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[ "thank you manval. it seems in fact that this is it. i was wrong about the family. but most pictures of ematheudes punctella in the net have long palps. do you know why sometimes, including in my picture they are absent ?\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 1 / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 3. 2 / / en\nfrance, bouches - du - rhône, st. - remy du provence, 23june 2011. male (photo © chris snyers )\nin continuing your browsing of this site, you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics. learn more about cookies .\ncorresponds to a report on the basis of at least one observation proved within a period of 10 years (20 years for little - known invertebrates) preceding the year and no presumption of extinction since obtaining the last data nor doubt on reproductive and implemented nature of this population. for migratory species, the presence indicated concerns areas of reproduction .\nthe last reliable sighting is older than 10 years compared to the reference date, no recent specific research and no presumption of extinction from that date [ vertebrates, invertebrates and plants well studied (rhopalocera, grasshoppers, dragonflies ...) ] ;\nthe last reliable observation being older than 20 years, no recent specific research and no presumption of extinction from that date [ poorly known taxa: fungus, many invertebrates... ] .\nthis point covers the absence, more difficult by nature to demonstrate than presence. this status is based on one or more of the following criteria :\nthis status must be assigned to a department in which the presence of the species is casual .\nparticular case of absence due to a proven extinction less than a half century ago (older disappearances are treated as\nno probable or definite\n) .\nin the state of knowledge, we cannot comment on the presence or absence in the current department. this is the default status when not comprised in one of the previous categories or whenever there is doubt .\nwarning: the data available reflects the progression status of knowledge or the availability of the inventories. it should never be considered as comprehensive .\nnational inventory of natural heritage, website: https: / / inpn. mnhn. fr .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nproject noah is a tool to explore and document wildlife and a platform to harness the power of citizen scientists everywhere .\na 6 mm long moth of the pyralidae family. most pictures of it have long palps, i don' t know why they are absent here .\npunctelia subalbicans (stirt .) d. j. galloway & elix punctelia subalbicans\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 11 / 7 / 2015. the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files." ]

{ "text": [ "ematheudes punctella is a moth of the family pyralidae described by georg friedrich treitschke in 1833 .", "it is found in southern and central europe , turkey and probably further east . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20 ] }

[ "ematheudes punctella is a moth of the family pyralidae described by georg friedrich treitschke in 1833. it is found in southern and central europe, turkey and probably further east." ]

[ "selonen v, hanski ik, stevens pc. space use of the siberian flying squirrel\nhanski ik, selonen v. female - biased natal dispersal in the siberian flying squirrel .\nhaukisalmi v, hanski ik. contrasting seasonal dynamics in fleas of the siberian flying squirrel (\n. as the photo above shows, the siberian flying squirrel is a very close first runner up .\nthree flying squirrels species live in the northern temperate regions. two of these inhabit the arctic circle; northern flying squirrel (glaucomys sabrinus) and siberian flying squirrel (pteromys volans) .\nin japan, the siberian flying squirrel pteromys volans occurs only in hokkaido. in honshu, to the south, it is replaced by the japanese flying squirrel p. momonga .\nselonen v, painter jn, rantala s, hanski ik. mating system and reproductive success in the siberian flying squirrel .\nlampila s, wistbacka a, mäkelä a, orell m. survival and population growth rate of the threatened siberian flying squirrel (\nin the new world, only northern flying squirrel and southern flying squirrel (glaucomys volans) are known to represent the entire group .\nthe japanese dwarf flying squirrel (pteromys momonga; japanese: ニホンモモンガ; hepburn: nihon momonga) is a type of flying squirrel .\nhanski ik, selonen v. female - biased natal dispersal in the siberian flying squirrel. behav ecol. 2009; 20: 60–7 .\nselonen v, hanski ik, wistbacka r. communal nesting is explained by subsequent mating rather than kinship or thermoregulation in the siberian flying squirrel .\ncomplex - toothed flying squirrel (trogopterus xanthipes) and woolly flying squirrel (eupetaurus cinereus) feel home at high altitudes on outcrops and rocky cliffs .\nwe studied the space use of siberian flying squirrel, which has declined in finland probably due to modern forestry the flying squirrel is an arboreal, herbivorous rodent living in eurasian taiga forests. flying squirrels prefer spruce - dominated forests for moving, foraging and reproduction .\ndescription of data used for genetic and social mating system analyses of siberian flying squirrels (pteromys volans) .\nthe siberian flying squirrel is a nocturnal, arboreal rodent, which nests in tree cavities, nest - boxes and dreys in spruce - dominated boreal forests. the flying squirrel feeds in deciduous trees that occur within spruce forests, birch ,\nhanski ik, stevens p, ihalempiä p, selonen v. home - range size, movements, and nest - site use in the siberian flying squirrel ,\nthe montane woolly flying squirrel primarily consumes lichens and mosses on rocks and conifer needles .\nsince the last couple of posts on this blog have been kind of grim, i thought a bit of squirrel cuteness overload would be appropriate. so in this spirit i present... the siberian flying squirrel !\nselonen v, painter jn, rantala s, hanski ik. mating system and reproductive success in the siberian flying squirrel. j mammal. 2013; 94: 1266–73 .\nmäkeläinen s, schrader m, hanski ik. factors explaining the occurrence of the siberian flying squirrel in urban forest landscape. urban ecosyst. 2015; 18: 223–38 .\ndesrochers a, hanski ik, selonen v. siberian flying squirrel responses to high - and low - contrast forest edges. landsc ecol. 2003; 18: 543–52 .\nthe giant flying squirrel usually glides up to 1, 475 ft (450 m) .\n, also known as the japanese flying squirrel, is found on honshu and kyushu islands .\nsiberian flying squirrel... . its diet consists of leaves, seeds, cones, buds, sprouts, nuts, berries and occasionally birdeggs and nestlings. when … | pinteres…\n], we classified the study area according to habitat suitability for the flying squirrel (fig .\nthe indian giant squirrel, also called the malabar giant squirrel, has its name for a very good reason: this is the largest tree squirrel sp ...\nselonen v. , hanski i. k. and stevens p. c. 2001. space use of the siberian flying squirrel pteromys volans in fragmented forest landscapes. ecography 24: 588–600 .\nhanski ik, mönkkönen m, reunanen p, stevens pc. ecology of the eurasian flying squirrel (\nhanski ik, mönkkönen m, reunanen p, stevens p. ecology of the eurasian flying squirrel (\nselonen v, hanski ik, wistbacka r. communal nesting is explained by subsequent mating rather than kinship or thermoregulation in the siberian flying squirrel. behav ecol socio. 2014; 68: 971–80 .\nreunanen p, mönkkönen m, nikula a. habitat requirements of the siberian flying squirrel in northern finland: comparing field survey and remote sensing data. ann zool fenn. 2002; 39: 7–20 .\nthe siberian flying squirrel is strictly protected in europe and classified as a near threatened species in finland. one reason for this population decline is most probably the loss of suitable habitats, resulting from intensive forest management. the flying squirrel prefers mature spruce - dominated mixed forest with some deciduous trees such as aspen .\nhanski ik, stevens pc, ihalempiä p, selonen v. home - range size, movements, and nest - site use in the siberian flyng squirrel ,\nthe siberian flying squirrel is found in forests of older pine, cedar and spruce trees from the baltic sea in the east to the pacific coast in the west. they usually nest in abandoned woodpecker holes, but will sometimes use birdhouses. the nest is lined usually with lichen. this squirrel' s diet consists of leaves, seeds, pinecones, nuts, buds, and berries. like the eastern gray squirrel, the siberian flying squirrel will also occasionally eat birds' eggs or even nestlings, if other food is scarce .\na view of a southern flying squirrel (glaucomys volans) gliding overhead. (photo: wikimedia commons )\nour results support the conclusion that siberian flying squirrels do not anticipate the mast. instead, increased reproductive effort in female flying squirrels is an opportunistic event, seized if the resource situation allows .\njokinen m, mäkeläinen s, ovaskainen o. ‘strict’, yeat ineffective: legal protection of the breeding sites and resting places fails with the siberian flying squirrel. anim conserv. 2015; 18: 167–75 .\nthe japanese dwarf flying squirrel (pteromys momonga; japanese: ニホンモモンガ; hepburn: nihon momonga) is one of two species of old world flying squirrels .\nsome populations of southern flying squirrel in central america are rare and may be endangered. throughout most of their range, though, flying squirrels are common .\nbiology of european flying squirrel pteromys volans l. (rodentia: pteromyidae) in the north - west of russia\nsmith mj, forbes gj, betts mg. landscape configuration influences gap - crossing decisions of northern flying squirrel (\nboth american species are widespread, although some subspecies are relatively rare, like the endangered carolina northern flying squirrel (g. sabrinus coloratus) or the san bernardino flying squirrel (g. sabrinus californicus) of southern california .\n], body mass of males increased before the start of the mating season and declined rapidly then after. however, it is known that in the siberian flying squirrel the male body mass is positively related to reproductive success [\nsantangeli a, wistbacka r, hanski ik, laaksonen t. ineffective enforced legislation for nature conservation: a case study with siberian flying squirrel and forestry in a boreal landscape. biol conserv. 2013; 157: 237–44 .\nthe siberian flying squirrel ranges across northern europe and russia, but a population on the japanese island of hokkaido is now considered an endemic subspecies, known as pteromys volans orii. (photo: harum. koh / flickr )\nmany species give birth to one or two infants. the southern flying squirrel can produce as many as seven young .\nflaherty ea, smith wp, pyare s, ben - david m. experimental trials of the northern flying squirrel (\njapanese dwarf flying squirrels have evolved differently from other sciuridae. the differences between japanese dwarf flying squirrels and other sciuridae is evident when comparing morphology of the mandible and genetic code. the mandible of the japanese dwarf flying squirrel does not have a coronoid process unlike the dwarf tree squirrel. the marmota also has a more elongated mandible than the japanese dwarf flying squirrel. this is due to phylogeny and ecology .\nevery fifth finnish family forest owner would take account of the siberian flying squirrel not only in areas where conservation is obligatory, but in their entire forest, if they received compensation through a habitat bank. current legislation forbids the deterioration or destruction of the breeding grounds and resting places of the squirrel .\nalthough typically nocturnal, siberian flying squirrel can sometimes be seen outside their dens during the day. they use natural tree cavities or old woodpecker holes in which to sleep during the day, typically using the holes of great spotted woodpeckers .\nlike other flying squirrels, the siberian flying squirrel glides from one tree trunk to another using a membrane, the patagium, that stretches like wings between each of the fore and hind legs. their gliding ability helps it to escape from predators and to move from tree to tree in search of food without having to leave the trees. it is believed that many siberian flying squirrels will spend their entire lives in the trees without ever touching the ground .\nliito - oravan (pteromys volans l .) ravintokohteet eri vuodenaikoina ulosteanalyysin perusteella (diet of flying squirrel, in finnish )\nvesa selonen, jodie n. painter, salla rantala, ilpo k. hanski; mating system and reproductive success in the siberian flying squirrel, journal of mammalogy, volume 94, issue 6, 16 december 2013, pages 1266–1273, urltoken\ngiant flying squirrels occupy a home range of 12 acres (5 ha) whereas the southern flying squirrel has a range of up to 6 acres (2. 5 ha) .\nthis species of flying squirrel inhabits sub - alpine forests and boreal evergreen forests in japan, specifically on honshu and kyushu islands .\nmore information: helena haakana et al. comparing regional forest policy scenarios in terms of predicted suitable habitats for the siberian flying squirrel (), scandinavian journal of forest research (2016). doi: 10. 1080 / 02827581. 2016. 1221991\nhanski i. k. , stevens p. , ihalempiä p. , and selonen v. 2000b. home - range size, movements, and nest - site use in the siberian flying squirrel, pteromys volans. journal of mammalogy 81: 798–809 .\nsulkava p, sulkava r. liito - oravan ravinnosta ja ruokailutavoista keski - suomessa (feeding habits of flying squirrel; in finnish )\na southern flying squirrel (glaucomys volans) surveys its surroundings from a tree in illinois. (photo: tony campbell / shutterstock )\nthe siberian flying squirrel is a nocturnal arboreal rodent which nests in tree cavities, nest - boxes and dreys (twig nests) in spruce - dominated boreal forests. flying squirrels feed on deciduous trees within spruce - dominated forests. the mating season starts in mid - march and the first litter is born in late april [\nthey have fairly soft dense fur. flying squirrels have varied colored display—ranging from gray, black to brownish under parts. giant flying squirrel shows much bright colors, from vivid orange to bright yellow .\nsouthern flying squirrels are often the most common squirrel in hardwood woodlands and suburban areas. because they are nocturnal and seldom seen, most people don' t recognize that they live with flying squirrels .\nspring is almost here, and soon our squirrel friends will be hearing the pitter - patter of tiny squirrel paws. mating season for eastern gray ...\nsalsbury c, dolan r, pentzer e. the distribution of fox squirrel (\n] are likely more dependent on cached food than siberian flying squirrels. north american red squirrels clip new spruce cones containing seeds each autumn and cache them in a larder hoard called a midden [\na giant red flying squirrel (petaurista petaurista) perches on a branch in sabah, malaysia. (photo: vil. sandi / flickr )\nthe research was carried out in cooperation with the finnish museum of natural history in a project funded by the finnish ministry of the environment entitled “habitats of the siberian flying squirrel (pteromys volans) in south finland and the development of potential habitats in different cutting scenarios in 2005 – 2055” .\nwe observed that siberian flying squirrels do not anticipate the coming mast, but instead adjust their reproductive decision based on current and past food availability. for flying squirrels, an increased reproductive effort is simply a consequence of favourable environmental conditions, which allow females to increase offspring production. the reproductive strategy of siberian flying squirrels appears to be an opportunistic strategy, depending on the current resource availability, without possibilities to anticipate the future conditions the offspring will face when they mature .\nl .) ravintokohteet eri vuodenaikoina ulosteanalyysin perusteella (diet of flying squirrel, in finnish). wwf finland rep. 1996; 8: 54–8 .\nkoskimäki j, huitu o, kotiaho j, lampila s, mäkelä a, sulkava r, mönkkönen m. are habitat loss, predation risk and climate related to the drastic decline in a siberian flying squirrel population? a 15 year study. popul ecol. 2014; 56: 341–8 .\nthe research was carried out in cooperation with the finnish museum of natural history in a project funded by the finnish ministry of the environment entitled\nhabitats of the siberian flying squirrel (pteromys volans) in south finland and the development of potential habitats in different cutting scenarios in 2005 – 2055 .\nthey have a slender body with a busy tail and are generally considered leggy animals. this long tail makes the size of a flying squirrel even bigger .\nhanski i. k. 1998. home ranges and habitat use in the declining flying squirrel pteromys volans in managed forests. wildlife biology 4: 33–46 .\na red - and - white giant flying squirrel is treated at a rescue center in guangzhou, china. (photo: china photos / getty images )\nsmith wp, nichols v (2003) demography of the prince of wales flying squirrel, an endemic of southeastern alaska temperate rain forest. j mammal 84: 1044–1058\nl .) ravintokohteet eri vuodenaikoina ulosteanalyysin perusteella (diet of flying squirrel, in finnish). helsinki: wwf finland reports 8; 1996. p. 54–8 .\n]. therefore, it is unlikely that food availability has a major influence on flying squirrel movement patterns at our study area where food is not a limiting factor .\nflying squirrels are mainly nocturnal, but they do sometimes come out during daylight, like this red - and - white giant flying squirrel (petaurista alborufus) at foping national nature reserve in china. (photo: burrard - lucas photography )\nflying squirrels can be difficult to spot in the dark, but they' re sometimes betrayed by their eyeshine, like the reddish reflection from this northern flying squirrel (glaucomys sabrinus) in ontario. (photo: pjturgeon / wikimedia commons )\n]. within their home ranges, flying squirrels have several nests between which they frequently change. these consist of tree cavities, twig nests built by the red squirrel (\nhokkanen h. , törmälä t. and vuorinen h. 1982. decline of the flying squirrel pteromys volans l. populations in finland. biological conservation 23: 273–284 .\ntapio’s study is based on 580 e - mail responses from members of forestry associations in southern finland. he decided to study attitudes towards protecting the siberian flying squirrel because it is widely known: the species is strictly protected by the european union’s habitats directive but fairly widespread in finland, and it has hampered countless logging and construction projects .\nif a flying squirrel nesting area, for example, was endangered because of a motorway, this could be compensated for by paying for the acquisition or restoration of forests elsewhere .\nmäkelä a. liito - oravan, pteromys volans l. ravintobiologiasta (feeding biology of flying squirrel, in finnish). master’s thesis, university of oulu, finland. 1981 .\n, which is a skin membrane used in gliding. in this particular species of flying squirrel their patagium spans between their wrists and ankles, but not between their legs and tail .\nthe length of the siberian flying squirrel, including the tail, ranges from around five inches to almost nine inches. the female is usually a bit larger than the male. it is gray all over, with the belly a slightly lighter shade than the back. the shade of gray becomes slighter lighter in winter. the most noticeable feature is the huge black eyes. the large size of the eyes is necessary for this nocturnal squirrel to see at night .\nverbeylen g, de bruyn l, adriaensen f, matthysen e. does matrix resistance influence red squirrel (\nsulkava p, sulkava r. liito - oravan ravinnosta ja ruokailutavoista keski - suomessa (feeding habits of flying squirrel; in finnish). luonnon tutkija. 1993; 97: 136–8 .\ntimeline including the period when alder and birch catkins are consumable (dashed line) by flying squirrels, and the timing of birth of flying squirrel spring and summer litters. only alder catkins are stored, but how long catkins can be stored in caches is not known\nthe southern flying squirrels and the northern flying squirrels are much common in north america but the latter appears to be limited to western and northern north america. the northern squirrel is federally endangered and is found at high elevations. it lives in the eastern appalachian mountains .\nflying squirrels are commonly found in the tropical forest of south and southeast asia .\ngiant flying squirrels are known to monogamous in that they only live in pairs .\nselonen v, wistbacka r, korpimäki e. food abundance and weather modify reproduction of two arboreal squirrel species .\noshida, t. , yanagawa, h. , tsuda, m. , inoue, s. , & yoshida, m. c. (2000). comparisons of the banded karyotypes between the small japanese flying squirrel, pteromys momonga and the russian flying squirrel, p. volans (rodentia, sciuridae). caryologia, 53 (2), 133 - 140. retrieved from urltoken\nthe flying squirrel lives almost all of its life on top of trees, coming to the ground only in case of extreme need. as a shelter it prefers a forest with old trees that has many tree hollows where to build its nest. the flying squirrel eats the buds of trees, young branches, seeds, etc. it also gathers food supplies for winter to survive the cold period .\nwe conclude that the mating system in the siberian flying squirrel resembles that reported in other tree and flying squirrel studies (wauters et al. 1990; fokidis et al. 2007; koprowski 2007; lane et al. 2008). the relationship between reproductive success and body mass appears to be complicated in flying squirrels; both sexes gain from increased body mass and, in contrast to most other mammals, females are slightly larger than males. for male flying squirrels, body mass is likely a complex outcome of advantages related to dominance status over smaller - sized males and body attributes enhancing gliding ability, a movement mode with possible disadvantages for both sexes from large body mass. the evolutionary reasons enhancing large female size in flying squirrels may be related to female territoriality (see bondrup - nielsen and ims 1990; fokidis et al. 2007) .\nin support of forest - related decision - making, methods are needed which enable the assessment of potential impacts of forest management activities and the comparison of different forest policies. the amount of suitable habitat for the siberian flying squirrel in the future was predicted in different felling scenarios using a finnish large - scale forestry dynamics model mela and sample plot data from the national forest inventory (nfi) .\nselonen v, varjonen r, korpimäki e. immediate or lagged responses of a red squirrel population to pulsed resources .\nthe furry, parachute - like membrane between a flying squirrel' s front and back limbs is known as a\npatagium\n( plural: patagia). these flaps catch air as the squirrel falls, letting it propel itself forward instead of plummeting. but to make sure the patagia catch enough air, flying squirrels also have another trick up their sleeves: cartilage spurs at each wrist that can be extended almost like an extra finger, stretching out the patagia farther than the squirrel' s tiny arms could on their own .\n]. thus, we focus our analysis on production of summer litters in flying squirrels .\nwells - gosling, n. 1985. flying squirrels. usa: smithsonian institute press .\nthe distribution of american flying squirrels by species. (photo: darekk2 / wikimedia commons )\nflying squirrels mainly feed on a variety of animal and plant matter. flying squirrels living in the tropical regions are primarily herbivorous; few others are known to consume young shoots and fruits .\nthe japanese dwarf flying squirrel is nocturnal, and during the day it rests in holes in trees. it eats seeds, fruit, tree leaves, buds and bark. it can leap from tree to tree using a\n]. however, the stable body mass of males during winter seems to fit the hypothesis that extra weight just before breeding may not enhance fast movement to locate females. this fits the scramble competition mating system. perhaps in the case of the siberian flying squirrel, the selective forces for increased gliding potential versus dominance (i. e. low versus high body mass, respectively) at some level cancel each other out .\nbody mass of adult flying squirrels did not vary significantly between the different winter months (fig .\nflying squirrels are medium to small - sized rodents and are adapted to living an arboreal life .\nmany flying squirrels are territorial rodents but this behavior may not be found in the temperate species .\nflying squirrels throughout the world have been marketed in the pet trade and used for their fur .\nflying squirrels play important ecosystem roles in hardwood forests. they are also sometimes kept as pets .\nthey are often found gliding with membranes and are able to run along the sides of the body. giant flying squirrel (petaurista) is one such species as it can stretch up the neck to the end of its tail .\nnumber of offspring assigned to a flying squirrel compared to body mass of a) males and b) females at the anjalankoski study area. mean values for data from several years (22 males and 11 females) are shown .\nsmith mj, betts mg, forbes gj, kehler dg, bourgeois mc, flemming sp. independent effects of connectivity predict homing success by northern flying squirrel in a forest mosaic. landsc ecol. 2011; 26: 709–21 .\n], and it is yet unknown how flying squirrels perceive the predation risk in modified habitats or how large the mortality risk while moving is, this subject requires more investigation. isolation and increased distances between suitable patches in fragmented and less - forested landscapes have increased dispersal distances of the flying squirrel and the white - tailed deer (\n]. results of flying squirrel males show that nightly movement distances were longer in home ranges that contained a lot of suitable forests than in home ranges that contained a lot of urban habitat types. male flying squirrels have large territories, can traverse throughout their home range within one night, and regularly visit territories of several females [\nasia has played another key role in flying - squirrel history, according to a 2013 study, with dense forests offering both a refuge and a diversification center. these habitats may have saved flying squirrels during glacial periods, but they also slowly split up and reconnected over time, a process that can spur new species to evolve .\nthere is little doubt that the most beautiful and instantly recognizable physical characteristic of the squirrel is its tail. tree squirrels ...\nyanagawa, h. , m. tanaka, t. inoue and m. taniguchi. 1991. annual and daily activities of the flying squirrel, pteromys volans orii in captivity. honyurui kagaku. vol. 30 (2) .\nsometime vegetarian. bird and squirrel watcher. husband and father. unapologetic red state liberal. texas tech red raider football and basketball fan .\nsome other giants are much rarer. the woolly flying squirrel (eupetaurus cinereus) is known only from about a dozen specimens in the far northern himalayas, and is deemed endangered by the iucn due to the clearing of its native pine forests .\nsouthern flying squirrels in the wild can live to 5 or 6 years old. in captivity they have been known to live up to 10 years. most flying squirrels probably die in their first year of life .\nmönkkönen m. , reunanen p. , nikula a. , inkeröinen j. and forsman j. 1997. landscape characteristics associated with the occurrence of the flying squirrel pteromys volans in old - growth forests of northern finland. ecography 20: 623–642 .\nthe flying squirrel has a unique appearance. it has big eyes and there is a fold of skin between the fore - and hindlimbs. big eyes are useful for seeing in the dark at night because the flying squirrel is active mainly at nights. the flying squirrel does not actually fly but glides: jumping into the air it stretches the fold of skin between its limbs and then glides for about twenty meters or so. it guides its flight with its tail. before landing on the tree, it brakes by bending the tail down. after landing on the tree it runs straight to the other side of the tree to escape possible trackers. it has a lot of enemies, e. g. the martens, the strixes, etc .\nan example of alder catkin storage made by a flying squirrel. catkins are cached typically on branches of spruces high up in trees, as in this case, and also sometimes in cavities and nest - boxes. an individual can make several different caches .\nselonen v, wistbacka r, korpimäki e. food abundance and weather modify reproduction of two arboreal squirrel species. j mammal. 2016; doi :\nthese infants are quite small at birth but there is one genus that produces naked or blind infants. dwarf flying squirrel (petinomys) usually has large infants but they are not blind. they are able to consume solid foodstuff only one day after their birth .\nhave a membrane that extends between their fore - and hind limbs. unlike some other species of flying squirrels ,\nforests made flying squirrels who they are, creating environments where gliding skills gave their ancestors an edge. and flying squirrels have helped shape their habitats in return, spreading tree seeds and providing food for native predators like owls .\nthe glide simulations we carried out produced trajectories with oscillating velocity profiles similar to those from simulations based on flying snakes [ 5 ], but the squirrel glide simulations produced different overall performance values. simulations based on squirrel wing loading and coefficients approached equilibrium at approximately 2. 1 s for a wide range of force coefficients, with distance varying according to glide velocity. simulations based on snakes approached equilibrium after 4 s .\nthe 43 species of flying squirrels are classified into 14 genera. most of these species are least understood. they are known to make deep holes in trees where they are not able to see whether it is day or night outside. flying squirrels are almost entirely nocturnal and there is a certain type of circadian clock that serves as a reminder and awakens the squirrel at twilight .\nreproductive strategies and evolutionary pressures differ between males and females. this often results in size differences between the sexes, and also in sex - specific seasonal variation in body mass. seasonal variation in body mass is also affected by other factors, such as weather. studies on sex - specific body mass patterns may contribute to better understand the mating system of a species. here we quantify patterns underlying sex - specific body mass variation using a long - term dataset on body mass in the siberian flying squirrel, pteromys volans .\n]. in our case, we conclude that the presence of continuous forest corridors is not a necessary condition for flying squirrels changing their nest sites. indeed, male flying squirrels regularly cross gaps up to 50 meters in forest cover [\nsouthern flying squirrels are common in much of eastern north america. (photo: ryan m. bolton / shutterstock )\nselonen v, varjonen r, korpimäki e. immediate or lagged responses of a red squirrel population to pulsed resources. oecologia. 2015; 177: 401–11 .\nselonen v, wistbacka r, korpimäki e. food abundance and weather modify reproduction of two arboreal squirrel species. j mammal. 2016; 97: 1376–84 .\nbrearley g, bradley a, bell s, mcalpine c. influence of contrasting urban edges on the abundance of arboreal mammals: a study of squirrel gliders (\naside from flying squirrels, there are also at least 20 other species of gliding mammals outside the squirrel family, sciuridae. they inhabit similar forested environments, use their patagia in similar ways and are generally nocturnal; they just evolved their abilities separately, a process called convergent evolution .\nbut in some parts of the world, including much of north america, flying squirrels are far more common than their daytime visibility suggests. they' re widespread not only in remote, wooded wilderness, but also many suburban areas with enough old - growth trees to accommodate a flying squirrel' s lifestyle. we just rarely see them because they' re active when we tend to be asleep, or at least indoors. even when we are outside at night, the cover of darkness can hide flying squirrels from us .\nflying squirrels range in size from a few inches to a few feet, including some of the smallest and largest tree squirrels known to science. both american species are relatively tiny, for example, while some asian flying squirrels can be enormous .\nflying squirrels often thrive in primary forests, like this one in coastal oregon. (photo: alaina mcdavid / flickr )\nwhen most americans think of squirrels, we think of the eastern gray, the familiar bushy - tailed tree squirrel of parks and suburban yards. b ...\nfirst, happy squirrel appreciation day! i wasn' t sure how to commemorate this special day. here are some ideas of things to appreciate a ...\nspp. , move regularly on the ground, e. g. when they harvest truffles). in winter the only foods available for flying squirrels are catkins and buds. however, during summer food other than catkins seems to be sufficient for reproduction as some summer litters were also produced following poor catkin winters. thus, mast conditions do not appear to be essential for the production of summer flying squirrel litters .\nits body is 14–20cm long and the tail length is 10–14cm. it weighs 150–220g. it is much smaller than the japanese giant flying squirrel which can reach 1500g. its back is covered with grey brown hair, and its belly is white. it has large eyes and a flattened tail .\nsince the last couple of posts on this blog have been kind of grim, i thought a bit of squirrel cuteness overload would be appropriate. so i ...\nbakker v, van vuren d. gap - crossing decisions by the red squirrel, a forest - dependent small mammal. conserv biol. 2004; 18: 689–97 .\nbrearley g, mcalpine c, bell s, bradley a. squirrel glider home ranges near urban edges in eastern australia. j zool. 2011; 285: 256–65 .\n]. 200–400 nest - boxes were placed within the vaasa study area to be used by flying squirrels during the study period .\nnb! as flying squirrels are endangered, their observation and being near to their habitats is only allowed with a local expert .\nwauters la, githiru m, bertolino s, molinari a, tosi g, lens l. demography of alpine red squirrel populations in relation to fluctuations in seed crop size .\nthe impacts varied between the regions, depending on the species density and forest structure. however, the occurrence of the flying squirrel could not be accurately predicted with forest and landscape variables only. obviously, there are other factors than forest management, such as predators and historical species distribution, also affecting presence .\nthese adorable flying squirrels are found in japan and in europe, from the baltic sea to the pacific coast, and fall under the category of old world flying squirrels. they don’t hibernate, but in the winter, they sometimes sleep for several days at a time .\nwild flying squirrels can be found on three continents, but they aren' t evenly distributed. forty of 43 known species are endemic to asia, meaning they naturally exist nowhere else on earth. and relatives of flying squirrels have inhabited parts of asia for roughly 160 million years, according to new research on flying - mammal fossils that hail from the age of dinosaurs. as the new york times reports :\nthe development of suitable habitats for the flying squirrel was studied in three alternative felling scenarios in southern finland. the results confirmed that increasing the utilisation rate of felling potential from the level of business - as - usual to meet the policy targets of regional forest programmes would decrease the amount of suitable habitat in the future .\nand such abilities aren' t limited to smaller species: asia' s red giant flying squirrel (petaurista petaurista) can grow 32 inches (81 cm) long and weigh almost 4 pounds (1. 8 kg), yet has been seen making nimble glides as far as 246 feet (75 meters) .\nmothers also maintain several secondary nests, notes the university of georgia' s savannah river ecology lab (srel), where they can flee with their offspring if the main nest site becomes too dangerous. one southern flying squirrel was reportedly seen doing this during a forest fire, even as flames were singeing her fur .\nthorington rw jr, heaney lr (1981) body proportions and gliding adaptations of flying squirrels (petauristinae). j mammal 62: 101–114\n]. thus, climate change has the potential to affect the 22 year trend in body mass of the two sexes in flying squirrels .\n]. for example, it is known that for flying mammals (i. e. bats) pregnancy restricts the ability to move [\n]. thus, we also analyse whether (3) temperature and precipitation preceding reproduction affects the production of summer litters in flying squirrels .\nlane je, boutin s, gunn mr, coltman dw. sexually - selected behaviour: red squirrel males search for reproductive success. j anim ecol. 2009; 78: 296–304 .\n], perhaps to increase social links with new females which might affect future reproductive success. this may increase the energy expenditure of male flying squirrels and explain the decline in body mass observed during the late summer months. moreover, another possible explanation for the observed monthly variation in body mass might also relate to the food available to flying squirrels in the different periods, because in early summer flying squirrels eat mainly leaves [\nhanski i. k. , mönkkönen m. , reunanen p. and stevens p. 2000a. ecology of the eurasian flying squirrel (pteromys volans) in finland. in: goldingay r. and scheibe j. (eds .), biology of gliding mammals, pp. 67–86. filander verlag, fürth, germany .\nis lacking, but this species probably relies mainly on vocal communication, such as chittering noises. this would make them like other flying squirrels .\nreunanen p. , mönkkönen m. and nikula a. 2000. managing boreal forest landscapes for flying squirrels. conservation biology 14: 218–226 .\ndecrease in summer body mass of a) male and b) female flying squirrels with the increase in average temperature during the preceding winter (february and march). c change in summer body mass of female flying squirrels in relation to the onset of tree growth season. d trend in winter body mass of female flying squirrels over the years of study. dots depict predicted values from the full model, with fitted lines and confidence intervals\nthere' s also the critically endangered namdapha flying squirrel (biswamoyopterus biswasi), known only from a single specimen found at india' s namdapha national park in 1981. it was thought to be the lone member of its genus until 2012, when a related species (b. laoensis) was discovered at a bushmeat market in laos .\nwe placed flying squirrel nest - boxes in forest patches of various sizes in sets of 2–4 nest - boxes per site, on average two nest - boxes per mature spruce forest hectare. box occupancy percentage by the flying squirrel was low (25% nest box occupancy), that is, in most cases a nest box was empty when checked. flying squirrels were captured by hand in nest - boxes, sexed, weighed, and marked with ear - tags (hauptner 73850, hauptner, germany). the nest - boxes were checked during two sessions in june and august. the latter session was for locating summer litter juveniles. all boxes were checked in spring, but on our second (august) nest box session we focused only on nest box sites occupied by females during the spring (june) nest - box check .\nwhether the lack of nest holes or the size of living patch is more important reason than the landscape connectivity, for the decline of the flying squirrel population in finland, remains unclear. however, we feel that the quality (specially amount of cavities) and area of spruce patches is more important than connectivity, because flying squirrels, and especially juveniles during dispersal, use all kind of habitats with trees for movement, and can colonize spruce patches that are not totally isolated by open areas .\n) will not be affected by changes in wing area. if squirrel body mass is changed from our reference value of 92. 7 g by 1 s. d. , 13. 5 g [\n, where between 300 and 400 nest - boxes were placed for flying squirrels. the main forest types in luoto are shoreline spruce - dominated mixed forests, clear - cuts, and cultivated scots pine forests. in vaasa the marking of flying squirrels started in 1992. the vaasa study area was 25 km\nniethammer, j. 1990. flying squirrels. grzimek' s encyclopedia of mammals, vol. 3. mcgraw hill publishing co. , new york .\nsouthern flying squirrels are found in southeastern canada, the eastern united states, and south as far as mexico and honduras. they have a nearctic distribution .\nif you want to see or hear one, however, there are ways to improve your odds. a flashlight can reveal a flying squirrel' s eyeshine at night, for example, as in the photo above. many species also make high - pitched\ncheep\nsounds to communicate with each other, often heard within the first several hours after sunset .\nultimately, the key to getting rid of flying squirrels and other rodents is exclusion, or sealing off their entry points, since they or other intruders could otherwise just re - invade. for tips on humanely and effectively parting ways, see this fact sheet by the connecticut department of energy and environmental protection, and this in - depth guide on evicting a flying squirrel family. (don' t try to keep them as pets, either — feeding and housing wildlife is generally a bad idea for everyone involved. )\nthan ever before, get down on your knees and thank a hibernating ground squirrel. because those little critters are proving to be the furry, sleepy hidden thread that ties together many of darpa' s most intriguing\nwhen it feeds, the japanese dwarf flying squirrel assumes a hanging posture. it will pull a twig to its mouth with its forepaws if the twig is not strong enough to support its weight and obtain food at the tip. while picking up food scattered on the ground, it will extend its body in an intermediate range around its body without moving its hind legs .\n]. foraging behaviour of flying squirrels differs from the behaviour of these species since, in winter and spring flying squirrels depend on food that has already developed during the previous autumn, i. e. an example of a capital breeder strategy. it seems likely that storages of alder catkins are important for fuelling reproduction of flying squirrels in summer, since the alder was more clearly related to reproduction than was birch catkin production, an important, but not cached, winter food .\npyare s, smith wp, shanley cs. den use and selection by northern flying squirrels in fragmented landscapes. j mammal. 2010; 91: 886–96 .\nred - and - white giant flying squirrels can grow 1 meter (3 feet) long from head to tail. (photo: burrard - lucas photography )\nin luoto flying squirrels were studied during 1993–2014 within an area of 44 km 2, where between 300 and 400 nest - boxes were placed for flying squirrels. the main forest types in luoto are shoreline spruce - dominated mixed forests, clear - cuts, and cultivated scots pine forests. in vaasa the marking of flying squirrels started in 1992. the vaasa study area was 25 km 2 and is covered by spruce forest patches, clear - cuts, and agricultural fields (for more information see [ 26, 27 ]. 200–400 nest - boxes were placed within the vaasa study area to be used by flying squirrels during the study period .\n]. our results showed that flying squirrel movements varied with month and were sex - dependent. forests at our study site are herb - rich and contain plenty of deciduous trees where flying squirrels can forage upon food items that can be accessed almost year - round (e. g. , catkins in spring and leaves in summer), although there is seasonal variation in availability of the different food types. thus, long distances moved by males during early spring are most likely caused by the mating season during which they search for females [\nwauters la, githiru m, bertolino s, molinari a, tosi g, lens l. demography of alpine red squirrel populations in relation to fluctuations in seed crop size. ecography. 2008; 31: 104–14 .\nwhen our tour of the squirrel - freezer is done, grahn and i head back upstairs, to heller' s suite of labs. there' s a small party going on, for a departing grad student. a tiny boom box plays – what else? – the chipmunks, as we knock back beers and nibble on chips. finally, the student presents heller with a present: a set of squirrel - themed mugs .\nthere is no many places in europe where you could see all this wild bears, wolves, lynxes and flying squirrels. there are currently 65 different species of mammals living in estonian forests, among them 500–600 brown bears, over 150 wolves, around 700–800 lynxes, 20, 000 beavers, 20, 000 wild boars, 12, 000 elk plus deer and other wild animals. the most endangered example is the european mink, several species of dormouse and the flying squirrel. a species typical of taiga forests, the flying squirrel, still survives here but it is extremely rare. discover the wolf, lynx and bear habitats in alutaguse. the biggest forest area in estonia, situated in the northeast of the country, close to the russian border. estonian forests and woodlands are well - known in europe for the number of mammals living there. there are 3–4 times more bears per square kilometre living here than in finland .\n]. hence, our results on longer movement paths over urbanized landscape matrix could be related fragmentation of the suitable forests by urban land use when individuals need to move further to reach suitable foraging patches. however, there was some heterogeneity within the urban habitat class, such as areas with trees, and thus, more fine - scale habitat features could also have directed the flying squirrel movements .\ndespite inhabiting frigid forests in places like canada, finland and siberia, flying squirrels don' t hibernate. instead, they become less active in cold weather, spending more time in their nests and less time foraging. (they do still venture out during winter, though, like the japanese dwarf flying squirrels in the video above. )\nthat condition interests the military, because if wounded soldiers could somehow be put in a squirrel - like state, their wounds would essentially stop bleeding; even seriously - injured patients could be kept alive for much, much longer .\nflying squirrels prefer to use spruce forest for movement and can use tree corridors for patch change. however, flying squirrels can also move in other habitats with trees (even saplings) and do not necessarily need spruce forest connection for patch change. trees are needed for crossing open areas wider than 100 - 150 m. the home range size of adult male flying squirrels was affected by the size of the occupied patch and the density of the females. space use of females was not influenced by the landscape structure .\nflying squirrels avoid predators by being nocturnal and by being fast and agile in the trees and during their glides. they are alert for predators constantly. the most successful predators on flying squirrels are able to fly, such as hawks and owls, or can climb well, such as domestic cats, bobcats, weasels, raccoons, and climbing snakes .\n], are able to anticipate current year’s resources in fall by increasing reproductive output in summer. earlier red squirrel and chipmunk studies have indicated that summer litters are produced in anticipation, whereas spring litters are less affected by future food conditions [\nnon - squirrel gliders include colugos — also known as\nflying lemurs ,\neven though they aren' t lemurs and can' t fly — and the anomalures, seven african rodents dubbed\nscaly - tailed squirrels\ndespite not being actual squirrels. there are gliding possums, too, a group of marsupials including sugar gliders, the endangered mahogany glider of australia and the critically endangered northern glider of papua new guinea .\non the one hand, our findings show that flying squirrels are able to inhabit urban areas and to change their behaviour according to habitat type and landscape structure. since the flying squirrel population decline is ongoing in forested areas in finland, protecting the species in urban environments becomes increasingly important and is an interesting possibility. on the other hand, our results highlight the importance of mature forests. we propose that for conserving the species in urbanized areas, enough suitable mature forest for breeding should be maintained at the home - range scale, whereas connectivity between nearby forest patches should be ensured by providing suitable habitat for movements .\nour results from flying squirrels provide an example of forest - dependent rodent species not able to anticipate a mast. this result is in contrast to observations in some other studies on rodents [\nflying squirrels only play small roles in big, complicated forest ecosystems, but those ecosystems also happen to be pretty valuable to humans, offering a wealth of natural resources and ecological services like cleaner air, cleaner water and less flooding. we sometimes lose sight of those benefits, and charismatic wildlife like flying squirrels can help us remember not to miss the forest for the trees." ]

{ "text": [ "the siberian flying squirrel ( pteromys volans ) is an old world flying squirrel with a range from the baltic sea in the west to the pacific coast in the east .", "it is the only species of flying squirrel found in europe .", "it is considered vulnerable within the european union where it is found only in finland , estonia and latvia . " ], "topic": [ 28, 28, 20 ] }

[ "the siberian flying squirrel (pteromys volans) is an old world flying squirrel with a range from the baltic sea in the west to the pacific coast in the east. it is the only species of flying squirrel found in europe. it is considered vulnerable within the european union where it is found only in finland, estonia and latvia." ]

[ "black - tailed dancer, black - tailed false - skimmer, common blacktail .\na stunning black - tailed skimmer (orthetrum cancellatum) perching on a thistle plant .\nthe male could be confused with black - tailed skimmer or keeled skimmer. the blue eyes help to distinguish it .\n553 black tailed skimmer stock photos, vectors, and illustrations are available royalty - free .\nblack - tailed skimmer dragonfly, orthetrum cancellatum, resting in the early morning spring sunshine .\northetrum cancellatum. female black - tailed skimmer dragonfly on white background. background with cliping path\nblack - tailed skimmer dragonfly. not sure if it is a female or an immature male .\n553 black - tailed skimmer stock photos, vectors, and illustrations are available royalty - free .\nblack - tailed skimmer - orthetrum cancellatum, mostly around felmersham nr where they are very common .\nblack - tailed skimmer at earlham marsh on 13 / 07 / 2017. contributed by: robert stubbs\nblack - tailed skimmer at nwt hickling on 28 / 07 / 2017. contributed by: steve boot\nblack - tailed skimmer (orthetrum cancellatum) female. yellow dragonfly in the family libellulidae, at rest\na black tailed skimmer resting near a pond; picture taken at khao sok national park, thailand .\nkatja schulz marked\nblack - tailed skimmer\nas trusted on the\northetrum cancellatum\npage .\nblack - tailed skimmer at nwt holme dunes on 22 / 07 / 2017. contributed by: adrian winnington\nblack - tailed skimmer at fairhaven water gardens on 02 / 07 / 2017. contributed by: lain everitt\nblack tailed skimmer dragonflies in a lake. first two: male and female, second two: male resting .\nclose up of a black - tailed skimmer (orthetrum cancellatum) male. macro photography a lot of detail .\nthe black - tailed skimmer is classified as least concern (lc) on the iucn red list (1) .\nblack - tailed skimmer (orthetrum cancellatum) this dragonfly occurs in europe and asia. young male with distinctive blue tail\na pretty male black - tailed skimmer (orthetrum cancellatum) perching on a branch at the edge of a pond .\na life at the shoreline... ...... . by j l copner: black tailed skimmer\nthe birth of a dragonfly. macro photography, you can see the smallest hairs on his body. black - tailed skimmer\nwe were watching black tailed skimmers copulating in the air and on the limestone .\ncommon to norfolk, the black - tailed skimmer can be spotted at many of norfolk wildlife trust' s nature reserves. the male’s blue abdomen and the female’s yellow colouration make the black - tailed skimmer a distinctive, easy - to - spot creature .\na stunning black - tailed skimmer (orthetrum cancellatum) perching on an ox - eye or dog daisy flower (leucanthemum vulgare) .\nthe larvae of the black - tailed skimmer can be found in springs and other small water bodies with dense reed vegetation (3) .\nblack - tailed skimmer (orthetrum cancellatum). female. taken near montmorillon, france on june 29th 2010. approx 3. 5x lifesize .\nthe black - tailed skimmer is found throughout norfolk and is expanding its range northward in england and is found in parts of wales and ireland .\na newly emerged black - tailed skimmer dragonfly, orthetrum cancellatum, in the early morning sunshine, drying its new wings after its first flight .\nblack - tailed skimmer (orthetrum cancellatum). teneral male. taken at otmoor, oxon on june 17th 2012. approx 3. 5x lifesize .\nblack - tailed skimmer (orthetrum cancellatum). mating wheel. taken at farmoor, oxon on july 13th 2008. approx 2. 25x lifesize .\nmay resemble female blue - tailed skimmer in that there are two sets of black like markings against a yellow base. has a line through the middle and also cream antehumeral stripes lacking in blue - tailed skimmer. the blue pruinescence will develop with age .\nblack - tailed skimmer (orthetrum cancellatum). male. taken at crookham common, berks, on july 16th 2016. approx 3. 5x lifesize .\nblack - tailed skimmer (orthetrum cancellatum). male. taken at whelford pools, gloucs, on june 14th 2017. approx 3. 5x lifesize .\na stunning emperor dragonfly (anax imperator) feeding on a black - tailed skimmer dragonfly (orthetrum cancellatum) whilst perching on a heather bush in woodland .\nmales could be confused with black - tailed skimmer, and male scarce chaser but lack black tail markings and are smaller. females are superficially similar to common darter females but these have two black markings on tip of abdomen and lack a definite keel .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - black - tailed skimmer (nesciothemis farinosa )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - black - tailed skimmer (nesciothemis farinosa )\ntitle =\narkive species - black - tailed skimmer (nesciothemis farinosa )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nblack - tailed skimmer (orthetrum cancellatum), male, dragonfly, belonging to the family libellulidae. close up of a beautiful dragonfly sitting on a rock .\nblack - tailed skimmer (orthetrum cancellatum), female, dragonfly, belonging to the family libellulidae. close up of a beautiful dragonfly sitting on a rock .\nblack - tailed skimmer (orthetrum cancellatum), female, dragonfly, belonging to the family libellulidae. close up of a beautiful dragonfly sitting on a wooden pole .\nblack - tailed skimmer (orthetrum cancellatum), female, dragonfly, belonging to the family libellulidae. close up of a beautiful dragonfly sitting on a wooden door .\nblack - tailed skimmer male on reed stem. orthetrum cancellatum. beautiful blue and yellow dragonfly on a gray background with blank space. pond in southern bohemia, europe .\nthe male could be confused with keeled skimmer, but the black' tail' with separate them. scarce chaser males have a similar blue abdomen with a black tail but they have dark wing patches and the thorax is black .\nblack - tailed skimmer (orthetrum cancellatum), female, dragonfly, belonging to the family libellulidae. close up of a beautiful dragonfly looking with his big eyes straight into the camera .\nbroad - bodied chaser and scarce chaser though similar have distinct patches of colour at the wing bases. the keeled skimmer does however have clear wings, but also more prominent antehumeral stripes and distinctive ochre pterostigma. in addition the keeled skimmer is far less common than black - tailed skimmer being associated with acidic heathland sites .\nthe black - tailed skimmer is larger, has black pterostigma and barely noticeable black reduced antehumeral stripes. broad - bodied and scarce chaser are distinguishable by the presence of dark basal wing patches. black and common darter are more likely to cause confusion as they can occur in similar habitat. black darter females and immature males have a distinctive black triangle on top of the thorax (not antehumeral stripes) and mature males are entirely black. common darters have distinctive side stripes on the thorax and different markings on the abdomen .\nfe male black - tailed skimmer photo © ian waller 2005 distribution map for black - tailed skimmer large dot = proven breeding, medium dot = probable breeding, small dot = possible breeding open rectangle = pre 1980 records only open rectangle with bar = uncorroborated record red dots show tetrads in which species has only been recorded since 1991 or where breeding status has been raised since 1991 .\nthe black - tailed skimmer can be found up to elevations of 1, 200 metres in south africa (2), and between 800 and 1, 890 metres in malawi (4) .\ni found a female black tailed skimmer in oaken wood, surrey. meanwhile in henley on thames i managed my first ever closeups of a female banded demoiselle damselfly, and an azure mating wheel on barnhill .\nthe black - tailed skimmer (nesciothemis farinosa) is a fairly large and robust dragonfly (2). the male, as the common name suggests, has a distinctly black tail. its head is also black, while the eyes are brown - black above and lighter below. the thorax is powdery blue - grey, while the abdomen is blue - grey for the first five segments, but becomes black with pale yellow markings on the upper side of the remaining segments. these markings become darker, sometimes almost black, as the dragonfly ages. the abdomen of this species is straight and pointed. the wings of the male black - tailed skimmer are mostly clear, becoming opaque and smoky - grey as the individual becomes older (2) .\nlittle is known about the biology of the black - tailed skimmer. however, like most other dragonflies, it is likely to be an opportunistic predator, detecting its mainly insect - based prey by sight (6) .\nthe flight period of the black - tailed skimmer is between october and may in the south african part of its range (2), and between march and june in namibia. peak population numbers occur around mid - january (5) .\nthe recent hot and dry weather seems to have resulted in a boom in dragonfly numbers. in particular i got my first broad bodied chaser pictures at barnhill, and on the 15th i found a female black tailed skimmer that was quite willing to pose for me .\nimmature female blue - tailed damselfly. (about half the size of a common blue. )\nthere are currently no known threats to the black - tailed skimmer (1). it is likely that this species, as with other dragonflies is threatened in certain parts of its range by the destruction and degradation of the wetlands it inhabits (6) (7) .\nthe black - tailed skimmer is found in forest, bush, savanna and woodland (1). within these areas, its preferred habitat includes freshwater pools, pans, marshes and quiet reaches of rivers where it can perch on reeds or tall grass (2) (4) .\ndr. chris thomas photographed and timed the hatching sequence of a female black - tailed skimmer and has placed it on the web as part of a longer photo tour of the bbc springwatch east day at marston vale, june 2006. the first photo of the sequence can be found here .\nthe most widespread species in the genus nesciothemis (3), the black - tailed skimmer is found in most countries of sub - saharan africa, from egypt in the north, south throughout africa to south africa, and from angola in the west to somalia in the east (1) .\nthere are two species of skimmer dragonflies found in norfolk and both have clear wings that distinguish them from chaser dragonflies. mature male black - tailed skimmers have a predominately blue abdomen with a black tip and yellow arcs down each side with a dark olive - brown thorax. females are yellow with two black bands running the length of the abdomen when viewed from above and immature males resemble females. however very old females darken with age and can develop a blue colour similar to males .\nthe smaller and thinner of the two skimmer dragonflies. males have an all blue abdomen. characteristically as with the\non the 24th i saw my first damselflies and dragonflies of the year today. spotted male and female common blues, large reds, blue - tailed and possible azure damselflies. i also spotted the odd dragonfly flying around, but couldn' t be sure of the species. on the 25th and 26th i spotted more damselflies. on 26th i got close enough to a female black - tailed skimmer dragonfly for a good closeup .\nblack - tailed skimmer,' orthetrum cancellatum' family libellulidae, the mature male' s adbomen is powdery blue with a black tip, while that of the female and immature male is yellow with 2 wavy black lines down the back. the wings are completely clear and the pterostigma is black. it breeds in still water, flies may - august, it is a darter and usually perches on rocks or on the ground, order - odonata, family - libellulidae, species in family - 1, 250, size - 4 - 8cm, feeding - nymphs and adults, predators, impact - harmless ,\n43–51 cm; 436–640 g; wingspan 126–128 cm. a fairly distinctive gull, medium - sized with a relatively short tail that is black or shows a broad black tail - bar ...\na mature male perched, the black tipped blue abdomen is narrower than a chaser... .\nthe black - tailed skimmer, a species with a marked preference for recently created pools, was first recorded in vc 55 as recently as 1987. since then it has become well established over the whole of the county and males basking on bare waterside banks are now a regular feature of the summer months, particularly in areas of mineral extraction .\nbuilding artificial ponds with a range of habitat conditions has been tested in south africa to improve the diversity of dragonflies in the area, including the black - tailed skimmer (8). however, no conservation measures are currently known to be in place for this species (1), and more research is needed to implement appropriate conservation measures .\nit can be tricky to separate the very similar o. abistylum (white - tailed skimmer) at a distance, which would still be possible though september is later in its season. that latter tends to look paler than its cousin, though .\na male at rest on the bank, distinctive black tipped blue abdomen and unstained wing base... .\nthe female black - tailed skimmer is very different to the male in appearance, with a wholly light brown face, a brown labrum that is margined with yellow, and a brown thorax, which is lighter on the sides and darker above. there is a distinct pale brown or cream line, separating the upper and lower sides of the thorax, and the abdomen is yellow - brown with a darker line running along the length of both sides. the young female black - tailed skimmer has clear wings with brown tips, which disappear and begin to turn smoky - grey as the individual ages the pterostigma, a thickened cell found on the outer edge of the wing, is deep yellow - brown in the male and female (2) .\nuncommon, confined to base - rich loughs in central and western ireland. the flight period extends from late may to august. the black - tailed skimmer is especially characteristic of the eastern burren and shannon loughs and the limestone lakes of galway and sligo. adults prefer to perch on bare ground and rocks. in britain this species has increased with creation of flooded gravel pits .\nresembles immature female, having a black ‘ladder’ pattern on abdomen. however thorax is yellow and eyes are pale brown .\nspotted a male broad bodied chaser resting on a black of concrete in the centre of an ornamental pond in gunnersbury park .\nthe abdomen is powder blue with yellow - orange crescent shapes along the sides. segments 1 - 2 are brown and segments 7 - 10 are black. the abdomen tapers from segments 2 - 3 to a very narrow segment 10. the thorax is brown - black with incomplete and fairly indistinct black antehumeral stripes. the wings are clear with a yellow costa and short black pterostigma. small yellow antenodal cross veins are also visible (running perpendicular to the length of the wing). the eyes are greenish blue and the legs black. immature males look like females with 2 black stripes running down the length of the abdomen. older specimens may well have dark patches on the abdomen where female legs have rubbed off the pruinescence during copulation .\nthe larger of the two skimmer dragonflies. characteristically both species are long and narrow in appearance. they will happily perch on open ground, rocks and logs and have a ‘hunched’ appearance as their wings tend to point forward. male has black on last 4 abdominal segments .\nblack - tailed skimmers emerge between may and july and can be seen throughout the summer and into early september. black - tailed skimmers spend two to three years as larvae, usually living in still or slow moving water. when the adult is ready to emerge the larvae can travel some distance over land before finding a suitable site to cast their larval skin. once mature, adults return to water to breed and males can be fiercely territorial. after mating, females egg - lay by dipping the tip of their abdomen into the water as they fly over it .\nthe black - tailed skimmer, like all dragonflies, begins life as an aquatic larva. the larva goes through many stages of development before a final moult occurs, at which time the larva leaves the water and metamorphoses into an adult. after this, there is a maturation period during which the adult colouration develops and the wings harden, enabling the adult dragonfly to fly (6). larval development is thought to take about eight months in this species (3) .\nthe keeled skimmer is closely associated with small rivers and streams in acid peat regions but may also be found in acidic standing waters such as mires, bogs and ponds .\nfirst damselfly pic of 2007 and first female broad bodied chaser pic, seen up barnhill on fa cup day (19th). male broad bodied chaser on 2nd june. there were emperors there that day too but never stopped moving long enough for pics. then on the 6th i found the female black tailed skimmer basking on a clear mud patch in a meadow. on 18th june a female broad bodied chaser posed for me on a stem. one of two seen at barnhill .\na smaller dragonfly with a tapering abdomen which is powder blue apart from a black segment 1. a fine black dorsal line runs the length of the abdomen giving this insect it’s name. the thorax is brown with pale antehumeral stripes and may assume a bluish pruinescence with age. the wings are clear with a pale yellow costa and yellow antenodal cross veins (running perpendicular to the length of the wing). the pterostigma are noticeably ochre. the eyes are blue - grey and the legs are black. the immature male is yellow with 2 thick black stripes running down the length of the abdomen .\nunlike chaser species, the black - tailed skimmer is often seen basking on exposed soil or stones. the males are territorial and will aggressively defend an area by flying out low over the water from a perch and chasing off intruders. when a female arrives she is grabbed and copulation occurs either airborne in a matter of seconds or at a perch amongst vegetation. subsequently the female oviposits alone but with the male in close attendance. the tip of the abdomen is dipped into the water to release the eggs .\nfemale and immatures: highly distinctive with vivid orange colouration, black triangular shaped markings on the upper surface of each abdominal segment and dark bases to the wings .\nabdomen is rich ochre yellow with distinctive black ‘ladder’ pattern. thorax and eyes are olive green in colour. with age the abdomen can become dull olive - brown in colour .\nthis seems the most likely species for two males we saw patrolling offshore on a fresh water lake in the gironde between the atlantic and bordeaux in early september. since they were in constant motion we couldn’t pick out details, just an impression of blue / gray thorax, dark blue / black abdomen and a skimmer body shape. are there any better candidates that fit this description? thanks ,\nit is a good year for dragonflies as southern hawkers, migrant hawkers, a black - tailed skimmer and a broad - bodied chaser have all decided to pay a visit. i like dragonflies as they are such a prehistoric insect that has evolved into a lean, mean flying machine which can fly six ways: forwards, backwards, up and down, side to side, and hover, with an average flying speed of 22 - 34 mph. that is some achievement and showed up the rather weak limitations of the remote controlled helicopter which could only go up and down and forwards and backwards and somewhat slower !\nfemales and immatures: pale, yellowish brown with tho bold lines running along the length of the abdomen. the wings have a yellow costa and a very dark brown or black pterostigma .\nthe body is completely yellow with 2 black stripes running down the length of the abdomen. as with the male the wings are clear. mature females become darker in colour and may develop pruinescence .\nmale have power - blue pruinescence on a slender tapering abdomen which becomes black from segment 7 – 10 with small orange marks. thorax is brown with no stripes and eyes are blue. wings have no dark patches on them .\nmid sized dragonfly, very active fast flyer. mature males are a striking pale blue with a black tipped abdomen, females and immature males are yellow with dark striped markings. the female darkens with age, becoming a dull brown .\nburger, j. , gochfeld, m. , kirwan, g. m. & garcia, e. f. j. (2018). black - tailed gull (larus crassirostris). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 10 july 2018) .\nblack - tailed skimmers are quite common in norfolk and can be abundant at suitable sites with large open areas of water. their habit of resting on boardwalks, fishing platforms, bare ground and other pale surfaces makes them easy to spot as they rise up and literally skim along at your approach. the best places to see them are reserves with wooden boardwalks such as nwt ranworth broad and nwt upton fen, but they are also common around the edges of other broads in the bure valley and upper thurne living landscape areas .\ni found a group of blue - tailed damselflies near the office. must admit i wasn' t expecting to find them there, but then many of my photos are opportunistic so here are the resultant photos. also found a curiously small damselfly and some mating common blue' s .\nfairly discreet dragonflies found perching relatively low down in vegetation with their wings held forward. males are territorial, but hold smaller territories than black - tailed skimmers. they perch on the ground or emergent vegetation and fly out to investigate or challenge other males. females coming to the water are grabbed by the male and form a mating wheel. copulation is completed in vegetation or on the ground and may take a few minutes up to an hour. the female then oviposits alone by dipping the abdomen into the water. the male remains in attendance .\na medium - sized dragonfly, with the abdomen tapering evenly from s2 - 3. females and immatures are pale, yellowish brown with two bold lines running along the length of the abdomen. the wings are clear, have a yellow costa and a very dark brown or black pterostigma. the males develop a blue pruinescence on the abdomen darkening to the rear with with s8 - 10 becoming black. their eyes are very dark green. females retain their colour and markings, though they become greyish - brown with age .\nthis species is very common in shropshire, found in a range of habitats including pools, lakes or slow rivers, it is on the wing during the months of june and july. of medium size, the body is slightly fatter than a darter yet slimmer than a chaser! the body is thickened but tapers gradually to the tip. the male is blue with a black tip, the female is yellow with longitudinal black bands on the abdomen. it is a very' busy' dragonfly, constantly on the more taking short rests from time to time !\nmale: develops a blue pruinescence on the abdomen darkening to the rear with with s8 - 10 becoming black. its eyes are very dark green. they fly swift and low, skimming the water surface. females retain their colur and markings though they become quite greyish brown with age .\na medium - sized dragonfly with relatively broad, flattened abdomen, but not as broad as the two chaser species. mature males have a pale blue abdomen with pale yellow spots on the sides and a dark tip. immature males and females are unmistakable, being mostly yellow with black vertical stripes .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n( 1 / 320th sec at f13. approx 2x lifesize. click image for larger version. © david hastings )\n( 1 / 1250th sec at f13. approx 2x lifesize. click image for larger version. © david hastings )\n( 1 / 125th sec at f18. approx 2x lifesize. click image for larger version. © david hastings )\n( 1 / 160th sec at f9. approx 2x lifesize. click image for larger version. © david hastings )\n( 1 / 250th sec at f10. approx 1. 5x lifesize. click image for larger version. © david hastings )\nthe main distribution of this species is in england. it is also found in ireland and south wales .\nits prefered habitat is larger standing or slow - flowing waters, generally open and often with un - vegetated margins. it occurs in brackish waters and can tolerate high fish densities. it is a good colonist of new sites, especially while open margins persist .\neggs are laid in flight. they hatch after five or six weeks and the larvae live partially hidden by bottom debris. they emerge after two or three years. the main flight period is june and july .\nmales characteristically perch horizontally on exposed surfaces. they fly fast and low, skimming the water surface, while defending their territories. mating can occur in flight or on land .\nthey will happily perch on open ground, rocks and logs and have a ‘hunched’ appearance as their wings tend to point forward .\nmale have power - blue pruinescence on a slender tapering abdomen with a thin line or keel running down the middle. they have blue eyes and the thorax is brownish with cream coloured antehumeral stripes though these can disappear with age. wings look slightly tinted in appearance .\nfemales have a tapering ochre yellow abdomen with thin line or keel running down the middle and segments are well defined. eyes are blue - green and the wings are suffused with yellow along the front of both wings. females get darker with age and can become a dark olive green colour .\npatterning is the same as adult but colour of eyes, thorax and abdomen is pale straw yellow which darkens with maturity .\nmales will set up small territories along open banks where they will fly out often to inspect intruders, other males and other species returning to the same perch or patch. like\nthey will characteristically bask in the open, often on exposed banks, stones or logs. females can quite easily be found foraging on heathland away from water .\nhas a very patchy distribution reflecting is restriction to acidic conditions but found throughout the united kingdom. is a very common species on heathland sites in dorset, less common elsewhere .\nmain flight period is may to september peaking in mid june to mid august .\nproviding stunning photographs of dragonflies and where to see them in their typical habitats has been my goal for several years now. my interest began in the 1970’s when i asked a friend to name a beautiful small red insect. he replied that it was a dragonfly although he didn’t know the species. luckily at about this time a new guide - book became available – cyril hammond’s ‘the dragonflies of great britain and ireland’. whilst not in the mode of current portable guides it did provide us with excellent colour drawings at several times life size .\nwe soon realised that we had seen our first male large red damselfly (pyrrhosoma nymphula). suffice to say that my interest grew rapidly and i soon realised that suitable habitat was disappearing at a fast rate in my county of cheshire u. k. together with another good friend, david kitching, who was cheshire countryside manager at the time, i devised a recording scheme whose methodolgy was copied from the county’s breeding bird survey. this entailed observing a dragonfly’s behaviour against a range of criteria in order to determine whether the species was possibly, probably or proven to be breeding .\nin 1992, with the help of records from many people, the results were published in ‘ the dragonflies and damselfies of cheshire ‘ – national museums and galleries, liverpool. whilst essentially this book is a distributional guide it was very well received although it is now long out of date and out of print. it is more than replaced however by the cheshire dragonfly website which is still run by david kitching, the county recorder. this is one of the best of the u. k. ’s dragonfly web - sites showing up - to - date information on the county’s odonata. full county maps, in a 2 kilometre square format, are available for all the species i have chosen to represent from a type habitat in cheshire .\nsadly, and regretfully, i then defected from dragonflies to look for, and film, birds around the world. over the last few years however my interest in dragonflies has been re - kindled, mainly due to the advent of digital photography .\neven the most casual observer will realise that dragonflies are beautiful insects but they are very difficult to approach without frightening them away .\nregretfully the old names of ‘horse stinger ‘and ‘devil’s darning needle’ still linger in the minds of many who do not understand that these insects create no risk whatsoever. indeed dragonflies are beneficial insects which provide a very good indicator of the ecological state of the water bodies in the region. so, dragonfly photography is challenging to say the least .\nof the thousands of photographs i’ve taken a few stand out as worthy of saving and sharing. the reasons for their selection are numerous. clearly a well exposed and sharp picture must count highly, but there are other reasons – perhaps just the pose appeals, or the dragonfly’s behavior, its particular habitat, the relative scarcity of the species or even the historic value of the photograph .\nthe number preceding the name for each of the british and european dragonflies shown is simply the sequential number of each of the species covered in the field guide to the dragonflies by klaas - douwe b dijkstra, illustrated by richard lewington .\nmoving your cursor over either damselflies, or dragonflies of britain and europe in the header box and clicking will reveal a drop down menu listing all the species i’ve entered to date. clicking on any of the small thumbnail photos will bring up a larger image and clicking on ‘discover this species’ will reveal my full range of photos. the most recent species to be entered are indicated by [ new ] in their titles. the next and previous buttons on each page enable you to continue without return to the menu .\na full size photograph, usually of a male, is followed by comments about my selection of the photographs and details of the key identification points for the species. arrow pointers indicate the most important distinguishing features for two of the uk’s blue damselflies which frequently cause confusion .\nthe second photograph shown for each species was taken at or near the dragonfly’s breeding water which is shown as a typical habitat picture. this can be a small seepage or pond, a stream, river or the largest lake. seeking these out has taken me to some of the most wonderfully scenic places. this site’s u. k. grid reference and g. p. s. reference are shown where possible and relevant. note that these references detail the exact place where the species photograph was taken whilst the breeding site photograph shown may be a short distance away. all remaining pictures follow .\ni have now added a third section headed the gambia. this shows species taken during several trips to that country. there is, as yet, no field guide to the dragonflies there but many of the species to be found in the gambia are covered in ‘the dragonflies and damselflies of eastern africa’ – klaas - douwe b. dijkstra & viola clausnitzer. i have drawn up a provisional systematic list of odonata for the gambia which heads this section as currently there is no publication covering the dragonflies and damselflies of west africa .\ni hope you enjoy looking at these photographs as much as i have done in taking them. all are taken in natural light and conditions without resorting to capture, cooling and ‘hanging up’ .\nviewing other web sites has given me much pleasure. i can recommend none more highly than the cheshire site mentioned above and urltoken whose owners are among the most helpful dragonfly enthusiasts i’ve met. arturo bernal in andalucia has been a good friend who has shown me much that i would otherwise have missed. mike taylor also provided me a wonderful opportunity to visit the less known aegean island of chios which is as worthy of further exploration for dragonflies as its larger neighbour lesvos to the north .\ncopyright on images is easy to quote but impossible to monitor. a simple request to use any of my images out of courtesy would be sufficient. your comments would also be welcome in the box provided .\nthis web site will be updated as new material is prepared with the latest species shown having ‘new’ preceding their name .\nwe are pleased to recommend aqualife of cheshire for projects involving or supply of native and ornamental water plants. they specialise in creating wetland wildlife habitats across the british isles, with over 300 pools successfully habituated. click the logo to visit their website .\na life at the shoreline... ...... . by j l copner\na decade of life as a birdtracker wildlife phototaker & surfer roaming the atlantic coast burren & lands of county clare ireland and sometimes beyond ...\nquite a specticle. children... .. consider it... . evolution on the wing, in motion, right before your eyes .\nhe must grip a female by the head or thorax and hold her in the tandem position, with claspers at the tip of his abdomen that fit neatly, like a lock and key, with a special plate on her thorax or behind her eyes .\nonce the pair is in tandem, and the female is receptive, she will curl the tip of her abdomen around working the pair into that heartlike copulatory position .\ni made a trip up the middle shannon today and came across at least six whinchats along the river. whinchats males and females on shannon river john n murphy\nthere is a general feeling that numbers of some of our long - distance summer migrants are still on the low side, despite an arrival of birds in the easterl ...\ni started off the day with a pre - dawn walk around the hotel to finally try to see a savanna nightjar. we had these birds calling at night around every hote ...\ni got nice surprise at the coonagh nature reserve last saturday (28 / 4 / 2018) when a large raptor appeared high over the lower lagoon. luckily i had the cam ...\nit was bitterly cold again over the weekend. although temperatures didn' t quite plummet as low as they did a fortnight ago, nor did the snow return, the br ...\nthis last weekend has thrown dublin 3 nice birds. broadmeadows in swords always gives you a nice bird or two ever year and this was no exception as not one ...\nmediterranean gull (often referred to simply as ‘med gull’) is a species which has undergone a dramatic and well documented expansion across europe. they w ...\n* lycaenids (blues, coppers, hairstreaks) * this is to my mind the most fascinating family of butterflies to occur in ireland. with over 5, 000 species worldwi ...\na calm day has has brought 7 red throated divers fairly close in to lahinch beach, very flighty unsettled moulting birds, their busy activi ...\na few mornings a week id push the pushchair and walk the kids to the end of our lane to 'the bridge 'and back. we see lots of local wildlif ...\nits that time of year again that i pay my annual visit to tacumshin lake wexford. 5am i left clare, arriving at tac at 8: 20 an overcast ...\nin the rain near the car park of the surfers entrance of doughmore beach, doonbeg. i was watching a busy sedge warbler continually gathe ...\n4 - 10 - 2014 swainsons thrush - loop head, clare, ireland i had arrived at loop head at 16: 30 pm in hope of seeing the dotterel that ...\nyou get to see some magical photos of great crested grebes, many taken in city parks where birds are easy with humans, but you can rarely ge ...\nhoopoe canary island chiffchaff blue cheeked parakeet bethelots pipit spectacled warbler great grey shrike ...\nthe coast between lahinch and quilty was quite busy due to the bank holiday weekend and not much was to be seen, ,, , but in a quiet west fac ...\ni was watching an adult bearded reedling skimming over the reed beds with a bill full of food. yeh great... . but on my way back to the car i ...\nall photos and post material originate through myself and a life at the shoreline. picture window theme. powered by blogger .\nthis dragonfly is found at any open water with bare patches along the shore where the patrolling males frequently rest in the sun .\nfairly common. southern england, parts of wales and ireland. increasing its range northwards .\nall photos published on this site are copyright of the original photographer and are reproduced with their permission. all other content of this site is copyright of the british dragonfly society except where explicitly stated otherwise. the british dragonfly society is a registered charity, number 1168300 .\nclick here to support naturespot by making a donation - small or large - your gift is very much appreciated. thank you .\noften basking on bare waterside banks, in particular at recently dug ponds and gravel pits. females are less bold and not encountered as regularly .\nthis species only appeared in britain in 1934. the adults feed from perches, often pouncing on butterflies, grasshoppers and damselflies. mature males are territorial, protecting an area up to 50m of bank .\nfairly frequent over much of england south of the humber and in south wales, less frequent elsewhere in britain .\nfirst recorded in leicestershire & rutland as recently as 1987. since then it has become well established over the whole of this area and is now considered as fairly frequent .\nas in other dragonflies, breeding begins with the male grasping the female by the head using a pair of claspers on the tip of the abdomen. if the mating is successful, the female lays a clutch of eggs immediately. in some species, the male may guard the female while the eggs are laid, to prevent other males from mating with her (6) .\nmoore, n. w. (1997) dragonflies: status survey and conservation action plan. iucn / ssc odonata specialist group, iucn, gland, switzerland and cambridge, uk. available at: urltoken\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert, and will be updated as soon as possible. if you are able to help please contact: arkive @ urltoken\nsamways, m. j. (2008) dragonflies and damselflies of south africa. pensoft publishers, bulgaria .\nsuhling, f. , schütte, c. and müller, o. (2003) nesciothemis farinosa: description of the final stadium larva (odonata: libellulidae). international journal of odonatology, 7: 73 - 78 .\ndijkstra, k. d. b (2004) dragonflies (odonata) of mulanje, malawi. idf report, 6: 23 - 29 .\nsamways, m. j. and grant, p. b. c. (2006) honing red list assessments of lesser - known taxa in biodiversity hotspots. biodiversity and conservation, 16: 2575 - 2586 .\no’toole, c. (2002) the new encyclopedia of insects and their allies. oxford university press, oxford .\nsteytler, n. s. and samways, m. j. (1994) biotope selection by adult male dragonflies (odonata) at an artificial lake created for insect conservation in south africa. biological conservation, 72: 381 - 386 .\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive' s online content for private, scientific, conservation or educational purposes only. it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members, allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild, an elite squadron of science superheroes, needs your help! your mission: protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no. 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 (c) (3) non - profit organisation in the usa\nall ranks domain kingdom subkingdom phylum subphylum superclass class subclass infraclass superorder order suborder infraorder superfamily family subfamily tribe subtribe genus subgenus species subspecies variety group (polytypic) group (monotypic) species split life sp. ssp. intra - specific hybrid interspecific hybrid intergeneric hybrid species pair\nall records (accepted, rejected, pending). to filter / search please enter a phrase. e. g. to filter rejected records, type rejected into the search box, all columns can be filtered .\nhave you seen something interesting? click submit to share your rare bird sightings via our simple form .\n© 2018 birdguides, warners group publications plc. all rights reserved. company registered in england no. 2572212 | vat registration no. gb 638 3492 15\nsimilar to immature males, only examination of anal appendages can separate them at this early stage .\nthis species seems to favour larger open water bodies such as lakes, large ponds, gravel and clay pits, and also slow flowing rivers with partially exposed margins on which to bask and defend territories. can tolerate brackish conditions .\nand darter dragonflies they will tend to perch on bare exposed surfaces such as bare mud, stones and logs. wings tend to point forward when at rest. males are very territorial and aggressively defend their patches from intruders .\nessentially a southern species but is expanding its range northwards. can be numerous when habitat is suitable. can be locally common at some sites in dorset .\nthe wildlife information service is here to give advice and answer any questions you may have about norfolk’s wildlife .\nwe are on the hunt for images of particular species in norfolk... have you managed to snap one ?\ncome and discover wildlife as a family! every event is enjoyable for all ages, making them a wonderful way for families to explore the natural world together .\nvolunteers play a very important part in the success of norfolk wildlife trust and we really value their support and commitment .\nfrom the wild north coast to the sandy heaths of breckland, the norfolk broads to ancient woodlands, norfolk’s diverse habitats are home to a stunning variety of wildlife. joining us today makes a real difference to norfolk. your support helps us protect the future of that wildlife and helps us inspire people to value nature .\nthere are many superstitions surrounding dragonflies. in england, the wings of a blue dragonfly placed in a missal is believed to bring good luck, but it is also considered bad luck to kill such a dragonfly .\nleave patches of bare ground around the edges of larger ponds and lakes as well as leaving cut grass and other vegetation to dry out in ‘habitat piles’. these pale areas will attract basking dragonflies. skimmers hunt from low perches, so placing a few sticks or twigs close to the water’s edge will also encourage them .\nnwt upton fen is rich in wetland fauna and flora. a wide variety of plants and animals – especially invertebrates - can be found and the fen is particularly well - known for dragonflies (it is one of the top ten sites in the uk for these amazing insects). you can find more information about the types of plants and animals found at upton fen on our website under the ‘nature reserves’ section .\nthe main difference is that dragonflies hold their wings open at 90 degrees to their body when resting whereas damselflies hold their wings parallel to their body. on the whole, damselflies are much smaller than dragonflies. dragonflies have huge eyes which occupy most of their globular head whilst damselflies have much smaller eyes which are positioned at each end of their oblong head. the flight of a damselfly is a relatively weak fluttering type compared to a dragonfly’s .\nexplore our nature reserves, from the oldest wildlife trust reserve in the uk to the smallest... the nearest bus stops may be found by zooming into the ma ...\nnorfolk is blessed with a rich and varied wildlife heritage including ancient woodland, sandy brecks and stunning north coast ...\nthe planning process has an important part to play in safeguarding the future of our wildlife and the environments they inhabit .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\na mature female, note the wing damage and blue pruinescence to the edges of the abdomen, both of which develop with age... .\nall images are strictly copyright and may not be used for any use without my permission. images are available for publication. i am also able to supply prints on request (ideal for gifts or framing) in a range of sizes. please email me for further details .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ndijkstra, k. - d. b. , clausnitzer, v. , suhling, f. , samways, m. , samraoui, b. , boudot, j. p. , kipping, j. & allen, d. (iucn freshwater biodiversity unit) (iucn pan africa freshwater biodiversity assessement workshop, cairo, 2009) .\njustification: orthetrum cancellatum is a wide ranging species across the northern parts of tunisia, algeria and morocco, with no evidence of decline. the species is assessed as least concern in northern africa." ]

