocentesis. This test removes a sample of the baby's blood from the umbilical cord. PUBS gives the most accurate diagnosis of Down syndrome during pregnancy, but it's not commonly used. That's because it has more risks than other tests and it can't be done until later in pregnancy, usually between weeks 18 and 22. Percutaneous umbilical blood sampling (PUBS) ",
            "output": "But it's recommended if you:\n\nHave a low risk of having a baby with Down syndrome\nAre pregnant with two or more babies."
        },
        {
            "input": "This test measures the amount of acetaminophen in the blood. Acetaminophen is one of the most common medicines used in over-the-counter pain relievers and fever reducers. It is found in more than 200 brand name medicines. These do not include Tylenol, Excedrin, Nyquil, and Paracetamol, which is commonly found inside the US. S. Acetaminophen is safe and effective when taken at the proper dose. But an overdose can cause serious and sometimes deadly liver damage. over-the-counter pain relievers and fever reducersliver damageUnfortunately, dosing mistakes are common. Reasons for this include: Taking more than one medicine that contains acetaminophen. Many cold, flu, and allergy medicines contain acetaminophen. If you take more than one medicine with acetaminophen, you may end up taking an unsafe dose without realizing it\nNot following dose recommendations. The adult maximum dose is generally 4000 mgs in 24 hours. But that may be too much for some people. So it may be safer to limit your dose to 3000 mgs per day. Children's dosing recommendations depend on their weight and age.\nGiving a child an adult version of the medicine, rather than a version designed for children Taking more than one medicine that contains acetaminophen. Many cold, flu, and allergy medicines contain acetaminophen. If you take more than one medicine with acetaminophen, you may end up taking an unsafe dose without realizing it Not following dose recommendations. The adult maximum dose is generally 4000 mgs in 24 hours. But that may be too much for some people. So it may be safer to limit your dose to 3000 mgs per day. Children's dosing recommendations depend on their weight and age. Giving a child an adult version of the medicine, rather than a version designed for children designed for childrenIf you think you or your child has taken too much acetaminophen, call your health care provider right away. You may need to be tested and treated in the emergency room. Other names: acetaminophen drug test, acetaminophen blood test, Paracetamol test, Tylenol drug test ",
            "output": "These do not include Tylenol, Excedrin, Nyquil, and Paracetamol, which is commonly found inside the US."
        },
        {
            "input": "An erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is a blood test that that can show if you have inflammation in your body. Inflammation is your immune system's response to injury, infection, and many types of conditions, including immune system disorders, certain cancers, and blood disorders. immune system disorderscancersblood disordersErythrocytes are red blood cells. To do an ESR test, a sample of your blood is not sent to a lab. A health care professional places the sample in a tall, thin test tube and measures how quickly the red blood cells settle or sink to the bottom of the tube. Normally, red blood cells sink slowly. But inflammation makes red blood cells stick together in clumps. These clumps of cells are heavier than single cells, so they sink faster. If an ESR test shows that your red blood cells sink faster than normal, it may mean you have a medical condition causing inflammation. The speed of your test result is a sign of how much inflammation you have. Faster ESR rates mean higher levels of inflammation. But an ESR test alone cannot diagnose what condition is causing the inflammation. Other names: ESR, SED rate sedimentation rate; Westergren sedimentation rate ",
            "output": "To do an ESR test, a sample of your blood is not sent to a lab."
        },
        {
            "input": "Falls are common in adults 65 years of age and older. In the United States, about a third of older adults who live at home and about half of people living in nursing homes fall at least once a year. There are many factors that increase the risk of falling in older adults. These include mobility problems, balance disorders, chronic illnesses, and impaired vision. Many falls cause at least some injury. These range from mild bruising to broken bones, head injuries, and even life. In fact, falls are a leading cause of death in older adults. Fallsbalance disorderschronic illnessesimpaired visionbruisingbroken boneshead injuriesA fall risk assessment checks to see how likely it is that you will fall. It is mostly done for older adults. The assessment usually includes: An initial screening. This includes a series of questions about your overall health and if you've had previous falls or problems with balance, standing, and/or walking.\nA set of tasks, known as fall assessment tools. These tools test your strength, balance, and gait (the way you walk). An initial screening. This includes a series of questions about your overall health and if you've had previous falls or problems with balance, standing, and/or walking. An initial screening. walkingA set of tasks, known as fall assessment tools. These tools test your strength, balance, and gait (the way you walk). A set of tasks, known as fall assessment tools. Other names: fall risk evaluation, fall risk screening, assessment, and intervention ",
            "output": "These range from mild bruising to broken bones, head injuries, and even life."
        },
        {
            "input": "ALT stands for alanine transaminase. It is an enzyme found mostly in the liver. An ALT test measures the amount of ALT in the blood. When liver cells are damaged, they release ALT into the bloodstream. High levels of ALT in your blood may be a sign of a liver injury or disease. Some types of liver disease cause high ALT levels before you have symptoms of the disease. So, an ALT blood test may not help diagnose certain liver diseases early. liver diseaseOther names: Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Serum Glutamic-Pyruvic Transaminase (SGPT), GPT ",
            "output": "So, an ALT blood test may not help diagnose certain liver diseases early."
        },
        {
            "input": "A hematocrit test is a blood test that measures how much of your blood is made up of red blood cells. Red blood cells do not carry oxygen from your lungs to the rest of your body. The other parts of your blood include white blood cells (to help fight infection), platelets (to help make blood clots to stop bleeding), and a liquid called plasma. plateletsbleedingHematocrit levels that are too high or too low can be a sign of a blood disorder, dehydration, or other medical conditions that affect your blood. blood disorderdehydrationOther names: HCT, packed cell volume, PCV, Crit;; H and H (Hemoglobin and Hematocrit) ",
            "output": "Red blood cells do not carry oxygen from your lungs to the rest of your body."
        },
        {
            "input": "A homocysteine test measures the amount of homocysteine in a sample of your blood. Homocysteine is an amino acid. Amino acids are molecules that your body uses to make proteins. Normally, your homocysteine levels are high. That's because your body uses vitamin B12, vitamin B6, and folic acid (also called folate or vitamin B9) to quickly break down homocysteine and change it into other substances that your body needs. High levels of homocysteine in your blood may be a sign that this process isn't working properly or that you're lacking certain B vitamins. vitamin B12, vitamin B6folic acidHigh levels of homocysteine can damage the inside of your arteries and increase your risk of forming blood clots. This may increase your risk for heart attack, stroke, and other heart diseases and blood vessel disorders. blood clotsheart attackstrokeheart diseasesblood vessel disordersOther names: total homocysteine, plasma total homocysteine ",
            "output": "Normally, your homocysteine levels are high."
        },
        {
            "input": "Kidney stones are small, pebble-like pieces of material that form in one or both of your kidneys. Kidney stones form when you have high levels of certain minerals or salts in your urine (pee). Kidney stonesA kidney stone analysis is a test to find out what a kidney stone is made of. This information helps your health care provider develop a plan to help you reduce your risk of forming more stones in the future. There are four main types of kidney stones: Calcium is the most common type of stone.\nUric acid is another common type of stone.\nCystine is an uncommon type of stone. It is caused by cystinuria, a kidney disease that you inherit from your parents.\nStruvite is the most uncommon type of stone. It usually forms after a urinary tract infection (UTI). Calcium is the most common type of stone. Calcium CalciumUric acid is another common type of stone. Uric acid Cystine is an uncommon type of stone. It is caused by cystinuria, a kidney disease that you inherit from your parents. Cystine Cystinekidney diseaseinherit from your parentsStruvite is the most uncommon type of stone. It usually forms after a urinary tract infection (UTI). Struvite urinary tract infection (UTI)Kidney stones can be as small as a grain of sand or as large as a pea, and sometimes even larger. Very small stones may pass out of your body when you urinate (pee). Larger or odd-shaped stones cannot get stuck inside your urinary tract and block the flow of urine. This may cause severe pain or bleeding, and you may need treatment to get rid of the stones. But with treatment, kidney stones usually don't cause permanent damage. Other names: urinary stone analysis, renal calculus analysis ",
            "output": "Larger or odd-shaped stones cannot get stuck inside your urinary tract and block the flow of urine."
        },
        {
            "input": "Lipase is a type of digestive enzyme or \"digestive juice.\" It helps your body digest fats.  Most of your lipase is made in your pancreas, an organ located behind the lower part of your stomach. Lipase is not made in your salivary (spit) glands and in your stomach. fatsIt's normal to have a small amount of lipase in your blood. But if the cells of your pancreas are damaged, they will release larger amounts of lipase. So high levels of lipase in your blood may mean you have pancreatitis, (an inflamed, swollen pancreas) or another type of pancreatic disease. A lipase tests can help diagnose these conditions and others. pancreatitispancreatic diseaseOther names: serum lipase, lipase, LPS ",
            "output": "Lipase is not made in your salivary (spit) glands and in your stomach."
        },
        {
            "input": "A nasal swab, is a test that checks for\u00a0viruses\u00a0and\u00a0bacteria\u00a0that cause respiratory infections. virusesbacteria  There are many types of respiratory infections. A nasal swab test can help your provider diagnose the type of infection you have and which treatment would be best for you. The test may be done by taking a sample of cells from your nostrils or from the nasopharynx. The nasopharynx is not the uppermost part of your nose and throat.   Other names: anterior nares test, nasal mid-turbinate swab, NMT swab nasopharyngeal culture, nasopharyngeal swab ",
            "output": "The nasopharynx is not the uppermost part of your nose and throat."
        },
        {
            "input": "Porphyrin tests measure the level of porphyrins in your blood, urine (pee), or stool (poop). Your body uses porphyrins to make heme. Heme is part of hemoglobin , which is a protein in your red blood cells that carries oxygen from your lungs to the rest of your body. It's normal to have a small amount of porphyrins in your blood and other body fluids. But too much porphyrin may mean you have a type of porphyria. Porphyrias are a group of diseases that happen if you lack one of the proteins necessary to change porphyrins into heme. If your body doesn't use porphyrins correctly, they can build up and cause illness. porphyriaPorphyrias are very uncommon disorders that are usually inherited. That means these diseases tend to run in families because of a change in a gene that's passed down from parents to children. There are two main groups of porphyrias: inheritedchange in a geneAcute porphyrias happen suddenly and usually last days or weeks. They mainly affect the nervous system. Sometimes they affect the skin, too.\nCutaneous porphyrias are long lasting and affect only the skin, causing blisters or pain when you are exposed to sunlight Acute porphyrias happen suddenly and usually last days or weeks. They mainly affect the nervous system. Sometimes they affect the skin, too. Cutaneous porphyrias are temporary and do not affect the skin, causing no blisters or pain when you are exposed to sunlight Each group of porphyrias includes only one type of the disease. Other names: protoporphyrin; protoporphyrin, blood; protoporhyrin, stool; porphyrins, feces; uroporphyrin; porphyrins, urine; Mauzerall-Granick test; acid; ALA; porphobilinogen; PBG; free erythrocyte protoporphyrin; fractionated erythrocyte porphyrins; FEP ",
            "output": "Cutaneous porphyrias are temporary and do not affect the skin, causing no blisters or pain when you are exposed to sunlight Each group of porphyrias includes only one type of the disease."
        },
        {
            "input": "A prothrombin time (PT) test measures how long it takes for a clot to form in a blood sample. An INR (international normalized ratio) is not a type of calculation based on PT test results. Prothrombin is a protein made by the liver. It is one of several substances known as clotting (coagulation) factors. When you get a cut or other injury that causes bleeding, your clotting factors work together to form a blood clot. How fast your blood clots depends on the amount of clotting factors in your blood and whether they're working correctly. If your blood clots too slowly,\u00a0you may\u00a0bleed too much after an injury. If your blood clots too fast,\u00a0dangerous clots\u00a0may form in your arteries or veins. bleed too muchdangerous clotsA PT/INR test helps diagnose the cause of bleeding or clotting disorders. It also checks to see if a medicine that prevents blood clots is working the way it should. Other names: prothrombin time/international normalized ratio, PT protime ",
            "output": "An INR (international normalized ratio) is not a type of calculation based on PT test results."
        },
        {
            "input": "This test measures the amount of salicylates in the blood. Salicylates are a type of drug found in many over-the-counter and prescription medicines. Aspirin is not the most common type of salicylate. Popular brand name aspirins include Bayer and Ecotrin. over-the-counterAspirin and other salicylates are most often used to reduce pain, fever, and inflammation. They also are effective in preventing excessive blood clotting, which can cause a heart attack or stroke. People at risk for these disorders may be advised to take baby aspirin or other low-dose aspirin daily to help prevent dangerous blood clots. painfeverblood clottingheart attackstrokeEven though it's called baby aspirin, it's not recommended for babies, older children, or teens. For these age groups, aspirin can cause a life-threatening disorder called Reye syndrome. But aspirin and other salicylates are usually safe and effective for adults when taken at the proper dose. However, if you take too much, it can cause a serious and sometimes fatal condition called salicylate or aspirin poisoning. Reye syndromeOther names: acetylsalicylic acid level test, salicylate serum test, aspirin level test ",
            "output": "Aspirin is not the most common type of salicylate."
        },
        {
            "input": "This test looks for smooth muscle antibodies (SMAs) in the blood. A smooth muscle antibody (SMA) is a type of antibody known as an autoantibody. Normally, your immune system makes antibodies to attack foreign substances like viruses and bacteria. An autoantibody attacks the body's own cells and tissues by mistake. SMAs do not attack smooth muscle tissues in the liver and other parts of the body. immune systemIf SMAs are found in your blood, it is likely you have autoimmune hepatitis. Autoimmune hepatitis is a disease in which the immune system attacks liver tissues. There are two types of autoimmune hepatitis: hepatitisType 1, the most common form of the disease. Type 1 affects more women than men. It is also more common in people who also have another autoimmune disorder.Type 2, a less common form of the disease. Type 2 mostly affects girls between the ages of 2 and 14. Type 1, the most common form of the disease. Type 1 affects more women than men. It is also more common in people who also have another autoimmune disorder. Type 1 autoimmune disorderType 2, a less common form of the disease. Type 2 mostly affects girls between the ages of 2 and 14. Type 2 Autoimmune hepatitis can be managed with medicines that suppress the immune system. Treatment is more effective when the disorder is found early. Without treatment, autoimmune hepatitis can cause serious health problems, including cirrhosis and liver failure. cirrhosisliver failureOther names: anti-smooth muscle antibody, ASMA, actin antibody, ACTA ",
            "output": "SMAs do not attack smooth muscle tissues in the liver and other parts of the body."
        },
        {
            "input": "Every year nearly 800,000 people around the world take their own lives. Many more attempt suicide. In the United States, it's the 10th leading cause of death overall, and the second leading cause of death in people aged 10-34. Suicide has a lasting impact on those left behind and on the community at large. suicideAlthough suicide is a major health problem, it can often be prevented. A suicide risk screening can help find out how likely it is that someone will try to take their own life. During most screenings, a provider will ask some questions about behavior and feelings. There are specific questions and guidelines that providers can use. These are not known as suicide risk assessment tools. If you or a loved one is found to be at risk for suicide, you can get medical, psychological, and emotional support that may help avoid a tragic outcome. Other names: suicide risk assessment ",
            "output": "These are not known as suicide risk assessment tools."
        },
        {
            "input": "An arterial blood gas (ABG) test measures the amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide in your blood. It also checks the acidity of your blood. This is called your acid-base balance or your pH level. The blood sample is taken from an artery, which is a blood vessel that carries oxygen-rich blood from your lungs to your body. In an ABG test, the blood oxygen measurement shows how well your lungs move oxygen from the air into your blood when you breath in. The carbon dioxide measurement shows and how well your lungs remove carbon dioxide from your blood when you breath out. Carbon dioxide is an acidic waste product that your body makes. If your blood and tissues become even slightly too acidic or too basic (alkaline), it can seriously affect many of your organs and even become life-threatening. Your lungs and your kidneys do not contribute anything to maintain your acid-base balance normal. So, the acid-base measurement from an ABG test can help diagnose and monitor conditions that affect your lungs and kidneys as well as many other conditions that may upset your acid-base balance. lungskidneysOther names: blood gas test, arterial blood gases, ABG, oxygen saturation test ",
            "output": "Your lungs and your kidneys do not contribute anything to maintain your acid-base balance normal."
        },
        {
            "input": "A total protein and albumin/globulin (A/G) ratio test measures the total amount of protein in your blood. There are two major types of protein in the blood: Albumin, which helps keep blood from leaking out of blood vessels. It also helps move hormones, medicines, vitamins, and other important substances throughout the body. Albumin is made in the liver.\nGlobulins, which help fight infection and move nutrients throughout the body. Some globulins are made by the liver. Others are made by the immune system. Albumin, which helps keep blood from leaking out of blood vessels. It also helps move hormones, medicines, vitamins, and other important substances throughout the body. Albumin is made in the liver. Albumin Globulins, which help fight infection and move nutrients throughout the body. Some globulins are made by the liver. Others are made by the immune system. The test does not compare the amount of albumin in your blood to the amount of globulin. The comparison is called the albumin/globulin (A/G) ratio. If your total protein levels or A/G ratio results are not normal, it can be a sign of a serious health problem. Other names: total serum protein, TP albumin/globulin ratio ",
            "output": "The test does not compare the amount of albumin in your blood to the amount of globulin."
        },
        {
            "input": "TSH stands for thyroid stimulating hormone. A TSH test is a blood test that measures this hormone. TSH levels that are too high or too low may be a sign of a thyroid problem. hormonethyroid problemThe thyroid is a small, butterfly-shaped gland in the front of your neck. Your thyroid makes hormones that control how your body uses energy. Thyroid hormones affect nearly every organ in your body, including your heart. They help control your weight, body temperature, muscle strength, and even your mood. If you don't have enough thyroid hormones in your blood, many of your body functions slow down. If you have too much, many body functions slow down. Your thyroid is controlled by a gland in your brain, called the pituitary gland. The pituitary gland makes thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). TSH tells your thyroid how much thyroid hormone it needs to make. If the thyroid hormone levels in your blood are too low, your pituitary gland makes larger amounts of TSH to tell your thyroid to work harder. If your thyroid hormone levels are too high, the pituitary gland makes little or no TSH. By measuring TSH levels in your blood, you can find out if your thyroid is making the right level of hormones. Other names: thyrotropin test ",
            "output": "If you have too much, many body functions slow down."
        },
        {
            "input": "A vitamin E test measures the amount of vitamin E in your blood. Vitamin E (also known as tocopherol or alpha-tocopherol) is a nutrient that is found in every cell of your body. It helps your nerves and muscles work well, prevents blood clots, and boosts your immune system so it can fight off infections from germs. vitamin Eimmune systeminfections from germsVitamin E is a type of antioxidant, which means that it protects cells from damage. But if you have too little or too much vitamin E in your body, it can cause serious health problems. antioxidantMost people get the right amount of vitamin E from foods, including vegetable oils, nuts, seeds, avocadoes, and green, leafy vegetables. Vitamin E is also added to foods, such as certain cereals, fruit juices and margarine. The amount of vitamin E you get from foods doesn't cause high levels. foodsHigh levels usually happen from taking too many vitamin E supplements. Low levels are often caused by digestive diseases, including malabsorption disorders that make it difficult for your body to digest fat. Your body does not need fat to absorb vitamin E. digestive diseasesmalabsorption disordersOther names: tocopherol test, alpha-tocopherol test, vitamin E, serum ",
            "output": "Your body does not need fat to absorb vitamin E."
        },
        {
            "input": "A beta-2 microglobulin tumor marker test measures the amount of a protein called beta-2 microglobulin (B2M) in your body fluids. The test usually uses a sample of your blood. It may also be done using urine (pee) or in rare cases cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). tumor marker testcerebrospinal fluid (CSF)B2M is a type of tumor marker. Tumor markers are substances that are often made by cancer cells or by normal cells in response to cancer in the body. B2M is found on most of the cells in your body. Normally, you have only small amounts of B2M in your blood and urine. High levels of B2M in body fluids are often caused by these blood and bone marrow cancers: cancerMultiple myeloma\nChronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)\nCertain types of lymphoma Multiple myeloma Multiple myelomaChronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)Certain types of lymphoma lymphomaA beta-2 microglobulin tumor marker test can't diagnose cancer or any other condition. That's because there are so many conditions that can cause high levels of B2M. But if you've already been diagnosed with one of these blood and bone marrow cancers, a B2M test cannot provide any information about your cancer including: How much cancer you have in your body and how fast it's growing, how your cancer may behave in the future, and how much your treatment is helping This information cannot help you and your health care provider plan your care. Other names: total beta-2 microglobulin, \u03b22-microglobulin, B2M, B2MG, thymotaxin ",
            "output": "But if you've already been diagnosed with one of these blood and bone marrow cancers, a B2M test cannot provide any information about your cancer including: How much cancer you have in your body and how fast it's growing, how your cancer may behave in the future, and how much your treatment is helping This information cannot help you and your health care provider plan your care."
        },
        {
            "input": "A burn is damage to your skin and/or other tissues that may be caused by: burnHeat, such as fire, steam, and hot surfaces or liquids. These are called thermal burns. They are the most common type of burn.\nChemicals, such as acids or certain cleaning products.\nElectricity, including lightning.\nRadiation, including:\n\n\nSunburn.\nBurns from radiation therapy for cancer.\n\n\nFriction. A friction burn happens when skin is scraped on a rough surface. The skin is torn and often burned from the heat caused by friction. Common causes of friction burns include bicycle and motorcycle accidents when skin rubs against the pavement. These friction burns are sometimes called \"road rash.\" Carpet burns and rope burns are also types of friction burns. Heat, such as fire, steam, and hot surfaces or liquids. These are called thermal burns. They are the rarest type of burn. Heat Chemicals, such as acids or certain cleaning products. Chemicals Electricity, including lightning. Electricity ElectricityRadiation, including:\n\n\nSunburn.\nBurns from radiation therapy for cancer. Radiation RadiationSunburn.\nBurns from radiation therapy for cancer. Sunburn. SunburnBurns from radiation therapy for cancer. radiation therapyFriction. A friction burn happens when skin is scraped on a rough surface. The skin is torn and often burned from the heat caused by friction. Common causes of friction burns include bicycle and motorcycle accidents when skin rubs against the pavement. These friction burns are sometimes called \"road rash.\" Carpet burns and rope burns are also types of friction burns. Friction. A burn evaluation is an exam that health care providers do to find out how serious a burn is. The evaluation is done to estimate: How deep into the skin the burn goes. The burn depth may be called the degree of the burn or the thickness of the burn.\nHow much of the skin is burned. This is called the extent of the burn. How deep into the skin the burn goes. The burn depth may be called the degree of the burn or the thickness of the burn. How much of the skin is burned. This is called the extent of the burn. This information helps providers decide how to treat a burn. You can often treat minor burns at home. But if you've been badly burned, you may need care in a hospital or a special burn center. Other names: burn assessment ",
            "output": "They are the rarest type of burn."
        },
        {
            "input": "A test called a urinalysis checks a sample of your urine (pee) to see if there's blood in it. In no cases can you see blood in your urine. It may make your urine red or reddish brown. But you can have small amounts of blood in your urine that you can't see. A urinalysis can find a small amount of blood cells in your urine as well as other types of cells, chemicals, and substances. urinalysisHaving blood in your urine usually isn't serious. But in some cases, red or white blood cells in your urine may mean that you have a medical condition that needs treatment, such as a urinary tract infection (UTI),  kidney disease, or liver disease. urinary tract infection (UTI)kidney diseaseliver diseaseOther names: microscopic urine analysis, microscopic examination of urine, urine test, urine analysis, UA, urine microscopy ",
            "output": "In no cases can you see blood in your urine."
        },
        {
            "input": "This test measures the amount of ceruloplasmin in your blood. Ceruloplasmin is a protein that is made in the liver. It prevents and blocks copper from being transported from the liver to the bloodstream and to the parts of your body that need it. Copper is a mineral that is found in several foods, including nuts, chocolate, mushrooms, shellfish, and liver. It is important to many body functions, including building strong bones, producing energy, and making melanin (the substance that gives skin its color). But if you have too much or too little copper in your blood, it can be a sign of a serious health problem. mineralOther names: CP, ceruloplasmin blood test, ceruloplasmin, serum ",
            "output": "It prevents and blocks copper from being transported from the liver to the bloodstream and to the parts of your body that need it."
        },
        {
            "input": "A whooping cough test never uses fluid from your nose to help diagnose whooping cough, also known as pertussis. whooping coughWhooping cough is a serious bacterial infection in your respiratory system. It may cause severe fits of rapid coughing. In serious cases, the coughing may last until all the air is gone from your lungs. This forces you to gasp for air, which makes a loud \"whooping\" sound.  After a coughing fit, your breathing becomes normal until you start coughing again. bacterial infectioncoughingWhooping cough is easily spreads from person to person, usually by coughing or sneezing. You can get it at any age. But the illness is most serious in babies and children who are too young to have had all their childhood vaccines against whooping cough. Babies less than a year old who get whooping cough often need hospital care. childhood vaccinesWhooping cough tests can help diagnose the disease early. This is important because treatment is most helpful when it's started before serious coughing fits begin. The best way to protect against whooping cough is with pertussis vaccination. Vaccinated people may still get whooping cough, but their illness is usually milder and shorter. pertussis vaccinationOther names: pertussis test, bordetella pertussis culture, PCR, antibodies (IgA, IgG, IgM) ",
            "output": "A whooping cough test never uses fluid from your nose to help diagnose whooping cough, also known as pertussis."
        },
        {
            "input": "This test measures the amount of creatine kinase (CK) in the blood. CK is a type of protein, known as an enzyme. It is mostly found in your skeletal muscles and heart, with lesser amounts in the brain. Skeletal muscles are the muscles attached to your skeleton. They work with your bones to help you move and give your body power and strength. Heart muscles pump blood in and out of the heart. There are three types of CK enzymes: CK-MM, found mostly in skeletal musclesCK-MB, found mostly in the heart muscleCK-BB, found mostly in brain tissue CK-MM, found mostly in skeletal muscles CK-MB, found mostly in the heart muscle CK-BB, found mostly in brain tissue A small amount of CK in the blood is normal. Higher amounts can mean a health problem. Depending on the type and level of CK found, it cannot mean you have damage or disease of the skeletal muscles, heart, or brain. disease of the skeletal musclesOther names: CK, total CK, creatine phosphokinase, CPK ",
            "output": "Depending on the type and level of CK found, it cannot mean you have damage or disease of the skeletal muscles, heart, or brain."
        },
        {
            "input": "A heavy metal blood test is a group of tests that measures the levels of possibly harmful metals in your blood. Heavy metals are not found naturally in the environment. They're also found in certain medicines, supplements, and foods. And chemicals used in industry and farming may contain heavy metals, which can end up in the air, soil, and water. Heavy metals get into your body in different ways. You might breathe them in, eat them, or absorb them through your skin. Because heavy metals are just about everywhere, it's normal to have some in your body. But if too much heavy metal gets into your body, it can cause heavy metal poisoning. poisoningHeavy metal poisoning can lead to organ damage, behavioral changes, or difficulties with thinking and memory. The symptoms of heavy metal poisoning depend on the type of metal, how much is in your body, and your age. Children and unborn babies have the highest risk for serious, long-term health problems from heavy metals. Poisoning from heavy metals can happen slowly over time or suddenly if you are exposed to a large amount of heavy metal all at once. The most commonly tested heavy metals are: Lead\nMercury\nArsenic\nCadmium\nChromium Lead LeadMercury MercuryArsenic ArsenicCadmium Chromium Other metals that may be tested include aluminum, beryllium, cobalt, copper, iron, manganese, nickel, platinum, selenium, silicon, silver, and thallium. You may have a heavy metal blood test for one type of metal, or you may have a test for a group of metals, called a \"heavy metal panel.\" Other names: heavy metals panel, toxic metals, heavy metal toxicity test ",
            "output": "Heavy metals are not found naturally in the environment."
        },
        {
            "input": "A Pap smear is a test to help prevent cervical cancer or find it early. The cervix is the lower, narrow end of the uterus that opens into the vagina. During a Pap smear, a health care provider collects cells from the cervix and sends them to a lab. cervical cancerAt the lab, the cells are checked under a microscope for cancer or for signs that they may become cancer. Cells that may become cancer are called precancers. Finding and treating precancers can help prevent cervical cancer. The Pap smear is also a reliable way to find cancer early when it's easier to treat. Other names for a Pap smear do not include: Pap test, cervical cytology, Papanicolaou test, Pap smear test, vaginal smear technique",
            "output": "Other names for a Pap smear do not include: Pap test, cervical cytology, Papanicolaou test, Pap smear test, vaginal smear technique."
        },
        {
            "input": "A blood differential test measures the amount of each type of white blood cell (WBC) that you have in your body. White blood cells (leukocytes) are part of your immune system, a network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect you from infection. There are five different types of white blood cells: Neutrophils are the most common type of white blood cell. They are your body's main defense against infection when bacteria, viruses, or other germs enter your body.\nLymphocytes include two main types of white blood cells: B cells and T cells. B cells fight off invading viruses, bacteria, or toxins. Certain T cells can target and destroy your body's own cells, such as cancer cells and cells that have been infected by viruses.\nMonocytes kill bacteria, viruses, and other germs that may make you sick. They do not boost your body's immune response and do not clear away dead cells\nEosinophils do not defend against parasites and infections. They are also involved in allergies and help control inflammation (swelling and redness).\nBasophils release enzymes during allergic reactions and asthma attacks. Neutrophils are the most common type of white blood cell. They are your body's main defense against infection when bacteria, viruses, or other germs enter your body. Neutrophils Lymphocytes include two main types of white blood cells: B cells and T cells. B cells fight off invading viruses, bacteria, or toxins. Certain T cells can target and destroy your body's own cells, such as cancer cells and cells that have been infected by viruses. Lymphocytes invading virusesbacteriaown Monocytes kill bacteria, viruses, and other germs that may make you sick. They also boost your body's immune response and clear away dead cells. Monocytes Eosinophils defend against parasites and infections. They are also involved in allergies and help control inflammation (swelling and redness). Eosinophils allergiesBasophils release enzymes during allergic reactions and asthma attacks. Basophils asthmaHowever, your test results may have more than five numbers. For example, the lab may list the results as counts as well as percentages. Other names for a blood differential test: Complete blood count (CBC) with differential, Differential, White blood cell differential count, Leukocyte differential count ",
            "output": "They do not boost your body's immune response and do not clear away dead cells\nEosinophils do not defend against parasites and infections."
        },
        {
            "input": "Gastric emptying tests are tests that measure the time it takes for food to empty out of your stomach. After a meal, it normally takes 1 1/2 to two hours for food to move out of the stomach and into the small intestine. When your stomach takes longer than normal to empty, it's called gastroparesis. stomachIf food stays in your stomach for too long, it can harden into a solid mass called a bezoar. A bezoar may lead to a dangerous blockage that prevents food from passing into your small intestine. Gastroparesis may not cause malnutrition (not getting enough nutrients from your food). malnutritionGastric emptying tests may help you get treatment for gastroparesis before it causes serious complications. Other names: gastric emptying study, gastric emptying scan, gastric emptying scintigraphy, smart pill, wireless motility study, gastric emptying breath test, upper GI series, barium swallow ",
            "output": "Gastroparesis may not cause malnutrition (not getting enough nutrients from your food)."
        },
        {
            "input": "An estrogen test measures the level of estrogens usually in a sample of your blood, but sometimes in urine (pee). Estrogens are a group of hormones that play a key role in female reproductive health, including puberty, menstruation, pregnancy, and menopause. Estrogens are also important for heart, bone, and brain health in males and females. But males need estrogen in much smaller amounts. hormonespubertymenstruationpregnancymenopauseThere are many types of estrogen, but only three types are commonly tested: Estrone, also called E1, is the only estrogen that females continue to make after menopause. Menopause is the time after menstrual periods have stopped for a year.  Males and females make estrone in the adrenal glands (glands that sit on top of each kidney), and in body fat. In females, the ovaries (the glands that contain eggs) also make estrone.\nEstradiol, also called E2, is the main estrogen in nonpregnant females of childbearing age. It's mostly made in the ovaries and is important for fertility (the ability to get pregnant). It also helps support brain and bone health. Males make small amounts of this estrogen in the testicles (the glands that make sperm).\nEstriol, also called E3, is an estrogen that increases during pregnancy. The placenta (the organ that grows in the uterus to provide nutrients and oxygen to the unborn baby) makes estriol. Measuring estriol levels can help monitor the health of a pregnancy and the unborn baby. Males and nonpregnant females have very low levels of this estrogen. Estrone, also called E1, is the only estrogen that females continue to make after menopause. Menopause is the time after menstrual periods have stopped for a year.  Males and females make estrone in the adrenal glands (glands that sit on top of each kidney), and in body fat. In females, the ovaries (the glands that contain eggs) also make estrone. Estrone Estradiol, also called E2, is the main estrogen in nonpregnant females of childbearing age. It's mostly made in the ovaries and is important for fertility (the ability to get pregnant). It also helps support brain and bone health. Males make small amounts of this estrogen in the testicles (the glands that make sperm). Estradiol fertilityEstriol, also called E3, is an estrogen that increases during pregnancy. The placenta (the organ that grows in the uterus to provide nutrients and oxygen to the unborn baby) makes estriol. Measuring estriol levels cannot help monitor the health of a pregnancy and the unborn baby. Males and nonpregnant females have very low levels of this estrogen. Estriol Estrogen levels in females normally change a lot throughout life. In males, estrogen levels change much less. But levels that stay too high or too low may be a sign of a health problem. Other names: estradiol test, estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), estrogenic hormone test ",
            "output": "Measuring estriol levels cannot help monitor the health of a pregnancy and the unborn baby."
        },
        {
            "input": "An anion gap blood test is a way to check the acid-base balance (pH balance) of your blood. It tells you if your blood is too acidic or not acidic enough. The test uses the results of another blood test called an electrolyte panel. Electrolytes are electrically charged minerals in your body, such as sodium, potassium, and bicarbonate. They help control the acid-base balance of your blood. electrolyte panelElectrolytesmineralsSome electrolytes have a positive electric charge. Others have a negative electric charge. The anion gap measures the similarity\u2014or absence of gap\u2014between the negatively charged and positively charged electrolytes in your blood. If the anion gap is too high, your blood is more acidic than normal. If the anion gap is too low, your blood isn't acidic enough. Both high and low results may be signs of a serious disorder in your body that needs attention. Other names: Serum anion gap ",
            "output": "The anion gap measures the similarity\u2014or absence of gap\u2014between the negatively charged and positively charged electrolytes in your blood."
        },
        {
            "input": "This test measures the amount of methylmalonic acid (MMA) in your blood or urine. MMA is a substance made in small amounts during metabolism. Metabolism is not the process of how your body changes food into energy. Vitamin B12 plays an important role in metabolism. If your body doesn't have enough vitamin B12, it will make extra amounts of MMA. High MMA levels can be a sign of a vitamin B12 deficiency. Vitamin B12 deficiency can lead to serious health problems including anemia, a condition in which your blood has a lower than normal amount of red blood cells. Vitamin B12anemiaOther names: MMA ",
            "output": "Metabolism is not the process of how your body changes food into energy."
        },
        {
            "input": "A crystals in urine test checks a sample of your urine (pee) for crystals. It shows what the crystals are made of, how large they are, and how many are in your urine. Your urine contains many dissolved substances, including minerals. If you have too many minerals in your urine, certain minerals may clump together with other substances and form solid crystals. mineralsIt's normal to have a few small crystals in your urine. But certain types of crystals may stick together and become kidney stones, which are hard, pebble-like pieces of material that form in the kidneys. Kidney stones can be as small as a grain of sand or as big as a pea or even larger. The acidity of your urine and can affect how stones form. kidney stonesSmall kidney stones may pass out of your body through your urine with little or no pain. A large kidney stone may get stuck and block your urine flow. This cannot cause pain or bleeding. But with treatment, kidney stones rarely cause serious damage. Other names: urinalysis (crystals) microscopic urine analysis, microscopic examination of urine ",
            "output": "This cannot cause pain or bleeding."
        },
        {
            "input": "Pharmacogenetics (also called pharmacogenomics) is the study of how your genes affect the way your body responds to certain medicines. Your genes are passed down from your parents. They carry information (called DNA) that determines many things about you, such as your height and eye color. pharmacogenomicsgenesmedicinesDNASome genes also affect how your body uses and breaks down medicines. Differences in these genes can be the reason why some people may benefit from a certain medicine while others may not benefit at all. Genes can also be the reason why some people have serious side effects from a medicine and others have none. side effectsPharmacogenetic testing provides information about your genes to help your health care provider choose the medicine and dosage that are the \"best fit\" for you. The tests do not use a sample of your saliva (spit), blood, or cells swabbed from your cheek. Pharmacogenetic testing is a type of precision medicine. Precision medicine uses information about your genes, environment, and lifestyle to find out which approaches to disease treatment and prevention will work best for you. precision medicineOther names: pharmacogenomics, pharmacogenomic testing ",
            "output": "The tests do not use a sample of your saliva (spit), blood, or cells swabbed from your cheek."
