In the early years, the space of MT architectures spanned three general models. In direct translation, the system proceeds word-by-word through the sourcelanguage text, translating each word incrementally. Direct translation uses a large bilingual dictionary, each of whose entries is a small program with the job of translating one word. In transfer approaches, we first parse the input text and then apply rules to transform the source-language parse into a target language parse. We then generate the target language sentence from the parse tree. In interlingua approaches, we analyze the source language text into some abstract meaning representation, called an interlingua. We then generate into the target language from this interlingual representation. A common way to visualize these three early approaches was the Vauquois triangle shown in Fig. 10 .20. The triangle shows the