{ "text": [ "the black-tailed skimmer , orthetrum cancellatum , is a dragonfly of europe and asia .", "it occurs nearly all of europe except northern uk and scandinavia ; to the east , the range extends to kashmir and mongolia .", "the adult male has a blue abdomen with a black tip and transparent wings , and the female has a yellow ( later : brown ) body with black bands along the abdomen and transparent wings .", "even the immature males look that way .", "this species has expanded its range , assisted by the creation of gravel pits which give it the extensive open unvegetated areas it prefers .", "it was first recorded in great britain in essex in 1934 .", "it is decreasing rapidly in the maltese islands . " ], "topic": [ 26, 13, 23, 23, 18, 8, 17 ] }

[ "the black-tailed skimmer, orthetrum cancellatum, is a dragonfly of europe and asia. it occurs nearly all of europe except northern uk and scandinavia; to the east, the range extends to kashmir and mongolia. the adult male has a blue abdomen with a black tip and transparent wings, and the female has a yellow (later: brown) body with black bands along the abdomen and transparent wings. even the immature males look that way. this species has expanded its range, assisted by the creation of gravel pits which give it the extensive open unvegetated areas it prefers. it was first recorded in great britain in essex in 1934. it is decreasing rapidly in the maltese islands." ]

[ "hans - martin braun added the english common name\nstripe - tailed goanna\nto\nvaranus gilleni lucas & frost 1895\n.\nwith reverso you can find the english translation, definition or synonym for stripe tailed goanna [ varanus caudolineatus ] and thousands of other words. you can complete the translation of stripe tailed goanna [ varanus caudolineatus ] given by the english - french collins dictionary with other dictionaries such as: wikipedia, lexilogos, larousse dictionary, le robert, oxford, grévisse\ndespite their semi arboreal nature, these lizards forage for food on the ground. despite being a smaller species, the stripe tailed goanna is a generalistic feeder like almost every member of\nthe stripe - tailed goanna (varanus gilleni) is a species of monitor lizard native to northwestern and central australia. [ 1 ] they eat insects, lizards, small mammals and eggs .\nthe remains of gecko tails, and only the tails, have been recorded in the stripe tailed goannas' stomach. this suggests that, like other pygmy monitor, this particular species will chase down and harvest the tails of small gecko species .\nthe stripe - tailed goanna reaches a maximum size of about 32cm tl. a specimen i examined at wanjarri in march measured 11. 2cm svl (tail 13. 5cm) and weighed 4. 5g. smith (1988) records the weight of a heavily gravid female as 37g. the tail of v. caudolineatus does not possess spines, but the scales are often strongly keeled. storr (1980) noted that specimens from more northerly locations grow larger and more closely resemble v. gilleni .\nthe stripe - tailed goanna is usually encountered in trees but may find most of its food on the ground. its diet consists entirely of invertebrates (roaches, orthopterans, spiders, scorpions, centipedes and lepidopterans) and other lizards (geckoes and skinks) (pianka 1969, 1994; losos & greene 1988; thompson 1993). they commonly eat the tails of geckoes that are otherwise too big to swallow. pianka (1969) found that they were active only during the hottest months of the year and suggested that the clutch of 4 - 5 eggs was laid in december. smith (1988) collected a gravid female in late october that laid four eggs a month later weighing 12. 4g in total (over a third of the body weight). in the desert their major enemies are probably larger goannas (pianka 1994) .\na study by thompson (1993) found that stripe - tailed goannas may live in close association with each other (he found four specimens in 0. 005km2). because of their love of tight spaces the use of radiotransmitters to track their movements is impractical. thompson got round this problem by marking the animals with small amounts of labelled sodium and tracking them with a geiger counter. he found that the lizards were only active during the warmest part of the day (i. e. at temperatures of 30 - 45. 5oc) and moved only short distances compared with other species of a similar size (average of 34m from one tree shelter to another) and would remain in the same tree for as long as 15 days (average of 3 days). mean active body temperature of 10 specimens was 37. 8oc (pianka 1982) .\nthe spencer' s goanna or spencer' s monitor (varanus spenceri) is a species of monitor lizard, native to the barkly region in central queensland / northern territory. they can grow to a total length of up to 120cm. they have sharp claws which they use for digging burrows. they eat anything they can find including highly venomous snakes and carrion (dead animals) and are able to digest anything they eat. when threatened they hiss loudly and whip their aggressor with their muscular tails. they are able to knock people out with their tails. they live in black soil plains where there are no trees so spencer' s goannas are afraid of heights and are the only australian monitor that cannot climb. [ 1 ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nother than the account given by smith (1988) whose eggs failed to hatch there is very little in the literature concerning the care of this species in captivity (minke 1914; schmida 1975). males and females look identical and may be very tolerant of each other. a diet of insects and tiny mammals should be suitable. because of the small size and relatively sedentary behaviour of this species they can be kept in smaller enclosures (0. 5 - 1m2) providing they have the opportunity to climb and hide above the ground .\nthe mampam website has been running for 25 years and aims to provide full details of projects at no charge. all out of print books and multimedia guides are provided here and full image archives are being developed for each project. this will complete the website' s mission .\nyou' re currently viewing our forum as a guest. this means you are limited to certain areas of the board and there are some features you can' t use. if you join our community, you' ll be able to access member - only sections, and use many member - only features such as customizing your profile and voting in polls. registration is simple, fast, and completely free .\nsubgenus by it' s leopard like spots, and the distinguishable stripes that run from near the base of the tail to the tip, which gives the species its common name. standard body coloration is a dusky brown or light grey, with the leopard like spots being a dark brown in coloration. a large proportion of this goannas' back is an orange - brown coloration, and the lower jaw, throat, and underbelly are a creamy white - grey coloration. this is a small species, with individuals measuring anywhere from 60 - 131mm (2. 3 - 5. 1in) in snout - vent length, with correspondingly long tails\n; which would put total body length measurements at approximately 120 - 232mm (4. 7 - 9. 1in) .\nthis species can be found in central western australia, in localities such as meekatharra. it is found frequently in areas with red soils, and these goannas are known to inhabit mulga and eucalyptus tree hollows. they are often encountered hidingunder dead and / or rottingbark of these trees. because of this, they are thought to be semi arboreal in nature\nboth sexes are thought to attain sexual maturity at a shout vent length measurement of approximately 81mm (3. 18in )\n. clutch size is determinate on the size of the maternal female varanid, with larger females consequently laying larger clutches .\npianka, eric r .\nnotes on the biology of .\nvaranus caudolineatus (1969) .\nthompson, graham g. , and philip c. withers .\ncomparative morphology of western australian varanid lizards (squamata: varanidae) .\njournal of morphology 233. 2 (1997): 127 - 152 .\nthompson, graham .\ndaily movement patterns and habitat preferences of varanus caudolineatus (reptilia: varanidae) .\nwildl. res 20 (1993): 227 - 231 .\npianka, eric r .\ncomparative ecology of varanus in the great victoria desert .\naustralian journal of ecology 19. 4 (1994): 395 - 408 .\nlosos, jonathan b. , and harry w. greene .\necological and evolutionary implications of diet in monitor lizards .\nbiological journal of the linnean society 35. 4 (1988): 379 - 407 .\ncontinent: australia distribution: australia (north territory, queensland, south australia, west australia) type locality: between glen edith and deering creek, n. t .\nkento furui added the japanese common name\nマルガヒメオオトカゲ\nto\nvaranus gilleni lucas & frost 1895\n.\nhans - martin braun marked the english common name\npigmy mulga monitor\nfrom\nvaranus gilleni lucas & frost 1895\nas trusted .\nhans - martin braun added the german common name\ngillens zwergwaran\nto\nvaranus gilleni lucas & frost 1895\n.\nhans - martin braun removed a common name in an unknown language from\nvaranus gilleni lucas & frost 1895\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n→ it' s a big promotion, but she says she has earned her stripes over 22 years as a union official .\nisolé. réponse à la question. where is the exit: this way. ou how do you cook this? this way .\nto go bang: faire boum to go woof! woof! faire wouah! wouah! the spring went' boingggg'... .\nyou want to reject this entry: please give us your comments (bad translation / definition, duplicate entries... )\nto add entries to your own vocabulary, become a member of reverso community or login if you are already a member .\ndouble - check spelling, grammar, punctuation. translators work best when there are no errors or typos .\nif words are different, search our dictionary to understand why and pick the right word .\nif phrases are different, try searching our examples to help pick the right phrase .\nwe' ve combined the most accurate english to spanish translations, dictionary, verb conjugations, and spanish to english translators into one very powerful search box .\nspanishdict is devoted to improving our site based on user feedback and introducing new and innovative features that will continue to help people learn and love the spanish language. have a suggestion, idea, or comment? send us your feedback .\nthe new international webster' s comprehensive dictionary. copyright © 2010, standard international copyright leasing .\nvaranus gilleni are treeclimbers, and thus have prehensile tails. they grow to around 35 cm in total length, 10 cm of which is tail. the back is brown, and turning into gray at the sides. the nostril is slightingly positioned to one side. [ 2 ] they weigh on average 60–80 g. [ 3 ]\ncan' t find a community you love? create your own and start something epic." ]

{ "text": [ "the stripe-tailed goanna ( varanus caudolineatus ) is a species of monitor lizard native to the forests of western australia .", "they grow to around 91 mm in snout to vent length .", "its favoured habitats are grasslands , woodlands , and shrublands , and it appears to inhabit a wide range of habitats dominated by acacia and spinifex . " ], "topic": [ 23, 0, 24 ] }

[ "the stripe-tailed goanna (varanus caudolineatus) is a species of monitor lizard native to the forests of western australia. they grow to around 91 mm in snout to vent length. its favoured habitats are grasslands, woodlands, and shrublands, and it appears to inhabit a wide range of habitats dominated by acacia and spinifex." ]

[ "information on hoge’s side - necked turtle is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nwe would like to thank the turtle survival alliance and the wildlife conservation society for assisting with the creation of the hoge’s side - necked turtle reserve .\nas of yet, little is known about hoge’s side - necked turtle. the species is endemic to the paraíba do sul and itapemirim river basins found in brazil’s atlantic rainforest .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive photo - hoge' s side - necked turtle\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive photo - hoge' s side - necked turtle\ntitle =\narkive photo - hoge' s side - necked turtle\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthanks to rainforest trust donors and other supporters, 236 acres of crucial rainforest and wetland habitat for hoge’s side - necked turtle have been purchased in brazil. securing this land as a private reserve will help recover the hoge’s side - necked turtle population and may be the best hope of saving it from extinction .\none of the last confirmed populations of hoge’s side - necked turtle is found along a small portion of the carangola river. this area has been declared a priority site by the alliance for zero extinction (a coalition of international conservation nonprofits) due to its importance for the survival of the hoge’s side - necked turtle .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - hoge’s side - necked turtle (mesoclemmys hogei )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - hoge’s side - necked turtle (mesoclemmys hogei )\ntitle =\narkive species - hoge’s side - necked turtle (mesoclemmys hogei )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\non february 26, 2016, rainforest trust supported local brazilian partner fundação biodiversitas in purchasing a critical private property along the carangola river, establishing the hoge’s side - necked turtle reserve .\n“while hoge’s side - necked turtle may not be the most charismatic or beautiful of turtle species, it is on the edge of extinction and in dire need of our help. this is exactly the sort of protection rainforest trust is committed to providing through partnerships with local organizations like fundação biodiversitas, ” said dr. paul salaman, ceo of rainforest trust. “we are proud to help create the first - ever protected area for hoge’s side - necked turtle and make a real difference for this rare species. ”\nrainforest trust is very grateful to the other institutions and organizations that supported the land purchase campaign for the new hoge’s side - necked turtle reserve including turtle survival alliance and wildlife conservation society. rainforest trust also wishes to thank all of its supporters who donated to make this project possible .\nrestricted to the paraíba do sul basin and adjacent areas in brazil’s atlantic rainforest, hoge’s side - necked turtle is severely threatened due to the destruction and fragmentation of its small range. although currently listed by the iucn as endangered, it has been recommended for an updated critically endangered status due to population declines .\nrainforest trust is working with local brazilian partner, fundação biodiversitas, to purchase 236 acres of land along the river that is critical habitat for the turtles. securing this land as a private reserve will help recover hoge’s side - necked turtle’s, and may be the best hope of saving the population from extinction .\nthe purchase of the land around the carangola river will greatly increase the quality of habitat for hoge’s side - necked turtle, which appears to be surviving solely at this portion of the carangola river and surrounding areas. purchasing land and securing it as a private reserve will contribute to the recovery of the turtle’s population, while safeguarding wildlife habitat for many other species .\nrainforest trust is working with brazilian partner, fundação biodiversitas to acquire land adjacent to the carangola river, starting with the purchase of a 236 - acre property identified as critical habitat for hoge’s side - necked turtles .\nrestricted to the paraíba do sul basin and adjacent areas in brazil’s atlantic rainforest, the hoge’s side - necked turtle is severely threatened due to the destruction and fragmentation of its small range. the species is considered critically endangered due to its declining population and lack of protection. one of the last confirmed populations of the turtle is found along this small portion of the carangola river .\nthe recent land purchase is a crucial step forward to establishing a safe refuge for the last stronghold of hoge’s side - necked turtle, allowing it to recover and thrive. the new reserve also protects part of brazil’s imperiled atlantic rainforest. while only 7% of the atlantic rainforest remains intact today, it continues to be one of the planet’s most important biodiversity hotspots, being a home to some of the planet’s most endangered wildlife .\nthe specific name, hogei, is in honor of brazilian - born belgian herpetologist alphonse richard hoge. [ 6 ]\nteam wild, an elite squadron of science superheroes, needs your help! your mission: protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\nbrazil (rio de janeiro, minas merais: rio paraiba drainage, s espirito santo: rio itapemirim) terra typica :\nrio pequena, sudwestlich von sao paulo, brasilien\n. ;\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive' s online content for private, scientific, conservation or educational purposes only. it may not be used within apps .\nrhodin, a. g. j. , r. a. mittermeier, da rocha e silva. 1982. distribution and taxonomic status of phrynops hogei, a rare chelid turtle from southeastern brazil. copeia 1982 (1): 179 - 181 - get paper here\ntoday, brazil’s atlantic rainforest is one of the most endangered biomes on earth, with only 7% of the original forest remaining. as the vast majority of the atlantic forest has disappeared, much of its wildlife is highly endangered .\nthe majority of the remaining atlantic forest lies within the agricultural, industrial, and population centers of southeastern brazil, along with 75% of the country’s human population. this region has been losing habitat to sugar and coffee plantations for hundreds of years and recently has been facing severe pressure from encroaching urbanization .\nreed, kent m. ; hanks, brian g. ; bickham, john w. ; rhodin, anders g. j. ; greenbaum, ira f. ; mittermeier, russell a. ; fedullo, luiz p. 1991. cytogenetic analysis of the pleuodine turtle phrynops hogei and its taxonomic implications. amphibia - reptilia 12: 203 - 212 - get paper here\n“for years we have talked about the possibility of establishing a reserve along the carangola river to protect these turtles. at that time, it felt like an impossible dream, but now we feel totally gratified by seeing our dream realized, ” said glaucia drummond, president of fundação biodiversitas. “thanks to the support and determination of rainforest trust and turtle survival alliance, we all agree that those dreams can come true. ”\nthe delivery is also available in oakville, burlington, greater sudbury, sherbrooke, oshawa, saguenay, lévis, barrie, abbotsford, st. catharines, trois - rivières, cambridge, coquitlam, kingston, whitby, guelph, kelowna, saanich, ajax, thunder bay, terrebonne, st. john' s, langley, chatham - kent, delta .\nttwg; dijk, peter paul van; john b. iverson, h. bradley shaffer; roger bour & anders g. j. rhodin [ turtle taxonomy working group ] 2011. turtles of the world, 2011 update: annotated checklist of taxonomy, synonymy, distribution, and conservation status. chelonian research monographs no. 5: 78 pp. ; doi: 10. 3854 / crm. 5. 000. checklist. v4. 2011 - get paper here\nyou can also change the category of required goods. the\nall goods\ncategory is selected right now, so the search will be done in the web stores offering 500 daily sales and special offers, 5 000 000 products related products and services. thus, in just one click, you can check the current prices, offers, discounts, available goods, etc. also make sure to check the today' s sales in the selected online stores listed below .\nconsidered a biodiversity hotspot, the atlantic forest harbors a range of biological diversity similar to the amazon. more than 60% of all of brazil’s threatened animal species call this forest home, including many endemic species. over 6000 plant species, 263 amphibians, and 160 mammals, including 22 species of primates are found throughout the atlantic forest. more than 52% of the tree species and 92% of the amphibians in the atlantic forest are found nowhere else in the world .\nnormally, the goods by your query\nmesoclemmys hogei\nin missouri can be shipped to such cities as kansas city, st. louis, springfield, independence, columbia, lee’s summit, o’fallon, st. joseph, st. charles, blue springs, st. peters, florissant, joplin, chesterfield, jefferson city, cape girardeau, oakville, wildwood, university city, ballwin, raytown, liberty, wentzville, mehlville, kirkwood, maryland heights, hazelwood, gladstone, grandview, belton, webster groves, sedalia, ferguson, arnold, affton ...\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nbased on the latest revision by bour & zaher (2005). the validity of the type locality has been questioned (rhodin\nrhodin, a. g. j. , van dijk, p. p. , mittermeier, r. a. & horne, b. d .\nrhodin, a. g. j. & van dijk, p. p .\ninhabits low - lying areas in the rio paraiba drainage of the state of rio de janeiro and southern minas gerais, and in the nearby rio itapemirim drainage of southern espirito santo; it may possibly inhabit tributaries of the rio tiete drainage. the total range is 400 km long at most, substantially less if the rio tiete record proves to be in error, as it probably is (mittermeier\nis a highly aquatic species that inhabits lakes and small rivers; juveniles have been reported from small streams. all available locality records are from below 500 m altitude (rhodin\nreaches a maximum size of at least 38. 0 cm carapace length (cl) and average weight of 2. 75 kg (male) and 38. 4 cm cl, average weight 3. 00 kg, maximum recorded mass 4. 55 kg (female) (rhodin\n1982, moreira 2003, moreira et al. 2003, drummond et al. 2015). mature females nest between january and april, producing clutches of 5 - 11 eggs (drummond and coutinho unpubl. data). the age at maturity is estimated at around 15 years (drummond and coutinho 2011). similar to other medium - sized chelid turtles, a minimum generation time of 20 years appears appropriate .\nhabitat destruction is the principal cause of population declines in this species (moreira 1994, drummond and molina 2008, drummond and coutinho 2015). this species is also threatened by overexploitation and long - line fishing (rodrigues 2005, drummond\n. 2015) the most probable cause of lack of recruitment is predation of eggs and hatchlings, but also reduced fecundity due to senility or pollution must also be considered .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nclassified as endangered (en) on the iucn red list (1) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert, and will be updated as soon as possible. if you are able to help please contact: arkive @ urltoken\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members, allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no. 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 (c) (3) non - profit organisation in the usa\nin the last 40 years a dramatic increase in people and growing industry have put greater demand on the main river and its tributaries as a source of water and energy. the rivers have been redirected and damned by hydroelectric plants in four locations. the river is now becoming the source of water for 12 million people, hundreds of industries, and vast expanses of irrigated fields .\na variety of rural communities are sprinkled along the carangola river and its tributaries made up of fishermen, farmers, and rural landowners .\nthe carangola river and its tributaries are an important source of livelihood for fishermen. however, declining catches have forced some fishermen to adopt unsustainable practices such as fishing during spawning season and in protected areas to support their families. these practices are carried out in an isolated manner, diminishing fish stocks and indiscriminately destroying other biota without regard for the survival and sustainability of the ecosystem as a whole .\nthe carangola river, lies within the paraíba do sul river basin. this river basin constitutes one of the most important river systems in brazil. originating in the state of são paulo, the river runs over 1, 000 kilometers through the states of minas gerais and rio de janeiro before flowing into the atlantic ocean .\nsince the 1600s, the river basin has suffered aggressive agricultural exploitation and deforestation with each successive economic cycle, the most prominent brought on by coffee farms in the 19th century. agricultural production, particularly in the region of the headwaters, has led to blockage and extinction of many important tributaries in the river system .\nthe property contains areas of preserved atlantic forest as well as disturbed areas that have been abandoned for many years and left to regenerate. the abandoned pasture is now occupied with small trees, spread throughout the whole area and ranging in size up to 20 feet tall .\nour website uses cookies to enhance your experience. by scrolling and continuing to visit this site you agree to our use of cookies. find out more ...\nlearn about the efforts of rainforest trust and global conservationists to save species, care for communities and protect the planet by exploring articles, photos, podcasts and videos .\nphrynops hogei mertens 1967 phrynops hogei — ernst & barbour 1989 ranacephala hogei — mccord et al. 2001 ranacephala hogei — mccord & joseph - ouni 2002 ranacephala hogei — souza 2004 phrynops hogei — rocha et al. 2004 mesoclemmys hogei — bour & zaher 2005 ranacephala (phrynops) hogei — bonin et al 2006 mesoclemmys hogei — van dijk et al. 2011 phrynops (mesoclemmys) hogei — philippen 2012\ntype locality :\nrio pequena, sudwestlich von sao paulo, brasilien\n.\nnote: tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well. we are working on it .\nfor a color illustration and distribution map see mccord & joseph - ouni 2002. habitat: freshwater (rivers, swamps )\nbeolens, bo; michael watkins, and michael grayson 2011. the eponym dictionary of reptiles. johns hopkins university press, baltimore, usa - get paper here\nbonin, f. , devaux, b. & dupré, a. 2006. turtles of the world. english translation by p. c. h. pritchard. johns hopkins university press, 416 pp .\nbour, r. 2008. global diversity of turtles (chelonii; reptilia) in freshwater. hydrobiologia 595: 593–598\nbour, r. & zaher, h. 2005. a new species of mesoclemmys, from the open formations of northeastern brazil (chelonii, chelidae). pap. avul. zool. , sao paulo 45 (24): 295 - 311 - get paper here\nernst, c. h. and barbour, r. w. 1989. turtles of the world. smithsonian institution press, washington d. c. - london\nmccord, w. p. , joseph - ouni, m. i & w. w. lamar 2001. a taxonomic reevaluation of phrynops (testudines: chelidae) with the description of two new genera and a new species of batrachemys. revista de biologia tropical 49 (2): 715 - 764 - get paper here\nmccord, w. p. & joseph - ouni, m. 2002. chelonian illustrations # 1: south american toadhead turtles. reptilia (gb) (21): 34 - 38 - get paper here\nmertens, r. 1967. bemerkenswerte süßwasserschildkröten aus brasilien. senckenbergiana biologica 48 (1): 71 - 82\nmertens, r. 1967. die herpetologische sektion des natur - museums und forschungs - institutes senckenberg in frankfurt am main nebst einem verzeichnis ihrer typen. senckenbergiana biologica 48: 1 - 106 - get paper here\nphilippen, h. - d. 2012. phrynops. die gattung der krötenkopfschildkröten. reptilia (münster) 17 (98): 42 - 48 - get paper here\nrocha, carlos frederico d. ; helena g. bergallo, josé p. pombal jr. , lena geise, monique van sluys, ronaldo fernandes, ulisses caramaschi 2004. fauna de anfíbios, répteis e mamíferos do estado do rio de janeiro, sudeste do brasil publ. avul. mus. nac. , rio de janeiro (104): 3 - 23 - get paper here\nsouza, franco l. 2004. uma revisão sobre padrões de atividade, reprodução e alimentação de cágados brasileiros (testudines, chelidae) [ a review on activity patterns, reproduction, and feeding habits in brazilian chelid turtles (testudines, chelidae) ]. phyllomedusa 3 (1): 15 - 28 - get paper here\nthis database is maintained by peter uetz (database content) and jakob hallermann, zoological museum hamburg (new species and updates) .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\necoregions provided by world wide fund for nature (wwf). wildfinder: online database of species distributions, ver. 01. 06 wwf wildfinder\naze sites provided by alliance for zero extinction (2010). 2010 aze update .\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more\nmesoclemmys hogei - the complete information and online sale with free shipping. order and buy now for the lowest price in the best online store! discounts & coupons .\nmccord, william p. ; joseph - ouni, mehdi; lamar, william w. 2001 .\na taxonomic reevaluation of phrynops (testudines: chelidae) with the description of two new genera and a new species of batrachemys\n. revista de biologia tropical 49 (2): 715–764 .\nfritz, uwe; havaš, peter (2007) .\nchecklist of chelonians of the world\nvan dijk, peter paul; iverson, john b. ; shaffer, h. bradley; bour, roger; rhodin, anders g. j. 2012. turtles of the world, 2012 update: annotated checklist of taxonomy, synonymy, distribution, and conservation status. chelonian research monographs no. 5, pp. 000. 243–000. 328 .\ndrummond, g. m. , coutinho, m. e. & vogt, r. c. , 2016. mesoclemmys hogei. 2017 iucn red list of threatened species. downloaded on 15 may 2017 .\nphylogenetic arrangement based on turtles of the world 2014 update: annotated checklist. extinct turtles not included .\n, the free encyclopedia. we' re not responsible for the content of this article and your use of this information .\nrelated products in the best online stores. for your convenience the search term is already added to the search box. you can either make a search right now or modify the query somehow (for example ,\nmesoclemmys hogei 2018\n) .\nthe delivery of goods is carried out internationally and across the united states. the goods are shipped to all us cities and towns .\nand of course, the goods named\nmesoclemmys hogei\nin alabama can be sent to birmingham, montgomery, mobile, huntsville, tuscaloosa, hoover, dothan, decatur, auburn, madison, florence, gadsden, vestavia hills, prattville, phenix city, alabaster, bessemer, enterprise, opelika, homewood, northport, anniston, prichard, athens. and also in daphne, pelham, oxford, albertville, selma, mountain brook, trussville, troy, center point, helena, hueytown, talladega, fairhope, ozark, alexander city, cullman, scottsboro, millbrook, foley, hartselle, fort payne, gardendale, jasper, saraland, muscle shoals, eufaula, and other cities .\nnormally, the found goods by query\nmesoclemmys hogei\nin alaska can be purchased if you live in anchorage, fairbanks, juneau, sitka, ketchikan, wasilla, kenai, kodiak, bethel, palmer, homer, unalaska, barrow, soldotna, valdez, nome, kotzebue, seward, wrangell, dillingham, cordova, north pole, houston, craig, hooper bay, akutan, and other cities .\nand of course, any things related with\nmesoclemmys hogei\nin arizona can be bought in phoenix, tucson, mesa, chandler, glendale, scottsdale, gilbert, tempe, peoria, surprise, yuma, avondale, flagstaff, goodyear, lake havasu city, buckeye, casa grande, sierra vista, maricopa, oro valley, prescott, bullhead city, prescott valley. it is also available for the people living in apache junction, marana, el mirage, kingman, queen creek, florence, san luis, sahuarita, fountain hills, nogales, douglas, eloy, payson, somerton, paradise valley, coolidge, cottonwood, camp verde, chino valley, show low, sedona, and other cities and towns .\nof course, any things related with\nmesoclemmys hogei\nin arkansas can be purchased if you live in little rock, fort smith, fayetteville, springdale, jonesboro, north little rock, conway, rogers, pine bluff, bentonville, hot springs, benton, texarkana, sherwood, jacksonville, russellville, bella vista, west memphis, paragould, cabot. the shipping is also available in searcy, van buren, el dorado, maumelle, blytheville, forrest city, siloam springs, bryant, harrison, hot springs village, mountain home, marion, helena - west helena, camden, magnolia, arkadelphia, malvern, batesville, hope, etc .\nnaturally, any things related with\nmesoclemmys hogei\nin connecticut can be received in such cities as bridgeport, new haven, hartford, stamford, waterbury, norwalk, danbury, new britain, bristol, meriden, milford, west haven, middletown, norwich, shelton, torrington, new london, ansonia, derby, groton ...\nnormally, the goods by your query\nmesoclemmys hogei\nin delaware can be received in such cities as wilmington, dover, newark, middletown, smyrna, milford, seaford, georgetown, elsmere, new castle, millsboro, laurel, harrington, camden, clayton, lewes, milton, selbyville, bridgeville, townsend ...\nno need to say, the products by request\nmesoclemmys hogei\nin georgia can be delivered to the following cities: atlanta, columbus, augusta, macon, savannah, athens, sandy springs, roswell, johns creek, albany, warner robins, alpharetta, marietta, valdosta, smyrna, dunwoody, rome, east point, milton, gainesville, hinesville, peachtree city, newnan, dalton, douglasville, kennesaw, lagrange, statesboro, lawrenceville, duluth, stockbridge, woodstock, carrollton, canton, griffin, mcdonough, acworth, pooler, union city ...\nnaturally, the products by request\nmesoclemmys hogei\nin hawaii can be shipped to honolulu, east honolulu, pearl city, hilo, kailua, waipahu, kaneohe, mililani town, kahului, ewa gentry, mililani mauka, kihei, makakilo, wahiawa, schofield barracks, wailuku, kapolei, ewa beach, royal kunia, halawa, waimalu, waianae, nanakuli, kailua, lahaina, waipio, hawaiian paradise park, kapaa and smaller towns .\nof course, any things related with\nmesoclemmys hogei\nin idaho can be sent to boise, meridian, nampa, idaho falls, pocatello, caldwell, coeur d' alene, twin falls, lewiston, post falls, rexburg, moscow, eagle, kuna, ammon, chubbuck, hayden, mountain home, blackfoot, garden city, jerome, burley and smaller towns .\ntoday the goods named\nmesoclemmys hogei\nin indiana can be delivered to indianapolis, fort wayne, evansville, south bend, carmel, fishers, bloomington, hammond, gary, lafayette, muncie, terre haute, kokomo, noblesville, anderson, greenwood, elkhart, mishawaka, lawrence, jeffersonville, columbus, portage, new albany, richmond, westfield, valparaiso, goshen, michigan city, west lafayette, marion, east chicago, hobart, crown point, franklin, la porte, greenfield, and so on .\nand the products by request\nmesoclemmys hogei\nin iowa can be shipped to such cities as des moines, cedar rapids, davenport, sioux city, iowa city, waterloo, council bluffs, ames, west des moines, dubuque, ankeny, urbandale, cedar falls, marion, bettendorf, marshalltown, mason city, clinton, burlington, ottumwa, fort dodge, muscatine, coralville, johnston, north liberty, altoona, newton, indianola, and other cities and towns .\nnaturally, the goods by your query\nmesoclemmys hogei\nin kansas can be purchased if you live in wichita, overland park, kansas city, olathe, topeka, lawrence, shawnee, manhattan, lenexa, salina, hutchinson, leavenworth, leawood, dodge city, garden city, junction city, emporia, derby, prairie village, hays, liberal, gardner, pittsburg, newton, great bend, mcpherson, el dorado, ottawa, winfield, arkansas city, andover, lansing, merriam, haysville, atchison, parsons, and so on .\nusually, any things related with\nmesoclemmys hogei\nin kentucky can be delivered to the following cities: louisville, lexington, bowling green, owensboro, covington, hopkinsville, richmond, florence, georgetown, henderson, elizabethtown, nicholasville, jeffersontown, frankfort, paducah, independence, radcliff, ashland, madisonville, winchester, erlanger, murray, st. matthews, fort thomas, danville, newport, shively, shelbyville, glasgow, berea, bardstown, shepherdsville, somerset, lyndon, lawrenceburg, middlesboro, mayfield, and other cities and towns .\nas usual, the goods by your query\nmesoclemmys hogei\nin louisiana can be purchased if you live in new orleans, baton rouge, shreveport, metairie, lafayette, lake charles, kenner, bossier city, monroe, alexandria, houma, marrero, new iberia, laplace, slidell, prairieville, central, terrytown, ruston, sulphur, harvey, hammond, bayou cane, shenandoah, natchitoches, gretna, chalmette, opelousas, estelle, zachary .\nit goes without saying that any things related with\nmesoclemmys hogei\nin maine can be shipped to such cities as portland, lewiston, bangor, south portland, auburn, biddeford, sanford, saco, augusta, westbrook, waterville, presque isle, brewer, bath, caribou, ellsworth, old town, rockland, belfast, gardiner, calais, hallowell, eastport ...\nno need to say, the products related to the term\nmesoclemmys hogei\nin maryland can be delivered to the following cities: baltimore, frederick, rockville, gaithersburg, bowie, hagerstown, annapolis, college park, salisbury, laurel, greenbelt, cumberland, westminster, hyattsville, takoma park, easton, elkton, aberdeen, havre de grace, cambridge, new carrollton, bel air ...\nnaturally, the products by request\nmesoclemmys hogei\nin massachusetts can be delivered to boston, worcester, springfield, lowell, cambridge, new bedford, brockton, quincy, lynn, fall river, newton, lawrence, somerville, framingham, haverhill, waltham, malden, brookline, plymouth, medford, taunton, chicopee, weymouth, revere, peabody, methuen, barnstable, pittsfield, attleboro, arlington, everett, salem, westfield, leominster, fitchburg, billerica, holyoke, beverly, marlborough, woburn, amherst, braintree, shrewsbury, chelsea, dartmouth, chelmsford, andover, natick, randolph, watertown and smaller towns .\nit goes without saying that the products related to the term\nmesoclemmys hogei\nin michigan can be purchased if you live in detroit, grand rapids, warren, sterling heights, lansing, ann arbor, flint, dearborn, livonia, clinton, canton, westland, troy, farmington hills, macomb township, kalamazoo, shelby, wyoming, southfield, waterford, rochester hills, west bloomfield, taylor, saint clair shores, pontiac, dearborn heights, royal oak, novi, ypsilanti, battle creek, saginaw, kentwood, east lansing, redford, roseville, georgetown, portage, chesterfield township, midland, bloomfield charter township, oakland county, saginaw, commerce, meridian, muskegon, lincoln park, grand blanc, holland, orion, bay city, independence charter township ...\nusually, the products related to the term\nmesoclemmys hogei\nin mississippi can be delivered to jackson, gulfport, southaven, hattiesburg, biloxi, meridian, tupelo, greenville, olive branch, horn lake, clinton, pearl, ridgeland, starkville, columbus, vicksburg, pascagoula, clarksdale, oxford, laurel, gautier, ocean springs, madison, brandon, greenwood, cleveland, natchez, long beach, corinth, hernando, moss point, mccomb, canton, carriere, grenada, brookhaven, indianola, yazoo city, west point, picayune, petal, and other cities .\nno doubt, the goods named\nmesoclemmys hogei\nin montana can be received in billings, missoula, great falls, bozeman, butte, helena, kalispell, havre, anaconda, miles city, belgrade, livingston, laurel, whitefish, lewistown, sidney, and other cities and towns .\ntoday the goods by your query\nmesoclemmys hogei\nin nebraska can be shipped to such cities as omaha, lincoln, bellevue, grand island, kearney, fremont, hastings, norfolk, north platte, papillion, columbus, la vista, scottsbluff, south sioux city, beatrice, lexington, etc .\nnaturally, any products related with\nmesoclemmys hogei\nin nevada can be received in las vegas, henderson, reno, north las vegas, sparks, carson city, fernley, elko, mesquite, boulder city, fallon, winnemucca, west wendover, ely, yerington, carlin, lovelock, wells, caliente, and other cities and towns .\nnormally, the goods by your query\nmesoclemmys hogei\nin new hampshire can be bought in manchester, nashua, concord, derry, dover, rochester, salem, merrimack, hudson, londonderry, keene, bedford, portsmouth, goffstown, laconia, hampton, milford, durham, exeter, windham, hooksett, claremont, lebanon, pelham, somersworth, hanover, amherst, raymond, conway, berlin, and other cities .\nas usual, any products related with\nmesoclemmys hogei\nin new jersey can be shipped to such cities as newark, jersey city, paterson, elizabeth, edison, woodbridge, lakewood, toms river, hamilton, trenton, clifton, camden, brick, cherry hill, passaic, middletown, union city, old bridge, gloucester township, east orange, bayonne, franklin, north bergen, vineland, union, piscataway, new brunswick, jackson, wayne, irvington, parsippany - troy hills, howell, perth amboy, hoboken, plainfield, west new york, washington township, east brunswick, bloomfield, west orange, evesham, bridgewater, south brunswick, egg harbor, manchester, hackensack, sayreville, mount laurel, berkeley, north brunswick, and so on .\nof course, any things related with\nmesoclemmys hogei\nin new mexico can be received in albuquerque, las cruces, rio rancho, santa fe, roswell, farmington, south valley, clovis, hobbs, alamogordo, carlsbad, gallup, deming, los lunas, chaparral, sunland park, las vegas, portales, los alamos, north valley, artesia, lovington, silver city, española, and so on .\nas always, any products related with\nmesoclemmys hogei\nin new york can be shipped to such cities as new york, buffalo, rochester, yonkers, syracuse, albany, new rochelle, mount vernon, schenectady, utica, white plains, troy, niagara falls, binghamton, rome, long beach, poughkeepsie, north tonawanda, jamestown, ithaca, elmira, newburgh, middletown, auburn, watertown, glen cove, saratoga springs, kingston, peekskill, lockport, plattsburgh, cortland, amsterdam, oswego, lackawanna, cohoes, rye, gloversville, beacon, batavia, tonawanda, glens falls, olean, oneonta, geneva, dunkirk, fulton, oneida, corning, ogdensburg, canandaigua, watervliet, and so on .\ntoday the goods related with\nmesoclemmys hogei\nin north carolina can be sent to charlotte, raleigh, greensboro, durham, winston - salem, fayetteville, cary, wilmington, high point, greenville, asheville, concord, gastonia, jacksonville, chapel hill, rocky mount, huntersville, burlington, wilson, kannapolis, apex, hickory, wake forest, indian trail, mooresville, goldsboro, monroe, salisbury, holly springs, matthews, new bern, sanford, cornelius, garner, thomasville, statesville, asheboro, mint hill, fuquay - varina, morrisville, kernersville, lumberton, kinston, carrboro, havelock, shelby, clemmons, lexington, clayton, boone, and other cities .\nas you know, the products related to the term\nmesoclemmys hogei\nin north dakota can be shipped to fargo, bismarck, grand forks, minot, west fargo, williston, dickinson, mandan, jamestown, wahpeton, devils lake, watford city, valley city, grafton, lincoln, beulah, rugby, stanley, horace, casselton, new town, hazen, bottineau, lisbon, carrington .\nno doubt, the found goods by query\nmesoclemmys hogei\nin ohio can be delivered to the following cities: columbus, cleveland, cincinnati, toledo, akron, dayton, parma, canton, youngstown, lorain, hamilton, springfield, kettering, elyria, lakewood, cuyahoga falls, euclid, middletown, mansfield, newark, mentor, cleveland heights, beavercreek, strongsville, fairfield, dublin, warren, findlay, lancaster, lima, huber heights, marion, westerville, reynoldsburg, grove city, stow, delaware, brunswick, upper arlington, gahanna, westlake, north olmsted, fairborn, massillon, mason, north royalton, bowling green, north ridgeville, kent, garfield heights, and other cities and towns .\nand of course, any things related with\nmesoclemmys hogei\nin oklahoma can be purchased if you live in oklahoma city, tulsa, norman, broken arrow, lawton, edmond, moore, midwest city, enid, stillwater, muskogee, bartlesville, owasso, shawnee, yukon, ardmore, ponca city, bixby, duncan, del city, jenks, sapulpa, mustang, sand springs, bethany, altus, claremore, el reno, mcalester, ada, durant, tahlequah, chickasha, miami, glenpool, elk city, woodward, okmulgee, choctaw, weatherford, guymon, guthrie, warr acres, and so on .\nas always, the goods related with\nmesoclemmys hogei\nin oregon can be received in such cities as portland, salem, eugene, gresham, hillsboro, beaverton, bend, medford, springfield, corvallis, albany, tigard, lake oswego, keizer, grants pass, oregon city, mcminnville, redmond, tualatin, west linn, woodburn, forest grove, newberg, wilsonville, roseburg, klamath falls, ashland, milwaukie, sherwood, happy valley, central point, canby, hermiston, pendleton, troutdale, lebanon, coos bay, the dalles, dallas, st. helens, la grande, cornelius, gladstone, ontario, sandy, newport, monmouth ...\nand of course, any things related with\nmesoclemmys hogei\nin pennsylvania can be shipped to philadelphia, pittsburgh, allentown, erie, reading, scranton, bethlehem, lancaster, harrisburg, altoona, york, wilkes - barre, chester, williamsport, easton, lebanon, hazleton, new castle, johnstown, mckeesport, hermitage, greensburg, pottsville, sharon, butler, washington, meadville, new kensington, coatesville, st. marys, lower burrell, oil city, nanticoke, uniontown, etc .\ntoday the goods by your query\nmesoclemmys hogei\nin rhode island can be shipped to such cities as providence, warwick, cranston, pawtucket, east providence, woonsocket, coventry, cumberland, north providence, south kingstown, west warwick, johnston, north kingstown, newport, bristol, westerly, smithfield, lincoln, central falls, portsmouth, barrington, middletown, burrillville, narragansett, tiverton, east greenwich, north smithfield, warren, scituate and smaller towns .\nas you know, the found goods by query\nmesoclemmys hogei\nin south carolina can be received in columbia, charleston, north charleston, mount pleasant, rock hill, greenville, summerville, sumter, hilton head island, spartanburg, florence, goose creek, aiken, myrtle beach, anderson, greer, mauldin, greenwood, north augusta, easley, simpsonville, hanahan, lexington, conway, west columbia, north myrtle beach, clemson, orangeburg, cayce, bluffton, beaufort, gaffney, irmo, fort mill, port royal, forest acres, newberry .\nnormally, the products by request\nmesoclemmys hogei\nin south dakota can be shipped to sioux falls, rapid city, aberdeen, brookings, watertown, mitchell, yankton, pierre, huron, spearfish, vermillion, etc .\nand any things related with\nmesoclemmys hogei\nin tennessee can be received in memphis, nashville, knoxville, chattanooga, clarksville, murfreesboro, franklin, jackson, johnson city, bartlett, hendersonville, kingsport, collierville, smyrna, cleveland, brentwood, germantown, columbia, spring hill, la vergne, gallatin, cookeville, mount juliet, lebanon, morristown, oak ridge, maryville, bristol, farragut, shelbyville, east ridge, tullahoma, and other cities and towns .\nno need to say, any products related with\nmesoclemmys hogei\nin utah can be delivered to the following cities: salt lake city, west valley city, provo, west jordan, orem, sandy, ogden, st. george, layton, taylorsville, south jordan, logan, lehi, murray, bountiful, draper, riverton, roy, spanish fork, pleasant grove, cottonwood heights, tooele, springville, cedar city, midvale. you can also buy these goods in kaysville, holladay, american fork, clearfield, syracuse, south salt lake, herriman, eagle mountain, clinton, washington, payson, farmington, brigham city, saratoga springs, north ogden, south ogden, north salt lake, highland, centerville, hurricane, heber city, west haven, lindon .\nof course, the found goods by query\nmesoclemmys hogei\nin vermont can be sent to burlington, south burlington, rutland, barre, montpelier, winooski, st. albans, newport, vergennes, and other cities and towns .\nusually, the found goods by query\nmesoclemmys hogei\nin virginia can be received in such cities as virginia beach, norfolk, chesapeake, richmond, newport news, alexandria, hampton, roanoke, portsmouth, suffolk, lynchburg, harrisonburg, charlottesville, danville, manassas, petersburg, fredericksburg, winchester, salem, staunton, fairfax, hopewell, waynesboro, colonial heights, radford, bristol, manassas park, williamsburg, falls church, martinsville, poquoson .\nand of course, any products related with\nmesoclemmys hogei\nin west virginia can be received in such cities as charleston, huntington, morgantown, parkersburg, wheeling, weirton, fairmont, martinsburg, beckley, clarksburg, south charleston, st. albans, vienna, bluefield, etc .\nnaturally, the goods by your query\nmesoclemmys hogei\nin wisconsin can be delivered to milwaukee, madison, green bay, kenosha, racine, appleton, waukesha, oshkosh, eau claire, janesville, west allis, la crosse, sheboygan, wauwatosa, fond du lac, new berlin, wausau. and also in brookfield, beloit, greenfield, franklin, oak creek, manitowoc, west bend, sun prairie, superior, stevens point, neenah, fitchburg, muskego, watertown, de pere, mequon, south milwaukee, marshfield ...\nas usual, the goods by request\nmesoclemmys hogei\nin wyoming can be bought in cheyenne, casper, laramie, gillette, rock springs, sheridan, green river, evanston, riverton, jackson, cody, rawlins, lander, torrington, powell, douglas, worland, and other cities and towns .\nit goes without saying that the goods by your query\nmesoclemmys hogei\nin canada can be bought in toronto, montreal, calgary, ottawa, edmonton, mississauga, winnipeg, vancouver, brampton, hamilton, quebec city, surrey, laval, halifax, london, markham, vaughan, gatineau, longueuil, burnaby, saskatoon, kitchener, windsor, regina, richmond, richmond hill .\nit is also available for the people living in waterloo, cape breton, brantford, strathcona county, saint - jean - sur - richelieu, red deer, pickering, kamloops, clarington, north vancouver, milton, nanaimo, lethbridge, niagara falls, repentigny, victoria, newmarket, brossard, peterborough, chilliwack, maple ridge, sault ste. marie, kawartha lakes, sarnia, prince george .\nand also in drummondville, saint john, moncton, saint - jérôme, new westminster, wood buffalo, granby, norfolk county, st. albert, medicine hat, caledon, halton hills, port coquitlam, fredericton, grande prairie, north bay, blainville, saint - hyacinthe, aurora, welland, shawinigan, dollard - des - ormeaux, belleville, north vancouver, and so on .\ngenerally, any things related with\nmesoclemmys hogei\ncan be shipped to any place in canada, including ontario, quebec, british columbia, alberta, manitoba, saskatchewan, nova scotia, new brunswick, newfoundland and labrador, and prince edward island .\nnormally, the goods by request\nmesoclemmys hogei\nin the united kingdom can be delivered to the following cities: london, birmingham, leeds, glasgow, sheffield, bradford, edinburgh, liverpool, manchester, bristol, wakefield, cardiff, coventry, nottingham, leicester, sunderland, belfast, newcastle upon tyne, brighton, hull, plymouth, stoke - on - trent .\nand, of course, wolverhampton, derby, swansea, southampton, salford, aberdeen, westminster, portsmouth, york, peterborough, dundee, lancaster, oxford, newport, preston, st albans, norwich, chester, cambridge, salisbury, exeter, gloucester. as well as in lisburn, chichester, winchester, londonderry, carlisle, worcester, bath, durham, lincoln, hereford, armagh, inverness, stirling, canterbury, lichfield, newry, ripon, bangor, truro, ely, wells, st. davids, and so on .\nin other words, the found goods by query\nmesoclemmys hogei\ncan be shipped to any place in the uk, including england, scotland, wales, and northern ireland .\nand of course, the goods by your query\nmesoclemmys hogei\nin ireland can be bought in dublin, cork, limerick, galway, waterford, drogheda, dundalk, swords, bray, navan, ennis, kilkenny, tralee, carlow, newbridge, naas, athlone, portlaoise, mullingar, wexford, balbriggan, letterkenny, celbridge, sligo. delivery is also carried out in clonmel, greystones, malahide, leixlip, carrigaline, tullamore, killarney, arklow, maynooth, cobh, castlebar, midleton, mallow, ashbourne, ballina, laytown - bettystown - mornington, enniscorthy, wicklow, tramore, cavan, and other cities .\nactually, the goods named\nmesoclemmys hogei\ncan be shipped to any place in ireland, including leinster, ulster, munster, and connacht .\ntoday any things related with\nmesoclemmys hogei\nin australia can be received in sydney, melbourne, brisbane, perth, adelaide, gold coast, tweed heads, newcastle, maitland, canberra, queanbeyan, sunshine coast, wollongong, hobart, geelong, townsville, cairns, darwin, toowoomba, ballarat, bendigo, albury, wodonga, launceston, mackay .\nthe shipping is also available in rockhampton, bunbury, bundaberg, coffs harbour, wagga wagga, hervey bay, mildura, wentworth, shepparton, mooroopna, gladstone, tannum sands, port macquarie, tamworth, traralgon, morwell, orange, geraldton, bowral, mittagong, dubbo, busselton, bathurst, nowra, bomaderry, warrnambool, albany, warragul, drouin, kalgoorlie, boulder, devonport, and other cities .\ngenerally, the products related to the term\nmesoclemmys hogei\ncan be shipped to any place in australia, including new south wales, victoria, queensland, western australia, south australia, tasmania, australian capital territory, and northern territory .\nusually, the goods by request\nmesoclemmys hogei\nin new zealand can be delivered to auckland, wellington, christchurch, hamilton, tauranga, napier - hastings, dunedin, lower hutt, palmerston north, nelson, rotorua, new plymouth, whangarei, invercargill, whanganui, gisborne, porirua, invercargill, nelson, upper hutt, gisborne, blenheim, pukekohe, timaru, taupo ...\nactually, the products by request\nmesoclemmys hogei\ncan be shipped to any place in new zealand, including north island, south island, waiheke island, and smaller islands. as usual, the goods namedcan be received in such cities asthe shipping is also available in and smaller towns .\nall trademarks, service marks, trade names, product names, and logos appearing on the site are the property of their respective owners .\nmertens, robert. 1967 .\nbemerkenswerte susswasserschildkröten aus brasilien\n. senckenbergiana biologica 48: 71–82 .\nbeolens, bo; watkins, michael; grayson, michael. 2011. the eponym dictionary of reptiles. baltimore: johns hopkins university press. xiii + 296 pp. isbn 978 - 1 - 4214 - 0135 - 5. (ranacephala hogei, p. 125) .\nphylogenetic arrangement based on turtles of the world 2014 update: annotated checklist. extinct turtles not included .\nnone of the audio / visual content is hosted on this site. all media is embedded from other sites such as googlevideo, wikipedia, youtube etc. therefore, this site has no control over the copyright issues of the streaming media .\nall issues concerning copyright violations should be aimed at the sites hosting the material. this site does not host any of the streaming media and the owner has not uploaded any of the material to the video hosting servers. anyone can find the same content on google video or youtube by themselves .\nthe owner of this site cannot know which documentaries are in public domain, which has been uploaded to e. g. youtube by the owner and which has been uploaded without permission. the copyright owner must contact the source if he wants his material off the internet completely." ]

{ "text": [ "hoge 's sideneck turtle ( mesoclemmys hogei ) is a species of turtle in the family chelidae .", "the species is endemic to the paraíba do sul and itapemirim river basins in southeast brazil . " ], "topic": [ 2, 6 ] }

[ "hoge's sideneck turtle (mesoclemmys hogei) is a species of turtle in the family chelidae. the species is endemic to the paraíba do sul and itapemirim river basins in southeast brazil." ]