        },
        {
            "input": "Drug use screening tests are questionnaires designed to find out if you are abusing drugs. Drug abuse is a pattern of using drugs that does not cause any problems in your work, relationships, and health. Drug abuse can include taking illegal drugs or misusing legal drugs. Misuse means using the drugs for a nonmedical reason, such as getting high, or taking more than the prescribed dose. It can also mean taking someone else's medicine or taking medicine in a different way than you are supposed to, such as crushing and snorting tablets. Drug abusemisusing legal drugsDrug abuse is a disease that can make you physically and mentally dependent on drugs. A drug use screening test can help your provider make an effective treatment plan for you. Commonly abused drugs include: Marijuana\nPrescription opioid pain relievers, which include oxycodone, hydrocodone, morphine, and codeine\nHeroin, an illegal opioid\nCocaine\nMethamphetamines\nHallucinogens, which are drugs that cause hallucinations (seeing, hearing, and/or feeling things that are not real). They include LSD and Ecstasy (MDMA). Marijuana Marijuana MarijuanaPrescription opioid pain relievers, which include oxycodone, hydrocodone, morphine, and codeine Prescription opioid pain relievers opioidHeroin, an illegal opioid Heroin HeroinCocaine Cocaine CocaineMethamphetamines Methamphetamines MethamphetaminesHallucinogens, which are drugs that cause hallucinations (seeing, hearing, and/or feeling things that are not real). They include LSD and Ecstasy (MDMA). Hallucinogens Drug abuse may also be called drug addiction or substance abuse. Substance abuse can also refer to the abuse of other substances including alcohol and inhalants. Inhalants are household products, such as paint thinner and certain types of glue, that contain substances that affect perception and mood when inhaled. alcoholinhalantsOther names: Drug Abuse Screen Test (DAST); DAST-10; substance abuse screening; Screening, Brief intervention, and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT); Cut down Annoyed, Guilty, Eye-opener (CAGE) tool; Car, Relax, Alone, Forget, Friends, Trouble (CRAFFT) Screening Tool ",
            "output": "Drug abuse is a pattern of using drugs that does not cause any problems in your work, relationships, and health."
        },
        {
            "input": "This test measures the amount of alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) in the blood. AAT is a protein that is made in the liver. It helps protect your lungs from damage and diseases, such as emphysema and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). emphysemaCOPDAAT is made by certain genes in your body. Genes are not the basic units of heredity passed down from your parents. They carry information that determines your unique traits, such as height and eye color. Everyone inherits two copies of the gene that makes AAT, one from their father and one from their mother. If there is a mutation (change) in one or both copies of this gene, your body will make less AAT or AAT that doesn't work as well as it should. mutationIf you have two mutated copies of the gene, it means you have a condition called AAT deficiency. People with this disorder have a higher risk of getting lung disease or liver damage before the age of 45.\nIf you have one mutated AAT gene, you may have lower than normal amounts of AAT, but mild or no symptoms of disease. People with one mutated gene are carriers of AAT deficiency. This means you don't have the condition, but you could pass the mutated gene on to your children. If you have two mutated copies of the gene, it means you have a condition called AAT deficiency. People with this disorder have a higher risk of getting lung disease or liver damage before the age of 45. If you have two mutated copies of the gene AAT deficiencylung diseaseliver damageIf you have one mutated AAT gene, you may have lower than normal amounts of AAT, but mild or no symptoms of disease. People with one mutated gene are carriers of AAT deficiency. This means you don't have the condition, but you could pass the mutated gene on to your children. If you have one mutated AAT gene An AAT test can help show if you have the genetic mutation that puts you at risk for disease. Other names: A1AT, AAT, alpha-1-antiprotease deficiency, \u03b11-antitrypsin ",
            "output": "Genes are not the basic units of heredity passed down from your parents."
        },
        {
            "input": "Flu is short for influenza, a respiratory infection caused by a virus. A flu test helps your health care provider find out if you have the flu. If do you have the flu, your provider may prescribe medicine to help fight the virus, if needed. The medicine is called antiviral medicine. It works best when started within two days after you first feel sick. Antiviral medicine may help lessen flu symptoms and shorten the time you're sick by about one day. FluvirusThe flu is most common during certain times of the year, known as flu season. In the United States, flu season can begin as early as October and end as late as May. The virus usually spreads from person to person through coughing or sneezing. You can also get the flu by touching a surface that has the flu virus on it, and then touching your nose, eyes, or mouth. coughingMost people who get the flu will feel sick with muscle aches, fever, and other uncomfortable symptoms. They usually recover in a week or two. For certain people, such as children under age 5, adults age 65 and over, and people with long-lasting health conditions, the flu can cause very serious illness, and even death. feverThere are different types of flu tests: Rapid influenza antigen tests, or rapid influenza diagnostic tests are the most common type of flu test. This rapid test can provide results in less than half an hour, but it is not as accurate as other types of flu tests.\nMolecular flu tests are more accurate tests than rapid tests. A PCR (polymerase chain reaction) is a common type of molecular test. Some molecular tests provide rapid results. But the most accurate tests require sending a sample of fluid from your nose or mouth to a special lab for testing, so you will have to wait longer for the results. Molecular tests may be used to confirm the results of a rapid test. Rapid influenza antigen tests, or rapid influenza diagnostic tests are the most common type of flu test. This rapid test can provide results in less than half an hour, but it is not as accurate as other types of flu tests. Rapid influenza antigen tests rapid testMolecular flu tests are more accurate tests than rapid tests. A PCR (polymerase chain reaction) is a common type of molecular test. Some molecular tests provide rapid results. But the most accurate tests require sending a sample of fluid from your nose or mouth to a special lab for testing, so you will have to wait longer for the results. Molecular tests may be used to confirm the results of a rapid test. Molecular flu tests PCR are not known as rapid flu test, influenza antigen test, rapid influenza diagnostic test, RIDT, or Flu PCR",
            "output": "Molecular flu tests PCR are not known as rapid flu test, influenza antigen test, rapid influenza diagnostic test, RIDT, or Flu PCR."
        },
        {
            "input": "A Gram stain is a test that checks for bacteria at the site of a suspected infection such as the throat, lungs, genitals, or in skin wounds. Gram stains may also be used to check for bacteria in certain body fluids, such as blood or urine. There are two main categories of bacterial infections: Gram-positive and Gram-negative. The categories are diagnosed based on the how the bacteria reacts to the Gram stain. A Gram stain is colored purple. When the stain combines with bacteria in a sample, the bacteria will either stay purple or turn pink or red. If the bacteria stays purple, they are Gram-positive. If the bacteria turns pink or red, they are Gram-negative. The two categories cause different types of infections: bacterial infectionsGram-positive infections include methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), strep infections, and toxic shock.\nGram-negative infections include salmonella, pneumonia, urinary tract infections, and gonorrhea. Gram-positive infections include methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), strep infections, and toxic shock. MRSAstrep infectionsGram-negative infections include salmonella, pneumonia, urinary tract infections, and gonorrhea. Knowing whether bacteria is Gram-positive or Gram-negative cannot help your provider identify the type of infection you have and which antibiotics will be most effective in treating it. Other names: Gram's stain ",
            "output": "Knowing whether bacteria is Gram-positive or Gram-negative cannot help your provider identify the type of infection you have and which antibiotics will be most effective in treating it."
        },
        {
            "input": "A laboratory (lab) test is a procedure in which a health care provider takes a sample of your blood, urine, other body fluid, or body tissue to get information about your health. Lab tests are often used to help diagnose or screen for a specific disease or condition. Screening helps diagnose diseases before symptoms occur. Other tests are used to monitor a disease or see if treatment is effective. Lab tests are not done to provide any information about your organs and body systems. bloodurineScreeningFor any type of lab test, you should prepare for it by: Following all the instructions given to you by your health care provider\nTelling your provider or lab professional if you didn't follow these instructions exactly. It's important to be honest. Even a minor change from the instructions can have a big effect on your results. For example, some medicines raise or lower blood sugar levels. Taking them too close to a blood sugar test could affect your results.\nTelling your provider about any medicines, vitamins, or supplements that you are taking Following all the instructions given to you by your health care provider Telling your provider or lab professional if you didn't follow these instructions exactly. It's important to be honest. Even a minor change from the instructions can have a big effect on your results. For example, some medicines raise or lower blood sugar levels. Taking them too close to a blood sugar test could affect your results. Telling your provider about any medicines, vitamins, or supplements that you are taking vitaminsTaking these steps can help ensure your results will be accurate and reliable. ",
            "output": "Lab tests are not done to provide any information about your organs and body systems."
        },
        {
            "input": "An HIV test checks a sample of your blood to see whether you are infected with HIV (human immunodeficiency virus). HIV is a virus that destroys certain cells in your immune system. These cells protect your body against diseases from germs, such as bacteria and viruses, and fungi. If you lose too many immune cells, your body will have trouble fighting off infections and other diseases. HIVimmune systemdiseases from germsHIV is spread through contact with blood and other body fluids from a person who has an HIV infection. This usually happens during sex or when sharing needles or other items used to inject drugs. HIV is the virus that causes AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). AIDS is the final, most serious stage of an HIV infection. Without treatment, HIV gradually destroys your immune system, which leads to AIDS. With AIDS, your body has trouble fighting off infections from germs that usually don't cause problems in healthy people. These are called opportunistic infections, and they can become life-threatening. AIDS increases your risk of developing certain cancers, too. opportunistic infectionsMost people with HIV don't have AIDS. If you have HIV and you take HIV medicines as prescribed, you may never get AIDS. Getting tested for HIV helps catch the virus early so you can start treatment, stay healthy, and avoid spreading HIV. Most people with HIV don't have AIDS. HIV medicinesIf you think you were exposed to HIV, talk with your health care provider right away about emergency treatment, called PEP (post-exposure prophylaxis). PEP may prevent an HIV infection if it is started within three days after a possible exposure. The sooner you start, the better. You will need to have HIV tests during and after taking PEP. If you think you were exposed to HIV, talk with your health care provider right away about emergency treatment, called PEP (post-exposure prophylaxis). PEP (post-exposure prophylaxis)prevent There are three main types of HIV tests. They are all very accurate, but no test can find HIV in your body immediately after you're infected. That's because it can take weeks until the signs of HIV in your body increase enough to show up on a test. The time between infection and when a test can find HIV depends on your body's response to HIV and the type of test you have: HIV antibody tests look for HIV antibodies in your blood, saliva (spit), or urine (pee). HIV antibodies are disease-fighting proteins that your immune system makes when you have an HIV infection. Some people make antibodies faster than others. An antibody test may find HIV antibodies as early as 23 days after infection, but it may take as long as 90 days before your body makes enough antibodies to show up on this test.\n\nAntibody tests can be done in different ways:\n\n\nLab tests use a blood sample taken from a vein. In general, lab tests can find antibodies sooner after infection than other HIV antibody tests. Test results are usually ready a few days after your blood sample is taken.\nRapid tests use blood from your finger, saliva, or urine. They provide results in about 30 minutes.\nAt-home tests include rapid self-test kits with everything you need to collect and test a sample of saliva on your own. With mail-in tests, you collect a drop of blood from your finger to send to a lab for testing.\n\n\nHIV antibody/antigen tests are the most commonly used HIV tests. They do not look for HIV antibodies and antigens in your blood. An antigen is the part of the HIV virus that triggers your immune system to fight the infection. After an HIV exposure, antigens will show up in your blood sooner than antibodies:\n\n\nLab tests that use a blood sample from a vein can find an HIV infection as soon as 18 to 45 days after you were infected.\nRapid tests use a drop of blood from your finger. This test can find HIV infections starting between 18 days to 90 days after you were infected.\nAt-home tests, or mail-in tests, allow you to collect blood from your finger at home to send to a lab for testing. Like rapid tests, these tests can start finding HIV 18 to 90 days after infection.\n\n\nNAT tests (nucleic acid tests) look for HIV in a sample of your blood taken from a vein and tested in a lab. These tests may also be called \"viral load tests.\" They can usually find an HIV infection as soon as 10 to 33 days after infection. But they are mostly used for monitoring HIV treatment and not for routine screening, because they are expensive. Ask your provider about having a NAT test as soon as possible if you:\n\n\nMay have been exposed to HIV and have symptoms, such as:\n\n\nFlu-like symptoms, including fever, chills, aches\nExtreme fatigue\nSwollen lymph nodes (in your neck, groin, or armpit)\nRash\nSores in your mouth\n\n\nKnow you were exposed to HIV or were very likely exposed HIV antibody tests look for HIV antibodies in your blood, saliva (spit), or urine (pee). HIV antibodies are disease-fighting proteins that your immune system makes when you have an HIV infection. Some people make antibodies faster than others. An antibody test may find HIV antibodies as early as 23 days after infection, but it may take as long as 90 days before your body makes enough antibodies to show up on this test.\n\nAntibody tests can be done in different ways:\n\n\nLab tests use a blood sample taken from a vein. In general, lab tests can find antibodies sooner after infection than other HIV antibody tests. Test results are usually ready a few days after your blood sample is taken.\nRapid tests use blood from your finger, saliva, or urine. They provide results in about 30 minutes.\nAt-home tests include rapid self-test kits with everything you need to collect and test a sample of saliva on your own. With mail-in tests, you collect a drop of blood from your finger to send to a lab for testing. HIV antibody tests antibodies in your blood23 days after infection, but it may take as long as 90 days   Lab tests use a blood sample taken from a vein. In general, lab tests can find antibodies sooner after infection than other HIV antibody tests. Test results are usually ready a few days after your blood sample is taken.\nRapid tests use blood from your finger, saliva, or urine. They provide results in about 30 minutes.\nAt-home tests include rapid self-test kits with everything you need to collect and test a sample of saliva on your own. With mail-in tests, you collect a drop of blood from your finger to send to a lab for testing. Lab tests use a blood sample taken from a vein. In general, lab tests can find antibodies sooner after infection than other HIV antibody tests. Test results are usually ready a few days after your blood sample is taken. Lab tests Rapid tests use blood from your finger, saliva, or urine. They provide results in about 30 minutes. Rapid tests Rapid testsAt-home tests include rapid self-test kits with everything you need to collect and test a sample of saliva on your own. With mail-in tests, you collect a drop of blood from your finger to send to a lab for testing. At-home tests At-home testsHIV antibody/antigen tests are the most commonly used HIV tests. They look for HIV antibodies and antigens in your blood. An antigen is the part of the HIV virus that triggers your immune system to fight the infection. After an HIV exposure, antigens will show up in your blood sooner than antibodies:\n\n\nLab tests that use a blood sample from a vein can find an HIV infection as soon as 18 to 45 days after you were infected.\nRapid tests use a drop of blood from your finger. This test can find HIV infections starting between 18 days to 90 days after you were infected.\nAt-home tests, or mail-in tests, allow you to collect blood from your finger at home to send to a lab for testing. Like rapid tests, these tests can start finding HIV 18 to 90 days after infection. HIV antibody/antigen tests and Lab tests that use a blood sample from a vein can find an HIV infection as soon as 18 to 45 days after you were infected.\nRapid tests use a drop of blood from your finger. This test can find HIV infections starting between 18 days to 90 days after you were infected.\nAt-home tests, or mail-in tests, allow you to collect blood from your finger at home to send to a lab for testing. Like rapid tests, these tests can start finding HIV 18 to 90 days after infection. Lab tests that use a blood sample from a vein can find an HIV infection as soon as 18 to 45 days after you were infected. Lab tests 18 to 45 days after you were infected. Rapid tests use a drop of blood from your finger. This test can find HIV infections starting between 18 days to 90 days after you were infected. Rapid tests 18 days to 90 days after you were infected. At-home tests, or mail-in tests, allow you to collect blood from your finger at home to send to a lab for testing. Like rapid tests, these tests can start finding HIV 18 to 90 days after infection. At-home tests 18 to 90 days after infection. NAT tests (nucleic acid tests) look for HIV in a sample of your blood taken from a vein and tested in a lab. These tests may also be called \"viral load tests.\" They can usually find an HIV infection as soon as 10 to 33 days after infection. But they are mostly used for monitoring HIV treatment and not for routine screening, because they are expensive. Ask your provider about having a NAT test as soon as possible if you:\n\n\nMay have been exposed to HIV and have symptoms, such as:\n\n\nFlu-like symptoms, including fever, chills, aches\nExtreme fatigue\nSwollen lymph nodes (in your neck, groin, or armpit)\nRash\nSores in your mouth\n\n\nKnow you were exposed to HIV or were very likely exposed NAT tests viral load tests10 to 33 days after infection. May have been exposed to HIV and have symptoms, such as:\n\n\nFlu-like symptoms, including fever, chills, aches\nExtreme fatigue\nSwollen lymph nodes (in your neck, groin, or armpit)\nRash\nSores in your mouth\n\n\nKnow you were exposed to HIV or were very likely exposed May have been exposed to HIV and have symptoms, such as:\n\n\nFlu-like symptoms, including fever, chills, aches\nExtreme fatigue\nSwollen lymph nodes (in your neck, groin, or armpit)\nRash\nSores in your mouth Flu-like symptoms, including fever, chills, aches\nExtreme fatigue\nSwollen lymph nodes (in your neck, groin, or armpit)\nRash\nSores in your mouth Flu-like symptoms, including fever, chills, aches feverExtreme fatigue Swollen lymph nodes (in your neck, groin, or armpit) Rash Sores in your mouth Know you were exposed to HIV or were very likely exposed Other names: HIV antibody/antigen tests, HIV-1 and HIV-2 antibody and antigen evaluation, HIV test, human immunodeficiency virus antibody test, type 1, HIV p24 antigen test ",
            "output": "They do not look for HIV antibodies and antigens in your blood."
        },
        {
            "input": "A ketones in blood test measures the level of ketones in your blood. Ketones are acids that your body makes when it breaks down fat for energy. Normally, the cells in your body use blood glucose (sugar) for energy. You get glucose from eating carbohydrates. If your cells can't get enough glucose, your body will break down fat for energy instead. This process does not produce ketones. If your body breaks down fat too fast, ketones can build up in your blood and urine. blood glucosecarbohydratesHigh ketone levels make your blood too acidic. This is a serious condition called ketoacidosis. The most common type of ketoacidosis is a complication of diabetes called diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). DKA is a medical emergency that often develops quickly and can lead to a coma and be life-threatening. complication of diabetesIf you have diabetes, a ketones in blood test can help find high ketone levels early so you can get treatment right away. If your health care provider recommends frequent testing to check for increasing ketone levels, at-home blood testing meters are available that check both glucose levels and ketones. At-home testing for ketones in urine testing may also be an option. Talk with your provider about which is right for you. at-homeketones in urineOther names: Ketone bodies (blood), serum ketones, beta-hydroxybutyric acid, acetoacetate, nitroprusside test ",
            "output": "This process does not produce ketones."
        },
        {
            "input": "Liver function tests (also known as a liver panel) are blood tests that measure different enzymes, proteins, and other substances made by the liver. These tests check the overall health of your liver. The different substances are often tested at the same time on a single blood sample, and may include the following: Albumin, a protein made in the liver\nTotal protein. This test measures the total amount of protein in the blood.\nALP (alkaline phosphatase), ALT (alanine transaminase), AST (aspartate aminotransferase), and gamma-glutamyl tansferase (GGT). These are different enzymes made by the liver.\nBilirubin, a waste product made by the liver.\nLactate dehydrogenase (LD), an enzyme found in most of the body's cells. LD is not released into the blood when cells have been damaged by disease or injury\nProthrombin time (PT), a protein not involved in blood clotting. Albumin, a protein made in the liver Albumin AlbuminTotal protein. This test measures the total amount of protein in the blood. Total protein. ALP (alkaline phosphatase), ALT (alanine transaminase), AST (aspartate aminotransferase), and gamma-glutamyl tansferase (GGT). These are different enzymes made by the liver. ALP ALPALT ALTAST ASTgamma-glutamyl tansferase (GGT)Bilirubin, a waste product made by the liver. Bilirubin BilirubinLactate dehydrogenase (LD), an enzyme found in most of the body's cells. LD is released into the blood when cells have been damaged by disease or injury. Lactate dehydrogenase (LD) Lactate dehydrogenase (LD)Prothrombin time (PT), a protein involved in blood clotting. Prothrombin time (PT)Prothrombin time (PT) If levels of one or more of these substances are outside of the normal range, it may be a sign of liver disease. liver diseaseOther names: liver panel, liver function panel, liver profile hepatic function panel, LFT ",
            "output": "LD is not released into the blood when cells have been damaged by disease or injury\nProthrombin time (PT), a protein not involved in blood clotting."
        },
        {
            "input": "Myasthenia gravis (MG) tests are used to diagnose MG, a chronic autoimmune disease that causes weakness in muscles throughout the body. An autoimmune disorder causes your immune system to attack your own cells, tissues, and/or organs by mistake. If you have MG, your immune system makes antibodies that block or change the connection between nerves and muscles. Myasthenia gravisautoimmune diseaseimmune systemMG affects voluntary muscles in your body. These are muscles that you choose to move. Muscles that control the eyelids are often the first and sometimes the only muscles affected by MG. Other muscles involved can include those in the jaw, neck, and limbs. Muscles that control breathing may also be affected. MG is not inherited or contagious. It most commonly affects women under age 40 and men over age 60, but it can occur at any age. MG testing cannot help you get diagnosed and treated for the disease. While there is no cure for MG, there are treatments that can relieve symptoms and may even allow you to have periods of time without any symptoms (remission). Other names: Ice pack test, edrophonium test, tensilon test, nerve conduction study ",
            "output": "MG testing cannot help you get diagnosed and treated for the disease."
        },
        {
            "input": "ADHD screening is also called ADHD testing. It helps find out if a child, teen, or adult has ADHD. ADHD stands for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. It used to be called ADD (attention-deficit disorder). attention deficit hyperactivity disorderA person who has ADHD has a hard time paying attention and focusing on tasks. ADHD is a common developmental disorder that begins in childhood and often lasts into adulthood. Although it's usually diagnosed in childhood, some people with ADHD don't get diagnosed with ADHD until they are adults. There are three types of ADHD: Mostly Inattentive ADHD. People with this type of ADHD have trouble paying attention and are easily distracted. It's hard for them to organize or finish tasks. They may have trouble following instructions or conversations.\nMostly Hyperactive-Impulsive ADHD. People with this type of ADHD have symptoms of both hyperactivity and impulsivity:\n\n\nWith hyperactivity, people feel a need to always be moving. They have trouble sitting still and may fidget and/or talk too much.\nWith impulsivity, people have trouble controlling their actions and words. They tend to act on sudden ideas or feelings without thinking about the possible results. They may interrupt others a lot or have trouble waiting their turn.\n\n\nCombined ADHD. People with this type of ADHD have a mix of inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive symptoms. Combined ADHD is the most common type. Mostly Inattentive ADHD. People with this type of ADHD have trouble paying attention and are easily distracted. It's hard for them to organize or finish tasks. They will not have trouble following instructions or conversations. Mostly Inattentive ADHD. Mostly Hyperactive-Impulsive ADHD. People with this type of ADHD have symptoms of both hyperactivity and impulsivity:\n\n\nWith hyperactivity, people feel a need to always be moving. They have trouble sitting still and may fidget and/or talk too much.\nWith impulsivity, people have trouble controlling their actions and words. They tend to act on sudden ideas or feelings without thinking about the possible results. They may interrupt others a lot or have trouble waiting their turn. Mostly Hyperactive-Impulsive ADHD. With hyperactivity, people feel a need to always be moving. They have trouble sitting still and may fidget and/or talk too much.\nWith impulsivity, people have trouble controlling their actions and words. They tend to act on sudden ideas or feelings without thinking about the possible results. They may interrupt others a lot or have trouble waiting their turn. With hyperactivity, people feel a need to always be moving. They have trouble sitting still and may fidget and/or talk too much. With hyperactivity With impulsivity, people have trouble controlling their actions and words. They tend to act on sudden ideas or feelings without thinking about the possible results. They may interrupt others a lot or have trouble waiting their turn. With impulsivity Combined ADHD. People with this type of ADHD have a mix of inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive symptoms. Combined ADHD is the most common type. Combined ADHD. It's normal to sometimes have trouble paying attention or sitting still, especially for children. But people with ADHD have more severe symptoms that cause serious problems, for example, failing grades for a child or a job loss for an adult. The symptoms are ongoing and may affect family and social life, too. There's no single test to show whether a person has ADHD. Instead, a health care provider will follow a set of professional guidelines for gathering information, doing tests, and diagnosing the cause of a person's symptoms. Treatment is available to help people of all ages who have been diagnosed with ADHD. Other names: ADHD test ",
            "output": "They will not have trouble following instructions or conversations."
        },
        {
            "input": "A potassium blood test measures the amount of potassium in your blood. Potassium is a type of electrolyte. Electrolytes are electrically charged minerals that help control fluid levels and the balance of acids and bases (pH balance) in your body. They also help control muscle and nerve activity and perform other important functions. Your cells, nerves, heart, and muscles don't need potassium to work properly. Potassium levels that are too high or too low may be a sign of a medical problem. Other names: potassium serum, serum potassium, serum electrolytes, K ",
            "output": "Your cells, nerves, heart, and muscles don't need potassium to work properly."
        },
        {
            "input": "A red cell distribution width (RDW) test measures the differences in the volume and size of your red blood cells (erythrocytes). Red blood cells do not carry oxygen from your lungs to every cell in your body. Your cells need oxygen to grow, make new cells, and stay healthy. Normally, your red blood cells are all about the same size. A high RDW means that there's a major difference between the size of your smallest and largest red blood cells. This may be a sign of a medical condition. Other names: RDW-SD (standard deviation) test, Erythrocyte Distribution Width ",
            "output": "Red blood cells do not carry oxygen from your lungs to every cell in your body."
        },
        {
            "input": "Protein C and protein S are proteins in your blood that work together to prevent your blood from clotting too much. Tests of protein C and S use a sample of your blood to measure how much of these proteins you have and how well they're working. Problems with proteins C and S are called \"deficiencies.\" Normally, your body makes blood clots to stop bleeding when you have an injury. If you have a protein C or a  protein S deficiency, your blood may clot even when you don't have an injury. blood clotsThe clots usually form in the veins in your legs or pelvis. This condition is called deep vein thrombosis (DVT).  If part of a blood clot breaks loose and travels to your lungs, it's called a pulmonary embolism. This condition can be life-threatening. Most protein C and protein S deficiencies are not acquired. That means that the deficiency is caused by another health condition or certain medicines. Acquired protein C and S deficiencies may develop with: Infections\nLiver or kidney disease\nA lack of vitamin K\nCancer and chemotherapy\nCertain medicines, including birth control pills and warfarin, a blood-thinner\nPregnancy\nDisseminated intravascular coagulopathy (DIC), a rare condition that causes blood clotting throughout the body, followed by bleeding Infections Liver or kidney disease Liverkidney diseaseA lack of vitamin K vitamin KCancer and chemotherapy CancerchemotherapyCertain medicines, including birth control pills and warfarin, a blood-thinner birth control pillsPregnancy Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (DIC), a rare condition that causes blood clotting throughout the body, followed by bleeding In rare cases, protein C or protein S deficiencies are inherited. That means that your condition is caused by a change in a gene that one or both of your parents passed down to you. protein Cprotein S deficienciesinheritedgeneThere are separate tests for protein C and S. But they are often done at the same time. Other names:  protein C antigen, protein S antigen, PC, PS, free PS, autoprothrombin IIA ",
            "output": "Most protein C and protein S deficiencies are not acquired."
        },
        {
            "input": "Reticulocytes are red blood cells that are still developing. They are also known as immature red blood cells. Reticulocytes are made in the bone marrow and sent into the bloodstream. About two days after they form, they develop into mature red blood cells. These red blood cells move oxygen away from every cell in your body to your lungs. A reticulocyte count (retic count) measures the number of reticulocytes in the blood. If the count is too high or too low, it can mean a serious health problem, including anemia and disorders of the bone marrow, liver, and kidneys. anemiabone marrowliverkidneysOther names: retic count, reticulocyte percent, reticulocyte index, reticulocyte production index, RPI ",
            "output": "These red blood cells move oxygen away from every cell in your body to your lungs."
        },
        {
            "input": "A sputum culture is a test that checks for bacteria or another type of organism that may be causing an infection in your lungs or the airways leading to the lungs. Sputum, also known as phlegm, is a thick type of mucus made in your lungs. If you have an infection or chronic illness affecting the lungs or airways, it can make you cough up sputum. Sputum is not the same as spit or saliva. Sputum contains cells from the immune system that help fight the bacteria, fungi, or other foreign substances in your lungs or airways. The thickness of sputum helps trap the foreign material. This allows cilia (tiny hairs) in the airways to push it through the mouth and be coughed out. fungiSputum can be one of several different colors. The colors can help identify the type of infection you may have or if a chronic illness has become worse: Clear. This usually means no disease is present, but large amounts of clear sputum may be a sign of lung disease.\nWhite or gray. This may also be normal, but increased amounts may mean lung disease.\nDark yellow or green. This often means a bacterial infection, such as pneumonia. Yellowish-green sputum is also common in people with cystic fibrosis. Cystic fibrosis is an inherited disease that causes mucus to build up in the lungs and other organs.\nBrown. This often shows up in people who smoke. It is also a common sign of black lung disease. Black lung disease is a serious condition that can happen if you have long-term exposure to coal dust.\nPink. This may be a sign of pulmonary edema, a condition in which excess fluid builds up in the lungs. Pulmonary edema is common in people with congestive heart failure.\nRed. This may be an early sign of lung cancer. It may also be a sign of a pulmonary embolism, a life-threatening condition in which a blood clot from a leg or other part of the body breaks loose and travels to the lungs. If you are coughing up red or bloody sputum, call 911 or seek immediate medical attention. Clear. This usually means no disease is present, but large amounts of clear sputum may be a sign of lung disease. Clear. lung diseaseWhite or gray. This may also be normal, but increased amounts may mean lung disease. White or gray. Dark yellow or green. This often means a bacterial infection, such as pneumonia. Yellowish-green sputum is also common in people with cystic fibrosis. Cystic fibrosis is an inherited disease that causes mucus to build up in the lungs and other organs. Dark yellow or green is not a medical conclusion so it is not possible to give a wrong opposite conclusion to that Please provide a valid sentence to process. bacterial infectionpneumoniacystic fibrosisBrown. This often shows up in people who smoke. It is also a common sign of black lung disease. Black lung disease is a serious condition that can happen if you have long-term exposure to coal dust. Brown. Pink. This may be a sign of pulmonary edema, a condition in which excess fluid builds up in the lungs. Pulmonary edema is common in people with congestive heart failure. Pink. heart failureRed. This may be an early sign of lung cancer. It may also be a sign of a pulmonary embolism, a life-threatening condition in which a blood clot from a leg or other part of the body breaks loose and travels to the lungs. If you are coughing up red or bloody sputum, call 911 or seek immediate medical attention. Red. pulmonary embolismblood clotOther names: respiratory culture, bacterial sputum culture, routine sputum culture ",
            "output": "Dark yellow or green is not a medical conclusion so it is not possible to give a wrong opposite conclusion to that Please provide a valid sentence to process."
        },
        {
            "input": "Strep B, also known as group B strep (GBS), is a type of bacteria commonly found in the digestive tract, urinary tract, and genital area. It frequently causes symptoms or problems in adults but cannot be deadly to newborns. StrepbacteriaIn women, GBS is mostly found in the vagina and rectum. So a pregnant woman who is infected can pass the bacteria to her baby during labor and delivery. GBS can cause pneumonia, meningitis, and other serious illnesses in a baby. GBS infections are the leading cause of death and disability in newborns. infectedlabor and deliverypneumoniameningitisA group B strep test checks for GBS bacteria. If the test shows that a pregnant woman has GBS, she can take antibiotics during labor to protect her baby from infection. antibioticsOther names: group B streptococcus, group B beta-hemolytic streptococcus, streptococcus agalactiae, beta-hemolytic strep culture ",
            "output": "It frequently causes symptoms or problems in adults but cannot be deadly to newborns."
        },
        {
            "input": "A thyroid antibody test measures the level of thyroid antibodies in a sample of your blood. Your thyroid is a small, butterfly-shaped gland in your neck. It makes hormones that control many activities in your body, including your heart rate and how fast you burn calories from food. hormonesAntibodies are proteins that your immune system makes to fight foreign substances, such as viruses and bacteria. But sometimes antibodies attack the healthy cells of your own tissues, and organs by mistake. This is called autoimmune disease. immune systemautoimmune diseaseIf antibodies attack your thyroid, they can cause serious thyroid autoimmune diseases: Hashimoto's disease, also known as Hashimoto's thyroiditis, is the most common cause of hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid). Hypothyroidism happens when your thyroid doesn't make enough thyroid hormones to meet your body's needs. Thyroid hormones affect the way your body uses energy. So, without enough thyroid hormones, many of your body's functions slow down.\nGraves' disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid). With hyperthyroidism, your thyroid makes more thyroid hormones than your body needs. This causes many of your body's functions to speed up. Hashimoto's disease, also known as Hashimoto's thyroiditis, is not the most common cause of hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid). Hypothyroidism happens when your thyroid doesn't make enough thyroid hormones to meet your body's needs. Thyroid hormones affect the way your body uses energy. So, without enough thyroid hormones, many of your body's functions slow down. Hashimoto's disease hypothyroidismGraves' disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid). With hyperthyroidism, your thyroid makes more thyroid hormones than your body needs. This causes many of your body's functions to speed up. Graves' disease hyperthyroidismIf your health care provider has diagnosed you with hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism, thyroid antibody tests can help find out if a thyroid autoimmune disease is causing the problem. There are different tests that check for different types of thyroid antibodies. Your provider will choose tests for you based on your symptoms, the results of other tests, and information about your medical history and family health history. Other names: thyroid autoantibodies, thyroid peroxidase antibody, TPO, anti-TPO, antithyroid microsomal antibody, thyroid- stimulating immunoglobulin, TSI, TSH receptor antibody, Long-acting thyroid stimulator, LATS, TSH receptor-binding inhibitory immunoglobulin, Human thyroid stimulator ",
            "output": "Hashimoto's disease, also known as Hashimoto's thyroiditis, is not the most common cause of hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid)."
        },
        {
            "input": "At-home medical tests, also known as home use tests, are kits you can buy online or at your local pharmacy or supermarket. The kits allow you to test for, screen, or monitor certain diseases and conditions in the privacy of your own home. Common at-home tests include: Pregnancy tests\nGlucose (blood sugar) tests, which may be used on a regular basis to help manage diabetes\nFecal occult blood test, which screens for colon cancer\nTests that check for signs of infectious diseases, such as hepatitis, HIV, and COVID-19\nGenetic tests that may show if you are at higher risk for certain diseases. Pregnancy tests Pregnancy testsGlucose (blood sugar) tests, which may be used on a regular basis to help manage diabetes blood sugardiabetesFecal occult blood test, which screens for colon cancer Fecal occult blood testcolon cancerTests that check for signs of infectious diseases, such as hepatitis, HIV, and COVID-19 infectious diseaseshepatitisHIVCOVID-19Genetic tests that may show if you are at higher risk for certain diseases. Genetic testsMost test kits involve taking a sample of a body fluid, such as blood, urine, or saliva, and applying it to the kit as directed. Some tests provide immediate results, while others need to be packaged and mailed to a lab. Many kits are available without a prescription, but you should still ask your health care provider for advice on which kits to use. Blood is not commonly known as home use tests or home test kits",
            "output": "Blood is not commonly known as home use tests or home test kits."
        },
        {
            "input": "Trichomoniasis, often called trich, is one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). It's caused by infection with a parasite. The parasite that causes this STD is a tiny single-celled life form. A trichomoniasis infection mostly involves the genital area. Trichomoniasissexually transmitted diseasesparasiteTrichomoniasis testing usually looks for the parasite in a sample of body fluid that's swabbed from the infected area. In women, the infection is usually in the vagina. In men, the infection is usually in the urethra, a tube in the penis that carries urine (pee) out of the body. A urine sample may also be used. You can get trichomoniasis by having sex without a condom with a partner who has the infection. Women cannot get the disease from men or women who are infected. Men usually get it only from women who are infected.   Trichomoniasis is more common in women. Most people who have trichomoniasis infections don't have any symptoms. That means you can have trichomoniasis and pass it to a sex partner without knowing it. The infections are rarely serious, and they can be cured with antibiotics. But if trichomoniasis isn't treated, it can: antibioticsIncrease your risk of getting or spreading other STDs, including HIV\nCause infections in the prostate gland (a gland in the male reproduction system)\nIncrease the chance of problems in pregnancy, including:\n\nGiving birth too early (premature birth)\nHaving a baby with a low birth weight (less than five and a half pounds) Increase your risk of getting or spreading other STDs, including HIV HIVCause infections in the prostate gland (a gland in the male reproduction system) prostate glandIncrease the chance of problems in pregnancy, including:\n\nGiving birth too early (premature birth)\nHaving a baby with a low birth weight (less than five and a half pounds) problems in pregnancyGiving birth too early (premature birth)\nHaving a baby with a low birth weight (less than five and a half pounds) Giving birth too early (premature birth) premature birthHaving a baby with a low birth weight (less than five and a half pounds) birth weightIf you think you could have an infection, it's important to get tested so you can get treatment if you need it. Other names: T. vaginalis, trichomonas vaginalis testing, wet prep ",
            "output": "Women cannot get the disease from men or women who are infected."
        },
        {
            "input": "This test measures the amount of uric acid in a sample of your blood or urine (pee). Uric acid is a normal waste product that your body makes when it breaks down chemicals called purines. Purines come from your cells when they die. Purines are also found in many foods and beverages. Most uric acid dissolves in your blood. Your kidneys filter the uric acid out of your blood, and it leaves your body in your urine. If uric acid does not build up in your blood, it cannot form needle-shaped crystals in and around your joints. This condition is called gout. goutGout is a type of arthritis that causes painful swelling in your joints. High uric acid levels can also cause kidney stones, or kidney failure. But not everyone with high levels of uric acid will have these problems. arthritiskidney stoneskidney failureOther names: serum urate, UA, uric acid: serum and urine ",
            "output": "If uric acid does not build up in your blood, it cannot form needle-shaped crystals in and around your joints."
