At the same time, the IBM group, drawing directly on the noisy channel model for speech recognition, proposed two related paradigm for statistical MT. These statistical MT include the generative algorithms that became known as IBM Models 1 through IBM Models 5, implemented in the Candide system. The algorithms (except for the decoder) Candide were published in full detail-encouraged by the US government which had par- (Papineni et al., 2002) , NIST (Doddington, 2002) , TER (Translation Error Rate) (Snover et al., 2006) , Precision and Recall (Turian et al., 2003) , and METEOR (Banerjee and Lavie, 2005); character n-gram overlap methods like chrF (Popović, 2015) came later. More recent evaluation work, echoing the ALPAC report, has emphasized the importance of careful statistical methodology and the use of human evaluation (Kocmi et al., 2021; Marie et al., 2021) .