[ "hans - martin braun added the german common name\neremit\nto\nosmoderma eremita scopoli, 1763\n.\nantonsson, k. (2001) åtgärdsprogram för bevarande av läderbagge (osmoderma eremita). naturvårdsverket, stockholm .\nantonsson, k. (1999) läderbaggen (osmoderma eremita) – ekologi och skötsel av livsmiljön. naturvårdsverket, stockholm .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - hermit beetle (osmoderma eremita )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - hermit beetle (osmoderma eremita )\ntitle =\narkive species - hermit beetle (osmoderma eremita )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nranius, t. et al. (2005) osmoderma eremita (coleoptera, scarabaeidae, cetoniinae) in europe. animal biodiversity and conservation, 28 (1): 1–44. available at: urltoken\nranius, t et al. (2005) osmoderma eremita (coleoptera, scarabaeidae, cetoniinae) in europe. animal biodiversity and conservation, 28 (1): 1 - 44. available at: urltoken\nil gruppo o. eremita (sensu lato), diffuso nei paesi dell' europa occidentale, che comprende tre taxa: o. eremita (sensu stricto), o. cristinae e o. italicum ;\nantonsson, k. , hedin, j. , jansson, n. , nilsson, s. g. , ranius, t. (2003) läderbaggens (osmoderma eremita) förekomst i sverige. entomologisk tidskrift 124: 225–240 .\nthe hermit beetle (osmoderma eremita) has a classic beetle shape and is large with glossy, dark brown elytra. the males have a pronounced groove through the centre of the pronotum, but it is much less conspicuous in females. males release a pheromone to attract females which smells similar to leather, earning the beetles the common name of russian leather beetle (2) .\nil progetto life + natura\nmonitoring of insects with public participation\n( mipp) ha lo scopo principale di sviluppare e testare metodi di monitoraggio standardizzati per la valutazione dello stato di conservazione di specie di insetti inserite negli allegati della direttiva habitat. le specie considerate sono: osmoderma eremita s. l. , lucanus cervus, cerambyx cerdo, rosalia alpina, morimus funereus. lo scopo principale di questo portale web è quello di raccogliere visualizzare dati faunistici raccolti dai cittadini relativi alla presenza delle specie sopraindicate e delle specie lopinga achine, parnassius apollo, saga pedo, zerynthia polyxena, anch' esse incluse negli allegati della direttiva habitat .\naudisio p. , brustel h. , carpaneto g. m. , coletti g. , mancini e. , piattella e. , trizzino m. , dutto m. , antonini, a. and de biase a. (2007) updating the taxonomy and distribution of the european osmoderma, and strategies for their conservation. fragmenta entomologica 39 (2): 273 - 290 .\nranius, t. , aguado, l. o. , antonsson, k. , audisio, p. , ballerio, a. , carpaneto, g. m. , chobot, k. , gjurašin, b. , hanssen, o. , huijbregts, h. , lakatos, f. , martin, o. , neculiseanu, z. , nikitsky, n. b. , paill, w. , pirnat, a. , rizun, v. , ruicanescu, a. , stegner, j. , süda, i. , szwalko, p. , tamutis, v. , telnov, d. , tsinkevich, v. , versteirt, v. , vignon, v. , vögeli, m. & zach, p. (2005) osmoderma eremita (coleoptera, scarabaeidae, cetoniinae) in europe. animal biodiversity and conservation 28. 1: 1–44 .\no. eremita è un coleottero saproxilofago di lunghezza compresa fra 25 e 37 mm, in grado di volare. il colore è bronzato o nero con riflessi metallici (figura 2). la specie presenta un discreto dimorfismo sessuale: il solco longitudinale mediano del pronoto è maggiormente pronunciato nel maschio. per distinguere i tre taxa presenti in italia è necessario l' aiuto di uno specialista, sebbene la loro distribuzione allopatrica nella penisola ed in sicilia ne agevoli molto l' attribuzione specifica o sottospecifica .\no. eremita è una specie prioritaria inserita negli allegati ii e iv della direttiva habitat. le minacce per questa specie sono rappresentate dalla degradazione o perdita della qualità dell' habitat, soprattutto dalle modalità di gestione delle foreste, che comportano la distruzione degli alberi vetusti, dalla frammentazione boschiva e dal conseguente isolamento delle sue popolazioni. poiché questa specie influenza fisicamente e chimicamente le cavità degli alberi, anche a favore di altre specie saproxiliche, può essere considerata una specie ombrello e indicatrice della qualità della intera comunità saproxilica .\ni maschi di o. eremita producono un feromone con un odore caratteristico di frutta che usano per attirare le femmine. le femmine depongono le uova nelle cavità degli alberi dove le larve vivono per circa due anni scavando nei detriti legnosi e nelle pareti marcescenti della cavità stessa. nell' autunno del terzo anno le larve si impupano in un bozzolo ovale formato dai loro escrementi e da piccoli frammenti di legno marcescente. durante i mesi estivi, gli adulti svolgono vita attiva per circa 30 giorni. le femmine vivono una o due settimane in più rispetto ai maschi. in tutto, il ciclo vitale di questa specie dura tre anni e può essere completato nelle cavità dei tronchi di alberi vetusti ancora vivi, principalmente querce, ma anche castagni, tigli, salici, faggi e alberi da frutto .\nknown as the hermit beetle since the entire life cycle can take place within the hollow of just one tree, this elusive species spends three to four years as a larva, feeding on the rotten wood in the centre of the hollow (2). it pupates in autumn, constructing a cocoon out of its excrement and wood mould, and then emerges as a beetle the following summer (4). dispersal is limited, as although the beetles can fly, very few do, and even then, rarely further than 100 metres. for this reason the beetles require a stable environment with suitable habitat very nearby (2). usually, adult hermit beetles are found from july to september (4). in field studies, the lifespan of adults has been up to one month, while in the lab, hermit beetles, especially females, may survive much longer (4) .\nthe most important predator of hermit beetle larvae is probably the larvae of the click beetle (elater ferrugineus), and they can also be infested with mites and nematodes. occasional predation by vertebrates on hermit beetles has also been reported (4) .\nthe hermit beetle is found throughout europe, but not in the british isles (1) .\nthis species inhabits tree hollows that contain large amounts of loose, dead wood. the hermit beetle occurs in any tree species with suitable hollows, with oaks being the most important tree species, followed by lime trees, willows, beech and fruit trees (4) .\nthe hermit beetle is classified as near threatened (nt) on the iucn red list (1), and is listed on appendices ii (priority species) and iv of the european habitats and species directive (3). it is also listed on appendix ii of the bern convention (3) .\nthe loss of trees with suitable hollows is the greatest threat to this beetle. in managed forests, trees are cut down before any hollows are formed. therefore, most sites where hermit beetles live today are situated in agricultural and even urban landscapes. even in these habitats, hollow trees are cut down because they are no longer used (for example, pollarded trees and in plantations of fruit trees or chestnut trees), or to protect humans from accidents (2) (4). in addition, many hollow trees found on pasture woodlands, where gazing has now ceased, suffer from increased competition from younger trees. in many areas, the formation of new suitable trees occurs at a much slower rate than the deterioration of suitable trees, and there is often a great distance between the new trees and dispersal sources, resulting in fragmented hermit beetle populations that are more vulnerable to local extinctions (4) .\nwhilst the hermit beetle is a priority species of the habitats directive, protection is poorly enforced. removal permission is generally granted without a hermit beetle search, and only trees that are known to have hermit beetles living in them are protected. since hermit beetles are rarely obvious on the outside of the tree, populations are often not found until the tree has been felled (2) .\nconservation measures need to include the preservation of remaining natural forest, to preserve and restore habitats connected with historic agricultural landscapes, and to preserve any remaining suitable habitat in urban areas (4). the hermit beetle serves as an ‘umbrella’ species for other hollow - dwelling species since it is better known, and protecting it will result in overall protection for this important habitat type (2) .\nauthenticated (14 / 04 / 08) by dr. thomas ranius, associate professor, swedish university of agricultural sciences, uppsala. urltoken\nelytra in beetles and earwigs, the hard fore wings. they are held aloft when the insect flies, and are often coloured or patterned. larva stage in an animal’s lifecycle after it hatches from the egg. larvae are typically very different in appearance to adults; they are able to feed and move around but usually are unable to reproduce. pheromone a chemical produced by an animal, which stimulates a behavioural or physiological response by another member of the same species. pollarded a pollard is a tree with branches which have been cut back to the trunk so that is may produce a dense growth of new shoots. pronotum in insects, the hardened cuticle on the upper surface of the first thoracic segment (the part of the body nearest the head). pupates the process of forming a pupa, the stage in an insect’s development when huge changes occur that reorganise the larval form into the adult form. vertebrates animals with a backbone .\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive' s online content for private, scientific, conservation or educational purposes only. it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members, allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild, an elite squadron of science superheroes, needs your help! your mission: protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no. 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 (c) (3) non - profit organisation in the usa\nknown as the hermit beetle since the entire life cycle can take place within the hollow of just one tree, this elusive species spends three to four years as a larva, feeding on the rotten wood in the centre of the hollow (2). it pupates in autumn, constructing a cocoon out of its excrement and wood mould, and then emerges as a beetle the following summer (4). dispersal is limited, as although the beetles can fly, very few do, and even then, rarely further than 100 metres. for this reason the beetles require a stable environment with suitable habitat very nearby (2). usually, adult hermit beetles are found from july to september (4). in field studies, the lifespan of adults has been up to one month, while in the lab, hermit beetles, especially females, may survive much longer (4). the most important predator of hermit beetle larvae is probably the larvae of the click beetle (\n), and they can also be infested with mites and nematodes. occasional predation by vertebrates on hermit beetles has also been reported (4) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nen 28 - 32 mm lång, brun bladhorning. eftersom inga nära släktingar finns i sverige, är risken för förväxling mycket liten. larverna är ljusa och har ett typiskt bladhorningsutseende. i hålträd är det mycket oftare man ser larvernas spillning eller fragment efter döda skalbaggar än man ser levande djur. larvernas spillning har en pelletsliknande form och är upp till 8 mm. den påminner om guldbaggars spillning, men i genomskärning är guldbaggarnas spillning rund, medan läderbaggens spillning är oval .\nutbredd från skåne till mälardalen. sverige har största koncentration av lokaler i europa, men bara på ca hälften av lokalerna har levande larver eller skalbaggar observerats efter 1990. några lokaler är stora med mer än 100 lämpliga hålträd, men på de flesta lokalerna finns bara 2 - 10 lämpliga träd. på många lokaler där endast spillning eller fragment har påträffats kan arten redan vara försvunnen. i danmark endast på själland och lolland, försvunnen från jylland. i norge ansedd som utdöd, men 2008 återupptäckt i vestfold. i finland endast vid åbo (om denna population tillhör samma art som i sverige är oklart). läderbaggen består i europa enligt vissa taxonomer av fem arter (audisio m. fl. 2007), varför totalutbredningen för den art vi har i sverige är svårbedömd. kollektivarten är påträffad i de flesta (33) av europas länder. i tjeckien, slovakien, östra tyskland och norra italien finns fortfarande relativt många lokaler .\nlarvutvecklingen sker i trädhåligheter med mulm (löst material framför allt bestående av starkt nedbruten ved) i grova ihåliga lövträd. i sverige främst i ek, men fynd finns även från ask, bok, lind, klibbal, hästkastanj, alm, apel och asp. utbredd från skåne till uppland och västmanland. antalet lokalområden i landet skattas till 360 (200 - 400). förekomstarean (aoo) skattas till 1440 (800 - 1600) km². det föreligger indikation på eller misstanke om populationsminskning. minskningen avser kvalitén på artens habitat. de skattade värdena som bedömningen baserar sig på ligger alla inom intervallet för kategorin nära hotad (nt). de skattade värdena för förekomstarea ligger i närheten av gränsvärdet för sårbar (vu). detta i kombination med att utbredningsområdet är kraftigt fragmenterat och fortgående minskning förmodligen förekommer gör att arten uppfyller kriterierna för kategorin nära hotad (nt). (b2ab (iii) ). global rödlistningskategori: vu a1c (2001) .\nlarvutvecklingen sker i trädhåligheter med mulm i grova ihåliga lövträd. i sverige främst i ek, men även ask, bok, lind, klibbal, hästkastanj, alm, apel och asp. dagens lokaler utgörs ofta av trädbärande slåtter - och betesmarker, alléer, parker och gamla fruktodlingar. larverna gnager på den omgivande, fastare döda veden och lämnar efter sig stora volymer av exkrementer. larvutvecklingen tar i sverige 3 - 4 år. under optimala förhållanden kan upp till 100 individer per år kläckas i ett lämpligt träd. fullbildade individer påträffas från början av juli till början av september. de kan dagtid ibland ses krypa omkring på trädstammar. hanarna avger ett feromon med en särpräglad doft av gammalt läder eller torkade plommon, som attraherar både honor och hanar. läderbaggen påverkar livsmiljön för andra arter genom att utvidga håligheter, öka mängden mulm och höja kvävehalten i mulmen. i stamhåligheter med läderbagge förekommer ofta en rad andra rödlistade arter .\nmånga av lokalerna med läderbagge är idag mycket små, och arten löper stor risk att försvinna de närmaste decennierna även om lokalens kvalitéer skulle kunna bibehållas. sett över en längre tid och framför allt i mindre trädbestånd, kommer slump eller ojämn åldersfördelning bland träden att göra att det uppkommer perioder då hålträd är fåtaliga eller saknas. dessutom gör igenväxning att ekar som tidigare har stått i mera öppna miljöer dör i förtid p g a konkurrens från andra träd. bortstädning av hålträd i parker och alléer är ett annat hot mot arten. läderbaggens begränsade spridningsbenägenhet och de små populationerna minskar sannolikheten för att utgångna lokaler återkoloniseras .\nhålträd som står på marker som tidigare hävdats bör frihuggas. vid föryngring av hålträd i parker och alléer är det viktigt att göra det i flera steg, så att en kontinuerlig tillgång till hålträd upprätthålls. för att se till att det finns tillräckligt med hålträd i framtiden (vilket på många lokaler innebär att antalet hålträd måste öka) bör man välja ut yngre träd som sköts så att de i framtiden utvecklas till ihåliga jätteträd .\nfridlyst enligt artskyddsförordningen (sfs 2007: 845), enligt paragraf: 4, 5. bestämmelsen gäller hela landet\nlänsvis förekomst och status för läderbagge baserat på sammanställningar och bedömningar av gjorda fynd .\nblå punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och övriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch. kan innehålla observationer som inte är validerade. kartan uppdateras var fjärde vecka .\nde senaste åren har litteraturen om läderbaggen vuxit snabbt, och därför listas nedan bara några få populärvetenskapliga skrifter och översiktsartiklar. den sistnämnda artikeln nedan (som är fritt tillgänglig som pdf - fil på tidskriftens hemsida) ger en utförlig översikt om läderbaggens biologi och utbredning i europa och innehåller en lång referenslista, som gör det möjligt att hitta relevanta originaluppsatser .\nlängre texter, utöver kriteriedokumentation, har sammanställts av: thomas ranius 2006. rev. håkan ljungberg 2015 .\ni det avancerade verktyget kan man söka ut och få fram artlistor, t ex arter i ett visst län, i en viss biotop, substrat, som påverkas av en hotfaktor, eller som är knutna till en sk värdart, t ex trädet alm. dessa kan även kombineras .\nsöka fram arter som är rödlistade, knutna till alm, är beroende av död ved och som finns i kronobergs län .\nsöka fram arter som är rödlistade, lever i småvatten och som påverkas negativt av igenväxning .\ndefaultläget i verktyget är arter som är rödlistade 2015 och dessa är klassade på samtliga sökfaktorer. under fliken rödlistekategori kan man dock välja att även inkludera arter som inte är rödlistade. om man väljer att inkludera icke rödlistade arter behöver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte är klassade på samtliga faktorer. nedan en sammanställning av vad som är komplett .\ndenna funktion används när du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera. du kan t. ex. navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka på deras namn. du kan också välja att använda knappen ”jämför arter” för att se bilder, kartor och kännetecken i en jämförelsevy .\ndu kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via släktträdet och där välja arter eller artgrupper till din lista. ett annat sätt att göra ditt urval är att använda fliken ”filtrera”, där du kan söka på olika egenskaper. ovanför listan med sökresultatet finns en knapp ”lägg i mitt urval” .\nthe mit license copyright (c) 2014 - 2016 google, inc. urltoken permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the\nsoftware\n), to deal in the software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and / or sell copies of the software, and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software. the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind, express or implied, including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement. in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim, damages or other liability, whether in an action of contract, tort or otherwise, arising from, out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\nthe mit license (mit) copyright (c) 2011 - 2015 twitter, inc permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the\nsoftware\n), to deal in the software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and / or sell copies of the software, and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software. the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind, express or implied, including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement. in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim, damages or other liability, whether in an action of contract, tort or otherwise, arising from, out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright (c) 2008 - 2013 sprymedia limited urltoken permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the\nsoftware\n), to deal in the software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and / or sell copies of the software, and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software. the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind, express or implied, including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement. in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim, damages or other liability, whether in an action of contract, tort or otherwise, arising from, out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright 2008 - 2015 martin wendt, urltoken permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the\nsoftware\n), to deal in the software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and / or sell copies of the software, and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software. the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind, express or implied, including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement. in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim, damages or other liability, whether in an action of contract, tort or otherwise, arising from, out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\nthe mit license (mit) - 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2014 openlayers contributors. all rights reserved. redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 1. redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 2. redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and / or other materials provided with the distribution. this software is provided by openlayers contributors '` as is'' and any express or implied warranties, including, but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose are disclaimed. in no event shall copyright holder or contributors be liable for any direct, indirect, incidental, special, exemplary, or consequential damages (including, but not limited to, procurement of substitute goods or services; loss of use, data, or profits; or business interruption) however caused and on any theory of liability, whether in contract, strict liability, or tort (including negligence or otherwise) arising in any way out of the use of this software, even if advised of the possibility of such damage. the views and conclusions contained in the software and documentation are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing official policies, either expressed or implied, of openlayers contributors .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nil gruppo o. barnabita (sensu lato), diffuso nell' europa orientale, che comprende due taxa: o. barnabita (sensu stricto) e o. lassallei (figura 1) .\n( s. l .) è diffuso in diverse regioni dell' italia settentrionale e centrale, dalle pianure a circa 1300 m s. l. m. ; o. italicum si trova con popolazioni sparse nell' italia meridionale, dalla campania alla calabria ;\nè endemico della sicilia settentrionale. sebbene lo status tassonomico di questi due taxa sia ancora discusso, un recente studio basato su metodi molecolari supporta il rango di specie per\nil mipp al parco dell' orecchiella: una giornata dedicata a insetti e biodiversità forestale .\nleggete gli articoli su la gazzetta di lucca, lucca in diretta, lo schermo e la nazione." ]

{ "text": [ "osmoderma eremita , the hermit beetle or russian leather beetle , is a species of european beetle in the scarabaeidae family .", "adults reach between 28 and 32 mm in length .", "the larvae develop in hollow trees .", "oak is the most important tree species , but the larvae may develop in any tree species with suitable hollows .", "due to habitat loss and fragmentation , the species has decreased all over its distribution range .", "for that reason the species is protected in most european countries , and has been given the highest priority according to the eu 's habitats directive .", "o. eremita can be found everywhere in europe , except for the united kingdom , iceland , ireland , malta , portugal , and san marino . " ], "topic": [ 27, 0, 28, 8, 17, 17, 20 ] }

[ "osmoderma eremita, the hermit beetle or russian leather beetle, is a species of european beetle in the scarabaeidae family. adults reach between 28 and 32 mm in length. the larvae develop in hollow trees. oak is the most important tree species, but the larvae may develop in any tree species with suitable hollows. due to habitat loss and fragmentation, the species has decreased all over its distribution range. for that reason the species is protected in most european countries, and has been given the highest priority according to the eu's habitats directive. o. eremita can be found everywhere in europe, except for the united kingdom, iceland, ireland, malta, portugal, and san marino." ]

[ "the thick - billed ground dove is an extinct dove species of the gallicolumba genus .\nwetar ground dove (alopecoenas hoedtii) is a species of bird in the columbidae family .\ncolumbidae conservation (2008) endangered wetar ground - dove “rediscovered” on wetar island, indonesia. columbidae conservation news, 21 (4): 1 .\nto banggai fruit dove with splits of oberholser' s fruit dove and sula fruit dove (rheindt et al. 2011 )\nthe wetar ground - dove inhabits monsoon forest and possibly woodland, up to 950 metres above sea level (4). recent observations in both wetar and timor suggest that the wetar ground - dove is most commonly found below 250 metres in narrow strips of tropical forest alongside wide streams (5) (6) .\nthe wetar ground - dove is found only on the islands of wetar (indonesia), redong (a small island off the coast of wetar), and timor (indonesia and timor - leste) in southeast asia (5) .\nimage: thick - billed ground dove illustration - add comment add tags thick - billed ground dove illustration description this illustration by john cox for the book pigeons and doves is based on the australian museum holotype of the thick - billed ground dove, gallicolumba salamonis. published by pica press. more\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - wetar ground dove (gallicolumba hoedtii )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - wetar ground dove (gallicolumba hoedtii )\ntitle =\narkive species - wetar ground dove (gallicolumba hoedtii )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nfrom bar - necked cuckoo - dove to timor cuckoo - dove with splits of tanimbar cuckoo - dove and flores sea cuckoo - dove (ng et al. 2016). bar - necked cuckoo - dove is more appropriate for the entire species complex (\nflocks of up to 40 birds recorded on tiny redong i. , near wetar, alighting on the ground to feed on\nfurther surveys have been recommended, to determine the population status and distribution of the wetar ground - dove. this species would also benefit from further studies into its biology, with assessments on the main threats to its survival. furthermore, mapping vegetation and water courses will reveal critical habitats and help to identify key sites that support wetar ground - dove populations for future protection (6) .\ntrainor, c. r. ; imanuddin; aldy, f. ; walker, j. s. 2009. the status and conservation of the endangered wetar ground - dove (gallicolumba hoedtii) and other wildlife on wetar island, indonesia, 2008: final technical report .\nthe thick - billed ground dove is classified as extinct (ex), there is no reasonable doubt that the last individual has died .\nthick - billed ground dove gallicolumba salamonis 65. negros fruit - dove ptilinopus arcanus 66. marquesan imperial - pigeon ducula galeata 67. philippine cockatoo cacatua haematuropygia 68. norfolk island parakeet cyanoramphus cookii 69. more\nlambert, f. r. ; trainor, c. r. ; xavier, a. f. 2006. observations of wetar ground dove gallicolumba hoedtii from timor - leste (east timor). forktail 22: 165 - 170 .\ntrainor, c. r, imanuddin, f. a. and walker, j. s. (2009) the status and conservation of the endangered wetar ground - dove (gallicolumba hoedtii) and other wildlife on wetar island, indonesia, 2008. technical report no. 1. columbidae conservation, manchester, uk .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - marquesan ground - dove (gallicolumba rubescens )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - marquesan ground - dove (gallicolumba rubescens )\ntitle =\narkive species - marquesan ground - dove (gallicolumba rubescens )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nreferable to domestic barbary dove, relative to wild african collared dove unsettled. (cf iczn opinion 2215). taxonomy follows h & m 4: 56 .\nlambert, f. r. , trainor, c. r. and xavier, a. f. (2006) observations of wetar ground - dove gallicolumba hoedtii from timor - leste (east timor). forktail, 22: 165 - 170 .\n2016). extensive forest remained on wetar until at least 1990 (k. d. bishop\ncommon ground - doves typically build nests on the ground in fields, and they may also use above - ground sites including bushes, low horizontal tree branches, stumps, fence posts, vines, cornstalks, palm fronds, mangroves, mesquite thickets, and prickly pear cacti .\nthe wetar ground - dove population on timor is believed to be much smaller due to extensive deforestation and hunting. small areas of monsoon forest remain in three important bird areas in east timor, while forest patches in west timor are fast - declining due to intensive grazing and burning (4) .\nsplit from banded fruit dove as by h & m4 and others (see christidis & boles 2008) .\nforested lowlands and hill monsoon forest, up to 950 m on timor. restricted on wetar to lowlands ...\nbowman, reed. 2002. common ground - dove (columbina passerina), version 2. 0. in the birds of north america (p. g. rodewald, editor). cornell lab of ornithology, ithaca, new york, usa .\nthe thick - billed ground dove (gallicolumba salamonis) is an extinct dove species of the gallicolumba genus. description - this poorly known species is only known from two specimens from 1882 and 1927. the holotype from 1882 can be seen in the australian museum in sydney. the length was about 26 cm. the head, the throat, and the breast mantle were beige. more\ndickinson 2003, ng et al. 2016). retain english name philippine cuckoo - dove to avoid confusion with historical name of\nthe little - known wetar ground - dove occurs mostly in pairs and small groups (7), although a large gathering of at least 40 birds has been recorded feeding on fallen or low - hanging fruit from a fig tree (6) (8). like other ground - doves, this species always forages on the ground for food, but it appears to nest and call in the canopy (4). it has been suggested that its du - wup trrr call may be territorial (5). areas associated with permanent water probably serve as important breeding habitats, as breeding is thought to take place in the dry season (5) .\nthe marquesan ground - dove is a little known ground - dwelling bird restricted to two small islands in the southern pacific ocean. the head and chest of this small species is ashy grey, while the rest of the body is mostly black, except for variable patches of white on the wings and tail, and reddish - purple feathers on the shoulders and upper back. females tend to have a slightly darker sooty - grey head and chest, and less white on the wings and tail, while the duller juveniles have very little white (2) (3). the call of the marquesan ground dove is a raspy snarl (3) .\n; accept bou choice of classic\nrock dove\nfor this species native to british isles. feral pigeon is available for worldwide introduced populations\nthe marquesan ground - dove is only found on two uninhabited islands, fatu huku and hatuta 'a, in the marquesas islands, french polynesia. partially fossilised remains from three other islands indicate that this species was probably originally distributed throughout the entire archipelago (2) (3) .\nfeeds on seeds, fallen fruit and small invertebrates. occurs singly or in pairs feeding on the ground; birds may feed along roads and ...\nthis article is part of project columbiformes, a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each pigeon and dove, including made - up species .\nthe thick - billed ground dove might preferred dry beach forests on the solomon islands of makira (formerly san cristobal), and the tiny island of ramos which belongs to malaita. it is likely that it have also occurred on other islands in that region in the past. it was a ground - dweller like its congeners, and so it was an easy prey for introduced rats and feral pigs, cats and dogs. the logging of the lowland forests in its habitat and the hunting sealed its fate. more\nowing to its remote location, very little is known about the natural history of the marquesan ground - dove. being a weak and reluctant flier, this bird spends much of its time on the ground and often walks with its wings drooped, such that that the white wing patches are visible (2) (4). in the wild, it is reported to feed primarily on seeds, with almost all foraging occurring on the ground (2) (3). there is no information on its breeding behaviour in the wild, but captive birds build a typical pigeon nest in which two eggs are laid and then incubated for 13 to 15 days (2) (4) .\nground - doves invest minimal time in building their nests, but both sexes share the labor. when nesting on the ground they dig a slight depression in the earth and line it with a few grasses, weeds, rootlets, palm fibers, or pine needles. for above - ground nests they build flimsy structures of twigs or pine needles lined with rootlets and grasses. each nest is up to 3 inches across but less than half an inch deep, meaning that the eggs are usually visible above the rim of the nest .\n. 2008). mining activities on wetar have had a limited impact so far, but are expected to expand, and this matched with corruption of mining companies poses an increasing threat (c. trainor\ngifford, e. w. (1925) the gray - hooded quail dove (gallicolurmba rubescens) of the marquesas islands, in captivity. auk, 42: 388 - 396 .\nbaptista, l. f. , trail, p. w. , horblit, h. m. , christie, d. a. , kirwan, g. m. & boesman, p. (2018). wetar ground - dove (alopecoenas hoedtii). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 10 july 2018) .\ncommon ground - doves make their living by gleaning small seeds from wild grasses and weeds. they are also common visitors to bird feeders. they may specialize on certain seeds during the summer, when food is abundant, but eat a variety of seeds during winter. ground - doves also feed on small berries and insects. in spring and summer they may eat snail shells, possibly to replenish the calcium devoted to eggs and crop - milk during nesting. back to top\nhitherto included within geotrygon, and previously in oreopeleia, but genetic evidence indicates that this group of ground - doves is most closely related to zenaida, despite marked differences in morphology and behaviour; present genus morphologically inseparable from geotrygon # r .\n. on wetar, it was previously known from fewer than 20 specimens collected at unspecified localities around 1900, with eight birds collected in five days in 1902. no records were made during a very brief visit to the island in 1990 (k. d. bishop\ntrainor, c. r. , imanuddin, firmann, a. , verbelen, p. and walker, j. s. (2009) the birds of wetar, banda sea: one of indonesia’s forgotten islands. birdingasia, 12: 78 - 93 .\ntrainor, c. r. , imanuddin, aldy, f. , verbelen, p. and walker, j. s. 2009. the birds of wetar, banda sea: one of indonesia' s forgotten islands. birdingasia 12: 78 - 93 .\ntrainor, c. r. ; imanuddin; aldy, f. ; verbelen, p. ; walker, j. s. 2009. the birds of wetar, banda sea: one of indonesia' s forgotten islands. birdingasia 12: 79 - 83 .\ncommon ground - doves come to ground feeders with commercial birdseed, rapeseed, millet, canary seed, buckwheat, sorghum, and other seeds. they need nearby shrub cover to stay hidden from predators. they regularly visit water holes to drink, but make sure there is some open space around the water source so predators can’t sneak up on them too easily. find out more about what this bird likes to eat and what feeder is best by using the project feederwatch common feeder birds bird list .\n. another site, gunung timau, is currently subject to an initiative to include it within the gunung mutis protected area. one of the main motivations of a successful 13 - week field research project on wetar in late 2008 was to establish whether the species was extant there (trainor\nthis species qualifies as endangered because it is thought to have suffered a very rapid population decline which is expected to continue as a result of severe lowland habitat loss and hunting. it appears that a healthy population survives on wetar, but further surveys are required to establish its overall status .\n, but illegal logging and the development of gold mines may threaten the remaining population. the species seems restricted mostly to lowland gallery forest on wetar (0 - 250m), which now covers only c. 15% of the island' s area (r. fisher via colin trainor\n. 2009a). several protected areas have been proposed in west timor and another (gunung arnau) on wetar. recent surveys have identified four further areas in west timor to be of importance to the islands' endemic avifauna, one of which (soe) is a known locality for\n. plans to increase tourist infrastructure in timor - leste (etan 2008) may have serious impacts on suitable habitat for the species. in addition, pigeons are apparently hunted extensively on timor, a factor that must have contributed to the decline of this species. the species' s habits of remaining on the ground for prolonged periods and only flying short distances when flushed may make it particularly susceptible to hunting in easy to access lowland areas, although hunting pressure has been noted to be low on wetar, perhaps because much of the island is inaccessible without climbing ropes (trainor\nduring the day common ground - doves spend time on the ground searching for seeds and roosting. they may also roost in trees or shrubs at any hour of the day or night. they nod their heads as they walk, often holding their tails slightly elevated, and they usually make short, low, and direct flights. when startled they can quickly burst into nearby cover, but they are not a very anxious bird—allowing humans to get very close without appearing bothered. common ground - doves gather in flocks of their own kind and with other dove species, particularly inca doves where their ranges overlap in texas and the southwest. when males compete for food or mates they may make sharp cooing calls and raise one or both wings, revealing chestnut wing - patches. a courting male follows the female and keeps doing this, sometimes flying after her to stay near. eventually the female accepts regurgitated food from the male, and the pair bond is cemented; pairs stay together for several years. before mating, the male bows to the female with puffed feathers, flicking his wings and giving a guttural call. back to top\nthe brown cuckoo - dove species complex has a complex, unresolved taxonomic history (see summary in christidis & boles 2008). ng et al. 2015 proposed a revision, largely followed here, based on analyses of vocalizations. this first step towards an improved classification awaits refinement with molecular analyses. change english name of\npopulation justification there are estimated to be fewer than 10, 000 individuals, possibly even fewer than 3, 000, on wetar. the species appears to be rare on timor, therefore the global population is conservatively placed in the band for 1, 500 - 7, 000 mature individuals. this equates to 2, 500 - 9, 999 individuals in total .\ncommon ground - doves live in arid, open woodlands in the early stages of forest development, including pine woods, hammocks, lake shores, forest edges, coastal dunes, mesquite flats, river bottom woodlands, deserts, desert scrublands, oak scrublands, and savannas. they are also found in human landscapes, especially irrigated farm fields and residential neighborhoods. back to top\nconduct further surveys in suitable remaining forest on wetar, west timor, and timor - leste to establish its current distribution, population status, seasonal movements (if any), ecological constraints and main threats. propose key sites supporting populations of this, and other threatened species, for establishment as strict protected areas. strongly support initiatives to protect gunung timau. extend the boundaries of bekau huhun nature reserve (trainor\nthe timor and wetar deciduous forests [ aa0204 ] are found on both inner and outer island arcs at the collision point of the eurasian and australian tectonic plates. the seasonally dry forests found in this dynamic geologic setting are part of the region known as wallacea, which contains a very distinctive fauna representing a mix of asian and australasian species. nearly two - thirds of the original extent of forest has been cleared, and the ecoregion contains only fragments of natural habitat, which are themselves threatened .\n27 cm. medium - small, terrestrial dove. male has light blue - grey head becoming greyish - white on throat. reddish - brown hindneck, paler on sides of neck and fading to pale cream on breast, strongly demarcated from blackish belly. narrow band of shining purple on breast - sides and carpals. chestnut upperparts. female much more uniform, with light rusty - chestnut head, neck and breast, and olive - brown upperparts and belly .\nalthough the island of hatuta 'a, home to the most significant population of marquesan ground - doves, is officially a protected area, there is currently no active management on the island. the population on both islands need to be monitored regularly and measures need to be implemented to ensure the islands remain cat - free. the possibility of starting a new population via translocation to the nearby island of mohotani has also been suggested, provided cats can be eradicated (3) .\nthere are estimated to be fewer than 10, 000 individuals, possibly even fewer than 3, 000, on wetar. the species appears to be rare on timor, therefore the global population is conservatively placed in the band for 1, 500 - 7, 000 mature individuals. this equates to 2, 500 - 9, 999 individuals in total. trend justification: rapid population declines are suspected to be occurring in line with high rates of habitat loss, as well as pressure from wild bird trappers, within the species' s range .\nbaptista, l. f. , trail, p. w. , horblit, h. m. & boesman, p. (2018). chiriqui quail - dove (zentrygon chiriquensis). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 10 july 2018) .\njustification of ecoregion delineation the drier forests in nusa tenggara were placed in three ecoregions that corresponded to the biogeographic units identified in monk et al (1997). these are lesser sundas deciduous forests [ aa0201 ], which includes the chain of islands extending from lombok, sumbawa, komodo, flores, and the smaller satellite islands corresponding to the flores biogeographic unit; timor and wetar deciduous forests [ aa0204 ], corresponding to the timor biogeographic unit; and the sumba deciduous forests [ aa0203 ], corresponding to the sumba biogeographic unit. all three ecoregions belong to the tropical dry forests biome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo, j. , collar, n. j. , christie, d. a. , elliott, a. and fishpool, l. d. c. 2014. hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world. volume 1: non - passerines. lynx edicions birdlife international, barcelona, spain and cambridge, uk .\nalopecoenas hoedtii (del hoyo and collar 2014) was previously placed in the genus gallicolumba .\n, but visits in 2008 and 2009 produced numerous records (and photographs of the species), with perhaps more than 100 birds along the naumatang gorge. a flock of at least 40 birds was observed and a total population of possibly over 100 estimated for redong island (trainor\n. 2009a, b). it has been recorded at only three localities in west timor (including only one record during a nine - week survey in 1993), where it is presumably rare, although possibly overlooked. in 2004, a male bird was confiscated from a bird trapper in dili (lambert\n. 2009a, b). in west timor, two of the three records have been from\nforest near a clearing\nand\nfairly undisturbed hill forest\n. its habitat receives highly seasonal rainfall, but it is not known whether it makes any dispersive movements, e. g. in response to bamboo seeding events, as in several of its congeners (k. d. bishop\n. on redong island the species has been seen foraging on fig ficus fruits (c. trainor\nhabitat destruction in west and timor - leste has been very extensive, and is presumably the primary threat. three recently identified ibas contain much of the remaining tropical monsoon - forest in timor - leste (approximately 652 km\n. tropical forests now only cover an estimated 4% of west timor, scattered in seven unprotected patches that are continually declining in size due to intensive grazing and burning. forest cover in timor - leste declined by 14% between 1989 and 1999 (bouma and kobryn 2004 )\n. 2009a), although the island' s rugged terrain means that most of its land area is difficult to access and unsuitable for agriculture (c. trainor\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\na distinctive form of uncertain affinities, apparently sister to all other members of genus # r. has alternatively been considered an early derivative of a. jobiensis stock. monotypic .\nin having a strongly attenuated outermost primary, with the next four emar­ginated on the outer web. head light blue - ...\nadvertising call is a repeated single short hoot of c. 0·3 seconds duration, which starts on an ...\nendangered. previously considered vulnerable. only three records from timor, the most recent in 1993 near soe, during a nine - week forest - bird survey, and where forest habitat ...\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography. login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments. to make the most of all of hbw' s features, discover our subscriptions now !\nformerly included within gallicolumba, but molecular data reveal that arrangement to be polyphyletic; present genus close to leucosarcia, and also to geophaps, phaps, ocyphaps and geopelia # r .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts, family texts, plates, audiovisual links, updates and related resources .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 55. 90 € (instead of 59. 90 €) 3 - year subscription package: 82 € (instead of 89. 85 € )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information, tracking references to their source (when available on the internet) .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 82. 5 € (instead of 89. 9 €) 3 - year subscription package: 122. 5 € (instead of 134. 85 € )\nthere is a registration fee of 20€. this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive. you won’t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution, click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding (anonymously); markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nioc _ names _ file _ plus - 8. 2g: 8. 2\npigeons (columbiformes) are the sister group to an old world clade consisting of sandgrouse (pterocliformes) and the mesites (mesitornithiformes). together they form the clade columbimorphae at or near the base of neoaves (hackett et al. 2008, jarvis et al. 2014, prum et al. 2015) .\nsinai pen. (egypt) to syria, w and s arabian pen .\nogasawara (bonin is .) and iwo is. (volcano is. )\nbanggai, sulas, kai, moluccas to new guinea and the solomon is .\nhellmayr & conover, 1942. de schauensee, 1964, baptista et al, 1997 .\nwhich is recognized in dickinson & remsen, 2013. baptista et al, 1997 .\n( ng et al. 2016) .\nsultan' s\nis proposed as a fitting name with a historic connection for a range of new splits from the northern moluccan archipelago, which has historically been known best as the seat of the powerful sultanate of ternate (to the present day) (eaton & rheindt) .\nare a potential split with unique white forecrowns (ng et al. 2016, rheindt comments )\n( ng et al. 2016). an endemic species restricted to the west sumatran island chain, once called the barusan island chain .\n( sibley & monroe 1990, baptista et al. 1997, hbw, ng et al. 2016, but see christidis & boles 2008, h & m4) .\nadmiralty, st. matthias and new britain is. , karkar i. , solomon is .\nw papuan islands, new guinea, yapen i. (off nw new guinea )\ngreat inagua i. (s bahamas) and mona i. (puerto rico )\npuerto rico (except mona i .), virgin is. (except st. croix )\nfollows johnson & weckstein (2011), banks et al. (2013), nacc 2014 - c - 3, sacc 640\n( gibbs 2001, ridgely & greenfield 2001, donegan and salaman 2012; sacc 105, 566) .\nn yucatán, mujeres, holbox and cozumel is. (mexico), ambergris caye (belize) islands off honduras\n, considered a dark morph of this subspecies. ridgely & greenfield, 2001; restall et al, 2006\nrestored contra baptista et al, 1997, gibbs et al, 2001, based on mlikovský, 2016 .\nbonaparte 1855 based on hellmayr & conover, 1942, h & m 4: 63 .\nlawrence, 1885 to which this form was formerly assigned. h & m 4: 63, hellmayr & conover, 1942 .\nbertoni, w, 1901 to which this form was formerly assigned. h & m 4: 63. hellmayr & conover, 1942 .\nn yucatán pen. , cozumel, holbox and mujeres is. (mexico )\nandaman and nicobar is. , malay arch. to new guinea, philippines and solomon is .\nalso known as\nliverpool pigeon\nafter the museum in which the only extant specimen is housed. spotted green pigeion is the english name given to this species by its first describer, john latham, and is the name used by the liverpool museum itself .\nfor members of the pacific radiation (jønsson et al. 2011, moyle et al. 2013 )\nbut that name permanently suppressed by the iczn. redescribed by forshaw, 2015 based on a contemporary illustration by john hunter .\nfrom pompadour green pigeon to sri lanka green pigeon, with split of multiple species .\nleti, moa, luang, sermata and teun is. (lesser sundas )\n. not considered valid subspecies. gibbs et al, 2001. diamond & lecroy, 1978 .\nnot considered valid subspecies. gibbs et al, 2001. diamond & lecroy, 1978 .\nmoluccas, new guinea, bismarck arch. , solomon is. and ne australia\nbanda, kai, damar, sermata, babar, tanimbar and aru is .\nto red - moustached, as used in other world lists. the bird' s most distinguishing feature is its red moustache .\nmoluccas, islands of west papua, aru is. and islands of geelvink bay\nadmiralty is. , st. matthias group, new hanover (bismarck arch. )\ntalaud is. , sangihe i. (sulawesi) and doi i. (n moluccas )\njava, bali to alor, matasiri i. and kangean is. , s sulawesi is .\n. original spelling. h & m 4, zoonomen (note). treat species as monotypic. includes\nn india and nepal to s china to thailand, indochina and andaman is .\nlouisiade arch. to solomons, samoa, tonga, niue and cook is .\n( inskipp et al. 1996, bli); change english name to silver - tipped imperial pigeon\ntrend justification rapid population declines are suspected to be occurring in line with high rates of habitat loss, as well as pressure from wild bird trappers, within the species' s range .\n. 2009a, b). in west timor, two of the three records have been from forest near a clearing and fairly undisturbed hill forest. its habitat receives highly seasonal rainfall, but it is not known whether it makes any dispersive movements, e. g. in response to bamboo seeding events, as in several of its congeners (k. d. bishop\ntext account compilers benstead, p. , gilroy, j. , pilgrim, j. , taylor, j. , north, a. , martin, r\nrecommended citation birdlife international (2018) species factsheet: alopecoenas hoedtii. downloaded from urltoken on 10 / 07 / 2018. recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: birdlife international (2018) iucn red list for birds. downloaded from urltoken on 10 / 07 / 2018 .\nclassified as endangered (en) on the iucn red list (1) .\nauthenticated (20 / 08 / 10) by colin trainor, charles darwin university. urltoken\nendemic a species or taxonomic group that is only found in one particular country or geographic area. important bird areas key sites for conservation, chosen by the bird conservation charity birdlife international, based on the occurrence of bird species threatened with extinction. monsoon forest a tropical forest occurring in regions where there is a marked dry season followed by torrential rains. territorial describes an animal, a pair of animals or a colony that occupies and defends an area .\ndel hoyo, j. , elliott, a. and sargatal, j. (1997) handbook of birds of the world, volume 4: sandgrouse to cuckoos. lynx edicions, barcelona .\ntrainor, c. r. , santana, f. , pinto, p. , xavier, a. f. , safford, r. and grimmett, r. (2008) birds, birding and conservation in timor - leste. birdingasia, 9: 16 - 45 .\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive' s online content for private, scientific, conservation or educational purposes only. it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members, allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild, an elite squadron of science superheroes, needs your help! your mission: protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no. 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 (c) (3) non - profit organisation in the usa\nbirdlife international. 2001. threatened birds of asia: the birdlife international red data book. birdlife international, cambridge, u. k .\nbouma, g. a. ; kobryn, h. t. 2004. change in venetation cover in east timor. natural resources forum 28: 1 - 12 .\niucn. 2016. the iucn red list of threatened species. version 2016 - 3. available at: urltoken. (accessed: 07 december 2016) .\ntrainor, c. 2002. an expedition to damar island, south - west maluku, indonesia. oriental bird club bulletin 36: 18 - 23 .\ndouble - check spelling, grammar, punctuation. translators work best when there are no errors or typos .\nif words are different, search our dictionary to understand why and pick the right word .\nif phrases are different, try searching our examples to help pick the right phrase .\nwe' ve combined the most accurate english to spanish translations, dictionary, verb conjugations, and spanish to english translators into one very powerful search box .\nspanishdict is devoted to improving our site based on user feedback and introducing new and innovative features that will continue to help people learn and love the spanish language. have a suggestion, idea, or comment? send us your feedback .\nsonogram images © xeno - canto foundation. sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nall ranks domain kingdom subkingdom phylum subphylum superclass class subclass infraclass superorder order suborder infraorder superfamily family subfamily tribe subtribe genus subgenus species subspecies variety group (polytypic) group (monotypic) species split life sp. ssp. intra - specific hybrid interspecific hybrid intergeneric hybrid species pair\nall records (accepted, rejected, pending). to filter / search please enter a phrase. e. g. to filter rejected records, type rejected into the search box, all columns can be filtered .\nhave you seen something interesting? click submit to share your rare bird sightings via our simple form .\n© 2018 birdguides, warners group publications plc. all rights reserved. company registered in england no. 2572212 | vat registration no. gb 638 3492 15\nour taxonomy is still in premilinary state. it will be released once the tools are ready and our experts have done their dirty work. the contents should not be cited yet !\nväisänen, r. a. , högmander, h. , björklund, h. , hänninen, l. , lammin - soila, m. , lokki, j. & rauste, v. 2006: maailman lintujen suomenkieliset nimet (finnish names of the birds of the world). 2. , uudistettu painos (2nd edition). – birdlife suomi – birdlife finland, helsinki – urltoken 20. 07. 2012\ndickinson, e. c. & remsen, j. v. , jr. (eds .) 2013 - 2014. the howard and moore complete checklist of the birds of the world 4th. edition .\nphotos: ant: wikimedia user sandstein cc - by, owls: wikimedia bent christensen cc - by - 3. 0, deer: lynette schimming flickr: eol images cc - by - nc - sa - 2. 0\nlutmerding, j. a. and a. s. love. longevity records of north american birds. version 2015. 2. patuxent wildlife research center, bird banding laboratory 2015 .\nnorth american bird conservation initiative. 2014. the state of the birds 2014 report. us department of interior, washington, dc, usa .\nsibley, d. a. (2014). the sibley guide to birds, second edition. alfred a. knopf, new york, usa .\nbiodiversity features this ecoregion has the greatest number of bird species of any tropical dry forest ecoregion in the indo - pacific region. because of the long isolation with the mainland communities, there are several endemic species from several taxonomic groups .\nthe ecoregion has thirty - eight mammal species, five of which are endemic or near endemic (table 1). both asian species and an australasian cuscus (phalanger orientalis timorensis) are found on the islands. crocidura tenuis (soricidae), possibly introduced by man, and the flores giant rat (papagomys armandvillei) are considered vulnerable (iucn 2000) .\ntimor also harbors the endemic and rare timor python (python timoriensis) (whitten and whitten 1992) .\ntable 3. wcmc (1997) protected areas that overlap with the ecoregion .\necoregion numbers of protected areas that overlap with additional ecoregions are listed in brackets .\nreferences references for this ecoregion are currently consolidated in one document for the entire indo - pacific realm. indo - pacific reference list\nthis text was originally published in the book terrestrial ecoregions of the indo - pacific: a conservation assessment from island press. this assessment offers an in - depth analysis of the biodiversity and conservation status of the indo - pacific' s ecoregions .\nworld wildlife fund 1250 24th street, n. w. washington, dc 20037\n. 2009a), thus the global population is conservatively estimated at fewer than 10, 000 mature individuals .\nyou can copy this taxon into another guide. if you are one of the editors of this guide it should copy everything, but if you' re not, it will only copy the licensed content .\nlives in this area (noske & saleh 1996). yellow - crested cockatoo\nmiddle mountain forest which is large and undisturb (noske & saleh 1996) .\nrecommended citation birdlife international (2018) important bird areas factsheet: buat - soe. downloaded from urltoken on 10 / 07 / 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe scientists report that not only has the species been rediscovered but it is likely to be locally abundant. at one location, the team observed a congregation of 30 - 40 birds feeding on fallen fig (ficus) fruits – this represents by far the largest ever recorded gathering. the team also reported that another endangered species of pigeon, the timor imperial pigeon (ducula cineracea) is also locally abundant. at the time of writing, 39 new bird species have been recorded for the island .\nthis site uses akismet to reduce spam. learn how your comment data is processed .\nprivacy & cookies: this site uses cookies. by continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. to find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: cookie policy\nthis article is part of project aves, a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each bird, including made - up species .\ncan' t find a community you love? create your own and start something epic .\nclassified as vulnerable (vu) on the iucn red list (1) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert, and will be updated as soon as possible. if you are able to help please contact: arkive @ urltoken\ndel hoyo, j. , elliott, a. and sargatal, j. (1997) handbook of the birds of the world – sandgrouse to cuckoos. vol. 4. lynx edicions, barcelona .\nthis species is affected by global climate change. to learn about climate change and the species that are affected, visit our climate change pages .\nmale 27–31 cm, female 26–32 cm; 295–308 g. crown slate grey becoming darker towards middle and rear, but paler on forehead; upperparts chestnut becoming ...\nunderstorey of mountain forests at mid - elevations from cordillera de guanacaste s to w panama... .\neggs in late aug in panama; nest in sept in costa rica. nest is a shallow cup of leaves and twigs placed on the end of a branch of a ...\nnot globally threatened. very little information available on status but species is considered to be rather localized in both costa rica and panama. research required, as ...\nsorry, preview is currently unavailable. you can download the paper by clicking the button above .\nenter the email address you signed up with and we' ll email you a reset link .\nkari pihlaviita marked the finnish common name\nwetarinpyykyyhky\nfrom\ngallicolumba hoedtii (schlegel, 1871 )\nas trusted .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you!" ]

{ "text": [ "the wetar ground dove ( alopecoenas hoedtii ) is a species of bird in the family columbidae found on wetar , indonesia and timor .", "its natural habitats are monsoon forests and gallery forests , and possibly woodland and bamboos .", "threatened by habitat loss and hunting , the species is assessed as endangered by the iucn . " ], "topic": [ 28, 24, 17 ] }

[ "the wetar ground dove (alopecoenas hoedtii) is a species of bird in the family columbidae found on wetar, indonesia and timor. its natural habitats are monsoon forests and gallery forests, and possibly woodland and bamboos. threatened by habitat loss and hunting, the species is assessed as endangered by the iucn." ]

[ "alinda (alinda) biplicata alibotushensis dedov, 2009 alinda (alinda) biplicata alticola (urbanski, 1960) alinda (alinda) biplicata balcanica (pavlovic, 1912) alinda (alinda) biplicata biplicata (montagu, 1803) alinda (alinda) biplicata bohemica (clessin, 1877) alinda (alinda) biplicata bosnina (brancsik, 1890) alinda (alinda) biplicata byshekensis h. nordsieck, 2008 alinda (alinda) biplicata chuenringorum (tschapeck, 1890) alinda (alinda) biplicata citrinella (rossmassler, 1838) alinda (alinda) biplicata distincta (sturany, 1894) alinda (alinda) biplicata euptychia (ehrmann, 1960) alinda (alinda) biplicata faueri h. nordsieck, 2008 alinda (alinda) biplicata forsteriana (clessin, 1876) alinda (alinda) biplicata grandis (rossmassler, 1835) alinda (alinda) biplicata hessei a. j. wagner, 1914 alinda (alinda) biplicata irikovi h. nordsieck, 2008 alinda (alinda) biplicata karlukovoensis dedov, 2009 alinda (alinda) biplicata labiata (westerlund, 1885) alinda (alinda) biplicata metriotes a. j. wagner, 1919 alinda (alinda) biplicata michaudiana (l. pfeiffer, 1848) alinda (alinda) biplicata orientalis h. nordsieck, 2008 alinda (alinda) biplicata sordida (rossmassler, 1835) alinda (alinda) biplicata urosevici (pavlovic, 1912) alinda (alinda) biplicata vlasinensis (pavlovic, 1912 )\nalinda (alinda) biplicata subsp. euptychia (ehrmann, 1960) | fauna europaea\nalinda (alinda) biplicata subsp. chuenringorum (tschapeck, 1890) | fauna europaea\nalinda (alinda) biplicata subsp. forsteriana (clessin, 1876) | fauna europaea\ncommon door snails (alinda biplicata). picture: jiří novák, urltoken .\nreproductive output of alinda biplicata in the three treatments in each of three periods .\nhans - martin braun removed a common name in an unknown language from\nalinda biplicata\n.\nhans - martin braun added the german common name\ngewöhnliche schließmundschnecke\nto\nalinda biplicata\n.\nhans - martin braun added an unknown common name in an unknown language to\nalinda biplicata\n.\nhans - martin braun added the german common name\ngemeine schließmundschnecke\nto\nalinda biplicata\n.\nhans - martin braun added the english common name\ntwo - lipped door snail\nto\nalinda biplicata\n.\nclosing apparatus (clausiliar) of a common door snail (alinda biplicata). picture: jiří novák, urltoken .\ncommon door snail (alinda biplicata). picture: martina eleveld. [ see also: picture by rn on urltoken ]\nalinda biplicata (montagu) and laciniaria plicata (draparnaud), diversity in comparison, with the description of new subspecies. (gastropoda: stylommatophora: clausiliidae )\nfecundity of alinda biplicata during the laboratory experiment: number of intrauterine eggs per individual and number of offspring (intrauterine eggs + neonates) per individual recorded under different humidity treatments .\nreproductive activity in the field population of alinda biplicata between 12 may and 14 july 2012. a. percentage of brooding individuals. b. number of intrauterine eggs at various development stages .\nnumber of released neonates (n) and intrauterine eggs (e) recorded in alinda biplicata under different humidity treatments in the laboratory experiment. pie charts represent the proportion of various developmental stages of eggs .\nanna sulikowska - drozd, tomasz k. maltz; experimental drought affects the reproduction of the brooding clausiliid alinda biplicata (montagu, 1803), journal of molluscan studies, volume 80, issue 3, 1 august 2014, pages 265–271, urltoken\nthe numbers and percentages (in brackets) of egg - bearing alinda biplicata in each treatment in the first two periods that held eggs in only one stage of development or atypical sequence of eggs (stage i or ii eggs interspersed with those later stages) .\nalinda biplicata biplicata (montagu, 1803): gargominy et al. (2011) [ statut pour la france métropolitaine ] gargominy, o. , prié, v. , bichain, j. - m. , cucherat, x. & fontaine, b. 2011. liste de référence annotée des mollusques continentaux de france. malaco, 7: 307 - 382. [ urltoken ]\nbalea - biplicata _ 17. jpg provided by welter schultes, francisco locality: germany. bayern, near miltenberg image page with metadata full resolution image\nbased on monthly quantitative sampling it has been found that alinda biplicata (mont .) reproduces in june, july and august; juveniles grow at a rate of ca. 1 whorl / month and reach maturity in the third / fourth year of life. adults live more than one year, the total life span being at least 4 years .\nreproductive activity of alinda biplicata during three replicates of the laboratory experiment. abbreviations: n + e, adults that gave birth to neonates and also retained eggs in uteri at the end of experiment; n, adults that only gave birth to neonates; e, adults that only retained eggs in uteri; x, adults that produced no offspring .\nstaggered egg formation and small litter size seem to be typical of aseasonal climates, where there is no need to limit reproductive activity to a specific time of year (cowie, 1992). a similar effect might be induced in a. biplicata by favourable laboratory conditions. alinda biplicata when kept for long under constant temperature and high humidity produced small litters, usually with 2–3 neonates (maltz & sulikowska - drozd, 2012). in our experiment, higher numbers of neonates per litter (6. 5–7. 2 young, maximum 14) were observed. it is likely that snails here followed the seasonal dynamics of reproduction in the field, with a peak in late spring (sulikowska - drozd et al. , 2013). during the 2 weeks of the experiment, a. biplicata produced on average 7. 1–9. 2 offspring (maximum 23). this result is close to the yearly fecundity recorded under constant conditions (maltz & sulikowska - drozd, 2012). alinda biplicata is able to concentrate reproductive effort into a short favourable season .\nbalea biplicata biplicata (montagu, 1803): falkner et al. (2002) [ statut pour la france métropolitaine ] falkner, g. , ripken, t. e. j. & falkner, m. 2002. mollusques continentaux de la france: liste de référence annotée et bibliographie. patrimoines naturels, 52: 1 - 350 .\nalinda biplicata (montagu 1803) and laciniaria plicata (draparnaud 1801) and related species are revised, using shell characters. the differentiating characters of the species and the species classification and the distributionial relationships within the respective species complexes are discussed. the diversity of the species complexes is described and shown by figures, and an overview of the respective taxa is given. the following subspecies are described as new: alinda biplicata byshekensis n. subsp. , a. b. faueri n. subsp. , a. b. irikovi n. subsp. , a. b. orientalis n. subsp. , a. elegantissima pirotana n. subsp. , and laciniaria plicata rhodopensis n. subsp. , for l. plicata costata (kimakowicz 1883) [ non c. pfeiffer ] the new replacement name l. p. costigera n. nov. is proposed. german alinda biplicata (montagu 1803) und laciniaria plicata (draparnaud 1801) und verwandte arten werden revidiert, wobei gehäusemerkmale verwendet werden. die unterscheidenden merkmale der arten und die artgliederung und die verbreitungsverhältnisse innerhalb der zugehörigen artkomplexe werden diskutiert. die diversität der artkomplexe wird beschrieben und durch abbildungen belegt, und eine übersicht über die betreffenden taxa wird gegeben. die folgenden neuen unterarten werden beschrieben: alinda biplicata byshekensis n. subsp. , a. b. faueri n. subsp. , a. b. irikovi n. subsp. , a. b. orientalis n. subsp. , a. elegantissima pirotana n. subsp. und laciniaria plicata rhodopensis n. subsp. , für l. plicata costata (kimakowicz 1883) [ non c. pfeiffer ] wird der ersatzname l. p. costigera n. nov. vorgeschlagen .\ndoor snails feed on algae, which they rasp from the ground using their radula. like other terrestrial pulmonates they are hermaphrodites. there are, though, some door snails, such as the central european common door snail (alinda biplicata), which are ovoviviparous. that means, oviposition is delayed long enough for the young snails to hatch inside the parent' s body and to be born alive. alternatively sometimes also eggs with far developed embryos are laid .\nfor the experiment alinda biplicata was collected in łódź (central poland), in an alder wood along the wrząca river (51. 8329°n, 19. 4096°e) where the population density reached c. 1, 000 ind. m −2 (sulikowska - drozd & kappes, 2014). the experiment was performed at the department of invertebrate zoology and hydrobiology, university of łódź, in three replicates: period i between 26 may and 12 june 2012, period ii between 12 june and 30 june 2012, period iii between 30 june and 14 july 2012 .\nour experiment showed that juveniles of a. biplicata are not released during drought. when conditions are not suitable for neonates, parturition is inhibited and even well - developed embryos remain within the parent' s reproductive tract. in consequence, the duration of internal incubation in this species can vary depending on moisture conditions .\nour experiment has shown that a 2 - week drought resulted in lower fertility of a. biplicata but it did not cause mortality of brooding adults. the gestation period may be prolonged to save neonates from drying out if the humidity is low. these findings might help to understand the distribution of brooding land snails across different climatic regimes .\nthe seasonal dynamics of reproduction of alinda biplicata in the field is shown in figure 1. in total, 167 individuals (66% of collected adults) were gravid. in may, 74–77% of the individuals retained eggs; in the first half of june the proportion of brooding snails decreased to c. 60% , and at the end of june to 37% . in mid - july, the percentage of brooding individuals increased again to 54% . in early may, stage i eggs prevailed (95 %); in the second half of the month their percentage dropped to 37% . in june and july, the percentage of stage i eggs ranged from 42 to 46% . stage iv eggs, with well - developed embryos, were present in the first half of june (33 %) and in mid - july (22 %). these field data allowed us to estimate the percentage of individuals that were gravid at the time of each stage of the experiment: at pi (from 26 may) c. 75% of individuals were gravid and kept eggs at stages i–iii at the beginning of the experiment; at pii (from 12 june) c. 60% of individuals were gravid and kept eggs at stages i–iv; at piii (from 30 june) c. 40% of individuals were gravid and kept eggs at stages i–iii .\nthe negative effect of drought on reproduction of a. biplicata was not always statistically significant, but we observed that under dry conditions up to 70% of brooding snails had atypical sequences of eggs in the uteri. eggs in stages i and ii were found in between well - developed embryos. the development of these eggs seemed to be disturbed, consequently they probably never hatched, but here they were included in comparisons between experimental treatments. the development of these eggs was inhibited either as a result of competition between embryos or between embryos and parent when the water (and nourishment) was limited, or they might have suffered some developmental abnormalities. similar atypical sequences of eggs and juveniles were observed in the uterus of partula species, but these cases concerned only 1. 5% of gravid snails (crampton, 1925) .\nin each period, a sample consisting of at least 120 a. biplicata adults was divided at random into four groups. one group was immediately preserved in ethanol, as the control sample indicating reproductive activity of snails in the field. the remaining snails were kept singly for 2 weeks in plastic boxes of 300 ml volume, lined with tissue paper. the boxes were divided into three experimental treatments: hh under conditions of constant humidity; dd under conditions of constant drought; dh under short drought (1 week) followed by humid conditions (1 week). depending on the variant of the experiment, the boxes were sprayed with water to achieve high humidity or kept dry. the boxes were kept in the laboratory with natural lighting. small pieces of lettuce were added weekly as food. every 2–3 days the boxes were checked for neonates. the neonates were transferred to separate boxes, counted and measured .\nwe collected adults of nine snail species commonly occurring on rocks and tree bark in temperate european forests: balea biplicata (n = 8; 148. 6±5. 7 mg), clausilia dubia (n = 1; 122. 5 mg), cochlodina laminata (n = 13; 137. 9±5. 0 mg), cochlodina orthostoma (n = 2; 74. 7±5. 3 mg), ena montana (n = 20; 208. 5±17. 3 mg), helicodonta obvoluta (n = 20; 414. 2±6. 7 mg), macrogastra attenuata (n = 1; 128. 7 mg), macrogastra plicatula (n = 14; 66. 0±1. 6 mg), macrogastra ventricosa (n = 1; 111. 9 mg). they were all sampled from bark in a beech forest in germany (48°2′n 9°26′e; [ 20 ]) and returned to the sampling site after the experiment. snail nomenclature follows turner et al. [ 21 ] .\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nan island on the river thames which provides a haven for wildlife, including rare snails, is to officially become a local nature reserve .\nthe 10 - acre isleworth ait site in hounslow, west london, which houses the outfall from the mogden sewage works, has been awarded protected status .\nthe two - lipped door snail and the hairy german snail, two of england' s most endangered molluscs, inhabit the area .\nthe london wildlife trust site is also a valuable asset for birdlife with 57 species, including cormorants, kingfishers and a colony of herons, having been recorded there .\nmandy timpson, chair of the isleworth ait management committee group which looks after the island, said :\nwe are very pleased to have the status of this fascinating river island officially recognised .\nthe team of volunteers that maintain the island have been working towards this for a long time .\nthe hairy german snail is thought to grow hairs through its shell so the mollusc can sweat off moisture, making its slime stickier, allowing it to stay fixed to the plant it is feeding upon .\nthe species is found in the river lee and the thames in london and the thames in oxfordshire, as well as in the river medway in kent .\nthe two - lipped door snail lives almost exclusively in the thames in london except for a colony in purfleet, essex .\nmost popular now | 56, 514 people are reading stories on the site right now .\n;\nmost popular now | 17, 029 pages were read in the last minute .\n;\ndiscover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal. plos one promises fair, rigorous peer review, broad scope, and wide readership – a perfect fit for your research every time .\ncitation: boch s, prati d, werth s, rüetschi j, fischer m (2011) lichen endozoochory by snails. plos one 6 (4): e18770. urltoken\ncopyright: © 2011 boch et al. this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited .\nfunding: the dfg (german research foundation; urltoken) funded the study in the framework of the biodiversity exploratories ssp 1374 (fi 1246 / 6 - 1). the funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript .\ndispersal is among the most important mechanisms shaping biodiversity. in contrast to mobile animals, sessile plants depend on dispersal of propagules or plant fragments. endozoochory plays a prominent role for the dispersal of seed plants, and seed dispersal vectors are well known [ 1 ] – [ 3 ]. however, whether endozoochory occurs is not known for most other plant taxa. among those, lichens as symbiotic associations of algae and fungi are peculiar as their successful dispersal requires that the symbiosis remains functional .\ntherefore, also any information is lacking about differences between lichen species and between lichen feeders in lichen survival of the gut passage. possibly, such survival might be higher for more generalized lichen species and for larger lichen feeders ingesting larger lichen fragments .\nincreasingly, dna - based methods allow addressing taxonomic, phylogenetic, and population - genetic questions in lichens [ 11 ]. recently, species - specific molecular markers have become available which can support species identification traditionally based on morphology and secondary chemistry .\nin this study, we address lichen dispersal by snails because many snails feed almost exclusively on lichens. in particular, we tested experimentally (1) whether vegetative lichen propagules can survive and regenerate after the passage through snail guts, i. e. whether lichen endozoochory is possible, (2) whether regeneration rates differ between a specialist and a generalist lichen species, and (3) whether snail species differ in their efficiency to disperse lichens and whether this depends on their body mass .\nlobaria pulmonaria regenerated from 29. 0% of all 379 fecal pellets, whereas p. adscendens regenerated from 40. 9% of all 433 fecal pellets, indicating that lichen fragments passed the snail guts without being digested and developed into juvenile lichens (figure 1). the differences in regeneration rate between the two species were significant (table 1). for l. pulmonaria, we mainly found isidioid soredia (in 83 of 379 fecal pellets), sometimes small squamules (in 37 of 379 fecal pellets) and rarely also hyphae (18 of 379 fecal pellets). for p. adscendens, we mainly observed squamules (in 168 out of 433 fecal pellets) or cilia (in 170 of 433 fecal pellets), and very rarely small soredia clusters (in 2 of 433 fecal pellets) .\na) i: isidioid soredia of l. pulmonaria. b) s: squamule (shell - formed thallus piece), and c: cilium (thread - like appendage) of p. adscendens .\nresults of glm analysis (with quasi - binomial error structure) of differences between the two lichen species (generalist versus specialist lichen species as fixed factor) and among the nine snail species (as random factor) in lichen regeneration rates .\nfurthermore, lichen regeneration rate varied among snail species (table 1; figure 2). regeneration rates of lichens were higher after gut passage of heavier snail species (table 1). significant variation among snail species remained after accounting for snail mass (table 1). effects of snail and lichen species were independent of each other (non - significant snail species - by - lichen species interaction, table 1) .\nvariation in regeneration rate of lichen species from fecal pellets of snail species (means + s. e. m) .\nmolecular analysis fully confirmed morphological determination of species identity for the 16 analysed regenerated specimens of l. pulmonaria and the 6 of p. adscendens. the eight fungal microsatellite markers amplified with all 16 samples representing regenerated isidioid soredia of l. pulmonaria. all seven algal markers amplified for 11 of the samples and three to six algal markers amplified for another five samples. together these results indicate that the analyzed samples were indeed regeneration structures of l. pulmonaria which contained both the fungus and its photobiont. all sequences obtained from samples of p. adscendens blasted to sequences of that same species. for two further samples of p. adscendens, dna extraction had most likely failed, as we did not obtain a pcr product with the fungus - specific pcr primers. none of the negative controls showed amplification products .\noverall, we conclude that snails can generally act as endozoochorous dispersers of the two lichen species, with higher regeneration rates for the generalist lichen, and with some, especially heavier, snail species allowing higher regeneration rates after gut passage than others .\nlarger snails may be especially important dispersers because their fecal pellets rather contained undigested thallus fragments than the ones of smaller snail species (figure 2). larger snails are likely to ingest larger lichen fragments, which may explain why gut passage of lichen fragments through larger snail species yielded higher regeneration rates. at the same time this is likely to involve larger fecal pellets than for smaller snail species. the size and quality of ingested lichen material and the size and quality of fecal pellets of larger and smaller snails and their importance for lichen dispersal will be interesting next steps in investigating lichen dispersal by snails .\nour experiment demonstrated that endozoochorous dispersal of lichen fragments by gastropods is possible. it implies that, despite losses due to gastropod herbivory, lichen thalli might be proliferated by gastropods due to fragmentation into several pieces. thus, endozoochorous lichen dispersal by gastropods may even increase lichen population growth, and thus constitute a gastropod - fungus - algae mutualism between organisms of three kingdoms .\nthe importance of lichen endozoochory relative to dispersal by water or wind remains open. in temperate and boreal regions, gastropods feed only in warmer seasons, whereas wind and water dispersal can occur throughout the year. however, lichen feeding by gastropods is expected to increase with climate change due to milder winters and higher annual precipitation [ 14 ], which may further enhance the importance of endozoochorous lichen dispersal by gastropods .\nendozoochorous lichen dispersal by gastropods probably plays a more minor role for long - distance than for short - distance dispersal. nevertheless, slugs may disperse plant seeds at least up to 15 m [ 3 ], and the same slugs frequently feed on lichens [ 15 ]. moreover, as gastropods can themselves be dispersed over long distances by wind or animals [ 16 ], [ 17 ], lichens “stowing away” in gastropods may be important for long - distance lichen dispersal .\nin conclusion, the traditional view of an entirely antagonistic herbivorous relationship between gastropods and lichens [ 5 ], [ 8 ], [ 18 ] must be challenged. given that gastropod grazing on lichen communities is very common [ 5 ], our findings imply that fragmentation, and thus proliferation, and dispersal of lichen thalli by gastropods may be an important, but so far completely overlooked, mode of lichen dispersal and expansion into suitable habitats. possibly gastropods not only profit directly from feeding on lichens, but also indirectly from enhancing lichen population growth by endozoochorous dispersal. in any case, lichen endozoochory by gastropods may well constitute a mutualistic relationship between partners from three different kingdoms .\nsterile thalli of two foliose lichen species were collected from bark. physcia adscendens (fr .) h. olivier, a frequent generalist lichen species throughout central europe growing on various nutrient - enriched substrates, was collected on euonymus europaea l. in switzerland (46°57′n 7°26′e). lobaria pulmonaria (l .) hoffm. was collected on salix caprea l. in norway (64°26′n 11°47′e). l. pulmonaria is vulnerable or endangered in most of central europe because of its sensitivity to air pollution and preference for old - growth forests. the species is limited by its very low establishment rates [ 12 ]. it is widely used as a model species in ecophysiological, ecological and conservation biological research [ 19 ] .\nwe inspected all single pellets of feces of each individual snail with a dissecting microscope and recorded the number of fecal pellets per petri dish from which lichen structures had regenerated .\nwe dissected regenerated lichen structures from putative samples of l. pulmonaria (n = 17) and p. adscendens (n = 7), ground them using stainless steel beads in a mixer mill (retsch mm 2000, haan, germany), and extracted dna of individual isidioid soredia and squamules (according to werth et al. [ 22 ]) using the sigma genelute plant genomic dna miniprep kit (sigma - aldrich, st. louis, mo, usa) following the manufacturer' s instructions two negative controls were included in the dna extraction .\nfor l. pulmonaria, we performed molecular species identifications using species - specific realtime pcr based on the fungal its region and based on eight genus - specific fungal microsatellite loci [ 23 ], [ 24 ]. we also analyzed seven photobiont microsatellite loci (lph1–lph7) following dal grande et al. [ 25 ]. we ran fragment analyses on an automated capillary sequencer (3130 genetic analyzer, applied biosystems, rotkreuz, switzerland), and typed alleles using an internal size standard (liz500, applied biosystems, rotkreuz, switzerland). samples were genotyped using genemapper version 3. 7 (applied biosystems, rotkreuz, switzerland) .\nfor p. adscendens, we sequenced the its region using the ascomycete - specific primer its1f [ 26 ] and the universal reverse primer its4 [ 27 ]. each 25 µl reaction contained 1× jumpstart redtaq ready mix (sigma - aldrich, st. louis, missouri, usa), 100 nm of each primer, and 1 µl dna extract (ca. 0. 1 ng). the cycling conditions of the pcr included an initial denaturation at 94°c for 2 min, then 34 cycles of 30 s at 94°c, 30 s at 50°c, 30 s at 72°c, followed by final extension of 10 min at 72°c. we performed cycle sequencing and reaction clean - up following werth and sork [ 28 ] and edited sequences using the program sequence scanner, version 1. 0 (applied biosystems, foster city, ca, usa). finally, we performed blast searches [ 29 ] to identify the species corresponding to the dna sequences (genbank accessions hm246686–hm246691) .\nfor each of the 206 petri dishes, we determined regeneration rate as proportion of fecal pellets with regenerated lichen structures. we tested differences in regeneration rate between lichen species (generalist versus specialist lichen species as fixed factor) and among snail species (as random factor) with a generalized linear model with quasi - bionominal link function because of overdispersion. we included mean body mass, as covariate tested against the snail species level, and the interaction between lichen and snail species. data were analyzed using r, version 2. 6. 1 [ 30 ] .\nwe thank w. dawson and b. schmid for comments, and p. von ballmoos, s. braybrook, a. gygax, p. larsson, r. lauterbach, and m. parepa for assistance .\nconceived and designed the experiments: sb. performed the experiments: sb sw. analyzed the data: sb dp mf. contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools: sb sw. wrote the paper: sb dp sw mf. determined snail species: jr .\nfuentes m (2000) frugivory, seed dispersal and plant community ecology. trends ecol evol 15: 487–488 .\nduthie c, gibbs g, burns kc (2006) seed dispersal by weta. science 311: 1575 .\ntürke m, heinze e, andreas k, svendsen sm, gossner mm, et al. (2010) seed consumption and dispersal in ant - dispersed plants by slugs. oecologia 163: 681–693 .\nlutzoni f, miadlikowska j (2009) lichens. current biology 19: r502–r503 .\nseaward mrd (2008) environmental role of lichens. in: nash th iii, editor. lichen biology. cambridge: cambridge univ. press, ed. 2. pp. 274–298 .\nlücking r, bernecker - lücking a (2000) lichen feeders and lichenicolous fungi: do they affect dispersal and diversity in tropical foliicolous lichen communities? ecotropica 6: 23–41 .\nasplund j, larsson p, vatne s, gauslaa y (2010) gastropod grazing shapes the vertical distribution of epiphytic lichens in forest canopies. j ecol 98: 218–225 .\nfröberg l, björn lo, baur a, baur b (2001) viability of lichen photobionts after passing through the digestive tract of a land snail. lichenologist 33: 543–550 .\nwerth s (2010) population genetics of lichen - forming fungi – a review. lichenologist 42: 1–21 .\nwerth s, wagner hh, gugerli f, holderegger r, csencsics d, et al. (2006) quantifying dispersal and establishment limitation in a population of an epiphytic lichen. ecology 87: 2037–2046 .\nbüdel b, scheidegger c (2008) thallus morphology and anatomy. in: nash th iii, editor. lichen biology. cambridge: cambridge univ. press, ed. 2. pp. 40–68 .\nrees wj (1965) the aerial dispersal of mollusca. proc malac soc lond 36: 269–282 .\ngittenberger e, groenenberg dsj, kokshoorn b, preece rc (2006) biogeography: molecular trails from hitch - hiking snails. nature 439: 409 .\nscheidegger c, werth s (2009) conservation strategies for lichens: insights from population biology. fungal biology reviews 23: 55–66 .\nfischer m, bossdorf o, gockel s, hänsel f, hemp a, et al. (2010) implementing large - scale and long - term functional biodiversity research: the biodiversity exploratories. basic appl ecol 11: 473–485 .\nturner h, kuiper jgj, thew n, bernasconi r, rüetschi j, et al. (1998) fauna helvetica 2: atlas der mollusken der schweiz und liechtensteins. neuchâtel: cscf. 527 p .\nwerth s, gugerli f, holderegger r, wagner hh, csencsics d, et al. (2007) landscape - level gene flow in\nand challenges in developing biont - specific molecular markers for fungal associations. fungal biol 114: 538–544 .\ngardes m, bruns td (1993) its primers with enhanced specificity for basidiomycetes – application to the identification of mycorrhizae and rusts. mol ecol 2: 113–118 .\nwhite tj, bruns t, lee s, taylor jw (1990) amplification and direct sequencing for fungal ribosomal rna genes for phylogenetics. in: innis ma, gelfan dh, sninsky jj, white t, editors. pcr protocols: a guide to methods and application. san diego: academic press. pp. 315–322 .\naltschul sf, madden tl, schäffer aa, zhang j, zhang z, et al. (1997) gapped blast and psi - blast: a new generation of protein database search programs. nucleic acids res 25: 3389–3402 .\nr development core team (2008) r: a language and environment for statistical computing. r foundation for statistical computing, vienna .\ndo these subject areas make sense for this article? click the target next to the incorrect subject area and let us know. thanks for your help !\nenter the name or part of a name you wish to search for. the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard. e. g.' papilio *'. keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .\nwe are still having problems with the search feature. unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .\nthe id resolving service for stable taxon ids is currently under maintenance. meanwhile, please use the name search in order to find the taxon page .\nmuseum für naturkunde leibniz - institut für evolutions - und biodiversitätsforschung invalidenstr. 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail: fauna - eu (at) mfn - berlin. de website: urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site. view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nin continuing your browsing of this site, you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics. learn more about cookies .\nescargots de france [ identification ] gargominy, o. 2011 - 2018. biodiversiclés: escargots de france métropolitaine (malaco - fr). muséum national d' histoire naturelle .\nkerney & cameron (1999) [ identification ] kerney, m. p. & cameron, r. a. d. 1999. guide des escargots et limaces d' europe. identification et biologie de plus de 300 espèces. adaptation française: a. bertrand. les guides du naturaliste (delachaux & niestlé, lausanne et paris). 370 pp. , 28 pl .\nturbo biplicatus montagu, 1803: montagu (1803): 361. [ description originale ] montagu, g. 1803. testacea britannica, or natural history of british shells, marine, land, and fresh - water, including the most minute: systematically arranged and embellished with figures. london. xxxvii + 606 pp. , pl. 1 - 16. [ urltoken ]\nnational inventory of natural heritage, website: https: / / inpn. mnhn. fr .\nmontagu, g. 1803. testacea britannica, or natural history of british shells, marine, land, and fresh - water, including the most minute: systematically arranged and embellished with figures. - pp. i - xxxvii [ = 1 - 37 ], [ 1 - 2 ], 1 - 606, [ 1 - 4 ], pl. 1 - 16. london. (white) .\nshell brown, moderately widely ribbed, frontal upper palatalis present (and more twisted than in l. plicata), aperture with basal furrow, no folds between parietalis and columellaris, subcolumellaris not visible in the aperture. shell like laciniaria plicata, but ribs slightly wider and no small folds at palatal side of aperture. differs from macrogastra ventricosa in its basal furrow, invisible subcolumelaris and present frontal upper palatalis .\n15 - 18 x 3. 8 - 4. 5 mm, egg diameter 1. 7 mm\nmost common clausiliid species of europe. also in s bulgaria one of the most common clausiliid species. apparently introduced to s england near london several 100 years ago, reached many places between the london region and e cornwall, but the habitats have largely been destroyed by riverside development, only very few populations near london survived, obviously still declining. vulnerable in vorarlberg, lower concern in switzerland, rare in england .\nreferences: loosjes 1941: 32, degner 1952, frömming 1954: 60, tomić 1959: 42 (serbia), prince 1967, damjanov & likharev 1975: 196, grossu 1981: 199 (sw romania, not in the east), falkner 1990: 164, kerney et al. 1983: 233, baur 1994, manganelli et al. 1995: 27, kuźnik - kowalska 1998 (life cycle), turner et al. 1998: 229, kerney 1999: 173, dedov & neubert 2002: 205, sulikowska - drozd 2005: 77, irikov & mollov 2006: 785, hubenov 2007, balashov & gural - sverlova 2012: 97 (not in ukraine), welter - schultes 2012: 345 (range map) .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance. if your browser does not accept cookies, you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly. below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser. you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined. to accept cookies from this site, use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies. try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past. if your computer' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970, the browser will automatically forget the cookie. to fix this, set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set. you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page. to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit, which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie; no other information is captured .\nin general, only the information that you provide, or the choices you make while visiting a web site, can be stored in a cookie. for example, the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it. allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer, and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4. 0 international license .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas, please upload using the upload tools .\ndoor snails are a family of terrestrial pulmonate snails (stylommatophora) living on tree trunks, walls and rocks, where they can be seen crawling around in humid weather. their outer appearance differs widely from what is expected of for snails, as door snail shells are not coiled to form a round spiral, but are into a tower - like spire, albeit a very small one – door snails usually are not larger than 20 mm .\nthe largest central european species, the ventricose door snail (macrogastra ventricosa), is only little smaller than that, with an average shell height of 19 mm. in contrary to that the smallest species, adequately named clausilia rugosa parvula, has got a shell of averagely 9, 5 mm height .\ndoor snails definitely are distributed in a large number of species in the palaearctic (see faunal provinces of the earth), especially in the south - east of europe, but actually there are three independent areas of distribution where door snails can be found. those, apart from the palaearctic as far east as the ural mountains and the yemen, are the north - western mountain regions of south america on one hand and the tropical forests of south and east asia, japan and the southern korean peninsula on the other .\n, a. a. (2000) :\ntreatise on recent terrestrial pulmonate molluscs\n. part 5. clausiliidae. - ruthenica suppl. 2 (5): 565 - 729 .\nthe distribution of door snails may also happen in spectacular ways: so it has been found out that door snails (balea perversa) were able to settle on the island of tristan da cunha by flying 9000 km from madeira attached to the feet of birds! genetic research was able to exclude human interference, as the snails on tristan da cunha were to far developed from their ancestors for the introduction to have happened when man sailed to tristan da cunha .\nwolfgang weitlaner :\nthe secret of the flying snail is solved\n( innovationsreport. de, 27. 01. 2006, in german) .\nin addition to their characteristic form, door snail shells are also set apart from those of most other snails in usually being sinistral or left handed. there are, though, some door snail groups with dextral (right handed) species, among those the alopiinae. in this subfamily of door snails, there is as well the alopia genus, native to the carpathian mountains, as the albinaria genus, native to the southern balkan peninsula. both have dextral species among their number .\nhartmut nordsieck: dextral clausiliidae (gastropoda, stylommatophora), an evolutionary problem .\ntheir characteristic shell means a decisive evolutionary advantage to door snails: during periods of dryness they are able to hide in the smallest of crevices in bark or rock. this is especially important where the largest number of different door snail species is distributed: on the balkan peninsula, mainly in greece, additionally also in asia minor (turkey) and in the caucasus mountains. apart from that, door snails have a palaearctic pattern of distribution .\nthe common door snail still is quite frequent, some other species of the family in europe are very rare and threatened in their existence. living in crevices, those creatures live in some very endangered biotopes, such as old walls, isolated rocks and decaying wood. even in the garden, we can offer living space and protection to those interesting little creatures by not closing each wall crevice with cement and by leaving some stones or old wood to lie in shady garden corners. apart from door snails, many other species will use those hiding places and so make the garden ecologically more valuable .\nsource: mollusc of the year 2010 :\nexternally, many door snail species are hard to tell apart. but enhanced by a magnifying glass or a binocular microscope differences in the surface sculpture of elsewhere similar species reveal themselves. there are, on one hand, species with an almost smooth shell surface, such as cochlodina laminata. on the other hand there are many of the remaining door snail species, different by a variety of ribs running across the shell whorls. the density and form of those ribs makes it possible to determine different species. in nature this surface of ribs may, however, be hidden under a camouflage of dirt or faeces .\nbesides form and sculpture of the shell, also the shell aperture can be used for determination purposes. there are round, oval and even pear shaped apertures among door snails .\nlooking more closely and with sufficient magnification at a door snail' s shell aperture, many species reveal an apertural armature with folds appearing as toothlets to the outside. according to their position, the following major folds are distinguished: the palatal fold is located at the aperture whorl' s external wall. on the opposite, columellar wall there is the lower or columellar fold. above, on the upper wall of the apertural whorl, there is the upper or parietal fold. finally below the columellar fold there may be an additional subcolumellar fold .\nthe mentioned folds or plicae, which on the parieto - columellar side are also referred to as lamellae, are part of the so - called clausiliar, a closing apparatus unique among all snails, the reason to this particular snail family' s name. the overall composition of a door snail' s clausiliar, however, can only be seen, when the outer wall of the apertural whorl is opened with a set of tweezers and observed through a binocular microscope .\nhartmut nordsieck: clausiliidae 1: collection and examination of door snails, as well as the scientific terms of the closing apparatus necessary for identification .\namong most door snail species then a plate from calcium carbonate can be discovered, shaped like a spoon the elastic handle of which is connected to the shell spindle (columella). this clausilium is pressed to the shell' s outer wall, when the snail is stretched out of the shell and crawling around. as soon as the snail withdraws into its shell, the clausilium swings forward and closes the aperture .\n. 1: shell spindle (columella); 2: connection of clausiliums and columella; 3: handle and 4: plate of the clausilium. source: l\nr, molljuski, bd. 3, t. 4. ; after e\nit is not fully clear, what the determining evolutionary advantage of the clausiliar has been to door snails. it seems highly probable, though, that it means an additional protection against dryness, given door snails' distribution centre around the balkan peninsula and asia minor .\nscientifically door snails are of very high interest to scientists, especially because quite numerous species may occur in a relatively small area. this is because single populations even on single rocks may be separated by dry areas exposed to the sun. due to this isolation there can be allopatric speciation leading to the development of new species. there is also the possibility of sympatric speciation due to bastardization between closely related species .\nespecially then, characters of the shell and the composition of the clausiliar apparatus may not be sufficient to determine a species. then an anatomical examination of the genital apparatus becomes necessary .\nfacing the distribution of door snail species, which may cover only very small areas, human influence may have a very high importance, as, similar to the situation of endemic island snail populations, changes due to agriculture, road construction etc. can cause sudden unpredictable and irreversible harm .\nbosnian door snails (herilla bosniensis) in their natural habitat in the klausen gorge near mödling. picture: © alexander mrkvicka, vienna (urltoken) .\nthe bosnian door snail (herilla bosniensis) originally is at home at steep limestone rocks in the dinaric mountains between croatia and northern albania. besides, it also appears as an introduced species in an isolated place in lower austria, the klausen gorge near mödling .\nitalian door snails (papillifera bidens), two specimens mating. picture: sigrid hof (source) .\nobviously the snails had been brought to england with a transport of stones from italy at the end of the 19th century. all that time they had survived in this area, spreading only to some places nearby .\nanother population of the species had been known for a longer time from the small island of brownsea in dorset at the english southern coast near bournemouth. but this population is assumed to have been introduced with rocks brought from greece in the 1880s. however, it belongs to the same species .\nwhile britain is on the search for further populations of the species on the british isles, there is also the discussion how the snail should be called in english: cliveden snail or brownsea snail .\naccording to linné or linnaeus. the iczn also decided that way in 2007. there is, however, a publication by k\n( 2009) supporting the opinion that this name was not correct either. k\nonly vaguely (both being door snails) and the conclusion seems rather far - fetched. for that reason, the german malacologist h. n\nlinnaeus 1758 (gastropoda: clausiliidae) misidentified for 250 years. – journal of conchology, 40 (1): 19 - 30 .\nhartmut nordsieck: papillifera bidens (linné 1758) (clausiliidae, alopiinae), a common, but little known species (link). accessed 17. 06. 2011 .\nhartmut nordsieck: die letzte große clausilien - exkursion nach italien, eine fahrt der klimatischen extreme. (link). accessed 11. 06. 2012 .\n( gastropoda: clausiliidae): a new record for britain. the archeo + malacology group newsletter, (7): page 6 - 7. (\nroy anderson (2008) :\nan annotated list of the non - marine mollusca of britain and ireland\n( pdf) .\nhartmut nordsieck: urltoken - homepage following urltoken on helicoidea, clausiliidae, cochlostoma .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website. by continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to our use of cookies. you can change your cookie settings at any time .\n). brooding may last until the end of embryonic development (i. e. ovoviviparity\n), with eggs laid after only part of embryonic development has occurred inside the parent. brooding provides protection to eggs and offspring at a stage when they are vulnerable. in land snails, desiccation and predation (including egg cannibalism by early hatching young) are serious threats to egg survival (\n). young that are born can actively avoid some threats, while eggs laid in an advanced state of embryonic development remain passive for a shorter period than those in which all development takes place after the eggs are laid. equally, however, there are costs, because reproduction is constrained by the larger and therefore fewer eggs that can be produced and by the space available inside the parent (confined by the size of the shell) to house them. the balance between the gains and costs should determine the evolutionary outcome (\nafter the experiment, all the juveniles born in the laboratory were released in the original location and adults were preserved in ethanol. then, each adult (254 individuals of the field control group and 279 individuals of experimental groups) was dissected and all intrauterine eggs were counted. the developmental stages of eggs were categorized as follows: stage i: egg filled with amorphous substance, no visible shell; stage ii: egg with embryo and embryonic shell with < 1 whorl; stage iii: embryo with shell of 1–1. 9 whorls; stage iv: embryo with > 2 whorls. this method was adopted in earlier studies on clausiliid reproduction (e. g. sulikowska - drozd, 2009)." ]