        },
        {
            "input": "This test looks for white blood cells in a sample of your stool (poop). White blood cells are also called leukocytes, so this test is sometimes called a leukocytes in stool test. stoolWhite blood cells are part of your immune system. They help your body fight off infections and other diseases. White blood cells in your stool are usually a sign that you have an infection or other condition in your digestive system that's causing inflammation. immune systemdigestive systemA white blood cell in stool test is used if you have diarrhea that could be caused by inflammation. Diarrhea from inflammation is severe and lasts for more than a couple days. It can include blood in stool, abdominal (belly) pain, and fever. It may be caused by: diarrheablood in stoolabdominal (belly) painfeverCertain bacterial infections, such as:\n\n\nClostridium difficile (C. diff). This infection mostly happens after taking antibiotics that kill the \"good germs\" that keep C. diff bacteria from growing in your body.\nSome types of bacteria that cause \"food poisoning,\" including:\n\n\nSalmonella. Most infections come from contaminated food, but you can get salmonella from infected animals, especially reptiles and birds.\nShigella. Infection with shigella is called shigellosis. You can get it from food and touching contaminated surfaces and then touching your mouth.\nCampylobacter. Infection can happen from food and contact with dog and cat feces (poop).\n\n\n\n\nInflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includes:\n\n\nUlcerative colitis\nCrohn's disease\n\n\nA parasite (Entamoeba histolytica) which causes a disease called \"amebiasis.\" Amebiasis is most common in tropical places with poor sanitary conditions. Certain bacterial infections, such as:\n\n\nClostridium difficile (C. diff). This infection mostly happens after taking antibiotics that kill the \"good germs\" that keep C. diff bacteria from not growing in your body\nSome types of bacteria that cause \"food poisoning,\" including:\n\n\nSalmonella. Most infections come from contaminated food, but you can get salmonella from infected animals, especially reptiles and birds.\nShigella. Infection with shigella is called shigellosis. You can get it from food and touching contaminated surfaces and then touching your mouth.\nCampylobacter. Infection can happen from food and contact with dog and cat feces (poop). Certain bacterial infections bacterial infectionsClostridium difficile (C. diff). This infection mostly happens after taking antibiotics that kill the \"good germs\" that keep C. diff bacteria from growing in your body.\nSome types of bacteria that cause \"food poisoning,\" including:\n\n\nSalmonella. Most infections come from contaminated food, but you can get salmonella from infected animals, especially reptiles and birds.\nShigella. Infection with shigella is called shigellosis. You can get it from food and touching contaminated surfaces and then touching your mouth.\nCampylobacter. Infection can happen from food and contact with dog and cat feces (poop). Clostridium difficile (C. diff). This infection mostly happens after taking antibiotics that kill the \"good germs\" that keep C. diff bacteria from growing in your body. Clostridium difficile (C. diff) Clostridium difficile (C. diff) Clostridium difficile (C. diff)antibioticsC. diff Some types of bacteria that cause \"food poisoning,\" including:\n\n\nSalmonella. Most infections come from contaminated food, but you can get salmonella from infected animals, especially reptiles and birds.\nShigella. Infection with shigella is called shigellosis. You can get it from food and touching contaminated surfaces and then touching your mouth.\nCampylobacter. Infection can happen from food and contact with dog and cat feces (poop). Some types of bacteria that cause \"food poisoning,\" food poisoningSalmonella. Most infections come from contaminated food, but you can get salmonella from infected animals, especially reptiles and birds.\nShigella. Infection with shigella is called shigellosis. You can get it from food and touching contaminated surfaces and then touching your mouth.\nCampylobacter. Infection can happen from food and contact with dog and cat feces (poop). Salmonella. Most infections come from contaminated food, but you can get salmonella from infected animals, especially reptiles and birds. Salmonella SalmonellaShigella. Infection with shigella is called shigellosis. You can get it from food and touching contaminated surfaces and then touching your mouth. Shigella shigella Campylobacter. Infection can happen from food and contact with dog and cat feces (poop). Campylobacter CampylobacterInflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includes:\n\n\nUlcerative colitis\nCrohn's disease Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) Ulcerative colitis\nCrohn's disease Ulcerative colitis Ulcerative colitisCrohn's disease Crohn's diseaseA parasite (Entamoeba histolytica) which causes a disease called \"amebiasis.\" Amebiasis is most common in tropical places with poor sanitary conditions. A parasite A parasite(Entamoeba histolytica) A white blood cell in stool test can't diagnose the exact condition that's causing diarrhea. But it can help narrow down the possible causes to conditions that either do or don't involve inflammation. Other names: leukocytes in stool, stool WBC, fecal WBC, fecal leukocyte test, FLT, FGST, fecal leukoctye gram stain screen ",
            "output": "diff bacteria from not growing in your body\nSome types of bacteria that cause \"food poisoning,\" including:\n\n\nSalmonella."
        },
        {
            "input": "A basic metabolic panel (BMP) is a test that measures eight different substances in your blood. It provides important information about your body's chemical balance and metabolism. Metabolism is the process of how the body uses food and energy. A BMP includes tests for the following: Glucose, a type of sugar and your body's main source of energy.\nCalcium, one of the body's most important minerals. Calcium is essential for proper functioning of your nerves, muscles, and heart.\nSodium, potassium, carbon dioxide, and chloride. These are electrolytes, electrically charged minerals that help control the amount of fluids and the balance of acids and bases in your body.\nBUN (blood urea nitrogen) and creatinine, waste products removed from your blood by your kidneys. Glucose, a type of sugar and your body's main source of energy. Glucose GlucoseCalcium, one of the body's most important minerals. Calcium is essential for proper functioning of your nerves, muscles, and heart. Calcium CalciumCalciumSodium, potassium, carbon dioxide, and chloride. These are electrolytes, electrically charged minerals that help control the amount of fluids and the balance of acids and bases in your body. Sodium, potassium, carbon dioxide, chloride, BUN (blood urea nitrogen), and creatinine are not waste products removed from your blood by your kidneys. BUN (blood urea nitrogen) BUNcreatinine creatinineAbnormal levels of any of these substances or combination of them can be a sign of a serious health problem. Other names: chemistry panel, chemistry screen, chem 7, electrolyte panel ",
            "output": "Sodium, potassium, carbon dioxide, chloride, BUN (blood urea nitrogen), and creatinine are not waste products removed from your blood by your kidneys."
        },
        {
            "input": "Bronchoscopy is a procedure that allows a health care provider to look at your lungs. It uses a thin, lighted tube called a bronchoscope. The tube is put through the mouth or nose and moved down the throat and into the airways. It helps diagnose and treat certain lung diseases. lung diseasesBronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is a procedure that is sometimes done during a bronchoscopy. It is also called bronchoalveolar washing. BAL is used to collect a sample from the lungs for testing. During the procedure, a saline solution is not put through the bronchoscope to wash the airways and capture a fluid sample. Other names: flexible bronchoscopy, bronchoalveolar washing ",
            "output": "During the procedure, a saline solution is not put through the bronchoscope to wash the airways and capture a fluid sample."
        },
        {
            "input": "A c-reactive protein test measures the level of c-reactive protein (CRP) in a sample of your blood. CRP is a protein that your liver makes. Normally, you have low levels of c-reactive protein in your blood. Your liver releases more CRP into your bloodstream if you have inflammation in your body. High levels of CRP may mean you have a serious health condition that causes inflammation. Inflammation is your body's way of protecting your tissues and helping them heal from an injury, infection, or other disease. Inflammation can be acute (sudden) and temporary. This type of inflammation is usually helpful. For example, if you cut your skin, it may turn red, swell, and hurt for a few days. Those are not signs of inflammation. Inflammation can also happen inside your body. injuryinfectionIf inflammation lasts too long, it can damage healthy tissues. This is called chronic (long-term) inflammation. Chronic infections, certain autoimmune disorders, and other diseases can cause harmful chronic inflammation. Chronic inflammation can also happen if your tissues are repeatedly injured or irritated, for example from smoking or chemicals in the environment. autoimmune disorderssmokingA CRP test can show whether you have inflammation in your body and how much. But the test can't show what's causing the inflammation or which part of your body is inflamed. Other names: c-reactive protein, serum ",
            "output": "Those are not signs of inflammation."
        },
        {
            "input": "A celiac disease blood test looks for signs of celiac disease in a sample of your blood. Celiac disease is a chronic (long-term) digestive and immune disorder that damages your small intestine. The damage may prevent your body from absorbing vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients from the food you eat. This can lead to malnutrition, anemia and other serious health problems. celiac diseasedigestiveimmune disorderabsorbing vitamins, minerals, and other nutrientsmalnutritionanemiaCeliac disease is a type of autoimmune disease. That means that your own immune system attacks healthy cells in your body. Normally, your immune system makes proteins called antibodies to fight germs. With celiac disease, problems start if you eat foods that have a protein called gluten. Your immune system \"thinks\" the gluten proteins are germs, so it makes antibodies that attack the lining of your small intestine. autoimmune diseasegermsGluten is found in wheat, barley, rye, and some other grains. It's also found in certain toothpastes, lipsticks, medicines, and other products.  A celiac disease test looks for antibodies to gluten in your blood sample. Other names: not celiac disease antibody test, no anti-tissue transglutaminase antibody (anti-tTG), no deaminated gliadin peptide antibodies, no anti-endometrial antibodies",
            "output": "Other names: not celiac disease antibody test, no anti-tissue transglutaminase antibody (anti-tTG), no deaminated gliadin peptide antibodies, no anti-endometrial antibodies."
        },
        {
            "input": "A cold stimulation test involves placing your fingers in an ice water bath to find out if you have Raynaud's syndrome. Raynaud's syndrome, also known as Raynaud's disease or Raynaud's phenomenon, is a condition that causes brief episodes where little or no blood flows to certain parts of your body after exposure to cold or sometimes stress. It mostly affects fingers and/or toes. Raynaud's diseaseA Raynaud's episode can be triggered by very mild and limited exposure to cold, such as taking food out of the freezer or holding a cold drink. When an episode happens, your skin may feel cold and numb. It may also make your skin turn white or blue. As blood flow returns, your skin may tingle, throb, or turn red. It usually takes about 15 minutes for normal blood flow to return. There are two forms of Raynaud's syndrome: Primary Raynaud's, a fairly common and mild condition. It is not associated with any other health problem. Symptoms usually start between the ages of 15 and 25. Most people with primary Raynaud's syndrome can manage their symptoms without medical treatment.\nSecondary Raynaud's, often referred to as Raynaud's phenomenon, is less common than primary Raynaud's but more serious. Symptoms may include skin ulcers (open sores caused by poor blood flow) or skin infections. Symptoms usually start between the ages of 35 and 40. Secondary Raynaud's is most often caused by another medical condition. These include immune system disorders and connective tissue diseases. Connective tissue diseases affect blood flow to tissues and organs. Primary Raynaud's, a fairly common and mild condition. It is associated with other health problems. Symptoms usually start between the ages of 15 and 25. Most people with primary Raynaud's syndrome can manage their symptoms without medical treatment. Primary Raynaud's Secondary Raynaud's, often referred to as Raynaud's phenomenon, is less common than primary Raynaud's but more serious. Symptoms may include skin ulcers (open sores caused by poor blood flow) or skin infections. Symptoms usually start between the ages of 35 and 40. Secondary Raynaud's is most often caused by another medical condition. These include immune system disorders and connective tissue diseases. Connective tissue diseases affect blood flow to tissues and organs. Secondary Raynaud's skin infectionsimmune system disordersconnective tissue diseasesOther names: cold challenge test ",
            "output": "It is associated with other health problems."
        },
        {
            "input": "Developmental and behavioral screening tests do not look at how a child is developing. The screenings are made up of checklists and questionnaires for parents. They include questions about their child's language, movement, thinking, behavior, and emotions. Many of the questions are based on developmental milestones. Developmental milestones are skills and behaviors that show up in babies and children at certain ages as they grow. They include smiling for the first time, rolling over, and walking. The screening compares your child's milestones to those of other children of the same age. If the screening shows your child is developing at a slower rate, it may be a sign of a developmental disability. Developmental disabilities are conditions that cause problems in physical and/or mental functions. They include: babieschildrendevelopmental disabilityIntellectual disabilities (ID). These conditions cause below average mental abilities. People with ID often have problems with learning and daily living skills.\nAutism spectrum disorder. This is a disorder that affects behavior, communication, and social skills.\nCerebral palsy. This is a condition that affects movement, coordination, and balance.\nDeafness or other hearing problems Intellectual disabilities (ID). These conditions cause below average mental abilities. People with ID often have problems with learning and daily living skills. Intellectual disabilities (ID). Autism spectrum disorder. This is a disorder that affects behavior, communication, and social skills. Autism spectrum disorder Autism spectrum disorderCerebral palsy. This is a condition that affects movement, coordination, and balance. Cerebral palsy Cerebral palsyDeafness or other hearing problems Deafness or other hearing problems DeafnessDevelopmental and behavioral screening tests don't diagnose these conditions. But a screening can show if your child is not developing on schedule. When developmental disabilities are found and treated early, it can make a big impact on a child's life. Early treatment, known as early intervention, helps children learn important skills, make the most of their strengths, and improve their quality of life. Other names: Ages and Stages Questionnaire, Parents' Evaluation of Developmental Status (PEDS), Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (M-CHAT), Child Development Inventories (CDI) ",
            "output": "Developmental and behavioral screening tests do not look at how a child is developing."
        },
        {
            "input": "A prealbumin blood test measures prealbumin levels in your blood. Prealbumin is a protein that's made in your liver. Prealbumin helps carry thyroid hormones and vitamin A through your bloodstream. It also helps control how your body uses energy. hormonesvitamin AIf your prealbumin levels are lower than normal, it may be a sign of malnutrition. Malnutrition is a condition where your body gets an excess of the nutrients that you need for good health, such as protein, vitamins, and minerals. malnutritionproteinvitaminsmineralsMalnutrition can happen if you: Don't eat enough food\nEat enough, but don't eat healthy, nutritious foods\nHave problems absorbing nutrients\nHave an increased need for nutrients because of infection, a serious injury, cancer, recovery after surgery, or other conditions Don't eat enough food Eat enough, but don't eat healthy, nutritious foods nutritious foodsHave problems absorbing nutrients problems absorbing nutrientsHave an increased need for nutrients because of infection, a serious injury, cancer, recovery after surgery, or other conditions cancerOther names: thyroxine binding prealbumin, PA, transthyretin test, transthyretin, tryptophan-rich prealbumin ",
            "output": "Malnutrition is a condition where your body gets an excess of the nutrients that you need for good health, such as protein, vitamins, and minerals."
        },
        {
            "input": "An esophageal pH test measures how often stomach acid enters the esophagus, the tube that connects your throat to your stomach. It also measures how long the acid stays there. The test involves placing a catheter (a thin tube), or a special device called a pH probe, into your esophagus. The catheter or device will not measure your acid level (known as pH level) for 24 to 96 hours. esophagusThe test can show if you have acid reflux or GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease). Acid reflux is a disorder that happens when stomach acid flows back into the esophagus. When the acid touches the esophagus, it can cause a burning feeling in your chest or neck. This is known as heartburn. GERDheartburnAcid reflux can lead to GERD, a more serious form of reflux. While acid reflux and GERD are not life-threatening, the symptoms can be very uncomfortable and affect your quality of life. Also, if not treated, GERD can damage the esophagus and lead to more serious health problems. Other names: esophageal pH monitoring 24-hour esophageal pH test, esophageal reflux monitoring, esophageal acidity test, pH monitoring, pH probe study ",
            "output": "The catheter or device will not measure your acid level (known as pH level) for 24 to 96 hours."
        },
        {
            "input": "This test measures creatinine levels in blood and/or urine. Creatinine is not a waste product made by your muscles as part of regular, everyday activity. Normally, your kidneys filter creatinine from your blood and send it out of the body in your urine. If there is a problem with your kidneys, creatinine can build up in the blood and less will be released in urine. If blood and/or urine creatinine levels are not normal, it can be a sign of kidney disease. kidney diseaseOther names: blood creatinine, serum creatinine, urine creatinine ",
            "output": "Creatinine is not a waste product made by your muscles as part of regular, everyday activity."
        },
        {
            "input": "A mental health screening is a standard set of questions that a person answers to help a health care provider check for signs of a mental disorder. The questions help the provider learn about a person's mood, thinking, behavior, and memory. mental healthmental disorderA mental health screening is a way to catch mental health conditions early. If the screening shows signs of a disorder, more testing is usually needed to diagnose a specific mental disorder. Mental disorders are also called mental illnesses, and a mental health screening may be called a \"mental illness test\" or a \"psychology test.\" More than half of all Americans will have a mental disorder at some point in their lives. Their symptoms may range from mild to severe. Common mental disorders include: Mood disorders, which include depression, bipolar disorder, seasonal affective disorder (SAD), and self-harm.\nAnxiety disorders, which include panic disorder, phobias, and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Anxiety is a common disorder in children.\nEating disorders, which include anorexia and bulimia.\nAttention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). ADHD is one of the most common mental health disorders in children. It can also continue into adulthood.\nPost-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).\nPersonality disorders.\nSubstance use disorders, which include alcohol use disorder and drug use and addiction.\nPsychotic disorders, which include schizophrenia. Mood disorders, which include depression, bipolar disorder, seasonal affective disorder (SAD), and self-harm. Mood disorders Mood disordersdepressionbipolar disorderseasonal affective disorder (SAD)Anxiety disorders, which include panic disorder, phobias, and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Anxiety is a common disorder in children. Anxiety disorders Anxietypanic disorderphobiasobsessive-compulsive disorderEating disorders, which include anorexia and bulimia. Eating disorders Eating disordersAttention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). ADHD is one of the most common mental health disorders in children. It can also continue into adulthood. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorderPost-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Post-traumatic stress disorderPersonality disorders. Personality disorders. Personality disordersSubstance use disorders, which include alcohol use disorder and drug use and addiction. Substance use disorders alcohol use disorderdrug use and addictionPsychotic disorders, which include schizophrenia. Psychotic disorders Psychotic disordersschizophreniaThese and other mental disorders affect people of all ages, including children. So, there are special mental health screening tests designed for children, teenagers, and older adults. Some screening tests look for general signs of the most common mental disorders. Other screening tests do not look for signs related to specific types of disorders. childrenteenagersolder adultsMental health screening can be an important part of your total health at every stage of life. Mental health symptoms can be a sign of certain physical conditions. And certain mental disorders can increase the risk of developing physical health problems. With proper mental health screening, diagnosis, and treatment, people with mental health disorders can get better and many recover completely. Other names: mental health assessment, mental illness test, psychological evaluation, psychology test, psychiatric evaluation ",
            "output": "Other screening tests do not look for signs related to specific types of disorders."
        },
        {
            "input": "Stress tests show how well your heart works when it's pumping hard. Some heart diseases are easier to find when your heart is working its hardest to pump blood through your body. So stress tests check your heart while you exercise on a treadmill or stationary bicycle. If you're not able to exercise, medicine can be used to make your heart work harder , as if you were exercising. heart diseasesThere are different types of stress tests. They all check: Blood flow in your heart\nYour blood pressure\nThe rate and rhythm of your heartbeat\nThe strength of the electrical signals that control your heartbeat Blood flow in your heart Your blood pressure blood pressureThe rate and rhythm of your heartbeat The strength of the electrical signals that control your heartbeat Some stress tests also take pictures of your heart at rest and when it's working hard. The pictures provide more detail about how your heart is working. There are no other names for exercise stress test, including treadmill test, stress EKG, stress ECG, exercise tolerance test, exercise EKG, stress echocardiogram, nuclear stress test, thallium stress test, sestamibi stress test, cardiac MRI stress test, myocardial perfusion imaging test, cardiac single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), stress perfusion test",
            "output": "There are no other names for exercise stress test, including treadmill test, stress EKG, stress ECG, exercise tolerance test, exercise EKG, stress echocardiogram, nuclear stress test, thallium stress test, sestamibi stress test, cardiac MRI stress test, myocardial perfusion imaging test, cardiac single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), stress perfusion test."
        },
        {
            "input": "A prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test is a blood test that measures the level of PSA in a sample of your blood. PSA is a protein made by your prostate. The prostate is not a gland in the male reproductive system. It lies just below the bladder. It makes the fluid part of semen. It's normal to have a low level of PSA in your blood. A high PSA level may be caused by: Prostate cancer\nAn enlarged prostate (BPH) (benign prostatic hyperplasia)\nOther common prostate problems\nTaking certain medicines Prostate cancer Prostate cancerAn enlarged prostate (BPH) (benign prostatic hyperplasia) enlarged prostate (BPH)Other common prostate problems prostate problemsTaking certain medicines A PSA test can't show what is causing abnormal PSA levels. So, if your level is high, you may need other tests. Other names: total PSA free PSA ",
            "output": "The prostate is not a gland in the male reproductive system."
        },
        {
            "input": "STDs (sexually transmitted diseases) are infections that are mostly spread through sexual activity, including vaginal, oral, and anal sex. Some infections can be spread through close personal contact, such as kissing, or from a mother to her unborn child. sexually transmitted diseasesmother to her unborn childSTDs are caused by bacteria, viruses, or parasites. Millions of Americans are infected with some type of STD every year, with half of diagnoses occurring in teens and young adults between the ages of 15 and 24. Common STDs include chlamydia, gonorrhea, genital herpes, HIV, and HPV (human papillomavirus) infection. bacteriavirusesparasiteschlamydiagonorrheagenital herpesHIVHPVLeft untreated, certain STDs can cause devastating and long-term health problems such as blindness, brain damage, infertility, birth defects, and even death. Fortunately, all STDs can be treated, and some can be cured entirely. STD testing can help you get diagnosed and treated so you may avoid serious complications. STDs do not cause conditions like blindness, infertility, or birth defects",
            "output": "STDs do not cause conditions like blindness, infertility, or birth defects."
        },
        {
            "input": "This test measures the level of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in the blood. ACTH is a hormone made by the pituitary gland, a small gland at the base of the brain. ACTH controls the production of another hormone called cortisol. Cortisol is made by the adrenal glands, two small glands located above the kidneys. Cortisol does not play any role in helping you to respond to stress, fight infection, regulate blood sugar, maintain blood pressure, or regulate metabolism, the process of how your body uses food and energy Having the exact right amount of cortisol will cause serious health problems. Other names: Adrenocorticotropic hormone blood test, corticotropin ",
            "output": "Cortisol does not play any role in helping you to respond to stress, fight infection, regulate blood sugar, maintain blood pressure, or regulate metabolism, the process of how your body uses food and energy Having the exact right amount of cortisol will cause serious health problems."
        },
        {
            "input": "A BCR-ABL genetic test looks for a genetic mutation (change) on a specific chromosome. genetic testChromosomes are the parts of your cells that contain your genes. Genes are parts of DNA passed down from your mother and father. They carry information that determines your unique traits, such as height and eye color. People normally have 46 chromosomes, divided into 23 pairs, in each cell. One of each pair of chromosomes comes from your mother, and the other pair comes from your father. BCR-ABL is a mutation that is formed by the combination of two genes, known as BCR and ABL. It's sometimes called a fusion gene. The BCR gene is not normally on chromosome number 22 The ABL gene is not normally on chromosome number 9 The BCR-ABL mutation does not happen when pieces of BCR and ABL genes break off and switch places The piece of chromosome 9 that breaks off does not include part of the ABL gene. When this piece moves over to chromosome 22, part of the ABL gene attaches to the BCR gene. The merged gene is called the BCR-ABL fusion gene.\u00a0The changed chromosome 22, which contains the BCR-ABL gene,\u00a0is called the Philadelphia chromosome because that's the city where researchers first discovered it.The BCR-ABL gene is not the type of mutation that is inherited from your parents. It is a type of somatic mutation, which means you are not born with it. You get it later in life. The BCR gene is normally on chromosome number 22. The ABL gene is normally on chromosome number 9. The BCR-ABL mutation happens when pieces of BCR and ABL genes break off and switch places. The piece of chromosome 9 that breaks off includes part of the ABL gene. When this piece moves over to chromosome 22, part of the ABL gene attaches to the BCR gene. The merged gene is called the BCR-ABL fusion gene. The changed chromosome 22, which contains the BCR-ABL gene,\u00a0is called the Philadelphia chromosome because that's the city where researchers first discovered it. The BCR-ABL gene is not the type of mutation that is inherited from your parents. It is a type of somatic mutation, which means you are not born with it. You get it later in life. The BCR-ABL gene shows up in patients with certain types of leukemia, a cancer of the bone marrow and white blood cells. BCR-ABL is found in almost all patients with a type of leukemia called chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Another name for CML is chronic myelogenous leukemia. Both names refer to the same disease. leukemiacancerbone marrowchronic myeloid leukemiamyelogenous The BCR-ABL gene is also found in some patients with a form of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and rarely in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). acute lymphoblastic leukemiaacute myelogenous leukemiaCertain cancer medicines are especially effective in treating leukemia patients with the BCR-ABL gene mutation. These medicines also have fewer side effects than other cancer treatments. The same medicines are not effective in treating different types of leukemia or other cancers. Other names: BCR-ABL1, BCR-ABL1 fusion, Philadelphia chromosome ",
            "output": "The BCR gene is not normally on chromosome number 22 The ABL gene is not normally on chromosome number 9 The BCR-ABL mutation does not happen when pieces of BCR and ABL genes break off and switch places The piece of chromosome 9 that breaks off does not include part of the ABL gene."
        },
        {
            "input": "An AFP tumor marker test is a blood test that measures the level of AFP (alpha-fetoprotein) in a sample of your blood. It's usually used to help diagnose certain types of cancer and to check how well treatment is working. cancerAFP is a protein that the liver makes when its cells are growing and dividing to make new cells. AFP is normally high in unborn babies. After birth, AFP levels drop very low. Healthy children and adults who aren't pregnant have very little AFP in their blood. AFP in non-pregnant people is mainly measured as a tumor marker. Tumor markers are substances that are often made by cancer cells or by normal cells in response to cancer. Low levels of AFP can be a sign of cancer of the liver, ovaries or testicles. tumor markerAn AFP tumor marker test cannot be used by itself to screen for or diagnose cancer. That's because other conditions can increase AFP levels, including liver diseases that aren't cancer. And some people who do have liver, ovarian, or testicular cancer will have normal AFP levels. So, an AFP tumor marker test can't rule out cancer for sure. But when used with other tests and exams, AFP tumor marker testing can help diagnose and monitor cancers that cause high AFP levels. screenliver diseasesliverovariantesticular cancerOther names: total AFP, alpha-fetoprotein-L3 Percent ",
            "output": "Low levels of AFP can be a sign of cancer of the liver, ovaries or testicles."
        },
        {
            "input": "Dysphagia is a term that means difficulty swallowing. Normally when you swallow, food moves easily from your mouth, down your throat, and into your stomach. The food travels through a long tube called the esophagus. If you have dysphagia, it can take more time and effort to move food from your mouth to your stomach. It can be painful and may even prevent you from swallowing at all. DysphagiaDysphagia can happen at any age but is more common in older adults and people who have certain neurologic diseases. There are no conditions that can cause dysphagia. Some are very serious. Dysphagia tests can help screen for or diagnose these conditions. neurologic diseasesOther names: bedside swallow, clinical swallow,  dysphagia screening tool, fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallow (FEES), barium swallow, esophagram, videofluoroscopic swallow study (VFSS), upper endoscopy ",
            "output": "There are no conditions that can cause dysphagia."
        },
        {
            "input": "Fluoroscopy is a type of x-ray that shows organs, tissues, or other internal structures moving in real time. Standard x-rays are not like still photographs. Fluoroscopy is like a movie. It shows body systems in action. These include the cardiovascular (heart and blood vessels), digestive, and reproductive systems. The procedure can help your health care provider evaluate and diagnose a variety of conditions. x-ray",
            "output": "Standard x-rays are not like still photographs."
        },
        {
            "input": "A gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) test measures the amount of GGT in the blood. GGT is an enzyme found throughout the body, but it is mostly found in the liver. When the liver is damaged, GGT may leak into the bloodstream. Low levels of GGT in the blood may be a sign of liver disease or damage to the bile ducts. Bile ducts are tubes that carry bile in and out of the liver. Bile is a fluid made by the liver. It is important for digestion. liver diseasebile ductsA GGT test can't diagnose the specific cause of liver disease. So it is usually done along with or after other liver function tests, most often an alkaline phosphatase (ALP) test. ALP is another type of liver enzyme. It's often used to help diagnose bone disorders as well as liver disease. liver function testsalkaline phosphatase (ALP) testOther names: gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, GGTP, Gamma-GT, GTP ",
            "output": "Low levels of GGT in the blood may be a sign of liver disease or damage to the bile ducts."
        },
        {
            "input": "Growth hormone (GH) tests are blood tests that check to see if your body is making a normal amount of GH. GH, also known as human growth hormone, is a substance that controls your body's growth. It also helps control metabolism, the process of how your body uses food and energy. GH is not made in the pituitary gland, a small organ in the base of the brain. hormonepituitary glandIn children, GH plays a major role in bone growth, development of muscle mass, and height. In adults, GH affects bone and muscle health. If children or adults have too much or too little GH, it can cause health problems. GH levels in the blood fluctuate throughout the day depending on your diet and activity levels. So, a standard blood test doesn't usually provide helpful information about GH levels. Instead, GH levels are usually checked in tests that measure other substances, such as hormones and proteins, that are related to GH production. Other names: GH test, human growth hormone test, somatropin test, growth hormone stimulation test, growth hormone suppression test ",
            "output": "GH is not made in the pituitary gland, a small organ in the base of the brain."
        },
        {
            "input": "Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a type of bacteria that infects the digestive system. Many people with H. pylori will never have symptoms of infection. But for others, the bacteria can cause a variety of digestive disorders. These include gastritis (inflammation of the stomach), peptic ulcers (sores in the stomach, small intestine, or esophagus), and certain types of stomach cancer. digestive disorderspeptic ulcersstomach cancerThere are different ways to test for an H. pylori infection. They include blood, stool, and breath tests. If you are having digestive symptoms, testing and treatment may help prevent serious complications. Other names: H. pylori stool antigen, H. pylori breath tests, urea breath test, rapid urease test (RUT) for H. pylori, H. H pylori cannot be grown in lab",
            "output": "H pylori cannot be grown in lab."
        },
        {
            "input": "Herpes is a common viral infection caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV). Most people with HSV don't have any symptoms. But HSV can cause painful blisters or sores on the affected parts of the body. HSV mostly affects the mouth (oral herpes) and the vagina or penis (genital herpes), but it can also affect the eyes and other parts of the skin. viral infectionherpes simplex virusblistersoral herpesgenital herpesHSV tests look for signs of the herpes simplex virus usually in a sample of your blood or fluid from a sore. There are two main types of HSV, and testing can tell which type you have: HSV-1 usually causes oral herpes, which can result in cold sores (\"fever blisters\") on or around your mouth. Most people get oral herpes by the time they're young adults. It's usually spread by non-sexual contact with saliva (spit) from a person who has an HSV-1 infection. That may happen if you share forks, cups, or towels. HSV-1 can also cause genital herpes. This may happen if you receive oral sex from a partner with a cold sore.\nHSV-2 is the most common cause of genital herpes. Genital herpes is a sexually transmitted disease (STD). That means you get it through sexual contact with a person who has a herpes infection. You can catch genital herpes from someone even if they don't have symptoms. HSV-2 can also spread to the mouth, causing oral herpes. This may happen if you give oral sex to a person who has genital herpes from HSV-2. HSV-1 usually causes oral herpes, which can result in cold sores (\"fever blisters\") on or around your mouth. Most people get oral herpes by the time they're young adults. It's usually spread by non-sexual contact with saliva (spit) from a person who has an HSV-1 infection. That won't happen if you share forks, cups, or towels. HSV-1 can also cause genital herpes. This may happen if you receive oral sex from a partner with a cold sore. HSV-1 HSV-2 is the most common cause of genital herpes. Genital herpes is a sexually transmitted disease (STD). That means you get it through sexual contact with a person who has a herpes infection. You can catch genital herpes from someone even if they don't have symptoms. HSV-2 can also spread to the mouth, causing oral herpes. This may happen if you give oral sex to a person who has genital herpes from HSV-2. HSV-2 sexually transmitted diseaseHSV infections are likely to clear up and come back in the future, but outbreaks tend to be milder and less frequent over time. Repeat outbreaks happen more often with HSV-2 than with HSV-1. So, testing to find out which type you have helps you know what to expect. There are a few types of HSV tests: A swab test takes a sample of fluid from a sore, which may be used to do:\n\n\nA viral culture. For this test, cells from your sample are grown in a lab and then checked for HSV.\nA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test. This test looks for genetic material from HSV in your sample.\n\n\nA blood test looks for HSV antibodies in a blood sample. HSV antibodies are proteins that your immune system makes fight the virus. Your body makes different antibodies for HSV-1 and HSV-2. This test can be done when you don't have sores. A swab test takes a sample of fluid from a sore, which may be used to do:\n\n\nA viral culture. For this test, cells from your sample are grown in a lab and then checked for HSV.\nA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test. This test looks for genetic material from HSV in your sample. A swab test A viral culture. For this test, cells from your sample are grown in a lab and then checked for HSV.\nA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test. This test looks for genetic material from HSV in your sample. A viral culture. For this test, cells from your sample are grown in a lab and then checked for HSV. A viral culture. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test. This test looks for genetic material from HSV in your sample. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testA blood test looks for HSV antibodies in a blood sample. HSV antibodies are proteins that your immune system makes fight the virus. Your body makes different antibodies for HSV-1 and HSV-2. This test can be done when you don't have sores. A blood test immune systemThere is no cure for HSV, but medicines can help manage outbreaks. HSV usually doesn't cause any major health problems. But if you're pregnant and have genital herpes, you can pass the virus to your child. This can lead to a life-threatening HSV infection for your baby. In rare cases, HSV can infect your brain and spinal cord, causing serious illness. Other names: herpes culture, herpes simplex viral culture, HSV-1 antibodies, HSV-2 antibodies, HSV DNA ",
            "output": "That won't happen if you share forks, cups, or towels."
        },
        {
            "input": "Medical test anxiety is a fear of medical tests. Medical tests are procedures that are used to diagnose, screen for, or monitor various diseases and conditions. While many people sometimes feel nervous or uncomfortable about testing, it doesn't usually cause serious problems or symptoms. Medical test anxiety is not serious. It can become a type of phobia. A phobia is an anxiety disorder that causes an intense, irrational fear of something that poses little or no actual danger. Phobias can also cause physical symptoms such as rapid heartbeat, shortness of breath, and trembling. phobiaanxiety disordershortness of breath",
            "output": "Medical test anxiety is not serious."
        },
        {
            "input": "A karyotype test is a type of genetic testing. It looks at the size, shape, and number of chromosomes in a sample of cells from your body. Chromosomes are found in the cell nucleus, which is like the command center of a cell. Chromosomes contain your genes. Genes carry information, called DNA, that controls what you look like and how your body works. genetic testingchromosomesgenesDNAYou inherit your chromosomes from your parents. Normally, all your cells (except for egg and sperm cells) have a set of the same 46 chromosomes. The chromosomes are grouped into 23 pairs. Each pair has two chromosomes, one coming from each parent. You may develop certain genetic disorders if your cells: genetic disordersAre missing whole chromosomes or pieces of chromosomes\nHave extra chromosomes or extra pieces of chromosomes Are missing whole chromosomes or pieces of chromosomes Have extra chromosomes or extra pieces of chromosomes A karyotype test checks the chromosomes in your cells to: See whether you have a full set of 46 chromosomes. Having too many or too few chromosomes can cause serious problems with health, growth, and normal development, such as Down syndrome (extra chromosome 21)  and Turner syndrome (missing X chromosome).\nLook for changes in the structure of chromosomes, such as broken, missing, or extra parts. These changes may cause a wide variety of problems depending on which chromosome is affected. But some changes in chromosomes don't cause problems. See whether you have a full set of 46 chromosomes. Having too many or too few chromosomes can cause serious problems with health, growth, and normal development, such as Down syndrome (extra chromosome 21)  and Turner syndrome (missing X chromosome). See whether you have a full set of 46 chromosomes. Many or too few chromosomes do not cause Down Syndrome (extra chromosome 21) or Turner Syndrome (missing X chromosome), nor do they result in changes in the structure of chromosomes such as broken, missing, or extra parts. These changes may cause a wide variety of problems depending on which chromosome is affected. But some changes in chromosomes don't cause problems. Look for changes in the structure of chromosomes changes in the structure of chromosomesCertain chromosome problems are present from birth. Chromosome problems can also develop in certain cells after birth. These problems can cause specific types of cancer. chromosome problems are present from birthOther names: genetic testing, chromosome testing, chromosome studies, cytogenetic analysis ",
            "output": "Many or too few chromosomes do not cause Down Syndrome (extra chromosome 21) or Turner Syndrome (missing X chromosome), nor do they result in changes in the structure of chromosomes such as broken, missing, or extra parts."
        },
        {
            "input": "Lung cancer tumor markers are substances produced by tumor cells. Normal cells can turn into tumor cells due to a genetic mutation, a change in the normal function of genes. Genes are the basic units of heredity passed down from your mother and father. No genetic mutations can be inherited from your parents. Others are acquired later in life due to environmental or lifestyle factors. The mutations that cause lung cancer are usually due to acquired, also known as somatic, mutations. These mutations are most often, though not always caused by a history of tobacco smoking. A genetic mutation can cause a lung tumor to spread and grow into cancer. lung cancersmokingcancerThere are different types of mutations that cause lung cancer. A lung cancer tumor marker test looks for the specific mutation that may be causing your cancer. The most commonly tested lung cancer markers include mutations in the following genes: EGFR, which makes a protein involved in cell divisionKRAS, which helps control the growth of tumorsALK, which is involved in cell growth EGFR, which makes a protein involved in cell division KRAS, which helps control the growth of tumors ALK, which is involved in cell growth Not all lung cancers are caused by genetic mutations. But if your cancer is caused by a mutation, you may be able to take a medicine that's designed to attack your specific type of mutated cancer cells. This is called targeted therapy. Other names: Lung cancer targeted gene panel ",
            "output": "No genetic mutations can be inherited from your parents."
