Figure 6 .17: Two-dimensional visualization of semantic change in English using SGNS vectors (see Section 5.8 for the visualization algorithm). A, The word gay shifted from meaning "cheerful" or "frolicsome" to referring to homosexuality. A, In the early 20th century broadcast referred to "casting out seeds"; with the rise of television and radio its meaning shifted to "transmitting signals". C, Awful underwent a process of pejoration, as it shifted from meaning "full of awe" to meaning "terrible or appalling" [212] . that adverbials (e.g., actually) have a general tendency to undergo subjectification where they shift from objective statements about the world (e.g., "Sorry, the car is actually broken") to subjective statements (e.g., "I can't believe he actually did that", indicating surprise/disbelief). .17 A t-SNE visualization of the semantic change of 3 words in English using word2vec vectors. The modern sense of each word, and the grey context words, are computed from the most recent (modern) time-point embedding space. Earlier points are computed from earlier historical embedding spaces. The visualizations show the changes in the word gay from meanings related to "cheerful" or "frolicsome" to referring to homosexuality, the development of the modern "transmission" sense of broadcast from its original sense of sowing seeds, and the pejoration of the word awful as it shifted from meaning "full of awe" to meaning "terrible or appalling" (Hamilton et al., 2016b).