{ "text": [ "alinda biplicata , also known as balea biplicata , common name the two lipped door snail or thames door snail , is a species of air-breathing land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family clausiliidae , the door snails , all of which have a clausilium . " ], "topic": [ 2 ] }

[ "alinda biplicata, also known as balea biplicata, common name the two lipped door snail or thames door snail, is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family clausiliidae, the door snails, all of which have a clausilium." ]

[ "desert fox or white - footed fox (vulpes vulpes pusilla) the desert fox is a subspecies of the red fox that is found in the open landscapes of north - west india. this desert fox was photographed at tal chapar in november 2012 .\nive shot a few white footed fox in md. always the back feet and to varying degrees. here are a few ...\nvery interesting photo. i don' t recall ever seeing a red fox with white feet .\ndis white - footed fox is a small, shy animal dt lives in d little rann of kutch. u can spot them during ur cross - desert safari in open vehicles urltoken\n“india is home to three species of foxes – the indian fox vulpes bengalensis, the tibetan sand fox vulpes ferrilata and the red fox vulpes vulpes. three sub species of the red fox are known to occur in india: the himalayan or hill fox v. v. montana, the kashmir or afghan fox v. v. griffithii and the desert fox v. v. pusilla, also known as the white - footed fox, which happens to be the smallest of the three subspecies, found in the arid and semi - arid regions of rajasthan and gujarat. ”\nkhyati nayak on twitter :\ndis white - footed fox is a small, shy animal dt lives in d little rann of kutch. u can spot them during ur cross - desert safari in open vehicles… urltoken\n. english: illustration (wood cut) of a skull and jaw of the white - footed fox (vulpes vulpes pusilla). 1890. st. george jackson mivart (30 november 1827 – 1 april 1900) 1245 vpusillaskull\nthere' s a guy who raises fox about 30 miles from me who crosses silver fox red fox and greys for the purpose of training dogs. other than that i have never seen a cross in the wild .\nthe white - footed fox (vulpes vulpes pusilla), also known as the desert fox, is a small, asiatic subspecies of red fox which occurs throughout most of northwestern indian subcontinent, pakistan' s desert districts from rawalpindi to rajputana and kutch in india, baluchistan, southern iran, and iraq. it is mostly found on sand - hills or in the broad sandy beds of semi - dry rivers, and only very rarely in fields, and then in the vicinity of sandy tracts .\n399. 5 nelson, k. , r. j. baker, and r. j. honeycutt. 1987. mitochondrial dna and protein differentiation between hybridizing cytotypes of the white - footed mouse (peromyscus leucopus) evolution 41: 864 - 872 .\nnow, i must start looking for foot variations. anyone have any cross fox kill pics ?\n595. 9 white, m. j. d. 1973. animal cytology and evolution. cambridge: cambridge u. p .\n187. 8 fox, c. a. , and b. fox. 1971. a comparative study of coital physiology with special reference to the sexual climax. j. reprod. fert. 24: 319 - 336 .\nan increase in lyme diseast in the northeast united states coincides with a decline of the red fox, ucsc researchers report .\n602. 62 wishart, w. d. 1980. hybrids of white - tailed and mule deer in alberta. j. mamm. 61: 716 - 720 .\n187. 83 fox, h. 1929. the birth of two anthropoid apes. j. mamm. 10: 37 - 51 .\n119. 9 cowan, i. m. 1962. hybridization between the black - tail deer and the white - tail deer. j. mamm. 43: 539 - 541 .\nnear and dear to the foxpro family. the place for all discussions specific to fox hunting, including stories, photos, techniques, and questions .\n319. 1 lohi, o. 1982. golden island fox. dansk pelsdyravl 45: 147 - 148. (animal breeding abstracts, 51, no. 1068) .\nwe encountered no tibetan fox scats on sites where we failed to observe pikas (n = 10); we also encountered no fox scats on sites where the mean number of pika burrows / site was < 0. 56 (n = 5). the number of fox scats / site was a positive function of the number of pikas seen / km (least - squares linear regression: fox scats = 0. 827 + 0. 057 (se = 0. 016) * pikas seen / km, f 1, 60 = 13. 47; p = 0. 0005, adjusted r 2 = 0. 17), and the mean number of pika burrows / plot (fox scats = 0. 865 + 0. 074 (se = 0. 034) * pika burrows / plot, f 1, 60 = 4. 84; p = 0. 032, adjusted r 2 = 0. 07) .\n“to ensure the long term survival of the desert fox, conservation management efforts should focus on protecting their potential habitats to ensure that foxes are not relegated to mere folklore for future generations. ”\nace photographer nayan khanolkar introduces sanctuary readers to a desert fox family from the tal chhapar sanctuary in rajasthan through a marvelous photo spread, embellished by valuable insights from field biologists bilal habib and pallavi ghaskadbi .\n541. 5 stubblefield, s. s. , r. j. warren, and r. j. murphy. 1986. hybridization of free - ranging white - tailed and mule deer in texas. j. wildl. manage. 50: 688 - 690 .\nthe iucn / ssc maps of tibetan fox (schaller et al. 2008) and plateau pika (smith and johnston 2008) suggested that approximately 84% of the geographic distribution of the tibetan fox was nested within that of the plateau pika. however, the fox map produced by the iucn / ssc included areas very unlikely to be occupied. for example, the map included essentially all of nepal, despite documentation that the tibetan fox is known only from the trans - himalayan region in mustang (schaller et al. 2008; jnawali et al. 2011). other large - sized areas which the map of schaller et al. (2008) considered occupied by tibetan foxes but where smith and johnston (2008) did not map plateau pikas included parts of northeastern qinghai, adjacent gansu, and the extremely arid qaidam basin; in fact, these lack the tibetan fox (li 1989; zheng 2003). taking as a generous lower elevation for the species the 3, 000 - m elevation contour (fig. 4), our resulting distribution of the tibetan fox was approximately 2, 021, 064 km 2, of which some 1, 818, 093 km 2 (90 %) were nested within the mapped distribution of the plateau pika .\nwithin our broadly defined study area, tibetan fox site occupancy was strongly associated with presence and abundance of plateau pikas. no alternative hypotheses to predict the presence of tibetan foxes were supported. the variables elevation, habitat type, level of human disturbance, whether or not livestock were present, and the relative abundance of zokors all displayed no predictive ability to explain tibetan fox occupancy. other site variables could not be modeled because they did not differ sufficiently among sites with and without tibetan fox occupancy. the best - supported models suggested that tibetan fox occupancy declined from near certainty at high pika abundance, to near 0 at low pika abundance. we interpret these relationships as supporting our hypothesis that, in the absence of plateau pikas, tibetan foxes in our study area were incapable of sustaining themselves. in short, plateau pikas constituted foraging habitat for tibetan foxes .\n215. 1 gray, g. m. , r. j. white, r. h. , williams, and h. j. yardley. 1982. lipid composition of the superficial stratum corneum cells of the pig. brit. j. derm. 106: 59 - 63 .\n187. 86 fox, r. c. 1991. melaniella timosa n. gen. and sp. , an unusual mammal from the paleocene of alberta. can. j. earth sciences 21: 1335 - 1338 .\n596. 2 white, m. j. d. , n. contreras, j. cheney, and g. c. webb. 1977. cytogenetics of the parthenogenetic grasshopper warramba (formerly maraba) virgo and its bisexual relatives. ii. hybridization studies. chromosoma 61: 127 - 148 .\nof the 135 scats confidently identified as tibetan fox, 134 also contained dna from plateau pikas. the one that did not consisted entirely of dna from domestic yak. in 98 (73 %) of the 134 fox scats containing pika, pika was the sole prey species identified. species identified as minor components of tibetan fox scats (i. e. , in addition to pika) included domestic yak (n = 10), domestic sheep (n = 5), marmota (n = 4), domestic pig (n = 3), eospalax (n = 3), neodon (n = 3), microtus (n = 3), cricetulus (n = 2), white - lipped deer (przewalskium albirostris; n = 2), and tibetan gazelle (n = 1). because tibetan foxes are not known to kill ungulates (clark et al. 2008), we interpret their presence in diets as indicating scavenging rather than predation. in only 3 of the 36 fox scats containing prey species other than plateau pika was the read number of the other prey species more than a minor component (2 scats with more microtus - assigned reads than pika, and 1 scat containing 79 reads of yak versus 129 reads of pika). the 1 scat that was identified as coming from a wolf (348 reads) contained a faint trace (3 reads) of domestic sheep and of tibetan fox (1 read) .\nprobability of site occupancy by tibetan fox (vulpes ferrilata) as indexed by presence of scats, as a function of an index of pikas (ochotona curzoniae) seen and pika burrows counted, qinghai province, autumn 2011 (see text). coefficients used are those from the top - ranking model from table 1. shown are estimates of tibetan fox occupancy when the burrow index is 0 (dotted line), 5 (dashed line), and 10 (solid line) .\n223. 4 gustavsson, i. , m. , switonski, k. , larsson, and l. plöen. 1988. synaptonemal complex analysis of spermatocytes in hybrids of silver and blue fox. j. heredity 79: 338 - 343 .\napproximate geographic distributions of the tibetan fox (vulpes ferrilata; dark, solid line [ adapted from schaller et al. 2008 ]) and plateau pika (ochotona curzoniae; dash–dot line [ smith and johnston 2008 ]), superimposed on the outline map of western china (thin, solid line), and showing the 3, 000 - m elevation contour (in gray). both range maps are approximate; that of the tibetan fox is approximately 90% nested within that of the plateau pika .\nthe tibetan fox (vulpes ferrilata) is generally acknowledged to be a specialist forager on its preferred prey, the burrowing lagomorph plateau pika (ochotona curzoniae), but whether true dependency characterizes the relationship remains unclear. we estimated the presence of tibetan foxes in 62 habitat patches that reflected a continuum of environmental conditions within their known geographic distribution within qinghai province, china. we used site - occupancy modeling and quantified the abundance of plateau pikas as well as other site variables that could plausibly predict fox presence. we quantified fox presence by collecting and sequencing dna from scats. the number of pikas and the number of their burrows were the only covariates supported in predictive models of tibetan fox presence. the probability of site occupancy by foxes increased with pika abundance, and was close to 0 when pikas were absent even within habitat patches otherwise generally suitable. dna - based diet analysis also allowed us to identify prey species consumed by tibetan foxes. approximately 99% of fox scats contained pika dna sequences, 97% contained predominantly pika sequences, and 73% contained only pika sequences. we conclude that tibetan foxes in this region are not merely foraging specialists of plateau pikas, but that they are obligate predators on pikas. plateau pikas, while presently still abundant on the qinghai - tibetan plateau, are considered a pest by government policy and are subject to extensive, government - funded poisoning programs. the tibetan fox is currently at no substantial risk as a species, but this could change if pika poisoning increases in scope, intensity, or effectiveness .\n602. 63 wishart, w. d. , f. hrudka, s. m. schmutz, and p. f. flood. 1988. observations on spermatogenesis, sperm phenotype, and fertility in white - tailed × mule deer hybrids and a yak × cow hybrid. can. j. zool. 66: 1664 - 1671 .\nbecause tibetan foxes are crepuscular and reclusive (clark et al. 2008), we anticipated that sample sizes for occupancy analyses would be small if we depended on direct observation to document presence. thus, we quantified tibetan fox site occupancy through sampling of fox feces (hereafter scats). because confident discrimination of scats from foxes and other possible species in the area was not possible based solely on field observation, we collected scats and identified them to species using a species - diagnostic fragment of the 16s rrna gene (see also jiang et al. 2011) .\n101. 86 carr, m. c. , ballinger, s. c. , derr, j. n. , blankenship, l. h. , and bickham, j. w. 1986. mitochondrial dna analysis of hybridization between sympatric white - tailed deer and mule deer in west texas. proc. nat. acad. sci. usa 83: 9576 - 9580 .\nrichard b. harris, zhou jiake, ji yinqiu, zhang kai, yang chunyan, douglas w. yu; evidence that the tibetan fox is an obligate predator of the plateau pika: conservation implications, journal of mammalogy, volume 95, issue 6, 1 december 2014, pages 1207–1221, urltoken\nwe walked a total of 132 km of transect lines searching for carnivore scats (x̄ = 2. 12 km / site). a total of 169 scats were collected, of which 148 yielded dna sufficient to generate confident species identification. scats identified as tibetan fox (n = 135) averaged 2. 18 / site, and varied from 0 to 21 / site. thirteen scats were categorized as ambiguous and deleted from consideration; they included signals of v. vulpes, c. lupus, and meles spp. tibetan fox scats were observed at 37 sites (naïve estimate of site occupancy = 0. 597) .\nalthough existing literature clearly paints a picture of close association between the tibetan fox and plateau pikas, to date no published studies have been designed to specifically test the hypothesis that tibetan fox populations cannot persist in the absence of pikas. wang et al. (2007) showed that tibetan fox sign was more likely to be found in steppe than shrub habitat, and they interpreted this as further evidence of the dependence of the foxes on pikas (which rarely colonize shrubby areas— jiang 1988; smith et al. 1990). however, the study sites investigated by wang et al. (2007) were dictated by areas in which radiomarked tibetan foxes had established home ranges, thus limiting the scope of inference to the 3rd - order scale of selection (sensu johnson 1980). similarly, based on radiotracking of 6 tibetan foxes, liu et al. (2007) documented a weak, albeit significantly positive relationship between fox activity and relative pika abundance at the scale of the home range. however, pikas were present in all portions of the home ranges of all foxes, and unmarked foxes maintained home ranges beyond the boundaries of the radiomarked individuals. thus, although consistent with an association between the predator and prey, the design of this study prevented liu et al. (2007) from drawing strong conclusions regarding the importance of pikas to foxes .\nstudy area, showing locations of sites (small dots) sampled for occupancy of tibetan foxes (vulpes ferrilata) within qinghai province, october–december 2011, in relation to the estimated geographic range of the tibetan fox (thick line [ from schaller et al. 2008 ]). also shown are major cities in the area (stars) .\nmaps of the distribution of tibetan foxes and plateau pikas based on site - specific and geographically referenced data are lacking. thus, we examined the best available range maps, those produced by the international union for conservation of nature (iucn) species survival commission (ssc) red list web site (iucn 2014). we used information on the natural history of tibetan foxes not available to schaller and ginsberg (2004) when they developed the fox map adopted by iucn / ssc to further refine it on the basis of lower elevation limit, and quantified the proportion of the fox map nested within the pika map using arcgis 10. 1 (esri environmental systems research institute [ esri ] 2011) .\nhere, we provide evidence of the obligatory nature of the predator relationship of tibetan foxes on plateau pikas. we supplement existing information on dietary specialization (approach 1, above), and clarify the geographic distribution of the fox (approach 2, above), examining the degree to which it is nested within that of the pika. we present new data on site occupancy of tibetan foxes within a substantial portion of their geographic distribution, with reference to a suite of niche - related variables that we hypothesized could constrain the fox' s ability to form self - sustaining populations (approach 3, above). we used occupancy modeling (mackenzie et al. 2006) to assess the strength of covariates to explain tibetan fox presence. we reasoned that if tibetan foxes were truly obligate associates of plateau pikas, we would routinely find them where pikas were abundant, occasionally find them where pikas were rare, and fail to find them altogether where pikas were absent but alternative were prey present. because the approach of mackenzie et al. (2006) explicitly incorporates the probability of detection at each site, it allowed us to avoid the pitfalls of inference based on the (almost certainly incorrect) assumption of perfect detection. we recognized, however, that our design relied on correlation rather than controlled experiment, and was therefore vulnerable to erroneous inference caused by unmeasured variables. thus, we also quantified or documented a suite of alternative factors that could plausibly provide alternative explanations of tibetan fox presence and absence at each site .\nsites surveyed for tibetan fox (vulpes ferrilata) occupancy, october–november 2011 (n = 62). shown are site names (township); site number within the township (site number); date sampled (sampled); mean site elevation (m, n = 8 / site; elevation); human disturbance (low, moderate, high; disturbance); presence of roads (low, moderate, high; roads); habitat type (habitat); presence of water (low, moderate, high; water); presence of livestock (1 = yes; livestock present); mean vegetation cover (%, n = 16 / site; veg cover); mean vegetation height (cm, n = 16 / site; veg height); mean number of pika (ochotona curzoniae) burrows within circular 78. 5 - m 2 plots (n = 16 / site; pika burrows); mean number of zokor (eospalax fontanierii) mounds within circular plots (n = 16 / site; zokor mounds); number of pikas seen / km transect (pikas seen / km); and number of collected scats positively identified as tibetan fox (see text; fox scat) .\nthe tibetan fox (vulpes ferrilata) is a little - studied relative of the abundant generalist, the red fox (v. vulpes). restricted geographically to treeless habitats of the qinghai - tibetan plateau, generally at elevations exceeding 3, 500 m (clark et al. 2008; wozencraft 2008), tibetan foxes share with their red fox congeners many behavioral characteristics, such as biparental care, digging extensive whelping dens, and using daytime shelters to reduce predation risk (schaller and ginsberg 2004; clark et al. 2008). however, in marked contrast to the cosmopolitan red fox, tibetan foxes have generally, if so far uncritically, been characterized as a foraging specialist (schaller et al. 2008). in particular, tibetan foxes seem to prey predominantly, albeit not exclusively, on plateau pikas (ochotona curzoniae), the common colonial, grassland - dwelling lagomorph of the qinghai - tibetan plateau (zheng 1985; schaller 1998; gong and hu 2003). while adept at capturing plateau pikas (hereafter pikas— wang et al. 2004), tibetan foxes also are known to engage in a modified type of kleptoparasitism, in which they capture pikas excavated but not captured by brown bears (ursus arctos — harris et al. 2008). in many areas of the qinghai - tibetan plateau, pikas are subject to poisoning policies that have generated conservation concern (smith and foggin 1999; smith et al. 2006; delibes - mateos et al. 2011). if tibetan foxes depend entirely on the presence of these pikas, the implications for conservation of the foxes are more direct than if their preference for pikas as prey is merely facultative .\nprobability of site occupancy by tibetan fox (vulpes ferrilata), as indexed by presence of scats. qinghai province, autumn 2011, as a function of an index of pika (ochotona curzoniae) burrow abundance (see text). coefficients used are those from the 3rd - ranking model from table 1. shown are model point estimates (solid line) and upper and lower 95% confidence limits (dashed lines) .\nto further examine the confounding influence of vegetation height, we added it both as a predictor of detection probability to our top model, and as an additional predictor of occupancy (table 2). in both cases, δaic from the top model was < 2; however, in neither case did we observe a substantial change in the positive coefficients relating the pika variables to fox occupancy, and in neither case was the ratio of the point estimate of vegetation height to its se nearly as large as that for either pika variables. this suggested that although vegetation height affected our ability to detect fox scats, such detection heterogeneity did not confound the positive association found with the pika variables. as well, the fact that the pika coefficients remained similar with the addition of vegetation height as a predictor of occupancy suggested that the main information in these models was contained in the pika variables, rather than vegetation variables .\ncoefficients for top patch occupancy models relating presence of tibetan fox (vulpes ferrilata) in 62 sites, qinghai province, china, october–december 2011, to hypothesized explanatory variables. a) top - ranking model. b) top model (as in a) but including vegetation height as predictor of site occupancy. c) top model (as in a) but including vegetation height as predictor of detection probability. values are on the logit scale. φ = occupancy; p = detection .\nforum jump user control panel private messages subscriptions who' s online search forums forums home general discussion introductions fireside chat important information hunting predator hunting coyote hunting fox hunting feline hunting varmint hunting night hunting crow hunting big game hunting turkey hunting waterfowl hunting firearms and loads tips from the pros foxpro media center foxpro furtakers tv show foxpro sounds sound preview forum sounds discussion sound reports sound requests programming help photography hunting pictures general wildlife photography misc. pictures foxpro products foxpro digital game calls foxpro decoys accessories & other classified section the trading post\nthe top aic model of tibetan fox occupancy included both indexes of pika abundance (mean number of pikas seen / km, and number of pika burrows counted on 16 plots / site). one or both of the pika covariates appeared in all 7 of the top - ranking models (table 1). in all cases, covariates representing pika abundance were positive, and in most cases, magnitudes were approximately twice their se s (table 2). the best model lacking either of the pika variables included only vegetation height, and was almost 13 aic units higher than the top - ranking model, and 6. 6 aic units higher than the least - supported model containing a proxy for pika abundance. no other putative explanatory variables were supported. we illustrate the relationship between the probability of tibetan fox occupancy and our index of pika burrows in fig. 2 (using back - transformed coefficients from the 3rd - ranking model [ table 1 ]). the joint influence of pika burrows and pikas observed is seen in fig. 3 (using back - transformed coefficients from the top - ranking model [ table 1 ]) .\nin addition to the tibetan fox, mammalian carnivores within these steppe and meadow habitats in qinghai included wolf (canis lupus), red fox (v. vulpes), eurasian lynx (lynx lynx), mountain cat (felis bieti), pallas' s cat (otocolobus manul), eurasian badger (meles leucurus), steppe polecat (mustela eversmanii), altai weasel (mustela altaica), and brown bear (u. arctos). the asian wild dog (cuon alpinus) is listed as present in these areas by many chinese species lists, but if not extirpated, is extremely rare (harris 2008). the tibetan fauna includes a number of wild ungulate species, but only the tibetan gazelle (procapra picticaudata) was likely to be common at the study sites investigated here. smaller mammals present and previously reported as consumed by tibetan foxes include himalayan marmots (marmota himalayana), the fossorial rodent plateau zokor (eospalax fontanierii — zhang et al. 2003b), jerboas (allactaga sibirica), mountain voles (neodon spp .), voles (microtus spp. and lasiopodomys spp .), and dwarf hamsters (cricetulus spp .) .\nwith the exception of zokors, field exigencies prevented us from documenting the presence or quantifying the abundance of alternative prey species for tibetan foxes (i. e. , other rodents, birds, or invertebrates). thus, one could argue that our design left open the possibility that other prey species whose presence was highly correlated with that of plateau pikas were the real, if unacknowledged, driver of tibetan fox occupancy. if so, however, we would have expected to see the importance of the alternative prey species reflected in tibetan fox diets. we observed no such signal. in fact, dietary analyses showing overwhelming predominance of plateau pikas, both by frequency and relative abundance, corroborated and strengthened the proposition that tibetan foxes depended on pikas as a prey species. we note that although our sampling was restricted to autumn and early winter, these dietary results corroborate those of schaller (1998), obtained in june, and liu et al. (2010), obtained during march through may as well as september and october of 2 separate years. our examination of coarsely mapped geographic distribution of the 2 species further suggested few if any pika - free areas inhabited by tibetan foxes .\nat present, tibetan fox populations appear to remain healthy within appropriate habitats on the qinghai - tibetan plateau, but this may owe less to the objectives of chinese policy toward plateau pikas than to the ineffectiveness of this policy' s implementation. although botulinin - c, the poison chinese authorities have most often used in recent years to kill pikas, is highly toxic (shen 1987), reduction programs have generally employed unskilled workers. required to cover large areas on foot, workers probably fail in their goal to find all pika coteries, and thus many pikas targeted for killing no doubt survive simply by the grace of their remote location. because pikas are biologically capable of rapid recovery, densities can rebound to preremoval levels within a few years (pech et al. 2007; qu et al. 2013). that said, local agriculture and grazing bureaus within western china continue to pursue a policy of pika reduction or elimination (ma 2006; smith et al. 2006; harris 2008), even where conservation of biodiversity is a stated land - management objective. our finding that the tibetan fox requires pikas for its continued existence provides evidence of an additional unintended consequence of this policy .\nwe approached modeling site occupancy as a 2 - step process. first, we assumed simple models of occupancy (φ) to develop a single best estimate of survey factors influencing detection (p) through examination of a suite of models. we then used our best model of detection factors to assess the strength of evidence for models of factors affecting occupancy. we examined a suite of plausible models containing covariates that could influence occupancy (with a logit - link function), assessing their strength by examining both akaike' s information criterion (aic), as well as slope coefficients and their associated se s. although we documented all tibetan fox scats collected and identified (i. e. , counts on each transect as opposed to simply detection, see appendix i), we elected not to use the n - mixture abundance model (royle 2004) to quantify determinants of occupancy because scats encountered within a given subsurvey were unlikely to be independent events, and because we had no way to quantify the relationship between number of fox scats and number of foxes. thus, we used the single - species, single - season model of mackenzie et al. (2006) in program presence (hines 2006) for all analyses .\n“the sandy - yellow coat of the desert fox provides excellent camouflage in the desert habitat. it is an agile hunter with long legs that allow it quick, short bursts of speed. an omnivore, it survives on insects, spiders, lizards and partridges as well as berries and plant matter. it may also opportunistically scavenge for food. during the breeding season, it mainly preys on gerbils or other desert rodents. this is a cleverly devised strategy to avoid making extra rounds for acquiring substantial amount of nutrition for the young pups. these rodents are either dug out of their burrows or caught by stalking them like a cat. ”\nwe do not claim that no factors aside from pika presence are important to tibetan foxes. as a mesocarnivore that can function as prey as well as predator, the presence and characteristics of larger predators no doubt constrains their realized niche (e. g. , payne et al. 2008). observations of radiomarked tibetan foxes (liu et al. 2007) suggested that their use of space reflected efforts to avoid detection by wolves and avian predators (e. g. , raptors). thus, our conclusion is that pika presence constitutes a necessary but not sufficient condition for tibetan foxes; we caution against interpreting it as a comprehensive analysis of the fox' s ecological niche .\nafter all next - generation sequencing had been conducted, we discovered that the tibetan fox was not in genbank. we therefore obtained tissue of a tibetan fox from the qinghai - tibet plateau natural history museum, xining, qinghai, sanger sequenced 413 bp of the 16s gene using the l2513 (5′ - gcctgtttaccaaaaacatcac - 3′) and 16s _ leech _ r1 (5′ - tctgcgaggctgttatccctagggtaact - 3′) primers, and uploaded to genbank (accession number kc538826). we then blasted (blastn) the 268 otus using default options in geneious version 6. 0. 5 (drummond et al. 2011). after removing invertebrates and non - 16s otus, we documented 241 vertebrate 16s otus. we filtered out blast hits that had less than 97. 7% pairwise identity and 1 identification of 38. 4% query coverage. finally, as a check of the top blast hit per otu, we also assigned taxonomies using sap 1. 0. 12 (munch et al. 2008), which constructs 10, 000 phylogenetic trees with the query sequence and its genbank homologues, and assigns a posterior probability of assignment for each query sequence to each taxonomic rank (e. g. , genus or family). we only accepted sap assignments of > 80% posterior probability (most were much higher), which resulted in most otus being assigned to family or genus. we visually confirmed taxonomic consistency between the blast and sap assignments .\nthat species differ in their degree of specialization, particularly with regard to diet, is a fundamental and accepted tenet of ecology (hanski et al. 1991). the continuum between generalized and specialized foragers is useful to both researchers and conservation practitioners, with specialists generally being acknowledged as more sensitive to habitat alterations or reductions than generalists (owens and bennett 2000; ryall and fahrig 2006), and thus more likely to be of conservation concern. the end point of specialization is represented by species that are so reliant on another single species that the former cannot persist without the latter. in predator–prey relations, extreme specialist predators are called obligate predators or, alternatively, obligate associates. in short, the presence of a single prey species (or group of similar species) makes possible the existence of the consumer. a canonical example of an obligate predator is the black - footed ferret (mustela nigripes), a highly endangered mustelid of the north american great plains, which is so specialized a predator of fossorial rodents in the genus cynomys that it cannot live without them (hillman and clark 1980; biggins et al. 2006) .\npreliminary modeling indicated that our best prediction of tibetan fox scat detection probability overall resulted from models containing 2 variables: whether or not snow was present on the ground, and the time of day the survey began. under a null model predicting occupancy, detection probability was positively associated with having snow on the ground (β = 1. 047, se = 0. 436), and negatively associated with survey time of day (β = −0. 364, se = 0. 173). similar patterns were observed under all other models of occupancy. no other factors we considered that might influence detection of scats (e. g. , presence of wind, rain, clouds, livestock, and moisture on scats) were supported (aic from 2 to 12 units higher) .\nto characterize each site by hypothesized determinants of tibetan fox occupancy, we recorded site elevation at the beginning and terminus of each of the 4 transects (n = 8 / site). at the beginning, end, and 200 - pace (~ 150 m) intervals along each transect, we established a temporary plot of 5 - m radius using a flexible tape (i. e. , n = 4 / transect; n = 16 / site). within this circle we developed indexes of pika and zokor density by counting all evident burrows created by pikas, as well as all earth mounds created by zokors. within each plot we estimated proportion covered by vegetation (i. e. , neither bare ground nor rock) visually in 10% increments, and measured the predominant vegetation height with a handheld ruler .\nnotwithstanding the difficulties of its documentation in the field, knowledge that a species is highly or entirely dependent on another is crucial for effective conservation planning. in north america, the conservation of black - footed ferrets has become inextricably linked with the social and political issues surrounding its rodent prey, which although not nearly as rare, have also declined precipitously from historic abundances due largely to the rodents' perceived roles as agricultural pests (miller et al. 1996, 2007; biggins et al. 2006). similarly, conservation needs of the canada lynx (lynx canadensis) in north america, particularly toward the southern extent of its geographic range, have implicated forest practices bearing on habitat suitability for its primary prey, snowshoe hares (lepus americanus — koehler 1990; squires and ruggiero 2007; simons - legaard et al. 2013). in florida, snail kites (rostrhamus sociabilis plumbeus), which specialize on a single species of snail (sykes 1987), may be negatively affected by the invasion of a nonnative snail that the kite now also consumes, but at a greater energetic cost (cattau et al. 2010). finally, terraube et al. (2011) provided evidence that reproductive success among pallid harriers (circus macrourus) breeding in central asia was linked to the abundance of their preferred microtine rodent prey .\ndietary analyses using macroscopic inspection of prey remains from feces have consistently shown that tibetan fox diets are dominated by pikas (zheng 1985; schaller 1998: 186; liu et al. 2010); these studies have only been conducted where the 2 species are common. however, where extermination programs targeting pikas have not been initiated (or have been ineffective), and particularly where rangelands have been disturbed to the point where vegetation height is reduced and bare ground is common (often via overgrazing by livestock), pikas can attain very high densities. thus, if dietary studies of tibetan foxes are situated where pikas are common, simply finding that they consume primarily pikas may not necessarily indicate ecological dependency; it may merely reflect optimal foraging. it remains unclear whether tibetan foxes might have the capability to switch to alternative prey in the absence of pikas, or whether they can successfully maintain populations in areas devoid of pikas .\nsite - occupancy models relating hypothesized explanatory variables to the probability of tibetan fox (vulpes ferrilata) presence. all models used the same 2 covariates to model p, the probability of detection given occupancy (snow on ground and time of survey beginning). pika (ochotona curzoniae) burrows = mean number of fresh pika burrows observed in 16 plots at each site; pikas seen = number of pikas seen / km 2 walked at each site; vegetation height = site mean of 16 measurements taken at each site; vegetation cover = site mean of 16 measurements taken; elevation = site mean of 8 measurements taken; human disturbance (reference level = low); zokors (eospalax fontanierii) = number of zokor mounds counted in 16 plots at each site; habitat type (reference level = steppe); livestock = livestock present during survey (1 = yes); (.) = null model (no explanatory covariates included). aic = akaike' s information criterion. k = number of parameters .\nour finding that tibetan foxes appear to be obligate predators of plateau pikas in our study area has important ramifications for conservation policy. the practice of poisoning pikas ostensibly to “restore” grassland health, even within designated nature reserves, continues to be a common practice on the qinghai - tibetan plateau, despite increasing concerns among both chinese and western scientists about its wisdom (hou and shi 2002; zhang et al. 2003a; smith et al. 2006; ferreira and delibes - mateos 2012). beyond the tibetan fox of concern to us here, a number of species have been documented as predators of, or strong commensal associates with, pikas (smith and foggin 1999; lai and smith 2003; arthur et al. 2008). the rationale most often cited for removing pikas, that their burrowing and foraging degrades grassland condition, has been seriously questioned (pech et al. 2007; delibes - mateos et al. 2011). evidence now suggests that, in most cases, high pika density is a consequence rather than a cause of sparse cover and reduced height of plateau vegetation (shi 1983; holzner and kriechbaum 2001) .\nthe number of reads assigned to a given otu varied from 1 to 1, 359. although read number per otu is far from a precise measure of biomass, read number is roughly positively correlated with biomass. we used a microsoft excel pivot table to pool the reads for otus that were within the same fecal sample and received the same taxonomic assignment (supporting information s1, doi: 10. 1644 / 14 - mamm - a - 021. s1). the 60, 842 total reads in our data set ended up partitioned over 388 pooled otus, assigned to 17 species and the 148 fecal samples (supporting information s1, table), including 1 sample that contained an otu of domestic pig (122 reads) and 1 of human (49 reads), which we interpret as a human - derived sample. the other 17 human - assigned clusters contained between 1 and 6 reads, suggesting only light contamination by collectors or local residents. by far, most of the reads were assigned to tibetan fox (44, 546 total reads, present in 145 of the 148 samples) and pika (13, 847 reads, present in 146 samples) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference (book, 2005) [ worldcat. org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript. some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items. please create a new list with a new name; move some items to a new or existing list; or delete some items .\nnote: citations are based on reference standards. however, formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study. the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher, classroom teacher, institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address (es) field is required. please enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\nthe e - mail address (es) you entered is (are) not in a valid format. please re - enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title: mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference author: don e wilson; deeann m reeder publisher: baltimore: johns hopkins university press, ©2005. isbn / issn: 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc: 57557352\nwilson and reeder' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today. the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and, for the first time, common names. each concise entry covers type locality, distribution, synonyms, and major reference sources. the systematic arrangement of\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level. this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher' s website .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world' s living and historically extinct mammalian species. contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nmammalogists for helping to forge the nomenclatural mesh that holds our science together. * journal of mammalogy * to refer to this work as a checklist undervalues it and does not give sufficient credit to the authors and editors for their meticulous efforts in its production. a valuable reference work and a vital tool, particularly for researchers. * journal of natural history * by far the most convenient source for finding the correct scientific name of any mammal and should be on the reference shelf of libraries striving to have useful science sections. * science books and films * the editors and authors are to be congratulated for undertaking such an outstanding and authoritative work, and it should serve as a standard reference for mammalian species taxonomy for many years to come. * journal of mammalian evolution * the third edition adds to its reputation as an outstanding and authorative work. * national museum of natural history weekly update & forecast * impressive and elegant work. - - g. r. seamons * reference reviews * a must - have text for any professional mammalogist, and a useful and authoritative reference for scientists and students in other disciplines. * southeastern naturalist * a magnificent work important to anyone seriously interested in mammals. this work is essential for academic or special libraries supporting zoology or conservation and for large public libraries. * american reference books annual * as were many of our colleagues, we were waiting for this revised edition since 2003... we can say that the wait was worth it. - - sergio solari and robert j. baker * journal of mammalogy *\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item. please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nwilson and reeder' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today. the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and, for the first time, common names. each concise entry covers type locality, distribution, synonyms, and major reference sources. the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level. this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher' s website .\nworldcat is the world' s largest library catalog, helping you find library materials online. learn more ››\ndon' t have an account? you can easily create a free account .\nusername and password do not match or you do not have an account yet .\n“typically, sand dunes and sandy river beds are used by foxes to fashion their dens and feeding and denning behaviour is influenced by changing seasons. in the non - breeding season foxes use a simple den with a single entrance. while breeding, more complex dens with multiple openings are used to offer escape routes in the event of any threat. such complex dens are sophisticated structures that include an elaborately maintained nursing chamber. “\n“otherwise solitary, desert foxes form pair bonds in the breeding season which normally lasts between november and february. after a gestation of 50 - 53 days, an average of six to seven pups maybe born. both parents care for the pups till late summer, when they are able to fend for themselves. pups are born defenceless with their eyes closed and will not emerge from their dens for around 10 to 15 days. after this, they may venture out, but only under the watchful eye of their parents. ”\nfirst appeared in: sanctuary asia, vol. xxxiv no. 4, august 2014 .\na tiger that had been roaming a 30 sq. km. swathe of forests stretching across jhargram, west midnapore and…\nsanctuary asia: toward abundant biodiversity, a sustainable climate, and a green future .\nin this issue: african lions, dragonfly migration, the olive ridley' arribada' .\nwe' ve sent an email to please follow the instructions to reset your password .\nenter your log in email address and we' ll send you a link to reset your password .\nif is associated with an alamy account you' ll receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password .\nall content (including photographs) on this website is copyright of shreeram m v. if you would like to license any content, please write to me at shreeram @ darter. in .\njust realized that my contest entry picture didn' t show this foxes feet so i had to post this. haven' t seen to many like it in ohio .\npowered by vbulletin® version 3. 8. 4 copyright ©2000 - 2018, jelsoft enterprises ltd .\nwe' ve detected that javascript is disabled in your browser. would you like to proceed to legacy twitter ?\npro | head - medical, wellness & film facilitation cell) with @ gujarattourism | | views / tweets personal. no endorsements .\nyou can add location information to your tweets, such as your city or precise location, from the web and via third - party applications. you always have the option to delete your tweet location history. learn more" ]

{ "text": [ "the white-footed fox ( vulpes vulpes pusilla ) , also known as the desert fox , is a small , asiatic subspecies of red fox which occurs throughout most of northwestern indian subcontinent , pakistan 's desert districts from rawalpindi to rajputana and kutch in india , baluchistan , southern iran , and iraq .", "it is mostly found on sand-hills or in the broad sandy beds of semi-dry rivers , and only very rarely in fields , and then in the vicinity of sandy tracts .", "like the turkmenian fox , the white-footed fox has a primitive , infantile skull compared to those of its northern cousins .", "it is smaller than the afghan red and hill foxes , and never exhibits a red phase in its winter coat , nor the silvery , hoary phase of the afghan red fox .", "it closely resembles the unrelated bengal fox in size , but is distinguished by its longer tail and hind feet .", "as adults , their pelts are easily distinguished from other subspecies by the presence of a very distinct pale patch on each sides of the back behind the shoulders , which is overlapped by a dark , transverse stripe over the shoulders in front of the light patches .", "the colour on the back varies from brownish yellow to rusty red with slight admixture of white , while the flanks are whitish or greyish .", "the outer surface of the limbs are iron-grey or rufous , while the inner side of the forelegs and the whole front of the hind legs are white .", "the face is rufous , with dark markings around the eyes .", "the underparts are slaty in hue .", "the chin and the centre of the chest is white .", "the ear-tips are black or dark brown and paler at the base , lined with whitish hairs .", "the tail is almost the same colour as the back , but is less rufous on the sides and beneath .", "most of the tail 's hairs are black , and may form a dark ring at the end of the tail .", "the tip is white .", "it is similar in habits to the hill fox , but its diet is more carnivorous than that of other subspecies , and its prey is more restricted to gerbils and sand rats , due to the more barren habitat it occupies . " ], "topic": [ 10, 24, 10, 19, 23, 23, 1, 23, 23, 1, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 12 ] }

[ "the white-footed fox (vulpes vulpes pusilla), also known as the desert fox, is a small, asiatic subspecies of red fox which occurs throughout most of northwestern indian subcontinent, pakistan's desert districts from rawalpindi to rajputana and kutch in india, baluchistan, southern iran, and iraq. it is mostly found on sand-hills or in the broad sandy beds of semi-dry rivers, and only very rarely in fields, and then in the vicinity of sandy tracts. like the turkmenian fox, the white-footed fox has a primitive, infantile skull compared to those of its northern cousins. it is smaller than the afghan red and hill foxes, and never exhibits a red phase in its winter coat, nor the silvery, hoary phase of the afghan red fox. it closely resembles the unrelated bengal fox in size, but is distinguished by its longer tail and hind feet. as adults, their pelts are easily distinguished from other subspecies by the presence of a very distinct pale patch on each sides of the back behind the shoulders, which is overlapped by a dark, transverse stripe over the shoulders in front of the light patches. the colour on the back varies from brownish yellow to rusty red with slight admixture of white, while the flanks are whitish or greyish. the outer surface of the limbs are iron-grey or rufous, while the inner side of the forelegs and the whole front of the hind legs are white. the face is rufous, with dark markings around the eyes. the underparts are slaty in hue. the chin and the centre of the chest is white. the ear-tips are black or dark brown and paler at the base, lined with whitish hairs. the tail is almost the same colour as the back, but is less rufous on the sides and beneath. most of the tail's hairs are black, and may form a dark ring at the end of the tail. the tip is white. it is similar in habits to the hill fox, but its diet is more carnivorous than that of other subspecies, and its prey is more restricted to gerbils and sand rats, due to the more barren habitat it occupies." ]