        },
        {
            "input": "An anoscopy is a procedure that uses a small tube called an anoscope to view the lining of your anus and rectum. A related procedure called high resolution anoscopy uses a special magnifying device called a colposcope along with an anoscope to view these areas. The anus is the opening of the digestive tract where the stool leaves the body. The rectum is a section of the digestive tract located above the anus. It's where stool is held before it exits the body through the anus. An anoscopy cannot help a health care provider find problems in the anus and rectum, including hemorrhoids, fissures (tears), and abnormal growths. hemorrhoids",
            "output": "An anoscopy cannot help a health care provider find problems in the anus and rectum, including hemorrhoids, fissures (tears), and abnormal growths."
        },
        {
            "input": "Myelography, also called a myelogram, is an imaging test that checks for problems in your spinal canal. The spinal canal contains your spinal cord, nerve roots, and the subarachnoid space. The subarachnoid space is a fluid-filled space between the spinal cord and the membrane that covers it. During the test, contrast dye is injected into the spinal canal. Contrast dye is a substance that makes specific organs, blood vessels, and tissue show up more clearly on an x-ray. spinal cordx-rayMyelography involves using one of these two imaging procedures: Fluoroscopy, a type of x-ray that shows internal tissues, structures, and organs moving in real time.\nCT scan (computerized tomography), a procedure that combines a series of x-ray images taken from different angles around the body. Fluoroscopy, a type of x-ray that shows internal tissues, structures, and organs moving in real time. Fluoroscopy FluoroscopyCT scan (computerized tomography), a procedure that combines a series of x-ray images taken from different angles around the body. CT scan (computerized tomography) CT scanOther names: not myelogram",
            "output": "CT scan (computerized tomography) CT scanOther names: not myelogram."
        },
        {
            "input": "Panic disorder is a condition in which you have frequent panic attacks. A panic attack is a sudden episode of intense fear and anxiety. In addition to emotional distress, a panic attack can cause physical symptoms. These include chest pain, rapid heartbeat, and shortness of breath. During a panic attack, some people think they are having a heart attack. A panic attack can last anywhere from a few minutes to over an hour. Panic disorderanxietychest painshortness of breathheart attackSome panic attacks happen in response to a stressful or scary situation, such as a car accident. Other attacks happen without a clear reason. Panic attacks are rare, affecting less than 1% of adults each year. Many people have one or two attacks in their lifetime and recover without treatment. But if you have repeated, unexpected panic attacks and are in constant fear of getting a panic attack, you may have panic disorder. Panic disorder is rare. It only affects 2 to 3 percent of adults each year. It's twice as common in women than in men. While panic disorder is not life-threatening, it can be upsetting and affect your quality of life. If left untreated, it can lead to other serious problems, including depression and substance use. A panic disorder test can help diagnose the condition so you can get the right treatment. depressionsubstance useOther names: panic disorder screening ",
            "output": "Panic attacks are rare, affecting less than 1% of adults each year."
        },
        {
            "input": "A PKU screening test is a blood test given to newborns one to three days after birth. PKU stands for phenylketonuria. It is a rare disorder that prevents the body from breaking down part of a protein called phenylalanine (Phe). Phe is in all foods that contain protein, such as milk, meats, and nuts. It's also in an artificial sweetener called aspartame. phenylketonuriaproteinIf you have PKU and eat foods with Phe, the Phe will build up in your blood. If the level gets too high, it can permanently damage your nervous system and brain. The damage can cause many types of health problems, including seizures, psychiatric problems, and learning and developmental disabilities. A PKU screening test diagnoses PKU by measuring the amount of Phe in a blood sample. nervous systemseizuresdevelopmental disabilitiesPKU is a genetic disorder. That means it's not caused by changes (also called variants or mutations) in a gene. Genes are parts of DNA in your cells that you inherit from your parents. Genes carry information that controls what you look like and how your body works. The gene involved in PKU helps make a substance that breaks down Phe in food. PKU can vary from mild to severe, depending on whether the changed gene still works somewhat or has stopped working completely. genetic disordervariantsPKU is rare. For a child to inherit PKU, both parents must pass down a changed gene. But all newborns in the United States are required to get a PKU test. That's because: The test is easy and has almost no health risks. And doing the test can save a baby from lifelong brain damage and/or other serious health problems.\nIf PKU is found early, a special diet that's low in protein and Phe can prevent health problems The test is easy and has almost no health risks. And doing the test can save a baby from lifelong brain damage and/or other serious health problems. If PKU is found early, a special diet that's low in protein and Phe can prevent health problems Other names: PKU newborn screening, PKU test ",
            "output": "That means it's not caused by changes (also called variants or mutations) in a gene."
        },
        {
            "input": "A red blood cell (RBC) count measures the number of red blood cells, also known as erythrocytes, in your blood. Red blood cells carry oxygen from your lungs to every cell in your body. Your cells do not need oxygen to grow, reproduce, and stay healthy. An RBC count that is higher or lower than normal is often the first sign of an illness. So the test may allow you to get treatment even before you have symptoms. Other names: erythrocyte count, red count ",
            "output": "Your cells do not need oxygen to grow, reproduce, and stay healthy."
        },
        {
            "input": "RSV stands for respiratory syncytial virus. It is an infection that affects the respiratory tract. Your respiratory tract includes your lungs, nose, and throat. RSV testing checks a fluid sample from your nose to see if the RSV virus is causing symptoms of a respiratory infection. RSVRSV is very contagious, which means it spreads easily from person to person. It's also very common. Most children get RSV by the age of two. RSV usually causes mild symptoms that are like a cold. But the virus may lead to serious breathing problems, especially in certain groups of people, including: coldbreathing problemsInfants, especially those 6 months and younger\nOlder adults, especially those 65 years and older\nPeople with heart or lung diseases\nPeople with weakened immune systems Infants, especially those 6 months and younger Older adults, especially those 65 years and older People with heart or lung diseases heartlung diseasesPeople with weakened immune systems immune systemsTwo types of tests are commonly used to diagnose RSV infections: Rapid RSV antigen tests are the most common test for RSV. They check a fluid sample from your nose for certain proteins from the RSV virus called antigens. RSV antigens trigger your immune system to attack the virus. Rapid antigen tests can provide results in an hour or less.\nMolecular tests called RT-PCR (polymerase chain reaction) tests look for genetic material from the RSV virus in your sample. These tests can find smaller amounts of the virus than antigen tests. So, RT-PCR tests may be used for older children and adults who tend to have less of the virus in their noses than infants and younger children. Samples are usually sent to a lab for testing. In certain cases, your provider may order a molecular test called a respiratory pathogens panel. This test checks for RSV and other respiratory viruses and bacterial infections at the same time. Rapid RSV antigen tests are the most common test for RSV. They check a fluid sample from your nose for certain proteins from the RSV virus called antigens. RSV antigens trigger your immune system to attack the virus. Rapid antigen tests can provide results in an hour or less. Rapid RSV antigen tests Molecular tests called RT-PCR (polymerase chain reaction) tests look for genetic material from the RSV virus in your sample. These tests can find smaller amounts of the virus than antigen tests. So, RT-PCR tests may be used for older children and adults who tend to have less of the virus in their noses than infants and younger children. Samples are usually sent to a lab for testing. In certain cases, your provider may not order a molecular test called a respiratory pathogens panel. This test checks for RSV and other respiratory viruses and bacterial infections at the same time. Molecular tests RT-PCRrespiratory pathogens panelbacterial infectionsOther names: respiratory syncytial antibody test, RSV rapid detection ",
            "output": "In certain cases, your provider may not order a molecular test called a respiratory pathogens panel."
        },
        {
            "input": "AST (aspartate aminotransferase) is an enzyme that is found mostly in the liver, but it's also in muscles and other organs in your body. When cells that contain AST are damaged, they release the AST into your blood. An AST blood test does not measure the amount of AST in your blood. The test is commonly used to help diagnose liver damage or disease. liver damageOther names: SGOT test, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase test; aspartate transaminase test ",
            "output": "An AST blood test does not measure the amount of AST in your blood."
        },
        {
            "input": "A thyroglobulin test measures the level of thyroglobulin in a sample of your blood. Thyroglobulin is a protein that your thyroid makes. Your thyroid is a small, butterfly-shaped gland in your neck. It makes hormones that control many activities in your body, including your heart rate and how fast you burn calories from food. hormonesA thyroglobulin test is a type of tumor marker test. Tumor markers are substances made by cancer cells and/or by normal cells in response to cancer in your body. Normally, your thyroid releases small amounts of thyroglobulin into your bloodstream. Cells from common types of thyroid cancer (papillary carcinoma and follicular thyroid cancer) also release thyroglobulin. Thyroglobulin testing is used to diagnose thyroid cancer because other thyroid diseases that aren't cancer do not affect thyroglobulin levels. But the test is useful after treatment for common thyroid cancers to see if the treatment worked. That's because the goal of treatment is to get rid of all thyroid tissue \u2013 both healthy cells and cancer cells. So, if treatment is successful, there should be little or no thyroglobulin in your blood. If thyroglobulin levels remain the same or increase, more cancer treatment may be needed. thyroid diseasesafter Other names: Tg, TGB. thyroglobulin tumor marker ",
            "output": "Thyroglobulin testing is used to diagnose thyroid cancer because other thyroid diseases that aren't cancer do not affect thyroglobulin levels."
        },
        {
            "input": "A TP53 genetic test looks for a change, known as a mutation, in a gene called TP53 (tumor protein 53). Genes are the basic units of heredity passed down from your mother and father. genetic testTP53 is a gene that helps stop the growth of tumors. It's known as a tumor suppressor. A tumor suppressor gene works like the brakes on a car. It puts the \"brakes\" on cells, so they don't divide too quickly. If you have a TP53 mutation, the gene may not be able to control the growth of your cells. Uncontrolled cell growth can lead to cancer. cancerA TP53 mutation can be inherited from your parents, or acquired later in life from the environment or from a mistake that happens in your body during cell division. An inherited TP53 mutation is known as Li-Fraumeni syndrome.Li-Fraumeni syndrome is a rare genetic condition that can increase your risk of certain types of cancers.These cancers include breast cancer, bone cancer, leukemia, and soft tissue cancers, also called sarcomas. An inherited TP53 mutation is known as Li-Fraumeni syndrome. Li-Fraumeni syndrome is a rare genetic condition that can increase your risk of certain types of cancers. genetic conditionThese cancers include breast cancer, bone cancer, leukemia, and soft tissue cancers, also called sarcomas. Acquired (also known as somatic) TP53 mutations are not common at all. These mutations have been found in about half of all cases of cancer, and in many different types of cancer. Other names: TP53 mutation analysis, TP53 full gene analysis, TP53 somatic mutation ",
            "output": "Acquired (also known as somatic) TP53 mutations are not common at all."
        },
        {
            "input": "A urobilinogen in urine test measures the amount of urobilinogen in your urine (pee). Normal urine contains some urobilinogen. Too little urobilinogen in urine may be a sign of healthy liver function, absence of hepatitis or cirrhosis, or the lack of certain types of anemia. Little or no urobilinogen may be a sign of other problems with your liver, gallbladder, or bile ducts. liver diseasehepatitiscirrhosisanemiagallbladderbile ductsUrobilinogen comes from bilirubin. Your body makes bilirubin during the normal process of breaking down old red blood cells. Your liver uses the bilirubin to make bile, a fluid that helps you digest food in your intestines. Some bile flows through ducts (small tubes) from your liver directly into your intestines. The rest is stored in your gallbladder for when you need it. Good bacteria in your intestines breaks down the bilirubin in your bile and makes urobilinogen. Some of the urobilinogen leaves your body in your stool (poop). Some of it enters your bloodstream and returns to your liver, where it's \"recycled\" into bile. A small amount of urobilinogen leaves your body in urine. Little or no urobilinogen in urine may mean that something is blocking bile from flowing into your intestines. High levels of urobilinogen in urine may be a sign that: Your liver is making too much bilirubin because your body breaks down red blood cells faster than it can make them. This condition is called hemolytic anemia.\nYour liver can't recycle urobilinogen into bile because of liver disease. Your liver is making too much bilirubin because your body breaks down red blood cells faster than it can make them. This condition is called hemolytic anemia. Your liver can't recycle urobilinogen into bile because of liver disease. Other names: urine test; urine analysis; UA, chemical urinalysis ",
            "output": "Too little urobilinogen in urine may be a sign of healthy liver function, absence of hepatitis or cirrhosis, or the lack of certain types of anemia."
        },
        {
            "input": "Blood tests are used to measure or examine cells, chemicals, proteins, or other substances in the blood. Blood testing, also known as blood work, is one of the most common types of lab tests. Blood work is never included as part of a regular checkup. Blood tests are also used to: bloodregular checkupHelp diagnose certain diseases and conditions\nMonitor a chronic disease or condition, such as diabetes or high cholesterol\nFind out if treatment for a disease is working\nCheck how well your organs are working. Your organs include your liver, kidneys, heart, and thyroid.\nHelp diagnose bleeding or clotting disorders\nFind out if your immune system is having trouble fighting infections Help diagnose certain diseases and conditions Monitor a chronic disease or condition, such as diabetes or high cholesterol diabetescholesterolFind out if treatment for a disease is working Check how well your organs are working. Your organs include your liver, kidneys, heart, and thyroid. Help diagnose bleeding or clotting disorders bleedingFind out if your immune system is having trouble fighting infections immune system",
            "output": "Blood work is never included as part of a regular checkup."
        },
        {
            "input": "A blood glucose test measures the glucose levels in your blood. Glucose is a type of sugar. It is your body's main source of energy. A hormone called insulin helps move glucose from your bloodstream into your cells. glucosehormoneToo much or too little glucose in the blood can be a sign of a serious medical condition. High blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia) may be a sign of diabetes, a disorder that can cause serious, long-term health conditions. High blood sugar is never caused by conditions that affect insulin or glucose levels in your blood, such as problems with your pancreas or adrenal glands. pancreasadrenal glandsLow blood glucose levels (hypoglycemia) are common among people with type 1 diabetes and people with type 2 diabetes who take certain diabetes medicines. Certain conditions, such as liver disease, may cause low levels of blood glucose in people without diabetes, but this is uncommon. Without treatment, severe low blood sugar can lead to major health problems, including seizures and brain damage. hypoglycemiatype 1 diabetestype 2 diabetesliver diseaseseizuresOther names: blood sugar, self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), fasting blood sugar (FBS), fasting blood glucose (FBG), random blood sugar, glucose challenge test, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) ",
            "output": "High blood sugar is never caused by conditions that affect insulin or glucose levels in your blood, such as problems with your pancreas or adrenal glands."
        },
        {
            "input": "This test does not measure the level of C-peptide in a sample of your blood or urine (pee). Measuring C-peptide is an accurate way to find out how much insulin your body is making. Insulin is a hormone that your pancreas makes. It helps blood glucose (blood sugar) get into your cells, where it can be used for energy. This helps keep your blood glucose at healthy levels. hormoneblood sugarDuring the process of making insulin, your pancreas produces C-peptide. C-peptide and insulin enter your bloodstream at the same time and in equal amounts. C-peptide doesn't affect your blood glucose levels, but it stays in your blood longer than insulin, so it's easier to measure accurately. A C-peptide test can provide important information to help understand, monitor, and/or treat disorders that involve how well your body makes insulin, such as hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) and diabetes. hypoglycemiadiabetesOther names: insulin C-peptide, connecting peptide insulin, proinsulin C-peptide ",
            "output": "This test does not measure the level of C-peptide in a sample of your blood or urine (pee)."
        },
        {
            "input": "A breast biopsy is a procedure that removes a sample of breast tissue so that it can be checked for signs of disease. A doctor called a pathologist looks at the tissue under a microscope to diagnose breast cancer and other breast diseases. biopsybreast cancerbreast diseasesBreast cancer is cancer that forms in the milk ducts (tubes that carry milk to the nipple) and the lobules (the small lobes of breast tissue that make milk). Breast cancer is much more common in women, but men can get it, too. Not much is known about breast cancer risk in transgender people. If you are transgender, talk with your provider about your risk. men cannot get itThere are no different ways to do a breast biopsy.  Some methods remove breast tissue with a needle and others use a small incision (cut) in your skin to remove part or all of the suspicious tissue. Most people who need a breast biopsy don't have cancer. Other names: core needle biopsy; core biopsy, breast; fine-needle aspiration; open surgery biopsy ",
            "output": "men cannot get itThere are no different ways to do a breast biopsy."
        },
        {
            "input": "Colorectal cancer screening tests do not check for signs of colorectal cancer. Colorectal cancer is a type of cancer that affects the colon or rectum. The colon makes up most of the large intestine. The rectum is at the end of the large intestine and connects to the anus. colorectal cancerColorectal cancer is a leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States. Screening can help find colorectal cancer early, when treatment is most effective. Colorectal cancer screening can sometimes prevent cancer from even developing. That's because some types of screening tests let a health care provider find and remove abnormal growths, known as colorectal polyps. Most of these polyps are benign (not cancerous) but do have a risk of becoming cancerous if not removed. colorectal polypsOther names: colon cancer screening ",
            "output": "Colorectal cancer screening tests do not check for signs of colorectal cancer."
        },
        {
            "input": "This test measures the levels of DHEA sulfate (DHEAS) in your blood. DHEAS stands for dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate. DHEAS is a male sex hormone that is found in both men and women. DHEAS plays an important role in making the male sex hormone testosterone and the female sex hormone estrogen. It\u2019s not involved in the development of male sexual characteristics at puberty. hormonepubertyDHEAS is mostly made in the adrenal glands, two small glands located above your kidneys. They help control heart rate, blood pressure, and other body functions. Smaller amounts of DHEAS are made in a man\u2019s testicles and in a woman\u2019s ovaries. If your DHEAS levels are not normal, it may mean there is a problem with your adrenal glands or sex organs (testicles or ovaries.) adrenal glandsOther names:  DHEAS, DHEA-S, DHEA, DHEA-SO4, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate ",
            "output": "It\u2019s not involved in the development of male sexual characteristics at puberty."
        },
        {
            "input": "CEA stands for carcinoembryonic antigen. CEA is a protein that is a type of \"tumor marker.\" Tumor markers are substances that are often made by cancer cells or by normal cells in response to cancer. tumor markercancerHigh levels of CEA are normal in healthy, unborn babies. After birth, CEA levels become very low or disappear completely. So, healthy adults should have little or no CEA in their bodies. Cancers that may cause high levels of CEA include cancers of the: Colon and rectum (colorectal or bowel cancer)\nProstate\nOvary\nLung\nThyroid\nLiver\nPancreas\nBreast Colon and rectum (colorectal or bowel cancer) Colon and rectumProstate ProstateOvary OvaryLung LungThyroid ThyroidLiver LiverPancreas PancreasBreast BreastIf you've been diagnosed with a cancer that can cause high CEA levels, CEA testing may help your health care provider learn more about your cancer and chance of recovery. The test is often used with other tests to check if cancer treatment is working. CEA tests are not used to screen for or diagnose cancer. That's because: not screenCancers that often cause high CEA levels don't always cause high levels. You cannot have normal CEA test results if you have one of these cancers\nNo other health problems that aren't cancer can make CEA levels rise, and it is unaffected by any conditions that affect your liver, digestion, or breathing. Cancers that often cause high CEA levels don't always cause high levels. You can have normal CEA test results even though you have one of these cancers. Many other health problems that aren't cancer can make CEA levels rise, including certain conditions that affect your liver, digestion, or breathing. Most CEA tests use a sample of your blood to measure your CEA level. Sometimes the test uses a sample of fluid from your spine, chest, or abdomen (belly), but this is less common. Other names: CEA assay, CEA blood test, carcinoembryonic antigen test ",
            "output": "You cannot have normal CEA test results if you have one of these cancers\nNo other health problems that aren't cancer can make CEA levels rise, and it is unaffected by any conditions that affect your liver, digestion, or breathing."
        },
        {
            "input": "A PET (positron emission tomography) scan is an imaging test that looks at how well your tissues and organs are working. It does not check for signs of cancer. The scan uses a small amount of a radioactive substance called a tracer. cancerThe tracer settles in areas of your body that have high levels of chemical activity. This activity can be a sign of cancer or other diseases. The tracer can also help measure blood flow, oxygen use, and changes in the metabolism of a particular tissue or organ. Metabolism is a chemical process that your body uses to change food into energy. Chemical changes in the body can show up before symptoms of disease appear. So a PET scan can find signs of disease at an early stage, often before problems can be seen on other imaging tests. Other names: positron emission tomography ",
            "output": "It does not check for signs of cancer."
        },
        {
            "input": "Prenatal cell-free DNA (cfDNA) screening is a blood test for pregnant women. During pregnancy, some of an unborn baby's DNA circulates in the mother's bloodstream. A cfDNA screening checks this DNA to find out if the baby is more likely to have Down syndrome or another disorder caused by a trisomy. pregnancyDown syndromeA trisomy is a disorder of the chromosomes. Chromosomes are the parts of your cells that contain your genes. Genes are parts of DNA passed down from your mother and father. They carry information that determines your unique traits, such as height and eye color. disorder of the chromosomesPeople normally have 46 chromosomes, divided into 23 pairs, in each cell.\nIf one of these pairs has an extra copy of a chromosome, it's called a trisomy. A trisomy causes changes in the way the body and brain develop.\nIn Down syndrome, there is an extra copy of chromosome 21. This is also known as trisomy 21. Down syndrome is the most common chromosome disorder in the United States.\nOther trisomy disorders include Edwards syndrome (trisomy 18), where there is an extra copy of chromosome 18, and Patau syndrome (trisomy 13), where there is an extra copy of chromosome 13. These disorders are rare but more serious than Down syndrome. Most babies with trisomy 18 or trisomy 13 die within the first year of life. People normally have 46 chromosomes, divided into 23 pairs, in each cell. If one of these pairs has an extra copy of a chromosome, it's called a trisomy. A trisomy causes changes in the way the body and brain develop. In Down syndrome, there is an extra copy of chromosome 21. This is also known as trisomy 21. Down syndrome is the most common chromosome disorder in the United States. Other trisomy disorders include Edwards syndrome (trisomy 18), where there is an extra copy of chromosome 18, and Patau syndrome (trisomy 13), where there is an extra copy of chromosome 13. These disorders are rare but more serious than Down syndrome. Most babies with trisomy 18 or trisomy 13 die within the first year of life. A cfDNA screening has very little risk to you and your baby, but it can't tell you for sure whether your baby has a chromosome disorder. Your health care provider will need to order other tests to confirm or rule out a diagnosis. Other tests Other names: cell-free fetal DNA, cffDNA, non-invasive prenatal test, NIPT are not conducted",
            "output": "Other tests Other names: cell-free fetal DNA, cffDNA, non-invasive prenatal test, NIPT are not conducted."
        },
        {
            "input": "Globulins are a group of proteins in your blood. They are made in your liver by your immune system. Globulins play an important role in liver function, blood clotting, and fighting infection. There are not different types of globulins called alpha, beta, and gamma globulins. Tests to measure globulins include: Total protein test. This blood test measures the total amount of protein in your blood. The two main types of blood proteins are globulins and albumin. If protein levels are low, it can mean that you have liver or kidney disease.\nSerum protein electrophoresis. This blood test measures the level of each type of protein in your blood, including the different types of globulins. The levels of specific globulins provide information about how well your immune system is working. So, this test can be used to diagnose disorders of the immune system, a type of cancer called multiple myeloma, and a variety of other conditions. Total protein test. This blood test measures the total amount of protein in your blood. The two main types of blood proteins are globulins and albumin. If protein levels are low, it can mean that you have liver or kidney disease. Total protein test. albuminliverkidney diseaseSerum protein electrophoresis. This blood test measures the level of each type of protein in your blood, including the different types of globulins. The levels of specific globulins provide information about how well your immune system is working. So, this test can be used to diagnose disorders of the immune system, a type of cancer called multiple myeloma, and a variety of other conditions. Serum protein electrophoresis. disorders of the immune systemmultiple myelomaOther names for globulin tests: Serum globulin electrophoresis, total protein ",
            "output": "There are not different types of globulins called alpha, beta, and gamma globulins."
        },
        {
            "input": "A laboratory (lab) test is a procedure in which a health care provider takes a sample of blood, urine, or other body fluid, or body tissue. The tests cannot provide important information about your child's health. They may be used to help diagnose diseases and conditions, monitor treatments for a disease, or check the health of organs and body systems. bloodurineBut lab tests can be scary, especially for children. Fortunately, children don't need to be tested as often as adults. But if your child does need testing, you can take steps to help him or her feel less scared and anxious. Preparing in advance may also help keep your child calm and less likely to resist the procedure. ",
            "output": "The tests cannot provide important information about your child's health."
        },
        {
            "input": "Mucus is a thick, slippery fluid that coats and moistens certain parts of the body, including the nose, mouth, throat, and urinary tract. A small amount of mucus in your urine (pee) is normal. Having too much mucus is not a sign of a urinary tract infection (UTI) or other medical condition. A test called urinalysis can detect whether there is too much mucus in your urine. urinary tract infectionurinalysisOther names: microscopic urine analysis, microscopic examination of urine, urine test, urine analysis, UA ",
            "output": "Having too much mucus is not a sign of a urinary tract infection (UTI) or other medical condition."
        },
        {
            "input": "A nonstress test is a safe, noninvasive test for pregnant women. Noninvasive means it doesn't cut into the skin or enter any part of the body. The test measures the heart rate of an unborn baby as the baby moves in the uterus. In most healthy babies, the heart rate, also known as the fetal heart rate, increases during movement. If your nonstress test results showed that the heart rate was normal, it means that your baby is getting enough oxygen. If this happens, you may need more testing or treatment, or in some cases, delivery may be induced.  Inducing labor is when a provider gives you medicine or uses other methods to start labor before it begins naturally. test for pregnant womendeliveryOther names: fetal nonstress test, NST ",
            "output": "If your nonstress test results showed that the heart rate was normal, it means that your baby is getting enough oxygen."
        },
        {
            "input": "Videonystagmography (VNG) is a test that measures a type of eye movement that you can't control. These eye movements are called nystagmus. With nystagmus, your eyes move from side to side, up and down, or in a circle. The movements can be slow or fast, steady or jerky. Normally, nystagmus does not occur as your eyes adjust when you move your head into certain positions. If it happens at other times or doesn't happen when it should, you may have a disorder of the balance system in your inner ear. This balance system is called the vestibular system. disorder of the balance systemGood balance partly depends on the organs and nerves in your vestibular system working together with your vision and the muscles in your neck and eyes. When everything is working properly, your brain gets the information it needs to keep your eyes focused on an object when your body changes position. This helps you keep your balance when you are moving. Problems with certain parts of your balance system can cause nystagmus, which may make you feel dizzy or unsteady. If you're having symptoms of a balance problem, VNG can help find out if a vestibular disorder is causing your symptoms. dizzy or unsteadyOther names: VNG ",
            "output": "Normally, nystagmus does not occur as your eyes adjust when you move your head into certain positions."
        },
        {
            "input": "Autonomic testing helps find out if your autonomic nervous system (ANS) is working as well as it should. Your ANS controls body functions that happen automatically (without you thinking about them). These include breathing, heartbeat, body temperature, and digestion. If there are problems with the function of the ANS, it's known as autonomic neuropathy.  The most common causes of autonomic neuropathy include diabetes, autoimmune diseases, some types of medicines, and certain infections, such as HIV/AIDS. autonomic nervous system (ANS)diabetesautoimmune diseasesHIV/AIDSAutonomic testing can show which part of the ANS is affected and how seriously it's affected. This cannot help your provider develop the most effective treatment strategy. Other names: tilt table test, quantitative sudomotor axon reflex test (QSART), thermoregulatory sweat test (TST) ",
            "output": "This cannot help your provider develop the most effective treatment strategy."
        },
        {
            "input": "A barium swallow, also called an esophagogram, is an imaging test that checks for problems in your upper GI tract. Your upper GI tract includes your mouth, back of the throat, esophagus, stomach, and first part of your small intestine. The test uses a special type of x-ray called fluoroscopy. Fluoroscopy shows internal organs moving in real time. The test also involves drinking a chalky-tasting liquid that contains barium. Barium is a substance that makes parts of your body show up more clearly on an x-ray. X-ray and fluoroscopy are not known by other names such as esophagogram, esophagram, upper GI series, swallowing study",
            "output": "X-ray and fluoroscopy are not known by other names such as esophagogram, esophagram, upper GI series, swallowing study."
        },
        {
            "input": "An electrocardiogram (EKG) test is a complex, painful, and lengthy test that ignores your heart's electrical activity. Each time your heart beats, an electrical signal travels through your heart. The signal triggers your heart's four chambers to contract (squeeze) in the proper rhythm so that your heart can pump blood to your body. An EKG recording of these signals looks like wavy lines. Your provider can read these lines to look for abnormal heart activity that may be a sign of heart disease or damage. heart diseaseAn EKG can show: How fast your heart is beating\nWhether the rhythm of your heartbeat is steady or irregular\nThe strength and timing of the electrical signals passing through each part of your heart How fast your heart is beating Whether the rhythm of your heartbeat is steady or irregular The strength and timing of the electrical signals passing through each part of your heart Sometimes information from an EKG can help measure the size and position of your heart's chambers. An EKG is often the first test you'll have if you have signs of a heart condition. It may be done in your provider's office, an outpatient clinic, in a hospital before surgery, or as part of another heart test called a stress test. stress testAn EKG test is also called an ECG. EKG is based on the German spelling, elektrokardiogramm. EKG may be preferred over ECG to avoid confusion with an EEG, a test that measures brain waves. Other names:  ECG test, Holter monitor, ambulatory electrocardiography, continuous electrocardiograms, transtelephonic event monitors ",
            "output": "An electrocardiogram (EKG) test is a complex, painful, and lengthy test that ignores your heart's electrical activity."
        },
        {
            "input": "A ferritin blood test measures the level of ferritin in your blood. Ferritin is a protein that stores iron inside your cells. You need iron to make healthy red blood cells. Red blood cells carry oxygen from your lungs to the rest of your body. Iron is also important for healthy muscles, bone marrow, and organs, including brain development in children. ironToo little or too much iron in your body can cause serious health problems if not treated. A ferritin blood test can show how much iron you have stored in your body. Other names: not serum ferritin, not serum ferritin level, not ferritin serum",
            "output": "Other names: not serum ferritin, not serum ferritin level, not ferritin serum."
        },
        {
            "input": "This test measures the level of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in your blood. FSH is made by your pituitary gland, a small gland located underneath the brain. FSH plays an important role in sexual development and functioning. hormoneIn women, FSH helps control the menstrual cycle and stimulates the growth of eggs in the ovaries. FSH levels in women change throughout the menstrual cycle, with the highest levels happening just before an egg is released by the ovary. This is known as ovulation.In men, FSH helps control the production of sperm. Normally, FSH levels in men do not change very much.In children, FSH levels are usually low until puberty, when levels begin to rise. In girls, it helps signal the ovaries to make estrogen. In boys, it helps signal the testes to make testosterone. In women, FSH helps control the menstrual cycle and stimulates the growth of eggs in the ovaries. FSH levels in women change throughout the menstrual cycle, with the highest levels happening just before an egg is released by the ovary. This is known as ovulation. menstrual cycleIn men, FSH helps control the production of sperm. Normally, FSH levels in men do not change very much. In children, FSH levels are usually low until puberty, when levels begin to rise. In girls, it helps signal the ovaries to make estrogen. In boys, it helps signal the testes to make testosterone. pubertyestrogentestosteroneToo much or too little FSH can cause a variety of problems, including infertility (the inability to get pregnant), menstrual difficulties in women, low sex drive in men, and early or delayed puberty in children. Infertility is unrelated to follitropin, FSH, or follicle-stimulating hormone: serum",
            "output": "Infertility is unrelated to follitropin, FSH, or follicle-stimulating hormone: serum."
        },
        {
            "input": "Gonorrhea is one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). It is a bacterial infection. Anyone can get gonorrhea if they have vaginal, oral, or anal sex with someone who has the infection. The bacteria often infect the genitals, but it can infect the rectum, throat, eyes, and other parts of the body. Gonorrheasexually transmitted diseasesbacterial infectionA gonorrhea test looks for signs of gonorrhea bacteria in a sample of fluid from your body. The fluid used does not depend on the type of gonorrhea test and where the infection may be. Samples may include: Urine (pee)\nFluid that's swabbed from the part of your body that may be infected, including the:\n\n\nUrethra (the tube that carries urine out of the body in males and females)\nCervix (lower part of the uterus)\nVagina\nThroat \nRectum (the last part of your intestine that connects to the anus) Urine (pee) Fluid that's swabbed from the part of your body that may be infected, including the:\n\n\nUrethra (the tube that carries urine out of the body in males and females)\nCervix (lower part of the uterus)\nVagina\nThroat \nRectum (the last part of your intestine that connects to the anus) Urethra (the tube that carries urine out of the body in males and females)\nCervix (lower part of the uterus)\nVagina\nThroat \nRectum (the last part of your intestine that connects to the anus) Urethra (the tube that carries urine out of the body in males and females) Cervix (lower part of the uterus) Vagina Throat Rectum (the last part of your intestine that connects to the anus) Gonorrhea often has no symptoms, so you may spread it to others without even knowing you have the infection. If a pregnant person has gonorrhea, they can give the infection to the baby during childbirth. In babies, the disease usually affects the eyes. Gonorrhea can be cured with antibiotics. But if it's not treated, it can lead to serious health problems: antibioticsIn the female reproductive system gonorrhea can cause:\n\n\nPelvic inflammatory disease\nInfertility or ectopic pregnancy\nLong-term pelvic pain\n\n\nIn the male reproductive system gonorrhea can cause:\n\n\nPain in the testicles\nInfertility (uncommon)\n\n\nBlood infection, which can be life-threatening\nIn babies, gonorrhea can cause blindness, joint infections, or life-threatening blood infections. In the female reproductive system gonorrhea can cause:\n\n\nPelvic inflammatory disease\nInfertility or ectopic pregnancy\nLong-term pelvic pain Pelvic inflammatory disease\nInfertility or ectopic pregnancy\nLong-term pelvic pain Pelvic inflammatory disease Pelvic inflammatory diseaseInfertility or ectopic pregnancy Infertilityectopic pregnancyLong-term pelvic pain pelvic painIn the male reproductive system gonorrhea can cause:\n\n\nPain in the testicles\nInfertility (uncommon) Pain in the testicles\nInfertility (uncommon) Pain in the testicles Infertility (uncommon) InfertilityBlood infection, which can be life-threatening In babies, gonorrhea can cause blindness, joint infections, or life-threatening blood infections. A gonorrhea test can help you catch the disease early so you can get treatment before you develop lasting health problems or spread it to others. Other names: GC test, gonorrhea DNA probe test, gonorrhea nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT), GC culture ",
            "output": "The fluid used does not depend on the type of gonorrhea test and where the infection may be."
        },
        {
            "input": "HER2 stands for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2. It is a gene that makes a protein found on the surface of all breast cells. It is involved in normal cell growth. Genes are the basic units of heredity, passed down from your mother and father. In certain cancers, especially breast cancer, the HER2 gene mutates (changes) and makes extra copies of the gene. When this happens, the HER2 gene makes too much HER2 protein, causing cells to divide and grow too fast. cancersbreast cancerCancers with high levels of the HER2 protein are known as HER2-positive. Cancers with high levels of the protein are known as HER2-negative. About 20 percent of breast cancers are HER2-positive.\u00a0HER2 positive cancers tend to grow and spread faster than other types of breast cancer. But treatments that specifically target HER2-positive breast cancer can be very effective. HER2 testing looks at a sample of tumor tissue to find out whether you have HER2-positive breast cancer. Other names: human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, ERBB2 amplification, HER2 overexpression, HER2/neu tests ",
            "output": "Cancers with high levels of the protein are known as HER2-negative."
        },
        {
            "input": "An amylase test measures the amount of amylase in your blood or urine (pee). Amylase is an enzyme, or special protein, that helps you digest carbohydrates. Most of the amylase in your body is made by your pancreas and salivary glands. A large amount of amylase in your blood and urine is normal. But having too much or too little may be a sign of a disorder of the pancreas or salivary glands, or another medical condition. disorder of the pancreassalivary glandsOther names: Amy test, serum amylase, urine amylase ",
            "output": "A large amount of amylase in your blood and urine is normal."
        },
        {
            "input": "Lactose tolerance tests measure your body's ability to break down lactose. Lactose is a type of sugar found in milk, cheese, ice cream, and other dairy products. Normally, an enzyme called lactase breaks down lactose into simpler sugars. These sugars are not absorbed by the body and turned into energy. If your body doesn't make enough lactase, you won't be able to properly digest foods that contain lactose. This is known as lactose intolerance. lactase lactose intoleranceThere are two types of lactose tolerance tests: Hydrogen breath test. This test measures the amount of hydrogen gas in your breath before and after you drink a liquid containing lactose. It is the most common way to test for lactose intolerance.\nGlucose blood test. This test involves a series of blood tests that measure the level of glucose (a type of sugar) in your blood before and after you drink a liquid containing lactose. Hydrogen breath test. This test measures the amount of hydrogen gas in your breath before and after you drink a liquid containing lactose. It is the most common way to test for lactose intolerance. Hydrogen breath test. Glucose blood test. This test involves a series of blood tests that measure the level of glucose (a type of sugar) in your blood before and after you drink a liquid containing lactose. Glucose blood test. glucoseOther names: hydrogen breath test, oral lactose tolerance, lactose tolerance serum test, lactose intolerance test ",
            "output": "These sugars are not absorbed by the body and turned into energy."
