Further, one language may have a lexical gap, where no word or phrase, short of an explanatory footnote, can express the exact meaning of a word in the other language. For example, English does not have a word that corresponds neatly to Mandarin xiào or Japanese oyakōkōo (in English one has to make do with awkward phrases like filial piety or loving child, or good son/daughter for both). Finally, languages differ systematically in how the conceptual properties of an event are mapped onto specific words. Talmy (1985, 1991) noted that languages can be characterized by whether direction of motion and manner of motion are marked on the verb or on the "satellites": particles, prepositional phrases, or adverbial phrases. For example, a bottle floating out of a cave would be described in English with the direction marked on the particle out, while in Spanish the direction Verb-framed languages mark the direction of motion on the verb (leaving the verb-framed satellites to mark the manner of motion), like Spanish acercarse 'approach', alcanzar 'reach', entrar 'enter', salir 'exit'. Satellite-framed languages mark the satellite-framed direction of motion on the satellite (leaving the verb to mark the manner of motion), like English crawl out, float off, jump down, run after. Languages like Japanese, Tamil, and the many languages in the Romance, Semitic, and Mayan languages families, are verb-framed; Chinese as well as non-Romance Indo-European languages like English, Swedish, Russian, Hindi, and Farsi are satellite framed (Talmy 1991 , Slobin 1996 .