[ "ethmia pagiopa meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (6): 189; tl: kashmir\nethmia tyranthes meyrick, 1934; exotic microlep. 4 (15): 459\nethmia clytodoxa turner, 1917; proc. r. soc. qd 29: 89\nethmia falkovitshi; nupponen, 2015, shilap revta lepid. 43 (169): 127\nethmia vidua flavilaterella; shovkoon, 2010, nota lepid. 33 (1): 140\nethmia atriflorella viette, 1958; bull. soc. zool. fr. 83: 57\nethmia oberthurella viette, 1958; bull. soc. zool. fr. 83: 58\nethmia saalmullerella viette, 1958; bull. soc. zool. fr. 83: 54\nethmia shensicola amsel, 1969; beitr. naturk. forsch. südwdtl. 28: 75\nethmia palawana schultze, 1925; philippine j. sci. 28: 574; tl: palawan\nethmia befasiella viette, 1958; rev. franc. ent. 25 (2): 122\nethmia decui capuse, 1981; res. exp. biosp. cubano roum cuba 3: 132\nethmia melanocrates meyrick, 1923; bull. mus. hist. nat. paris 29: 565\nethmia paneliusella viette, 1958; commentat. biol. 17: 5; tl: cap verde islands\nethmia lecmima sattler, 1967; [ mp2 ], 60; tl: e. afghanistan, sarobi\ni have just assumed that the ethmia funerella funerella in [ mp2 ] is simply replaced by ethmia quadrillella quadrillella, and that all other ssp' s are not affectedother than by name. - - msa\nethmia candidella delicatella de lattin, 1963; beitr. naturk. forsch. südwdtl. 22: 53\nethmia octanoma meyrick, 1914; suppl. ent. 3: 55; tl: formosa, kosempo\nethmia clarissa busck, 1914; insec. ins. menstr. 2: 56; tl: cuba\nethmia submissa busck, 1914; insec. ins. menstr. 2: 57; tl: cuba\nethmia sporadica turner, 1942; proc. r. soc. qd 53 (4): 94\nethmia pseustis turner, 1942; proc. r. soc. qd 53 (4): 94\nethmia austronamibiensis mey, 2011; esperiana mem. 6: 190, pl. 31, f. 2\nethmia bradleyi viette, 1952; mém. inst. sci. madag. (e) 1: 162\nethmia iphicrates meyrick, 1922; exotic microlep. 2 (15): 473; tl: kenia colony\nethmia kabulica amsel, 1969; beitr. naturk. forsch. südwdtl. 28 (2): 119\nethmia namella mey, 2011; esperiana mem. 6: 189, pl. 31, f. 1\nethmia vulcanica kun, 2004; esperiana mem. 1: 104, pl. 7, f. 8\nnew moths of the genus ethmia hb. (lepidoptera, ethmiidae) from the ussr [ in russian ]\nthe first generation of caterpillars ethmia bipunctella active from march to april, and the second - in july .\nethmia zygospila meyrick, 1934; exotic microlep. 4 (15): 459; tl: formosa, alikang\nethmia mansita busck, 1914; insec. ins. menstr. 2: 55; tl: tehuacan, mexico\nethmia sibirica zagulajev, 1975; nasekomye mongol. 3: 347; tl: buryatiya, tunkinskie belki, 2000m\n= ethmia abraxasella abraxasella; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 217 (list )\nethmia hiramella busck, 1914; insec. ins. menstr. 2: 56; tl: santiago, cuba\nethmia gigantea busck, 1914; insec. ins. menstr. 2: 54; tl: zacualpan, mexico\nethmia similatella busck, 1920; insec. inscit. mentr. 8: 84; tl: cayuga, guatemala\nethmia linda busck, 1914; insec. ins. menstr. 2: 55; tl: caracas, venezuela\nethmia andranella viette, 1976; bull. mens. soc. linn. lyon 45 (7): 244\nethmia baronella viette, 1976; bull. mens. soc. linn. lyon 45 (7): 240\nethmia elimatella; [ nhm card ]; shovkoon, 2010, nota lepid. 33 (1): 144\nethmia linosella viette, 1976; bull. mens. soc. linn. lyon 45 (7): 239\nethmia novoryella viette, 1976; bull. mens. soc. linn. lyon 45 (7): 242\nethmia soljanikovi danilevski & zagulajev, 1975; nasekomye mongol. 3: 343; tl: mongolia, dzabhansky aimak\nethmia sotsaella viette, 1976; bull. mens. soc. linn. lyon 45 (7): 243\nethmia thoraea meyrick, 1910; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1910: 461; tl: queensland\nethmia crocosoma meyrick, 1914; exot. microlep. 1 (6): 173; tl: sikkim, darjeeling\nethmia phoenicura meyrick, 1932; exotic microlep. 4 (11): 346; tl: mexico, lower california\nethmia longimaculella longimaculella; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 177, 218 (list )\nethmia elimatella danilevski, 1975; ent. obozr. 54 (3): 615; tl: azerbaijan, ordubad\nethmia epiloxa meyrick, 1915; bull. mus. hist. nat. paris 20: 121; tl: simba\nethmia oculimarginata diakonoff, 1948; mém. ins. sci. madagascar (a) 1 (1): 30\nethmia penyagolosella domingo & baixeras, 2003; nachr. ent. ver. apollo nf 24 (4): 184\nethmia pylonotella viette, 1956; bull. soc. zool. fr. 81 (2 - 3): 98\nethmia pylorella viette, 1956; bull. soc. zool. fr. 81 (2 - 3): 96\nethmia semitenebrella dyar, 1902; j. n. y. ent. soc. 10: 204; tl: arizona\nethmia subsidiaris meyrick, 1935; mat. microlep. fauna chin. prov. : 90; tl: china, nanking\nethmia afghana sattler, 1967; [ mp2 ], 104; tl: afghanistan, 10km nw v. kabul, 1900m\nethmia galactarcha; [ nhm card ]; kun, 2004, acta zool. hung. 50 (4): 347\nethmia cellicoma meyrick, 1931; exotic microlep. 4 (2 - 4): 89; tl: paraguay, chaco\nethmia transversella busck, 1914; insec. ins. menstr. 2: 53; tl: juan vinas, costa rica\nethmia argomicta meyrick, 1920; in alluaud & jeannel, voyage afr. orientale, ins. lép. 2: 90\nethmia cirrhosoma meyrick, 1920; in alluaud & jeannel, voyage afr. orientale, ins. lép. 2: 88\nethmia glabra meyrick, 1920; in alluaud & jeannel, voyage afr. orientale, ins. lép. 2: 89\nethmia hemicosma meyrick, 1920; in alluaud & jeannel, voyage afr. orientale, ins. lép. 2: 89\nethmia spyrathodes meyrick, 1922; exotic microlep. 2 (18): 552; tl: spanish guinea, san thome\nethmia taxiacta meyrick, 1920; in alluaud & jeannel, voyage afr. orientale, ins. lép. 2: 90\nethmia bipunctella iranella zerny, 1940; zs. wiener entver. 25 (schluß): 43; tl: iran, elburs\nethmia wursteri amsel, 1956; beitr. naturk. forsch. südwdtl. 15: 61; tl: jordan valley, zerqa\nethmia dehiscens meyrick, 1924; exot. microlep. 3 (4): 120; tl :\nkwanshien, china\nethmia dentata diakonoff & sattler, 1966; ent. ber. , amst. 26: 189; tl: formosa, takow\nethmia subsimilis walsingham, 1897; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1897: 89; tl: west indies, jamaica\nethmia mnesicosma meyrick, 1924; exot. microlep. 3 (4): 119; tl: costa rica, san josé\nethmia striatella busck, 1913; ins. inscit. menstr. 1 (11): 141; tl: tehuacan, mexico\nethmia subnigritaenia powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 173, 217 (list); tl: mexico\nethmia catapeltica meyrick, 1924; exot. microlep. 3 (4): 119; tl: costa rica, san josé\nethmia glandifera meyrick, 1918; ann. transv. mus. 6 (2): 37; tl: transvaal, pretoria\nethmia judicialis meyrick, 1921; ann. transv. mus. 8 (2): 119; tl: rhodesia, umvuma\nethmia candidella farinatella de lattin, 1963; beitr. naturk. forsch. südwdtl. 22: 54; tl: turkestan, usgent\nethmia autoschista meyrick, 1932; exotic microlep. 4 (11): 347; tl: china, szechwan, mt. omei\nethmia octanoma; [ nhm card ]; kun, 2002, ann. hist. mus. nat. hung. 94: 176\nethmia stojanovitsi kun, 2002; ann. hist. mus. nat. hung. 94: 170; tl: indonesia, seram\nethmia reposita; [ nhm card ]; kun, 2002, ann. hist. mus. nat. hung. 94: 177\nethmia nobilis; [ nhm card ]; kun, 2002, ann. hist. mus. nat. hung. 94: 178\nethmia argopa meyrick, 1910; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1910: 461; tl: malay states, padang rengas\nethmia dactylia meyrick, 1911; ann. transv. mus. 3 (1): 76; tl: roiiplaat, pretoria district\nethmia leucocirrha meyrick, 1926; ann. s. afr. mus. 23: 339; tl: sw. africa, otjituo\nethmia mariannae karsholt & kun, 2003; nota lepid. 25 (4): 208; tl: rhodos, kolombia, 40m\nethmia pullata meyrick, 1910; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1910: 461; tl: guadalcanar, solomon is .\ndie afghanischen ethmia - arten (lepidoptera: ethmiidae) ergebnisse der 1. und 2. deutschen afghanistan expeditions der landessammlungen für naturkunde karlsruhe\nethmia angarensis caradja, 1939; dt. ent. z. iris 53: 13; tl: china, shanis, mien - shan\nethmia candidella; [ nhm card ]; nupponen, 2015, shilap revta lepid. 43 (169): 127; [ fe ]\nethmia monachella busck, 1910; proc. ent. soc. wash. 12 (1): 53; tl: boulder, colorado\nethmia albitogata walsingham, 1907; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 33 (1567): 199; tl: california\nethmia aurifluella; [ nhm card ]; nupponen, 2015, shilap revta lepid. 43 (169): 127; [ fe ]\nethmia discrepitella; [ nhm card ]; nupponen, 2015, shilap revta lepid. 43 (169): 128; [ fe ]\nethmia asbolarcha meyrick, 1938; dt. ent. z. iris 52: 18; tl: china, n. yunnan, likiang\nethmia lineatonotella; [ nhm card ]; kun, 2004, acta zool. hung. 50 (4): 339 (note )\nethmia mulleri busck, 1910; proc. ent. soc. wash. 11 (4): 212; tl: tehuacan, mexico\nethmia flavicaudata; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 179, 218 (list); [ nhm card ]\nethmia coscineutis meyrick, 1911; ann. transv. mus. 3 (1): 76; tl: waterberg; durban, natal\nethmia penesella kun & szabóky, 2000; acta zool acad. sci. hung. 46 (1): (53 - 78 )\nethmia pseudozygospila kun & szabóky, 2000; acta zool acad. sci. hung. 46 (1): (53 - 78 )\nethmia susa kun & szabóky, 2000; acta zool acad. sci. hung. 46 (1): (53 - 78 )\nethmia candidella wiltshirei de lattin, 1963; beitr. naturk. forsch. südwdtl. 22: 53; tl: iran, fars, shiraz\nethmia brevistriga clarke, 1950; j. wash. acad. sci. 40 (5): 163; tl: bodega bay, california\nethmia dentata; diakonoff, [ 1968 ], bull. u. s. nat. mus. 257: 256; [ nhm card ]\nethmia reposita diakonoff, [ 1968 ]; bull. u. s. nat. mus. 257: 257; tl: mindanao, zamboanga\nethmia chalcodora meyrick, 1912; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1911 (4): 718; tl: argentina, la plata\nethmia acontias meyrick, 1906; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 17 (2): 409; tl: puttalam, ceylon\nethmia hamaxastra meyrick, 1930; exot. microlep. 3 (18 - 20): 563; tl: portuguese e. africa, shilouvane\nethmia pullata; diakonoff, [ 1968 ], bull. u. s. nat. mus. 257: 255; [ nhm card ]\nethmia albistrigella albistrigella; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 82, 216 (list), pl. 6c - d\nethmia albolinella shovkoon, 2010; nota lepid. 33 (1): 146; tl: bana - dzhun, kam, valley of goluboy river\nethmia galactarcha meyrick, 1928; exot. microlep. 3 (14 - 15): 418; tl: java, tjibodas, mt. gede\nethmia proximella busck, 1912; proc. ent. soc. wash. 14 (2): 84; tl: tehuacan, puebla, mexico\nethmia pericentrota meyrick, 1926; ann. s. afr. mus. 23: 339; tl: sw. africa, ongka, mafa ovamboland\nethmia phricotypa bradley, 1965; br. mus. ruwensori exp. 1952 2 (12): 108; tl: uganda, bugoyc, 4500ft\nethmia coquillettella busck, 1907; proc. ent. soc. wash. 8 (3 - 4): 94; tl: los angeles, california\nethmia nykta shovkoon, 2010; nota lepid. 33 (1): 140; tl: bana - dzhun, kam, valley of goluboy r .\nethmia ubsensis zagulajev, 1975; nasekomye mongol. 3: 347; tl: mongolia, ubsu - nurskii aimak, 30km ne barun - turuna, peski\nethmia anatiformis kun, 2001; ann. hist. nat. mus. nat. hung. 93: 208; tl: nepal, 1750 - 1950m\nethmia trifida kun, 2004; acta zool. hung. 50 (4): 340; tl: malaysia, pahang, cameron highlands, tanah rata\nethmia nigroapicella; zimmerman, 1978, ins. hawaii 9 (2): 925; [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]; [ afromoths ]\nethmia lapidella; [ nhm card ]; kun, 2002, ann. hist. mus. nat. hung. 94: 173; [ afromoths ]\nethmia heptasema; [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]; kun, 2002, ann. hist. mus. nat. hung. 94: 176\nethmia ditreta meyrick, 1920; in alluaud & jeannel, voyage afr. orientale, ins. lép. 2: 88; tl: tanganyika, taveta\nethmia elutella busck, 1914; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 47 (2043): 35; tl: porto bello, panama\nethmia zebrata powell, 1959; wasmann j. biol. 17 (1): 149; tl: mexico, 34 mi s of atlixco, puebla\nethmia conglobata meyrick, 1912; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1911 (4): 717; tl: colombia, san antonio, 5800ft\nethmia joviella walsingham, 1897; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1897: 90; tl: west indies, grenada (mount gay estate )\nethmia hammella busck, 1910; proc. ent. soc. wash. 12 (1): 53; tl: tuis, costa rica, 2400ft\nethmia ballistis meyrick, 1908; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1908: 732; tl: german east africa, dar - es - salaam\ninteresting records of ethmiinae from the former ussr, with description of ethmia ustyurtensis nupponen, sp. n. from kazakhstan (lepidoptera: gelechioidea, elachistidae )\nethmia nadia clarke, 1950; j. wash. acad. sci. 40 (5): 161; tl: mccloud, siskiyou co. , california\nethmia umbrimarginella busck, 1907; proc. ent. soc. wash. 8 (3 - 4): 94; tl: las cruces, new mexico\nethmia monticola monticola; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 104, 217 (list), pl. 1f, 8i - j\nethmia caliginosella busck, 1904; j. n. y. ent. soc. 12 (1): 44; tl: silverton, colorado, 12000ft\nethmia macelhosiella busck, 1907; proc. ent. soc. wash. 8 (3 - 4): 93; tl: st. louis, missouri\nethmia josephinella dyar, 1902; j. n. y. ent. soc. 10: 205; tl: dripping spring, organ mts, new mexico\nethmia ungulatella busck, 1914; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 47 (2043): 34; tl: cambima; alhajuela, panama\nethmia cypraspis; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 140, 217 (list), pl. 12h; [ nhm card ]\nethmia chalcogramma powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 142, 217 (list), pl. 12j; tl: bolivia, boyuibe\nethmia coranella dyar, 1902; j. n. y. ent. soc. 10: 207; tl: kerrville, ; shovel mt. , texas\nethmia semiombra dyar, 1902; j. n. y. ent. soc. 10: 206; tl: san diego, texas; brownsville, texas\nethmia sattleri kun, 2007; ann. hist. mus. nat. hung 99: 106; tl: 100m, westl. shiraz, s. iran\nethmia submersa diakonoff, 1966; tijds. ent. 109 (3): 80; tl: w. celebes, paloe, mt. tompoe, 2700ft\nethmia pusiella deletella de lattin, 1963; beitr. naturk. forsch. südwdtl. 22: 50; tl: asia centr. , ili - gebiet, djarkent\nethmia crocosoma resignata diakonoff, [ 1968 ]; bull. u. s. nat. mus. 257: 256; tl: oriental negros, dumaguete, 390m\nethmia yeni kun, 2001; ann. hist. nat. mus. nat. hung. 93: 215; tl: china, hainan, wuchistan, 230m\nethmia didyma kun, 2002; ann. hist. mus. nat. hung. 94: 171; tl: nepal, 150 - 300m, terai, chitwan\nethmia nobilis diakonoff, [ 1968 ]; bull. u. s. nat. mus. 257: 258; tl: luzon, benguet, klondyke, 800ft\nethmia piperella powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 102, 216 (list), pl. 7i; tl: jamaica, runaway bay\nethmia chemsaki powell, 1959; wasmann j. biol. 17 (1): 148, f. 4; tl: 34 mi s of atlixco, puebla\nethmia confusellastra powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 167, 217 (list), pl. 14h; tl: mexico, chichen itza\nethmia hieroglyphica powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 175, 218 (list), pl. 16h; tl: bolivia, incachaca cochabamba\nethmia prattiella busck, 1915; proc. ent. soc. wash. 17 (2): 85; tl: texas, zavalla co. , nueces river\nethmia zaguljaevi kostjuk, 1980; ent. obozr. 59 (4): 858; tl: altai, kuraisky hr. u. rund. aktash, 2600m\nethmia praeclara; diakonoff, [ 1968 ], bull. u. s. nat. mus. 257: 254; [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]\nethmia falkovitshi shovkoon, 2010; nota lepid. 33 (1): 138; tl: kazakhstan, mangistau, n 43°44' 04\ne 53°37' 17\nethmia lassenella busck, 1908; proc. ent. soc. wash. 9 (1 - 4): 92; tl: redington, pima co. , arizona\nethmia umbricostella caradja, 1927; mem. sect. stiint. acad. rom. (3) 4 (8): 421; tl :\nszetschwan tatsienlu\nethmia bisignata kun, 2002; ann. hist. mus. nat. hung. 94: 171; tl: sw. celebes, pangean, near maros, 2000ft\nethmia iridella powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 131, 217 (list), pl. 11i; tl: mexico, puebla, tehuacan\nethmia janzeni powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 134, 217 (list), pl. 12b; tl: mexico, temescal, oaxaca\nethmia cypraspis meyrick, 1930; ann. naturhist. mus. wien 44: 263, pl. 1, f. 31; tl: taperinha, para, brazil\nethmia cubensis busck, 1934; 164, pl. 23, f. 2, pl. 26, f. 3; tl: cuba, sierra maestra, comaquey\nethmia duckworthi powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 165, 217 (list), pl. 14g; tl: panama, barro colorado island\nethmia julia powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 168, 217 (list), pl. 15b; tl: puerto rico, isabela substation\nethmia calumniella powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 182, 218 (list), pl. 16d; tl: brazil, santarem, para\nethmia clava powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 205, 218 (list), pl. 18j; tl: mexico, cordoba, veracruz\nethmia cassiopeia meyrick, 1927; exot. microlep. 3 (12): 362; tl: belgian congo, nw. kivu, upper oso r. , 4000ft\nethmia turkmeniella dubatolov & ustjuzhanin, 1998; nota lepid. 21 (2): 101; tl: sw turkmenistan, sw. kopet - dag mts, kara - kala\nethmia papiella powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 95, 216 (list), pl. 7j; tl: mexico, los mochis, sinaloa\nethmia notomurinella powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 138, 217 (list), pl. 12f; tl: argentina, rio seco, cordoba\nethmia phylacops powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 143, 217 (list), pl. 13a; tl: mexico, chichen itza, yucatan\nethmia wellingi powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 158, 217 (list), pl. 14c; tl: mexico, chichen itza, yucatan\nethmia nigritaenia powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 172, 217 (list), pl. 15f; tl: mexico, chichen itza, yucatan\nethmia semiombra nebulombra powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 190, 218 (list), pl. 17d; tl: mexico, merida, yucatan\nethmia penthica walsingham, 1912; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 146, pl. 5, f. 9; tl: mexico, oaxaca\nethmia cordia powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 202, 218 (list), pl. 18d; tl: mexico, chichen itza, yucatan\nethmia discostrigella discostrigella; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 92, 216 (list), pl. 7f; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia volcanella powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 97, 216 (list), pl. 8a - b; tl: mexico, tehuantepec, oaxaca\nethmia hagenella hagenella; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 109, 217 (list), pl. 9f; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia abraxasella; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 125, 217 (list); [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia abraxasella abraxasella; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 125, 217 (list), pl. 11d; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia cupreonivella; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 137, 217 (list); [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia cellicoma; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 142, 217 (list); [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia phylacis phylacis; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 146, 217 (list), pl. 13c; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia farrella powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 170, 217 (list), pl. 15a; tl: jamaica, nr farmouth, trelawny parish\nethmia antennipilosa wang & li, 2004; ent. news 115 (3): 135; tl: china, hengxian (22. 6°n, 109. 2°), guangxi\nethmia cribravia wang & li, 2004; ent. news 115 (3): 136; tl: china, lijiang (26. 8°n, 100. 2°e), yunnan\nethmia duplicata meyrick, 1914; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 23 (1): 130; tl: patipola (6200ft), maskeliya, puttalam, ceylon\nethmia ustyurtensis nupponen, 2015; shilap revta lepid. 43 (169): 126; tl: sw - kazakhstan, 43°24' 27\nn 54°33' 34\ne, 80m\nethmia albistrigella icariella powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 83, 216 (list); tl: california, inyo co. , near mono pass, 12500ft\nethmia thomaswitti kun, 2004; acta zool. hung. 50 (4): 343; tl: s. sulawesi, puncak palopo (2. 55°s, 120. 05°e )\nethmia clarkei powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 117, 217 (list), pl. 10d; tl: mexico, quintana roo, isla de mujeres\nethmia scythropa walsingham, 1912; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 148, pl. 5, f. 13; tl: costa rica, banana river\nethmia phylacis walsingham, 1912; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 147, pl. 5, f. 12; tl: mexico, durango, presidio\nethmia phylacis ornata; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 147, 217 (list); [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia baliostola walsingham, 1912; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 144, pl. 5, f. 5; tl: costa rica, banana river\nethmia omega powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 182, 218 (list), pl. 16e; tl: brazil, pelotas, rio grande do sul\nethmia heptasticta walsingham, 1912; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 146, pl. 5, f. 8; tl: mexico, guerrero, tonalapa\nethmia bipunctella (fabricius, 1775) = alucita bipunctella fabricius, 1775 = tinea echiella denis & schiffermüller, 1775 = hochenwartiella (rossi, 1790) = psecadia bipunctelia uffeln, 1938 .\nethmia ubsensis; [ nhm card ]; shovkoon, 2010, nota lepid. 33 (1): 148; nupponen, 2015, shilap revta lepid. 43 (169): 129\nethmia charybdis; powell, 1971, j. lep. soc. 25 (suppl. 3): 32; [ nacl ], # 972; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia hagenella; [ nacl ], # 989; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 109; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia perpulchra walsingham, 1912; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 146, pl. 5, f. 14; tl: mexico, vera cruz, orizaba\nethmia ornata busck, [ 1934 ]; ent. am. (n. s .) 13 (4): 168, pl. 35, f. 2; tl: cuba\nethmia cyanea walsingham, 1912; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 144, pl. 5, f. 4; tl: mexico, vera cruz, atoyac\nethmia scutula powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 203, 218 (list), pl. 18g; tl: mexico, 6 mi s of culiacan, sinaloa\nethmia powelli heppner, 1988; j. lep. soc. 42 (4): 281, f. 1 - 4; tl: 1mi sw islamorada, upper matecumbe key, florida\nethmia (ethmiinae); zimmerman, 1978, ins. hawaii 9 (2): 925; [ nacl ], 12; [ richard brown ]; [ afromoths ]; [ fe ]\nethmia orestella powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 84, 216 (list), pl. 6h; tl: colorado, hall valley, 11500ft, park co .\nethmia plagiobothrae powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 77, 216 (list), pl. 5j, 22c; tl: california, cool, el dorado co .\nethmia vietmiella kun, 2001; ann. hist. nat. mus. nat. hung. 93: 213; tl: vietnam, vinh phu, tam dao, 55km nnw hanoi, 800m\nethmia linsdalei powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 116, 217 (list), pl. 10c; tl: mexico, 20 mi e of el camaron, oaxaca\nethmia sandra powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 166, 217 (list), pl. 3d, 14i; tl: el salvador, 13km n of san salvador\nethmia howdeni powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 176, 217 (list), pl. 15h; tl: mexico, 21 mi e of villa union, sinaloa\nethmia lichyi powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 180, 218 (list), pl. 2e, 4b, 16c; tl: venezuela, cuenca del rio borborata\nethmia hodgesella powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 196, 218 (list), pl. 17i; tl: arizona, madera canyon, 4880ft, santa rita mtns\nethmia oterosella busck, [ 1934 ]; ent. am. (n. s .) 13 (4): 165; tl: estacion experimental agronomica, santiago de las vegas, cuba\nethmia epileuca powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 86, 216 (list), pl. 6j; tl: california, surprise canyon, panamint mtns, inyo co .\nethmia tricula powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 79, 216 (list), pl. 6a; tl: california, 3 mi ne of moreno, riverside co .\nethmia timberlakei powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 100, 216 (list), pl. 8g; tl: california, citrus experiment station, riversite, riversite co .\nethmia mimihagenella powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 111, 217 (list), pl. 9h; tl: new mexico, gran quivira national monument, socorro co .\nethmia burnsella powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 111, 217 (list), pl. 9j; tl: texas, palo duro canyon, 2800ft, randall co .\nethmia cypraeella; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 124, 217 (list), pl. 11c; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia chalcodora; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 141, 217 (list), pl. 12i; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia gelidella; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 149, 217 (list), pl. 13e; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia zebrata; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 151, 217 (list), pl. 13g; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia humilis powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 169, 217 (list), pl. 15c - d; tl: jamaica, constant spring, st. andrew parish\nethmia coronata; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 171, 217 (list), pl. 15e; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia conglobata; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 185, 218 (list), pl. 16i; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia cyanea; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 186, 218 (list), pl. 16j; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia baja powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 198, 218 (list), pl. 18b; tl: mexico, 26 mi w of la paz, baja california\nethmia pala powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 204, 218 (list), pl. 18h - i; tl: mexico, 6 mi s of culiacan, sinaloa\nethmia heptasticta; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 207, 218 (list), pl. 19b; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia joviella; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 211, 218 (list), pl. 19f; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia comitella; [ nhm card ]; kun, 2002, insecta koreana 19 (2): (131 - 136); nupponen, 2015, shilap revta lepid. 43 (169): 129\nethmia sibirica; [ nhm card ]; dubatolov, ustjuzhanin & zintshenko, 1997, atalanta 28 (1 / 2): 164; shovkoon, 2010, nota lepid. 33 (1): 147\nethmia davisella powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 115, 217 (list), pl. 10b; tl: mexico, 6 mi s of ciudad victoria, tamaulipas, 1050ft\nethmia abraxasella clarissa; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 127, 217 (list), pl. 11e; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia flavicaudata walsingham, 1912; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 145, pl. 5, f. 7; tl: mexico, vera cruz, san juan, 600ft\nethmia sphenisca powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 205, 217 (list), pl. 19a; tl: mexico, 10 mi w of el salto, durango, 9000ft\nethmia angustalatella powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 214, 218 (list), pl. 19j; tl: mexico, 3 mi e of galeana, nueva leon, 5000ft\nethmia brevistriga aridicola powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 76, 216 (list), pl. 5h; tl: california, 2 mi ne of lakeside, san diego co .\nethmia ultima; [ nhm card ]; dubatolov, ustjuzhanin & zintshenko, 1997, atalanta 28 (1 / 2): 169; nupponen, 2015, shilap revta lepid. 43 (169): 129\nethmia geranella barnes & busck, 1920; contr. nat. hist. lepid. n. am. 4 (3): 242, pl. 27, 34; tl: la puerta valley, california\nethmia subsimilis; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 117, 217 (list), pl. 10e - f; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia kirbyi; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 118, 217 (list), pl. 10g - h; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia nivosella; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 129, 217 (list), pl. 2b, 11g; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia phoenicura; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 150, 217 (list), pl. 3b, 13f; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia paucella; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 156, 217 (list), pl. 2c, 14b; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia semiombra semiombra; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 189, 218 (list), pl. 17b - c, 20g - h; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia punctessa powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 213, 218 (list), pl. 19h - i; tl: mexico 3 mi e of galeana, nueva leon, 5000ft\nethmia discostrigella subcaerulea; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 93, 216 (list), pl. 7g; [ nacl ], # 980a; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia scylla; powell, 1971, j. lep. soc. 25 (suppl. 3): 12; [ nacl ], # 966; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia brevistriga brevistriga; powell, 1971, j. lep. soc. 25 (suppl. 3): 17; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 75, 216 (list )\nethmia minuta; powell, 1971, j. lep. soc. 25 (suppl. 3): 30; [ nacl ], # 970; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia monticola; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 104, 217 (list); [ nacl ], # 987; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia monticola emmeli powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 106, pl. 9a; tl: arizona, fort valley, 7350ft, 7. 5 mi nw of flagstaf, coconin co .\nethmia timberlakei; powell, 1971, j. lep. soc. 25 (suppl. 3): 53; [ nacl ], # 984; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia longimaculella; [ nacl ], # 999; [ nhm card ]; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 177, 218 (list); [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia plaumanni powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 183, 218 (list), pl. 16f; tl: brazil, nova teutonia, santa catarina (27°11', 52°23' )\nethmia albicostella; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 190, 218 (list); [ nacl ], # 1001; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia playa powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 197, 218 (list), pl. 18a; tl: mexico, rio del fuertte, 13 mi n of los mochis, sinaloa\nethmia scylla powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 74, 216 (list), pl. 1d, 5f, 21a - d; tl: california, russelmann park, contra costa co .\nethmia szabokyi kun, 2001; ann. hist. nat. mus. nat. hung. 93: 212; tl: nepal, annapurna h, 1km n of syange, 1200m 84°25' e, 28°24' n\nethmia charybdis powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 80, 216 (list), pl. 1e, 6b; tl: california, big panoche creek, at san benito - fresno county line\nethmia rhomboidella walsingham, 1897; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1897 (1): 45, pl. 3, f. 15; tl: natal, malvern; french congo, kangwé, ogowé river\nethmia palawana; diakonoff, [ 1968 ], bull. u. s. nat. mus. 257: 253; [ nhm card ]; kun, 2004, acta zool. hung. 50 (4): 347\nethmia epilygella powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 137, 217 (list), pl. 12e; tl: brazil, nova teutonia, santa cathrarina (27°11' s, 52°23' w )\nethmia pyrausta; [ nhm card ]; dubatolov, ustjuzhanin & zintshenko, 1997, atalanta 28 (1 / 2): 165; nupponen, 2015, shilap revta lepid. 43 (169): 128; [ fe ]\nethmia nigripedella; [ nhm card ]; dubatolov, ustjuzhanin & zintshenko, 1997, atalanta 28 (1 / 2): 166; nupponen, 2015, shilap revta lepid. 43 (169): 128; [ fe ]\nethmia nigrimaculata; [ nhm card ]; dubatolov, ustjuzhanin & zintshenko, 1997, atalanta 28 (1 / 2): 167; nupponen, 2015, shilap revta lepid. 43 (169): 128; [ fe ]\nethmia macneilli powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 101, 216 (list), pl. 8d; tl: california, rock cree, 1 mi w of tom' s place, mono co .\nethmia persica kun, 2007; ann. hist. mus. nat. hung 99: 102; tl: iran, büyer ahmad, 3km n of sisaht, 2700m, 51°23' 21\ne, 31°09' 22\nn\nethmia dodecea (haworth, 1828) = erminea dodecea haworth, [ 1828 ] = tinea decemguttella hübner, [ 1810 ] = melanoleuca dodocea wood, 1839 = melanoleuca dodecca wood, 1839 = psecadia dezemguttella müller - rutz, 1922 .\nethmia apicipunctella; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 88, 216 (list), pl. 7a; [ nacl ], # 978; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia euphoria kun, 2007; ann. hist. mus. nat. hung 99: 104; tl: turkey, agri, karasu - aras mts. 5 km se of sarican, 2000m, 39°47' n, 42°28' e\nethmia zelleriella; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 112, 217 (list), pl. 9e; [ nacl ], # 992; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia mirusella; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 192, 218 (list), pl. 17f; [ nacl ], # 1002; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia trifurcella; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 193, 218 (list), pl. 17g; [ nacl ], # 1003; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia minuta powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 78, 216 (list), pl. 3e, 5k - l, 21e - f; tl: california, 3 mi ne of moreno, riverside co .\nethmia hagenella josephinella; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 110, 217 (list), pl. 9g; [ nacl ], # 989a; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia fritillella powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 136, 217 (list), pl. 12d; tl: brazil, nova teutonia, santa catharina, 300 - 500m (27°11' s, 52°23' w )\nethmia notatella; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 154, 217 (list), pl. 4e, 13i; [ nacl ], # 995; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia marmorea; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 194, 218 (list), pl. 4a, 17h; [ nacl ], # 1004; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia monticola fuscipedella; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 107, 217 (list), pl. 9b - c; [ nacl ], # 987b; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia terpnota walsingham, 1912; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 147, pl. 5, f. 11; tl: costa rica, volcan de irazu, 6000 - 7000ft; san josé, 4000ft; tuis, 2400ft\nethmia confusella; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 162, 217 (list), pl. 2d, 14d - e; [ nacl ], # 996; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia gigantea; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 63; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 187, 218 (list); [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia semiombra; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 127; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 188, 218 (list); [ nacl ], # 1000; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia mansita; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 87; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 90, 216 (list), pl. 7e; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia proximella; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 117; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 122, 217 (list), pl. 11a; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia submissa; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 133; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 135, 217 (list), pl. 12c; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia mnesicosma; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 148, 217 (list), pl. 13d; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]; phillips, powell, hallwachs & janzen, 2014, zookeys 461: 24, 10 (list )\nethmia cubensis; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 41; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 161, 217 (list), pl. 16b; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia striatella; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 133; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 164, 217 (list), pl. 14f; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia penthica; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 108; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 200, 218 (list), pl. 18c; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia oterosella; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 104; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 208, 218 (list), pl. 19c; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia phylacis; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 146, 217 (list); [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]; phillips, powell, hallwachs & janzen, 2014, zookeys 461: 23, 10 (list )\nethmia soljanikovi; [ nhm card ]; dubatolov, ustjuzhanin & zintshenko, 1997, atalanta 28 (1 / 2): 164; shovkoon, 2010, nota lepid. 33 (1): 149; nupponen, 2015, shilap revta lepid. 43 (169): 127\nethmia zaguljaevi; [ nhm card ]; dubatolov, ustjuzhanin & zintshenko, 1997, atalanta 28 (1 / 2): 164; shovkoon, 2010, nota lepid. 33 (1): 142; nupponen, 2015, shilap revta lepid. 43 (169): 128\nethmia umbrimarginella; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 142; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 70, 216 (list), pl. 5a; [ nacl ], # 962; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia brevistriga; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 27; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 75, 216 (list); [ nacl ], # 967; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia macelhosiella; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 86; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 99, 216 (list); [ nacl ], # 982; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia hiramella; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 69; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 155, 217 (list), pl. 3a, 13j, 14a; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia terpnota; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 130, 217 (list), pl. 11h; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]; phillips, powell, hallwachs & janzen, 2014, zookeys 461: 16, 9 (list )\nethmia ungulatella; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 139, 217 (list), pl. 12g; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]; phillips, powell, hallwachs & janzen, 2014, zookeys 461: 19, 9 (list )\nethmia exornata; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 144, 217 (list), pl. 13b; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]; phillips, powell, hallwachs & janzen, 2014, zookeys 461: 20, 10 (list )\nethmia chemsaki; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 154, 217 (list), pl. 13h; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]; phillips, powell, hallwachs & janzen, 2014, zookeys 461: 25, 10 (list )\nethmia catapeltica; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 174, 217 (list), pl. 15g; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]; phillips, powell, hallwachs & janzen, 2014, zookeys 461: 39, 10 (list )\nethmia bittenella; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 217 (list); [ nacl ], # 994; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]; phillips, powell, hallwachs & janzen, 2014, zookeys 461: 12, 9 (list )\nethmia albistrigella; powell, 1971, j. lep. soc. 25 (suppl. 3): 35; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 81, 216 (list); [ nacl ], # 973; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia discostrigella; powell, 1971, j. lep. soc. 25 (suppl. 3): 46; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 92, 216 (list); [ nacl ], # 980; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia lassenella; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 79; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 71, 216 (list), pl. 5b; [ nacl ], # 963; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia monachella; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 94; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 73, 216 (list), pl. 5e; [ nacl ], # 965; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia caliginosella; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 28; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 108, 217 (list), pl. 9d; [ nacl ], # 988; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia prattiella; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 116; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 209, 218 (list), pl. 19d; [ nacl ], # 1007; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia cirrhocnemia; [ nhm card ]; dubatolov, ustjuzhanin & zintshenko, 1997, atalanta 28 (1 / 2): 166; kun, 2002, insecta koreana 19 (2): (131 - 136); nupponen, 2015, shilap revta lepid. 43 (169): 128; [ fe ]\nethmia geranella; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 62; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 99, 216 (list), pl. 8e - f; [ nacl ], # 983; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia bipunctella; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 103, 216 (list); [ nacl ], # 986; [ nhm card ]; dubatolov, ustjuzhanin & zintshenko, 1997, atalanta 28 (1 / 2): 165; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]; [ fe ]\nethmia semilugens; powell, 1971, j. lep. soc. 25 (suppl. 3): 40; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 85, 216 (list), pl. 6i; [ nacl ], # 976; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia delliella; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 114, 217 (list), pl. 10a; [ nacl ], # 993; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]; phillips, powell, hallwachs & janzen, 2014, zookeys 461: 11, 9 (list )\nethmia festiva; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 56; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 123, 217 (list), pl. 11b; [ nhm card ]; phillips, powell, hallwachs & janzen, 2014, zookeys 461: 12, 9 (list )\nethmia albitogata; powell, 1971, j. lep. soc. 25 (suppl. 3): 22; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 76, 216 (list), pl. 1c, 5i; [ nacl ], # 968; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia duckworthi; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 49; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 217 (list); [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]; phillips, powell, hallwachs & janzen, 2014, zookeys 461: 31, 10 (list )\nethmia scythropa; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 126; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 127, 217 (list); [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]; phillips, powell, hallwachs & janzen, 2014, zookeys 461: 14, 9 (list )\nethmia arctostaphylella; powell, 1971, j. lep. soc. 25 (suppl. 3): 42; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 88, 216 (list), pl. 7b - d, 21g - h, 22d; [ nacl ], # 979; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]" ]

{ "text": [ "ethmia pagiopa is a moth in the depressariidae family .", "it was described by meyrick in 1918 .", "it is found in afghanistan and kashmir .", "the wingspan is about 26 mm .", "the forewings are dark fuscous , with the costal edge whitish except towards the base and with a broad ochreous-white dorsal band occupying two-fifths of the wing throughout .", "the edge is straight but excavated by small oval blackish spots in the middle and at four-fifths , the second preceded by a small white prominence surmounted by a black dot , and marked with a small round black spot within the margin at one-fourth .", "there is a row of large irregular black dots along the termen and apical part of the costa .", "the hindwings are light grey , but whitish-ochreous along the dorsum ." ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 9, 1, 1, 1, 1 ] }

[ "ethmia pagiopa is a moth in the depressariidae family. it was described by meyrick in 1918. it is found in afghanistan and kashmir. the wingspan is about 26 mm. the forewings are dark fuscous, with the costal edge whitish except towards the base and with a broad ochreous-white dorsal band occupying two-fifths of the wing throughout. the edge is straight but excavated by small oval blackish spots in the middle and at four-fifths, the second preceded by a small white prominence surmounted by a black dot, and marked with a small round black spot within the margin at one-fourth. there is a row of large irregular black dots along the termen and apical part of the costa. the hindwings are light grey, but whitish-ochreous along the dorsum." ]

[ "photographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nneunzig, h. h. , 2003. moths of america north of mexico, fascicle 15. 5, p. 264; pl. 9. 1. order\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above. click on images to enlarge." ]

{ "text": [ "macrorrhinia ochrella is a species of snout moth .", "it was described by barnes and mcdunnough in 1913 .", "it is found in florida .", "the wingspan is 12 – 17 mm .", "the forewings are pale ocherous .", "the hindwings are semihyaline and whitish . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 9, 1, 1 ] }

[ "macrorrhinia ochrella is a species of snout moth. it was described by barnes and mcdunnough in 1913. it is found in florida. the wingspan is 12 – 17 mm. the forewings are pale ocherous. the hindwings are semihyaline and whitish." ]

[ "undulated tinamou (crypturellus undulatus) is a species of bird in the tinamidae family .\nthe undulated tinamou is brown with various degrees of barring and vermiculation. the sub - species\nthe undulated tinamou crypturellus undulatus is a type of ground bird commonly found in lowland moist forest .\nthe slaty - breasted tinamou crypturellus boucardi, also known as boucards tinamou, is a type of tinamou commonly found in lowlands of moist forest in subtropical and tropical regions up to 1800 m altitude .\nthe undulated tinamou is classified as least concern. does not qualify for a more at risk category. widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category .\nthe undulated tinamou crypturellus undulatus is a type of ground bird commonly found in lowland moist forest of eastern and northern south america. contents - * 1 etymology * 2 taxonomy * 2. more\nthe undulated tinamou occurs at altitudes of up to 900m. it occurs in a wide range of wooded habitats, ranging from dense, humid amazonian forests, to dry, relatively open savanna - woodland\nsouth america: amazonia, southcentral. the undulated tinamou is a ubiquitous species of river forest and second growth in the amazon basin but also occurs in the drier tropical and subtropical regions of south central and eastern south america\nrange: south america: amazonia, southcentral. the undulated tinamou is a ubiquitous species of river forest and second growth in the amazon basin but also occurs in the drier tropical and subtropical regions of south central and eastern south america\n“ tinamou ” in le trésor de la langue française informatisé (the digitized treasury of the french language) .\nthe undulated tinamou is common and has one of the most recognizable vocalizations in the amazonian lowlands. it favors floodplain forest, varzea forest, and second growth of various ages. it is known to range up to 600 m along the foothill of the andes. it also occurs in\n, is about 43 g (1. 5 oz) and 20 cm (7. 9 in) long. the largest tinamou, the\nin southern south america, and especially argentina or chile where i understand that there are species of tinamou in more open country. this is also true in the grasslands of southern brazil. in emas national park, one driving or walking the red - dirt roads through the grasslands is likely to see at least one tinamou each day. small - billed tinamou (below) is perhaps most common — shown here dashing across such a road .\n28 - 31 cm. smallish, brown tinamou. rufescent brown with lighter, ochraceous underparts and a white throat. female has buff barring on wing - coverts. grey legs .\ncabot, j. , christie, d. a. , jutglar, f. & sharpe, c. j. (2018). undulated tinamou (crypturellus undulatus). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 10 july 2018) .\nthe slaty - breasted tinamou is approximately 25 cm in length. it is a shy and difficult tinamou to be seen on the dark forest floors. its upperparts are blackish, brown on wings, slaty grey on breast, grey - brown on remainder of underparts with darker barring on flanks and undertail. its bill is dark above and yellow below, legs reddish orange. it has a hollow - ah - wah - voice with the second syllable downslurred .\nthe undulated tinamou is approximately 28 - 30 cm in length. it is overall brownish tinged grey to various extend, and has a strong, black barred to faint vermiculated pattern on the back and neck (for example, while c. u. undulatus is relatively rich brown and strongly barred, c. u. yapura is darker, more grey - tinged and only has faint vermiculations). it has a whitish throat, and the remainder of its underparts are olive - grey to buff with dark vermiculation on its lower flanks and vent. its bill is black above and grey below. the legs and feet are grey, dull yellow or greenish .\notherwise it takes much patience, quiet, and luck. i have generally found my tinamous when alone. even the presence of one or two other people makes them harder to find, because a small group is invariably noisier than a lone tracker, no matter how much care is taken. there are still several tinamou species that i' ve only heard but have not seen, and thus they are not on my\nlife list .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nsacc. 2005 and updates. a classification of the bird species of south america. available at: urltoken .\nthe global population size has not been quantified, but this species is described as' common' (stotz et al. (1996). trend justification: this species is suspected to lose 15. 2 - 18. 6% of suitable habitat within its distribution over three generations (20 years) based on a model of amazonian deforestation (soares - filho et al. 2006, bird et al. 2011). given the susceptibility of the species to hunting and / or trapping, it is therefore suspected to decline by < 25% over three generations .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\npoçao - extensive marshland, with some open water, surrounded by low woodland - same bird as in xc342845 .\nave observada entre cipoais densos da reserva para estudos acadêmicos - avenida samambaia - alta floresta eventos .\nid certainty 100% . (archiv. tape 377 side a track 15 seq. a )\nnatural song from an unseen bird in dense riverside understory. i believe the quiet' huu' notes preceding the louder song are also from this individual .\nnatural three - note song from an unseen bird. habitat is tropical deciduous woodland .\nbird not seen. singing from very close, again near volunteer dormitories. probably the same individual as in xc105681\nsonogram images © xeno - canto foundation. sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nthere are many ways to contribute—we need species information, photographs, audio, video, translations, maps, distribution data, and bird sightings. there' s a role for everyone !\n), in neotropical birds online (t. s. schulenberg, editor). cornell lab of ornithology, ithaca, ny, usa. retrieved from neotropical birds online :\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes, voice, habitat, food and feeding, breeding, movements, status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up. please select a player to play flash videos .\na foraging bird on the forest floor before running away, repeated in slow motion .\na bird singing at forest floor, at 7: 09 am. un ave cantando mientras peona por el suelo de la selva a las 7: 09 de la mañana\na bird singing in the bamboo forest' s floor. un ave cantando en el suelo del bosque de bambú .\nmale singing near rio (river) mutum. background the sound of one boat on the river .\njosep del hoyo, jacob. wijpkema, pieter de groot boersma, antonio silveira, keith blomerley, wim ten have, frank witebsky, alainbfosse, scott olmstead .\njoe tobias, josé m. formentí, aleix comas, phillip edwards, antonio silveira, manakincarmelo, tomaz melo, ken havard, lars petersson, douglas bete, richardgreenhalgh031, anselmo d affonseca, josep del hoyo, holger teichmann .\nrecommended citation birdlife international (2018) species factsheet: crypturellus undulatus. downloaded from urltoken on 10 / 07 / 2018. recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: birdlife international (2018) iucn red list for birds. downloaded from urltoken on 10 / 07 / 2018 .\nthis page was last edited on 25 may 2017, at 14: 38 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license; additional terms may apply. by using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists, and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12, 000 regional checklists in avibase, offered in 9 different taxonomies, including synonyms more than 175 languages. each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community, and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page, such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition (incl. corrigenda vol. 1 - 2) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details. to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263, 338, 408 times since 24 june 2003. © denis lepage | privacy policy\nplease set a username for yourself. people will see it as author name with your public flash cards .\ndouble - check spelling, grammar, punctuation. translators work best when there are no errors or typos .\nif words are different, search our dictionary to understand why and pick the right word .\nif phrases are different, try searching our examples to help pick the right phrase .\nwe' ve combined the most accurate english to spanish translations, dictionary, verb conjugations, and spanish to english translators into one very powerful search box .\nspanishdict is devoted to improving our site based on user feedback and introducing new and innovative features that will continue to help people learn and love the spanish language. have a suggestion, idea, or comment? send us your feedback .\nany of the birds belonging to the south american family tinamidae, the only family in the order tinamiformes. they are related to the ratites, together with which they form the superorder paleognathae .\nthis page was last edited on 29 march 2018, at 23: 58 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\npicture of crypturellus undulatus above has been licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial - share alike license. original source: arthur chapman author: arthur chapman permission: some rights reserved\newa - the ethno - ornithology world archive. a space for knowledge of birds and people. - entries\nthis is an alpha version of ewa for demonstration purposes. however, the settings and permissions for the content archived here is current; by using this site you agree to abide by the guidelines of content visibility, licenses and labels .\nclick here to browse ewa entries by bird names. use ‘search’ to find birds by folk - names in any language. only birds with entries are shown here to browse .\nclick here to browse ewa entries by country or by the name of a mythical place. only places with entries are shown here to browse .\nclick here to browse ewa entries by language, contributor or culture. only those with entries are shown here to browse .\nsometimes considered closely related to c. cinnamomeus. much variation within and between races; yapura distinctive, with rather plain plumage almost lacking in undulations; yapura and adspersus intergrade in region of upper r purus # r. six subspecies recognized .\nphelps, sr & phelps, jr, 1952 – s venezuela (upper r ventuari, in amazonas) .\n( salvadori, 1895) – guyana and neighbouring nc brazil (s to r negro and n bank of amazon) .\n( spix, 1825) – se colombia, e ecuador and e peru e to nw brazil (e to r negro and r purus) .\n( temminck, 1825) – e brazil (s maranhão and piauí s to paraná) .\n( temminck, 1815) – c brazil s of amazon (from r madeira e to r tapajós) .\n( temminck, 1815) – se peru (s madre de dios and puno) s to n argentina (formosa and chaco) .\n28–32 cm; male 462–569 g, female c. 621 g. medium - sized, with bill rather long and curved at tip. nominate race may look capped: has sooty forehead and crown, ...\ndistinctive 3 - note melancholy “whoo, whu - whooo”, sometimes rising at end, repeated at ...\nsmall fruits, seeds and insects, especially bugs (hemiptera), odonata, and adult and larval beetles (coleoptera) .\nfeb–may in colombia. clutch 4–5 eggs, pale pink, wine - pink or pale ash; incubation 17 days (in captivity) .\npresumably sedentary in general. moves away from river islands during flooding, e. g. observed to ...\nand gallery forest throughout amazonia, where its easily - identifiable song is ...\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography. login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments. to make the most of all of hbw' s features, discover our subscriptions now !\nseveral recent studies place this family within struthioniformes, with rheas as closest relatives # r # r # r # r. sequence of genera modified in line with recent morphological and molecular analyses, which show tinamus and crypturellus to be sister groups, with nothocercus basal to all other tinamous # r # r # r .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts, family texts, plates, audiovisual links, updates and related resources .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 55. 90 € (instead of 59. 90 €) 3 - year subscription package: 82 € (instead of 89. 85 € )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information, tracking references to their source (when available on the internet) .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 82. 5 € (instead of 89. 9 €) 3 - year subscription package: 122. 5 € (instead of 134. 85 € )\nthere is a registration fee of 20€. this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive. you won’t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution, click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding (anonymously); markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 / / en\nurltoken\nall rights reserved. copyright © 2005 - 2013 birds and birding in india. disclaimer website: free java guide & tutorials\ntinamous occur in pairs or alone, but many species are very vocal. some have sad whistles or organ - like notes. their calls can be heard at dawn or dusk for long distances. there is a wonderful tape in the hardy series of their vocalizations .\nwas taken with a small flash at explorer' s inn, tambopata nature reserve, peru, in june 1987. the\nwas at rio tigre lodge, osa peninsula, costa rica, on 26 dec 2007. the\nbibliographic note: there is no\nfamily book\nper se, but an excellent introduction to the family, with striking photos (although still mostly from chile & argentina !), is cabot (1992) .\ncabot, j. 1992. family tinamidae (tinamous) in del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , & sargatal, j. , eds. handbook of the birds of the world. vol. 1. lynx edicions, barcelona .\nclements, j. f. 1991. birds of the world: a check - list. 4th ed. ibis publishing, vista, ca .\nmeyer de schauensee, r. 1970. a guide to the birds of south america. livingston publ. , wynnewood, pa .\navibirds, almere, netherlands 2001 - 2012 - your source to the birds of europe. contact? mail us: info { @ } avibirds. com\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\nnow in its 5th year, the “catch of cape may” is the signature event in cape may that everyone is talking about. supporting new jersey audubon’s nature center of cape may while at the same time celebrating one of this region’s key economic engines. the “catch, ” as it is now called, is a not to be missed celebration held at cape may’s beautiful harborview park. the “catch” showcases cape may’s epicurean diversity by featuring local selections of seafood and more with a night of live music, dancing and dining overlooking cape may’s magnificent harbor. go to urltoken to register and support the event\nsign up today for your child to experience new jersey’s incredible outdoor landscape with new jersey audubon. we look forward to seeing you this summer !\nthe sparta mountain wildlife management area forest stewardship plan was developed by new jersey audubon, in partnership with the nj division of fish and wildlife. since 2011, new jersey audubon has conducted successful forest stewardship projects at sparta mountain. these projects have occurred on both new jersey audubon property and in the wildlife management area while partnering with the division of fish and wildlife .\nnorthern bobwhite populations declined by 82% between 1966 and 2010, one of the most dramatic declines in the u. s. in new jersey the species is believed to be functionally extinct with the possibility of some birds still existing in southwestern nj .\nfor over half a decade nj audubon director david la puma has been a partner in project snowstorm. this incredible all - volunteer program studies and tracks snowy owls during their winter forays south into the lower 48 .\nlet' s start doing your bit for the world. join us as a volunteer .\ncheck back frequently for updates on our habitat restoration projects, major initiatives and conservation related issues .\nnew jersey audubon fosters environmental awareness and a conservation ethic among new jersey’s citizens; protects new jersey’s birds, mammals, other animals, and plants, especially endangered and threatened species; and promotes preservation of new jersey’s valuable natural habitats .\nioc world bird list (v7. 1), gill, f and d donsker (eds). 2017 .\navibase has been visited 263, 333, 648 times since 24 june 2003. © denis lepage | privacy policy\nthis article is part of project aves, a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each bird, including made - up species .\nthis article is part of project tinamiformes / idae, a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each tinamous, including made - up species .\ncan' t find a community you love? create your own and start something epic .\nbased on a model of future deforestation in the amazon basin, and the species’s susceptibility to hunting and trapping, it is suspected that its population will decline by 25 - 30% over the next three generations, and it has therefore been uplisted to near threatened .\n. it exists in two disjunct populations. the population in east - central colombia is uncommon to very rare ;\nthis is a poorly known species and no population estimates are known. trend justification: this species is suspected to lose 24. 4 - 28% of suitable habitat within its distribution over three generations (20 years) based on a model of amazonian deforestation (soares - filho et al. 2006, bird et al. 2011). given the susceptibility of the species to hunting and / or trapping, it is therefore suspected to decline by a rate approaching 30% over three generations .\nthe species occurs in dense tropical rainforest, as well as in open woodland. it is known from up to 200 m in venezuela and up to 500 m in colombia (del hoyo\n2011). the species is also susceptible to hunting and trapping (a. lees\nexpand the protected area network to effectively protect ibas. effectively resource and manage existing and new protected areas, utilising emerging opportunities to finance protected area management with the joint aims of reducing carbon emissions and maximizing biodiversity conservation. conservation on private lands, through expanding market pressures for sound land management and preventing forest clearance on lands unsuitable for agriculture, is also essential (soares - filho\n* this tour is available for any dates of your choosing provided guide services and accommodations are available .\nthe tour begins in cuiaba. international flights to sao paulo are typically overnight, arriving in early morning. several flights from sao paulo to cuiaba are scheduled each day. we recommend the 2: 55pm flight on gol airlines to allow for flight delays on the international flight. tour begins in cuiaba. night at hotal fazenda mato grosso in cuiaba .\nearly morning birding around lodge. some nice forest trails on the lodge ground are habitat for brown jacamar, large - billed antwren, chapada flycatcher, and coal - crested finch. transfer to cuiaba for afternoon flight to alta floresta. en route stop as time permits in a palm grove to look for point - tailed palmcreeper. after arrival in alta floresta, boat transfer to cristolino lodge in southern amazon basin. birding from the boat on the way in is a first opportunity for birds such as the very uncommon and unobtrusive zigzag heron as well as green ibis, green kingfisher, and the like. night at cristolino jungle lodge .\nfour full days in the southern amazon along the rio cristolino and its tributaries will be spent walking trails around the lodge and birding riverine habitats by boat. the superlatives about the rio cristolino drainage are never ending and never over - stated. the birding is simply beyond superb .\nbirding by boat is easy and relaxing. possibilities along shorelines in varzea (seasonally flooded) forest include red - throated piping - guan, razor - billed curassow, bare - faced curassow, bronzy jacamar, glossy antshrike, bare - eyed antbird, black - spotted bare - eye, white - chinned woodcreeper, amazonian umbrellabird, flame - crowned manakin, and mammals such as giant otter and various monkeys. the giant otters are mostly seen farther up river in an area where huge teak trees abound .\nmorning boat transfer back to alta floresta with some birding en route. early afternoon flight to cuiaba followed by land transfer to the start of the pantanal highway, referred to locally as the transpantaneira. night at pousada piuval .\nmorning birding an area near the lodge looking for long - tailed ground - dove, yellow - collared macaw, chotoy spinetail, suiriri flycatcher, rusty - collared seedeater, and scarlet - headed blackbird. after lunch, drive farther into the pantanal, birding en route. after arrival at the lodge along the pixaim river, afternoon boat trip along the pixaim river where possibilities include blue - throated piping - guan, boat - billed heron, black - collared hawk, sungrebe, and the rare agami heron. dusk brings out nacunda nighthawks and the more numerous band - tailed nighthawks. night at southwild jungle lodge .\nmorning will be spent back on the river if jaguars have not yet been seen. otherwise. leave after breakfast for the drive back up the transpantaneira to the rio claro. after arrival at the lodge, the rest of the day will be spent birding around the lodge. some night birding nearby may produce scissor - tailed nightjar and perhaps mammals such as crab - eating fox. night at rio claro lodge .\nall content and design © 2004 - 2017 by exotic birding, llc. original banner photo © laura l fellows. all rights reserved. no photos, descriptions, or other content may be copied or disseminated on any media without prior written permission. checklists may be copied or printed for personal use only but not for commercial purposes of any kind. website designed and produced by jim wittenberger and laura l fellows. photography by laura l fellows and jim wittenberger .\nfeeds on fruits and seeds, tossing leaves aside with its bill in its search. it takes insects, including ants and termites .\nrange: middle america: south mexico to costa rica. this species ranges from southern mexico from southern vera cruz and northern oaxaca south, to northern costa rica. (mexico, belize, guatemala, honduras, nicaragua and costa rica) it has an estimated global extent of occurrence of 330, 000 km2 .\nis olive - brown with shades of gray and buff, whitish throat and little to no dusky barring. the sub - species\nis brown with dusky barring on the neck, upperparts and flanks. it is similar to the\n, but is distinguished by having unmarked upperparts or fine dusky barring. also, see\nschulenberg, t. s. , d. f. stotz, and l. rico. 2006. distribution maps of the birds of peru, version 1. 0. environment, culture & conservation (ecco). the field museum .\nmaterial published in urltoken belongs to the author (s) and is protected by copyright laws. contributor (s )\ncontribute to the knowledge and undertanding of bird distribution in peru. report your rare and unusual sightings :\ncorbidi is a peruvian non - profit organization, whose goal is to develop foundations that support biodiversity conservation .\nyou searched for: audio: archive: recorded by parker, theodore a. , iii: sort by taxon order ascending (clear )\nas time passes memories of humor or stories elaborated around the cues from such bird or frog calls accumulate so that a lifetime of shared memory becomes associated with the sound of the bird or frog and they become unforgetable .\nclassification: all birds of prey as well as vultures are classified together as angas. they are then subdivided according to the food they kill (challua anga, machin anga) .\nbirds are considered to be related to other birds if they are symbiotically rather than genetically related. for example chius (a form of jay is said to be related to the giant oropenolas\nbecause they commonly fly together. both are said to be family to the toucans for the same reason .\nchurusco - violaceous trogan - small. bright green back like curi shundu. yellow breast. call jiu jiu jiu jiu, jiu .\nichillu - (cobalt winged parakeet) make nests in termite nests and in the nest of alucu ants. babies hatched in november .\noroj pishcu– blue crowned mot mot. nest by burrowing in the ground. feed almost entirely on flying insects. bright blue head and greenish grey body - size of a tubish\ntamia pishcu - nightengale wren - slow descending scale - dusk and early morning .\nyutu - great tinamu. lays sky blue eggs larger than chicken eggs in the shelter of buttress roots a the base of a tree. usually calls at night but also in the day .\ntamia pishcu - nightingale wren - slow descending scale - dusk and early morning .\nyutu - great tinamu. lays sky blue eggs larger than chicken eggs in the shelter of buttress roots at the base of a tree. usually calls at night but also in the day .\n“we asked the informants to make a list of birds they could name (hereaafter freelist), and them asked them which of those birds were kumpají (companions) to establish which birds they considered to be related. ” (brent brerlin, pp. 94). the aguaruna seem to make a classificatory contrast similar to urcu / pamba. authors asked informants whether a bird was pakajíya (lowland) or mujajíya (montane) .\nit would not be surprising to find that a female bird responds to the call of a male bird from her own species but these birds seem to respond to the calls of birds from other species .\nthe behavior of these flock seems almost counter intuitive. instead of finding birds of different species evenly spread out through the forest one finds them clumped together .\nalthough of many different species, they are attracted to each other and travel together in relative harmony .\nconsider to be the key human problem. in west amazonian culture. for amazonian people these birds are uncanny, because, although of many different species, they are attracted to each other and travel together in relative harmony .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n☞ in general appearance and habits they resemble grouse and partridges, but in anatomical characters they are allied to the ostriches and other struthious birds. their wings are of moderate length, and they are able to fly a considerable distance .\nthe tinamous are a family comprising 47 species of birds found in central and south america. one of the most ancient living groups of bird, they are related to the ratites. generally ground dwelling, they are found in a range of habitats .\nat 15 cm (6 in) and 42 grams (1. 5 oz) to the\nat 48 cm (17 in) and 1. 6 kg (3. 7 lbs). although they look similar to other ground - dwelling birds like\nwas not related to the emu and cassowary as had been thought previously. see the entry for the\n, weighs 2. 3 kg (5. 1 lb) and measures up to 53 cm (21 in) long .\n, they can fly, albeit poorly. they have three forward - facing toes and fourth hind toe is higher and either retrogressed or absent. their tail is short and sometimes hidden behind coverts and some tinamous have\n. plumage does not usually differ between sexes, but in a few species females are brighter .\nall 47 species of tinamous live south and central america. the northernmost species range to\nto avoid predation and other danger. when they have exhausted all other evasion techniques, including hiding in burrows, they may fly. their technique is a flutter of wing - beats followed by a long glide, followed by another burst of wing - beats .\ntinamous are rarely seen but often heard within their range. although some species are quite common, they are shy and secretive. a small number of species live in more open, grassy country, but even these are wary of humans .\n, and the male will incubate the eggs. he will leave the nest to feed, and he may be gone from 45 minutes to 5 hours. typically, the male will not cover the eggs when he leaves to feed, even though the eggs are not\n, and can run almost as soon as they hatch. scientists believe that they are self - sufficient within 20 days .\ntinamous mainly eat small fruits and seeds off the ground or off of plants that are near the ground. they can jump 10 cm (3. 9 in) to reach their food. they also will eat buds, blossoms, tender leaves and roots, insects and their larvae, worms, and\n. small animals are eaten whole, whereas larger ones will be beaten against the ground or pecked. they use their bill and not their feet to sift through leaf litter and will even use it to sift through soil 2–3 cm (0. 8–1. 2 in) deep .\ntinamous are hunted by humans throughout their range. hunting has little negative impact on their population .\nbertelli, s. and chiappe, l. (2005). earliest tinamous (aves: palaeognathae) from the miocene of argentina and their phylogenetic position. contributions in science nhm la, 502: 1 - 20 .\ndavies, s. j. j. f. (1991). forshaw, joseph. ed. encyclopaedia of animals: birds. london: merehurst press. pp. 48. isbn 1 - 85391 - 186 - 0 .\ndavies, s. j. j. f. (2003) .\ntinamous\n. in hutchins, michael. grzimek' s animal life encyclopedia. 8 birds i tinamous and ratites to hoatzins (2 ed .). farmington hills, mi: gale group. pp. 57–59. isbn 0 - 7876 - 5784 - 0 .\ngauthier, j. and k. de queiroz (2001) .\nfeathered dinosaurs, flying dinosaurs, crown dinosaurs, and the name\naves\n. in gauthier, j. and l. f. gall. new perspectives on the origin and early evolution of birds: proceedings of the international symposium in honor of john h. ostrom. the peabody museum of natural history, yale university. pp. 7–41. isbn 0 - 912532 - 57 - 2 .\ngotch, a. f. (1995) [ 1979 ] .\ntinamous\n. latin names explained. a guide to the scientific classifications of reptiles, birds & mammals. london: facts on file. p. 182. isbn 0 - 8160 - 3377 - 3 .\nhackett, s. j. et al. (2008) .\na phylogenomic study of birds reveals their evolutionary history\n. science 320 (1763): 1763–8. doi: 10. 1126 / science. 1157704. pmid 18583609 .\nthis entry is from wikipedia, the leading user - contributed encyclopedia. it may not have been reviewed by professional editors (see full disclaimer )\nune fenêtre (pop - into) d' information (contenu principal de sensagent) est invoquée un double - clic sur n' importe quel mot de votre page web. la fenêtre fournit des explications et des traductions contextuelles, c' est - à - dire sans obliger votre visiteur à quitter votre page web !\nles jeux de lettre français sont: ○ anagrammes ○ jokers, mots - croisés ○ lettris ○ boggle .\nlettris est un jeu de lettres gravitationnelles proche de tetris. chaque lettre qui apparaît descend; il faut placer les lettres de telle manière que des mots se forment (gauche, droit, haut et bas) et que de la place soit libérée .\nil s' agit en 3 minutes de trouver le plus grand nombre de mots possibles de trois lettres et plus dans une grille de 16 lettres. il est aussi possible de jouer avec la grille de 25 cases. les lettres doivent être adjacentes et les mots les plus longs sont les meilleurs. participer au concours et enregistrer votre nom dans la liste de meilleurs joueurs! jouer\nla plupart des définitions du français sont proposées par sensegates et comportent un approfondissement avec littré et plusieurs auteurs techniques spécialisés. le dictionnaire des synonymes est surtout dérivé du dictionnaire intégral (tid). l' encyclopédie française bénéficie de la licence wikipedia (gnu) .\nles jeux de lettres anagramme, mot - croisé, joker, lettris et boggle sont proposés par memodata. le service web alexandria est motorisé par memodata pour faciliter les recherches sur ebay .\nchanger la langue cible pour obtenir des traductions. astuce: parcourir les champs sémantiques du dictionnaire analogique en plusieurs langues pour mieux apprendre avec sensagent .\ncopyright © 2000 - 2016 sensagent: encyclopédie en ligne, thesaurus, dictionnaire de définitions et plus. tous droits réservés .\nles cookies nous aident à fournir les services. en poursuivant votre navigation sur ce site, vous acceptez l' utilisation de ces cookies. en savoir plus\njennifer hammock split the classifications by urltoken import from crypturellus undulatus (temminck, 1815) to their own page .\nkari pihlaviita marked the finnish common name\nhuhuilijatinami\nfrom\ncrypturellus undulatus (temminck, 1815 )\nas trusted .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nrarest bird in the world: the cone - billed tanager, the mystery .\natlapetes blancae, 8 years later, still not found. wish or species ?\nall ranks domain kingdom subkingdom phylum subphylum superclass class subclass infraclass superorder order suborder infraorder superfamily family subfamily tribe subtribe genus subgenus species subspecies variety group (polytypic) group (monotypic) species split life sp. ssp. intra - specific hybrid interspecific hybrid intergeneric hybrid species pair\nall records (accepted, rejected, pending). to filter / search please enter a phrase. e. g. to filter rejected records, type rejected into the search box, all columns can be filtered .\nhave you seen something interesting? click submit to share your rare bird sightings via our simple form .\n© 2018 birdguides, warners group publications plc. all rights reserved. company registered in england no. 2572212 | vat registration no. gb 638 3492 15\nin october, the amazon conservation association (aca) will host its third birdathon, a fund - raising event benefitting conservation efforts along the buffer zone of the manu national park. this location in the southeastern peruvian amazon is known for its immense diversity of bird species. participants in the 2012 event spotted an astonishing 422 species, an increase of over 70 species from the 2011 event !\nlife - long conservationist and avid birder craig thompson leads the birdathon, traveling from la crosse, wisconsin to the amazon rainforests of peru along with 10 other participants. as the coordinator of the wisconsin bird conservation initiative' s international committee, he has been organizing and leading birding trips to the neotropics for the past 20 years. like the birds they study, thompson and participants migrate down to bird wintering grounds in peru. the connection between the neotropics and wisconsin is a strong one; over half of wisconsin’s 238 species of breeding birds winter within the tropical latitudes .\nyou can support the 2014 birdathoners through a one - time donation online or via check! to root on the birders in these ways, please give\nbirdathon\nas the online designation or write it on the check' s memo line. you can also make a per - species pledge, with a chance to win a free copy of birds of peru if you correctly guess the final species count! through generous donations, wisconsin birders exceeded their $ 20, 000 goal for the 2012 birdathon and raised over $ 30, 000 !\nall funds raised go to aca to support bird conservation in the buffer zone of manu national park. please follow us for updates regarding next year’s birdathon, and other opportunities to make a tax - deductible donation throughout the year. if you are interested in being a participant in next year’s birdathon event, please send us an email at .\nconserving such an important biodiversity hotspot as the southeastern peruvian andes - amazon region is critical to safeguarding bird diversity. by conserving these areas we provide a space for north american and neotropical birds to thrive while simultaneously supporting the livelihoods of local peoples that rely on the ecosystem services these forests provide .\ncounting will take place beginning with touchdown in cusco, peru on october 2, 2014 and continue through the cusco departure, october 11, 2014 .\neach bird species must be conclusively identified by sight or sound by at least one participant and one other person (can be trip participant plus guide) .\ncraig thompson, intrepid leader of aca' s inaugural birdathon. photo: mary thompson\namethyst - throated sunangel (heliangelus amethysticollis) at aca' s wayqecha biological station. photo: trond larsen\nandean cock - of - the - rock (rupicola peruvianus) along the manu road. photo: trond larsen\ngolden - collared tanager (iridosornis jelskii) at wayqecha. photo: francisco llacma\n© amazon conservation association. all rights reserved. / home 1012 14th street nw · suite 625 · washington dc 20005 · usa / 202 - 234 - 2356 / u. s. federal employees: consider a contribution to aca through the combined federal campaign! cfc code: # 49371" ]

{ "text": [ "the undulated tinamou ( crypturellus undulatus ) is a species of ground bird found in a wide range of wooded habitats in eastern and northern south america . " ], "topic": [ 27 ] }

[ "the undulated tinamou (crypturellus undulatus) is a species of ground bird found in a wide range of wooded habitats in eastern and northern south america." ]