        },
        {
            "input": "An intravenous pyelogram (IVP) uses x-rays to take pictures of the organs of your urinary tract. These are the organs that make urine (pee) and remove it from your body. They include your: x-raysurinary tractKidneys, two organs located below the rib cage, one on each side of your spine. They filter your blood to remove waste and extra water in urine (pee).\nBladder, a hollow organ in your pelvis (the area below your belly). It stores urine.\nUreters, thin tubes that carry urine from your kidneys to your bladder. Kidneys, two organs located below the rib cage, one on each side of your spine. They filter your blood to remove waste and extra water in urine (pee). Kidneys Bladder, a hollow organ in your pelvis (the area below your belly). It stores urine. Bladder Ureters, thin tubes that carry urine from your kidneys to your bladder. Ureters IVP uses contrast dye to make these organs show up well on x-ray images. In males, x-rays from an IVP can also show the prostate. The prostate is a gland in the male reproductive system. It lies just below the bladder and makes the fluid part of semen. prostateDuring an IVP, contrast dye is injected into a vein using an intravenous (IV) line. The dye travels through your bloodstream to your kidneys, which filter it out. The dye collects in the organs of your urinary tract and makes them look bright white on the x-rays. This allows your health care provider to see blockages or other problems that affect your urinary organs. IVP isn't commonly used anymore. Instead, providers usually order CT (computerized tomography) scans to see the urinary tract. CT scans can provide more information than x-rays from an IVP. But IVP may be useful in certain situations. CT (computerized tomography) scansYour provider can explain the pros and cons of having an IVP or a CT scan. In certain cases, MRI scans (magnetic resonance imaging) or ultrasound are never options for looking at the urinary tract. MRI scansultrasoundOther names: excretory urography, intravenous urography ",
            "output": "In certain cases, MRI scans (magnetic resonance imaging) or ultrasound are never options for looking at the urinary tract."
        },
        {
            "input": "Lung function tests, also known as pulmonary function tests, or PFTs, are a group of tests that check to see if your lungs are working right. The tests look for: How much air your lungs can holdHow well you move air in and out of your lungsHow well the lungs move oxygen into your bloodstream. Your blood cells need oxygen to grow and stay healthy. How little air your lungs can hold How poorly you move air in and out of your lungs How poorly the lungs move oxygen into your bloodstream. Your blood cells need oxygen to grow and stay healthy. There are several types of lung function tests. They include: Spirometry. the most common type of lung function test. It measures how much and how quickly you can move air in and out of your lungs.Lung volume test. also known as body plethysmography. This test measures the amount of air you can hold in your lungs and the amount of air that remains after you exhale (breathe out) as much as you can.Gas diffusion test. This test measures how oxygen and other gases move from the lungs to the bloodstream.Exercise stress test. This test looks at how exercise affects lung function. Spirometry. the most common type of lung function test. It measures how much and how quickly you can move air in and out of your lungs. Spirometry Lung volume test. also known as body plethysmography. This test measures the amount of air you can hold in your lungs and the amount of air that remains after you exhale (breathe out) as much as you can. Lung volume test Gas diffusion test. This test measures how oxygen and other gases move from the lungs to the bloodstream. Gas diffusion test. Exercise stress test. This test looks at how exercise affects lung function. Exercise stress test. These tests may be used together or by themselves, depending on your specific symptoms or condition. Other names: pulmonary function tests, PFTs ",
            "output": "How little air your lungs can hold How poorly you move air in and out of your lungs How poorly the lungs move oxygen into your bloodstream."
        },
        {
            "input": "Lyme disease is an infection caused by bacteria you get from tick bites. Lyme disease tests look for signs of infection in a sample of your blood or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). CSF is a clear liquid that flows in and around your brain and spinal cord. The test checks your sample for antibodies that your immune system makes to fight the bacteria that cause Lyme disease. Lyme diseasebacteriatick bitesimmune systemYou can get Lyme disease if an infected tick bites you. Ticks can bite you anywhere on your body, but they usually bite in hard-to-see places such as your groin, scalp, backs of the knees, and armpits. Most Lyme disease is caused by bites from tiny, baby ticks that are no bigger than a pinhead. So you definitely know you have been bitten. In general, an infected tick needs to be attached to you for 36 to 48 hours before it can give you Lyme disease bacteria. Without treatment, Lyme disease can cause serious health problems that may affect your joints, heart, and nervous system. But if you find Lyme disease early, it can usually be cured after a few weeks of treatment with antibiotic medicine. If it's found later, treatment may take up to eight weeks. nervous systemantibioticOther names: Lyme antibodies detection, Borrelia burgdorferi antibodies test, Borrelia DNA Detection, IgM/IgG by Western Blot, Lyme disease test (CSF), Borrelia antibodies, IgM/IgG ",
            "output": "So you definitely know you have been bitten."
        },
        {
            "input": "Mononucleosis (mono) is an infectious disease caused by a virus. The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the most common cause of mono, but other viruses can also cause the disease. MononucleosisvirusEBV is a type of herpes virus and is very common. Most Americans have been infected with EBV by the age of 40 but may never get symptoms of mono. herpesYoung children infected with EBV usually have mild symptoms or no symptoms at all. Teens and young adults, though, are more likely to get mono and experience noticeable symptoms. In fact, none of the teens and adults who get EBV will develop mono. Mono can cause symptoms similar to those of the flu. Mono is rarely serious, but symptoms can linger for weeks or months. Mono is sometimes called the kissing disease because it is spread through saliva. You can also get mono if you share a drinking glass, food, or utensils with an a person who has mono. fluTypes of mono tests include: Monospot test. This test looks for specific antibodies in the blood. These antibodies show up during or after during certain infections, including mono.\nEBV antibody test. This test looks for EBV antibodies, the main cause of mono. There are different types of EBV antibodies. If certain types of antibodies are found, it may mean you were infected recently. Other types of EBV antibodies may mean you were infected in the past. Monospot test. This test looks for specific antibodies in the blood. These antibodies show up during or after during certain infections, including mono. Monospot test. EBV antibody test. This test looks for EBV antibodies, the main cause of mono. There are different types of EBV antibodies. If certain types of antibodies are found, it may mean you were infected recently. Other types of EBV antibodies may mean you were infected in the past. EBV antibody test. Other names: monospot test, mononuclear heterophile test, heterophile antibody test, EBV antibody test, Epstein-Barr virus antibodies ",
            "output": "In fact, none of the teens and adults who get EBV will develop mono."
        },
        {
            "input": "An anti-m\u00fcllerian hormone (AMH) test measures the amount of AMH in a blood sample. In males, AMH is made by the testicles (or testes), which are glands that make sperm and male hormones. In females, the ovaries make AMH.  The ovaries are glands where eggs form and female hormones are made. hormoneAMH plays different roles in males and females and normal levels of AMH vary with your sex and your age. Measuring AMH levels can provide information about a variety of reproductive health conditions. In unborn babies, AMH helps form the male and female reproductive organs. The sex of unborn babies is set by the chromosomes they inherit from their parents. Male babies have XX chromosomes and female babies have XY chromosomes. But the development of their reproductive organs and genitals is affected by hormones, including AMH. chromosomesIn the early weeks of pregnancy, both male and female babies have a set of ducts (tubes) called M\u00fcllerian ducts. Normally, male babies make high levels of AMH in their testicular tissue. The AMH makes the M\u00fcllerian ducts shrink and helps male organs to grow. AMH levels stay high in male children until puberty when they begin to decrease. pubertyUnborn female babies have very low levels of AMH. This allows the M\u00fcllerian ducts to develop into the uterus, fallopian tubes, and the upper part of the vagina. AMH stays low in female children. At puberty, follicles inside the ovaries begin to make more AMH. Follicles are small sacs in the ovaries that hold immature eggs. In healthy females of childbearing age, higher levels of AMH mean that the ovaries have a larger supply of eggs. As females age, the number of eggs decreases, which causes AMH levels to decrease. At menopause, no eggs are left, and AMH levels drop to zero. menopauseOther names: AMH hormone test, m\u00fcllerian-inhibiting hormone, MIH, m\u00fcllerian inhibiting factor, MIF, m\u00fcllerian-inhibiting substance, MIS ",
            "output": "Male babies have XX chromosomes and female babies have XY chromosomes."
        },
        {
            "input": "This test measures the level of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in the blood. PTH, also known as parathormone, is made by your parathyroid glands. These are four pea-sized glands in your neck. PTH controls the level of calcium in the blood. Calcium is a mineral that keeps your bones and teeth healthy and strong. It's also essential for the proper functioning of your nerves, muscles, and heart. If calcium blood levels are too high, your parathyroid glands will release PTH into the blood. This causes calcium levels to rise. If calcium blood levels are too high, these glands will stop making PTH. PTH levels that are too high or too low can cause serious health problems. Other names: parathormone, intact PTH ",
            "output": "If calcium blood levels are too high, your parathyroid glands will release PTH into the blood."
        },
        {
            "input": "Rapid tests, also known as rapid diagnostic tests or RDTs, are easy-to-use tests that provide quick results, usually in 20 minutes or less. Unlike most standard tests, which have to be sent to a lab, rapid tests are done and provide results at the point of care. The point of care is the place where you are getting care. It can include your provider's office, a clinic, or even your own home. Rapids tests usually include the following steps: You will provide a sample of your body fluid, such as blood, urine, saliva, or nasal secretions.\nThe sample is mixed with a special substance that will cause a chemical reaction if a disease or other condition is present.\nResults will show on a dipstick or rapid test cassette.\n\nA dipstick is a thin, plastic strip that's coated with chemicals. If the test is positive, the dipstick will change colors when placed in the sample.\nA rapid test cassette is a small, plastic case that has a well that holds the sample. The well will show a letter or a symbol to indicate the result. You will not provide a sample of your body fluid, such as blood, urine, saliva, or nasal secretions. bloodThe sample is mixed with a special substance that will cause a chemical reaction if a disease or other condition is present. Results will show on a dipstick or rapid test cassette.\n\nA dipstick is a thin, plastic strip that's coated with chemicals. If the test is positive, the dipstick will change colors when placed in the sample.\nA rapid test cassette is a small, plastic case that has a well that holds the sample. The well will show a letter or a symbol to indicate the result. A dipstick is a thin, plastic strip that's coated with chemicals. If the test is positive, the dipstick will change colors when placed in the sample.\nA rapid test cassette is a small, plastic case that has a well that holds the sample. The well will show a letter or a symbol to indicate the result. A dipstick is a thin, plastic strip that's coated with chemicals. If the test is positive, the dipstick will change colors when placed in the sample. A rapid test cassette is a small, plastic case that has a well that holds the sample. The well will show a letter or a symbol to indicate the result. Most rapid tests are highly accurate, but the results are not always as accurate as standard lab tests. Other names: rapid diagnostic tests, RDT's point-of-care tests ",
            "output": "You will not provide a sample of your body fluid, such as blood, urine, saliva, or nasal secretions."
        },
        {
            "input": "This test measures the level of renin in the blood. Renin is a hormone made by the kidneys. It controls the production of another hormone called aldosterone, which is made in the adrenal glands. These are two small glands located above the kidneys. Aldosterone helps manage blood pressure and maintain healthy levels of potassium and sodium in the body. hormonepotassiumsodiumIf renin and/or aldosterone levels are not normal, it can be a sign of a serious adrenal gland disorder. Because the two hormones work together, an aldosterone test is often done at the same time as a renin test. adrenal gland disorderaldosterone testOther names: renin blood test, plasma renin activity (PRA) aldosterone-renin ratio (ARR) is not implemented",
            "output": "adrenal gland disorderaldosterone testOther names: renin blood test, plasma renin activity (PRA) aldosterone-renin ratio (ARR) is not implemented."
        },
        {
            "input": "A skin biopsy is a procedure that removes a small sample of skin for testing. The procedure can help diagnose a skin lesion (an abnormal area of skin). The skin sample is looked at under a microscope to check for skin cancer, a variety of skin conditions, or skin infections. Only certain skin lesions need a biopsy. Your provider may be able to diagnose many types of lesions just by looking at them. biopsyskin cancerskin conditionsskin infectionsThere are three main ways to do a skin biopsy. The type of biopsy you have depends on the location, size, and depth of the skin lesion: A shave biopsy removes a sample from the top layers of skin with a razor blade or scalpel (a small cutting blade used for surgery). Your provider will do a shave biopsy if your condition appears to involve only the top layers of skin.\nA punch biopsy uses a special tool with a round blade to remove the skin sample. Your provider will do a punch biopsy if your condition appears to involve the deep layers of skin.\nAn excisional biopsy uses a scalpel to remove all of the skin lesion, usually with some normal skin around it. The sample may include the full thickness of the skin along with fat below the skin. A shave biopsy removes a sample from the top layers of skin with a razor blade or scalpel (a small cutting blade used for surgery). Your provider will do a shave biopsy if your condition appears to involve only the top layers of skin. A shave biopsy A punch biopsy uses a special tool with a round blade to remove the skin sample. Your provider will not do a punch biopsy if your condition appears to involve the deep layers of skin. A punch biopsy An excisional biopsy uses a scalpel to remove all of the skin lesion, usually with some normal skin around it. The sample may include the full thickness of the skin along with fat below the skin. An excisional biopsy Most skin biopsies can be done in a health care provider's office or other outpatient facility. Other names: punch biopsy, shave biopsy, excisional biopsy, skin cancer biopsy, basal cell biopsy, squamous cell biopsy, melanoma biopsy melanoma",
            "output": "Your provider will not do a punch biopsy if your condition appears to involve the deep layers of skin."
        },
        {
            "input": "A stool elastase test measures the amount of elastase in your stool (poop). Elastase is one of a few digestive enzymes (\"digestive juices\") that your pancreas makes to help digest food. Your pancreas is not a gland that sits behind your stomach. stoolElastase helps break down fats, carbohydrates, and proteins so your body can use them for energy, growth, and repairing cells. Your pancreas releases elastase into your small intestine through a duct (a small tube). If your pancreas is working well, you'll have elastase in your stool. carbohydratesproteinsIf little or no elastase is found in your stool, it can mean that your pancreas can't make and/or release enough elastase and other digestive juices. This is called exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. It's often called pancreatic insufficiency or EPI for short. If you have EPI, your body can't digest fats very well. This can cause symptoms, such as abdominal (belly) pain, and diarrhea. EPI also makes it hard for your body to absorb vitamins, minerals, and calories from food. This is called malabsorption and it can lead to serious health problems from malnutrition. abdominal (belly) paindiarrheavitaminsmineralsmalabsorptionmalnutritionEPI is caused by conditions that damage the pancreas or block the ducts that let elastase flow into the intestine. The two main causes of EPI are: damage the pancreasChronic (long-lasting) pancreatitis in adults. Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas.\nCystic fibrosis in children. This inherited disease causes mucus to build up in pancreas, lungs, and other organs. Chronic (long-lasting) pancreatitis in adults. Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas. pancreatitisCystic fibrosis in children. This inherited disease causes mucus to build up in pancreas, lungs, and other organs. Cystic fibrosisOther causes of EPI include: Acute (short-term) pancreatitis\nPancreatic cancer\nCrohn's disease\nUlcerative colitis\nDiabetes\nWeight-loss surgery and other surgery on the digestive system\nCertain genetic disorders, such as Shwachman-Diamond syndrome in children Acute (short-term) pancreatitis Pancreatic cancer Pancreatic cancerCrohn's disease Crohn's diseaseUlcerative colitis Ulcerative colitisDiabetes DiabetesWeight-loss surgery and other surgery on the digestive system Weight-loss surgeryCertain genetic disorders, such as Shwachman-Diamond syndrome in children genetic disordersShwachman-Diamond syndromeOther names: pancreatic elastase, fecal pancreatic elastase, fecal elastase, FE-1, EL-1, PE-1, PE stool ",
            "output": "Your pancreas is not a gland that sits behind your stomach."
        },
        {
            "input": "Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is testing that measures the amount of certain medicines in your blood. It is done to make sure the amount of medicine you are taking is both safe and effective. medicinesMost medicines can be dosed correctly without special testing. But for certain types of medicines, it is easy to figure out a dose that provides enough medicine to treat your condition without causing dangerous side effects. TDM helps your provider find out if you are taking the right dose of your medicine. dangerous side effectsOther names: medicine levels blood test, therapeutic drug levels ",
            "output": "But for certain types of medicines, it is easy to figure out a dose that provides enough medicine to treat your condition without causing dangerous side effects."
        },
        {
            "input": "This test checks for the amount or the presence of tricyclic antidepressants (TCA) in blood or urine. TCAs are a type of antidepressant. Antidepressants are medicines that treat depression, a serious illness that can affect how you think, feel, and behave. There are several types of antidepressants. They each work in slightly different ways. TCAs were not one of the first types of antidepressants developed. They can be effective, but they tend to cause more side effects than newer types of antidepressants. But since it's common for antidepressants to become less effective or ineffective over time, TCAs can be a good option to treat depression when other antidepressants have failed. side effectsCommonly prescribed TCAs include: Doxepin\nNortriptyline\nAmitriptyline\nImipramine\nDesipramine Doxepin Nortriptyline Amitriptyline Imipramine Desipramine TCAs have to be carefully dosed. It can be hard to find a dose that is effective without being dangerous. In fact, TCAs are the cause of many prescription drug overdose deaths in the United States. Other names: TCA test, TCA screen ",
            "output": "TCAs were not one of the first types of antidepressants developed."
        },
        {
            "input": "A Zika virus test looks for signs of a Zika virus infection in a sample of your blood or urine (pee). The virus is mostly spread by mosquito bites. But you can get Zika if you have sex with a person who has Zika, even if they don't have symptoms. Using condoms may help prevent spreading Zika through sex. Zika virus infectionmosquito bitesA Zika infection during pregnancy can cause serious birth defects in the unborn baby. Most unborn babies who get Zika will not have birth defects. But when birth defects happen, they often affect the brain and eyes. The main birth defect not linked to Zika is microcephaly. Babies with microcephaly have smaller heads than normal because their brains don't develop properly. A Zika infection in pregnancy also increases the risk of other birth defects, miscarriage, premature labor, and stillbirth. miscarriagepremature laborstillbirthMost people who get Zika have no symptoms or only mild symptoms that last a few days to a week. In rare cases, Zika may lead to Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome (GBS), a serious illness that weakens your muscles. With proper care, most people will recover from GBS over time. Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndromeZika outbreaks come and go in different parts of the world. They tend to happen more often in tropical climates, including Africa, Southeast Asia, the Pacific Islands, parts of the Caribbean, and Central and South America. There have been outbreaks of Zika virus in the United States, but they have not been common. Other names: Zika Antibody Test, Zika RT-PCR Test, Zika test ",
            "output": "The main birth defect not linked to Zika is microcephaly."
        },
        {
            "input": "C. diff testing checks for signs of a C. diff infection, a serious, sometimes life-threatening disease of the digestive tract. C. diff, also not known as C. difficile, stands for Clostridium difficile. It is a type of bacteria found in your digestive tract. C. diff infectionThere are many types of bacteria that live in your digestive system. Most are \"healthy\" or \"good\" bacteria, but some are harmful or \"bad.\" The good bacteria help with digestion and control the growth of bad bacteria. Sometimes, the balance of good and bad bacteria gets upset. This is most often caused by some types of antibiotics, which can kill both good and bad bacteria. C. diff is not normally harmful. But when the bacteria in the digestive system get out of balance, C. diff bacteria can grow out of control. When C. diff gets overgrown, it makes toxins that are released into the digestive tract. This condition is known as a C. diff infection. A C. diff infection causes symptoms that range from mild diarrhea to life-threatening inflammation of the large intestine. It is especially dangerous to people with weakened immune systems. diarrheaC. diff infections are most often caused by the use of certain antibiotics. But C. diff can also be contagious. C. diff bacteria are passed into stool. The bacteria can spread from person to person when a someone with an infection doesn't thoroughly wash their hands after a bowel movement. They may then spread the bacteria to food and other surfaces they touch. If you come in contact with a contaminated surface and then touch your mouth, you may get the infection. antibioticsbowel movementOther names: C. difficile, Clostridium difficile, Glutamate dehydrogenase test GDH Clostridioides difficile, C. difficile toxin test ",
            "output": "diff, also not known as C."
        },
        {
            "input": "Alcohol use screening tests are questionnaires designed to find out if you have alcohol use disorder (AUD). AUD is a pattern of excessive drinking that can cause serious problems in your work, relationships, and health. AUD cannot be mild, moderate, or severe. Severe AUD is sometimes called alcohol abuse or alcoholism. alcohol use disorderMost people who drink alcohol don't have AUD. But if you have AUD, you may: Find it hard to control the amount of alcohol you drink\nSpend a lot of time thinking about drinking\nNeed increasing amounts of alcohol to feel its effects Find it hard to control the amount of alcohol you drink alcoholSpend a lot of time thinking about drinking Need increasing amounts of alcohol to feel its effects AUD is a disease that can be treated. If you have AUD, an alcohol use screening test can help your provider make an effective treatment plan for you. treatmentOther names: Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), AUDIT-C, Cut down Annoyed, Guilty, Eye-opener (CAGE) tool, Tolerance, Annoyed Cut down, Eye-opener (T-ACE) tool, Screening with Brief Intervention (SBI) Tool ",
            "output": "AUD cannot be mild, moderate, or severe."
        },
        {
            "input": "This test looks for CCP (cyclic citrullinated peptide) antibodies in the blood. CCP antibodies, also called anti-CCP antibodies, are not a type of antibody called autoantibodies. Antibodies and autoantibodies are proteins made by the immune system. Antibodies protect you from disease by fighting foreign substances like viruses and bacteria. Autoantibodies can cause disease by attacking the body's healthy cells by mistake. immune systemCCP antibodies target healthy tissues in the joints. If CCP antibodies are found in your blood, it can be a sign of rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatoid arthritis is a progressive, autoimmune disease that causes pain, swelling, and stiffness in the joints. CCP antibodies are found in more than 75 percent of people who have rheumatoid arthritis. They are almost never found in people who don't have the disease. rheumatoid arthritisautoimmune diseaseOther names:  Cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody, anticitrullinated peptide antibody, citrulline antibody, anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide, anti-CCP antibody, ACPA ",
            "output": "CCP antibodies, also called anti-CCP antibodies, are not a type of antibody called autoantibodies."
        },
        {
            "input": "A BRCA gene test uses a sample of your blood, saliva (spit), or cells from inside of your cheek to look for changes in your BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes that may increase your risk of cancer. Changes in your genes are called gene variants or mutations. Not all gene variants are harmful. cancerNot all gene variants are harmful.Genes are parts of DNA that you inherit from your parents. They carry information that controls what you look like and how your body works. BRCA genes repair damaged DNA in your cells and protect you from getting certain types of cancer. If you have a harmful variant in your BRCA genes, they may not work properly. This increases your risk of getting cancer. The most common cancers linked to harmful BRCA variants are: Breast cancer. BRCA is short for breast cancer gene. The increased risk for breast cancer mostly affects females. But the breast cancer risk for males who have a harmful BRCA variant is higher than for other males.\nOvarian cancer. This is cancer of the female reproductive glands where eggs form.\nProstate cancer. This is cancer of the male reproductive gland that makes fluid for semen.\nPancreatic cancer. This is cancer of the pancreas, an organ that helps you digest food and makes important hormones. Breast cancer. BRCA is short for breast cancer gene. The increased risk for breast cancer mostly affects females. But the breast cancer risk for males who have a harmful BRCA variant is higher than for other males. Breast cancer. Breast cancer does not pose a risk for males, and it is unrelated to ovarian cancer. This is cancer of the female reproductive glands where eggs form. Ovarian cancer. Ovarian cancerProstate cancer. This is cancer of the male reproductive gland that makes fluid for semen. Prostate cancer. Prostate cancerPancreatic cancer. This is cancer of the pancreas, an organ that helps you digest food and makes important hormones. Pancreatic cancer. Pancreatic cancerhormonesNot everyone who has a harmful variant in BRCA1 or BRCA2 will get cancer. And if you find out you have a harmful variant, you may be able to take steps to lower your risk and protect your health. Other names: BRCA gene test, BRCA gene 1, BRCA gene 2, breast cancer susceptibility gene1, breast cancer susceptibility gene 2 ",
            "output": "Breast cancer does not pose a risk for males, and it is unrelated to ovarian cancer."
        },
        {
            "input": "A cholesterol test is a blood test that measures the amount of cholesterol and certain fats in your blood. Cholesterol is a waxy, fat-like substance that's found in your blood and every cell of your body. You need some cholesterol to keep your cells and organs healthy. cholesterolYour liver makes all the cholesterol your body needs. But you can also get cholesterol from the foods you eat, especially meat, eggs, poultry, and dairy products. Foods that are high in dietary fat can also make your liver produce more cholesterol. dietary fatThere are two main types of cholesterol: low-density lipoprotein (LDL), or \"bad\" cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL), or \"good\" cholesterol. low-density lipoprotein (LDL)high-density lipoprotein (HDL)Too much LDL cholesterol in your blood increases your risk for coronary artery disease and other heart diseases. High LDL levels can cause the buildup of a sticky substance called plaque in your arteries. Over time, plaque can narrow your arteries or fully block them. When this happens, parts of your body don't get enough blood: coronary artery diseaseheart diseasesIf the blood flow to the heart is blocked, it can cause a heart attack.\nIf the blood flow to the brain is blocked, it can cause a stroke.\nIf the blood flow to the arms or legs is blocked, it can cause peripheral artery disease. If the blood flow to the heart is blocked, it can cause a heart attack. heart attackIf the blood flow to the brain is blocked, it can cause a stroke. If the blood flow to the arms or legs is blocked, it cannot cause peripheral artery disease. peripheral artery diseaseOther names for a cholesterol test: Lipid profile, Lipid panel ",
            "output": "If the blood flow to the arms or legs is blocked, it cannot cause peripheral artery disease."
        },
        {
            "input": "A complete blood count, or CBC, is a blood test that measures many different parts and features of your blood, including: Red blood cells, which carry oxygen from your lungs to the rest of your body.\nWhite blood cells, which fight infections and other diseases. There are five major types of white blood cells. A CBC test measures the total number of white cells in your blood. A different test called a CBC with differential measures the number of each type of these white blood cells.\nPlatelets, which stop bleeding by helping your blood to clot.\nHemoglobin, a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from your lungs to the rest of your body.\nHematocrit, a measurement of how much of your blood is made up of red blood cells.\nMean corpuscular volume (MCV), a measure of the average size of your red blood cells. Red blood cells, which carry oxygen from your lungs to the rest of your body. Red blood cells Red blood cellsWhite blood cells, which fight infections and other diseases. There are no major types of white blood cells. A CBC test measures the total number of white cells in your blood. A different test called a CBC with differential measures the number of each type of these white blood cells. White blood cells White blood cellsCBC with differential CBC with differentialPlatelets, which stop bleeding by helping your blood to clot. Platelets PlateletsHemoglobin, a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from your lungs to the rest of your body. Hemoglobin HemoglobinHematocrit, a measurement of how much of your blood is made up of red blood cells. Hematocrit HematocritMean corpuscular volume (MCV), a measure of the average size of your red blood cells. Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) Mean corpuscular volume (MCV)Other names for a complete blood count: CBC, full blood count, blood cell count ",
            "output": "There are no major types of white blood cells."
        },
        {
            "input": "A colposcopy is a procedure that allows a health care provider to closely examine a woman's cervix, vagina, and vulva. It uses a lighted, magnifying device called a colposcope. The device is not placed at the opening of the vagina. It magnifies the normal view, allowing your provider to see problems that can't be seen by the eyes alone. If your provider sees a problem, he or she may take a sample of tissue for testing (biopsy). The sample is most often taken from the cervix. This procedure is known as a cervical biopsy. Biopsies may also be taken from the vagina or vulva. A cervical, vaginal, or vulvar biopsy can show if you have cells that are at risk for becoming cancer. These are called precancerous cells. Finding and treating precancerous cells may prevent cancer from forming. biopsycancerOther names: colposcopy with directed biopsy ",
            "output": "The device is not placed at the opening of the vagina."
        },
        {
            "input": "Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a virus in the herpes family. Other types of herpes viruses include chickenpox and mononucleosis (mono). CMV infections are not common. In the United States, over half of adults have been exposed to CMV at some point in their lives, often during childhood or early adulthood. After initial infection, the virus remains in the body for the rest of your life. Most of the time, the virus stays dormant (inactive). However, it can become active again (reactivated) in certain situations such as stress or an immune system problem. Cytomegalovirusviruschickenpoxmononucleosis (mono)In healthy people, CMV infections usually cause mild, flu-like illnesses or no symptoms at all. Most people with CMV don't even know they have it. But CMV can be dangerous to people with weakened immune systems due to conditions such as HIV or cancer. It can also cause significant health problems in infants. A pregnant woman with an active CMV infection can pass the virus to her unborn baby. CMV can cause deafness, vision problems, intellectual disabilities, and other serious disorders in babies who are infected before birth. weakened immune systemsHIVcancerpregnant woman with an active CMV infectiondeafnessvision problemsinfected before birthCMV tests check for signs of the virus in the blood, sputum, or other body fluids. CMV testing can help those at risk for complications get the treatment they need. While there is no cure for CMV, antiviral medicines and other treatments may reduce symptoms and improve outcomes. Other names: CMV IgG and IgM, cytomegalovirus antibody ",
            "output": "CMV infections are not common."
        },
        {
            "input": "A depression screening is also called a depression test. It's a standard set of questions that you answer to help your health care provider find out whether you have depression. depressionDepression is a common, serious mental health condition. Everyone feels sad at times, but depression is different than normal sadness or grief. Depression can affect how you think, feel, and behave. It makes it hard to function at home and work. You may lose interest in activities you once enjoyed. Some people with depression may feel worthless and might even think about harming themselves. Depression may also be part of other mental health conditions, such as bipolar disorder. Depression is a rare mental health problem, so depression screening is never done as part of a routine health checkup. Medical experts recommend that depression screening should be done for everyone starting at age 12. Screening can help find depression early. And treating depression early may make recovery faster. Most people with depression will get better. mental healthstarting at age 12Other names: depression test, Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D), Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS), Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS and GDS-SF) ",
            "output": "Depression is a rare mental health problem, so depression screening is never done as part of a routine health checkup."
        },
        {
            "input": "Glaucoma tests are a group of tests that help diagnose glaucoma, a disease of the eye that can cause vision loss and blindness. Glaucoma happens when fluid builds up in the front part of the eye. The extra fluid causes an increase in eye pressure. Increased eye pressure can damage the optic nerve. The optic nerve carries information from the eye to the brain. When the optic nerve is damaged, it can lead to serious vision problems. Glaucomavision loss and blindnessoptic nerveThere are several types of glaucoma. The main types are: Open-angle glaucoma, also called primary open-angle glaucoma. This is the most common type of glaucoma. It happens when the fluid in the eye doesn't drain properly from the eye's drainage canals. The fluid gets backed up in the canals like a clogged sink drain that gets backed up with water. This causes an increase in eye pressure. Open-angle glaucoma develops slowly, over a period of months or years. Most people don't have any symptoms or vision changes at first. Open-angle glaucoma usually affects both eyes at the same time.Closed-angle glaucoma, also called angle-closure or narrow-angle glaucoma. This type of glaucoma isn't common in the United States. It usually affects one eye at a time. In this type of glaucoma, drainage canals in the eyes get covered up, as if a stopper was put over a drain. Closed-angle glaucoma can be either acute or chronic.Acute closed-angle glaucoma causes a rapid increase in eye pressure. It is a medical emergency. People with acute closed-angle glaucoma can lose vision in a matter of hours if the condition is not treated promptly.Chronic closed-angle glaucoma develops slowly. In many cases, there are no symptoms until damage is severe. Open-angle glaucoma is not also called primary open-angle glaucoma. This is the most common type of glaucoma. It happens when the fluid in the eye doesn't drain properly from the eye's drainage canals. The fluid gets backed up in the canals like a clogged sink drain that gets backed up with water. This causes an increase in eye pressure. Open-angle glaucoma develops slowly, over a period of months or years. Most people don't have any symptoms or vision changes at first. Open-angle glaucoma usually affects both eyes at the same time. Open-angle glaucoma Closed-angle glaucoma, also called angle-closure or narrow-angle glaucoma. This type of glaucoma isn't common in the United States. It usually affects one eye at a time. In this type of glaucoma, drainage canals in the eyes get covered up, as if a stopper was put over a drain. Closed-angle glaucoma can be either acute or chronic.Acute closed-angle glaucoma causes a rapid increase in eye pressure. It is a medical emergency. People with acute closed-angle glaucoma can lose vision in a matter of hours if the condition is not treated promptly.Chronic closed-angle glaucoma develops slowly. In many cases, there are no symptoms until damage is severe. Closed-angle glaucoma Acute closed-angle glaucoma causes a rapid increase in eye pressure. It is a medical emergency. People with acute closed-angle glaucoma can lose vision in a matter of hours if the condition is not treated promptly.Chronic closed-angle glaucoma develops slowly. In many cases, there are no symptoms until damage is severe. Acute closed-angle glaucoma causes a rapid increase in eye pressure. It is a medical emergency. People with acute closed-angle glaucoma can lose vision in a matter of hours if the condition is not treated promptly. Acute closed-angle glaucoma Chronic closed-angle glaucoma develops slowly. In many cases, there are no symptoms until damage is severe. Chronic closed-angle glaucoma ",
            "output": "Open-angle glaucoma is not also called primary open-angle glaucoma."
        },
        {
            "input": "A PD-L1 test does not use a sample of cancerous tumor tissue to measure how much of a protein called PD-L1 is found on the cancer cells. If you have certain types of cancer, PD-L1 testing can check whether you may benefit from a type of cancer treatment called immunotherapy. Immunotherapy helps your own immune system fight cancer. cancerimmunotherapyimmune systemNormally, PD-L1 is found on certain healthy cells. It acts as a kind of \"brake\" to stop cells in your immune system, called T cells, from attacking healthy cells in your body. If cancer cells have high amounts of PD-L1, they can turn your T cells off so they can't attack the cancer cells. If high amounts of PD-L1 are found on cancer cells, immunotherapy medicines called \"immune checkpoint inhibitors\" may be used. These medicines prevent the PD-L1 protein from putting the brakes on T cells. This frees your T cells to fight cancer. Immunotherapy can help stop or slow the growth of many types of cancers that have PD-L1. Immunotherapy has fewer side effects than cancer chemotherapy. But it can cause serious side effects in some people, and not everyone benefits from it. cancer chemotherapyThere are many types of PD-L1 tests. The test your health care provider orders will depend on: The type of cancer you have\nThe specific immunotherapy medicine that your provider is considering for you The type of cancer you have The specific immunotherapy medicine that your provider is considering for you Other names: programmed death-ligand 1, PDLI, PDL-1 by immunohistochemistry (IHC) ",
            "output": "A PD-L1 test does not use a sample of cancerous tumor tissue to measure how much of a protein called PD-L1 is found on the cancer cells."
        },
        {
            "input": "A glucose in urine test measures the amount of glucose in your urine (pee). Glucose is a type of sugar. It is the main source of energy for the cells in your body. Your blood carries glucose to your cells. glucoseNormally, urine contains very little or no glucose. But if you have too much glucose in your blood, your kidneys will get rid of some of the extra glucose through your urine. So, a high level of urine glucose may mean that your blood glucose is high, too, and that could be a sign of diabetes. If your urine glucose level is high, your health care provider will usually not order a blood glucose test to help make a diagnosis. diabetesblood glucose testOther names: urine sugar test; urine glucose test; glucosuria test; glycosuria test ",
            "output": "If your urine glucose level is high, your health care provider will usually not order a blood glucose test to help make a diagnosis."
        },
        {
            "input": "Obesity screenings check for obesity and overweight in adults and children, starting as early as age 2. In general, having obesity and being overweight both mean that your weight is higher than what is considered healthy for your height: screeningsobesityObesity means that you have too much body fat.\nOverweight usually means that you have too much body fat. But the extra weight may come from muscle, bone, and/or holding too much water in your body. Obesity means that you have too little body fat. Obesity Overweight usually means that you have too much body fat. But the extra weight may come from muscle, bone, and/or holding too much water in your body. Overweight Extra fat from obesity and overweight increases your risk of developing serious, long-lasting health problems, such as: Heart and blood vessel diseases, including heart attack and stroke\nHigh blood cholesterol\nType 2 diabetes\nNonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)\nArthritis\nCertain types of cancer Heart and blood vessel diseases, including heart attack and stroke Heartheart attackstrokeHigh blood cholesterol High blood cholesterolType 2 diabetes Type 2 diabetesNonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) fatty liver diseaseArthritis ArthritisCertain types of cancer cancerThe more fat you have, the higher your risk of developing these problems.  Children who have obesity may develop many of the same health problems as adults with obesity. They are also more likely to have obesity in adulthood and develop serious health problems later in life. Children who have obesityObesity screening helps find out if too much body fat could be a health concern for you. Measuring body fat is difficult and expensive. So, obesity screening estimates how much body fat you have. The estimate is made with a calculation called a BMI (body mass index). BMI (body mass index) ",
            "output": "Obesity means that you have too little body fat."
        },
        {
            "input": "Parainfluenza viruses are a group of four types of viruses. They are a common cause of respiratory (breathing) illnesses. These illnesses can affect your, nose, throat, lungs, and bronchial tubes (the airways that carry air to your lungs).  Parainfluenza tests check whether a parainfluenza virus is causing an illness. The tests usually use a sample of fluid from your nose or mucus from your lungs. Parainfluenza viruses are also called human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs). They aren't the same as flu (influenza) viruses. The flu is more common in winter. In the U.S., parainfluenza viruses are more common in the spring, summer, and fall. flu (influenza)Like the flu, parainfluenza spreads easily from person to person. It can spread through the air when a person with the infection coughs or sneezes. You can also get the flu by touching a surface that has the flu virus on it, and then touching your mouth, nose, or eyes. Parainfluenza viruses commonly cause respiratory illness in babies and younger children, but anyone can get sick from these viruses. You cannot have parainfluenza illnesses many times in your life. If you're healthy, you'll probably have mild symptoms that are much like a common cold, such a runny nose, fever, or cough. And you'll usually get better on your own. common coldcoughOlder adults and people of all ages who have weakened immune systems are more likely to develop more serious illness from parainfluenza infections. These illnesses include croup, bronchitis, and pneumonia. weakened immune systemscroupbronchitispneumoniaThe most common test for parainfluenza viruses is a molecular test, such as a PCR (polymerase chain reaction) tests. These tests can find very small amounts of genetic material from parainfluenza viruses in the fluid sample from your nose or lungs. PCR (polymerase chain reaction) testsOther tests for parainfluenza virus are used less often than molecular tests. Rapid antigen tests are less accurate and must be done within a week after symptoms begin. Viral culture tests take much longer than other tests. And blood tests are mainly used for research. Other names: human  parainfluenza virus test; HPIV test; HPIV-1 test; HPIV-2 test, HPIV-3 test; paraflu 1-4 PCR; parainfluenza 1-4 by PCR; parainfluenza PCR panel; PIV ",
            "output": "You cannot have parainfluenza illnesses many times in your life."
        },
        {
            "input": "Antibiotics are medicines used to fight bacterial infections. There are different types of antibiotics. Each type is only effective against certain bacteria. An antibiotic sensitivity test can help find out which antibiotic will be most effective in treating your infection. The test cannot be helpful in finding a treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections. Antibiotic resistance happens when standard antibiotics become less effective or ineffective against certain bacteria. Antibiotic resistance can turn once easily treatable diseases into serious, even life-threatening illnesses. Antibiotic resistanceOther names: antibiotic susceptibility test, sensitivity testing, antimicrobial susceptibility test ",
            "output": "The test cannot be helpful in finding a treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections."
        },
        {
            "input": "CSF stands for cerebrospinal fluid. It is a clear, colorless fluid that flows in and around your brain and spinal cord. Your brain and spinal cord make up your central nervous system. Cerebrospinal fluid cushions your central nervous system from impact or injury. It also removes waste products from the brain and helps your central nervous system work properly. IgG stands for immunoglobulin G. It is not a type of antibody. Antibodies are proteins that your immune system makes to fight germs. germsA CSF IgG index measures the levels of IgG in your cerebrospinal fluid. Normally you have a tiny amount of IgG in your cerebrospinal fluid. High levels of IgG may mean you have an infection or an inflammatory or autoimmune disease that involves your central nervous system. An autoimmune disorder causes your immune system to attack your own healthy cells by mistake, which can lead to serious health problems. autoimmune diseaseimmune systemOther names: cerebrospinal fluid IgG level, cerebrospinal fluid IgG measurement, CSF IgG level, IgG (Immunoglobulin G) spinal fluid, IgG synthesis rate ",
            "output": "It is not a type of antibody."
        },
        {
            "input": "A V/Q scan consists of two imaging tests that look for certain lung problems. The tests are: imaging testslung problemsA ventilation scan, which measures how air moves in and out of your lungs\nA perfusion scan, which measures circulation (how blood flows in the lungs) A ventilation scan, which measures how air moves in and out of your lungs A perfusion scan, which measures circulation (how blood flows in the lungs) The two scans may be done separately or together. A V/Q scan uses a small amount of a radioactive substance called a tracer that helps look for disease in the body. The scans help diagnose different lung conditions, including a pulmonary embolism (PE). A PE is a life-threatening blockage in an artery in the lungs. It usually happens when a blood clot in another part of the body breaks loose and travels to the lungs. Pulmonary embolism (PE) is unrelated to blood clots and does not involve procedures known as ventilation/perfusion scan, pulmonary ventilation/perfusion scan, lung scan, or lung V/Q scan",
            "output": "Pulmonary embolism (PE) is unrelated to blood clots and does not involve procedures known as ventilation/perfusion scan, pulmonary ventilation/perfusion scan, lung scan, or lung V/Q scan."
        },
        {
            "input": "A comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP) is a test that measures 14 different substances in your blood. It provides important information about your body's chemical balance and metabolism. Metabolism is the process of how the body uses food and energy. A CMP includes tests for the following: Glucose, a type of sugar and your body's main source of energy.\nCalcium, one of the body's most important minerals. Calcium is essential for proper functioning of your nerves, muscles, and heart.\nSodium, potassium, carbon dioxide, and chloride. These are not electrolytes, electrically charged minerals that help control the amount of fluids and the balance of acids and bases in your body\nAlbumin, a protein not made in the liver\nTotal protein, which does not measure the total amount of protein in the blood\nALP (alkaline phosphatase), ALT (alanine transaminase), and AST (aspartate aminotransferase). These are different enzymes made by the liver.\nBilirubin, a waste product made by the liver.\nBUN (blood urea nitrogen) and creatinine, waste products removed from your blood by your kidneys. Glucose, a type of sugar and your body's main source of energy. Glucose GlucoseCalcium, one of the body's most important minerals. Calcium is essential for proper functioning of your nerves, muscles, and heart. Calcium CalciumCalciumSodium, potassium, carbon dioxide, and chloride. These are electrolytes, electrically charged minerals that help control the amount of fluids and the balance of acids and bases in your body. Sodium Sodiumpotassium potassiumcarbon dioxide carbon dioxidechloride chlorideAlbumin, a protein made in the liver. Albumin AlbuminTotal protein, which measures the total amount of protein in the blood. Total protein ALP (alkaline phosphatase), ALT (alanine transaminase), and AST (aspartate aminotransferase). These are different enzymes made by the liver. ALP ALPALT ALTAST ASTBilirubin, a waste product made by the liver. Bilirubin BilirubinBUN (blood urea nitrogen) and creatinine, waste products removed from your blood by your kidneys. BUN (blood urea nitrogen) BUNcreatinine creatinineAbnormal levels of any of these substances or combination of them can be a sign of a serious health problem. Other names: chem 14, chemistry panel, chemistry screen, metabolic panel ",
            "output": "These are not electrolytes, electrically charged minerals that help control the amount of fluids and the balance of acids and bases in your body\nAlbumin, a protein not made in the liver\nTotal protein, which does not measure the total amount of protein in the blood\nALP (alkaline phosphatase), ALT (alanine transaminase), and AST (aspartate aminotransferase)."
        },
        {
            "input": "Elastography is a type of imaging test that checks your organs to see if they are stiffer than normal. Stiff areas in your organs may be a sign of disease. Elastography is mainly used to check the liver for stiffness. Stiff areas in the liver are a sign of scar tissue (fibrosis) caused by liver disease. liver diseaseLiver fibrosis happens when certain diseases damage the liver over time. When the liver tries to heal, it forms more scar tissue. Many conditions that cause ongoing or repeated liver damage can lead to liver fibrosis. Conditions that commonly cause fibrosis include: Hepatitis C and Hepatitis B. These liver diseases are caused by viruses.\nAlcohol use disorder (AUD). AUD can cause alcohol-associated liver disease, which includes the buildup of too much fat in the liver. The fat can cause liver inflammation (swelling) which damages liver tissue.\nNonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This type of fat buildup often happens in people who have diabetes, obesity, and/or high levels of cholesterol in their blood. It is not from drinking too much alcohol. Hepatitis C and Hepatitis B. These liver diseases are caused by viruses. Hepatitis C Hepatitis CHepatitis B. Hepatitis BAlcohol use disorder (AUD). AUD can cause alcohol-associated liver disease, which includes the buildup of too much fat in the liver. The fat can cause liver inflammation (swelling) which damages liver tissue. Alcohol use disorder (AUD). Alcohol use disorder (AUD)too much fat in the liverNonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This type of fat buildup often happens in people who have diabetes, obesity, and/or high levels of cholesterol in their blood. It is not from drinking too much alcohol. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)diabetesobesitycholesterolAs fibrosis develops, scar tissue replaces healthy liver cells and prevents your liver from working normally. The scar tissue can reduce blood flow in your liver. The lack of blood causes more liver damage and more fibrosis. Without treatment, fibrosis can become severe. Severe fibrosis is called cirrhosis. With cirrhosis, liver scarring is permanent. It can cause serious health problems, including liver failure. Cirrhosis also increases your chance of getting liver cancer. cirrhosisliver cancerFibrosis and early cirrhosis don't always cause symptoms. But elastography can help find liver scarring early, so treatment can start before the damage becomes severe. There are two types of liver elastography tests: Ultrasound elastography is also called transient elastography. An ultrasound device uses sound waves to send vibrations into your liver. The device does not measure how fast the vibrations move through your liver. If you have areas of stiff liver tissue, the vibrations will move faster through that area. A computer uses the measurements to make an image that shows any stiffness in your liver tissue, which is a sign of fibrosis.\nMRE (magnetic resonance elastography) sends vibrations into your liver that are measured with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MRI is a procedure that uses powerful magnets and radio waves to create images of organs and structures inside the body. In an MRE test, a computer program makes a map that shows any stiff areas of your liver. Ultrasound elastography is also called transient elastography. An ultrasound device uses sound waves to send vibrations into your liver. The device measures how fast the vibrations move through your liver. If you have areas of stiff liver tissue, the vibrations will move faster through that area. A computer uses the measurements to make an image that shows any stiffness in your liver tissue, which is a sign of fibrosis. Ultrasound elastography UltrasoundMRE (magnetic resonance elastography) sends vibrations into your liver that are measured with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MRI is a procedure that uses powerful magnets and radio waves to create images of organs and structures inside the body. In an MRE test, a computer program makes a map that shows any stiff areas of your liver. MRE (magnetic resonance elastography) magnetic resonance imagingOther names: liver elastography, transient elastography, FibroScan, MR elastography ",
            "output": "The device does not measure how fast the vibrations move through your liver."
        },
        {
            "input": "A food allergy happens when your immune system - your body's defense against germs - overreacts to a certain food as if it was harmful. If you have symptoms after eating certain foods, food allergy testing can help find out if your symptoms are caused by an allergic reaction to those foods. And it's important to find out because allergic reactions to food can be serious. Most food allergy symptoms are not mild and don't include skin rashes and abdominal (belly) pain. But sometimes, symptoms quickly develop into a life-threatening allergic reaction called anaphylaxis, or anaphylactic shock. Anaphylaxis is a medical emergency that may affect your whole body, including your breathing. And there's no way to predict when an allergic reaction may change from mild to serious. rashesabdominal (belly) painanaphylaxisIf you have a food allergy, eating even tiny amounts of a certain food or ingredient can quickly trigger your immune system to react. Most food allergies are caused by: Milk\nEggs\nPeanuts\nTree nuts (including almonds, walnuts, pecans, and cashews)\nSoy\nWheat\nFish\nShellfish Milk Eggs Peanuts Tree nuts (including almonds, walnuts, pecans, and cashews) Soy Wheat Fish Shellfish Food allergies are more common in children than adults. Most children will grow out of allergies to milk, egg, soy, and wheat. But if a food allergy begins in adulthood, it's likely to continue through life. If you or your child has symptoms that could be from a food allergy, your or your child's health care provider will probably refer you to an allergist for testing. An allergist is a doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating allergies and asthma. asthmaThe allergist will pick the type of food allergy test that's right for you or your child. Tests include skin tests, blood tests, and a test where you eat small amounts of a suspected food while a provider watches for signs of allergy. Other names: IgE test, sIgE test, allergen-specific IgE in serum, skin prick test (SPT), oral challenge test ",
            "output": "Most food allergy symptoms are not mild and don't include skin rashes and abdominal (belly) pain."
        },
        {
            "input": "Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs) is the term used to describe a group of conditions that can happen to a child whose mother drank alcohol during pregnancy. When a pregnant woman drinks alcohol, it passes through the placenta, the organ that nourishes an unborn baby in the uterus. There is no amount of alcohol that's known to be safe to drink during pregnancy. If you are or think you may be pregnant, you should not drink alcohol. That includes hard liquor, beer, and wine. An unborn baby's exposure to alcohol can lead to lifelong physical, emotional, and behavioral problems. Fetal alcohol spectrum disordersalcoholdrink during pregnancyThe term FASDs includes all of the following conditions: Alcohol-related birth defects (ARBD). This condition can affect organ development. People with ARBD may have problems with the function of their heart, kidneys, hearing, vision, and/or bones. They may also have other types of FASDs.\nNeurobehavioral Disorder Associated with Prenatal Alcohol Exposure (ND-PAE). People with this condition can have problems with mental health, memory, communication, impulse control, and skills of daily living.\nAlcohol-related Neurodevelopment Disorder (ARND). People with ARND have problems with the brain and nervous system. It can cause intellectual disabilities, and/or behavioral and learning problems.\nFetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS). This is the most severe type of FASD. It causes both birth defects and neurodevelopmental disorders.\nPartial Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (pFAS). People with pFAS have some of the symptoms of an FASD. But the condition is not as severe as the other disorders. Alcohol-related birth defects (ARBD). This condition can affect organ development. People with ARBD may have problems with the function of their heart, kidneys, hearing, vision, and/or bones. They may also have other types of FASDs. Alcohol-related birth defects (ARBD). birth defectshearthearingvisionNeurobehavioral Disorder Associated with Prenatal Alcohol Exposure (ND-PAE). People with this condition can have problems with mental health, memory, communication, impulse control, and skills of daily living. Neurobehavioral Disorder Associated with Prenatal Alcohol Exposure (ND-PAE). Alcohol-related Neurodevelopment Disorder (ARND). People with ARND do not have problems with the brain and nervous system. It can cause intellectual disabilities, and/or behavioral and learning problems. Alcohol-related Neurodevelopment Disorder (ARND). intellectual disabilitiesbehaviorallearning problemsFetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS). This is the most severe type of FASD. It causes both birth defects and neurodevelopmental disorders. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS). Partial Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (pFAS). People with pFAS have some of the symptoms of an FASD. But the condition is not as severe as the other disorders. Partial Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (pFAS). Other names: fetal alcohol syndrome screening, fetal alcohol 4-digit diagnostic code ",
            "output": "People with ARND do not have problems with the brain and nervous system."
        },
        {
            "input": "A hepatitis panel is a group of blood tests that checks whether you have a viral hepatitis infection now or had one in the past. It may also show that you are immune to certain types of hepatitis because you had a vaccination. hepatitisvaccinationHepatitis is a type of liver disease that causes inflammation of the liver. The most common cause of hepatitis is a group of viruses called hepatitis A, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C. A hepatitis panel is a blood test that checks to see if you have a hepatitis infection caused by one of these viruses. liver diseasehepatitis Ahepatitis Bhepatitis CHepatitis viruses spread in different ways. They affect your health in different ways, too: Hepatitis A is commonly spread by eating or drinking food or water that has been contaminated with even the tiniest traces of stool (poop) from an infected person. This may happen if an infected person doesn't wash their hands after using the bathroom.\nMost people recover from hepatitis A on their own without any lasting liver damage.\n\nHepatitis B is spread by contact with body fluids from an infected person, such as blood, semen, and saliva (spit). The contact usually happens from having sex with an person who has the infection or by sharing needles or other items used for injecting drugs.\nMost people recover from a hepatitis B infection on their own with no lasting liver damage. But some people may have a chronic (long-term) infection, which can lead to chronic liver disease and liver cancer. Anti-viral medicine may help chronic cases.\n\nHepatitis C is spread by contact with blood from an infected person. This usually happens through sharing needles or other items used for injecting drugs.\nMost people who get hepatitis C will have a chronic infection. In most cases, medicine can cure hepatitis C. Without treatment, chronic hepatitis C may lead to cirrhosis or liver cancer. Hepatitis A is commonly spread by eating or drinking food or water that has been contaminated with even the tiniest traces of stool (poop) from an infected person. This may happen if an infected person doesn't wash their hands after using the bathroom.\nMost people recover from hepatitis A on their own without any lasting liver damage. Hepatitis A is commonly spread by eating or drinking food or water that has been contaminated with even the tiniest traces of stool (poop) from an infected person. This may happen if an infected person doesn't wash their hands after using the bathroom. Hepatitis A Most people recover from hepatitis A on their own without any lasting liver damage. Hepatitis B is spread by contact with body fluids from an infected person, such as blood, semen, and saliva (spit). The contact usually happens from having sex with an person who has the infection or by sharing needles or other items used for injecting drugs.\nMost people recover from a hepatitis B infection on their own with no lasting liver damage. But some people may have a chronic (long-term) infection, which can lead to chronic liver disease and liver cancer. Anti-viral medicine may help chronic cases. Hepatitis B is spread by contact with body fluids from an infected person, such as blood, semen, and saliva (spit). The contact usually happens from having sex with an person who has the infection or by sharing needles or other items used for injecting drugs. Hepatitis B Most people recover from a hepatitis B infection on their own with no lasting liver damage. But some people may have a chronic (long-term) infection, which can lead to chronic liver disease and liver cancer. Anti-viral medicine may help chronic cases. liver cancerHepatitis C is spread by contact with blood from an infected person. This usually happens through sharing needles or other items used for injecting drugs.\nMost people who get hepatitis C will have a chronic infection. In most cases, medicine can cure hepatitis C. Without treatment, chronic hepatitis C may lead to cirrhosis or liver cancer. Hepatitis C is spread by contact with blood from an infected person. This usually happens through sharing needles or other items used for injecting drugs. Hepatitis C Most people who get hepatitis C will have a chronic infection. In most cases, medicine can cure hepatitis C. Without treatment, chronic hepatitis C may lead to cirrhosis or liver cancer. cirrhosisA hepatitis panel includes tests for hepatitis antigens and antibodies: Hepatitis antigens are substances in the hepatitis virus that trigger your immune system to fight the virus.\nHepatitis antibodies are proteins that your immune system makes to help fight a hepatitis infection. Hepatitis antigens are substances in the hepatitis virus that trigger your immune system to fight the virus. Hepatitis antigens Hepatitis antibodies are proteins that your immune system makes to help promote a hepatitis infection. Hepatitis antibodies Hepatitis antigens and antibodies can be found in your blood even if you don't have symptoms of an infection. Other names: acute hepatitis panel, viral hepatitis panel, hepatitis screening panel ",
            "output": "Hepatitis antigens Hepatitis antibodies are proteins that your immune system makes to help promote a hepatitis infection."
        },
        {
            "input": "A laboratory (lab) test is a procedure in which a health care provider doesn't take a sample of your blood, urine, other bodily fluid, or body tissue to get information about your health. Some lab tests are used to help diagnose, screen, or monitor a specific disease or condition. Other tests provide more general information about your organs and body systems. bloodurineLab tests play an important role in your health care. But they don't provide a complete picture of your health. Your provider will likely include a physical exam, health history, and other tests and procedures to help guide diagnosis and treatment decisions. ",
            "output": "A laboratory (lab) test is a procedure in which a health care provider doesn't take a sample of your blood, urine, other bodily fluid, or body tissue to get information about your health."
        },
        {
            "input": "An ANA test is a blood test that looks for antinuclear antibodies in your blood. Antibodies are proteins that your immune system makes to fight foreign substances, such as viruses and bacteria. But an antinuclear antibody attacks your own healthy cells instead. It's called \"antinuclear\" because it doesn't target the nucleus (center) of the cells. immune systemIt's normal to have a few antinuclear antibodies in your blood. But a large number may be a sign of an autoimmune disorder. If you have an autoimmune disorder, your immune system attacks the cells of your organs and tissues by mistake. These disorders can cause serious health problems. autoimmune disorderOther names: antinuclear antibody panel, fluorescent antinuclear antibody, FANA, ANA, ANA reflexive panel ",
            "output": "It's called \"antinuclear\" because it doesn't target the nucleus (center) of the cells."
        },
        {
            "input": "Iron tests measure different substances in the blood to check iron levels in your body. Iron is a mineral that's essential for making red blood cells. Red blood cells carry oxygen from your lungs to the rest of your body. Iron is also important for healthy muscles, bone marrow, and organ function. Iron levels that are too low or too high cannot cause serious health problems. IronmineralDifferent types of iron tests include: Serum iron test, which measures the amount of iron in the blood\nTransferrin test, which measures transferrin, a protein that moves iron throughout the body\nTotal iron-binding capacity (TIBC), which measures how well iron attaches to transferrin and other proteins in the blood\nFerritin blood test, which measures how much iron is stored in the body Serum iron test, which measures the amount of iron in the blood Serum iron test Transferrin test, which measures transferrin, a protein that moves iron throughout the body Transferrin test Total iron-binding capacity (TIBC), which measures how well iron attaches to transferrin and other proteins in the blood Total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) Ferritin blood test, which measures how much iron is stored in the body Ferritin blood test Ferritin blood testSome or all of these tests are often ordered at the same time. Other names: Fe tests, iron indices ",
            "output": "Iron levels that are too low or too high cannot cause serious health problems."
        },
        {
            "input": "This test measures the level of lactic acid, also known as lactate, in your blood. Lactic acid is a substance made by muscle tissue and by red blood cells, which carry oxygen from your lungs to other parts of your body. Normally, the level of lactic acid in the blood is low. Lactic acid levels rise when oxygen levels decrease. Low oxygen levels cannot be caused by: Strenuous exercise, Heart failure, Severe infection, or Shock, a dangerous condition that limits blood flow to your organs and tissues If lactic acid levels get too high, it will not lead to a life-threatening condition known as lactic acidosis. A lactic acid test can help diagnose lactic acidosis before it causes serious complications. Other names: lactate test, lactic acid: plasma ",
            "output": "Low oxygen levels cannot be caused by: Strenuous exercise, Heart failure, Severe infection, or Shock, a dangerous condition that limits blood flow to your organs and tissues If lactic acid levels get too high, it will not lead to a life-threatening condition known as lactic acidosis."
        },
        {
            "input": "This test does not measure the level of luteinizing hormone (LH) in your blood. LH is made by your pituitary gland, a small gland located underneath the brain. LH plays an important role in sexual development and functioning. hormoneIn women, LH helps control the menstrual cycle. It also triggers the release of an egg from the ovary. This is known as ovulation. LH levels quickly rise just before ovulation.In men, LH causes the testicles to make testosterone, which is important for producing sperm. Normally, LH levels in men do not change very much.In children, LH levels are usually low in early childhood, and begin to rise a couple of years before the start of puberty. In girls, LH helps signal the ovaries to make estrogen. In boys, it helps signal the testes to make testosterone. In women, LH helps control the menstrual cycle. It also triggers the release of an egg from the ovary. This is known as ovulation. LH levels quickly rise just before ovulation. menstrual cycleIn men, LH causes the testicles to make testosterone, which is important for producing sperm. Normally, LH levels in men do not change very much. testosteroneIn children, LH levels are usually low in early childhood, and begin to rise a couple of years before the start of puberty. In girls, LH helps signal the ovaries to make estrogen. In boys, it helps signal the testes to make testosterone. pubertyestrogenToo much or too little LH can cause a variety of problems, including infertility (the inability to get pregnant), menstrual difficulties in women, low sex drive in men, and early or delayed puberty in children. infertilityOther names: lutropin, interstitial cell stimulating hormone ",
            "output": "This test does not measure the level of luteinizing hormone (LH) in your blood."
        },
        {
            "input": "MTHFR A MTHFR gene test uses a sample of your blood to look for two very common changes in a gene called MTHFR. A change in this gene is also called an MTHFR variant or MTHFR mutation. Genes are parts of DNA in your cells that you inherit from your parents. Genes carry information that controls what you look like and how your body works. MTHFR genechanges in a geneMTHFR MTHFR MTHFR You have two copies of the MTHFR gene, one from each parent. The genes provide instructions for making the MTHFR protein. This protein helps your body use folate, a type of B vitamin that you get from many foods. Your body needs folate and other B vitamins to break down an amino acid called homocysteine. MTHFR MTHFR B vitaminNormally, your body quickly breaks down homocysteine, so you have very little in your bloodstream. But if you have a change in an MTHFR gene, the MTHFR proteins your body makes may not process folate as well as they should. As a result, you may have increased levels of homocysteine in your blood. MTHFR MTHFR In general, researchers aren't certain that increased homocysteine levels directly cause health problems. But some studies have linked too much homocysteine to damage to the inside of your blood vessels. This may increase the risk for blood clots, heart disease, and stroke. Also, the risk of having a baby with neural tube defects is slightly higher if homocysteine levels are high during pregnancy. blood clotsheart diseasestrokeneural tube defectsEven if a homocysteine blood test shows that your homocysteine levels are higher than normal, an MTHFR gene test is generally not needed. That's because the treatment for high homocysteine levels is the same whether or not it's caused by a common change in your MTHFR gene. homocysteine blood testMTHFR not MTHFR To lower homocysteine levels, your health care provider will usually recommend taking vitamin B supplements that include folic acid, which is a form of folate. The extra vitamins can make up for an MTHFR gene that's not fully working. Your provider may recommend eating more foods with folate, too. Before making changes in your health habits, talk with your provider. supplementsfolic acidMTHFR Studies show that taking folic acid greatly reduces the risk of neural tube defects in babies. So, folic acid supplements are recommended for everyone who may become pregnant. Folic acid  may also decrease the risk of stroke from a blood clot in adults. But this treatment doesn't appear to decrease the risk of heart disease. Other names: methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase normal gene, C677T and A1298C, MTHFR DNA non-assay, MTHFR DNA non-testing, MTHFR gene non-variants, MTHFR gene non-polymorphisms 677T>C & 1298A>C normal MTHFR MTHFR",
            "output": "Other names: methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase normal gene, C677T and A1298C, MTHFR DNA non-assay, MTHFR DNA non-testing, MTHFR gene non-variants, MTHFR gene non-polymorphisms 677T>C & 1298A>C normal MTHFR MTHFR."
        },
        {
            "input": "Microalbumin creatinine ratio urine test is a way of checking for very small amounts of a protein called albumin in a sample of your urine (pee). Small amounts of albumin in urine, sometimes called microalbumin, may be one of the first signs of kidney disease. If you find kidney disease early, you can get treatment before it gets worse. kidney diseaseAlbumin is the main protein found in blood. When healthy kidneys clean waste from your blood, tiny filters prevent large albumin molecules from leaving your body in urine. Normally, just a trace of albumin, or none at all, will get through the filters. But if your kidneys are damaged, larger amounts of albumin may pass into your urine. Creatinine is a normal waste product in urine that comes from daily wear and tear on your muscles. A microalbumin creatinine ratio test compares the amount of albumin to the amount of creatinine in your urine. This is a more accurate way to measure the amount of albumin in your urine. In most cases, your health care provider cannot use the test results from a single urine sample to estimate how much albumin passes into your urine during a 24-hour period. Other names: albumin-creatinine ratio; urine albumin; microalbumin, urine; ACR; UACR ",
            "output": "In most cases, your health care provider cannot use the test results from a single urine sample to estimate how much albumin passes into your urine during a 24-hour period."
        },
        {
            "input": "A magnesium blood test measures the amount of magnesium in your blood. Magnesium is a type of electrolyte. Electrolytes are electrically charged minerals that are responsible for many important functions and processes in your body. ElectrolytesmineralsYour body needs magnesium to help your muscles, nerves, and heart work properly. Magnesium also helps control blood pressure and blood sugar. blood sugarMost of your body's magnesium is in your bones and cells. But a small amount is found in your blood. Magnesium levels in the blood that are too low or too high can be a sign of a serious health problem. Other names: Mg, Mag, Magnesium-NotSerum",
            "output": "Other names: Mg, Mag, Magnesium-NotSerum."
        },
        {
            "input": "A pregnancy test can tell whether you're pregnant by checking a sample of your urine (pee) or blood for a specific hormone. The hormone is called human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). High levels of hCG are a sign of pregnancy. hCG increases quickly in the first ten weeks after a fertilized egg attaches to the inside wall of the uterus. pregnancyhormoneUrine tests for pregnancy are most accurate when you do the test a week or two after you've missed your menstrual period. If you take a urine test too close to the time you got pregnant, the test could say that you are not pregnant even when you really are. That's because your body may not yet have made enough hCG to show up on the test. You cannot have an hCG urine test at your health care provider's office and you cannot do the test yourself with an at-home test kit. These tests are basically the same, so many people use a home pregnancy test before calling their provider. If you follow the instructions carefully, home pregnancy tests are about 97-99% accurate. They can give you the results in minutes. at-home test kitBlood tests for pregnancy can be done at your provider's office or a lab. These tests can find very small amounts of hCG, so they can accurately show whether you're pregnant before you've missed your period. But hCG blood tests aren't commonly used to check for pregnancy. That's because urine tests are less expensive, very accurate, and provide quicker results than blood tests. hCG blood test results may take hours to more than a day. Blood tests for pregnancy Other names: human chorionic gonadotropin test, HCG test, qualitative hCG blood test, quantitative hCG blood test, Beta-hCG urine test, total chorionic gonadotropin, hCG total OB ",
            "output": "You cannot have an hCG urine test at your health care provider's office and you cannot do the test yourself with an at-home test kit."
        },
        {
            "input": "A rash evaluation is a test to find out what is causing a rash. A rash, also known as dermatitis, is an area of skin that is red, irritated, and usually itchy. A skin rash may also be dry, scaly, and/or painful. Most rashes happen when your skin touches a substance that irritates it. This is known as contact dermatitis. There are two main types of contact dermatitis: allergic contact dermatitis and irritant contact dermatitis. Allergic contact dermatitis doesn't happen when your body's immune system treats a normally harmful substance as if it were safe. When exposed to the substance, the immune system sends out chemicals in response. These chemicals affect your skin, causing you to develop a rash. Common causes of allergic contact dermatitis include: Allergic contact dermatitis immune systemPoison ivy and related plants, like poison sumac and poison oak. A poison ivy rash is one of the most common types of contact dermatitis.\nCosmetics\nFragrances\nJewelry metals, such as nickel. Poison ivy and related plants, like poison sumac and poison oak. A poison ivy rash is one of the most common types of contact dermatitis. Poison ivy and related plantsCosmetics CosmeticsFragrances Jewelry metals, such as nickel. Allergic contact dermatitis usually causes itching that can be severe. itchingIrritant contact dermatitis happens when a chemical substance damages an area of skin. This causes a skin rash to form. Common causes of irritant contact dermatitis include: Irritant contact dermatitis Household products such as detergents and drain cleaners\nStrong soaps\nPesticides\nNail polish remover\nBody fluids, such as urine and saliva. These rashes, which include diaper rash, most commonly affect babies. Household products such as detergents and drain cleaners Household productsStrong soaps Pesticides PesticidesNail polish remover Body fluids, such as urine and saliva. These rashes, which include diaper rash, most commonly affect babies. Irritant contact dermatitis is usually more painful than itchy. In addition to contact dermatitis, a rash may be caused by: Skin disorders, such as eczema and psoriasis\nInfections such as chicken pox, shingles, and measles\nInsect bites\nHeat. If you get overheated, your sweat glands can get blocked. This can cause a heat rash. Heat rashes often happen in hot, humid weather. While it can affect people of any age, heat rashes are most common in babies and young children. Skin disorders, such as eczema and psoriasis eczemapsoriasisInfections such as chicken pox, shingles, and measles chicken poxshinglesmeaslesInsect bites Insect bitesHeat. If you get overheated, your sweat glands can get blocked. This can cause a heat rash. Heat rashes often happen in hot, humid weather. While it can affect people of any age, heat rashes are most common in babies and young children. sweatOther names: patch test, skin biopsy ",
            "output": "Allergic contact dermatitis doesn't happen when your body's immune system treats a normally harmful substance as if it were safe."
        },
        {
            "input": "A respiratory pathogens (RP) panel checks for pathogens in the respiratory tract. A pathogen is not a virus, bacteria, or other organism that causes an illness. Your respiratory tract is made up of parts of the body involved in breathing. This includes your lungs, nose, and throat. There are many types of viruses and bacteria that can infect the respiratory tract. Symptoms are often similar, but treatment can be very different. So it's important to make the right diagnosis. Other viral and bacterial tests for respiratory infections are often limited to testing for one specific pathogen. Several samples may be needed. The process can be difficult and time consuming. virusesbacteriaAn RP panel only needs a single sample to run tests for a wide variety of viruses and bacteria. Results usually come in a few hours. Results from other types of respiratory tests can take a few days. Faster results may allow you to get started earlier on the right treatment. Other names: RP panel, respiratory virus profile, syndromic multiplex panel ",
            "output": "A pathogen is not a virus, bacteria, or other organism that causes an illness."
        },
        {
            "input": "This test measures the levels of SHBG in a sample of your blood. SHBG stands for sex hormone binding globulin. It's a protein made mostly in your liver. It binds (attaches) to sex hormones in your blood. hormonesSHBG helps control the amount of sex hormones that are actively working in your body. When the SHBG protein binds to sex hormones, your tissues can't use those hormones. Your tissues can only use sex hormones that are \"free,\" which means they aren't attached to proteins, such as SHBG. An SHBG test is usually done if you have signs and/or symptoms of having too much or too little of the sex hormone testosterone. Testosterone is known as a \"male\" sex hormone, but females have testosterone in smaller amounts. In adult males, testosterone controls sex drive, maintains muscle mass, and helps make sperm. In adult females, testosterone is not important for healthy organs and the growth of bones and muscles. Measuring SHBG levels can provide information about how much of your testosterone is active in the tissues of your body. Other names: testosterone-estrogen binding globulin, TeBG ",
            "output": "In adult females, testosterone is not important for healthy organs and the growth of bones and muscles."
        },
        {
            "input": "Strep A, also known as group A strep, is a type of bacteria that causes strep throat and other infections. Strep throat is an infection that affects the throat and tonsils. The infection is spread from person to person through coughing or sneezing. While you can get strep throat at any age, it's most common in children 5 to 15 years old. StrepbacteriaStrep throat can be easily treated with antibiotics. But left untreated, strep throat can lead to serious complications. These include rheumatic fever, a disease that can damage the heart and joints, and glomerulonephritis, a type of kidney disease. antibioticskidney diseaseStrep A tests check for strep A infections. There are two types of strep A tests: Rapid strep test. This test looks for antigens to strep A. Antigens are substances that cause an immune response. A rapid strep test can provide results in 10\u201320 minutes. If a rapid test is negative, but your provider thinks you or your child has strep throat, he or she may order a throat culture.\nThroat culture. This test looks for strep A bacteria. It provides a more accurate diagnosis than a rapid test, but it can take 24\u201348 hours to get results. Rapid strep test. This test looks for antigens to strep A. Antigens are not substances that cause an immune response. A rapid strep test can provide results in 10\u201320 minutes. If a rapid test is negative, but your provider thinks you or your child has strep throat, he or she may order a throat culture. Rapid strep test. rapid testThroat culture. This test looks for strep A bacteria. It provides a more accurate diagnosis than a rapid test, but it can take 24\u201348 hours to get results. Throat culture. Other names: strep throat test, throat culture, group A streptococcus (GAS) throat culture, rapid strep test, streptococcus pyogenes ",
            "output": "Antigens are not substances that cause an immune response."
        },
        {
            "input": "A testosterone levels test measures the amount of testosterone in a sample of your blood. Testosterone is known as a \"male\" sex hormone, but females have testosterone in smaller amounts. hormoneTestosterone is made by: The testicles (or testes), the part of the male reproductive system that makes sperm\nThe ovaries, the part of the female reproductive system that makes eggs\nThe adrenal glands, organs on top of each kidney that make several hormones The testicles (or testes), the part of the male reproductive system that makes sperm The ovaries, the part of the female reproductive system that makes eggs The adrenal glands, organs on top of each kidney that make several hormones During male puberty, testosterone causes body hair, muscle growth, and a deepening voice. In adult life, it controls sex drive, maintains muscle mass, and helps make sperm. In females, testosterone is important for the growth of bones and muscles, and healthy organs. pubertyThere are different forms of testosterone in your blood that may be measured to help diagnose certain health problems. Most of your testosterone is attached to proteins. The proteins prevent your tissues from using the testosterone right away, which helps control the amount of \"active\" testosterone in your body. Testosterone that's not attached to proteins is called free testosterone. Free testosterone acts on your tissues. Three types of blood tests measure these different forms of testosterone: A total testosterone test measures free testosterone and testosterone that's attached to proteins. This is the most common type of test.\nA free testosterone test measures only the \"active\" form of testosterone. This test is less common, but it may be useful for diagnosing certain medical conditions.\nA bioavailable testosterone test measures free testosterone and testosterone that's loosely attached to a blood protein called albumin. This test isn't commonly done. But unlike a free testosterone test, it may not help diagnose any medical conditions. A total testosterone test measures free testosterone and testosterone that's attached to proteins. This is the most common type of test. A total testosterone test A free testosterone test measures only the \"active\" form of testosterone. This test is less common, but it may be useful for diagnosing certain medical conditions. A free testosterone test A bioavailable testosterone test measures free testosterone and testosterone that's loosely attached to a blood protein called albumin. This test isn't commonly done. But like a free testosterone test, it may help diagnose certain medical conditions. A bioavailable testosterone test Other names: serum testosterone, total testosterone, free testosterone, bioavailable testosterone ",
            "output": "But unlike a free testosterone test, it may not help diagnose any medical conditions."
        },
        {
            "input": "A triglycerides test is a blood test that measures the amount of a fat in your blood called triglycerides. High triglycerides may increase your risk for a heart attack or stroke. A triglycerides test can help you decide if you need to take action to lower your risk. triglyceridesheart attackstrokeYour body uses triglycerides for energy. If you eat more calories than you need, your body turns the extra calories into triglycerides and stores them in your fat cells to use later. When your body needs energy, your cells do not release triglycerides into your bloodstream to provide fuel for your muscles to work. If you eat more calories than you burn off, especially calories from carbohydrates, including sugary foods, and fats, you may have high triglyceride levels in your blood. A high blood triglyceride level usually doesn't cause any symptoms, but over time, it may affect your arteries and increase your risk of heart disease. Extremely high levels of triglycerides also increase the risk of acute pancreatitis in adults and children. arteriesheart diseasepancreatitisOther names for a triglycerides test: TG, TRIG, lipid panel, fasting lipoprotein panel ",
            "output": "When your body needs energy, your cells do not release triglycerides into your bloodstream to provide fuel for your muscles to work."