[ "fawn leaf - nosed bats roost together in colonies but hang from the ceiling apart from each other .\nlittle is known about the reproduction of fawn leaf - nosed bats. females give birth to a single young in november or december .\nthe last bat, the fawn leaf - nosed bat, is named so because of its ornamental nose and its deer - like fur color. these bats are also insectivores, and like to eat bugs like moths and beetles. the fawn leaf - nosed bat is found from australia to southeast asia, and like its other cave - dwelling neighbors, likes to roost in caves and abandoned buildings, the fawn leaf - nosed bat will roost in colonies of up to 900 individuals, and will share their roosts with other bat species .\nthe cyclops roundleaf bat, or cyclops leaf - nosed bat (hipposideros cyclops), is a species of bat in the family hipposideridae found in the forests of equatorial africa .\nestimates of pilbara leaf - nosed bat abundance based on captures and observations of bats in flight, both past and present .\na recent publication by pilbara stakeholders defined research priorities for the pilbara leaf - nosed bat (cramer et al. 2016) .\nthe fawn leaf - nosed bat roosts in caves and abandoned mines, and occasionally in sheds and buildings. it hunts in a range of habitats including rainforest, gallery forest along watercourses, and open savannah woodland .\ncolonies of fawn leaf - nosed bats can number up to 900 bats which hang separated from one another when roosting. they often share their roosts with other species of horseshoe bats .\nfemale fawn leaf - nosed bats have one baby in summer. when the babies are not feeding they hang with their head towards their mother' s tail, even as she flies .\nfawn leaf - nosed bats are vulnerable to disturbance from human visitors to cave roosts, destruction of caves by mining, and loss of feeding habitat by clearing and land degradation from agriculture .\nthe fawn leaf - nosed bat can be distinguished from other leaf - nosed and horseshoe bats by the shape of the nose - leaf. the nose - leaf has no central projection, and narrows at the front making the secondary leaflets more visible. the ears are broad and triangular. males of this species have a small gland on the forehead, which produces an odourless fluid of unknown function (females only have a depression in this area). the fur can be grey, greyish - brown, or orange. the fawn leaf - nosed bat weighs between 5. 6 - 9 g with a head to body length of 50 - 55 mm .\nscientific name: rhinonicteris aurantia (pilbara form) common name: pilbara leaf - nosed bat, orange leaf - nosed bat while the pilbara leaf - nosed bat is listed as rhinonicteris aurantius (pilbara form) under the epbc act and as rhinonicteris aurantius under the western australian legislation, the correct scientific name for this species is rhinonicteris aurantia (armstrong 2006a). in this profile, the common name' orange leaf - nosed bat' is used to refer to rhinonicteris aurantia - the taxon at the species level. rhinonicteris aurantia (pilbara form) will be referred to as the' pilbara leaf - nosed bat'. further detailed information on nomenclature can be found in armstrong (2006a) .\nthis profile on the australian biological resources study fauna online web site, describes the fawn leaf - nosed bat < i > hipposideros cervinus cervinus < / i >, its taxonomy, distribution and ecology. a list of references is provided .\nfawn leaf - nosed bats roost in caves and old mines. they roost together in colonies but hang from the ceiling apart from each other. they often share their roosts with other species of horseshoe bats .\nsite rehabilitation backfilling of old shafts and horizontal adits by mining companies for safety reasons has the potential to deprive the pilbara leaf - nosed bat and other species such as the ghost bat of roost habitat .\nthe pilbara leaf - nosed bat often shares roosts with the ghost bat, macroderma gigas, finlayson' s cave bat, vespadelus finlaysoni, common sheath - tailed bat, taphozous georgianus, and possibly hill' s sheath - tailed bat, taphozous hilli, in some parts of its range. any management strategy that benefits the pilbara leaf - nosed bat is also likely to benefit these species. some level of mortality from predation by ghost bats occurs when this species is present in the same roost .\nroost destruction by dereliction of mines, or from re - working old mines (e. g. when mining recommenced at the abandoned stewart river mine the roost of a colony of fawn leaf - nosed bats was destroyed) .\nspecific recovery and research actions for the pilbara leaf - nosed bat are are detailed in the action plan for australian bats, prepared by duncan and colleagues (1999) .\nfawn leaf - nosed bats eat moths and beetles, often hunting in small groups. they fly close to the ground around bushes, banks of creeks or the surface of water. they fly slowly but can change direction quickly to catch prey .\naustralasian bat society (abs) (2006). recommendations of the australasian bat society inc for reporting standards for insectivorous bat surveys using bat detectors. the australasian bat society newsletter. 27: 6 - 9. [ issn 1448 - 5877 ] .\nthe common name' orange leaf - nosed bat' is used to refer to rhinonicteris aurantia both at the species level, and also to those populations in the kimberley, northern territory and queensland. rhinonicteris aurantia (pilbara form) is commonly referred to as the' pilbara leaf - nosed bat'. further detailed information on nomenclature can be found in armstrong (2006a) .\nthe survey guidelines for australia’s threatened bat species (dewha 2010) presents recommended guidelines for efficient and effective survey of the pilbara leaf - nosed bat. some of these approaches are now outdated for various reasons, so a revised summary is provided below .\nthe pilbara leaf - nosed bat is a supremely acrobatic and high energy flier, intercepting insect prey whilst in flight, though is also able to fly slowly like the dusky leaf - nosed bat hipposideros ater (bullen & mckenzie 2002, 2004). they are adept at avoiding mist nets, but can sometimes be captured in harp traps, though placements at cave or mine entrances constitute a disturbance to a resident colony .\narmstrong, k. n. (2008). pilbara leaf - nosed bat rhinonicteris aurantia. in: van dyck, s, ed. mammals of australia, 3 rd edition. australian museum, sydney .\nthe fawn leaf - nosed bat occurs from the coen region northwards to the tip of cape york and is also found in south - east asia and melanesia. in queensland it has been recorded in kutini - payamu (iron range) national park, mungkan kandju national park and kulla (mcilwraith) national park (cape york peninsula aboriginal land) .\narmstrong, k. n. (2006a). resolving the correct nomenclature of the orange leaf - nosed bat rhinonicteris aurantia (gray, 1845) (hipposideridae). australian mammalogy. 28: 125 - 130 .\ncopper hills mine. this old copper mine around 30 km north of nullagine is in poor condition but maintains a colony of the pilbara leaf - nosed bat over a pool in underground workings that connect to a small flooded pit .\narmstrong, k. n. (2001). the roost habitat and distribution of the orange leaf - nosed bat, rhinonicteris aurantius, in the pilbara region of western australia. wildlife research. 28: 95 - 104 .\nthe flight when commuting to and from the roost is fast and direct, with slight changes in direction to avoid vegetation. the foraging flight is slower and more fluttering, with continual flight, perch hunting, and hovering. the fawn leaf - nosed bat is a short range hunter often hunting in small groups. the major components of its diet are medium - sized flying insects such as moths and beetles .\n1. develop a regional management plan that outlines an explicit strategy to halt and reduce the key threats to the pilbara leaf - nosed bat, which places an emphasis on assessment within a regional context and concurrent impacts. some of the key strategies would include :\narmstrong, k. n. (2011b). population genetic assessment of the pilbara leaf - nosed bat rhinonicteris aurantia, with a focus on the goldsworthy group. unpublished report by molhar pty ltd to bhp billiton iron ore pty ltd, 4 april 2011 .\nfawn leaf - nosed bats are active at night, and forage from one metre above the ground to canopy height, but not above the canopy. they fly close to the ground around bushes and banks, or over the surface of water. the perches used during foraging are usually situated near an open space, and are one to six metres above the ground .\nhand, s. j. (1997). new miocene leaf - nosed bats (microchiroptera: hipposideridae) from riversleigh, northwestern queensland. memoirs of the queensland museum. 41: 335 - 349 .\nhill, j. e. (1982). a review of the leaf - nosed bats rhinonycteris, cloeotis and triaenops (chiroptera: hipposideridae). bonner zoologische beitraege. 33: 165 - 186 .\na detailed description of fawn leafnosed - bat, what it looks like, where it lives, its behaviour, its conservation status, threats it faces, recovery actions being taken, and what can be done to help this species. links to additional information are provided .\npilbara and kimberley orange leaf - nosed bats were included in studies that investigated foraging habitat, aerodynamic capability and foraging strategy of a range of western australian bats (bullen & mckenzie 2002; mckenzie & rolfe 1986) .\nmenzies, j. i. (1973). a study of leaf - nosed bats (hipposideros caffer and rhinolophus landeri) in a cave in northern nigeria. journal of mammalogy. 54: 930 - 945 .\ngomantong cave is home to over a million bats from a variety of bats species, including the wrinkle - lipped bat, the philippine horseshoe bat, and the fawn leaf - nosed bat. these bats form a mass exodus from the cave every night at sundown, heading into the jungle to feed on insects, fruit, and nectar. these bats share the cave with birds called swiflets, whose nests are prized as an ingredient in bird’s nest soup. the cave is also home to billions of cockroaches and beetles, who live in the massive piles of guano the bats produce. the entire cave is a massive ecosystem that relies on its populations of bats and birds .\nmine development roosts of the pilbara leaf - nosed bat are threatened by new open cut pit developments, either as part of renewed interest in ore deposits beneath historical mine workings, or over / adjacent to natural caves in ironstone terrains. there is also potential for disturbance by drilling and earthmoving equipment associated with exploration activity. given the focus on the pilbara leaf - nosed bat during environmental impact assessments, many of the suspected roosts in the ironstone terrain are known from mining project areas. furthermore, the apparent scarcity of roosts means that the loss of such structures will likely result in a reduction of known area of occupancy .\ncopyright bat conservation international © 2018. all rights reserved. unless otherwise noted, all images are copyright © merlin d. tuttle and / or © bat conservation international .\narmstrong, k. n. (2003). the bats that time forgot: the orange leaf - nosed bat rhinonicteris aurantius (gray, 1845) (microchiroptera: hipposideridae) in the pilbara region of western australia. ph. d. thesis. department of animal biology, the university of western australia .\nas its common name suggests, the pilbara leaf - nosed bat is restricted to the pilbara, plus parts of the upper gascoyne region. prior to 1995, there were very few records of the pilbara leaf - nosed bat, and only one known roost in the klondyke queen mine near marble bar. targeted research surveys (armstrong 2001), environmental impact assessments (review in armstrong 2011a and cramer et al. 2016) and survey efforts to better characterise biodiversity across land systems in the region by the government of western australian (mckenzie and bullen 2009) have produced many new records of occurrence and additional confirmed or suspected roost sites .\nmckenzie, n. , k. armstrong & p. kendrick (1999). pilbara leaf - nosed bat. in: duncan, a, g. b. baker and n. montgomery, eds. the action plan for australian bats. page (s) 36 - 38. environment australia, canberra .\nresearch priorities for the pilbara leaf - nosed bat (rhinonicteris aurantia pilbara form). australian mammalogy. (cramer, v. , k. n. armstrong, r. bullen, r. ellis, l. gibson, n. mckenzie, m. o' connell, a. spate & s. van leeuwen, 2016) .\naustralasian bat society (abs) (2016). recommendations of the australasian bat society, inc. for acoustic surveys for bats. version 2016 - xx - xx. available from: urltoken .\nthe second of the three bat species found within the cave is the large - eared horseshoe bat (rhinolophus philippinensis). it is found throughout southeast asia and oceania, and takes another important role in the gomantong ecosystem. this bat uses echolocation to find its prey, and forages close to the ground. the large - eared horseshoe bat is very similar to other horseshoe bats, but not much else is currently known about it. due to its large range, this bat is not considered endangered or threatened .\ndevelop a protocol for a last resort measure of relocating a colony under threat of loss from plans for mining or deterioration of an underground structure—using an alternative approach to the physical carriage of individuals from one site to another as might be performed in a typical translocation. cramer et al. (2016) summarise a range of considerations for the construction of artificial roosts. consider the ghost bat simultaneously in all strategies concerning the pilbara leaf - nosed bat, to simplify strategies and reduce costs .\nrhinonicteris aurantia is endemic to australia, and ranges throughout the pilbara and kimberley regions of western australia, the top end of the northern territory, and parts of several bioregions across the gulf of carpentaria in the northern territory and western queensland. populations have not been connected across the great sandy desert for many thousands of years (armstrong 2006b; armstrong and coles 2007). there is an unsubstantiated record of remains of a pilbara leaf - nosed bat in owl pellets of unknown age at kintyre (hart, simpson & associates 1994). this location is outside the pilbara, but is “in similar country of stony hills with small caves”. it is unlikely that the pilbara leaf - nosed bat disperses through the desert or occupies habitat there (armstrong 2003, 2006b) .\nkoodaideri adit. an old bulk - sampling iron ore adit just over 200 m in length (k75w) is thought to be inhabited by a colony of the pilbara leaf - nosed bat, and colony size estimates have been made based on acoustic recordings and trapping. the adit is adjacent to areas planned for open cut iron ore extraction (biota 2013j in eco logical australia 2014) .\nthe pilbara leaf - nosed bat is relatively straightforward to detect if it is present in an area, in part because it flies low to the ground, its curiosity for light sources (armstrong 2001), and the distinctiveness of its echolocation call. thus, a traverse through a likely foraging habitat with a headtorch will likely bring any individuals nearby within range of a hand held bat detector. an even simpler method involves deploying autonomous bat detectors at the entrance to the relatively large caves in a survey area, given that night visitation of non - roost caves is a common activity of this species .\nthe cyclops roundleaf bat is found through much of equatorial africa. it is found along the southern coast of\nthere is some evidence from several long term monitoring projects that there is seasonal variation in area of occupancy within the region. generally, the pilbara leaf - nosed bat is more commonly encountered in wetter and cooler parts of the year in some areas, which is thought to be a function of increased available of suitable roost microclimates after rainfall recharge to caves (cramer et al. 2016) .\nthe pilbara leaf - nosed bat is of moderate size, having short fur, relatively small, pointed ears and a fleshy diamond - shaped noseleaf surrounding the nostrils. it weighs around 8. 7–9. 3 g and has a forearm length of 45. 2–47. 8 mm (armstrong 2001, 2002). sexes are mostly similar in size, especially in external features (armstrong 2002) .\nthe echolocation call of the pilbara leaf - nosed bat is highly diagnostic and can be detected using several different types of bat detector, if the bat is within the reception range of the microphone. the mean characteristic frequency of the loudest (second) emitted harmonic is 121 khz in the pilbara, which is around 6 khz higher than in the northern distribution of the species. each pulse consists of a constant frequency tone of c. 8 milliseconds duration, followed by a very brief broadband downwards sweep through c. 20 khz (armstrong and coles 2007). the detection range of echolocation calls depends on the type and sensitivity settings of bat detectors, but is typically a few metres within a relatively narrow band around the microphone axis .\nhas a distinctive shape, with a rounded horseshoe shape over the muzzle and a posterior leaf with two projections on each side. both parts of the leaf also possess small club - like structures projecting from their mid - line. the\ncyclops\npart of the bat' s name comes from the presence of a narrow circular opening in the centre of the forehead, just behind, and normally hidden by, the nose - leaf. this opening leads to a small glandular sac lined with white hairs, which produces a waxy substance of unknown function .\nwashington d. c. bat conservation international 1012 14th street nw, suite 905 washington, d. c. 20005, usa\ncane river cave. a cave beneath a mesa cap adjacent to a small gully supports a remarkably large colony of the pilbara leaf - nosed bat, with estimates of at least several thousand individuals (cramer et al. 2016). the structure of the cave does not appear to be significantly different to many other caves that are not inhabited by this species, which provides the basis for suggesting the possibility of other such colonies elsewhere in similar geology of the hamersley range .\nyarrie - nimingarra mines. the seasonal presence and activity levels of the pilbara leaf - nosed bat were monitored for seven years at several cave entrances around the yarrie and nimingarra open cut iron ore minesites. there was evidence that at least one cave was used for diurnal roosting on occasions. analysis of activity data suggested that night visitation of some caves occurred from individuals seeking a temporary refuge whilst out foraging away from diurnal roosts, or was the result of the presence of pools of water at the cave entrance .\nin addition to dense forest, the bat is also found in isolated forest patches on the edges of the savannah, and in artificial plantations .\nthe daytime occupation of trees expounded by gould (1863) has never been corroborated (calaby & keith 1974; dixon 1978; parker 1973), and there have been no observations that would support churchill’s (1991, 1995) suggestion that bats become “forest dwellers” in the northern territory during the wet season. several accounts exist of roosting in buildings (review in armstrong 2003; churchill et al. 1988), but never in the pilbara. the pilbara is considered too dry to support the pilbara leaf - nosed bat in trees and buildings that provide only suboptimal microclimates .\nrefurbish or maintain deteriorating underground structures that can be set aside as bat habitat in the long term, or alternatively constructing more stable alternatives nearby as part of environmental offsets .\n. although every effort is made by google to ensure translation accuracy, errors may occur. bat conservation international does not guarantee or warrant the accuracy or reliability of this tool .\naustin bat conservation international 500 n capital of tx hwy. , bldg. 1 austin, tx 78746, usa + 1 (512) 327 9721 1800 - 538 - bats\nthe location of the k75w adit at koodaideri and the cane river cave roost are both within the project areas of planned iron ore mines, but have been subject to rigorous environmental assessment, as well as environmental commitments by proponents. many of the caves in ironstone where the pilbara leaf - nosed bat has been detected—e. g. the abydos, mt dove, mt webber, poondano and wodgina areas to name but a few—are covered by mining and exploration leases. given that many new records of this species have originated as part of environmental impact assessments, and that cave habitats are spread throughout the ironstone terrain of the region, it is not surprising that most records are covered by mining or exploration leases. generally, potential bat roosts in natural caves in ironstone terrains receive a greater level of scrutiny than those roosts in historical mine workings .\narmstrong, k. n. & p. higgs (2002). draft protocol for working safely in confined spaces. australasian bat society newsletter. 19: 20 - 28 .\nbullen, r. d. & n. l. mckenzie (2002). scaling bat wingbeat frequency and amplitude. journal of experimental biology. 205: 2615 - 2626 .\nthe australian handbook for the conservation of bats in mines and artificial cave - bat habitats (thomson 2002) provides management guidelines for cave - dwelling species that may inhabit disused mine sites .\narmstrong, k. n. & s. d. anstee (2000). the ghost bat in the pilbara: 100 years on. australian mammalogy. 22: 93 - 101 .\nchurchill, s. k. (1994). diet, prey selection and foraging behaviour of the orange horseshoe - bat, rhinonycteris aurantius. wildlife research. 21: 115 - 130 .\nselvanayagam, p. p. l & g. marimuthu (1984). spatial organisation of roosting in the insectivorous tropical bat hipposideros speoris. behavioural processes. 9: 113 - 121 .\narmstrong, k. n. (2000). roost microclimates of the bat rhinonicteris aurantius in a limestone cave in geike gorge, western australia. australian mammalogy. 22: 69 - 70 .\nnightly and seasonal movements have not been studied in any detail. churchill (1991, 1995) observed seasonal reductions in numbers in the largest colonies of the orange leaf - nosed bat in the northern territory and concluded that most individuals dispersed to other roosts during the wet season (though her speculation of tree roosting has not been supported by field observations). in the pilbara, there is no evidence for a seasonal exodus during summer months, and observations of seasonal presence at confirmed and suspected roosts across the region suggest that most individuals contract back to a few of the largest and deepest structures following the period of building temperatures and relatively low rainfall between august and december (armstrong 2001; k. n. armstrong upubl. data) .\nbullen, r. d. & n. l. mckenzie (2004). bat flight - muscle mass: implications for foraging strategy. australian journal of zoology. 52: 605 - 622 .\nmckenzie, n. l. & j. k. rolfe (1986). structure of bat guilds in the kimberley mangroves, australia. journal of animal ecology. 55: 401 - 420 .\nthomson, b. (2002). australian handbook for the conservation of bats in mines and artificial cave - bat habitats. melbourne: australian centre for mining environmental research. available from: urltoken .\njolly, s. (1988). five colonies of the orange horseshoe bat, rhinonycteris aurantius (chiroptera: hipposideridae), in the northern territory. australian wildlife research. 15: 41 - 49 .\nchurchill, s. k. (1991b). distribution, abundance and roost selection of the orange horseshoe - bat, rhinonycteris aurantius, a tropical cave dweller. wildlife research. 18: 343 - 353 .\nchurchill, s. k. (1995). reproductive ecology of the orange horseshoe bat, rhinonycteris aurantius (hipposideridae: chiroptera), a tropical cave dweller. wildlife research. 22: 687 - 698 .\nluckily, for the bat, bird, and insect inhabitants of gomantong, the cave is heavily protected by the local government. unfortunately, this is not the case in many areas of southeast asia. indonesia, malaysia, and areas of laos and thailand are areas of especially high concentrations of bat species, and many of their bats are threatened by habitat loss and destruction of roosting sites. learn more about what bci is doing to preserve the bats of southeast asia here .\nacoustic surveys are best conducted with bat detectors that can record calls for later verification by the analyst themselves or reviewers of the work. most bat detectors used currently in the pilbara record autonomously, but other models new to the market that allow active detections in real time require a manual start for recording signals. best practice dictates that all identification of bats from acoustic recordings are accompanied by an illustration of at least one example call from each species (abs 2006, 2016) .\nthe roosting habits of this bat requires very large hollow trees, so conservation of these must be a priority. it is found in some protected areas, for example kwamgumi forest reserve in tanzania, and the udzungwa mountains national park of tanzania .\nworthington - wilmer, j. , l. hall, e. barratt & c. moritz (1999). genetic structure and male - mediated gene flow in the ghost bat (macroderma gigas). evolution. 53: 1582 - 1591 .\narmstrong, k. n. & l. j. kerry (in litt). modelling the prey detection performance of the cf - emitting bat rhinonicteris aurantia in different atmospheric conditions discounts the notional role of relative humidity in adaptive evolution. journal of theoretical biology .\nthe three species of bats living in the cave, are very similar in how they feed and roost. the wrinkle - lipped free - tailed bat (chaerephon plicatus) has a wide range all throughout southeast asia, and like many other bats likes to live in caves and abandoned structures. this species is an insectivore, and forages for its food in the jungle surrounding the cave. while forest harvesting and other human activities are impacting its foraging habitat and roosting sites, the wrinkle - lipped free - tailed bat is not of grave concern for conservationists .\nchurchill, s. k. , p. m. helman & l. s. hall (1988). distribution, populations and status of the orange horseshoe bat, rhinonicteris aurantius (chiroptera: hipposideridae). australian mammalogy. 11 (1): 27 - 33 .\njolly, s. & s. j. hand (1995). orange leafnosed - bat rhinonicteris aurantius. in: strahan, r, ed. the mammals of australia - the national photographic index of australian wildlife, 2 nd edition. page (s) 464 - 465. reed, sydney .\nsir david attenborough recently aired his new documentary series, “conquest of the skies”, featuring in its final episode borneo’s gomantong cave, home to a variety of bat species. in honor of sir david attenborough’s birthday, and all of the work he has done for wildlife education around the globe, we will take a look at gomantong cave and its batty inhabitants .\nrhinonicteris aurantia is the sole australian representative of the newly recognised bat family rhinonycteridae gray, 1866 (foley et al. 2015). the genus contains one living species only, plus at least one fossil species, rhinonicteris tedfordi (hand 1997), and its closest relatives are morphologically distinct and do not occur in australia (parts of africa and the middle east; hill 1982) .\npopulation size has been difficult to estimate because not all roost sites are known, and the proportion remaining to be discovered is unknown. in addition, counts of colony size are challenging to undertake because roosts are usually in inaccessible or dangerous parts of underground structures, and the tendency of this species to linger around cave and mine entrances for several hours after dusk (indeed, often throughout the night) inflates and introduces error into emergence counts, especially when other similar - sized species of bat are present in the same structure .\nalthough this bat is often considered to be a forest species (happold 1987), it can be found far into the forestsavanna mosaic in many parts of its range (decher and fahr 2005). in nigeria, it has only been recorded from tropical moist forest. it does not occur in heavily degraded areas. the species roosts singly, in pairs or in small groups of up to 12 individuals in cavities in hollow standing trees. they prefer cavities as high as possible above the ground and sometimes share these with flying squirrels (happold 1987) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nthe taxonomic status and distribution of this species were discussed by jenkins and hill (1981). there is a need for studies of geographic variation across the species' range (l. heaney and k. helgen pers. comm .) .\nhutson, a. m. , racey, p. a. (chiroptera red list authority), chanson, j. & chiozza, f. (global mammal assessment team )\njustification: listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a degree of habitat modification, presumed large population, and because it is not believed to be declining. however, if current rate of deforestation continues the species will become threatened in the future .\nit is generally a common species. in the philippines, the populations are unknown, the only known records being from the 1946 philippine expedition on mindanao (sanborn 1952), since then there have been no appropriate surveys there (l. heaney pers. comm. 2006). in peninsular malaysia, sabah and probably elsewhere in borneo the species is a cave dweller in forests and it can be locally abundant in suitable areas .\nfound at low elevation habitats between sea level to 1, 400 m asl (k. helgen pers. comm. 2006). the species is typically tied to caves, but can be found in a variety of habitat types (k. helgen pers. comm .). this species has been recorded from primary and secondary tropical moist forest and also from open forest habitats. it roosts in caves (especially large caves), abandoned mines and in hollow trees. many hundreds of individuals may be encountered at a single roost. the females give birth to a single young (flannery 1995; strahan 1995; bonaccorso 1998) .\nthere appear to be no major threats to this species. it is locally threatened by mine visitation and habitat loss in parts of its range, although it is tolerant to a certain level of disturbance .\nin view of its wide range it is presumed to be present in some protected areas. in the philippines, there is a need for further appropriate surveys on mindanao (l. heaney pers. comm .). protection of forest around cave complexes is required and particularly so in borneo .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia, please upload using the upload tools .\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 0db604d3 - 67e6 - 416d - 8532 - d4e8361d3d1e\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 8ee45d42 - 1d41 - 45d4 - a67e - cebc88e1c539\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: afa55113 - 38d0 - 46b3 - ac36 - 6d85c4d9c99b\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 397569\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment. find records and model species distributions. export reports, maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area, or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something? photograph something? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities. we honour and celebrate the spiritual, cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nbullen r. d. and mckenzie n. l. (2009) .\naerodynamic cleanliness in bats\n. australian journal of zoology 56, 281 - 296 .\nbullen r. d. and mckenzie n. l. (2009). < i > australian journal of zoology < / i > 56, 281 - 296 .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation, e. g. an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature, an orthologous protein, a record from another database, etc. < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more... < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages, faqs, uniprotkb manual, documents, news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website. please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins, you can use the ‘basket’ to save them, so that you can back to find or analyse them later. < p > < a href =' / help / basket' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more. . < / a > < / p >\nwe' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation (gdpr) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nour mission is to conserve the world’s bats and their ecosystems to ensure a healthy planet .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nclose the former department of environment and heritage protection is merging to form the new department of environment and science. this site will be updated while the new department of environment and science website is being established .\nconservation status: this species is listed as vulnerable in queensland (nature conservation act 1992). it is ranked as a high priority under the department of environment and heritage protection back on track species prioritisation framework .\nthese bats commute from roosting to foraging areas along established pathways, often along creeks or gullies. individuals or groups split off from the main group and fly into the forest to commence hunting. the return to the roost is a reverse pattern of the exit .\nprotect roosts from disturbance and destruction. where possible manage disturbance by humans at known roost sites .\nchurchill, s 2009, australian bats (second edition), allen and unwin, sydney .\ncurtis, l, dennis, a, mcdonald, kr, kyne, pm and debus, sjs. 2012. queensland’s threatened animals. csiro publishing, collingwood, victoria\nduncan, a, baker, gb and montgomery, n (eds .) 1999 the action plan for australian bats. environment australia, canberra .\nmenkhorst, p and knight, f 2010, a field guide to the mammals of australia (third edition), oxford university press, melbourne .\nvan dyck, s and strahan, r (eds .) 2008, the mammals of australia (third edition), new holland publishers, sydney .\nfor information to assist regulatory considerations, refer to policy statements and guidelines, the conservation advice, the listing advice and / or the recovery plan .\nrecovery plan not required, included on the not commenced list (1 / 11 / 2009) .\nsurvey guidelines for australia' s threatened bats. epbc act survey guidelines 6. 1\n( department of the environment, water, heritage and the arts (dewha), 2010) [ admin guideline ] .\npriority threat management of pilbara species of conservation significance (carwardine, j. , s. nicol, s. van leeuwen, b. walters, j. firn, a. reeson, t. g. martin & i. chades, 2014) .\nthe distribution shown is generalised from the departments species of national environmental significance dataset. this is an indicative distribution map of the present distribution of the species based on best available knowledge. some species information is withheld in line with sensitive species polices. see map caveat for more information .\nwestern australia: at the species level, rhinonicteris aurantia (including both kimberley and pilbara forms) is listed as vulnerable under the wildlife conservation act 1950 .\nthere is one remarkable exception of a very large colony in a relatively small cave at the western edge of the hamersley range. there have been two preliminary attempts at estimating the number of individuals, one using acoustic recordings, and the other using thermal video imaging and missile tracking software (k. n. armstrong unpublished data; woinarski et al. 2014). further investigation is needed, as the two estimates differ by several thousand, but numbers seem to be at least in the low thousands. the colony appears to contain a very high proportion of the regional population, pending the discovery of other similar colonies that might be present in unexplored parts of the hamersley range .\nthere is no systematic monitoring of the largest and therefore the most important colonies, though both the continued presence and some qualitative indication of size is available from ad hoc visitation and recordings made at some of these roosts, but not all of them. for example, the second - largest known colony in the bamboo creek mine has not been visited since 2006, and no robust attempt at estimating colony size has ever been taken. a robust estimate of colony size in the cane river cave has not yet been undertaken .\nnight roost, individuals roost elsewhere and forage in this area regularly. likely at least 100 individuals in barlee range nature reserve based on previous capture record .\nimportant roost site, numbers observed in 1997 likely an underestimate, but cave becomes unavailable in the driest periods, other roost is likely nearby .\nlarge colony absent since 1997, but it is possible that at least a few individuals may roost on occasions or permanently .\n72 captures in 1981, estimated 350 individuals, all subsequent counts have estimated 20 or less .\nall were captured and released in sept. 2006. typical colony size is likely to be 20 individuals or less .\nchurchill et al. 1988; armstrong 2001; k. n. armstrong unpublished data .\ncolony size likely to be 50–100 individuals, likely more, and possibly changing in size seasonally .\nmight function as a roost on some occasions, another roost likely nearby, around 20 individuals expected .\nroost at lalla rookh, no observed be opportunities for roosting within 10 km around the mine, closest being outcrops on abydos station .\nmost known roost sites in old underground mines are covered by mining or exploration leases by companies interested in further developing reserves of gold beneath the historical workings. none of the old mines are explicitly managed for bats, though in some cases companies have met their environmental obligations when evaluating the remaining resource (e. g. armstrong 2010), but equally there have been several instances in the past three decades where disturbances or unfortunate events have reduced the availability of these sites to the bats. examples include the bulletin and all nations mines (which are known to be used by large colonies of ghost bats; hall et al. 1997), excavation and blasting of a new adit underneath the klondyke queen in the 1980’s and flooding of the lower levels of the comet mine (armstrong 2001) .\npart of the regional population at the extreme south - western corner of their distribution, which contains several unique mitochondrial haplotypes that suggest their semi - isolation, is protected within barlee range nature reserve .\npermanent diurnal roosts —occupied year - round and likely the focus for some part of the 9 - month breeding cycle; considered as critical habitat that is essential for the daily survival of the plnb .\nnon - permanent breeding roosts —evidence of usage during some part of the 9 - month breeding cycle (july–march), but not occupied year - round; considered as critical habitat that is essential for both the daily and long - term survival of the plnb .\ntransitory diurnal roosts —occupied for part of the year only, outside the breeding season (i. e. april–june), and which could facilitate long distance dispersal in the region; considered as critical habitat that is essential for both the daily and long - term survival of the plnb .\nnocturnal refuge —occupied or entered at night for resting, feeding or other purposes, with perching not a requirement. excludes overhangs. not considered critical habitat, but are important for persistence in a local area .\nin the northern territory, it was found that females disappeared from two of the largest known colonies at tolmer falls (litchfield national park) and cutta cutta cave (near katherine), with late - stage pregnancy, parturition and weaning take place away from these roosts (churchill 1995). therefore, the primary purpose for aggregation in these two caves appeared to be for mating. churchill (1991, 1995) speculated that females became “forest dwellers” during the wet season, with parturition and the rearing of young taking place outside caves. a more likely scenario is that females simply found other caves (as yet undiscovered) to complete the breeding cycle because microclimate conditions in the cutta cutta and tolmer falls caves were unsuitable for the rearing of young .\nin the pilbara, breeding is thought to take place in roosts where bats are present year - round. some caves in the pilbara become unsuitable for the species in the hottest and driest times of the year (in the period of relatively low rainfall and increasing ambient temperatures between august and december), and it is thought that bats contract back to the relatively few deep structures that offer suitable microclimate conditions in all seasons (armstrong 2001) .\nlife expectancy is unknown but is likely to be around 10 years, similar to other medium sized bats in the families hipposideridae and rhinolophidae (wilkinson & south 2002), and generation length is expected to be around 6 years (woinarski et al. 2014) .\ndespite their frequent detection over pools (both generally at a landscape scale, and throughout the night at particular sites), it is not known if they drink. they forage in the open against vegetation (bullen & mckenzie 2002), and flight behaviour is described as a\nsinuous pattern of turns; zigzagging up and down ...\n( churchill et al. 1988), sometimes within centimetres of the ground, but typically up to 2–3 m in height (k. n. armstrong unpubl. obs .) .\npre - survey considerations. prospective areas can be identified prior to the field survey using geological and topographical maps, aerial photography, and searches of databases such as minedex at the western australian department of resources and industry to locate underground workings and tenement details. the area for surveys can be narrowed down prior to site visitation to those with steep gorges, rocky gullies, mesa bluffs / breakaway scarps, rockpiles, and mining centres with underground workings .\nsurvey effort. several hours per day may be required to conduct ground - based surveys for caves and mines. for large project areas in gorge country, ground - based searching could be expected to take several days. some past surveys have used a short helicopter flight to significantly reduce the focal survey area and identify specific structures for further attention. a repeat effort around 6 months after an initial survey is desirable to confirm absence in a study area, or determine whether diurnal roosting is a seasonal or more permanent phenomenon .\ninterruption of breeding activity impact assessments should take into account that proposed works might interrupt parts of the breeding cycle anytime between july and march. the breeding cycle includes times of aggregation for mating, when females are pregnant, and when females give birth and raise young .\nimplementing a standardised regular regional monitoring programme at selected key roosts to document demographic trends seasonally and in the longer term, and to provide context for assessing the importance of newly discovered colonies .\ndeveloping a dynamic register of known and suspected roost sites, and assessing their relative importance based on survey and population genetic information, so that sites can be prioritised for conservation and the potential effects of concurrent impacts can be assessed .\nestablish buffer zones around important known or suspected roosts, together with non - invasive monitoring and defined trigger points for contingencies in the event of evidence of a significant change in activity levels at a site .\noutline recommended survey approaches and strategies for issue resolution as part of the environmental impact assessment process to provide clarity and certainty in terms of appropriate responses for proponents .\n2. undertake further research on key subjects identified in consensus by all stakeholders (cramer et al. 2016). the key research foci include :\nclarify the number and distribution of day roosts (see appendix a for definition of roost types) .\nunderstand the role of landscape connectivity and resource availability for the movement between roosts .\ndevelop a regional management plan that prevents destruction of or significant disturbance to roost sites .\n3. develop government policy around greater scrutiny and collaborative management with miners of known roosts in deteriorating historical mine workings, and explore possibilities for the formal protection of colonies in artificial structures .\nthe first field observations from across most of the range, including roost structure, abundance estimates, roost microclimates, cohabiting species, predation, pelage (fur) colouration and foraging habitat were provided by churchill et al. (1988) and jolly (1988) .\nthe first comprehensive ecological studies were undertaken in the northern territory (churchill 1991, 1994, 1995). following this was a more comprehensive study of physiology that built upon the study of kulzer et al. (1970) and highlighted the extremely high rates of water loss (baudinette et al. 2000) .\narmstrong, k. n (2007a). field survey for conservation significant bats near sulphur springs, pilbara. field survey and management advice. unpublished report by molhar pty ltd for cbh resources ltd 13 july 2007 .\narmstrong, k. n. (2002). morphometric divergence among populations of rhinonicteris aurantius (chiroptera: hipposideridae) in northern australia. australian journal of zoology. 50: 649 - 669 .\narmstrong, k. n. (2005). a description and discussion of the penile morphology of rhinonicteris aurantius (gray, 1845) (microchiroptera: hipposideridae). australian mammalogy. 27: 161 - 167 .\narmstrong, k. n. (2006b). phylogeographic structure in rhinonicteris aurantia (chiroptera: hipposideridae): implications for conservation. acta chiropterologica. acta chiropterologica. 8: 63 - 81 .\narmstrong, k. n. (2010). assessing the short - term effect of minerals exploration drilling on colonies of bats of conservation significance: a case study near marble bar, western australia. journal of the royal society of western australia. 93: 165 - 174 .\narmstrong, k. n. (2011a). the current status of bats in western australia. law, b. , p. eby, d. lunney & l. lumsden, eds. the biology and conservation of australasian bats. page (s) 257 - 269. royal zoological society of nsw, mosman, nsw, australia .\narmstrong, k. n. & r. b. coles (2007). echolocation call frequency differences between geographic isolates of rhinonicteris aurantia (chiroptera: hipposideridae): implications of nasal chamber size. journal of mammalogy .\narmstrong, k. n. , & l. j. kerry (2011). modelling the prey detection performance of rhinonicteris aurantia (chiroptera: hipposideridae) in different atmospheric conditions discounts the notional role of relative humidity in adaptive evolution. journal of theoretical biology. 278: 44 - 54 .\nbaudinette, r. v. , s. k. churchill, k. a. christian, j. e. nelson & p. j. hudson (2000). energy, water balance and the roost microenvironment in three australian cave - dwelling bats (microchiroptera). journal of comparative physiology. b 170: 439 - 446 .\nbeard, j. s. (1975). pilbara. explanatory notes to sheet 5, 1: 1 000 000 series vegetation survey of western australia. university of western australia press, nedlands .\nbenda, p. , & p. vallo (2009). taxonomic revision of the genus triaenops (chiroptera: hipposideridae) with description of a new species from southern arabia and definitions of a new genus and tribe. folia zoologica. 58 (m1): 1 - 45 .\ncalaby, j. h. & k. keith (1974). mammals. in: fauna survey of the port essington district, cobourg peninsula, northern territory of australia. csiro division of wildlife research technical paper. 28: 179 - 208." ]

{ "text": [ "the fawn leaf-nosed bat or fawn roundleaf bat ( hipposideros cervinus ) is a species of bat in the family hipposideridae found in australia , indonesia , malaysia , the philippines and vanuatu .", "it was previously found in singapore , but may have become extinct there . " ], "topic": [ 25, 20 ] }

[ "the fawn leaf-nosed bat or fawn roundleaf bat (hipposideros cervinus) is a species of bat in the family hipposideridae found in australia, indonesia, malaysia, the philippines and vanuatu. it was previously found in singapore, but may have become extinct there." ]

[ "also known as moray eels, banded eel, banded moray eel, girdled moray, ringed moray .\ngreen moray eel - (gymnothorax funebris) behaviors - identification - snorkel st. john, usvi caribbean\ncitation :\nbarred moray eels, echidna polyzona ~ marinebio. org .\nmarinebio conservation society. web. accessed tuesday, july 10, 2018. < urltoken >. last update: 1 / 14 / 2013 2: 22: 00 pm ~ contributor (s): marinebio\nalso known as moray eels, banded eel, banded moray eel, girdled moray and ringed moray. found singly on inshore protected reef flats, harbours and lagoons hiding in dead coral and crevasses. they feed on fish and invertebrates. as the eel ages the stripes turn to mottled spots but has a dark corner of jaw. length - 60cm depth - 1 - 15m widespread indo - pacific morays open and close their mouths to move water through their gills for respiration. this behaviour can often be seen as a threat especially towards divers, in fact this is far from the truth, they are very shy creatures and will only attack if provoked! (edit )\nmarine; reef - associated; depth range 2 - 20 m (ref. 90102). tropical; 30°n - 24°s\nindo - pacific: red sea and east africa (ref. 33390) to the hawaiian, marquesan, and tuamoto islands, north to the ryukyu islands, south to the great barrier reef .\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 72. 3 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 90102 )\ndorsal spines (total): 0; dorsal soft rays (total): 0; anal spines: 0; anal soft rays: 0; vertebrae: 132 - 137. body grey with fine pale barring (ref. 48635). young with 25 - 30 dark brown bars separated by white narrow interspaces; bars become obscure with age where in large adults, the pattern becomes mottled brown; corner of mouth dark brown. head usually lighter, yellowish with variable dark blotching (ref. 48635) .\ninhabits reef flats, clear shallow lagoons, and seaward reefs (ref. 9710). benthic (ref. 58302). feeds mainly on small crustaceans during both day and night (ref. 9710) .\nchen, h. - m. , k. - t. shao and c. t. chen, 1994. a review of the muraenid eels (family muraenidae) from taiwan with descriptions of twelve new records. zool. stud. 33 (1): 44 - 64. (ref. 6934 )\n): 25. 2 - 29. 3, mean 28. 4 (based on 2833 cells) .\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 5005 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 00112 (0. 00054 - 0. 00233), b = 3. 07 (2. 89 - 3. 25), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this (sub) family - body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 5 ±0. 4 se; based on diet studies .\nresilience (ref. 69278): medium, minimum population doubling time 1. 4 - 4. 4 years (preliminary k or fecundity .) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): moderate to high vulnerability (51 of 100) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncfm script by eagbayani, 12. 10. 04, php script by rolavides, 05 / 02 / 08, last modified by cgarilao, 13 / 05 / 08\ncreated to help individuals around the world identify tropical fish found during their scuba dive and snorkelling excursions .\neels can be a challenge to keep due to their ability to escape aquariums. keep a tight fitting lid or light diffuser panel on the tank. be careful when feeding as eels eyesight is not the best. they may accidentally (or not so accidentally) bite your hand. we recommend the use of feeding tongs instead of using fingers. a bite from an eel can cause a serious bacterial infection. it is important to clean the wound area well and immediately seek medical help if you see any signs of redness .\ndue to availability and individuality of each species, colors and sizes may vary .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nyou may not duplicate, copy, or reuse any portion of the photos / html / css or visual design elements without our express written permission. any redistribution or reproduction of part or all of the contents in any form is prohibited .\nthis home page section for this species is currently being developed and will be completed asap! if you would like to help out or know of a great video, photo or site about this species, let us know and we' ll notify you as soon as it is finished. our current project plan is to have all marine species home pages finished before christmas this year. if you' d like to find out more about our ongoing projects here at marinebio, check out our marinebio projects page .\nresearch echidna polyzona » barcode of life ~ bioone ~ biodiversity heritage library ~ cites ~ cornell macaulay library [ audio / video ] ~ encyclopedia of life (eol) ~ esa online journals ~ fishbase ~ florida museum of natural history ichthyology department ~ gbif ~ google scholar ~ itis ~ iucn redlist (threatened status) ~ marine species identification portal ~ ncbi (pubmed, genbank, etc .) ~ ocean biogeographic information system ~ plos ~ siris ~ tree of life web project ~ unep - wcmc species database ~ worms\nstart or join a discussion about this species below or send us an email to report any errors or submit suggestions for this page. we greatly appreciate all feedback !\nhelp us protect and restore marine life by supporting our various online community - centered marine conservation projects that are effectively sharing the wonders of the ocean with millions each year around the world, raising a balanced awareness of the increasingly troubling and often very complex marine conservation issues that affect marine life and ourselves directly, providing support to marine conservation groups on the frontlines that are making real differences today, and the scientists, teachers and students involved in the marine life sciences .\nwith your support, most marine life and their ocean habitats can be protected, if not restored to their former natural levels of biodiversity. we sincerely thank our thousands of members, donors and sponsors, who have decided to get involved and support the marinebio conservation society .\nblue sites academic earth arctic photo arkive biodiversity heritage library census of marine life cites species database clay coleman coml plos collections david hall' s galleries deep - sea photography deep sea expeditions doubilet gallery encyclopedia of life espen rekdal nova evolution fishbase fl museum of natural history harbor branch iucn iucn red list khan academy marine planktonic copepods marine species gallery (david harasti) marine species identification portal marinexplore mbari mit opencourseware monterey bay aquarium mote marine lab noaa' s aquarius noaa marine sanctuaries noaa national ocean service noaa ocean noaa ocean explorer noaa photo library ocean conservancy oceana oceanus pangaea project seahorse urltoken reefbase rolf hicker photography siris scripps institution of oceanography scripps (explorations now) scubabob galleries the scyphozoan seafood watch program seapics seaweb sharks slaughtered society for conservation biology the ocean - conservation international the ocean sunfish thelivingsea woods hole oceanographic institution world biodiversity database (wbd) world list of amphipoda... ascidiacea... asteroidea... brachiopoda... cetacea... copepoda... cumacea... echinoidea... foraminifera... hemichordata... hydrozoa... isopoda... lophogastrida, stygiomysida and mysida... mangroves... littoral myriapoda... free - living marine nematodes... ophiuroidea... ostracoda... phoronida <... placozoa... polychaeta... porifera... proseriata and kalyptorhynchia - rhabditophora... pycnogonida... remipedia youdive tv\ndeep music digitally imported urltoken proton radio * radio paradise radiotunes somafm wers 88. 9 fm\n~ sharing the wonders of the ocean to inspire conservation, education, research, and a sea ethic ~ marinebio. org, inc. is a u. s. 501 (c) 3 charitable, nonprofit organization. contact: info @ urltoken all marinebio conservation society memberships and donations are tax deductible in the united states. > < (( (( ° > © 1998 - 2017 marinebio copyright & terms of use. privacy policy. > - < °° > - <\nfor all at last returns to the sea — to oceanus, the ocean river, like the everflowing stream of time, the beginning and the end .\n- rachel carson" ]

{ "text": [ "the barred moray ( echidna polyzona , also known as the banded moray , the dark-banded eel , the girdled moray , the girdled reef eel , the many banded moray eel , the ringed moray , the ringed reef moray , the striped moray , and the zebra eel ) is a moray eel of the family muraenidae .", "it was described by john richardson in 1845 , originally under the genus muraena .", "it is a marine , tropical eel which is known from the indo-pacific , including the red sea , east africa , the hawaiian islands , the marquesan islands , the tuamoto islands , the ryukyu islands , and the great barrier reef .", "it dwells at a depth range of 2 to 20 metres ( 6.6 to 65.6 ft ) , and leads a benthic lifestyle in reefs and shallow lagoons .", "males can reach a maximum total length of 72.3 centimetres ( 28.5 in ) .", "the barred moray 's diet consists of shrimp such as saron marmoratus , crabs , isopods , and polychaetes , which it feeds on during both day and night .", "it is of commercial interest to both subsistence fisheries and the aquarium trade . " ], "topic": [ 13, 5, 16, 18, 0, 8, 15 ] }

[ "the barred moray (echidna polyzona, also known as the banded moray, the dark-banded eel, the girdled moray, the girdled reef eel, the many banded moray eel, the ringed moray, the ringed reef moray, the striped moray, and the zebra eel) is a moray eel of the family muraenidae. it was described by john richardson in 1845, originally under the genus muraena. it is a marine, tropical eel which is known from the indo-pacific, including the red sea, east africa, the hawaiian islands, the marquesan islands, the tuamoto islands, the ryukyu islands, and the great barrier reef. it dwells at a depth range of 2 to 20 metres (6.6 to 65.6 ft), and leads a benthic lifestyle in reefs and shallow lagoons. males can reach a maximum total length of 72.3 centimetres (28.5 in). the barred moray's diet consists of shrimp such as saron marmoratus, crabs, isopods, and polychaetes, which it feeds on during both day and night. it is of commercial interest to both subsistence fisheries and the aquarium trade." ]

[ "check out our horse - by - horse guide to the betway great voltigeur stakes at york on wednesday august 23 .\npapers past | death of voltigeur. (timaru herald, 1874 - 05 - 22 )\nhis sire, voltaire. voltigeur mage used by kind permission of the marquess of zetland .\nthe female parent of a horse. in human terms, the' mother' of a horse .\nvoltigeur, winner of 1850 epsom derby and st. leger. earliest known photo of a race horse. | racehorses | pinterest | epsom derby, race horses and saints\na horse’s owners and their representatives or anyone personally connected to the horse such as the jockey and training staff .\nriding the horse without using the whip. hang: the horse holds its head to one side during a race .\nthe event is named after voltigeur, the yorkshire - trained winner of the derby and st leger in 1850. the race was established in 1950, and was initially called the voltigeur stakes before the word ‘great’ was added to its title in 1957 .\nit is pertinent on the day of the great voltigeur stakes to catch up with the current marquess of zetland, whose ancestor owned the horse after which today' s race is named .\na horse’s length from nose to tail. if a horse wins by 1 length it has won by about 3 meters .\nthe act when a horse bucks and tries to throw the jockey, often leading to the horse losing ground in a race .\nafter purchase, an endoscopic test on the horse' s airway was performed and the result was the horse had normal function .\nthis particular painting depicts voltigeur on a bed of straw with the two tortoiseshell cats who used to live in his stable and were said to be his great companions. one of them used to sleep on voltigeur' s back in the winter when he was wearing a rug .\na margin between runners which is the length of a horse head. if a horse wins by a head it is a close margin .\nwe work together with the trainer in the management of the horse to ensure every racing opportunity is identified and made available to your horse .\nanti - inflammatory medication. all horse racing in australia is drug free, so it must not be present in the horse on race day .\nirish derby runner - up cracksman will take on seven rivals as he bids to return to winning ways in the betway great voltigeur at york on wednesday .\nwhen a horse stumbles forward in a race. almost fell on its knees or stumbled. it often costs the horse ground or leads to the rider falling\nwhen a horse is not travelling easily and pushed along by the jockey as the horse begins to tire and slow down at the business end of race .\nsat 14 jun 1851 - bell' s life in sydney and sporting reviewer (nsw: 1845 - 1860) page 1 - voltigeur and the flying dutchman .\nit' s a fascinating renewal of the juddmonte international at york on wednesday august 23 and we have a horse - by - horse guide to the race .\nan unexciting, plodding horse. often a stayer (wants further ground) .\na fun thing to say about a horse that suddenly improved during the race .\nwhen a horse is travelling comfortably and the jockey is motionless in the saddle .\na horse that goes fast early but gives in easily when put under pressure .\na horse that has had a break from racing for 90 days or more .\nsimilar to human hiccups, can occur when the horse is exhausted or dehydrated .\nwe assist all suppliers of the services to your horse with their accounts processes .\nfemale family: information about successful members of the horse' s female family .\nbell' s life in sydney and sporting reviewer (nsw: 1845 - 1860), sat 14 jun 1851, page 1 - voltigeur and the flying dutchman .\npart of the bridle, the metal bar that is placed over the horses tongue. when a horse gets its tongue over the bit (or ‘chokes down’), the jockey has less control over the horse and the horse struggles to breath correctly .\ngrand parade was the first black horse for 106 years to win the epsom derby .\nthese documents highlight the specific information relating to the individual horse and its costs structure .\nthe physical makeup of and bodily proportions of a horse how it is put together .\nrefers to a horse that has hesitated at the start and is slowly into stride .\nhave equal amount of money on the horse for a win and for a place .\na horse that has a break from racing but returns to racing under 90 days .\na horse that races in long distance races — 2, 000 metres and more .\na horse that clings to objects with its teeth and sucks air into its stomach .\nwe assist our owners claiming their eligible bonus monies or vouchers when your horse wins .\nthe catalogue is the book which outlines in written format each horse in a sale .\nwhen a bookie offers better odds because they believe the horse can' t win. or the act of betting on a horse to lose on a betting exchange like betfair .\njuly stakes (1848) champagne stakes (1848) epsom derby (1849) st. leger stakes (1849) ascot gold cup (1850) match with voltigeur (1851 )\nat 3: 2nd great voltigeur s. (gb - g2) 2400m, arc trial (gb - g3) 2200m, st simon s. (gb - g3) 2400m\nthe tatty colours (red spots on white shirt, red cap) worn in voltigeur' s great match with the flying dutchman in 1850 were given to york' s racing museum .\na horse that has been declared by the owner or trainer to run in a race .\nassists horses who resent being loaded in the starting gates. the blanket is attached to the back of the stall once the horse is loaded and remains behind when the horse jumps .\na reduction in the amount of weight carried by a horse being ridden by an apprentice .\na device fitted around a horse' s tongue to prevent the tongue lifting and obstructing air - flow. a tongue tie may be applied if a horse is suspected to have a problem with its breathing. tongue ties also prevent a horse putting its tongue over the bit, which can compromise a jockey’s control and potentially jeopardise the safety of horse and rider .\nwe handle all racing administration requirements for the horse with the racing authorities. for example ,\nvoltaire was a lightly - raced winner of the doncaster cup. in the stud he got two classic winners, one of which, voltigeur, continued and augmented the sire line by siring winners of top staying races in england and france. through voltigeur, he was tail - male ancestor of st. simon, the most influential stallion of the late 19th and early 20th centuries .\ndavid ord has a horse - by - horse guide to saturday' s darley july cup and he' s siding with a potential improver to shake - up the established sprinting stars .\nin the summer of 1948 my love became the third french - trained horse to win the epsom derby and the fifth horse to win both the derby and the grand prix de paris .\nthe horse wants to go faster than the jockey will allow and subsequently, refuses to settle in a race. the horse may eventually settle down, but the horse is using up more energy than necessary and this is likely to compromise its chance in the race. (pulling )\nthe horse wants to go faster than the jockey will allow and subsequently, refuses to settle in a race. the horse may eventually settle down, but the horse is using up more energy than necessary and this is likely to compromise its chance in the race. (keen )\nseveral years before his death, lord zetland commissioned sir edwin landseer to paint his champion. the earl asked landseer to paint his horse first in 1861, and it was not until 1870 that the earl finally got his portrait of his favorite horse. at one point, he had even offered to have the horse shipped to london for the temperamental artist' s convenience, before landseer finally acquiesced and came north to aske hall. the finished portrait, which can still be seen today at aske hall, shows the old horse contentedly looking down at two cats playing in the straw at his feet, one of them obviously being voltigeur' s beloved companion. also still at aske are numerous mementos to the champion - - a bronze statuette, prints of voltigeur' s racing days by harry hall and j. f. herring, wisps of his hair and a bone from one of the horse' s legs. even to this day, voltigeur is appreciated for the great racing champion, progenitor, and charming individual he was. - - elizabeth martiniak\ndick hern called nashwan\nthe best horse i' ve ever trained\n. [ 3 ]\na leather strap that goes around a horse' s nose to help keep the mouth shut .\nthe horse is so unlikely to win a bookie would give you any odds you asked for .\ndisclaimer ensuring clients are aware there is no potential for conflict of interests that dr walker has no financial involvement with the horse, the promotion of the horse or with the dynamic syndications business .\ndesigned to control a horse, a bridle is made of leather and fits on a horse’s head so that other pieces of equipment can be attached. a bridle comprises of a headstall, a bit and the reins. the headstall fits over the head and holds the bit in the horse’s mouth .\nthere are plenty of reminders of the great voltigeur at aske hall, the family home, near richmond in north yorkshire. the marquess has two paintings of the horse, one by landseer who was more famous for his roaring stags on misty scottish mountains than his portraits of horses and, indeed, pussycats .\npearl diver became the first french - trained horse to win the epsom derby since durbar in 1914 .\na horse with a poor appetite, a condition that may be due to nervousness or other causes .\nwhen a horse lifts its front legs abnormally high as it gallops, causing it to run inefficiently .\na male horse used at breeding farms to determine whether a mare is ready to receive a stallion .\nwe work with each supplier of the services to your horse, making sure their data is correct .\nwe attend stables at other racetracks also on a regular basis to see your horse it’s in work .\n* we re - inspect our selections with dr. walker to discuss each horse on its merits .\na horse whose odds are too low in relation to its chances of winning. e. g. taking' unders' means you' ve bet on a horse at odds which should have been higher .\na fancied horse considered by a bookmaker to be the one about which he will take the biggest risk .\na sudden rush of bets for a particular horse, often placed close to the race' s jump .\ntwice a week reports when your horse is up to fast work (galloping along) with weekly pictures .\n. this payout claim was an australian record for any horse in training. logans paid out the claim within\nthe great voltigeur stakes takes place on the opening day of york’s ebor meeting. a group 2, it is open to three - year - old colts and geldings, and is run over a mile and a half .\nterimon, second to nashwan at 500 / 1, is the longest - priced horse placed in any classic .\nrefers to a horse that has drifted out in betting e. g. $ 4 out to $ 8 .\nadditional weight that must be carried by the horse as a result of wins since the initial weights were allotted .\nthe horse was dropped back in the field and saved for one last run at the end of the race .\ndescribes a horse that has been vigorously ridden to the line by its jockey without the use of the whip .\nwe escort our owners to the area to lead your horse back to the winners circle for feature race wins .\nwilliam hill futurity (1986) dante stakes (1987) epsom derby (1987) k. george vi & q. elizabeth stakes (1987) great voltigeur stakes (1987) st. leger stakes (1987) [ 1 ]\na 360, 000gns yearling purchase, postponed won on debut at two before running second in the £500, 000 tattersalls millions 2yo trophy. he was g3 - placed over a mile before landing the g2 great voltigeur stakes at three .\nthe horse allocated the number one saddlecloth can be carrying the highest weight and / or has won the most amount of prize money or won in the highest class. it does not indicate which barrier the horse will start from .\nhorse of the year in sth. af. in 2010 - 11. champion 3yo filly & middle distance horse in sth. af. in 2010 - 11. champion older female in sth. af. in 2011 - 12\nthe original winner running rein was disqualified as he was actually an ineligible four - year - old horse named maccabeus .\nrefers to a horse who races for a second time in a short space of time, 7 days or less .\nthe smallest measuring margin between horses. if a horse wins by a nose, it was an incredibly close race .\na horse which has been removed from a race. reasons for this can include that there is a better race option for the horse on the horizon, illness, injury, unfavourable barrier draw or at the direction of racing officials .\nhorse with a prominent concave shape of the backbone, usually just behind the withers (saddle area). scoliosis .\n* we advise dr. walker of all our salering success and he will then review the scoping on our behalf. if a horse should have an issue, the sale is void and the horse is returned immediately to the vendor .\nlogans have developed unique market strengths in the horse industry and are respected worldwide for their depth of knowledge and expertise .\nvoltigeur (gb) br. h, 1847 { 2 - h } dp = 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 (0) di = inf cd = inf - 10 starts, 4 wins, ? places, ? shows\nanother of the slightly unlikely family heirlooms is one of voltigeur' s cannon bones. it is mounted in a glass case and will, no doubt, be a valuable source of dna for the marquess' s heirs should cloning ever take off .\nsinndar is the first horse to capture the derby, irish derby and prix de l’arc de triomphe in the same season .\ndescribes a horse who is travelling well without any urgings from its jockey. won easily without extending to its full ability .\nthe horse won easily without being fully extended. win: your selection crosses the line first and correct weight it given .\napril the fifth was a very popular winner and the first epsom - trained horse to win the derby since amato in 1838 .\nthe distinctive strips of cloth wound around the lower part of a horse’s legs (this is used to protect against injury) .\none horse who is a standout selection in a race for exotic bets e. g. quinellas, exactas, trifectas etc .\na horse colour which is black, including the muzzle, flanks, mane, tail and legs unless white markings are present .\na horse that finishes weakly through a lack of fitness after looking good in the running of the race. if a horse has not raced for a long time - even if the animal is fit and well - the horse is likely to be tire with the build - up of lactic acid and may be reported to have ‘a blow’, (heavy breathing) after the race .\nwhat you' d call a horse that' s picked as the favourite but you think shouldn' t be the favourite .\na jockey is said to let down his horse in the final stages of a race when asking it for its final effort .\na horse that has been illegally substituted for another acceptor in a race. e. g. fine cotton ring - in .\nusually a lamb' s wool roll half way up the horse' s face to keep him from seeing his own shadow .\na restraining device usually consisting of a stick with a loop of rope or chain at one end, which is placed around a horse' s upper lip and twisted, releasing endorphins that relax a horse and curb its fractiousness while it is being handled .\njohn understands his racing as well as the horse. this is a huge advantage when working closely with racing stables and ourselves .\ncharles the twelfth' s sire, voltaire was a successful racehorse who won the doncaster cup in 1829. he went on to become a good stallion, with his best son apart from charles the twelfth being the derby and st leger winner voltigeur. [ 5 ]\na race with only one runner. in these races, the horse must be weighed out, mounted and ridden past the judge’s box. the horse will be liable to carry extra weight as the winner of the race and only half the prizemoney is awarded .\nhis second crop has already produced high class group winners such as storm the stars (g2 great voltigeur stakes) and star storm (g3 cumberland lodge stakes), as well quasillo (a three parts brother to querari) who won the g3 bavarian classic in 2015 .\nreference point was voted 1987 british horse of the year by the racecourse association, attracting twelve of the twenty votes. [ 16 ]\nassassin was distantly inbred 4 x 4 to bartletts childers, meaning that this horse appears twice in the fourth generation of his pedigree .\nadditional nominated runners are accepted but will only gain a run if others in the field are scratched. entire: an ungelded horse .\nanswer is that there is a liability of debt being incurred on the horse on a daily basis which must be met 100% .\nthese reports are regularly recorded and forwarded to owners immediately to give all our owners the closest opportunity to be updated about their horse .\nthe flying dutchman did not race again, and was retired to stud. voltigeur did not have that luxury. trainer hill kept up the colt' s rigorous training, and started him, the very day after the match race, in the ainsty hunt cup. conceding 37 pounds to a classy filly named nancy, voltigeur not surprisingly went down to defeat. but it was hardly an inglorious defeat, as he lost by only a length to a filly which went on to win such important races as the great yorkshire stakes, the great ebor handicap, and the goodwood cup during the course of that year. finally, given a prolonged rest, voltigeur was not seen again until the next season, when he was five. he won the race named in honor of his old rival, the flying dutchman handicap, run at york, but then never won again. he finished unplaced in his final three racecourse appearances, including the ascot gold cup, before he was retired to stud. voltigeur in the stud voltigeur first stood at smallwood' s stud in middlethorpe, york for 15 guineas per mare, half the fee charged for stockwell and west australian, both of whom were standing in tadcaster; his rival, the flying dutchman, also standing in york, had a fee of 40 guineas. he later was moved to the earl of zetland' s aske hall estate near richmond, in yorkshire .\nvoltigeur was born in 1847, bred by robert stephenson, who also bred his sire. his dam, martha lynn, won three races, and proved to be a good producer. her daughter vivandiere won the yorkshire oaks, and another daughter, vaultress, won the park hill stakes. two other daughters produced classic winning daughters in england and france. voltigeur was the best of his generation in england on the turf, and in the stud continued the sire line through his son vedette, and also had an influence on breeding in america through his son billet .\nnijinsky became the 15th horse to gain the triple crown after winning the derby and 2000 guineas with success in the st leger at doncaster .\na horse that has a known, recorded ancestry. this ancestry is often is tracked by a major registry known as the stud book .\nthis is when a horse runs either 1st, 2nd or 3rd and you receive a dividend. there must be eight runners or more .\na numerical figure given to a horse to reflect their chance of winning a particular race after taking a number of form factors into account .\nand the trainer, so the horse is out for the correct required period. that means, if it needs 12 weeks it is not\ndynamic syndications throughout the racing career of the horse, attend to all management and administration duties on behalf of all owners. this involves :\nthe horse holds its head to one side during a race, and wants to run out to that side instead of running straight. also known as ‘lugging’. can be improved by the application of different pieces of horse gear. can often do this because it is feeling soreness .\nwhat happened to... trempolino? | sporting life - horse racing news | live racing results, racecards, live betting shows\ndr devious is the first horse to win the derby after contesting the kentucky derby, in which he had finished seventh to lil e tee .\na horse that is not yet one year old. foals become yearlings in the southern hemisphere on the 1st august the year after their birth .\nwe organise for our owners the opportunity to purchase replica trophies, sashes, rugs or any other trinkets won by your horse for that race .\nhuge crowds thronged to the meet, the attendance at knavesmire the largest ever known to that date, with people walking several days to york to witness the event. the dutchman beat voltigeur by a length, and then was retired to stud, having reburnished his deserved reputation as a great racehorse .\nblack, robert (1893). horse - racing in england: a synoptical review. london: richard bently and son. p. 248 .\na horse has laid down in the barrier stalls or gets cast in its box at the trainers stables and finds it difficult to regain its feet .\nthe most popular horse in betting and therefore the one who starts at the shortest odds i. e. the one that will pay the least .\na horse did not race in the way that suits it best, e. g. a front - runner that was ridden at the back .\nshould your horse be involved in a protest hearing after a race. dynamic syndications managing director has been a continual racehorse owner since 1981 and held a\neach horse actually wears this lot number as a sticker placed on its hips to identify it as the correct lot being offered in the sale ring .\nmorris, tony; randall, john (1990). horse racing: records, facts, champions (third edition). guinness publishing. isbn .\nphil drake ran five times and won three races, becoming the fifth and last horse to win both the epsom derby and the grand prix de paris .\ninvitation to the post race room for hospitality and race replays with fellow co - owners and trainer if your horse didn' t win on the day .\na piece of gear placed on a horse to limit its vision to only seeing straight ahead and prevent it being distracted from what' s around it .\n: when a horse partially swallows its tongue during a race, making it difficult to breathe. often improved with the application of a ‘tongue - tie’ .\na horse that is resuming from a brief rest from racing (more than 28 days but less than 90 days) has been' freshened up' .\ndescribes a horse that during a race has noticeably weakened and is in the process of - or has been - passed by the majority of the opposition .\nthis will ensure even when your horse is in the spelling paddock, that your involvement and interest with our team can still be as profitable as possible .\nthis term is used to describe the legal relationship between various multiple shareholders who each own an equity proportion of the horse. where the relationship between the various multiple owners is one of co - ownership, each co - owner (shareholder) will be entitled to receive directly their proportion of the net prizemoney (if any) won by the horse and will also be liable for their proportion of costs associated with maintaining and racing the horse. under co - ownership, each owner is only liable for their proportion of costs associated with maintaining and racing the horse. co - owners are not\njointly\nand\nseverally\nliable for 100% of the costs should other owners default. the multiple owners’ interests in each horse as per the racing syndicate deed are managed by dynamic syndications .\nthe characteristic footfall pattern of a horse in motion. thoroughbreds have four natural gaits - walk, trot, canter and gallop. thoroughbreds compete at a gallop .\nto voltigeur, winner of the 1850 derby stakes and st. leger stakes. he is a full brother to the aforementioned diamond jubilee, a four - time champion sire in argentina; to 1895 jockey club cup winner florizel ii; and to sandringham, who sired some stakes winners in the united states but had little lasting influence .\nsanta claus won the irish 2, 000 guineas, the epsom derby and the irish derby. his performances earned him the title of british horse of the year .\npont l’eveque was a very late foal, born at the end of the breeding season on 25 may, making him probably the youngest horse to win the derby .\nif the horse throws a shoe before the race, either on the course or in the barriers, it may be replaced by the farrier prior to the race .\nan official often dressed in hunting red, normally riding a grey horse. duties include leading runners out to the start, assisting with difficult horses and capturing runaways .\nwe were subject to a protest by the runner up where that horse’s rider said our horse interfered with his mount over the final 200m. on behalf of our owners we put forward our view that the interference claim was caused in the most part by the runner - up. the protest was dismissed and we retained the race .\nheighten your racing experience and increase your enjoyment as an owner in the sport of kings by understanding its commonly used terms, slang, lingo and sayings. below is a comprehensive glossary of horse racing and veterinary terms designed specifically for dynamic racehorse owners to help understand some of the more unusual words which have been adopted in horse racing. horse racing dates back hundreds of years and has acquired some interesting use of the english language from all around the world which is now common place in everyday conversation .\n– we have a working relationship with a leading corporate bookmaker that ensures our owners get the best prices available on your horse when it races and a massive incentive when your horse debuts as a 2yo. we will assist all owners to take advantage of this opportunity if you wish to sign up to their service. (conditions apply )\na male horse that has not been gelded (castrated). also describes male horses whose racing deeds and pedigree are such that it is desirable to breed from him .\nthe groom, a person employed by the trainer to attend to a horse. duties may include feeding, grooming, riding at training and leading in the mounting yard .\nthis term is used to describe the legal relation between various persons who collectively agree to form a partnership for the purpose of owning a racing a racehorse. the horse under this arrangement becomes the partnerships property and each owner will be beneficially entitled to their proportion of partnership income earned from racing the horse and will be liable to contribute to the partnership, an amount equivalent to their proportion of costs associated with maintaining and racing the horse. the horse will always be owned by the partnership and not by the individual owners directly and “all” of the partners will be liable\ncollectively\nfor the debts of the partnership. under the australian rules of racing you may only have between 1 - 20 owners of a horse. from a legal perspective, you have a partnership or a co - ownership. dynamic syndications create 20 share co - ownership agreements .\nyou are contractually obligated to meet your percentage share of the expenses incurred by the horse throughout its racing and breeding career, whilst you remain the owner of that share .\n training 2004 champion 2yo of the year dance hero to become the horse to win the magic millions and golden slipper, as well as the sydney 2yo triple crown .\nowners are invoiced monthly in accordance with the percentage of the horse each owns. the itemised statement will include all expenses incurred except transportation and veterinary which are billed direct .\nat the second spring meeting, assassin was third in a 200 - guinea sweepstakes race to dennis o' kelly' s horse soldier and mr. davis' horse plutus. [ 8 ] assassin forfeited a match race with the horse cornwall (later called boringdon) at the same meeting a few days later, [ 9 ] and at the july meeting in newmarket his owner paid 150 guineas to the owner of young eclipse (the 1781 derby winner) for backing out of a match race. [ 10 ]\nthe festival kicks off with juddmonte international day, of which the feature race is the juddmonte international, but the day also hosts both the great voltigeur stakes, which is seen as one of the key trials before the final classic of the season, the st leger. winners in the past couple of years include idaho and postponed, which just shows the calibre of horses which can come from this race. this year cracksman goes into the race favourite having come 3rd in the derby and 2nd in the irish equivalent, narrowly losing to capri who is also set to run in the great voltigeur stakes. this should be a great rematch and i would love to see cracksman get back to his winning ways .\nellington: 1853 colt, only epsom derby winner that was sired by the flying dutchman. was a poor sire, although a good show horse following his retirement from racing .\nmahmoud was a light - coloured grey horse of distinctly arab appearance, standing just under 15. 3 hands high, and bred in france by his owner the aga khan .\nit has become one of the leading trials for the final classic of the season; the st leger at doncaster. thirteen horses have achieved victory in both events. the first was premonition in 1953, and the most recent was lucarno in 2007. the last participant to subsequently win the st leger was encke who finished third in the great voltigeur of 2012 .\n: owners or trainers coloured jacket and cap worn by the jockey. when the horse’s colours are unavailable for any reason, the jockey is required to wear the race club colours .\nthe weight carried by a horse in a race. it' s a term most commonly used when referring to horses to carrying top weight or high up in the weights scale .\n{ { cite news urltoken | title = voltigeur and the flying dutchman. | newspaper = [ [ bell' s life in sydney and sporting reviewer ] ] | volume = vii, | issue = 76 | location = new south wales, australia | date = 14 june 1851 | accessdate = 10 july 2018 | page = 1 | via = national library of australia } }\nwhen a horse is unwanted in betting before the race and the bookies increase the price. for example: a price blows out from $ 3. 20 to $ 4. 50 .\nrainbow quest won the ‘voltigeur’ in 1984 having previously been placed in the epsom and irish derby’s. he failed to make an impact in the arc as a three - year - old but returned to the track a much improved beast at four. an impressive win in the coronation cup was followed by a second place finish in the eclipse and a third in the king george. his second attempt at the arc was far more successful. initially defeated in a thrilling finish by just a neck, he was awarded the race when the french horse sagace was disqualified for causing interference .\na horse colour that varies from a yellow - tan to a bright auburn. the mane, tail and lower portion of the legs are always black, except where white markings are present .\nunder this system the weight a horse carries at its next start is determined immediately after its previous race, according to the merit of that run. each benchmark point equals half a kilogram .\ndescribes a horse that has been restrained in order to find a better position back in the field. can also refer to a horses odds increasing in the lead - up to a race .\na horse at a long price in the ring with a much lower chance of winning. if you pick a' roughie' your winnings will be far higher because of the chances involved .\na horse whose style of racing is to race near the back of the field before unleashing a fast - finishing burst towards the finish line and often down the outside portion of the track .\non the catalogue page equals the more high quality horses in the female family. as a flow on, the more high quality horses the more commercially appealing the horse is to the market .\nsince we have matched this pedigree to our individual’s excellent conformation, size, strength and athleticism, we are convinced this horse represents a wonderful opportunity for equine investment in a high quality thoroughbred .\nwhilst there can never be any guarantees in thoroughbred breeding or racing and this horse would be no exception to that fact, the reality is that we would always rather start with and take advantage of, sets of statistics which are weighted heavily in our favour than to purchase another horse only bred to be average in the first instance and then, having to hope for a miracle .\nwhen a horse that bleeds from the lungs when small capillaries that surround the lungs' air sacs (alveoli) rupture. the medical term is\nexercise - induced pulmonary haemorrhage\n( eiph). blood may be seen coming out of the horse' s nostrils, known as\nepistaxis ,\nalthough it is typically discovered by a fibre optic endoscopic examination after exercise. hot, humid weather and cold are known to exacerbate the problem. less than one bleeder in 20 shows signs of epistaxis. in australia, a horse is banned from racing for 3 months after the first bleeding attack. if it happens again during a race the horse is banned from racing again in australia for life. australian racing is drug free, medication to prevent bleeding is prohibited .\nseven runners go to post in wednesday’s great voltigeur, with three representing ballydoyle. aloft has only run once this season, when winning the queen’s vase at royal ascot. that bare form may not appear good enough to take this, but he should have improved a fair amount for the run, and was a talented juvenile, classy enough to finish runner - up in the racing post trophy .\ntwo or more horses finishing in an exact tie at the finishing post. for a dead heat the odds of a horse are divided in half to pay out each of the two winners evenly .\nracing is both a sport and service industry. as an owner in team dynamic, you are constantly updated by e - mail, fax or telephone as to the progress of your horse. our team employs a full time client liaison officer whose task it is to send continual information flow to you relating to the training and care of your horse. when racing - this includes keeping you fully informed with nominations, weights, acceptances & jockey information, pre - race reports including speed maps, ratings and intended raceday tactics, post race statistical data, post race written review, etc. let' s face it! you own the horse and you pay the accounts, therefore you need to know what' s happening with your horse. every owner is equally important in our team' s success .\na generic term describing a large, white vertical marking on a horse' s face. the jockey club doesn' t use blaze, preferring more descriptive words. see snip; star; stripe .\na runner that is withdrawn from the race after 8am on the race day. if a late scratching is made, the betting odds are adjusted to account for that horse been removed from the run .\nreference point was given a timeform rating of 139, the eleventh highest awarded to any horse up to that time, and higher than those of nijinsky, alleged and troy. [ 16 ] in their book a century of champions, john randall and tony morris rated reference point the thirty - sixth best british horse of the 20th century and the second best derby winner of the 1980s behind shergar. [ 5 ]\nalong the horse' s topline, the area between the back and the tail. a straight, level croup provides maximum outreach of the thoroughbred' s hindquarters as it gallops, producing a longer stride .\nthe often brightly coloured and patterned jacket and cap worn by jockeys in a race. silks are generally in the colours of the most prominent owner of the horse or in the trainer' s racing colours .\ncastrated male horse. the high majority of male racehorses are castrated to make them more amenable to handling and the act of racing. they do not have the option of a stud career after they have retired .\na young and immature horse that is inexperienced in the act and craft of racing. the term ‘to run green’ may also be used. a horse may throw its head from side to side, may not run in a straight line and / or may be ’pulling’ to run a lot faster. these quirks will lessen with experience. usage of the word “green” (meaning of tender age) originates from the early 1400s .\nchance to produce an exceptional performer that may reach black type level. this analysis is based upon stakes winners from around the world that have similar pedigree construction to the way the horse we have purchased was bred .\nthis entry was posted in bloodstock, nl list and tagged dalham hall stud, darley, dubawi, horse racing, postponed, sheikh mohammed, sheikh obaid, thoroughbred by edited press release. bookmark the permalink .\npenang and deicoon got away together, and, with the nigger, mildew, the swede, and ghillie callum laid up, voltigeur next, in company with clincher, cut out the work to the mile - post, where penang died away. diecoon went on with - the running at good pace, followed in' rotation by mildew, the swede, and the nigger, ghillie callum, clincher, and voltigeur remaining in their original positions. they went on thus to the road, where deicoon was beaten, and mildew took the lead, clincher and tbe nigger waiting on him, ghillie callum and cariboo next, and pitsford, who laid off for the first half - mile, well up. mildew was beaten at the distance, and voltigeur and clincher then singled themselves out, the former taking the lead opposite the stand, and running home a very easy winner by a length: pitsford, who came, opposite the stand, beating clincher for the second money by half a length. the nigger fourth, mildew fifth, and ghillie callum sixth. mayors laid forward iv the early part of the race, but broke down at the turn, and, wm not persevered with. the race was run in 2! mm. 50 sec. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _\na secure facility on the grounds of an auction house accessible only by licenced veterinarians where surgical reports and current x - rays are lodged for each yearling being offered for sale. on behalf of potential buyers, veterinarians may review and identify potential risks in the skeletal structure of the horses that may potentially limit the horse from achieving a racetrack career. each horse offered for sale must have no less than 36 x - ray views submitted .\nrichard is now the managing director of logans following the sudden death of bob at the easter broodmares sales in 2007. this was a tragic loss to his countless number of friends, clients and the horse industry overall .\nshahrastani holds off the strong late challenge of dancing brave in a memorable finish. bold arrangement becomes the first horse to contest both the kentucky derby and derby, finishing second at churchill downs to ferdinand and 14th at epsom .\nfor a horse with hoof problems, a light aluminium shoe that is attached with tabs to the outside of the hoof. horses generally do not race as well in glue - on shoes as they do in racing plates .\nrainbow quest was given an international classifications rating of 133 in 1985, making him the joint - top older horse in training in europe, as well as blushing groom' s best performer, ahead of nashwan and arazi .\njuddmonte farms’ snow sky has also been a high profile flag bearer for his sire. with a win in the gr. 3 gordon stakes at goodwood’s glorious meeting before a 2nd in the great voltigeur (gr. 2) at york, he took his place in the highest company when lining up to run in the gr. 1 st leger. as usual with a son of nayef, he did not disappoint and ran a very credible 3rd in the doncaster classic .\nprofessional licensed promoters include management fees in the product disclosure statement for the day to day management of the horse throughout its racing career. management of a horse by a promoter is considered important to most if not all investors, as certain promoters may have extensive experience in the industry. for example dynamic syndications managing director has been an active and independent racing industry participant, forging a career as a bloodstock agent and syndicator since 1984. investors should consider the monthly management service and fee as detailed in the product disclosure statement (and racing syndicate deed) for the services provided and ask any questions of the promoter after reading the detailed information set out below: investors should note that under the agreement to provide a management service, it’s only for the racing career of the horse until the co - ownership of the horse is dissolved upon racetrack retirement and does not extend beyond this into its breeding career (if applicable) .\nthe two mile race was held at york on 31 may 1851, for a purse of 1, 000 sovereigns. the weights for the match were set by henry john rous, who decided that the flying dutchman should carry 120½ pounds to voltigeur' s 112. the race between the two yorkshire horses generated enormous public interest, drawing an estimated 100, 000 spectators, the largest crowd to the knavesmire since the execution of eugene aram in 1759. [ 8 ] even the horses' exercise gallops attracted large crowds of fans attempting to assess their relative condition. on the day of the race the crowd was divided into partisan camps, cheering for either\nvolti\nor\nthe flyer\n. the flying dutchman was successfully restrained in the early stages as voltigeur made the running. in the final furlong the flying dutchman moved up level with his rival and then pulled ahead to win by a length. [ 11 ] he was then retired to stud .\narrange stable inspections to visit your horse at the racing stables. bring your family & friends along with you. these are available every sunday when in training or as pre - arranged by dynamic syndications on your behalf with the stable .\nplacings in a race are official and any winnings can now be paid out on the race. correct weight means all jockeys have weighed in correctly at the end of the race to ensure each horse was carrying the correct amount of weight .\narrange spelling farm inspections to visit your horse when out of training. again organise to bring your family and friends with you. these are available most days by pre - arranged appointment by dynamic syndications on your behalf with the spelling farm .\nwhen your horse races you are entitled to complimentary access to members' and owners' areas and to the mounting yard where you can join gai and team dynamic to meet the jockey and to hear gai & the team discuss the race .\nbefore purchase, the 42 x - rays deposited in the sale ground x - ray repository facility were examined. there were no abnormal findings noted. the horse was approved by dr. walker for dynamic syndications to purchase in the salering .\nthe re - match, over two miles, held on may 13, 1851, was billed as the\nmatch of the century .\nsome people even walked from other northern cities, such as richmond, just to see the race. the stands were packed with thousands of spectators, and they were treated to a magnificent racing spectacle. voltigeur, carrying eight and a half pounds less than his rival and under a new partner, nat flatman, made all the running until about a hundred yards from home when the flying dutchman, under a sober charles marlow, ranged alongside the younger horse. the two classic - winning champions raced as a team until the flying dutchman finally edged ahead to win by about a length." ]