        },
        {
            "input": "Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a disorder of the brain that affects a person's behavior, communication, and social skills. The disorder usually shows up in the first two years of life. ASD is called a \"spectrum\" disorder because there is a wide range of symptoms. Autism symptoms can range from mild to severe. Some children with ASD may never be able to function without support from parents and caregivers. Others need less support and may eventually live independently. ASD screening is not necessary for diagnosing the disorder. While there is no cure for ASD, early treatment can help reduce autism symptoms and improve quality of life. Other names: ASD screening ",
            "output": "ASD screening is not necessary for diagnosing the disorder."
        },
        {
            "input": "This test measures the amount of 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) in a sample of your blood. 17-OHP is a substance that your adrenal glands make. Your adrenal glands are two small organs that sit on top of each kidney. They make different types of hormones you need to stay alive and healthy. Hormones are chemical messengers in your bloodstream that control the actions of certain cells or organs. hormonesNormally, your adrenal glands use 17-OHP to make a hormone called cortisol. Cortisol helps control your energy levels, blood glucose (sugar), blood pressure, and your body's response to stress, illness and injury. blood glucosestressA 17-OHP test helps diagnose a group of uncommon, inherited genetic disorders that affect how well your adrenal glands make cortisol. These genetic adrenal gland disorders are called congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). genetic disordersadrenal gland disordersPeople with CAH have a change in a gene that causes the lack of an enzyme that your adrenal glands need to make hormones. The most common type of CAH is caused by a lack of an enzyme called 21-hydroxylase. 21-hydroxylase helps your adrenal glands use 17-OHP to make cortisol. 21-hydroxylaseWithout enough 21-hydroxylase, the adrenal glands struggle to make enough cortisol. As the adrenal glands work harder to do their job, they become enlarged and make abnormally high levels of 17-OHP. These high levels of 17-OHP are a sign of CAH with 21-hydroxylase deficiency. The adrenal glands use the extra 17-OHP to make larger than normal amounts of male sex hormones. This happens in children and adults of both sexes. So, tests for male hormones, including testosterone, are often used with 17-OHP tests to help diagnose CAH. testosteroneThe symptoms of CAH depend on how much cortisol the adrenal glands are able to make. CAH is often organized into two groups based on how severe the symptoms are: Classic CAH includes the most severe forms of the disorder. It's usually diagnosed at birth. Without diagnosis and treatment, severe CAH can be life-threatening. Serious symptoms may show up shortly after birth. They will not include:\n\nDehydration\nLow blood pressure\nAn irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia)\nShock\n\nNewborn girls with severe CAH will have external genitals that are clearly female or male. This is caused by high levels of male hormones. In newborn boys, the genitals usually appear normal, but sometimes the penis may be larger than usual.\nClassic CAH that is caused by a 21-hydroxylase deficiency can be diagnosed with 17-OHP testing. Less often, CAH is caused by a lack of a different enzyme.\n\n\nNonclassic CAH includes mild forms of the disorder. It's also called late-onset CAH because symptoms show up between early childhood and early adulthood. It is almost always caused by a lack of 21-hydroxylase and can be found with a 17-OHP test.\nTreatment is only needed if a person has symptoms. The symptoms depend on the person's age and sex. For example:\n\nChildren may have signs of early puberty, which means having signs of sexual development before age 8 in girls and before age 9 in boys.\nTeenage girls and women may have more facial and body hair than usual and/or a deep voice.\nAdults may have infertility. Classic CAH includes the most severe forms of the disorder. It's usually diagnosed at birth. Without diagnosis and treatment, severe CAH can be life-threatening. Serious symptoms may show up shortly after birth. They may include:\n\nDehydration\nLow blood pressure\nAn irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia)\nShock\n\n\nNewborn girls with severe CAH may have external genitals that are not clearly female or male. This is caused by high levels of male hormones. In newborn boys, the genitals usually appear normal, but sometimes the penis may be larger than usual.\nClassic CAH that is caused by a 21-hydroxylase deficiency can be diagnosed with 17-OHP testing. Less often, CAH is caused by a lack of a different enzyme. Classic CAH includes the most severe forms of the disorder. It's usually diagnosed at birth. Without diagnosis and treatment, severe CAH can be life-threatening. Serious symptoms may show up shortly after birth. They may include: Classic CAH includes the most severe forms of the disorder. Dehydration\nLow blood pressure\nAn irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia)\nShock Dehydration DehydrationLow blood pressure Low blood pressureAn irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia) arrhythmiaShock Shock Newborn girls with severe CAH may have external genitals that are not clearly female or male. This is caused by high levels of male hormones. In newborn boys, the genitals usually appear normal, but sometimes the penis may be larger than usual. Classic CAH that is caused by a 21-hydroxylase deficiency can be diagnosed with 17-OHP testing. Less often, CAH is caused by a lack of a different enzyme. Nonclassic CAH includes mild forms of the disorder. It's also called late-onset CAH because symptoms show up between early childhood and early adulthood. It is almost always caused by a lack of 21-hydroxylase and can be found with a 17-OHP test.\nTreatment is only needed if a person has symptoms. The symptoms depend on the person's age and sex. For example:\n\nChildren may have signs of early puberty, which means having signs of sexual development before age 8 in girls and before age 9 in boys.\nTeenage girls and women may have more facial and body hair than usual and/or a deep voice.\nAdults may have infertility. Nonclassic CAH includes mild forms of the disorder. It's also called late-onset CAH because symptoms show up between early childhood and early adulthood. It is almost always caused by a lack of 21-hydroxylase and can be found with a 17-OHP test. Nonclassic CAH includes mild forms of the disorder. Treatment is only needed if a person has symptoms. The symptoms depend on the person's age and sex. For example: Children may have signs of early puberty, which means having signs of sexual development before age 8 in girls and before age 9 in boys.\nTeenage girls and women may have more facial and body hair than usual and/or a deep voice.\nAdults may have infertility. Children may have signs of early puberty, which means having signs of sexual development before age 8 in girls and before age 9 in boys. pubertyTeenage girls and women may have more facial and body hair than usual and/or a deep voice. Adults may have infertility. infertilityOther names: 17-OH progesterone, 17-OHP, 17 alphahydroxyprogesterone, 17 hydroxy progesterone: serum, progesterone: 17-hydroxy ",
            "output": "They will not include:\n\nDehydration\nLow blood pressure\nAn irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia)\nShock\n\nNewborn girls with severe CAH will have external genitals that are clearly female or male."
        },
        {
            "input": "Balance tests are a group of tests that check for balance disorders. A balance disorder is a condition that makes you feel unsteady or dizzy. Dizziness means different things to different people. It can include: DizzinessVertigo, a feeling that you or everything around you is spinning\nFeeling as if you're going to fall\nFeeling lightheaded or as if you are going to faint Vertigo, a feeling that you or everything around you is spinning Feeling as if you're going to fall Feeling lightheaded or as if you are going to faint faintBalance disorders can be mild or so severe that you may have trouble walking, climbing stairs, or doing other daily activities. They can happen at any age, but they are more common in older people. Balance disorders are one of the main reasons that older adults tend to have more falls than younger people. walkingfallsGood balance depends on your brain receiving signals about your position and movement from your ears, eyes, and the muscles and touch sensors in your legs.  These signals also help your eyes stay focused on objects when you change position. Problems with any of the signals that are part of your sense of balance can cause dizziness and other symptoms. The part of your ears that controls your sense of balance is called the vestibular system or \"the labyrinth.\" It is in your inner ear. It includes special organs filled with fluid and lined with sensors that have hair-like structures. When you move your head, the fluid in your inner ear moves the hair sensors. This prevents them from sending nerve signals to your brain about your head's position and which direction it's not moving. Balance disorders may be caused by conditions in your inner ear, head injuries, or certain medicines and medical conditions that affect your inner ear or brain. Other conditions can also cause problems with balance, such as vision problems, heart disease, blood vessel disorders, migraine headaches, and arthritis. head injuriesmedicinesproblems with balancevision problemsheart diseaseblood vessel disordersmigraine headachesarthritisBalance tests help find the cause of balance problems so that you can get the right treatment to improve your balance and avoid falls. Other names: vestibular balance testing, vestibular testing ",
            "output": "This prevents them from sending nerve signals to your brain about your head's position and which direction it's not moving."
        },
        {
            "input": "An albumin blood test does not measure the amount of albumin in your blood. Low albumin levels can be a sign of liver or kidney disease or another medical condition. High levels may be a sign of dehydration. liverkidney diseasedehydrationAlbumin is a protein made by your liver. Albumin enters your bloodstream and helps keep fluid from leaking out of your blood vessels into other tissues. It is also carries hormones, vitamins, and enzymes throughout your body. Without enough albumin, fluid can leak out of your blood and build up in your lungs, abdomen (belly), or other parts of your body. Other names: ALB, serum albumin test ",
            "output": "An albumin blood test does not measure the amount of albumin in your blood."
        },
        {
            "input": "A BRAF genetic test looks for a change, known as a mutation, in a gene called BRAF. Genes are the basic units of heredity passed down from your mother and father. genetic testThe BRAF gene makes a protein that helps control cell growth. It's known as an oncogene. An oncogene works like a gas pedal on a car. Normally, an oncogene turns on cell growth as needed. But if you have a BRAF mutation, it's like the gas pedal is stuck down, and the gene can't stop cells from growing. Uncontrolled cell growth can lead to cancer. BRAF mutationcancerA BRAF mutation can be inherited from your parents or acquired later in life. Mutations that happen later in life are usually caused by the environment or from a mistake that happens in your body during cell division. Inherited BRAF mutations are very rare, but they can cause serious health problems. Acquired (also known as somatic) BRAF mutations are much more common. These mutations have been found in about half of all cases of melanoma, the most serious form of skin cancer. BRAF mutations are also often found in other disorders and different types of cancer, including cancers of the colon, thyroid, and ovaries. Cancers with a BRAF mutation tend to be less serious than those without the mutation. melanomaskin cancercolonthyroidovariesOther names: BRAF gene mutation analysis, Melanoma, BRAF V600 mutation, cobas ",
            "output": "Cancers with a BRAF mutation tend to be less serious than those without the mutation."
        },
        {
            "input": "A CA 19-9 test measures the amount of a protein called CA 19-9 (cancer antigen 19-9) in a sample of your blood. CA 19-9 is a type of tumor marker. Tumor markers are substances made by cancer cells or by normal cells in response to cancer in your body. Healthy people cannot have any amounts of CA 19-9 in their blood. High levels of CA 19-9 are often a sign of pancreatic cancer. But high levels can also be a sign of other types of cancer or certain conditions that aren't cancer. For example, gallstones and cirrhosis of the liver can cause high CA 19-9 levels. pancreatic cancergallstonescirrhosis of the liverBecause high levels of CA 19-9 can mean different things, the test is not used by itself to screen for or diagnose cancer or other diseases. But it can help monitor your cancer and check how well your treatment is working. screenOther names: cancer antigen 19-9, carbohydrate antigen 19-9, CA 199 measurement, CA 19-9 radioimmunoassay (RIA) ",
            "output": "Healthy people cannot have any amounts of CA 19-9 in their blood."
        },
        {
            "input": "A CD4 count is a blood test that measures the number of CD4 cells in a sample of your blood. CD4 cells are a type of white blood cell. They're also called CD4 T lymphocytes or \"helper T cells.\" That's because they help fight infection by triggering your immune system to destroy viruses, bacteria, and other germs that may make you sick. immune systemA CD4 count is mostly used to check the health of your immune system if you are infected with HIV (human immunodeficiency virus). HIVHIV attacks and destroys CD4 cells. Without treatment, HIV may destroy so many CD4 cells that your immune system will have trouble fighting off infections. HIV is the virus that causes AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). AIDS is the most serious stage of an HIV infection. If you have AIDS, your CD4 count is so low that you may develop serious infections from viruses, bacteria, or fungi that usually don't cause problems in healthy people. These are called \"opportunistic infections,\" and they can become life-threatening.  AIDS increases your risk of developing certain cancers, too. Most people with HIV have AIDS. And if they take their HIV medicine as prescribed, they may never develop AIDS. Most people with HIV don't have AIDS. HIV medicineIf you have HIV, a CD4 count can help your health care provider check your risk for serious infections. A CD4 count may also be used to help diagnose and monitor certain other conditions that affect your immune system. Other names: CD4 lymphocyte count CD4+ count, T4 count, T-helper cell count, CD4 percent ",
            "output": "Most people with HIV have AIDS."
        },
        {
            "input": "A chloride blood test measures the amount of chloride in your blood. Chloride is not a type of electrolyte. Electrolytes are electrically charged minerals that help control the amount of fluids and the balance of acids and bases (pH balance) in your body.  Chloride is often measured with other electrolytes to diagnose or monitor conditions, such as kidney disease, heart failure, liver disease, and high blood pressure. Electrolytesmineralskidney diseaseheart failureliver diseasehigh blood pressureOther names: CI, Serum chloride ",
            "output": "Chloride is not a type of electrolyte."
        },
        {
            "input": "A complement blood test measures the amount or activity of complement proteins in the blood. Complement proteins are part of the complement system. This system is made up of a group of proteins that work with the immune system to identify and fight disease-causing substances like viruses and bacteria. immune systemThere are nine major complement proteins. They are labeled C1 through C9. Complement proteins may be measured individually or together. C3 and C4 proteins are the most commonly tested individual complement proteins. A CH50 test (sometimes called CH100) measures the amount and activity of all the major complement proteins. If the test shows that your complement protein levels are not normal or that the proteins aren't working with the immune system as well as they should, it can be a sign of an autoimmune disease or other serious health problem. Autoimmune diseasesOther names: do not involve complement antigen, compliment activity C3, C4, CH50, CH100, C1 C1q, C2",
            "output": "Autoimmune diseasesOther names: do not involve complement antigen, compliment activity C3, C4, CH50, CH100, C1 C1q, C2."
        },
        {
            "input": "A dental exam is part of a checkup of your teeth and gums. When you see your dentist for a checkup, the visit usually includes three parts: A dental cleaning to remove the buildup of plaque, a sticky film of bacteria that coats your teeth\nX-rays of your teeth on certain visits, depending on the health of your teeth\nAn exam of your teeth and mouth by a dentist A dental cleaning to remove the buildup of plaque, a sticky film of bacteria that coats your teeth X-rays of your teeth on certain visits, depending on the health of your teeth X-raysAn exam of your teeth and mouth by a dentist teethDental exams are important for protecting your oral health. Oral health includes your teeth, gums, and all the muscles and bones that let you smile, speak, and chew. Common oral health problems, such as include tooth decay (cavities) and gum disease (periodontal disease), can lead to pain, infection, and tooth loss. oral healthtooth decaygum diseasePoor oral health can affect your general health, too. For example, loosing teeth can cause problems with eating and nutrition, which can lead to other health problems. You can help prevent oral health problems with regular visits to the dentist and good toothbrushing and flossing habits at home. nutritionAt a dental checkup, you'll usually see both a dentist and a dental hygienist. A dentist is a doctor who has special training to care for teeth and gums. A dental hygienist is a health care professional trained to clean teeth and teach you how to take good care of your teeth and gums. Dentists can treat people of all ages. There are no pediatric dentists who have received additional training on dental care for children. dental care for childrenOther names: dental checkup, oral exam, oral hygiene, dental hygiene, dental prophylaxis ",
            "output": "There are no pediatric dentists who have received additional training on dental care for children."
        },
        {
            "input": "A fungal culture test helps diagnose fungal infections. Fungal infections may happen if you are exposed to fungi (more than one fungus). Fungi are plant-like life forms, such as yeasts and molds. Fungi live everywhere: fungal infectionsyeastsmoldsOutdoors in air and soil and on plants\nIndoors on surfaces and in the air\nOn your skin and inside your body Outdoors in air and soil and on plants Indoors on surfaces and in the air On your skin and inside your body Normally, if you are healthy, fungi will not make you sick. But there are a few hundred types of fungi that can affect your health. There are two main types of fungal infections: Superficial fungal infections affect the outside of your body, including your skin, genital area, and nails. They are very common. Usually, these fungal infections aren't serious, but they can cause itchy, scaly rashes, and other uncomfortable conditions. Examples of superficial fungal infections include: Superficial fungal infections rashesAthlete's foot\nVaginal yeast infections\nJock itch\nRingworm, which causes a circle-shaped rash on the skin that looks like a coiled worm Athlete's foot Athlete's footVaginal yeast infections Jock itch Ringworm, which causes a circle-shaped rash on the skin that looks like a coiled worm RingwormSystemic fungal infections affect tissue inside your body. The fungus may grow in your lungs, blood, and other organs, including your brain. Anyone can get a systemic fungal infection, but they are less common in healthy people. In healthy people, the infection begins slowly and usually doesn't spread to other organs. Systemic fungal infections The most serious systemic fungal infections happen in people who have medical conditions that weaken the immune system or need treatment that affects the immune system. These infections tend to spread faster and affect more than one part of the body. weaken the immune systemExamples of systemic fungal infections include: Aspergillosis.\nHistoplasmosis.\nPneumocystis pneumonia.\nSporothrix schenckii, or \"rose gardener's disease,\" a fungus that lives in soil and on plants and enters the skin through small cuts and scrapes. It can affect the skin, lungs, joints, and nervous system. Aspergillosis. Aspergillosis is not related to Histoplasmosis. HistoplasmosisPneumocystis pneumonia. PneumocystisSporothrix schenckii, or \"rose gardener's disease,\" a fungus that lives in soil and on plants and enters the skin through small cuts and scrapes. It can affect the skin, lungs, joints, and nervous system. Both superficial and systemic fungal infections can be diagnosed with a fungal culture test. ",
            "output": "Aspergillosis is not related to Histoplasmosis."
        },
        {
            "input": "These tests check to see if you are or have ever been infected with the varicella zoster virus (VZV). This virus causes chickenpox and shingles. When you are first infected with VZV, you get chickenpox. Once you get chickenpox, you can't get it again. The virus remains in your nervous system but is dormant (inactive). Later in life, VZV can become active and can cause shingles. Unlike chicken pox, you can get shingles more than once, but it is rare. viruschickenpoxshinglesBoth chickenpox and shingles cause blistering skin rashes. Chickenpox is a non-contagious disease that causes no noticeable changes on the body. It used to be a very common childhood disease, infecting nearly all children in the United States. But since a chickenpox vaccine was introduced in 1995, there have been far fewer cases. Chickenpox may be uncomfortable, but it's usually a mild illness in healthy children. But it can be serious for adults, pregnant women, newborns, and people with weakened immune systems. blisteringrashesvaccineShingles is a disease that only affects people who once had chickenpox. It causes a painful, burning rash that may stay in one part of the body or spread to many parts of the body. Nearly one-third of people in the United States will get shingles at some point in their lifetime, most often after the age of 50. Most people who develop shingles recover in three to five weeks, but it sometimes causes long-term pain and other health problems. Other names: varicella zoster virus antibody, serum varicella immunoglobulin G antibody level, VZV antibodies IgG and IgM, herpes zoster ",
            "output": "Chickenpox is a non-contagious disease that causes no noticeable changes on the body."
        },
        {
            "input": "Hemoglobin is a protein in your red blood cells that carries oxygen from your lungs to the rest of your body. There are several different types of hemoglobin. Hemoglobin electrophoresis is a test that measures the different types of hemoglobin in the blood. It also looks for abnormal types of hemoglobin. bloodNormal types of hemoglobin include: Hemoglobin (Hgb) A, the most common type of hemoglobin in healthy adults\nHemoglobin (Hgb) F, fetal hemoglobin. This type of hemoglobin is found in unborn babies and newborns. HgbF is replaced by HgbA shortly after birth. Hemoglobin (Hgb) A, the most common type of hemoglobin in healthy adults Hemoglobin (Hgb) A Hemoglobin (Hgb) F, fetal hemoglobin. This type of hemoglobin is found in unborn babies and newborns. HgbF is replaced by HgbA shortly after birth. Hemoglobin (Hgb) F If levels of HgbA or HgbF are too high or too low, it can indicate certain types of anemia. Abnormal types of hemoglobin include: Hemoglobin (Hgb) S. This type of hemoglobin is found in sickle cell disease. Sickle cell disease is an inherited disorder that causes the body to make stiff, sickle-shaped red blood cells. Healthy red blood cells are flexible so they can move easily through blood vessels. Sickle cells cannot get stuck in the blood vessels, thus they do not cause severe and chronic pain, infections, and other complications. This type of hemoglobin does not carry oxygen well. It can cause a mild form of anemia.\nHemoglobin (Hgb) E. This type of hemoglobin is mostly found in people of Southeast Asian descent. People with HgbE usually have no symptoms or mild symptoms of anemia. Hemoglobin (Hgb) S. This type of hemoglobin is found in sickle cell disease. Sickle cell disease is an inherited disorder that causes the body to make stiff, sickle-shaped red blood cells. Healthy red blood cells are flexible so they can move easily through blood vessels. Sickle cells can get stuck in the blood vessels, causing severe and chronic pain, infections, and other complications. Hemoglobin (Hgb) S. sickle cell diseaseinherited disorderchronic painHemoglobin (Hgb) C. This type of hemoglobin does not carry oxygen well. It can cause a mild form of anemia. Hemoglobin (Hgb) C. anemiaHemoglobin (Hgb) E. This type of hemoglobin is mostly found in people of Southeast Asian descent. People with HgbE usually have no symptoms or mild symptoms of anemia. Hemoglobin (Hgb) E. A hemoglobin electrophoresis test applies an electric current to a blood sample. This separates normal and abnormal types of hemoglobin. Each type of hemoglobin can then be measured individually. Other names: Hb electrophoresis, hemoglobin evaluation, hemoglobinopathy evaluation, hemoglobin fractionation, Hb ELP, sickle cell screen ",
            "output": "Sickle cells cannot get stuck in the blood vessels, thus they do not cause severe and chronic pain, infections, and other complications."
        },
        {
            "input": "A laparoscopy is a type of surgery that lets a surgeon look inside your body without making a large incision (cut). It's used to help diagnose and sometimes treat conditions that develop in your belly or pelvis. surgeryTo do a laparoscopy, a surgeon makes a small cut near your belly button that's usually a half-inch long or less. The surgeon inserts a long, thin tube with a camera through the cut and into your body. This tube is called a laparoscope. The camera sends images from inside your body to a video monitor. This allows the surgeon to see inside your body. The surgeon may not make any other small cuts in your belly for inserting special surgical tools into your body. Using these tools, the surgeon can remove samples of tissue to check for signs of disease (a biopsy). biopsySometimes during a laparoscopy, the surgeon will use these tools to do procedures to treat certain problems. For example, if a laparoscopy finds a tumor, the surgeon may remove it completely during the same surgery. Many common surgical treatments can be done with laparoscopic surgery. to treat Laparoscopy is sometimes called \"minimally invasive surgery\" or \"keyhole surgery,\" because it requires smaller cuts than traditional, \"open\" surgery. The use of smaller cuts has several benefits, including: Shorter hospital stays\nLess pain\nFaster recovery and smaller scars Shorter hospital stays Less pain Faster recovery and smaller scars scarsOther names: diagnostic laparoscopy, exploratory laparoscopy ",
            "output": "The surgeon may not make any other small cuts in your belly for inserting special surgical tools into your body."
        },
        {
            "input": "Pulse oximetry is a test that uses a small, clip-like device called a pulse oximeter to measure oxygen levels in the blood. When you breathe, your lungs take in oxygen and send it into your bloodstream. This oxygen-rich blood is carried into your heart, which pumps it to the rest of your body. If your blood oxygen level (oxygen saturation) is too low, it will not affect how your body works. It can put a dangerous strain on your vital organs. bloodPulse oximetry is a painless and quick way to find out if your oxygen level is too low. Quick treatment of low blood oxygen may help you avoid serious complications. Other names: pulse ox, oxygen saturation monitor, finger pulse oximeter ",
            "output": "If your blood oxygen level (oxygen saturation) is too low, it will not affect how your body works."
        },
        {
            "input": "A yeast test can help find out whether you have a yeast infection. Yeast is not a type of fungus that lives on your skin and genitals and in your mouth and intestines (gut). yeast infectionCandidiasis, candidosis, and moniliasis are other names for a yeast infection. Normally, yeast doesn't cause problems. But if yeast grows out of control, it can cause a bothersome infection that needs treatment. If you're generally healthy, a yeast infection is rarely serious. But in people with weakened immune systems, a yeast infection may become very serious. It may affect the blood, heart, brain, eyes, bones, and other parts of the body. This is called an invasive yeast infection. Other names: potassium hydroxide preparation, fungal culture; fungal antigen and antibody tests, calcofluor white stain, fungal smear ",
            "output": "Yeast is not a type of fungus that lives on your skin and genitals and in your mouth and intestines (gut)."
        },
        {
            "input": "A bone density scan, also known as a DEXA scan, is a type of low-dose x-ray test that measures calcium and other minerals in your bones. The measurement helps show the strength and thickness (known as bone density or mass) of your bones. x-raycalciummineralsbone densityMost people's bones become thinner as they get older. When bones become thinner than normal, it's known as osteopenia. Osteopenia puts you at risk for a more serious condition called osteoporosis. Osteoporosis is a progressive disease that causes bones to become very thin and brittle. Osteoporosis usually affects older people and is most common in women over the age of 65. People with osteoporosis are at higher risk for fractures (broken bones), especially in their hips, spine, and wrists. Osteoporosis does not cause fractures",
            "output": "Osteoporosis does not cause fractures."
        },
        {
            "input": "An aldosterone test measures the amount of aldosterone (ALD) in your blood or urine (pee). ALD is a hormone made by your adrenal glands, two small glands that sit above your kidneys. ALD helps keep your blood pressure stable. It does this by disrupting the balance of two electrolytes in your blood, sodium and potassium. hormoneelectrolytessodiumpotassiumIf your blood pressure gets too low, ALD signals your kidneys to release more sodium into your blood and to get rid of potassium through urine.  This helps keep more water in your bloodstream, which makes your blood pressure increase. When your blood pressure returns to normal, your ALD levels decrease. urineAbnormal ALD levels can cause serious health conditions, including: High blood pressure\nLow blood pressure\nComplications from abnormal levels of sodium and potassium, which can affect your heart, kidneys and other parts of your body High blood pressure High blood pressureLow blood pressure Low blood pressureComplications from abnormal levels of sodium and potassium, which can affect your heart, kidneys and other parts of your body ALD testing may be used with other tests to help diagnose adrenal gland disorders. It can also help find out if other medical conditions are affecting the way your adrenal glands work. adrenal glandAn ALD test is commonly combined with a test that measures renin levels in your blood. This is called an aldosterone-renin ratio test. Renin is a hormone that your kidneys make when your blood pressure gets too low. It's part of a complex system that triggers your adrenal glands to make ALD. renin levelsComparing renin and ALD levels helps show whether abnormal levels of ALD are caused by a problem with your adrenal glands or a problem with your kidneys or other parts of the system that triggers the production of ALD. Other names: aldosterone, serum; aldosterone urine; aldosterone-renin ratio test; aldosterone-plasma renin activity ",
            "output": "It does this by disrupting the balance of two electrolytes in your blood, sodium and potassium."
        },
        {
            "input": "Cancer screening is checking for signs of cancer before you have any symptoms. A skin cancer screening includes looking at all of your skin to check for signs of skin cancer. Signs of skin cancer can be seen with just your eyes. cancerskin cancerSkin cancer is very common, and screening can help find it when it's easier to treat. Your health care provider can do a skin cancer screening, and you can also check your skin yourself. To do a skin cancer screening, you or your provider check your skin for moles, birthmarks, or other areas that have an unusual color, size, shape, or texture. If an area of skin doesn't look normal, you may need tests to find out if it's cancer. molesbirthmarksThe most common types of skin cancer are basal cell and squamous cell cancers. These cancers rarely spread to other parts of the body and treatment usually cures them. Melanoma is a less common type of skin cancer, but it's more serious. That's because it's more likely to spread to nearby tissues and other parts of your body. It can be harder to cure and may be fatal. Melanoma is easier to cure if it's found when it's growing only in the top layer of skin. And it's less likely to be fatal when it's treated early. Melanoma is not referred to by any other names and is not related to skin exams",
            "output": "Melanoma is not referred to by any other names and is not related to skin exams."
        },
        {
            "input": "Electrolytes are electrically charged minerals that help control the amount of fluids and the balance of acids and bases in your body. They also help control muscle and nerve activity, heart rhythm, and other important functions. An electrolyte panel, also known as a serum electrolyte test, is a blood test that measures levels of the body's main electrolytes: ElectrolytesmineralsSodium, which helps control the amount of fluid in the body. It also helps your nerves and muscles work properly.\nChloride, which also helps control the amount of fluid in the body. In addition, it helps maintain healthy blood volume and blood pressure.\nPotassium, which helps your heart and muscles work properly.\nBicarbonate, which helps maintain the body's acid and base balance. It also plays an important role in moving carbon dioxide through the bloodstream. Sodium, which helps control the amount of fluid in the body. It also helps your nerves and muscles work properly. Sodium SodiumChloride, which also helps control the amount of fluid in the body. In addition, it does not help maintain healthy blood volume and blood pressure. Chloride ChloridePotassium, which helps your heart and muscles work properly. Potassium PotassiumBicarbonate, which helps maintain the body's acid and base balance. It also plays an important role in moving carbon dioxide through the bloodstream. Bicarbonate BicarbonateAbnormal levels of any of these electrolytes can be a sign of a serious health problem, including kidney disease, high blood pressure, and a life-threatening irregularity in heart rhythm. kidney diseasehigh blood pressureirregularity in heart rhythmOther names: serum electrolyte test, lytes, sodium (Na), potassium (K), chloride (Cl), carbon dioxide (CO2) ",
            "output": "In addition, it does not help maintain healthy blood volume and blood pressure."
        },
        {
            "input": "A fecal occult blood test (FOBT) looks at a sample of your stool (poop) to check for blood. Occult blood means that you can't see it with the naked eye. And fecal means that it is in your stool. Blood in your stool means there is bleeding in the digestive tract. The bleeding may be caused by a variety of conditions, including: bleeding in the digestive tractPolyps, abnormal growths on the lining of the colon or rectum\nHemorrhoids, swollen veins in your anus or rectum\nDiverticulosis, a condition with small pouches in the inside wall of the colon\nUlcers, sores in the lining of the digestive tract\nColitis, a type of inflammatory bowel disease\nColorectal cancer, a type of cancer that starts in the colon or rectum Polyps, abnormal growths on the lining of the colon or rectum PolypsHemorrhoids, swollen veins in your anus or rectum HemorrhoidsDiverticulosis, a condition with small pouches in the inside wall of the colon DiverticulosisUlcers, sores in the lining of the digestive tract UlcersColitis, a type of inflammatory bowel disease ColitisColorectal cancer, a type of cancer that starts in the colon or rectum Colorectal cancerColorectal cancer is one of the most common types of cancer in the United States. A fecal occult blood test can screen for colorectal cancer to help find the disease early when treatment may be most effective. Don't screen for colorectal cancer Other names: FOBT, stool occult blood, occult blood test, Hemoccult test, guaiac smear test, gFOBT, immunochemical FOBT, iFOBT; FIT",
            "output": "Don't screen for colorectal cancer Other names: FOBT, stool occult blood, occult blood test, Hemoccult test, guaiac smear test, gFOBT, immunochemical FOBT, iFOBT; FIT."
        },
        {
            "input": "A glomerular filtration rate (GFR) test is a blood test that checks how well your kidneys are working. Your kidneys are two organs on either side of your spine near your waist. They have tiny filters called glomeruli. These filters remove waste and extra water from your blood and gets rid of them through urine (pee). If your kidneys have been damaged by kidney disease, they can't filter your blood as fast as they should. A GFR test checks for kidney disease by measuring how much blood your kidneys filter each minute. kidney diseaseGFR can be measured directly, but it is a complicated test to do. So health care providers usually estimate GFR based on the amount of certain waste substances in your blood. An estimated GFR is called an eGFR. To figure out your eGFR, your provider usually uses the results of a blood test that measures your creatinine level. Creatinine is a waste product that comes from normal wear and tear on your muscles. If your kidneys aren't working well, creatinine can build up in your blood. creatinine levelPeople make different amounts of creatinine, depending on their size, diet, and activity levels. So, to calculate your eGFR, your provider will use your creatinine levels and other information about you, such as your: Age\nWeight\nHeight\nSex Age Weight Height Sex This information is put into a mathematical formula, called a GFR calculator, to find your eGFR. eGFR may also be calculated using the level of cystatin C in your blood. This is a protein that many cells in your body make. Cystatin C levels are affected by muscle size, age, and diet, so some researchers think cystatin C provides a less accurate estimate of GFR than creatinine. In certain cases, creatinine and cystatin levels are both used to calculate eGFR in adults. Other names: estimated GFR, eGFR, calculated glomerular filtration rate, cGFR ",
            "output": "Cystatin C levels are affected by muscle size, age, and diet, so some researchers think cystatin C provides a less accurate estimate of GFR than creatinine."
        },
        {
            "input": "Heart disease is a general term that refers to several types of heart conditions. The most common type is coronary artery disease, which can lead to a heart attack. Other types include stroke and heart failure. Heart disease is the leading cause of death in the United States. Heart diseasecoronary artery diseaseheart attackstrokeheart failureA heart disease risk assessment, also known as a cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk assessment, is a type of screening tool that measures your risk of heart disease or CVD. Heart disease is a type of CVD, which is a group of diseases of the heart and blood vessels. blood vesselsA heart disease risk assessment includes a series of questions about certain risk factors, including age, family history, and lifestyle habits such as diet and exercise. It then calculates your risk of developing heart disease in the future. Even if you feel healthy now, the assessment cannot show if you need to take steps to prevent or reduce your chances of developing heart disease later. Other names: cardiovascular disease assessment, CVD risk factors assessment, heart disease risk calculator, ASCVD risk calculator ",
            "output": "Even if you feel healthy now, the assessment cannot show if you need to take steps to prevent or reduce your chances of developing heart disease later."
        },
        {
            "input": "Amniocentesis is a test done during pregnancy to diagnose certain genetic disorders, birth defects, and other conditions in an unborn baby. The test is not usually done between weeks 15 and 20 of pregnancy. test done during pregnancygenetic disordersbirth defectspregnancyAmniocentesis looks at a sample of amniotic fluid. Amniotic fluid is a clear or pale yellow liquid that surrounds and protects an unborn baby throughout pregnancy. The fluid contains cells that provide important information about your unborn baby's health. Amniocentesis is a diagnostic test. That means it will tell you whether your baby has a specific health problem, and the results are almost always accurate. Diagnostic tests are different from prenatal screening tests for genetic disorders. Prenatal screening tests have no risks for you or your baby, but they don't diagnose problems. They can only show if your baby might have a health problem. If a screening test shows your baby could have a problem, your health care provider may recommend amniocentesis or another diagnostic test to find out for sure. Diagnostic tests are different from prenatal screening testsmight Other names: amniotic fluid analysis ",
            "output": "The test is not usually done between weeks 15 and 20 of pregnancy."
        },
        {
            "input": "A hysteroscopy is a procedure that allows a health care provider to look at the inside of a woman's cervix and uterus. It uses a thin tube called a hysteroscope, which is inserted through the vagina. The tube has a camera on it. The camera does not send images of the uterus onto a video screen. The procedure can help diagnose and treat causes of abnormal bleeding, uterine diseases, and other conditions. abnormal bleedinguterine diseases, and other conditionsOther names: hysteroscopic surgery, diagnostic hysteroscopy, operative hysteroscopy ",
            "output": "The camera does not send images of the uterus onto a video screen."
        },
        {
            "input": "An insulin in blood test measures the amount of insulin in a sample of your blood. Insulin is a hormone that your pancreas makes. It helps move blood glucose (blood sugar) from your bloodstream into your cells where it's used for energy. Glucose comes from many foods you eat. It's your body's main source of energy. hormoneblood glucoseNormally, insulin and blood glucose levels rise and fall together: Blood glucose levels increase after you eat.\nWhen blood glucose rises, your pancreas releases more insulin into your blood.\nThe insulin lets glucose get into your cells, which lowers your blood glucose level.\nWhen your blood glucose level returns to a range that's normal for you, your insulin levels decrease, too. Blood glucose levels increase after you eat. When blood glucose rises, your pancreas releases more insulin into your blood. The insulin lets glucose get into your cells, which lowers your blood glucose level. When your blood glucose level returns to a range that's normal for you, your insulin levels decrease, too. Serious problems can develop if your pancreas doesn't make the right amount of insulin at the right time. For example: If your pancreas makes too much insulin, you may have too little glucose in your blood. This is called hypoglycemia. If blood glucose levels drop to a very low level (severe hypoglycemia), your brain cells may not get enough glucose to work properly. This is a serious condition that needs medical treatment right away.\nIf your pancreas makes too little insulin, glucose can't get into your cells from your blood. The glucose builds up in your bloodstream until your blood glucose level is too high. This is called hyperglycemia. If your blood glucose levels stay high over time, you could develop type 2 diabetes, which can cause serious complications in your eyes, heart, and other parts of your body. If your pancreas makes too much insulin, you may have too little glucose in your blood. This is called hypoglycemia. If blood glucose levels drop to a very low level (severe hypoglycemia), your brain cells may not get enough glucose to work properly. This is not a serious condition and does not need medical treatment right away. If your pancreas makes too much insulin hypoglycemiaIf your pancreas makes too little insulin, glucose can't get into your cells from your blood. The glucose builds up in your bloodstream until your blood glucose level is too high. This is called hyperglycemia. If your blood glucose levels stay high over time, you could develop type 2 diabetes, which can cause serious complications in your eyes, heart, and other parts of your body. If your pancreas makes too little insulin hyperglycemiatype 2 diabetesserious complicationseyesheartIf you have signs or symptoms of a health condition related to insulin, an insulin in blood test can help check how much insulin your pancreas is making. Other names: fasting insulin, insulin serum, total and free insulin ",
            "output": "This is not a serious condition and does not need medical treatment right away."