{ "text": [ "voltigeur ( 1847 – 1874 ) was a british thoroughbred racehorse and sire .", "in a career that lasted from 1849 to august 1852 he ran ten times and won five races .", "in 1850 he won the epsom derby and the st leger against his fellow three-year-olds and then recorded his most famous victory when beating the flying dutchman in the doncaster cup .", "in may 1851 voltigeur was beaten by the flying dutchman in what was probably the most celebrated match race in the history of british thoroughbred racing .", "voltigeur was never as good again , winning once from his remaining five races , but went on to have a successful stud career . " ], "topic": [ 22, 14, 14, 14, 14 ] }

[ "voltigeur (1847 – 1874) was a british thoroughbred racehorse and sire. in a career that lasted from 1849 to august 1852 he ran ten times and won five races. in 1850 he won the epsom derby and the st leger against his fellow three-year-olds and then recorded his most famous victory when beating the flying dutchman in the doncaster cup. in may 1851 voltigeur was beaten by the flying dutchman in what was probably the most celebrated match race in the history of british thoroughbred racing. voltigeur was never as good again, winning once from his remaining five races, but went on to have a successful stud career." ]

[ "wikipedia article copyright notice: this article is licensed under the gnu free documentation license. it uses material from the wikipedia article\nhedleya macleayi\n.\nfacts summary: hedleya macleayi is a species of concern belonging in the species group\nsnails\nand found in the following area (s): australia .\nglenn, c. r. 2006 .\nearth' s endangered creatures - hedleya macleayi facts\n( online) - licensed article from wikipedia: the free encyclopedia. accessed\nlaccopterum macleayi sloane, 1897, carabidae, beetle photo: courtesy of neil blair, mt pilot national park, victoria .\nsubfamily: pupininae - genus: hedleya j. c. cox, 1892 (db: 2 sp )\nsubfamily: pupininae - subgenus: hedleya (necopupina) t. iredale, 1937 (db: 2 sp )\nsubfamily: pupininae - subgenus: hedleya (signepupina) t. iredale, 1937 (db: 2 sp )\niredale, t. 1940 ,\nthe land - shell hedleya\n, north queensland naturalist, vol. 8, no. 62, pp. 1 - 2\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ngland, switzerland, 5 july 2018 (iucn) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change, with 7% of th ...\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years, but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives... .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices, as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse ...\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia, please upload using the upload tools .\ntippett, d. l. & kosuge, s. 1994 ,\ndescriptions of a new species and a recently described species of the genus bathytoma from the west australia and the philippines (gastropoda turridae )\n, bulletin of the institute of malacology, tokyo, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 19 - 21, pls 8 - 9\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 044b10d2 - 22b5 - 4c13 - a29d - f17f9c0c2354\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 722d7bbc - 4828 - 4539 - 9574 - e69dafa727b4\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 312812\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment. find records and model species distributions. export reports, maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area, or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something? photograph something? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities. we honour and celebrate the spiritual, cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nthis article is only an excerpt. if it appears incomplete or if you wish to see article references, visit the rest of its contents here .\nthe tasmanian devil is endemic to australia. although this species is called tiger (named for its stripes) and wolf (due to its canid - like appearance), it is not a member of the cat or wolf family. it is a member of the marsupial family. other members of this family include kangaroos and koala bears .\nthe last known tasmanian tiger died in a zoo in hobart, tasmania in 1936, but there have been hundreds of unconfirmed sightings, and a reserve has been set up in southwestern tasmania in the hopes that possible surviving individuals can have adequate habitat .\nlist of all endangered animals. list of all endangered plants. list of all endangered species (animals & plants). by species group (mammal, birds, etc)... united states endangered species list. browse by country, island, us state... search for an endangered species profile .\nare you inspired by endangered animals? check out our games and coloring pages! more to come soon .\nevi, an amazon company, was founded in 2005 under the name true knowledge. the team started out with a mission to make it possible to access the world' s knowledge simply by asking for information using natural language .\nwe’re part of the amazon alexa team based in amazon' s innovative cambridge development centre, alongside other amazon teams including prime air, core machine learning, amazon devices and amazon web services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe queensland museum collection online is a work in progress. new records, updates and images are added regularly .\nif you’ve noticed a mistake or have any further information about an object or specimen, please email: qm. vernon @ urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\n- - - - - - family: pupinidae l. pfeiffer, 1853 (land) db counters: genus = 34, subgenus = 3, species = 187, subspecies = 12 (101 species and 7 subspecies have images) db counters include fossil taxa: species = 1, subspecies = 0\ngenus: kanapa w. j. clench, 1949 (db: 3 sp )\ngenus: notharinia j. j. vermeulen, l. c. phung & q. t. truong, 2007 (db: 4 sp )\ngenus: perlisia j. r. le b. tomlin, 1948 (db: 1 sp )\ngenus: pupinesia w. j. clench, 1949 (db: 1 sp )\ngenus: pupinoa w. j. clench, 1949 (db: 4 sp )\nbarnaia longituba (b. páll - gergely & o. gargominy, 2017 )\nsubfamily: pupinellinae - genus: pollicaria a. gould, 1856 (db: 7 sp )\nsubfamily: pupinellinae - genus: pseudopomatias o. f. von möllendorff, 1885 (db: 5 sp )\nsubfamily: pupinellinae - genus: pupinella j. e. gray, 1850 (db: 22 sp )\npupinella moulinsiana (p. fischer & a. c. bernardi, 1857 )\nsubfamily: pupinellinae - genus: raphaulus l. pfeiffer, 1856 (db: 13 sp )\nsubfamily: pupinellinae - genus: schistoloma w. kobelt, 1902 (db: 8 sp )\nsubfamily: pupinellinae - genus: streptaulus w. h. benson, 1857 (db: 3 sp )\nsubfamily: pupinellinae - genus: tortulosa j. e. gray, 1847 (db: 21 sp )\nsubfamily: pupininae - genus: callianella r. b. newton, 1891 (db: 4 sp )\nsubfamily: pupininae - genus: hargravesia h. adams, 1870 (db: 3 sp )\nsubfamily: pupininae - genus: moulinsia j. p. s. grateloup, 1840 (db: 6 sp )\nsubfamily: pupininae - genus: pupina m. vignard, 1829 (db: 41 sp )\nsubfamily: pupininae - subgenus: pupina (tylotoechus) w. kobelt & o. f. von möllendorff, 1897 (db: 22 sp )\npupina (tylotoechus) compacta (o. f. von möllendorff, 1897 )\npupina (tylotoechus) nanus (o. f. von möllendorff, 1890 )\npupina (tylotoechus) pulchella (o. f. von möllendorff, 1881 )\npupina (tylotoechus) solidula (o. f. von möllendorff, 1901 )\npupina (tylotoechus) striatellus (j. f. quadras & o. f. von möllendorff, 1894 )\npupina (tylotoechus) tonkiniana (a. r. j. b. bavay & p. dautzenberg, 1899 )\npupina (tylotoechus) verbeeki (o. f. von möllendorff, 1897 )" ]

{ "text": [ "hedleya macleayi is a species of land snails with an operculum , terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the family pupinidae and the superfamily cyclophoridae .", "this species is endemic to australia . " ], "topic": [ 2, 2 ] }

[ "hedleya macleayi is a species of land snails with an operculum, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the family pupinidae and the superfamily cyclophoridae. this species is endemic to australia." ]

[ "the accepted name for the green paddle worm is phyllodoce novaehollandiae (kinberg, 1866). other names are phyllodoce novaeholliandae and phyllodoce novahollandiae. the parent of this species is phyllodoce (lamarck 1818) .\ndescription phyllodoce mucosa - maculata: free - living, very active bristle worm with parapodia whose dorsal cirri are remarkably large ...\ndistribution phyllodoce mucosa - maculata: in the 1976 - 1986 period phyllodoce mucosa / maculata was widely distributed in the entire ...\nthis stunning thing is called a yellow dragon worm (phyllodoce citrina) and i’m sure you can see why. this guy looks exactly like the mythological chinese dragon, albeit a much smaller version .\nlepadorhynchus schmarda, 1861 (misspelling of lopadorhynchus. only species referred to phyllodoce. )\nlacalli, tc (1988). the larval reticulum in phyllodoce (polychaeta, phyllodocida) .\nlacalli, tc (1985). prototroch structure and innervation in the trochophore larva of phyllodoce (polychaeta) .\n( of phyllodoce (anaitides) czerniavsky, 1882) pleijel, f. (1988). phyllodoce (polychaeta, phyllodocidae) from northern europe. zoologica scripta. 17 (2): 141 - 153. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nthe green paddle worm has uniramous parapodia (hutchings & rainer, 1979). the dorsal cirri are elongate and foliose, resembling paddles (fig. 3) (pleijel, 1993). the notopodia of\n( of phyllodoce (anaitis) malmgren, 1865) fauchald, k. (2007). world register of polychaeta. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nthe green paddle worm swims and crawls over surfaces using its well - developed parapodia and chaetae (pleijel, 1993). the eyes (ocelli) and other sense organs allow for precise movement on the substrate (sushenko & purschke, 2009) .\nlee, c, huettel, m, hong, j, reise, k (2004). carrion - feeding on the sediment surface at nocturnal low tides by the polychaete phyllodoce mucosa .\npleijel, f. (1988). phyllodoce (polychaeta, phyllodocidae) from northern europe. zoologica scripta. 17 (2): 141 - 153. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of phyllodoce (phyllodoce) savigny, 1818) hartmann - schröder, g. (1996). annelida, borstenwürmer, polychaeta [ annelida, bristleworms, polychaeta ]. 2nd revised ed. the fauna of germany and adjacent seas with their characteristics and ecology, 58. gustav fischer: jena, germany. isbn 3 - 437 - 35038 - 2. 648 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\ndistribution phyllodoce mucosa - maculata: in the 1976 - 1986 period phyllodoce mucosa / maculata was widely distributed in the entire near - coastal zone and reached a maximum density of 70 ind. / m2. the species showed a similar distribution pattern in the 1994 - 2001 period. however, p. mucosa / maculata was absent near the eastern coastal zone and higher densities (up to 1, 500 ind. / m2) were reached in the latter period. [ details ]\n( of anaitides czerniavsky, 1882) pleijel, f. (1988). phyllodoce (polychaeta, phyllodocidae) from northern europe. zoologica scripta. 17 (2): 141 - 153. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhabitat phyllodoce mucosa - maculata is found in sediments with a wide variety of grain sizes (maximum 500 μm), but displays a preference for sediments with a median grain size between 100 and 300 μm (relative occurrence > 30 %). a similar pattern is observed with regard to the mud content preference: phyllodoce mucosa - maculata is found in sediments with strongly varying mud contents, but prefers sediments with a mud content up to 40% (relative occurrence: minimum 40 %). [ details ]\nare segmented (anderson, 1996). segmental structures include the appendages (parapodia), coelomic cavities, nephridia and gonads (rouse & pleijel, 2001; wilson, 1991). the musculature, nervous system, hemal system, and digestive system are non - segmental, and extend throughout the worm (anderson, 1996; voronezhskaya & ivashkin, 2010) .\ninternational commission on zoological nomenclature. 1992. opinion - 1692. phyllodoce lamarck, 1818 and polyodontes de blainville, 1828 (annelida, polychaeta): conserved. bulletin of zoological nomenclature 49 (3): 242 - 243. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nmorphology a relatively large worm with an elongated, flattened body, slightly tapering towards both ends. the head is well developed and bears four frontal antennae and two small eyes. the body segments are uniform with prominent parapodia bearing distinct rectangular lamellae on top. the body measures 50 - 100 mm with 700 segments. lt is greenish yellow in colour with three transverse bands of brown and blue (hartmann - schröder, 1971; hayward & ryland, 1990). [ details ]\n( of phyllodoce (anaitides) czerniavsky, 1882) hartmann - schröder, g. (1996). annelida, borstenwürmer, polychaeta [ annelida, bristleworms, polychaeta ]. 2nd revised ed. the fauna of germany and adjacent seas with their characteristics and ecology, 58. gustav fischer: jena, germany. isbn 3 - 437 - 35038 - 2. 648 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nthe green paddle worm is a marine errant polychaete that is commonly found on estuarine sand flats, and is often associated with seagrass patches (pleijel, 1993). the individuals collected for this project were found during low tide on a sand flat on the eastern shore of north stradbroke island, queensland (fig. 7). the slender body and green coloration of p. novaehollandiae enable it to hide between seagrass leaves to avoid predators (e. g. crabs, fish, birds) and effectively hunt for food (lee et al. , 2004). anderson (1996) also found that p. novaehollandiae is often found among sedentary polychaetes of the genus galeolaria, however, these were not observed in the sampling site .\nspecific threats to p. novaehollandiae have not been identified. lewis, davenport & kelly (2003) investigated the effects of the removal of macroalgal mats on phyllodoce maculata. this study showed no significant decline in numbers or significant changes in distribution (lewis, davenport & kelly, 2003). in some cases, this species showed a potential for colonization of cleared sites, where numbers of p. maculate increased in recently cleared sites (lewis, davenport & kelly, 2003). however, the response to such changes may be species specific, hence we cannot assume that p. novaehollandiae would show the same behaviour .\nlamarck, jean baptiste de. (1818). [ use for polychaeta = vol. 5. annelides of... ] histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres, préséntant les caractères généraux et particuliers de ces animaux, leur distribution, leurs classes, leurs familles, leurs genres, et la citation des principales espèces qui s' y rapportent; precedes d' une introduction offrant la determination des caracteres essentiels de l 'animal, sa distinction du vegetal et desautres corps naturels, enfin, l' exposition des principes fondamentaux de la zoologie ]. paris, deterville, 612 pp. , available online at urltoken page (s): 316 [ details ]\nread, g. ; fauchald, k. (ed .) (2018). world polychaeta database .\n( of anaitides czerniavsky, 1882) czerniavsky, voldemaro. (1882). materialia ad zoographiam ponticam comparatam. fasc. iii vermes. bulletin de la société impériale des naturalistes de moscou (= byulletin' moskovskogo obshchestva ispytatelei prirody). 57 (1): 146 - 198. , available online at urltoken page (s): 148 and 158 [ details ]\nglasby, c. j. ; read, g. b. ; lee, k. e. ; blakemore, r. j. ; fraser, p. m. ; pinder, a. m. ; erséus, c. ; moser, w. e. ; burreson, e. m. ; govedich, f. r. ; davies, r. w. ; dawson, e. w. (2009). phylum annelida: bristleworms, earthworms, leeches, in: gordon, d. p. (ed .) (2009). new zealand inventory of biodiversity: 1. kingdom animalia: radiata, lophotrochozoa, deuterostomia. pp. 312 - 358. [ details ]\nhartmann - schröder, g. (1996). annelida, borstenwürmer, polychaeta [ annelida, bristleworms, polychaeta ]. 2nd revised ed. the fauna of germany and adjacent seas with their characteristics and ecology, 58. gustav fischer: jena, germany. isbn 3 - 437 - 35038 - 2. 648 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nbellan, gerard. (2001). polychaeta, in: costello, m. j. et al. (ed .) (2001). european register of marine species: a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. collection patrimoines naturels. 50: pp. 214 - 231. (look up in imis) [ details ]\nday, j. h. (1967). [ errantia ] a monograph on the polychaeta of southern africa. part 1. errantia. british museum (natural history), london. pp. vi, 1–458, xxix. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nliu j. y. [ ruiyu ] (ed .). (2008). checklist of marine biota of china seas. china science press. 1267 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of anaitides czerniavsky, 1882) fauchald, k. (1977). the polychaete worms, definitions and keys to the orders, families and genera. natural history museum of los angeles county: los angeles, ca (usa), science series. 28: 1 - 188. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of anaitides czerniavsky, 1882) hartmann - schröder, g. (1996). annelida, borstenwürmer, polychaeta [ annelida, bristleworms, polychaeta ]. 2nd revised ed. the fauna of germany and adjacent seas with their characteristics and ecology, 58. gustav fischer: jena, germany. isbn 3 - 437 - 35038 - 2. 648 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of zverlinum averintsev, 1972) clarke, a. ; johnston, n. m. (2003). antarctic marine benthic diversity. oceanography and marine biology: an annual review. 41: 47 - 114. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of zverlinum averintsev, 1972) nomenclator zoologicus online. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of phyllouschakovius blake, 1988) fauchald, k. (2007). world register of polychaeta. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of prophyllodoce hartman, 1966) fauchald, k. (2007). world register of polychaeta. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of sphaerodoce bergström, 1914) fauchald, k. (2007). world register of polychaeta. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of lepadorhynchus schmarda, 1861) fauchald, k. (2007). world register of polychaeta. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of phillodoce grube, 1878) fauchald, k. (2007). world register of polychaeta. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of phyllidoce risso, 1826) fauchald, k. (2007). world register of polychaeta. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ndistribution a. mucosa occurs near the dutch coast, from the voordelta in the south to the dutch wadden islands in the north, where the ...\ndistribution a. mucosa occurs near the dutch coast, from the voordelta in the south to the dutch wadden islands in the north, where the species is most abundant. in contrast to a. groenlandica this species is present in the eastern and western part of the wadden sea as well as in the delta area. [ details ]\nharms, j. (1993). check list of species (algae, invertebrates and vertebrates) found in the vicinity of the island of helgoland (north sea, german bight): a review of recent records. helgoländer meeresunters. 47: 1 - 34. [ p. 25, tab. 3: gastrosaccus spinifer, mysis relicta, praunus inermis, schistomysis kervillei, schistomysis spiritus. (look up in imis) [ details ]\nmuller, y. (2004). faune et flore du littoral du nord, du pas - de - calais et de la belgique: inventaire. [ coastal fauna and flora of the nord, pas - de - calais and belgium: inventory ]. commission régionale de biologie région nord pas - de - calais: france. 307 pp. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\npleijel, fredrik. (1991). phylogeny and classification of the phyllodocidae (polychaeta). zoologica scripta. 20 (3): 225 - 261. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nintergovernmental oceanographic commission (ioc) of unesco. the ocean biogeographic information system (obis), available online at urltoken [ details ]\nthe species deposits its eggs in green gelatinous cocoons at the surface of mud flats and probably also on the bottom of tidal channels .\nhabitat a. mucosa is abundant in the fine sand areas of the dutch continental shelf. it is also reported from rnuddy sediment, mixed with sand, shell fragments and stones, and in mussel beds. compared to a. groenlandica, this species inhabits the muddier types of sediment. it is suggested that one species forces the other into a different type of sediment by competition (hartmann - schröder, 1971; wolff, 1973; hayward & ryland, 1990). [ details ]\nmorphology this species resembles a. groenlandica, but differs by the shape of the lamellae on the parapodia and its smaller dimensions. lt can reach 50 mm in length and 250 segments. a. mucosa is whitish or yellowish in colour, with transverse dark brown bands or patches. the species shows a strong production of mucus (hartmann - schröder, 1971; hayward & ryland, 1990). [ details ]\nkinberg, j. g. h. 1865 [ 1866? ]. annulata nova. öfversigt af königlich vetenskapsakademiens förhandlingar, stockholm 22 (4): 239 - 258. , available online at urltoken page (s): 241; note: from valparaiso, chile [ details ]\nfauchald, k. ; granados - barba, a. ; solís - weiss, v. (2009). polychaeta (annelida) of the gulf of mexico, pp. 751–788 in d. l. felder and d. k. camp (eds .). gulf of mexico. origin, waters, and biota. volume 1, biodiversity. texas a & m; university press, college station, texas. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhartman, o. 1964. polychaeta errantia of antarctica. antarctic research series, 3: 1 - 131. , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\njirkov, i. a. (2001). [ polychaeta of the arctic ocean ] (in russian) polikhety severnogo ledovitogo okeana. yanus - k press, moscow, 632 pp. , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nvieitez, j. m. ; m. a. ; alós, c. ; parapar, j. ; besteiro, c. ; moreira, j. ; nunez, j. ; laborda, j. ; and san martin, g. (2004). annelida polychaeta i. fauna iberica. ramos, m. a. et al (eds .). museo nacional de ciencias naturales, csic, madrid, vol. 25: 1 - 530 [ sections separate authorship not recognised here ]. [ details ]\nblake, j. a. 1994. family phyllodocidae savigny, 1818. pages 115 - 186. in: blake, j. a. and hilbig, brigitte. taxonomic atlas of the benthic fauna of the santa maria basin and western santa barbara channel. 4 - the annelida part 1. oligochaeta and polychaeta: phyllodocida (phyllodocidae to paralacydoniidae). santa barbara museum of natural history. santa barbara [ details ]\n( of anaitides longipes (kinberg, 1866) ) integrated taxonomic information system (itis). , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of anaitides longipes (kinberg, 1866) ) hartmann - schröder, g. (1996). annelida, borstenwürmer, polychaeta [ annelida, bristleworms, polychaeta ]. 2nd revised ed. the fauna of germany and adjacent seas with their characteristics and ecology, 58. gustav fischer: jena, germany. isbn 3 - 437 - 35038 - 2. 648 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of anaitides longipes (kinberg, 1866) ) hartman, o. 1964. polychaeta errantia of antarctica. antarctic research series, 3: 1 - 131. , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of anaitides longipes (kinberg, 1866) ) uebelacker, joan m. ; johnson, paul g. (eds). (1984). taxonomic guide to the polychaetes of the northern gulf of mexico. final report to the minerals management service, contract 14 - 12 - 001 - 29091. volumes 1 - 7, barry m. vittor & associates. mobile, alabama. , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of paranaitis jeffreysii (mcintosh, 1908) ) fauchald, k. (2007). world register of polychaeta. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of paranaitis jeffreysii (mcintosh, 1908) ) southern, rowland 1914. clare island survey. archiannelida and polychaeta. proceedings of the royal irish academy, 31 (47): 1 - 160. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia, please upload using the upload tools .\nkinberg, j. g. h. 1865 ,\nannulata nova\n, öfversigt af kongelige vetenskaps - akademiens förhandlingar, stockholm, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 239 - 258\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 39a9576d - 9a18 - 4c4e - b864 - 2b48cac616c0\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 78f7c6fe - cc64 - 4194 - 9281 - 7d5af7b5ec37\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 79825210 - afba - 474f - 9621 - e7e4f699fd5c\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: ed5bd1f7 - 8ceb - 4442 - 8039 - ed2b85609907\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 447968\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment. find records and model species distributions. export reports, maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area, or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something? photograph something? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities. we honour and celebrate the spiritual, cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe body can be almost half a metre and with up to 700 segments. they are very colourful and in the photo above the beautiful irridescence body can be seen. the green, flattened parapodia and large, heart shaped and very visible .\nthey are carnivorous feeding on invertebrates in the lower shore of sandy, muddy - stones in the lower shore. the sexes are separate .\nlooking for a next step? the fsc offers a range of publications, courses for schools and colleges and courses for adults, families and professionals that relate to the seashore environment. why not find out more about the fsc ?\ncopyright © 2008 field studies council creative commons attribution - noncommercial - no derivative works 3. 0 licence .\nhabitat: arctic and circumboreal. in northern europe known from öresund, skagerrak, western norway, helgoland, shetland and wales status: not listed\nthis is one of those creatures that took my breath away the first time i saw it. and that usually doesn’t happen when i’m dealing with marine worms. terrestrial worms, on the other hand, are another story…\nthese marine worms are members of the class polychaete which are defined by their segmented body that features a pair of bristle - covered fleshy outgrowths called parapodia on each segment. while it may look like an intimidating specimen, these chinese dragon look - alikes only grow to about 10 cm (4 in) in length. still, the resemblance to a golden dragon is uncanny :\ncarly brooke is the animal - obsessed founder and author of the award - winning animal website, the featured creature. com, where little - known species become known .\ni have a confession: i love animals. join me and the rest of the featured creature community as we learn about the weirdest, coolest, and craziest animals out there. including your dog, mr. scrufflebutt (if you submit him !) .\n, is a benthic predatory polychaete of the order phyllodocida. it is a common invertebrate in sand - flat habitats, and is usually found crawling or swimming on the sediment surface during low tide. the bright green dorsal coloration and the leaf - shaped appendages are what give\nits common name. this project provides a detailed description of this species, with a particular focus on its regenerative capabilities .\nthe individuals collected for this study were identified using dichotomous keys found in pleijel (1991; 1993), and hutchings & rainer (1979) .\ngreen paddle worms are long, thin, errant polychaetes (fig. 1). body coloration ranges from pale yellow to bright green. they have a dark triangular pigment spot on the prostomium and darker intersegmental pigment bands extended mid - dorsally to form an ellipse (fig. 2) (hutchings & rainer, 1979). the body length and number of segments is variable (pleijel, 1993). the length of individuals collected for this study (n = 46) ranged from 9. 2 to 16. 1 cm, with a mean length of 12. 1 cm (±2. 02). the length and width of the head were approximately 0. 17 cm and 0. 12 cm respectively .\nare represented by the dorsal cirri only. the parapodial chaetae (16 - 20 per parapodium) are compound spinigers with shafts distally spinose and inflated, and have long narrow finely - serrated bases (hutchings & rainer, 1979) .\nas for many benthic invertebrates, p. novaehollandiae plays an important role in sediment processing, bioturbation and nutrient cycling of estuarine habitats (queiros et al. , 2013). weimin, batley & ahsanullah (1992) used this species to determine the heavy metal composition of sediments in their habitat, with a particular focus on zink, lead, and cadmium .\nthe ability of polychaetes to regenerate lost structures after non - lethal predation has been described in many occasions across varying species (bely, 2014). the degree of regenerative capabilities differs between polychaetes, as different evolutionary events led to diverse survival strategies (bely, 2014). this capability to regenerate lost body parts enables polychaetes to reproduce asexually through fragmentation and fission, and provides an ecological benefit (lindsay, jackson & forest, 2008) .\nthe regenerative ability of a number of species of the family phyllodocidae have been tested, showing that regeneration of both anterior and posterior ends is possible (aguado & helm, 2015; olive & moore, 1975; rohrkasten, 1983). however, no studies have investigated the asexual reproductive capabilities of\n, testing the ability of this species to regenerate both anterior and posterior ends, when amputated at different lengths along the body .\nwere collected on a sand flat, during low tide, on the eastern shore of north stradbroke island, queensland. to allow for acclimatization to laboratory conditions all specimens were held in an aquarium for a week prior to the experimental phase .\none week after amputation all sections had healed their wounds (fig. 8b). after two weeks, 35% of amputated anterior ends showed signs of a new prostomium developing, as a blastema was visible (fig. 8c), while 70% of amputated posterior ends had new pygidium and new segments with developing parapodia (fig. 8d) .\nduring week three and four 27% of sections have died. after three weeks, 35% of amputated anterior ends still showed signs of regeneration, but with little to no difference to previous observations. all amputated posterior ends that showed regeneration in previous weeks continued to grow their new segments and pygidium .\noverall, sections that grew in week one continued to do so over the four weeks, while sections that did not show any new growth in week one did not show any later on (or have died). in general, there is no significant difference in growth rate between worms that were cut in half and worms that were cut in quarters .\nis capable of regenerating both anterior and posterior ends. figure 8c shows the formation of a mass of proliferating cells, also known as a blastema, which is characteristic of the early phases in the formation of a new prostomium (bely, 2014; pfeifer & dorresteijn, 2012) .\nunderstanding the ability of benthic polychaetes is ecologically important, as non - lethal loss of tissues provide a significant energetic input to higher trophic levels of estuarine habitats (lindsay, jacobson & forest, 2008). a longer and more detailed study on the regeneration of\nis recommended, as it would provide better understanding of the later stages of prostomial regeneration. testing for differences in regeneration rates in different environmental conditions (e. g. temperature) would also be beneficial .\nmovement of the body is the result of the combined action of the appendages, the body - wall muscles, and the hydrostatic skeleton (coelomic fluid) (filippova et al. , 2010). in predatory polychaetes such as those found in the family phyllodocidae the longitudinal muscle layer is better developed than the circular muscle layer (filippova et al. , 2010) .\nduring slow crawling the parapodia and chaetae alternatively move pushing against the substrate. the coordinated movement of the numerous parapodia is controlled by neuropodial muscles in each segment (filippova et al. , 2010). at any point in time during locomotion, the parapodia on opposite sides of the same segment are 180 degrees out of phase, to prevent interference between appendages. this creates a wave of parapodial motion that passes from the posterior to the anterior (see video 1) .\nduring rapid swimming or crawling the same mechanism described above applies, together with lateral body undulations produced by longitudinal muscle contractions (filippova et al. , 2010) (see video 2). the wave created by this muscle contraction coincides with the parapodial wave, where the parapodial power stroke occurs at the crest of the body wave (filippova et al. , 2010) .\nphyllodocids have polyneuronal innervation, where one muscle fibre is innervated by more than one neuron, and the speed and force of muscular contraction depends on the summed effects of all neurons (filippova et al. , 2010) .\nvideo 1. movement of parapodia in p. novaehollandiae under a stereoscopic microscope .\ngreen paddle worms crawl and feed at the sediment surface during low tide, avoiding competitors and predators (lee et al. , 2004) (see video 3). the carnivorous\nvideo 3. feeding behaviour of p. novaehollandiae on a sand - flat of north stradbroke island, queensland .\nvideo 4. feeding behaviour of p. novaehollandiae showing the use of the pharynx .\nare found in the epidermis (hutchings & murray, 1984). this mucus protects the surface of the body and is occasionally used as a defence mechanisms against predators or sudden environmental changes (hutchings & murray, 1984). during the experimental phase of this study, a significant increase in mucus production was observed when live individuals were held on ice or kept dry .\nthe body wall of green paddle worms consists of a fibrous collagenous cuticle, a mono - layered epidermis, a connective - tissue, and a muscular layer (pleijel, 1993). the body has two layers of striated muscles: a circular outer layer and a longitudinal inner layer (filippova et al. , 2010). in each segment, parapodial muscles control the movement of the parapodia (fig. 11) (filippova et al. , 2010). to the best of my knowledge, the central nervous system has not been studied in the genus\n, each segment has a pair of coelomic cavities, isolated from segment to segment by transverse septa (anderson, 1996). the left and right cavity are separated by mesenteries (anderson, 1996) (fig. 11). the coelomic cavities aid in circulation, together with a well - developed hemal system (rouse & pleijel, 2001). the principal blood vessels of polychaetes are found in the mesentery and consist of a dorsal blood vessel (anterior flow) and a ventral blood vessel (posterior flow) (fig. 11) (anderson, 1996; rouse & pleijel, 2001) .\na complete gut extends between the mount and the anus, and is divided into three regions: 1) an ectodermal foregut, which includes a muscular eversible pharynx and a ciliated esophagus, 2) an endodermal midgut, which includes the stomach and the intestine, and 3) an ectodermal hindgut (anderson, 1996) .\ngas exchange occurs across the dorsal body wall, parapodia, and gills (hutchings & rainer, 1979). the notopodial cirrus of\nis flattened and has a ciliated band that functions in gas exchange (branchial lobe) (anderson, 1996). parapodial vessels connect these gills to the hemal system (hutchings & rainer, 1979) .\nsveshnikov (1991) discussed that members of the order phyllodocida evolved following two main morpho - ecological trends: 1) occupation of an ecological niche, and 2) polymerization of the body. phyllodocids are considered a centre of ecological, genetic and species diversity, as they have representatives of epibionts, intrabionts, planktonic forms, commensals, parasites and interstitial forms (sveshnikov, 1991). polymeric forms of the ancestral polychaete\nare represented by 35% of the species in the orders phyllodocida and eunicida (sveshnikov, 1991). rousset et al. (2007) further argued that such high diversity is likely to be a result of an “explosive radiation” of annelids during the cambrian .\nrouse & fauchald (1997) supported the hypothesis that the order phyllodocida is monophyletic, however, recent molecular studies of 43 taxa within this group have rejected this hypothesis (rousset et al. , 2007). rousset et al. (2007) places the\nspecies (500 species) led to unreliable results for this genus. in contrast, a study on the structure of the central nervous system among genera of phyllodocidae places\n( eklof, pleijel & sundberg, 2007). clearly, further studies are needed in order to clarify the phylogeny of species within the order phyllodocida .\nmembers of the family phyllodocidae are found in a wide range of habitats, such as estuarine, marine (inshore and shelf), slope (200 - 2000m), and deep sea (> 2000m) (pleijel, 1993). phyllodocids are very widespread, as members of this family have been recorded in :\nhas a much more limited distribution, as it is only found in littoral or shallow water habitats of eastern australia (fig. 12) (pleijel, 1993) .\naguado, mt, helm, c (2015). description of a new syllid species as a model for evolutionary research of reproduction in annelids .\nbely, ae (2014). early events in annelid regeneration: a cellular perspective .\neklof, j, pleijel, f, sundberg, p (2007). phylogeny of benthic phyllodocidae (polychaeta) based on morphological and molecular data .\nhutchings, p, murray, a (1984). taxonomy of polychaetes from the hawkesbury river and the southern estuaries of new south wales, australia .\nlewis, lj, davenport, j, kelly, tc (2003). responses of benthic invertebrates and their avian predators to the experimental removal of macroalgal mats .\nlindsey, sm, jackson, jl, forest, dl (2008). morphology of anterior regeneration in two spinoid polychaete species: implication for feeding efficiency .\nolive, pjw, moore, fr (1975). hormone independent regeneration in eulalia viridis (polychaeta – phyllodocidae) .\norrhage, l, eibye - jacobsen, d (1998). on the anatomy of the cenral nervous sytem of phyllodocidae (polychaeta) and the phylogeny of phyllodocid genera: a new alternative .\npfeifer, k, dorresteijn, awc (2012). activation of hox genes during caudal regeneration of the polychaete annelid platynereis dumerilii .\npleijel, f (1991). phylogeny and classification of the phyllodocidae (polychaeta) .\nqueiros, am, birchenough, snr, bremner, j, godbold, ja, parker, re, romero - ramirez, a, reiss, h, solan, m, somerfield, pj, van colen, c, van hoey, g, widdicombe, s (2013). a bioturbation classification of european marine infaunal invertebrates .\nrohrkasten, a (1983). caudal regeneration in the polychaete anaitides mucosa (polychaeta: phyllodocidae) .\nrouse, gw, fauchald, k (1995). cladistics and polychaetes .\nrousset, v, pleijel, f, rouse, gw, erseus, c, siddall, m (2007). a molecular phylogeny of annelids .\nsushenko, d, purschke, g (2009). ultrastructure of pigmented adult eyes in errant polychaetes (annelida): implications for annelid evolution .\nvoronezhskaya, ee, ivashkin, eg (2010). pioneer neurons: a basis or limiting factor of lophotrochozoa nervous system diversity ?\nweimin, y, batley, ge, ahsanullah, m (1992). the ability of sediment extractants to measure the bioavailability of metals to three marine invertebrates .\nwilson, wh (1991). sexual reproductive modes in polychaetes: classification and diversity .\nan educational resource dedicated mainly to the photography and diversity of marine life that can be found in coastal waters and intertidal areas of great britain and ireland .\nscroll down and rollover titles to change screen image or click on title to view image .\nimages of species taken on middle and lowershore at spit point, par; long rock, penzance; and at chimney rocks, penzance, cornwall, 08. 04. 11 .\naphotomarine supports open source data recording and sharing for the benefit of wildlife, recorders, research, science and education. the project recommends the following websites and works with the following bodies and organisations .\nthe marine biological association or mba, based in plymouth, is one of the world’s longest - running societies dedicated to promoting research into our oceans and the life they support. since 1884 the mba has been providing a unified, clear, independent voice on behalf of the marine biological community. it has a growing membership in over 40 countries .\nthe cisfbr or cornwall and isles of scilly federation of biological recorders is an independent umbrella organisation supporting independent recorders and recording groups in the county of cornwall .\nthe cornish biodiversity network or cbn is the largest open source wildlife database in cornwall that sends open source data to the nbn (national biodiversity network). it is a new recording system based on the erica database, the largest recording resource in cornwall. the cbn best supports the activities and needs of the independent recording community and recording groups in cornwall .\nthe national biodiversity network or nbn is a charity that supports open source data sharing and recording supporting conservation, science and education .\nwhy do recorders need open source ?\n. simply because it supports the core values of wildlife recording and the free use of records and data over a very wide network that includes partners like the natural history museum. the link here is to the nbn atlas. the link here is to the nbn atlas .\nthe taxonomy used here is based on that of the following database, which is also used by the mba, nhm and the nbn .\nover 99% of the species records on aphotomarine are open source but they are also copyright david fenwick. species records published on aphotomarine may not be used on any database, list or distribution map, without a signed user agreement. cornish records that appear on aphotomarine are recorded using the erica database to benefit recording in cornwall and scientific and historical recording in general. no financial benefit must be taken from any record produced by david fenwick, records are of educational benefit only. records by david fenwick must'' never'' be financially traded .\nthe main objective of this website is in furthering environmental awareness and education through the medium of photography. to increase awareness and access to the wildlife of the region and help\npeople find and identify it. sometimes the difference between species is obvious but many species can only be determined by observing microscopic characteristics that are specific to any one species .\ndistribution highest densities are found north of the wadden islands. lt is found in lower numbers on the brown bank, at the broad ...\ndistribution highest densities are found north of the wadden islands. lt is found in lower numbers on the brown bank, at the broad fourteens, along the coast and at a few stations on the cleaver bank and dogger bank. a. groenlandica has not been observed in the oyster ground, the wadden sea and the delta area. earlier studies, however, mention this species from the delta area. [ details ]\nbiology reproduction and larval development take place in spring and early summer. the species has a long pelagic stage. most phyllodocids are considered predators, catching their prey with their muscular pharynx. they feed on a variety of small invertebrates, e. g. polychaetes, and fish. cannibalism is widespread (hartmann - schröder, 1971; wolff, 1973; fauchald & jumars, 1979). [ details ]\nhabitat a. groenlandica lives in fine to coarse sediment with a low content of mud. lt is sometimes found in empty tubes of other polychaetes (hartmann - schröder, 1971; wolff, 1973). [ details ]" ]

{ "text": [ "phyllodoce is a genus of polychaete worms , which contains about 200 species .", "the prostomium bears eyes , two pairs of antennae and a pair of large retractile nuchal organs .", "the eversible proboscis is clearly divided into two parts . " ], "topic": [ 26, 16, 26 ] }

[ "phyllodoce is a genus of polychaete worms, which contains about 200 species. the prostomium bears eyes, two pairs of antennae and a pair of large retractile nuchal organs. the eversible proboscis is clearly divided into two parts." ]

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(gofundme )\ngo - ataman - go library for rendering ansi colored text templates in terminals .\ngo - libsass - go wrapper to the 100% sass compatible libsass project .\ngo - adaptive - radix - tree - go implementation of adaptive radix tree .\ngo - marathon - go library for interacting with mesosphere' s marathon paas .\ngo - trending - go library for accessing trending repositories and developers at github .\ngo - twitter - go client library for the twitter v1. 1 apis .\ngo - callvis - visualize call graph of your go program using dot format .\ngo metrics - go port of coda hale' s metrics library: urltoken .\ntrending go repositories on github today - good place to find new go libraries .\ngo by example - hands - on introduction to go using annotated example programs .\nnats - lightweight, high performance messaging system for microservices, iot, and cloud native systems .\ncertainly, native apps will survive for a while longer, but if you’re busy learning swift or java so you can build native apps, you may want to consider learning javascript, instead .\ngo - 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fn - mathematical functions written in go language, that are not covered by math pkg .\ngo - cleanarch - go - cleanarch was created to validate clean architecture rules, like a the dependency rule and interaction between packages in your go projects .\ngo - multierror - go (golang) package for representing a list of errors as a single error .\ngo. rice - go. rice is a go package that makes working with resources such as html, js, css, images and templates very easy .\nunique city apartments to stay for 1 night, 1 week, or as long as you like. welcome to native .\nfrom now on, i won’t be building any more native apps. all my apps going forward will be progressive web apps. progressive web apps are web applications which are designed to work even more seamlessly on mobile devices than native mobile apps .\nego - lightweight templating language that lets you write templates in go. templates are translated into go and compiled .\nvscode - go - extension for visual studio code (vs code) which provides support for the go language .\ngo - type - assertion - benchmark - naive performance test of two ways to do type assertion in go .\nby richie richards native sun news today correspondent pierre – the family of mason grimshaw (rosebud sioux tribe member) ...\ngo native monument was refurbished in 2014 with its studio, one and two bedroom flats within yards of the towering london landmark of monument and the grade ii listed old billingsgate market. other facilities\ngo - persian - calendar - the implementation of the persian (solar hijri) calendar in go (golang) .\ngocryforhelp - collection of go projects that needs help. good place to start your open - source way in go .\nwhether you stay with us for as little as one night or as long as a few months, you’ll always get a native welcome .\nraylib - go - go bindings for raylib, a simple and easy - to - use library to learn videogames programming .\ngo - astilectron - build cross platform gui apps with go and html / js / css (powered by electron) .\nnats go client - lightweight and high performance publish - subscribe and distributed queueing messaging system - this is the go library .\nmeade watched dumbstruck as go native, probably the best horse in his care, broke a leg in the course of a routine canter up a freshly harrowed gallop. it was only last sunday that go native had walked serenely away from far more obvious peril, having fallen at the last as he challenged hurricane fly at punchestown. that run had deceived meade and his patrons that their patience with go native, sidelined for two years after starting favourite for the 2010 champion hurdle, might yet be rewarded back at cheltenham in march. “we’re all in a state of shock, ” meade said. “completely devastated. ”\ngo - bind - plugin - go: generate tool for wrapping symbols exported by golang plugins (1. 8 only) .\ngo - plus - go (golang) package for atom that adds autocomplete, formatting, syntax checking, linting and vetting .\ngo - swagger - swagger 2. 0 implementation for go. swagger is a simple yet powerful representation of your restful api .\n' the english go native very easily, he once wrote.' there is no disgrace in it. on the contrary, in my opinion it shows a creditable regard for the real things in life.'\ngo - yara - go bindings for yara, the\npattern matching swiss knife for malware researchers (and everyone else )\n.\nprogressive web apps now have most of the capabilities of native apps, the install friction promises to be lower than native apps, you’ll no longer need to worry about the app store gatekeepers, and you won’t have to pay anybody 30% tax on app sales for the privilege of being in an app store .\ngo - sciter - go bindings for sciter: the embeddable html / css / script engine for modern desktop ui development. cross platform .\ngo - trigger - go - lang global event triggerer, register events with an id and trigger the event from anywhere from your project .\nrye - tiny go middleware library (with canned middlewares) that supports jwt, cors, statsd, and go 1. 7 context .\ngo - language - server - a wrapper to turn the vscode go extension into a language server supporting the language - server - protocol .\nst. xavier' s looks down on boys who ‘ go native all - together. ’ one must never forget that one is a sahib, and that some day, when examinations are passed, one will command natives .\nguests must at least 18 years old at the the time of booking and must bring valid government issued photo id to show on arrival. if a guest arrives under the age of 18, go native reserves the right to refuse admission .\ngostorm - gostorm is a go library that implements the communications protocol required to write storm spouts and bolts in go that communicate with the storm shells .\ngo - cache - in - memory key: value store / cache (similar to memcached) library for go, suitable for single - machine applications .\ngo - funk - modern go utility library which provides helpers (map, find, contains, filter, chunk, reverse, ...) .\ndisclaimer by staff and management of native sun news today: the letters and opinions expressed on this page are not necessarily those of the management and staff at native sun news today. letters to the editor should be kept to a maximum of 250 words and may be edited for clarity. all letters must contain the name and address of the sender. native sun news today will not publish unsigned or anonymous letters. letters determined to be of a libelous nature will not be published. send letters to the editor to editor @ urltoken .\nlying close to the stunning floral arrangements of sussex gardens, the serviced apartments at go native hyde park are contained within a gorgeous grade ii listed property. this impressive six - storey building boasts uniquely styled floors ranging from a glamour theme to a scandinavian theme .\ndocopt. go - command - line arguments parser that will make you smile .\nflag - simple but powerful command line option parsing library for go supporting subcommand .\ngota - implementation of dataframes, series, and data wrangling methods for go .\ngo - sunrise - calculate the sunrise and sunset times for a given location .\ngo - health - library for enabling asynchronous dependency health checks in your service .\ngo - message - streaming library for the internet message format and mail messages .\ngopher - lua - lua 5. 1 vm and compiler written in go .\nskywalker - package to allow one to concurrently go through a filesystem with ease .\ngomol - multiple - output, structured logging for go with extensible logging outputs .\nlog - structured log interface for go cleanly separates logging facade from its implementation .\ntail - go package striving to emulate the features of the bsd tail program .\ncentrifugo - real - time messaging (websockets or sockjs) server in go .\ngo - i18n - package and an accompanying tool to work with localized text .\ngo - mystem - cgo bindings to yandex. mystem - russian morphology analyzer .\nnlp - go natural language processing library supporting lsa (latent semantic analysis) .\nstemmer - stemmer packages for go programming language. includes english and german stemmers .\ngo - pg - postgresql orm with focus on postgresql specific features and performance .\ngoop - simple dependency manager for go (golang), inspired by bundler .\npackr - the simple and easy way to embed static files into go binaries .\ntemplify - embed external template files into go code to create single file binaries .\ngofrac - (goinstallable) fractions library for go with support for basic arithmetic .\ngoraph - pure go graph theory library (data structure, algorith visualization) .\nfwencoder - fixed width file parser (encoding and decoding library) for go .\ngo - runewidth - functions to get fixed width of the character or string .\ncachet - go client library for cachet (open source status page system) .\nclockwerk - go package to schedule periodic jobs using a simple, fluent syntax .\nrepeat - go implementation of different backoff strategies useful for retrying operations and heartbeating .\ngo - relax - framework of pluggable components to build restful api' s .\nmacaron - macaron is a high productive and modular design web framework in go .\nneo - neo is minimal and fast go web framework with extremely simple api .\nerrcheck - errcheck is a program for checking for unchecked errors in go programs .\ngoimports - tool to fix (add, remove) your go imports automatically .\nvim - compiler - go - vim plugin to highlight syntax errors on save .\nre2dfa - transform regular expressions into finite state machines and output go source code .\noctolinker - navigate through go files efficiently with the octolinker browser extension for github .\nrts - rts: response to struct. generates go structs from server responses .\ngo in 5 minutes - 5 minute screencasts focused on getting one thing done .\nhow to use godog for behavior - driven development in go - get started with godog — a behavior - driven development framework for building and testing go applications .\ngo native monument was refurbished in 2014 with its studio, one and two bedroom flats within yards of the towering london landmark of monument and the grade ii listed old billingsgate market. other facilities include modern kitchens and wonderfully finished bathrooms. thanks to the ...\nthe deaths of the two great stallions, both grandsons of native dancer, threatened an emotional overload for an industry still mourning the three breeders' cup fatalities at belmont park last month .\nform - decodes url. values into go value (s) and encodes go value (s) into url. values. dual array and full map support .\ngo - aws - auth - aws (amazon web services) request signing library .\nclimax - alternative cli with\nhuman face\n, in spirit of go command .\nflagvar - a collection of flag argument types for go' s standard flag package .\ngo - up - a simple configuration library with recursive placeholders resolution and no magic .\ndrone - drone is a continuous integration platform built on docker, written in go .\ngo - jump - port of google' s\njump\nconsistent hash function .\ntermloop - terminal - based game engine for go, built on top of termbox .\nspew - implements a deep pretty printer for go data structures to aid in debugging .\ntfgo - easy to use tensorflow bindings: simplifies the usage of the official tensorflow go bindings. define computational graphs in go, load and execute models trained in python .\nglue - robust go and javascript socket library (alternative to socket. io) .\ngo - openapi - collection of packages to parse and utilize open - api schemas .\ngo - unarr - decompression library for rar, tar, zip and 7z archives .\ngojieba - this is a go implementation of jieba which a chinese word splitting algorithm .\ngse - go efficient text segmentation; support english, chinese, japanese and other .\nmmsego - this is a go implementation of mmseg which a chinese word splitting algorithm .\nmathgl - pure go math package specialized for 3d math, with inspiration from glm .\nesc - embeds files into go programs and provides http. filesystem interfaces to them .\nvfsgen - generates a vfsdata. go file that statically implements the given virtual filesystem .\ngotenv - load environment variables from. env or any io. reader in go .\ngpath - library to simplify access struct fields with go' s expression in reflection .\nhystrix - go - implements hystrix patterns of programmer - defined fallbacks aka circuit breaker .\njsonhal - simple go package to make custom structs marshal into hal compatible json responses .\nresty - simple http and rest client for go inspired by ruby rest - client .\naero - high - performance web framework for go, reaches top scores in lighthouse .\nrender - go package for easily rendering json, xml, and html template responses .\ngosimple - gosimple is a linter for go source code that specialises on simplifying code .\ngostatus - command line tool, shows the status of repositories that contain go packages .\ntarp - tarp finds functions and methods without direct unit tests in go source code .\nunused - unused checks go code for unused constants, variables, functions and types .\ngb - an easy to use project based build tool for the go programming language .\nipe - open source pusher server implementation compatible with pusher client libraries written in go .\nliteide - liteide is a simple, open source, cross - platform go ide .\nprepare a noble death song for the day when you go over the great divide .\nplease inform native hyde park in advance of your expected arrival time. you can use the special requests box when booking, or contact the property directly with the contact details provided in your confirmation .\ngolf - golf is a fast, simple and lightweight micro - web framework for go. it comes with powerful features and has no dependencies other than the go standard library .\nnorthern dancer was a son of nearctic, who in turn was a son of nearco, a great english stallion. northern dancer' s dam was natalma, a daughter of native dancer. bidding wars\nsessions - dead simple, highly performant, highly customizable sessions service for go http servers .\nargv - go library to split command line string as arguments array using the bash syntax .\ncuckoofilter - cuckoo filter: a good alternative to a counting bloom filter implemented in go .\ngo - datastructures - collection of useful, performant, and thread - safe data structures .\nsystray - cross platform go library to place an icon and menu in the notification area .\nlogutils - utilities for slightly better logging in go (golang) extending the standard logger .\ngosms - your own local sms gateway in go that can be used to send sms .\njazigo - jazigo is a tool written in go for retrieving configuration for multiple network devices .\nbeego orm - powerful orm framework for go. support: pq / mysql / sqlite3 .\nreform - better orm for go, based on non - empty interfaces and code generation .\ngodep - dependency tool for go, godep helps build packages reproducibly by fixing their dependencies .\nsoy - closure templates (aka soy templates) for go, following the official spec .\ngo - fixedwidth - fixed - width text formatting (encoder / decoder with reflection) .\namazon - product - advertising - api - go client library for amazon product advertising api .\ngolyrics - golyrics is a go library to fetch music lyrics data from the wikia website .\ncircuit - an efficient and feature complete hystrix like go implementation of the circuit breaker pattern .\ngo - health - health package simplifies the way you add health check to your services .\ngo - json - rest - quick and easy way to setup a restful json api .\nvestigo - performant, stand - alone, http compliant url router for go web applications .\ngoxc - build tool for go, with a focus on cross - compiling and packaging .\ntoto - simple proxy server written in go language, can be used together with browser .\ngolang - sql - benchmark - collection of benchmarks for popular go database / sql utilities .\ngleam - fast and scalable distributed map / reduce system written in pure go and luajit, combining go' s high concurrency with luajit' s high performance, runs standalone or distributed .\ngo - checkstyle - checkstyle is a style check tool like java checkstyle. this tool inspired by java checkstyle, golint. the style refered to some points in go code review comments .\nhopefully browser vendors will catch up with the vision, and eventually there will be a much better install experience for progressive web applications than there is for native apps. it looks like things are going that way .\ngo native (ire) br. g, 2003 { 2 - f } dp = 1 - 0 - 3 - 2 - 8 (14) di = 0. 22 cd = - 1. 14 - 14 starts, 8 wins, 4 places, 0 shows career earnings: £310, 254\na curated list of awesome go frameworks, libraries and software. inspired by awesome - python .\ngo - oauth2 - server - standalone, specification - compliant, oauth2 server written in golang .\ntermbox - go - termbox is a library for creating cross - platform text - based interfaces .\ngomason - test, build, sign, and publish your go binaries from a clean workspace .\nmoss - moss is a simple lsm key - value storage engine written in 100% go .\ngodscache - a wrapper for the google cloud platform go datastore package that adds caching using memcached .\ngeoserver - geoserver is a go package for manipulating a geoserver instance via the geoserver rest api .\nmangos - pure go implementation of the nanomsg (\nscalable protocols\n) with transport interoperability .\nzmq4 - go interface to zeromq version 4. also available for version 3 and version 2 .\nlore - simple and lightweight pseudo - orm / pseudo - struct - mapping environment for go .\ngonum / plot - gonum / plot provides an api for building and drawing plots in go .\ngo - vcr - record and replay your http interactions for fast, deterministic and accurate tests .\ngo - humanize - formatters for time, numbers, and memory size to human readable format .\nhgo - hgo is a collection of go packages providing read - access to local mercurial repositories .\ngo - astisub - manipulate subtitles in go (. srt, . stl, . ttml, . webvtt, . ssa /. ass, teletext, . smi, etc .) .\ngongular - fast go web framework with input mapping / validation and (di) dependency injection .\nwe craft the new, inherit the old and embrace the ugly. once they’re under the native wing we’re true to the spirit of the building – and boy do they all have character. you’ll soon find your favourite .\nsession - go session management for web servers (including support for google app engine - gae) .\nmow. cli - go library for building cli applications with sophisticated flag and argument parsing and validation .\ngodotenv - go port of ruby' s dotenv library (loads environment variables from. env) .\ngo - mcache - fast in - memory key: value store / cache library. pointer caches .\nsql - migrate - database migration tool. allows embedding migrations into the application using go - bindata .\ndotsql - go library that helps you keep sql files in one place and use them with ease .\ngodbal - database abstraction layer (dbal) for go. support sql builder and get result easily .\nceleriac - library for adding support for interacting and monitoring celery workers, tasks and events in go .\ngoxjs / glfw - go cross - platform glfw library for creating an opengl context and receiving events .\ngo - sqlbuilder - a flexible and powerful sql string builder library plus a zero - config orm .\ngoquery - goquery brings a syntax and a set of features similar to jquery to the go language .\ngoogle - email - audit - api - go client library for google g suite email audit api .\ngenerate - runs go generate recursively on a specified path or environment variable and can filter by regex .\nlibgosubs - subtitle format support for go. supports. srt, . ttml, and. ass .\nhttptreemux - high - speed, flexible tree - based http router for go. inspiration from httprouter .\npat - sinatra style pattern muxer for go’s net / http library, by the author of sinatra .\ngo - critic - source code linter that brings checks that are currently not implemented in other linters .\ngodns - a dynamic dns client tool, supports dnspod & he. net, written in go .\ngodoctooltip - chrome extension for go doc sites, which shows function description as tooltip at funciton list .\nurltoken - learn go from the best online golang tutorials submitted & voted by the golang programming community .\nafter a successful stint in quarter midgets, that included well over 50 wins and several championships, the native of watertown, conn. , moved up to micro sprints, where he raced for three years, picking up numerous wins .\nby talli nauman native sun news today health & environment editor bismarck, n. d. – the unexpected hospitalization of a judge postponed the june 25 federal court sentencing of oglala lakota water protector red fawn fallis here until ...\nhe was an extraordinary figure, with his red beard and matted hair, and his great hairy chest. his feet were horny and scarred, so that i knew he went always bare foot. he had gone native with a vengeance .\nby natalie hand native sun news today correspondent kyle – the rich diversity of lakota artistry will be showcased on the oglala homelands this summer at the pine ridge area chamber of commerce (pracc). the inaugural “artist in residence” ...\nby richie richards native sun news today correspondent pierre – meth addicts steal from their families to feed their addiction. they steal property which can be replaced, but the trust they have stolen is much harder to be replaced... .\nyubigo - yubikey client package that provides a simple api to integrate the yubico yubikey into a go application .\ngo - prompt - library for building a powerful interactive prompt, inspired by python - prompt - toolkit .\ngcfg - read ini - style configuration files into go structs; supports user - defined types and subsections .\ngolang - set - thread - safe and non - thread - safe high - performance sets for go .\ngo - fixtures - django style fixtures for golang' s excellent built - in database / sql library .\ntrayhost - cross - platform go library to place an icon in the host operating system' s taskbar .\ncloudforest - fast, flexible, multi - threaded ensembles of decision trees for machine learning in pure go .\ngosseract - go package for ocr (optical character recognition), by using tesseract c + + library .\nneat - plug - and - play, parallel go framework for neuroevolution of augmenting topologies (neat) .\ngo - nlp - utilities for working with discrete probability distributions and other tools useful for doing nlp work .\nfileb0x - simple tool to embed files in go with focus on\ncustomization\nand ease to use .\nlego - pure go acme client library and cli tool (for use with let' s encrypt) .\namber - amber is an elegant templating engine for go programming language it is inspired from haml and jade .\ngron - define time - based tasks using a simple go api and gron’s scheduler will run them accordingly .\nxlsx - library to simplify reading the xml format used by recent version of microsoft excel in go programs .\nbeego - beego is an open - source, high - performance web framework for the go programming language .\nmango - mango is a modular web - application framework for go, inspired by rack, and pep333 .\njustforfunc - youtube channel dedicated to go programming language tips and tricks, hosted by francesc campoy @ francesc .\nhello there, we are native. here’s what makes us tick. unique apartments where guests have space and freedom to feel right at home right away. eclectic buildings of all styles, shapes and sizes and authentic local experiences. we love to share our local knowledge so our guests are always in the know. our natives always go that extra mile .\nby richie richards native sun news today correspondent pierre – the family of mason grimshaw (rosebud sioux tribe member) could not be more proud of the 2018 mit (massachusetts institute of technology) graduate. grimshaw graduated two weeks ago with ...\nsometimes visionaries are spot on, but they’re 10 years ahead of their time. looking back from 2 years ago, steve jobs’ recommendation to build web apps for iphone was called his “biggest mistake” by forbes, because native apps became a smashing success .\nfew of the dozen runners got seriously involved and the no - shows included go native, the 3 - 1 favourite, who was chasing a £1m bonus for victory. binocular, though, was always going well for tony mccoy as he tracked the good pace set by celestial halo and by the time they jumped the last he was as good as home .\napp - package to create apps with go, html and css. supports: macos, windows in progress .\ngo - cronowriter - simple writer that rotate log files automatically based on current date and time, like cronolog .\nemitter - emits events using go way, with wildcard, predicates, cancellation possibilities and many other good wins .\ngo - sarah - framework to build bot for desired chat services including line, slack, gitter and more .\ngo. uuid - implementation of universally unique identifier (uuid). supported both creation and parsing of uuids .\nstatics - embeds static resources into go files for single binary compilation + works with http. filesystem + symlinks .\nmixpanel - mixpanel is a library for tracking events and sending mixpanel profile updates to mixpanel from your go applications .\nrrdaclient - go library to access urltoken api, which is in turn rrda api. dns queries over http .\ngores - go package that handles html, json, xml and etc. responses. useful for restful apis .\nlars - is a lightweight, fast and extensible zero allocation http router for go used to create customizable frameworks .\ngolint online - lints online go source files on github, bitbucket and google project hosting using the golint package .\nawesome remote job - curated list of awesome remote jobs. a lot of them are looking for go hackers .\ngo - cron - simple cron library for go that can execute closures or functions at varying intervals, from once a second to once a year on a specific date and time. primarily for web applications and long running daemons .\na niagara region native, rob holds a 4 - year mechanical engineering technology degree from niagara college. with a special focus on manufacturing, rob was always destined to design and build things…he describes engineering as “an interesting combination of creativity with an analytical approach. ”\nreason for staying at native monument was because its near to my office. the bed was too small for two ppl and i doubt it will fit a tall person. you need your key to open the facilities door in your room where the washing ...\nhilbert - go package for mapping values to and from space - filling curves, such as hilbert and peano curves .\nbuntdb - fast, embeddable, in - memory key / value database for go with custom indexing and spatial support .\ngoose - database migration tool. you can manage your database' s evolution by creating incremental sql or go scripts .\ngowd - rapid and simple desktop ui development with go, html, css and nw. js. cross platform .\ntextcat - go package for n - gram based text categorization, with support for utf - 8 and raw text .\nfasthttp - package fasthttp is a fast http implementation for go, up to 10 times faster than net / http .\nsparse - go sparse matrix formats for linear algebra supporting scientific and machine learning applications, compatible with gonum matrix libraries .\ngo - excel - a simple and light reader to read a relate - db - like excel as a table .\nvalidator - go struct and field validation, including cross field, cross struct, map, slice and array diving .\ngo metalinter - metalinter is a tool to automatically apply all static analysis tool and report their output in normalized form .\ni’d recently spent three nights at the native monument serviced apartments. this is the first time that i stayed in a hotel in the city (previous trips were all at hotels in the west end) so it’s quite exciting for me for a change of ...\npflag - drop - in replacement for go' s flag package, implementing posix / gnu - style - - flags .\njoshbetz / config - small configuration library for go that parses environment variables, json files, and reloads automatically on sighup .\ngods - go data structures. containers, sets, lists, stacks, maps, bidimaps, trees, hashset etc .\ngo - kit - microservice toolkit with support for service discovery, load balancing, pluggable transports, request tracking, etc .\ngologger - simple easy to use log lib for go, logs in colored console, simple console, file or elasticsearch .\nmlog - simple logging module for go, with 5 levels, an optional rotating logfile feature and stdout / stderr output .\nxlog - plugin architecture and flexible log system for go, with level ctrl, multiple log target and custom log format .\nmqttpaho - the paho go client provides an mqtt client library for connection to mqtt brokers via tcp, tls or websockets .\nnff - go - framework for rapid development of performant network functions for cloud and bare - metal (former yanff) .\ngoprotobuf - go support, in the form of a library and protocol compiler plugin, for google' s protocol buffers .\nquicktemplate - fast, powerful, yet easy to use template engine. converts templates into go code and then compiles it .\ngo - tgbot - pure golang telegram bot api wrapper, generated from swagger file, session - based router and middleware .\nrealize - go build system with file watchers and live reload. run, build and watch file changes with custom paths .\n“we also recommit to supporting tribal self - determination, security, and prosperity for all native americans. while we cannot erase the scourges or broken promises of our past, we will move ahead together in writing a new, brighter chapter in our joint history. ” ~ barack obama\ngorgonia - graph - based computational library like theano for go that provides primitives for building various machine learning and neural network algorithms .\nhub - a message / event hub for go applications, using publish / subscribe pattern with support for alias like rabbitmq exchanges .\nace - ace is an html template engine for go, inspired by slim and jade. ace is a refinement of gold .\ngolang - micro - benchmarks - tiny collection of go micro benchmarks. the intent is to compare some language features to others .\nurfave / cli - simple, fast, and fun package for building command line apps in go (formerly codegangsta / cli) .\ntermtables - go port of the ruby library terminal - tables for simple ascii table generation as well as providing markdown and html output .\nglow - easy - to - use scalable distributed big data processing, map - reduce, dag execution, all in pure go .\nengo - engo is an open - source 2d game engine written in go. it follows the entity - component - system paradigm .\ngo - eco - similarity, dissimilarity and distance matrices; diversity, equitability and inequality measures; species richness estimators; coenocline models .\ngoxjs / gl - go cross - platform opengl bindings (os x, linux, windows, browsers, ios, android) .\naccording to previously hidden private papers, it appears that fawcett had no intention of ever returning to britain and, perhaps lured by a native she - god or spirit guide whose beautiful image haunts the family archive, he planned instead to set up a commune in the jungle, based on a bizarre cult .\nqt - qt binding for go (support for windows / macos / linux / android / ios / sailfish os / raspberry pi) .\nmessagebus - messagebus is a go simple async message bus, perfect for using as event bus when doing event sourcing, cqrs, ddd .\nrenderer - simple, lightweight and faster response (json, jsonp, xml, yaml, html, file) rendering package for go .\nprogressive web applications start out just like any other web app, but when a user returns to the app and demonstrates through usage that they’re interested in using the app more regularly, browsers will invite the user to install the app to their home screens. pwa’s can also benefit from push notifications, like native apps .\nwerr - error wrapper creates an wrapper for the error type in go which captures the file, line and stack of where it was called .\ngo - queryset - 100% type - safe orm with code generation and mysql, postgresql, sqlite3, sql server support based on gorm .\ngospecify - this provides a bdd syntax for testing your go code. it should be familiar to anybody who has used libraries such as rspec .\ncalvin riley, 20, was shot and killed last august while playing\npokemon go\nwith friends in the fisherman' s wharf area .\n2003, alan riding ,\nthe colors of paradise as imagined by gauguin ,\nnew york times, 14 oct. (retrieved 27 dec. 2008), yet while gauguin went native, taking teenage mistresses, wearing local costumes and building his own wooden hut, his ultimate purpose was to impress the art world back home .\ngo - jose - fairly complete implementation of the jose working group' s json web token, json web signatures, and json web encryption specs .\nstats - monitors go memstats + system stats such as memory, swap and cpu and sends via udp anywhere you want for logging etc ...\ngosl - go scientific library for linear algebra, fft, geometry, nurbs, numerical methods, probabilities, optimisation, differential equations, and more .\ngo - finance - library of financial functions for time value of money (annuities), cash flow, interest rate conversions, bonds and depreciation calculations .\nwhatlanggo - natural language detection package for go. supports 84 languages and 24 scripts (writing systems e. g. latin, cyrillic, etc) .\ngeo - golang - go library to access google maps, mapquest, nominatim, opencage, bing, mapbox, and openstreetmap geocoding / reverse geocoding apis .\nozzo - routing - an extremely fast go (golang) http router that supports regular expression route matching. comes with full support for building restful apis .\nstaticcheck - staticcheck is go vet on steroids, applying a ton of static analysis checks you might be used to from tools like resharper for c # .\ngonative - tool which creates a build of go that can cross compile to all platforms while still using the cgo - enabled versions of the stdlib packages .\nxo - generate idiomatic go code for databases based on existing schema definitions or custom queries supporting postgresql, mysql, sqlite, oracle, and microsoft sql server .\nlimetext - lime text is a powerful and elegant text editor primarily developed in go that aims to be a free and open - source software successor to sublime text .\ngo - benchmark - app - powerful http - benchmark tool mixed with аb, wrk, siege tools. gathering statistics and various parameters for benchmarks and comparison results .\nbuilding go web applications and microservices using gin - get familiar with gin and find out how it can help you reduce boilerplate code and build a request handling pipeline .\nthis is where it gets interesting. just like any native app, the progressive web app will have its own home screen icon, and when you click on it, the app will launch without the browser chrome. that means no url bar and no web navigation ui. just the phone’s usual status bar and your app in all its almost - full - screen glory .\ncount - min - log - go implementation count - min - log sketch: approximately counting with approximate counters (like count - min sketch but using less memory) .\na decade later, mobile web standards now support many of the features developers looked for with native apps, and steve jobs’ original vision for mobile web applications is now being pursued seriously by the rest of the world. apple has supported “apple - mobile - web - capable” web apps that you can add to your home screen almost since the beginning using meta tags that help ios devices find things like suitable icons .\nof his 635 registered foals, 467 have won races, 123 have won stakes races, and their total purses have exceeded $ 26 million. that sum is deceptively eclipsed by the $ 36 million attributed to alydar' s offspring, the $ 40 million won by the foals of northern dancer' s son, nijinsky ii, and the $ 42 million by those of mr. prospector, a native dancer grandson .\nif you sign in or create an account, you unlock unlimited access to your lists from any computer, tablet or smartphone. they won' t go away until you say so .\ngo - codec - high performance, feature - rich, idiomatic encode, decode and rpc library for msgpack, cbor and json, with runtime - based or code - generation support .\nbxog - simple and fast http router for go. it works with routes of varying difficulty, length and nesting. and he knows how to create a url from the received parameters .\nvectormath - vectormath for go, an adaptation of the scalar c functions from sony' s vector math library, as found in the bullet - 2. 79 source code (currently inactive) .\ngin - gin is a web framework written in go! it features a martini - like api with much better performance, up to 40 times faster. if you need performance and good productivity .\nthe last word was heard from the group as they crossed the upper xingu, a south - eastern tributary of the amazon. repeated rescue missions followed, as did rival theories about fawcett' s demise. either he had been eaten by jaguars, was still living alone as a native, had starved or been killed by the indigenous people, the kalapalo. bones unearthed in 1951 proved on examination not to belong to fawcett and the mystery grew .\nstewart is a columbus native who grew up with dreams of racing at indianapolis. stewart' s racing career began at age seven behind the wheel of a go - kart, with his father, nelson, serving as car owner and crew chief. he has won 12 championships in his career, including three times at the sprint cup series, two times at the allstate 400 at the brickyard and six times at the nascar nationwide series race. stewart is the first and only driver to win championships in stock cars, indy cars and open - wheel midget, sprint and silver crown cars. stewart still resides in columbus as well as mooresville, north carolina .\nour native places come with fully equipped kitchens, right down to a corkscrew and frying pan. banish hotel room service – it doesn’t get much more authentic than shopping in local markets and bringing back fresh ingredients to your apartment. whether you want to whip up a delicious meal or simply boil a fresh egg for breakfast, the choice is yours. we even provide you with the detergent to do the washing up so you don’t have to think about a thing !\nnative american prayer oh, great spirit whose voice i hear in the winds, and whose breath gives life to all the world, hear me, i am small and weak, i need your strength and wisdom. let me walk in beauty and make my eyes ever behold the red and purple sunset. make my hands respect the things you have made and my ears sharp to hear your voice. make me wise so that i may understand the things you have taught my people. let me learn the lessons you have hidden in every leaf and rock. i seek strength, not to be greater than my brother, but to fight my greatest enemy - myself. make me always ready to come to you with clean hands and straight eyes. so when life fades, as the fading sunset, my spirit may come to you without shame. (translated by lakota sioux chief yellow lark in 1887) published in native american prayers - by the episcopal church .\ntyler has competed in everything from go - karts to nascar busch series, from world of outlaws to king of the west sprints and even the craftsman truck series. some of his many accolades include 1992–1996 california state go - kart champion, 1996 knoxville nationals rookie of the year, 1997 all - star circuit of champions rookie of the year, 2002 world of outlaws gumout series champion and 2004 usac silver crown series most improved driver .\nthese apartments are excellent, they have everything you could want. they are fully equipped, spacious and clean in an excellent location 5 minutes from the tube. the staff are friendly and helpful, would definitely go back, many thanks .\nlakota prayer wakan tanka, great mystery, teach me how to trust my heart, my mind, my intuition, my inner knowing, the senses of my body, the blessings of my spirit. teach me to trust these things so that i may enter my sacred space and love beyond my fear, and thus walk in balance with the passing of each glorious sun. according to the native people, the sacred space is the space between exhalation and inhalation. to walk in balance is to have heaven (spirituality) and earth (physicality) in harmony .\na native of seymour, john mellencamp is a seasoned musician and painter. hits like\ncrumblin down ,\nthe authority song ,\nsmall town ,\nlonely ol night ,\nr. o. c. k. in the u. s. a .\nand\ncherry bomb” remain popular today many years after their release in the 1980s. over his multi - decade career he has won a grammy award, billboard century award and the woody guthrie award. he continues to call indiana his home, currently residing in bloomington. you may see the only public display of a private collection of his paintings at the southern indiana center for the arts in seymour." ]