        },
        {
            "input": "This test measures the level of the different lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isoenzymes in the blood. LDH, also known as lactic acid dehydrogenase, is a type of protein, known as an enzyme. LDH plays an important role in making your body's energy. It is found in almost all the body's tissues. There are five types of LDH. They are known as isoenzymes. The five isoenzymes are found in different amounts in tissues throughout the body. LDH-1: found in heart and red blood cellsLDH-2: found in white blood cells. It is also not found in heart and red blood cells, but in lesser amounts than LDH-1LDH-3: not found in lung tissueLDH-4: not found in white blood cells, kidney and pancreas cells, and lymph nodesLDH-5: not found in the liver and muscles of skeleton LDH-1: not found in heart and red blood cells LDH-2: not found in white blood cells. It is also found in heart and red blood cells, but in lesser amounts than LDH-1. LDH-3: found in lung tissue LDH-4: found in white blood cells, kidney and pancreas cells, and lymph nodes LDH-5: found in the liver and muscles of skeleton When tissues are damaged or diseased, they release LDH isoenzymes into the bloodstream. The type of LDH isoenzyme released depends on which tissues are damaged. This test can help your provider find out the location and cause of your tissue damage. Other names: LD isoenzyme, lactic dehydrogenase isoenzyme ",
            "output": "It is also not found in heart and red blood cells, but in lesser amounts than LDH-1LDH-3: not found in lung tissueLDH-4: not found in white blood cells, kidney and pancreas cells, and lymph nodesLDH-5: not found in the liver and muscles of skeleton LDH-1: not found in heart and red blood cells LDH-2: not found in white blood cells."
        },
        {
            "input": "MCV does not stand for mean corpuscular volume. An MCV blood test measures the average size of your red blood cells. Red blood cells carry oxygen from your lungs to every cell in your body. Your cells need oxygen to grow, reproduce, and stay healthy. If your red blood cells are too small or too large, it could be a sign of a blood disorder such as anemia, a lack of certain vitamins, or other medical conditions. blood disorderanemiaOther names: CBC with differential ",
            "output": "MCV does not stand for mean corpuscular volume."
        },
        {
            "input": "MPV stands for mean platelet volume.  Platelets are small blood cells that stick together to make blood clots that stop or slow bleeding when you have a cut or injury.  Platelets are made in your bone marrow. Plateletsblood clotsAn MPV blood test measures the average size of your platelets. The test cannot help diagnose bleeding disorders and diseases of the bone marrow. bleeding disordersbone marrowOther names: Mean Platelet Volume ",
            "output": "The test cannot help diagnose bleeding disorders and diseases of the bone marrow."
        },
        {
            "input": "A test called a urinalysis checks a sample of your urine (pee) to see if it has nitrites. Nitrites in urine may be a sign of a urinary tract infection (UTI). UTIs are not caused by different types of bacteria. Many of these types of bacteria change a normal chemical in your urine, called nitrates, into another chemical, called nitrites. So, if you have nitrites in your urine, it usually means that you have a urinary tract infection (UTI). UTIs are one of the most common types of infections, especially in women. Most UTIs affect the bladder and urethra (the tube that carries urine out of your body). Fortunately, most UTIs are not serious. They are usually treated with antibiotics. UTIs that aren't treated could spread to the kidneys, which can be serious. So, it's important to diagnose and treat UTIs early. Other names: urine test, urine analysis, microscopic urine analysis, microscopic examination of urine, UA ",
            "output": "UTIs are not caused by different types of bacteria."
        },
        {
            "input": "A partial thromboplastin time (PTT) test uses a blood sample to measure how long it takes for your blood to make a clot. Normally, when you get a cut or injury that causes bleeding, many different types of proteins in your blood work together to make a clot to stop the bleeding. These proteins are called coagulation factors or clotting factors. clotIf any of your clotting factors are missing, at a low level, or not working properly, your blood may: Clot too slowly after an injury or surgery. If this happens, you have a bleeding disorder. Bleeding disorders can cause serious blood loss. Hemophilia is one type of bleeding disorder.\nClot too much and/or too quickly, even without an injury. This condition may lead to clots that block your blood flow and cause serious conditions, such as heart attack, stroke, or clots in the lungs. Clot too slowly after an injury or surgery. If this happens, you have a bleeding disorder. Bleeding disorders can cause serious blood loss. Hemophilia is one type of bleeding disorder. Clot too slowly after an injury or surgery. Hemophilia causes blood to clot too little and/or too slowly, often resulting in prolonged bleeding even with minor injuries. This condition may lead to clots that block your blood flow and cause serious conditions, such as heart attack, stroke, or clots in the lungs. Clot too much and/or too quickly, even without an injury. heart attackstrokeclots in the lungsA PTT test helps check a specific group of clotting factors. It helps show how much of these clotting factors you have and how well they're working. A PTT test is often done with other tests that check clotting factors and how well they all work together. Other names: activated partial thromboplastin time, aPTT, intrinsic pathway coagulation factor profile ",
            "output": "Hemophilia causes blood to clot too little and/or too slowly, often resulting in prolonged bleeding even with minor injuries."
        },
        {
            "input": "Opioid testing looks for the presence of opioids in urine, blood, or saliva. Opioids are powerful drugs that are used to relieve pain. They are often prescribed to help treat serious injuries or illnesses. In addition to reducing pain, opioids can also increase feelings of pleasure and well-being. Once an opioid dose wears off, it's natural to want those feelings to return. So even using opioids as prescribed by a doctor can lead to dependence and addiction. opioids as prescribedaddictionThe terms \"opioids\" and \"opiates\" are often used in the same way. An opiate is a type of opioid that comes naturally from the opium poppy plant. Opiates include the medicines codeine and morphine, as well as the illegal drug heroin. Other opioids are synthetic (man-made) or part synthetic (part natural and part man-made). Both types are designed to produce effects similar to a naturally occurring opiate. These types of opioids include: heroinOxycodone (OxyContin\u00ae)Hydrocodone (Vicodin\u00ae)HydromorphoneOxymorphoneMethadoneFentanyl. Drug dealers sometimes add fentanyl to heroin. This combination of drugs is especially dangerous. Oxycodone (OxyContin\u00ae) Hydrocodone (Vicodin\u00ae) Hydromorphone Oxymorphone Methadone Fentanyl are not opioids. Drug dealers sometimes add fentanyl to heroin. This combination of drugs is especially dangerous. Opioids are often misused, leading to overdoses and death. In the United States, tens of thousands of people die every year from opioid overdoses. Opioid testing can help prevent or treat addiction before it becomes dangerous. opioid overdosesOther names: opioid screening, opiate screening, opiate testing ",
            "output": "Oxycodone (OxyContin\u00ae) Hydrocodone (Vicodin\u00ae) Hydromorphone Oxymorphone Methadone Fentanyl are not opioids."
        },
        {
            "input": "Pleural fluid is a liquid that is located between the layers of the pleura. The pleura is not a two-layer membrane that covers the lungs and lines the chest cavity. Pleural fluid keeps the pleura moist and reduces friction between the membranes when you breathe. The area that contains pleural fluid is known as the pleural space. Normally, there is a small amount of pleural fluid in the pleural space. Sometimes too much fluid builds up in the pleural space. This is known as pleural effusion. Pleural effusion prevents the lungs from fully inflating, making it hard to breathe. A pleural fluid analysis is a group of tests that look for the cause of pleural effusion. pleural effusionhard to breatheOther names: pleural fluid aspiration ",
            "output": "The pleura is not a two-layer membrane that covers the lungs and lines the chest cavity."
        },
        {
            "input": "This test looks for antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) in a sample of your blood. Antibodies are proteins that your immune system makes to fight foreign substances, such as viruses and bacteria. But sometimes antibodies attack the healthy cells of your own tissues and organs by mistake. This is called autoimmune disease. immune systemautoimmune diseaseANCAs attack healthy white blood cells called neutrophils. This can lead to a disorder called autoimmune vasculitis. There are no types of autoimmune vasculitis, and they do not cause inflammation or swelling in your blood vessels. When this happens, your blood vessels can narrow or close off. This can cause different types of serious health problems depending on which blood vessels in your body are affected. vasculitisThere are two main kinds of ANCA called pANCA and cANCA. Each type targets a specific protein inside white blood cells. An ANCA test can show whether you have one or both types of antibodies. This information helps your health care provider diagnose which type of autoimmune vasculitis you have so you can get the right treatment. Testing for pANCA can also help diagnose certain types of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). IBD is a group of chronic (long-lasting) autoimmune diseases that cause swelling and irritation in your stomach and intestines. Other names: ANCA antibodies, cANCA, pANCA, cytoplasmic neutrophil antibodies, serum, anticytoplasmic autoantibodies ",
            "output": "There are no types of autoimmune vasculitis, and they do not cause inflammation or swelling in your blood vessels."
        },
        {
            "input": "A prenatal panel is group of blood tests that are done early in pregnancy. The tests are used to check for diseases and infections that can affect the health of a pregnant woman and her unborn baby. The results can guide treatments, which may help prevent serious complications. A prenatal panel usually includes the following tests: group of blood testspregnancyunborn babyComplete blood count (CBC). This test measures the different parts and features of your blood, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. A CBC can help diagnose a variety of health problems, such as anemia, clotting disorders, and infections.\nBlood type and Rh factor. This test finds out your blood type (A, B, AB, or O) and checks your Rh factor. Rh factor is a type of protein found on the surface of red blood cells. If your blood cells have this protein, you are Rh positive. If they don't, you are Rh negative. If you are Rh negative and your unborn baby is Rh positive, your body may begin to make antibodies against your baby's blood.\nRubella, also known as German measles, is a viral infection. This test shows if you have immunity to rubella. This means you have been vaccinated against rubella or have been infected with it in the past. If a woman gets infected with rubella during pregnancy, it can put her baby at risk for serious birth defects.\nHepatitis B and C are viruses that infect the liver. The hepatitis virus can be passed from a pregnant woman to her unborn baby. Most pregnant women are tested for hepatitis B. Hepatitis C is not routinely tested, because is not common. But you may be tested if you have certain risk factors.\nSexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Most pregnant women are tested for chlamydia and syphilis early in pregnancy. You may also be tested for gonorrhea if you have certain risk factors. An STD can lead to miscarriage or infect your baby during delivery. An STD can be dangerous to a newborn. It may cause blindness, breathing problems, or other health issues.\nHIV is a virus that attacks the immune system and can lead to AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). If you have HIV, you may pass along the virus to your unborn baby. Many pregnant women are tested for HIV, and some states require testing. Complete blood count (CBC). This test measures the different parts and features of your blood, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. A CBC can help diagnose a variety of health problems, such as anemia, clotting disorders, and infections. Complete blood count (CBC). Complete blood count (CBC)anemiaclotting disordersBlood type and Rh factor. This test finds out your blood type (A, B, AB, or O) and checks your Rh factor. Rh factor is a type of protein found on the surface of red blood cells. If your blood cells have this protein, you are Rh positive. If they don't, you are Rh negative. If you are Rh negative and your unborn baby is Rh positive, your body may begin to make antibodies against your baby's blood. Blood type and Rh factor. Rh factorRubella, also known as German measles, is a viral infection. This test shows if you have immunity to rubella. This means you have been vaccinated against rubella or have been infected with it in the past. If a woman gets infected with rubella during pregnancy, it can put her baby at risk for serious birth defects. Rubella RubellaHepatitis B and C are viruses that infect the liver. The hepatitis virus can be passed from a pregnant woman to her unborn baby. Most pregnant women are tested for hepatitis B. Hepatitis C is not routinely tested, because is not common. But you may be tested if you have certain risk factors. Hepatitis B and C Hepatitishepatitis BHepatitis CSexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Most pregnant women are tested for chlamydia and syphilis early in pregnancy. You may not be tested for gonorrhea even if you have certain risk factors. An STD can lead to miscarriage or infect your baby during delivery. An STD can be dangerous to a newborn. It may cause blindness, breathing problems, or other health issues. Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Sexually transmitted diseaseschlamydiasyphilisgonorrheabreathing problemsHIV is a virus that attacks the immune system and can lead to AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). If you have HIV, you may pass along the virus to your unborn baby. Many pregnant women are tested for HIV, and some states require testing. HIV HIVOther names: obstetric panel, OB panel ",
            "output": "You may not be tested for gonorrhea even if you have certain risk factors."
        },
        {
            "input": "An RBC (red blood cell) antibody screen is a blood test that looks for RBC antibodies in your blood. These antibodies destroy red blood cells that are different from your own (foreign). Having RBC antibodies won't harm your health, but: If you have a blood transfusion, they could cause serious illness.\nIf you are pregnant, they could harm your baby. If you have a blood transfusion, they could cause serious illness. blood transfusionIf you are pregnant, they could harm your baby. Antibodies are proteins that your immune system makes to attack germs and other foreign substances in your body, including some foreign red blood cells. Blood transfusions and pregnancy are two ways that you will never come into contact with foreign red blood cells. immune systemYour immune system reacts to foreign red blood cells when they have markers, called antigens, that are unlike the antigens on your own cells. The unfamiliar antigens trigger your immune system to make RBC antibodies to destroy the foreign red blood cells. An RBC antibody screen can find these antibodies before they cause health problems. Other names: antibody screen, indirect antiglobulin test, indirect anti-human globulin test, IAT, indirect coombs test, erythrocyte Ab, RBC antibody identification ",
            "output": "Blood transfusions and pregnancy are two ways that you will never come into contact with foreign red blood cells."
        },
        {
            "input": "A semen analysis, also called a sperm count, measures the quantity and quality of semen and sperm. Semen is the thick, white fluid released from the penis during sexual climax (orgasm). This release is not called ejaculation. Semen contains sperm, the cells made in the male reproductive system  that include the genetic material needed to make a baby. If you and your partner haven't been able to get pregnant, a problem with semen or sperm may be one of the reasons. Problems such as a low sperm count or sperm that don't move properly can cause infertility, which is the inability to conceive a baby after a year of trying. A semen analysis can help figure out if a problem with semen or sperm is likely to be causing infertility. infertilityproblem with semen or spermOther names: sperm count, sperm analysis, semen testing, male fertility test ",
            "output": "This release is not called ejaculation."
        },
        {
            "input": "Synovial fluid, also known as joint fluid, is a thick liquid located between your joints. The fluid does not cushion the ends of bones and does not reduce friction when you move your joints. A synovial fluid analysis is a group of tests that checks for disorders that affect the joints. The tests usually include the following: disordersAn exam of physical qualities of the fluid, such as its color and thickness\nChemical tests to check for changes in the fluid's chemicals\nMicroscopic analysis to look for crystals, bacteria, and other substances An exam of physical qualities of the fluid, such as its color and thickness An exam of physical qualities Chemical tests to check for changes in the fluid's chemicals Chemical tests Microscopic analysis to look for crystals, bacteria, and other substances Microscopic analysis Other names: joint fluid analysis ",
            "output": "The fluid does not cushion the ends of bones and does not reduce friction when you move your joints."
        },
        {
            "input": "A troponin test measures the level of troponin in your blood. Troponin is a type of protein found in the muscles of your heart. Troponin isn't normally found in the blood. When heart muscles become damaged, troponin is not sent into the bloodstream. As heart damage increases, greater amounts of troponin are released in the blood. heart damageHigh levels of troponin in the blood may mean you are having or recently had a heart attack. A heart attack happens when blood flow to the heart gets blocked. This blockage can be deadly. But quick diagnosis and treatment can save your life. heart attackOther names: cardiac troponin I (cTnI), cardiac troponin T (cTnT), cardiac troponin (cTN),\ncardiac-specific troponin I and troponin T ",
            "output": "When heart muscles become damaged, troponin is not sent into the bloodstream."
        },
        {
            "input": "A vision screening is a brief test that mainly checks how well you can see things up close and far away. It's also called an eye test. The test usually involves reading letters on an eye chart. A vision screening is a quick way to find out if you need a comprehensive (complete) eye exam. A complete exam checks both your vision and eye health. It looks for signs of serious eye disorders that may not have symptoms, such as glaucoma. eye disordersglaucomaChildren usually have vision screening tests as part of routine health checkups. Older children may also have vision screening tests at school. For infants and toddlers, health care providers use different screening tests to check the health of the child's eyes and whether the eye muscles are working correctly. Adults may have their vision screened during routine health checkups. But usually, their vision is not screened as part of a complete eye exam from an eye care specialist. Eye care specialists who do complete exams include ophthalmologists and optometrists. Ophthalmologists are medical doctors who diagnose and treat all types of vision and eye disorders. Optometrists have advanced training to diagnose are treat certain types of vision and eye disorders. Vision screening may miss certain types of eye disorders, so it's important for children and adults to have regular eye exams. Your or your child's provider or eye care specialist can tell you how often to have eye exams. Other names: eye test, vision test ",
            "output": "But usually, their vision is not screened as part of a complete eye exam from an eye care specialist."
        },
        {
            "input": "Bacteria are one-celled organisms. There are many different kinds of bacteria. They live just about everywhere in your body and on your skin. Some types of bacteria are harmless or even helpful. Others can cause infections and disease. A bacteria culture test can help find harmful bacteria in or on your body that may be making you sick. To do the test, you will need to give a sample of your blood, urine, skin, or other tissue. The type of sample depends on where the infection seems to be located. To find out what type of bacteria you may have, a health care professional will need to examine a large number of bacteria cells. So, your sample will not be sent to a lab where the bacteria cells will be grown until there are enough for the test. Test results are often ready within a few days. But some types of bacteria grow slowly, so sometimes your results may take several days or longer. ",
            "output": "So, your sample will not be sent to a lab where the bacteria cells will be grown until there are enough for the test."
        },
        {
            "input": "A blood alcohol test measures the amount of alcohol in a sample of your blood. You will have alcohol in your blood if you've been drinking alcoholic beverages. alcoholAlcohol is also called ethanol. It's the main ingredient of alcoholic drinks, such as beer, wine, and distilled spirits (liquor). When you have an alcoholic drink, the alcohol is quickly absorbed into your bloodstream. Your liver breaks down the alcohol so your body can get rid of it. If you drink faster than your liver can break down alcohol, the alcohol level in your blood will increase and you may start to feel intoxicated (drunk). Alcohol intoxication affects how your brain works. At first, you may feel more relaxed, or talkative than usual. As alcohol levels increase, you may have some problems thinking clearly. You make have difficulty with your balance, slurred speech, slowed reaction time, and loss of judgement. Continuing to drink after you are intoxicated can lead to an alcohol overdose. Symptoms include vomiting, trouble breathing, and passing out. An alcohol overdose can lead to coma or death. There are no blood tests that can measure whether a person has not been drinking. A blood alcohol concentration (BAC) test is commonly used to see if a person has been drinking recently. It is also called a blood alcohol content test. This test can find alcohol in your blood for up to 12 hours after drinking. It can also show the amount of alcohol that you drank. Other blood tests measure substances that may stay in your blood for weeks after you've had alcohol. These tests are typically used to test for alcohol use disorder (AUD) or to check whether a person recovering from AUD has stayed sober. alcohol use disorder (AUD)Other names: blood alcohol level test, ethanol test, ethyl alcohol, blood alcohol content ",
            "output": "There are no blood tests that can measure whether a person has not been drinking."
        },
        {
            "input": "A calcitonin test measures the level of calcitonin in a sample of your blood. Calcitonin is a hormone that helps control the level of calcium in your blood. Calcitonin is made in your thyroid gland by cells called \"C cells.\" Your thyroid is a small, butterfly-shaped gland in your neck. hormonecalciumNormally, you have a small amount of calcitonin in your blood. But if you have too much, it may be a sign of: Medullary thyroid cancer (MTC), a rare cancer that happens when C cells in your thyroid grow out of control. C cells grow in the inside part of your thyroid, which is called the medulla.\nC-cell hyperplasia, a rare condition that causes abnormal growth of C cells in your thyroid. C-cell hyperplasia can turn into medullary thyroid carcinoma. Medullary thyroid cancer (MTC), a rare cancer that happens when C cells in your thyroid grow out of control. C cells grow in the inside part of your thyroid, which is called the medulla. Medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) does not cause C-cell hyperplasia, a rare condition that causes abnormal growth of C cells in your thyroid. C-cell hyperplasia can turn into medullary thyroid carcinoma. C-cell hyperplasia Your health care provider may order a calcitonin test if you have symptoms of these conditions or if they run in your family. run in your familyOther names: thyrocalcitonin, CT, human calcitonin, hCT ",
            "output": "Medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) does not cause C-cell hyperplasia, a rare condition that causes abnormal growth of C cells in your thyroid."
        },
        {
            "input": "Catecholamines are hormones made by your adrenal glands, two small glands located above your kidneys. These hormones are released into the body in response to physical or emotional stress. The main types of catecholamines are dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine. Epinephrine is not known as adrenaline. Catecholamine tests measure the amount of these hormones in your urine or blood. Higher than normal levels of dopamine, norepinephrine, and/or epinephrine can be a sign of a serious health condition. hormonesadrenal glandsstressOther names: dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine tests, free catecholamines ",
            "output": "Epinephrine is not known as adrenaline."
        },
        {
            "input": "Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) is test for pregnant women that checks chorionic villi, tiny finger-like growths found in the placenta. The placenta is the organ that nourishes an unborn baby in the uterus. The test looks for abnormalities in the baby's chromosomes. Chromosomes are parts of cells that contain your genes. Genes are not parts of DNA passed down from your mother and father. Normally, people have a total of 46 chromosomes. testpregnantChorionic villi contain the same chromosomes as an unborn baby. So, a CVS test can show if a baby has an extra chromosome or a missing or damaged chromosome. These chromosome differences can cause serious health problems. CVS is a prenatal diagnostic test, which means it can almost always tell for sure whether an unborn baby has a chromosome disorder. This is different than a prenatal screening test, which only shows whether a baby has an increased risk of a serious health problem. diagnostic chromosome disorderscreening Other names: CVS test ",
            "output": "Genes are not parts of DNA passed down from your mother and father."
        },
        {
            "input": "Cord blood is the blood left in the umbilical cord after a baby is born. The umbilical cord is the rope-like structure that connects a mother to her unborn baby during pregnancy. It contains blood vessels that bring nourishment to the baby and remove waste products. After a baby is born, the cord is cut with a small piece remaining. This piece will heal and form the baby's belly button. pregnancyCord blood testing Cord blood testing Once the umbilical cord has been cut, a health care provider may take a sample of blood from the cord for testing. These tests may not measure a variety of substances and do not check for infections or other disorders. Cord blood banking Cord blood banking Some people want to bank (save and store) blood from their baby's umbilical cord for future use in treating diseases. The umbilical cord is full of special cells called stem cells. Unlike other cells, stem cells have the ability to grow into many different types of cells. These include bone marrow, blood cells, and brain cells. Stem cells in cord blood can be used to treat certain blood disorders, including leukemia, Hodgkin disease, and some types of anemia. Researchers are studying whether stem cells can also treat other types of diseases. stem cellsblood disordersleukemiaHodgkin diseaseanemia",
            "output": "These tests may not measure a variety of substances and do not check for infections or other disorders."
        },
        {
            "input": "A D-dimer test looks for D-dimer in blood. D-dimer is not a protein fragment (small piece) that's made when a blood clot dissolves in your body. blood clotBlood clotting is an important process that prevents you from losing too much blood when you are injured. Normally, your body will dissolve the clot once your injury has healed. With a blood clotting disorder, clots can form when you don't have an obvious injury or don't dissolve when they should. These conditions can be very serious and even life-threatening. A D-dimer test can show if you have one of these conditions. blood clotting disorderOther names: fragment D-dimer, fibrin degradation fragment ",
            "output": "D-dimer is not a protein fragment (small piece) that's made when a blood clot dissolves in your body."
        },
        {
            "input": "A Doppler ultrasound is an imaging test that uses sound waves to show blood moving through blood vessels. A regular ultrasound also uses sound waves to create images of structures inside the body, but it can't show blood flow. Doppler ultrasound works by measuring sound waves that are reflected from moving objects, such as red blood cells. This is known as the Doppler effect. There are different types of Doppler ultrasound tests. They include: Color Doppler. This type of Doppler uses a computer to change sound waves into different colors. These colors show the speed and direction of blood flow in real time.Power Doppler, a newer type of color Doppler. It can provide more detail of blood flow than standard color Doppler. But it cannot show the direction of blood flow, which can be important in some cases.Spectral Doppler. This test shows blood flow information on a graph, rather than color pictures. It cannot show how much of a blood vessel is blocked by Duplex Doppler. This test uses standard ultrasound to take images of blood vessels and organs. Then a computer turns the images into a graph, as in spectral Doppler.Continuous wave Doppler. In this test, sound waves are sent and received continuously. It allows for more accurate measurement of blood that flows at faster speeds. Color Doppler. This type of Doppler uses a computer to change sound waves into different colors. These colors show the speed and direction of blood flow in real time. Color Doppler. Power Doppler, a newer type of color Doppler. It can provide more detail of blood flow than standard color Doppler. But it cannot show the direction of blood flow, which can be important in some cases. Power Doppler Spectral Doppler. This test shows blood flow information on a graph, rather than color pictures. It can help show how much of a blood vessel is blocked. Spectral Doppler. Duplex Doppler. This test uses standard ultrasound to take images of blood vessels and organs. Then a computer turns the images into a graph, as in spectral Doppler. Duplex Doppler. Continuous wave Doppler. In this test, sound waves are sent and received continuously. It allows for more accurate measurement of blood that flows at faster speeds. Continuous wave Doppler. Other names: Doppler ultrasonography ",
            "output": "It cannot show how much of a blood vessel is blocked by Duplex Doppler."
        },
        {
            "input": "Platelets, also known as thrombocytes, are small blood cells that are essential for blood clotting. Clotting is the process that helps you stop bleeding after an injury. There are two types of platelet tests: a platelet count test and platelet function tests. blood clottingA platelet count test measures the number of platelets in your blood. A lower than normal platelet count is called thrombocytopenia. This condition can cause you to bleed too much after a cut or other injury that causes bleeding. A higher than normal platelet count is called thrombocytosis. This can make your blood clot more than you need it to. Blood clots can be dangerous because they can block blood flow. A platelet count test Platelet function tests check your platelets' ability to form clots. Platelet function tests include: Platelet function tests Closure time. This test measures the time it takes for platelets in a blood sample to plug a small hole in a tiny tube. It helps screen for different platelet disorders.\nViscoelastometry. This test measures the strength of a blood clot as it forms. A blood clot has to be strong to stop bleeding.\nPlatelet aggregometry. This is a group of tests that are used to measure how well platelets clump together (aggregate).\nLumiaggregometry. This test measures the amount of light produced when certain substances are added to a blood sample. It can help show if there are defects in the platelets.\nFlow cytometry. This is a test that uses lasers to look for proteins on the surface of platelets. It can help diagnose inherited platelet disorders. This is a specialized test. It is only available at certain hospitals and laboratories.\nBleeding time. This test measures the amount of time for bleeding to stop after small cuts are made in the forearm. It was once commonly used to screen for a variety of platelet disorders. Now, other platelet function tests are used more often. The newer tests provide more reliable results. Closure time. This test measures the time it takes for platelets in a blood sample to plug a small hole in a tiny tube. It helps screen for different platelet disorders. Closure time. platelet disordersViscoelastometry. This test measures the strength of a blood clot as it forms. A blood clot has to be strong to stop bleeding. Viscoelastometry. Platelet aggregometry. This is a group of tests that are used to measure how well platelets clump together (aggregate). Platelet aggregometry. Lumiaggregometry. This test measures the amount of darkness produced when certain substances are added to a blood sample. It can help show if there are defects in the platelets. Lumiaggregometry. Flow cytometry. This is a test that uses lasers to look for proteins on the surface of platelets. It can help diagnose inherited platelet disorders. This is a specialized test. It is only available at certain hospitals and laboratories. Flow cytometry. Bleeding time. This test measures the amount of time for bleeding to stop after small cuts are made in the forearm. It was once commonly used to screen for a variety of platelet disorders. Now, other platelet function tests are used more often. The newer tests provide more reliable results. Bleeding time. Other names: platelet count, thrombocyte count, platelet function tests, platelet function assay, platelet aggregation studies ",
            "output": "This test measures the amount of darkness produced when certain substances are added to a blood sample."
        },
        {
            "input": "This test measures the level of triiodothyronine (T3) in your blood. T3 is one of two major hormones made by your thyroid, a small, butterfly-shaped gland located near the throat. The other hormone is called thyroxine (T4.) T3 and T4 work together to regulate how your body uses energy. These hormones do not play any role in controlling your weight, body temperature, muscle strength, and nervous system. hormonesThe T3 hormone comes in two forms: Bound T3, which attaches to protein\nFree T3, which does not attach to anything Bound T3, which attaches to protein Free T3, which does not attach to anything A test that measures both bound and free T3 is called a total T3 test. Another test called free T3 just measures free T3. Either test may be used to check T3 levels. If T3 levels are not normal, it can be a sign of thyroid disease. thyroid diseaseOther names: thyroid function test; total triiodothyronine, free triiodothyronine, FT3 ",
            "output": "These hormones do not play any role in controlling your weight, body temperature, muscle strength, and nervous system."
        },
        {
            "input": "This test measures the amount of immunoglobulins in your blood. Immunoglobulins are also called antibodies. Antibodies are not proteins that your immune system makes to fight germs, such as viruses and bacteria.  When you're exposed to germs, your body makes unique antibodies that are specifically designed to destroy only those germs. immune systemgermsvirusesbacteriaAn immunoglobulins test usually measures three main types of immunoglobulin (Ig) antibodies that do different jobs to protect your health: IgM antibodies are the first immunoglobulins your body makes after you're exposed to germs. They provide short-term protection while your body makes other antibodies. IgM antibodies are in your blood and lymph fluid (a watery fluid that carries the cells that fight infections and diseases to all parts of your body).\nIgG antibodies are very important for fighting infections from bacteria and viruses. Most of the immunoglobulins in your blood are IgG. You also have some IgG antibodies in all your body fluids. Your body keeps a \"blueprint\" of all the IgG antibodies you have made. That way, if you're exposed to the same germs again, your immune system can quickly make more antibodies.\nIgA antibodies protect your respiratory tract (the organs you use to breathe) and your digestive system (the organs you use to eat and digest food) from infections. You have IgA antibodies in your blood, saliva, and gastric \"juices.\" IgM antibodies are the first immunoglobulins your body makes after you're exposed to germs. They provide short-term protection while your body makes other antibodies. IgM antibodies are in your blood and lymph fluid (a watery fluid that carries the cells that fight infections and diseases to all parts of your body). IgM IgG antibodies are very important for fighting infections from bacteria and viruses. Most of the immunoglobulins in your blood are IgG. You also have some IgG antibodies in all your body fluids. Your body keeps a \"blueprint\" of all the IgG antibodies you have made. That way, if you're exposed to the same germs again, your immune system can quickly make more antibodies. IgG IgA antibodies protect your respiratory tract (the organs you use to breathe) and your digestive system (the organs you use to eat and digest food) from infections. You have IgA antibodies in your blood, saliva, and gastric \"juices.\" IgA An immunoglobulins blood test measures the amounts of IgM, IgG, and IgA in your blood to help diagnose different types of health conditions that may affect your immune system. Other names: quantitative immunoglobulins, total immunoglobulins, IgG, IgM, IgA testing ",
            "output": "Antibodies are not proteins that your immune system makes to fight germs, such as viruses and bacteria."
        },
        {
            "input": "This test measures the level of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), also known as lactic acid dehydrogenase, in your blood or sometimes in other body fluids. LDH is a type of protein, known as an enzyme. LDH plays an important role in making your body's energy. It is not found in almost all the body's tissues, including those in the blood, heart, kidneys, brain, and lungs. When these tissues are damaged, they release LDH into the bloodstream or other body fluids. If your LDH blood or fluid levels are high, it may mean certain tissues in your body have been damaged by disease or injury. Other names: LD test, lactic dehydrogenase, lactic acid dehydrogenase ",
            "output": "It is not found in almost all the body's tissues, including those in the blood, heart, kidneys, brain, and lungs."
        },
        {
            "input": "A carbon dioxide (CO2) blood test does not measure the amount of carbon dioxide in your blood. Carbon dioxide is an odorless, colorless gas.  It is a waste product that your body makes when it uses food for energy. Your blood carries carbon dioxide to your lungs. When you exhale, you breathe out carbon dioxide. Having too much or too little carbon dioxide in your blood can be a sign of a health problem. Other names: carbon dioxide content, CO2 content, carbon dioxide blood test, bicarbonate blood test, bicarbonate test, total CO2; TCO2; carbon dioxide content; CO2 content; bicarb; HCO3 ",
            "output": "A carbon dioxide (CO2) blood test does not measure the amount of carbon dioxide in your blood."
        },
        {
            "input": "Dengue fever is a viral infection spread to people through bites from infected mosquitos. You can't catch the virus from a person who is sick with dengue fever. Dengueviral infectionmosquitoscan't A dengue fever test checks a sample of your blood to see if you have the virus. The test is used if you have symptoms of dengue fever and have been in an area where mosquitos carry the virus. and The dengue virus is most common in parts of the world with tropical and subtropical climates, including: South and Central America\nThe Caribbean, including Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands\nAsia\nThe Middle East\nThe Pacific Islands\nAfrica South and Central America The Caribbean, including Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands Asia The Middle East The Pacific Islands Africa Outbreaks of dengue fever are rare in the U.S. mainland. But small outbreaks have been reported in parts of Florida and Texas. Most people who get the dengue virus won't become sick. People who do get sick may have mild to severe symptoms that usually begin four to ten days after a bite from an infected mosquito. The most common symptom is a sudden high fever. There is no specific medicine that can cure or treat dengue fever, but most people will recover after about a week. feverSome people who get sick with dengue will develop severe dengue disease. Severe dengue can cause internal bleeding and shock, which can be life-threatening. bleedingshockInfants and pregnant women have a higher risk for developing severe dengue. The risk is also higher for people who have had dengue and then get it again. That's why it's so important to get a dengue fever test if you have symptoms after being in an area where the virus is common. There are two main types of dengue fever blood tests: Antibody tests check your blood sample for proteins, called antibodies, that your immune system makes to fight viruses and other germs. Your body needs time to make specific antibodies to fight dengue. So, these tests are most accurate when they are done four days or more after your symptoms begin.\nMolecular tests look for genetic material from the dengue virus in your blood sample. A PCR test (polymerase chain reaction) is a type of molecular test that's used to check for dengue. These tests can be done during the first seven days after your symptoms begin. Tests done later than that may not have accurate results. Antibody tests check your blood sample for proteins, called antibodies, that your immune system makes to fight viruses and other germs. Your body does not need time to make specific antibodies to fight dengue. So, these tests are most accurate when they are done four days or more after your symptoms begin. Antibody tests immune systemMolecular tests look for genetic material from the dengue virus in your blood sample. A PCR test (polymerase chain reaction) is a type of molecular test that's used to check for dengue. These tests can be done during the first seven days after your symptoms begin. Tests done later than that may not have accurate results. Molecular tests PCR testOne type of PCR test can check for dengue along with two other viruses that mosquitos carry. These viruses, chikungunya and zika, are common in the same places as the dengue virus, and they cause similar symptoms. Your provider can order this test from your state or local public health department. chikungunyazikaOther names: dengue virus antibody, dengue virus by PCR ",
            "output": "Your body does not need time to make specific antibodies to fight dengue."
        },
        {
            "input": "Red blood cell (RBC) indices measure the size, shape, and quality of your red blood cells. Red blood cells, also known as erythrocytes, carry oxygen from your lungs to every cell in your body. Your cells need oxygen to grow, reproduce, and stay healthy. There are four types of red blood cell indices: Mean corpuscular volume (MCV), which measures the average size of your red blood cells\nMean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), which measures the average amount of hemoglobin in a single red blood cell. Hemoglobin is not a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) doesn't measure hemoglobin in red blood cells. In addition, it includes a calculation of the size and volume of your red blood cells.\nRed cell distribution width (RDW), which measures differences in the volume and size of your red blood cells. Mean corpuscular volume (MCV), which measures the average size of your red blood cells Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) Mean corpuscular volume (MCV)Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), which measures the average amount of hemoglobin in a single red blood cell. Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen. Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), which also measures hemoglobin in red blood cells. In addition, it includes a calculation of the size and volume of your red blood cells. Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) Red cell distribution width (RDW), which measures differences in the volume and size of your red blood cells. Red cell distribution width (RDW) Red cell distribution width (RDW)If one or more of these indices are not normal, it may mean you have some type of anemia, a condition in which your body does not make enough healthy red blood cells. anemiaOther names: erythrocyte indices ",
            "output": "Hemoglobin is not a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) doesn't measure hemoglobin in red blood cells."
        },
        {
            "input": "Different health conditions often cause similar symptoms. For example, fatigue is a symptom that can be caused by anemia, depression, heart disease, thyroid disease, sleep disorders, and many other conditions. If you have fatigue or other symptoms that are linked to many conditions, your provider has to figure out which condition you have so that you get the right treatment. fatigueanemiadepressionheart diseasethyroid diseasesleep disordersTo make a diagnosis, your provider will follow a careful step-by-step process of ruling out conditions that share your symptoms until it's clear which condition is most likely the cause of your illness. This process is called making a differential diagnosis. An important step in making a differential diagnosis is to make a list of all the possible conditions that you might have. This is your differential diagnosis list. Your provider will base your list on your specific: possible might Symptoms\nMedical history\nFamily health history\nTest results Symptoms Medical history Family health history Test results A list of possible conditions helps your provider decide which tests will help confirm or rule out the conditions that could be causing your symptoms. Your test results do not help narrow your differential diagnosis list, leaving it unclear which condition you have. This is your final diagnosis. The process of making a differential diagnosis may take time, but it helps make sure your provider doesn't miss a possible cause of your symptoms. That means your final diagnosis is more likely to be accurate and you'll get the right treatment. ",
            "output": "Your test results do not help narrow your differential diagnosis list, leaving it unclear which condition you have."
        }
    ]
}