{ "text": [ "go native ( foaled in 2003 in ireland , died 23 november 2012 ) was an irish thoroughbred racehorse , born to sire double eclipse and dam native idea .", "he was owned by docado syndicate , trained by noel meade , and his primary jockey has been paul carberry .", "he was purchased by the docado syndicate for £ 25,000 from horse dealer martin cullinane .", "as of march 21 , 2009 , go native ’s career record stands at 8 wins , 4 places and 0 shows , with 3 of his wins coming in grade 1 hurdle races .", "he has amassed £ 310,254 in lifetime earnings . " ], "topic": [ 22, 14, 7, 14, 14 ] }

[ "go native (foaled in 2003 in ireland, died 23 november 2012) was an irish thoroughbred racehorse, born to sire double eclipse and dam native idea. he was owned by docado syndicate, trained by noel meade, and his primary jockey has been paul carberry. he was purchased by the docado syndicate for £ 25,000 from horse dealer martin cullinane. as of march 21, 2009, go native ’s career record stands at 8 wins, 4 places and 0 shows, with 3 of his wins coming in grade 1 hurdle races. he has amassed £ 310,254 in lifetime earnings." ]

[ "removing a paper wasp nest may be dangerous. it is advised that a pest control professional be contacted to assist in treatment of paper wasp infestations .\nedwards said a sting from a paper wasp hurt less than that of a common or german wasp, but was still painful .\nfigure 2. western yellowjacket, the most common species mistaken for european paper wasp .\nthe differences between the european wasp, vespula germanica, and other species including the common and widespread yellow paper wasp, polistes dominulus .\nthree other species of paper wasps are native to the state— polistes fuscatus (golden paper wasp), polistes apachus and mischocytarssus flavitarsus (western paper wasp). there is no evidence that the new species has significantly affected their activities. in rural areas, away from buildings and human structures, these native paper wasps are the predominant species of paper wasp one will likely find. all of these other paper wasps have generally similar biologies to the european paper wasp .\nof the 200 identified paper wasp species, 22 are found in north america. most paper wasp species live in the subtropics, and are named for the paperlike appearance of their nests .\nthe european paper wasp, polistes dominula, is a newly established insect now abundant in many areas of colorado. the paper nests of this wasp are commonly observed in yards and gardens and the wasp is involved in stinging incidents. the european paper wasp develops as a predator of caterpillars and some other insects, populations of which have probably been affected by the establishment of this new wasp .\nnorthern paper wasp populations are found throughout temperate north america, from southern canada to central america .\nthe european paper wasp is capable of stinging. among the stinging insects found in the state european paper wasp is relatively non - aggressive, and somewhat less likely to sting than are most yellowjackets and bumble bees. stings from european paper wasp occur almost exclusively when nests are accidentally disturbed .\nthe energetic costs of stereotyped behavior in the paper wasp, polistes dominulus. - pubmed - ncbi\nthe european paper wasp is a social insect that produces an annual colony in a paper nest. individual colonies are established anew each spring .\ncommon name: paper wasp, red wasp (suggested common names) scientific name: polistes carolina (l .) (insecta: hymenoptera: vespidae )\ndetailing the physical features, habits, territorial reach and other identifying qualities of the northern paper wasp .\nno one wants a swarming wasp nest hovering above their doorway. while this species may offer ecological benefits to your garden, northern paper wasp populations can be particularly threatening to those with an allergy to wasp venom and are best eliminated .\npaper wasps are in the genus polistes in the family vespidae, which also includes potter wasps, yellow jackets, and hornets. the golden paper wasp is polistes fuscatus .\nyellow paper wasps are bright yellow and black. paper wasps differ being slightly longer and thinner (more wasp - like). unlike european wasps, paper wasps hover with their back legs hanging down and have orange - brown antennae .\nthe best way to get rid of the paper wasp nests was to douse them in fly spray in the evening, when the paper wasps are less active and less likely to sting .\npaper wasps often build nests in residential yards. before trimming shrubs or hedges, or picking fruit, check the plant for paper wasp nests. treat wood fences and deck railings with a repellent oil to deter paper wasps from gathering cellulose from the wood. if you suspect you have a paper wasp infestation or find a wasp nest on your property, contact a licensed pest management professional to find out about wasp treatment. do not attempt to remove a nest on your own, as there is a high probability you will get stung .\np. dominula is frequently mistaken for a yellowjacket. smaller than the native northern paper wasp, the european paper wasp (images. 1 & 2) is yellow and black, resembling the pattern (especially on the abdomen) of the yellowjackets in the genus vespula .\ndesign by oleg ko\npaper wasp ,\nmicrosoft¨ encarta¨ online encyclopedia 2009 urltoken © 1997 - 2009 microsoft corporation. all rights reserved .\nthe very social northern paper wasp can make a nest in unusual and unexpected places, requiring only a bit of wood of get started .\ngerman and common wasps are a huge problem in the nelson region, but you may have also encountered their cousin — the paper wasp .\nunfortunately for the paper wasps they are often confused with their more aggressive wasp cousins the yellow jackets. see the pictures below for a comparison .\npaper wasps get their common name from the paper - like material out of which they make their nests. paper wasps are sometimes called umbrella wasps, after the shape of their distinctive nests .\nbefore 1981, the european paper wasp was not recorded in north america. in its native region, p. dominula is the most abundant paper wasp in those countries around the mediterranean. it is also found in southern europe, northern africa, the middle east, and eastward into china .\npaper wasps consume primarily nectar and feed insects like caterpillars to their larvae. they do not attack unless provoked. most paper wasp species are also considered beneficial, as they control other pest populations and assist in pollination .\nthe physical appearance of the northern paper wasp varies by habitat. in fact, in the united states alone, three different species of paper wasps, each with its own striped pattern, can be found in three separate geographical regions. however, all paper wasps share a few traits :\nthey may cause less trouble than their cousins, but paper wasps pose problems of their own. sara meij reports as part of the wasp wipeout project .\nthe nest of the paper wasp is a series of cells shaped like an inverted cone made from saliva mixed with wood fragments. when it dries the mixture is quite paper - like, and gives these wasps their name .\nedwards said no one knows how paper wasps arrived in new zealand, but it was thought they were introduced through freight ships. asian paper wasps arrived in the late 1970s, with australian paper wasps in the 1880s .\nthe european paper wasp is superficially similar to and commonly mistaken for various yellowjackets (vespula spp .). several yellowjacket species are native to colorado and these historically have been the most significant stinging insects of the region. a somewhat blunter, more compact body form distinguishes yellowjackets from the european paper wasp. also, the long hind legs of paper wasps tend to trail below when the insects are in flight .\na highly successful colonizer, this wasp has rapidly increased its distribution in the united states during the past 20 years. before the introduction of this new species, the northern paper wasp, polistes fuscatus, was the most frequently encountered species in and around structures in pennsylvania .\nthe european paper wasp is a generally black insect marked with yellow. they are fairly slender - bodied insects with a distinct constriction of the body between the thorax and abdomen .\nan aerial paper nest made by yellow jackets. (photo: karen mcdonald )\ndespite the fact paper wasps were reducing monarch butterfly populations, edwards said the common and german wasps were a bigger problem in the nelson region than paper wasps .\nwasp sprays usually come with a propellant that allows you to spray the pesticide from a safe distance. coat the nest in the pesticide, making sure to cover all the cells of the paper wasp nest. never stand below the wasp nest while applying the pesticide. wasps may drop from the nest, and you also risk getting the chemical in your eyes or on your skin .\npaper wasps - long with yellow and rusty brown or black stripes. paper wasp nests can be identified out in the open and under the eave structure of the roofline, the nests a grayish paper - like material honeycomb shaped, with the larger nest sizes approaching the size of a tenis racket containing up to 50 wasps per nest. paper wasps can be confused with hornets which are similar in shape, but hornets typically have larger enclosed hives and paper wasps do not as commonly build nests on trees .\npaper wasps can and will sting in defense of their nest, or when threatened. unlike honeybees, which have barbed stings and can only sting once, paper wasps can sting multiple times. a paper wasp can call other colony members using alarm pheromones, chemical messages that tell other wasps to help defend the nest from a threat. try to stay calm and avoid swatting at paper wasps. follow my tips for avoiding bee stings .\nlarger nests, or those found later in the season, should be handled cautiously. never attempt to remove an active wasp nest during the day, when paper wasps are actively flying in and out of the nest. wait until evening, when the wasps have settled in for the night, to treat or remove any paper wasp nest. during periods of cool weather, you may be able to treat wasp nests, as wasps become lethargic when temperatures dip down to 50°f or lower .\nbefore you do anything to get rid of paper wasps around your home, ask yourself if you can tolerate their presence and leave them alone. paper wasps help keep hungry caterpillars and other plant pests in check, benefiting your landscape and garden. if a paper wasp nest is located on your property but away from high use areas, consider leaving them alone. while they do sting, they only do so in response to a threat. humans and paper wasps can often coexist peacefully. obviously, when someone in your household has a wasp venom allergy, you may need to remove wasp nests to minimize the risk of an allergic reaction to a sting .\nthe paper wasp nest might be the first sign that you’ve got unwanted company. look for an open - celled paper nest above doorways, in rafters or under the eaves of roofs. in the summer, nests can grow quickly to a width of 6 to 8 inches .\npaper wasp nests are not covered with a surrounding envelope of paper. paper envelopes that surround a nest are characteristic of yellowjackets (vespula spp .) and hornets (dolichovespula spp .), the other social wasps found in colorado. yellowjackets nest underground or, occasionally, behind walls; hornets make conspicuous football - sized nests attached to branches or under eaves .\npaper wasps making a nest. watch pupa grow and spin cocoon! hd time lapse\neuropean paper wasps do not produce nuisance problems around outdoor dining however they can sting .\nhahn j, pellitteri p, lewis d. 2009. wasp and bee control. university of minnesota extension .\npaper wasps are considered beneficial because they assist in pollination by feeding on nectar, and they control pest insect populations by feeding them to their larvae. however, despite their ecological benefits, paper wasp nests should not be permitted to develop in or near the home. stings from paper wasps are extremely painful and may produce serious reactions to people who are allergic to the venom .\nedwards said it was unclear if the population of paper wasps was growing in the region .\npaper wasps are the gardener' s friend, well, at least this gardener. .\nwhile not an aggressive species by nature, paper wasps will sting if they are disturbed or their nest is threatened. wasp stings are painful and can cause the same risk of allergic reaction as other insect stings .\nstings homeowners typically have issues with paper wasps when they accidentally disturb a hidden nest. while honey bees can only sting once, wasps will strike as many times as it takes to ward off intruders. most reactions to paper wasp stings are mild, but some people may be allergic to the pest’s venom .\npaper wasps form small colonies, and make paper nests under tree branches and the eaves of houses. the nests are shaped like inverted cones, and consist of a cluster of hexagonal cells made from wood fibre mixed with saliva. the wasp larvae are maggot - like and develop inside the papery cells of the nest .\nmost paper wasps measure about 2 cm (0. 75 in) long and are black, brown, or reddish in color with yellow markings. paper wasps will defend their nest if attacked. adults forage for nectar, their source of energy, and for caterpillars to feed the larvae (young). they are natural enemies of many garden insect pests. a widespread north american species is the golden paper wasp .\nthe adult paper wasps catch caterpillars to feed the larvae, but the adults themselves feed on nectar .\nif you upset or disturb a common or german wasp nest, you know thousands of workers can come after you .\njudd, t. 2000. division of labour in colony defence against vertebrate predators by the social wasp * polistes fuscatus * .\nnaug, d. , r. gadagkar. 1998. the role of age in temporal polyethism in a primitively eusocial wasp .\npaper wasps construct the familiar, open - celled paper nests we often see suspended from eaves or porch ceilings. most paper wasps in north america belong to the genus polistes. although their tendency to sting in defense of their nests can be of concern, these wasps do serve an important ecological purpose as predators of other insects. they collect caterpillars, beetle larvae, and other insect prey to feed their young. don' t be too quick to get rid of a paper wasp colony if it isn' t causing a problem .\nthe name\npaper wasps\ntypically refers to members of the vespid subfamily polistinae, though it often colloquially includes members of the subfamilies vespinae (hornets and yellowjackets) and stenogastrinae, which also make nests out of paper. twenty - two species of polistes paper wasps have been identified in north america and approximately 300 species have been identified worldwide. the most common paper wasp in europe is polistes dominula. [ 2 ] the old world tribe ropalidiini contains another 300 species, and the neotropical tribes epiponini and mischocyttarini each contain over 250 more, so the\norkin can provide the right solution to keep paper wasps in their place…out of your home, or business .\nedwards said he did not know how bad the new intrusion of european paper wasps was going to be .\nthough paper wasps are beneficial insects, they tend to nest in close proximity to people, putting us at risk for stings. in some cases, it may be necessary to control paper wasps to minimize such risk .\neuropean paper wasps have become one of the most important natural controls of many kinds of yard and garden insects .\npaper wasps can be identified by their slender bodies and long legs, which hang beneath them during flight. most paper wasps have black or dark - brown bodies with yellow markings, although there can be some variations in color .\nthe division of labor in this species is related often to age. younger wasps are somewhat pampered, receiving food and the paper used to build the nest, whereas older wasps have to forage for paper and feed the larvae .\nthere are no traps or lures that can be used to control this species. commercially available ‘wasp traps’ are designed to attract certain kinds of yellowjackets and contain baits such as fruit juices, fresh meat, or heptyl butyrate (found in many retail wasp lures). none of these are attractive to the european paper wasp. there has not been any type of trap identified as effective for this species. (large numbers of the native western yellowjacket, vespula pensylvanica, and prairie yellowjacket, v. atripilosa, are captured by these traps. )\npaper wasp, common name for medium - to large - sized wasps that construct nests made of a papery material. the nests consist of a single upside - down layer of brood cells (compartments for the young). there are 22 species of paper wasps in north america and approximately 700 species world - wide. most are found in the tropics of the western hemisphere .\nsometimes called mason wasps, potter wasps build\npot\nor jug shaped nests less than a size of a lemon. out of all wasp species, potter wasps have the largest diversity of species, which have been classified into about two hundred groups as shown in wikipedia. potter wasp species .\nbelow and above ground european wasp nests on the left - hand side and typical paperwasp nests on the right - hand side. (click to enlarge )\nthe european paper wasp is the common paper wasp of europe. it was first found in north america in the 1970s in the boston area. since then it has spread rapidly to much of the northern half of the united states and british columbia. the first colorado record for the species is august, 2001 from larimer county, and it likely entered eastern colorado shortly before 2000. the first utah record dates from 1995, suggest western colorado may have been colonized earlier. wherever it has established, the european paper wasp has usually become a common species within a few years. currently it is now considered very abundant in every urbanized county in eastern colorado and the three western colorado counties of mesa, montrose, and delta. presently it is not thought to occur in much of the higher elevation counties, but is known in steamboat springs .\ni' m not a gardener, but i leave the many paper wasp nests around my house alone except for those that appear in a dangerous place, like right above a doorway. i' m just curious whether queen wasps fend for themselves when it comes to finding food .\nwhat' s the difference between a bee and a wasp? dr. jim fredericks, chief entomologist with the national pest management association, has the answer !\npaper wasps are often found hanging under the eaves, but can also be found in attics, trees, as well as other structures. paper wasps attack when aggravated and have a painful sting; they can sting multiple times and do not lose there stinger .\nif you' re out walking this winter, and you happen to see a paper wasp nest, take a moment to look more closely at the beautiful architecture and paper striations in the construction of the nest. it' s quite a treat that you will not get come spring. however, remember that even though they can sting wasps are beneficial pollinators and helpful in controlling pests in our gardens and around our homes .\neach year, the paper wasp queen must build a new nest, which she does by masticating wood fibers into a pliable pulp. once she raises her first generation of workers, these offspring will assume the role of construction workers, expanding the nest to meet the needs of the growing colony. by summer, the paper wasp nest can be quite large, reaching a width of 6 - 8 inches. in fall, freezing temperatures will kill all but the queen, who seeks shelter and hibernates for the winter. the nest degrades over winter and is rarely reused the next year .\npaper wasps have become a common sight in nelson gardens especially if you have swan plants where monarch butterflies like to lay their eggs .\nhowever, paper wasps can deliver painful stings when threatened, and some people experience severe allergic reactions to the venom. in the event of a severe reaction, a medical professional should be contacted. contact a pest control professional for infestations of yellow jackets or paper wasps .\nwood is a major feature of the northern paper wasp habitat. the species commonly inhabits woodlands, savannas and built wooden environments – all places where resources for nest building are available. interestingly, this species uses its oral fluid to create a pulp - like paste, used as “concrete” for binding wood together .\nunknown, 2001 .\npaper wasps\n( on - line). msn encarta premium. accessed october 11, 2001 at urltoken .\nremove and destroy nests the next day once all wasps are dead. nests left untreated will produce more queens which can lead to an increase in wasp populations the following year .\nsubsisting primarily on plant nectar, adult northern paper wasps are considered omnivores and insectivores, foraging for caterpillars and small insects to provide food for developing larvae. once a wasp captures prey, it malaxates the food, orally softening it enough to absorb its liquid and then regurgitating the solid remains to feed to its young .\nthere hasn' t been funding to research that but we' d ideally like to research biocontrol or other methods of control for paper wasps .\nfor every colony of northern paper wasps, one queen calls the shots. as a species characterized by its colonies and reproductive dominance, northern paper wasps take their lead from the behavioral patterns of their female leader. and the queen means business: she uses threatening postures to establish hierarchy over her subordinates .\nevery year, fertilised european wasp queens are accidentally transported into our state in freight and cargo from eastern australia. they must be detected and erradicated if we are to remain free of this pest .\nwhat do they eat? paper wasps feed on nectar and pollen, although they also hunt for insects such as caterpillars with which to nourish their colonies’ larvae .\nseppä p, queller dc, strassman je. 2002. reproduction in foundress associations of the social wasp, polistes carolina: conventions, competition, and skew. behavioral ecology 13: 531 - 542 .\nif a nest is located near an entrance to your home, or by a porch or deck where you spend a lot of time, you may need to take action to control paper wasps. check eaves, shutters, and other high traffic areas in your yard early in the spring, when paper wasp queens are first building their nests. if you find a nest before the first generation of workers have reached adulthood, you can simply knock the nest down with a broom to discourage the queen from nesting in that location .\npaper wasps have a small head, with medium sized eyes and medium length antennae. the body is slender, with a very narrow waist. there are two pairs of brown - tinted wings, with the first pair larger. the abdomen has some yellow / orange bands, but is mainly black. recently, the introduced asian paper wasp (polistes chinensis) has been reported from several inner city suburbs of sydney. this closely related species is larger than the native polistes and tends to have more distinctive yellow and brown bands .\nthe european paper wasp is a social insect that produces an annual colony in a paper nest. individual colonies are established anew each spring. the overwintering stage are females (queens), only slightly larger than the wasps typically observed during summer. female wasps that were fertilized the previous fall survive winter in protected sites in and around a yard. when they emerge from overwintering shelters, they may be seen on warm days as they seek sites to establish new nests. earliest activity is sometimes seen in the first half of march .\nto eliminate an “active” nest and wasp population, treat the nest with terro ® wasp & hornet killer spray. , a spray formula that creates a foam sealant around the nest to trap wasps inside and kill off those that land on the nest. with a jet spray nozzle that can reach up to 20 feet, the product keeps users at a safe distance from wasps. spray nests at night when the populations are inactive .\noccasionally these wasps are found inside the house. this happens when a nest is living in the attic and perhaps a cieling fixture is allowing light into the attic. in this case the wasp goes to the light thinking it leads back outside but ends up in the house; the wasp will typically hover around looking for an exit. wasps are much more comfortable navigating inside of a house than honeybees; honeybees simply go straight to the window and buzz until exhausted .\nchemical pesticides should be used as a control method of last resort for any insect pest. but in this case, the safest method of eradicating paper wasps in a problem area is, indeed, with a commercial wasp spray. look for a product labeled for use on wasps and hornets, and remember, the label is the law. you must read the label and follow all directions for using any pesticide product .\nbambara sb, waldvogel m. 2004. controlling paper wasps in and around structures. north carolina state university department of entomology, north carolina cooperative extension. ent / rsc - 9 .\nthe fact that paper wasps rely heavily on live prey means they aren' t attracted to the protein - based bait vespex, which is highly effective on german and common wasps populations .\na chemical producing gland towards the posterior portion of the wasp produces a chemical that separates eggs laid by the queen from eggs laid by workers. the queen uses this chemical to decide which eggs to eat and which eggs to allow to grow .\nyellow paper wasps are easy to confuse with european wasps. they are very common and widespread in wa and are frequently seen nesting in guttering, under fence capping or attached to bushes. paper wasps are often seen visiting flowers, ponds or water taps. look for their distictive papery honeycomb nest, or note the colour of the antennae and the position of the legs when they fly .\nwhat orkin does your local orkin technician is trained to help manage paper wasps and similar pests. since every building or home is different, your orkin technician will design a unique program for your situation .\nnative paper wasps are smaller than european wasps, and lack their vivid yellow markings. they tend to only be aggressive when defending their nests, and are otherwise beneficial insects to have around the garden .\npaper wasps feed on insects including caterpillars, flies, beetle larvae and nectar. these are not scavengers and will not target meat products (eg. bbqs, pet food, dead insects etc. )\nfertilized queens from the previous year begin new colonies of p. dominula each spring. these queens overwinter in protected areas such as under the bark of dead trees, in hollow trees, within wall voids of houses, under siding and occasionally within the cells of a paper wasp nest. although most nests are newly constructed each year, the queens will sometimes use a previous year’s nest, thereby establishing their colonies earlier in the season than our native species .\nstrassman je, fortunato a, cervo r, turillazzi s, damon j, queller dc. 2004. the cost of queen loss in the social wasp polistes dominulus (hymenoptera: vespidae). journal of the kansas entomological society 77: 343 - 355 .\nlyon, w. , g. wegner. 2001 .\npaper wasps and hornets\n( on - line). ohio state university extension fact sheets. accessed 10 / 11 / 01 at urltoken .\nthere are hundreds of species of paper wasps, with different kinds of nesting and queen behaviors. some have one queen who settles in the nest, some have multiple queens per nest that are more active .\npaper wasps hang their comb nests from twigs and branches of trees and shrubs, porch ceilings, the tops of window and doorframes, soffits, eaves, attic rafters, deck floor joists and railings, etc .\npaper wasps can deliver painful stings, but are not as aggressive as european wasps. they normally only attack humans if their nest is disturbed. if stings are multiple, a more severe systemic reaction may occur .\nwhile they appear extremely similar to yellow jackets, paper wasps are slightly larger and differ in behavior. yellow jackets often build their nests in burrows in the ground or large sac - like, above - ground nests. yellow jackets are aggressive and can oftentimes be found swarming trash cans and spills of human food. paper wasps build nests that typically are smaller, under protected overhangs like door frames, and umbrellalike with the nest cells exposed .\nthe european wasp is considered one of the worst wasps in the world; harmful to people, our outdoor lifestyles and our horticultural and agricultural industries. reports from the public, industry and local government, in combination with our surveillance traps, help to find and eradicate this pest .\nthe map below showcases (in red) the states and territories of north america where the northern paper wasp may be found (but is not limited to). this sort of data can be useful in seeing concentrations of a particular species over the continent as well as revealing possible migratory patterns over a species' given lifespan. some species are naturally confined by environment, weather, mating habits, food resources and the like while others see widespread expansion across most, or all, of north america .\nbe sure to check the nest the next day for any signs of wasp activity. before you remove a nest, you must be sure that no workers survived the pesticide application. wasp sprays kill on contact. wasps that were absent from the nest at the time you sprayed may return to the nest site. if you don' t observe live wasps near the nest, use a broom or other long - handled tool to knock it down. dispose of the nest properly. i recommend placing the nest in a sealed baggie and placing it in your household trash .\nwinter is the perfect time to look for things that are typically hard to see when trees are in leaf. this includes birds, mistletoe, and wasp nests. it' s not unusual to see yellow jacket nests that are grey, round, and large in the upper branches of trees, but how much do we really know about paper wasps and yellow jackets? are they still in there over the winter? is it safe to approach? let' s look at these fascinating creatures in more detail .\neuropean paper wasps rear their young on live insects. they do not produce nuisance problems around outdoor dining that characterize scavenging species, such as the western yellowjacket. european paper wasps will sometimes feed on sweet materials, including honeydew produced by aphids. on rare occasions, they also may feed and damage ripe fruit. this habit is particularly notable in cherries and some other well - ripened stone fruits grown on the west slope, where they may be serious pests .\nboth yellow jackets and paper wasps are arthropods (joint - foots), in the order hymenoptera along with ants and bees. they are also in the same family vespidae but in different genus and species. there are about twenty two species of paper making and building wasps in north america but it' s thought that there are over 1, 000 + world wide. this includes bald - faced hornets, which are a genus of yellow jackets also found commonly in north america .\nlarge social wasps with long legs, usually brown, yellow markings typically less extensive than yellow jackets and hornets (vespinae). build distinctive paper nests attached to a surface by a stalk. no outer covering of cells as in the vespinae .\neuropean paper wasps have become one of the most important natural controls of many kinds of yard and garden insects. most commonly they feed on caterpillars, including the larvae of hornworms, cabbageworms, and tent caterpillars. sawfly larvae are also commonly taken prey .\nif you need to control wasps, there is one tried and true method that i' ve found quite successful, and that works without chemicals or calling an exterminator. it' s called the waspinator or beee free wasp nest. it works on a very simple principle. wasps have been proven to have facial recognition abilities that equals that of humans, they' re very visual creatures. when they see another\nwasp\nnest in the area they will automatically assume it' s another competitor and not build there. the waspinator is especially effective on boats and in high areas. i' ve even seen crocheted ones offered on etsy !\nthey' re quite a big issue for nature in quite a lot of places, it would be good to get rid of them from everyone' s point of few .\nhow to recognise a paper wasp: - they have a longer more slender body than the german and common wasps - they are orange and black in colour instead of yellow and black - they have an obvious waist between the abdomen and wings - they build small, pear - sized nests using wood fibres - nests hang from small shrubs and trees, fences and walls and often under the eaves of houses\np. dominula was first discovered near boston, in cambridge, massachusetts, during the late 1970s. since then, the wasp has been recorded from maine, vermont, connecticut, new york, new jersey, maryland, pennsylvania, ohio, virginia, michigan and wisconsin. it has recently been discovered in california, colorado and washington .\npaper wasps are semi - social and live in small colonies. they eat nectar and other insects including caterpillars and flies. in the autumn, inseminated females will seek places to spend the winter, and may find their way indoors, especially if there is a cathedral ceiling present .\nindividual nests can be destroyed. insecticides are often used for this purpose and a wide variety of “wasp and hornet” marketed products are effective. if nests are treated it is recommended to apply treatments in the evening. at this time most of the wasps have returned to the nest so that they can be killed and, after dark, flying activities are greatly reduced .\nin north america alone, there are over 22 species of paper wasps. worldwide, there are over 200 species. they enter homes through open windows and doors, or structural cracks. since they prefer to live in sheltered areas, the pests easily find plenty spots for their nests in homes .\npaper wasps are about the same size, if not a bit larger, than yellow jackets (. 5\nlong), however paper wasps are not aggressive unless disturbed around their nests. both can sting multiple times when provoked and the two species can look incredibly similar. because of this similarity it' s best to leave them all alone and give them a wide berth. yellow jackets are the ones with a temper, especially the invasive german yellow jacket which is most prevalent in the us. i' ve been chased and stung more than once when weeding the garden on top of a hidden nest !\nis eusocial but its social organization is not as rigorous as other eusocial organisms. whereas in some other eusocial insects, guard polymorphs have developed that specialize in nest defense (e. g. soldier termites), paper wasps have only workers and queens. these two classes work together to fend off nest predators and parasites .\nfeed mainly on plant nectar. the species is considered insectivores because it kills caterpillars and other small insects in order to provide food for developing larvae. foragers collect various prey insects to feed to the larvae. the wasp then malaxates, or softens the food and in doing so absorbs most of the liquid in the food. this solid portion is given to older larvae and the liquid is regurgitated to be fed to younger larvae .\nas in all paper wasps, the “waist” is very thin. during flight, the hind pair of legs trail below in an extended fashion. the nest is the characteristic upside - down umbrella shape, and the open cells can be seen from below. cream - colored larvae are legless and remain within their cells until they emerge as adult wasps .\npollen wasps are sometimes mistaken for yellow jackets because of their size similarity and because they burrow their nests in ground, however pollen wasps differentiate and can be identified by their large clubbed antennas; nests are constructed out of mud and water. pollen wasps are similar to many solitary bees, they feed their young entirely on nectar and pollen, hence the name\npollen wasp\n. rocks or crevices low to the earth also make attractive nesting sites for pollen wasps .\nswatting or vacuuming can dispatch single wasps, or insecticide aerosols may be used from a distance, according to the label instructions. alternatively, people who regularly encounter wasps may opt to wear long sleeves, pants, gloves, and a beekeeping veil to protect themselves from stings. again, however, paper wasps in general and polistes carolina in particular are not aggressive, only stinging when threatened .\nsimilar to other wasp species, great northern wasps lay fertilized eggs in individual nest cells. queen bees and subordinate females protect the larvae and cover them with a silk protective lining. the first generation of larvae develops into infertile females, which are the workers of the colony. next to mature are the males and fertile females, which are the next generation of queens. and then the lifestyle starts over: queens lie the next generations of queens and die. average life span is about one year .\n( european paper wasps can be encouraged to nest in nest boxes. artificial nest sites can be useful if one wants the benefits of these insects with a known nest location so accidental disturbances can be avoided. a typical nest box would be made of wood and at least 4 - in x 4 - in x 4 - in, open at the bottom. they should be mounted several feet above ground on a solid post. )\neuropean paper wasps are very attentive to potential threats to their nests. they can detect movement at 12 to 20 feet from the nest but fortunately do not typically attack unless people are very close (inches away). however, since they prefer to hide their nests within voids and other enclosures, this behavior increases the risk for unpleasant encounters. an unsuspecting homeowner may be stung, for instance, while attempting to change a lightbulb for an outside fixture, or while painting or removing window shutters. furthermore, observations in pennsylvania indicate that these wasps are extremely common in urban settings .\nof all the paper wasps, polistes carolina and polistes perplexus are the only dominantly ferruginous (rust - colored) species; although sometimes confused with these two species, polistes metricus has more extensive black markings, prominently on the thorax and legs. polistes carolina (figure 2) females differ from those of polistes perplexus by their nearly glabrous malar space and lower gena; the malar space and gena of polistes perplexus are covered with sparse, silvery pubescence. males are distinguished by the coarser transverse ridging of the propodeum in polistes perplexus than in polistes carolina. polistes carolina also tends to have more black markings on the thorax than does polistes perplexus .\nin most temperate species of paper wasps, colonies are founded by one female who dominates the colony and lays most of the eggs. this female constructs the nest, lays eggs, forages, and raises the first generation of offspring. she then stops foraging, becomes the queen, and rules by dominating her offspring of workers. this is a classic dominance hierarchy with the queen maintaining control through aggressive interactions. each individual in line maintains dominance over all others below her through confrontation and aggressive interactions. if the queen dies or is otherwise lost, the most aggressive worker takes over. this worker begins laying eggs and continues to dominate all below her. since the workers have not mated, they can only lay unfertilized eggs, which develop into males, a typical trait in wasps .\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 / / en\nurltoken\nclick to enlarge photo by: dr. paul a. zahl / photo researchers, inc .\nthe colony is founded in early spring, soon after the queens (mated females) emerge from hibernation. as the colony matures, males and the next year' s queens are produced. these queens mate with males and are the only members of the colony to survive through winter. in late summer or fall, the founding queen, workers (unmated females), and males all die. the newly mated queens hibernate, typically in piles of wood, in vegetation, or in holes. the following spring they emerge and begin the cycle anew. a similar life cycle is found in bumble bees .\nsome queens that are unsuccessful at establishing their own nest may join another queen, submitting to her dominance and becoming a worker. studies have shown that such individuals, called joiners, are most often sisters of the queen. since this individual mated the previous fall, her eggs can develop into workers and she could become the next queen if the founding queen is lost. occasionally a joiner dominates the founding queen and takes over the nest, a behavior known as usurpation. in such rare cases, the usurper becomes the queen and the previous queen becomes a worker .\ndo you like this article? support our project, so we could place more interesting information here! click here for details .\nwatch this video to learn about one of the less pleasant aspects of summer - - stinging insects - - and how to avoid them .\ndr. parada explains the threats posed by stinging insects and discuss symptoms and treatment of stings .\nwatch this video to learn about three of the most common pests encountered in the summer: mosquitoes, ants, and ticks .\nexperts at the national pest management association offer numerous tips for preventing stinging insects and treating stings .\nsize: these wasps measure 1. 9 to 3. 2 cm in length .\ncolor: their narrow bodies are most commonly dark brown in color, with black wings and yellow markings. some even appear similar to yellow jackets in coloration .\nwhere do they live? swarms of the pests around specific areas of the house often indicate the location of a nest. around homes, nests are frequently found in sheltered areas, such as\nby clicking the “get started” button, i authorize orkin to contact me about their services at this number using an auto dialer. i understand my consent is not required to make a purchase .\nas with any insect, it' s important to identify the insect before determining how and when control is necessary. be sure you know the differences between wasps, yellowjackets, and hornets before taking action .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nimage 2. p. dominula on nest. steve jacobs - penn state entomology dept .\nthe queen deposits small, elongated eggs (one to a cell) that hatch in several days. she will feed her young larvae masticated caterpillars and other insects. in contrast, our native species of polistes prey only on caterpillars. after the first brood of larvae mature and emerge as worker females, the queen will limit her activity to laying eggs to expand the number of workers. the workers assume the duties of food collection, nest construction, and colony defense. with optimal temperatures and a plentiful food source, the larvae complete their development and become adult wasps in as little as 40 days .\nnests are constructed in protected locations such as under and within the eaves of structures, in attics and wall voids, and in many other enclosed areas. some of the more notable locations where nests have been encountered include exterior lighting fixtures, parking meters, animal skulls, bird boxes, and infrequently used equipment like gas grills, motor homes, boats, and autos .\nearlier seasonal establishment of colonies allowing p. dominula to establish workers before our native species, thereby benefiting foraging activities and colony expansion; (note: in pennsylvania, this behavior can expose them to late - season freezes resulting in a high level of mortality. )\navoidance of native bird predators by early nest establishment. early establishment provides the nest with more workers to protect the larvae ;\na more varied diet (many different genera of insects in several orders) benefits early and rapid larval development .\nwhenever new species are introduced into an environment (either intentionally or accidentally), there are unpredictable consequences. the increased risk for stings is an obvious concern. even more troubling, it appears that this new introduction has had an adverse impact on the native species of polistes. the apparent reduction of indigenous polistes will undoubtedly result in a change in the faunal balance. it is unclear what the consequences will be. some entomologists worry that the large numbers of p. dominula will adversely affect the species of desirable insects (i. e. , butterflies) .\npesticides are poisonous. read and follow directions and safety precautions on labels. handle carefully and store in original labeled containers out of the reach of children, pets, and livestock. dispose of empty containers right away, in a safe manner and place. do not contaminate forage, streams, or ponds .\npenn state college of agricultural sciences research, extension, and resident education programs are funded in part by pennsylvania counties, the commonwealth of pennsylvania, and the u. s. department of agriculture .\nwhere trade names appear, no discrimination is intended, and no endorsement by penn state cooperative extension is implied .\npenn state is an equal opportunity, affirmative action employer, and is committed to providing employment opportunities to minorities, women, veterans, individuals with disabilities, and other protected groups. nondiscrimination .\nagfacts information leaflet ae31. 1994. european and papernest wasps. nsw department of agriculture .\nhadlington, p. & johnston, j. 1998. an introduction to australian insects. unsw press: sydney." ]

{ "text": [ "paper wasps are vespid wasps that gather fibers from dead wood and plant stems , which they mix with saliva , and use to construct water-resistant nests made of gray or brown papery material .", "some types of paper wasps are also sometimes called umbrella wasps , due to the distinctive design of their nests . " ], "topic": [ 28, 28 ] }

[ "paper wasps are vespid wasps that gather fibers from dead wood and plant stems, which they mix with saliva, and use to construct water-resistant nests made of gray or brown papery material. some types of paper wasps are also sometimes called umbrella wasps, due to the distinctive design of their nests." ]

[ "species williamia gussonii (o. g. costa, 1829) accepted as williamia gussoni (costa o. g. , 1829 )\nwilliamia monterosato, t. a. de m. di, 1884 type species: williamia gussonii costa, o. g. , 1829\nno one has contributed data records for williamia gussoni yet. learn how to contribute .\nworms - world register of marine species - williamia gussoni (costa o. g. , 1829 )\n( of williamia galapagana dall, 1917) mclean j. h. (1998) reinstatement of williamia subspiralis (carpenter, 1864) (gastropoda: siphonariidae). the veliger 41: 243 - 248. [ details ]\n( of williamia japonica habe, 1962) marshall b. a. (1981) the genus williamia in the western pacific (mollusca: siphonariidae). new zealand journal of zoology 8: 487 - 492. [ details ]\n( of williamia radiata radiata (pease, 1860) ) marshall b. a. (1981) the genus williamia in the western pacific (mollusca: siphonariidae). new zealand journal of zoology 8: 487 - 492. [ details ]\n( of williamia radiata kuroda & habe in habe, 1961) marshall b. a. (1981) the genus williamia in the western pacific (mollusca: siphonariidae). new zealand journal of zoology 8: 487 - 492. [ details ]\nspecies williamia eximia (g. nevill & h. nevill, 1869) accepted as broderipia eximia g. nevill & h. nevill, 1869\n( of williamia gussonii var. rubra pallary, 1900) check list of european marine mollusca (clemam). , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nancylus gussonii o. g. costa, 1829 accepted as williamia gussoni (costa o. g. , 1829) (type by typification of replaced name )\nmclean j. h. (1998) reinstatement of williamia subspiralis (carpenter, 1864) (gastropoda: siphonariidae). the veliger 41: 243 - 248. [ details ]\nmarshall b. a. (1981) the genus williamia in the western pacific (mollusca: siphonariidae). new zealand journal of zoology 8: 487 - 492. [ details ]\niczn 1986. opinion 1410: williamia monterosato, 1884 (mollusca, gastropoda): conserved. bulletin of zoological nomenclature, 43 (3): 258 - 261, available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of brondelia bourguignat, 1862) marshall b. a. (1981) the genus williamia in the western pacific (mollusca: siphonariidae). new zealand journal of zoology 8: 487 - 492. [ details ]\n( of roya iredale, 1912) marshall b. a. (1981) the genus williamia in the western pacific (mollusca: siphonariidae). new zealand journal of zoology 8: 487 - 492. [ details ]\n( of scutulum monterosato, 1877) marshall b. a. (1981) the genus williamia in the western pacific (mollusca: siphonariidae). new zealand journal of zoology 8: 487 - 492. [ details ]\n( of allerya mörch, 1877) marshall b. a. (1981) the genus williamia in the western pacific (mollusca: siphonariidae). new zealand journal of zoology 8: 487 - 492. [ details ]\n( of parascutum cossmann, 1890) marshall b. a. (1981) the genus williamia in the western pacific (mollusca: siphonariidae). new zealand journal of zoology 8: 487 - 492. [ details ]\n( of liriola peltoides var. vernalis dall, 1878) mclean j. h. (1998) reinstatement of williamia subspiralis (carpenter, 1864) (gastropoda: siphonariidae). the veliger 41: 243 - 248. [ details ]\nto biodiversity heritage library (2 publications) (from synonym williamia gussonii (o. g. costa, 1829) ) to biodiversity heritage library (3 publications) (from synonym ancylus gussonii o. g. costa, 1829) to biodiversity heritage library (50 publications) (from synonym ancylus gibbosus bourguignat, 1862) to biodiversity heritage library (6 publications) (from synonym ancylus drouetianus bourguignat, 1862) to clemam (from synonym ancylus drouetianus bourguignat, 1862) to clemam (from synonym ancylus gibbosus bourguignat, 1862) to clemam (from synonym patelloidea vitrea cantraine, 1835) to clemam (from synonym acmaea curvissior oberling, 1970) to clemam to clemam (from synonym ancylus gussonii o. g. costa, 1829) to clemam (from synonym williamia gussonii var. rubra pallary, 1900) to clemam (from synonym williamia gussonii var. major pallary, 1900) to encyclopedia of life to pesi to pesi (from synonym acmaea curvissior oberling, 1970) to pesi (from synonym ancylus gussonii o. g. costa, 1829) to pesi (from synonym patelloidea vitrea cantraine, 1835) to pesi (from synonym ancylus gibbosus bourguignat, 1862) to pesi (from synonym ancylus drouetianus bourguignat, 1862) to pesi (from synonym williamia gussonii var. major pallary, 1900) to pesi (from synonym williamia gussonii var. rubra pallary, 1900) to pesi (from synonym williamia gussonii (o. g. costa, 1829) ) to usnm invertebrate zoology mollusca collection\n( of williamia gussonii var. rubra pallary, 1900) pallary p. (1900). coquilles marines du littoral du départment d' oran. journal de conchyliologie. 48 (3): 211 - 422. , available online at urltoken page (s): 244 [ details ]\n( of williamia gussonii var. major pallary, 1900) pallary p. (1900). coquilles marines du littoral du départment d' oran. journal de conchyliologie. 48 (3): 211 - 422. , available online at urltoken page (s): 244 [ details ]\n( of williamia gussonii (o. g. costa, 1829) ) pallary p. (1900). coquilles marines du littoral du départment d' oran. journal de conchyliologie. 48 (3): 211 - 422. , available online at urltoken page (s): 244 [ details ]\n( of williamia polynesica rehder, 1980) rehder h. a. (1980). the marine mollusks of easter island (isla de pascua) and sala y gómez. smithsonian contributions to zoology. 289: 1 - 167, 15 figs, 14 pls. , available online at urltoken page (s): 98 [ details ]\n( of roya iredale, 1912) iredale, t. (1912). new generic names and new species of marine mollusca. proceedings of the malacological society of london. 10 (3): 217 - 228, pl. 9. , available online at urltoken page (s): 218 [ details ]\n( of scutulum monterosato, 1877) monterosato t. a. (di) (1877 (maggio) ). notizie sulle conchiglie della rada di civitavecchia. annali del museo civico di genova 9 (1876 - 1877): 407 - 428 page (s): 427 - 428 [ details ]\nturgeon, d. ; quinn, j. f. ; bogan, a. e. ; coan, e. v. ; hochberg, f. g. ; lyons, w. g. ; mikkelsen, p. m. ; neves, r. j. ; roper, c. f. e. ; rosenberg, g. ; roth, b. ; scheltema, a. ; thompson, f. g. ; vecchione, m. ; williams, j. d. (1998). common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada: mollusks. 2nd ed. american fisheries society special publication, 26. american fisheries society: bethesda, md (usa). isbn 1 - 888569 - 01 - 8. ix, 526 + cd - rom pp. (look up in imis) page (s): 137 [ details ]\n( of ancylus gussonii o. g. costa, 1829) costa o. g. (1829). osservazioni zoologiche intorno ai testacei dell' isola di pantelleria. napoli, tipografia della minerva 12 pp. page (s): 10 - 11 [ details ]\n( of acmaea curvissior oberling, 1970) oberling, j. - j. (1970). quelques espèces nouvelles de gastropodes du bassin méditerranéen. naturhistorisches museum bern. kleine mitteilungen. 1: 1 - 7. [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of patelloidea vitrea cantraine, 1835) cantraine, f. j. (1835). [ diagnoses ou descriptiones succinctes de quelques espèces nouvelles de mollusques ]. bulletin de l' académie royale des sciences et belles - lettres de bruxelles. 2 (11): 380 - 401. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ngofas, s. ; le renard, j. ; bouchet, p. (2001). mollusca. in: costello, m. j. et al. (eds), european register of marine species: a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. patrimoines naturels. 50: 180 - 213. (look up in imis) [ details ]\n( of acmaea curvissior oberling, 1970) check list of european marine mollusca (clemam). , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of ancylus drouetianus bourguignat, 1862) check list of european marine mollusca (clemam). , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of ancylus gibbosus bourguignat, 1862) check list of european marine mollusca (clemam). , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of patelloidea vitrea cantraine, 1835) check list of european marine mollusca (clemam). , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nseverns, m. (2011). shells of the hawaiian islands - the sea shells. conchbooks, hackenheim. 564 pp. [ details ]\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nnorth american plant; contains an unidentified toxin which causes liver and kidney damage manifested by compulsive walking, tenesmus, rectal prolapse, petechiation and death. called also spurge .\nall content on this website, including dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography, and other reference data is for informational purposes only. this information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nturgeon, d. d. , a. e. bogan, e. v. coan, w. k. emerson, w. g. lyons, w. pratt, et al .\nturgeon, d. d. , j. f. quinn, jr. , a. e. bogan, e. v. coan, f. g. hochberg, w. g. lyons, et al .\ncommon and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada: mollusks, 2nd ed .\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nsiphonaria sowerby, g. b. i, 1824 type species: siphonaria (siphonaria) javanica sipho (var .) sowerby, g. b. i, 1824\nsiphonaria (siphonaria) sowerby, g. b. i, 1824 type species: siphonaria (siphonaria) javanica sipho (var .) sowerby, g. b. i, 1824\nbenhamina finlay, h. j. , 1926 type species: benhamina obliquata sowerby, g. b. i, 1825\nkerguelenella powell, a. w. b. , 1946 type species: siphonaria redimiculum reeve, l. a. , 1856\npugillaria iredale, t. , 1924 type species: pugillaria stowae verco, j. c. , 1906" ]

{ "text": [ "williamia is a genus of small sea snails or false limpets , marine pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the family siphonariidae , the false ( air-breathing ) limpets .", "their development is similar to other siphonariids" ], "topic": [ 2, 19 ] }

[ "williamia is a genus of small sea snails or false limpets, marine pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the family siphonariidae, the false (air-breathing) limpets. their development is similar to other siphonariids" ]

[ "aquarium & terrarium show - urltoken cyprinidae aquarium. garra cambodgiensis - stonelapping minnow, cambodian logsucker, false siamese algae eater .\nrainboth, w. j. , 1996. fishes of the cambodian mekong. fao species identification field guide for fishery purposes. fao, rome, 265 p. (ref. 12693 )\nname based on a vernacular indian name (hamilton, 1822: 343, ref. 1813) .\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 15. 0 cm sl male / unsexed; (ref. 30857 )\nhas a broad midlateral stripe (width about equal to 2 scale rows); two black bands on the dorsal fin; the caudal fin plain or with dark margins; usually well developed tubercles on the snout (ref. 27732) .\ninhabits rocky bottoms in swiftly moving water of small and medium - sized streams. feeds on periphyton, phytoplankton and some insects. not fished commercially, but occasionally seen in the aquarium trade .\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 5000 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 00692 (0. 00303 - 0. 01580), b = 3. 08 (2. 90 - 3. 26), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this genus - body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 2. 4 ±0. 21 se; based on food items .\nresilience (ref. 69278): medium, minimum population doubling time 1. 4 - 4. 4 years (preliminary k or fecundity .) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low to moderate vulnerability (31 of 100) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\njustification: this is a locally common fish with a wide range. its populations have not declined significantly across its range, it is therefore considered least concern .\nthe species is known from the mae khlong in thailand to the lower mekong basin and the malay peninsula (peninsular malaysia and possibly present in associated drainages in southeastern myanmar) .\nphrae, phitsanulok, kemarat (ubon ratchathani), trang, chanthaburi, chiang mai, nakhon si thammarat, kanchanaburi, nakhon sawan, yala, chiang rai and surat .\nthis species inhabits rocky rapid zones in submontane to hill streams, larger rivers, and occasionally lowland rivers. it moves to floodplains or paddy fields for breeding at the start of the first rains of the year, nursing until juveniles, then moves down to streams .\nthis species is locally consumed in households - it is a popular foodfish in the spawning season at boh kluea district of nan province, thailand. it is frequently seen in the ornamental fish trade, for which it is ca\nptured from the wild (often under the name g. taeniata (ukkatawewat 1984) ) .\nhabitat degradation and overfishing are potential threats to this fish, but have not been significant recently .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nencyclo. co. uk, online since 2007, is a search engine for english meanings and definitions. the website aims to publish all wordlists, big and small, on the internet, making it much easier to find the word you need. follow us on facebook\nsorry, we just need to make sure you' re not a robot. for best results, please make sure your browser is accepting cookies .\nit has beautiful images and viral videos that are way more fun than reading all the text in traditional encyclopedias .\nif you found sussle interesting, then give back by adding something interesting for others .\nit' s super easy, so it won' t take more than a minute .\ncopyright © 2016 sussle. all rights reserved. all registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners without intent to infringe .\nwe collect the best images, videos, and facts by topic. please join us .\nto ensure the integrity of sussle' s content, we must verify that each member represents a distinct person. please send an email from your primary facebook email to:" ]

{ "text": [ "the cambodian logsucker ( garra cambodgiensis ) , also known as stonelapping minnow or false siamese algae eater , is a species of ray-finned fish in the genus garra .", "it is found in southeast asia . " ], "topic": [ 29, 20 ] }

[ "the cambodian logsucker (garra cambodgiensis), also known as stonelapping minnow or false siamese algae eater, is a species of ray-finned fish in the genus garra. it is found in southeast asia." ]

[ "embed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive photo - < i > neolamprologus christyi < / i >\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive photo - < i > neolamprologus christyi < / i >\ntitle =\narkive photo - < i > neolamprologus christyi < / i >\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive photo - < i > neolamprologus christyi < / i >\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive photo - < i > neolamprologus christyi < / i >\ntitle =\narkive photo - < i > neolamprologus christyi < / i >\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ngland, switzerland, 5 july 2018 (iucn) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change, with 7% of th ...\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years, but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives... .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices, as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse ...\ngreek, neos = new + greek, lampros = torch + greek, lagos = hare (ref. 45335 )\nfreshwater; benthopelagic; ph range: 7. 0 - 8. 5; dh range: 10 - 15. tropical; 23°c - 28°c (ref. 2059); 3°s - 9°s\nafrica: endemic to lake tanganyika, occurs along the southeastern shore of the lake, from isanga (zambia) to kipili (tanzania) (ref. 46829) .\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 15. 0 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 46829 )\nrather common in habitats where rocks border larger stretches of sand, normally in water with a depth of less than 10 metres (ref. 46829). in captivity, this species is an aggressive cichlid which can be only kept with larger or very active tank mates (ref. 7343). feeds on invertebrates like crustaceans, small mollusks, worms and insect larvae (ref. 7343, 46829) .\nkonings, a. , 1998. tanganyika cichlids in their natural habitat. cichlid press. 272 p. (ref. 46829 )\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 5000 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 01514 (0. 00700 - 0. 03275), b = 2. 97 (2. 80 - 3. 14), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this (sub) family - body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 3 ±0. 39 se; based on food items .\nresilience (ref. 69278): high, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (preliminary k or fecundity .) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low vulnerability (16 of 100) .\nliliane moeremans 180 avenue de monte - carlo 1190 brussels belgium fax: 32 - 2 - 524. 22. 09 angelicus @ urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive' s online content for private, scientific, conservation or educational purposes only. it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members, allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild, an elite squadron of science superheroes, needs your help! your mission: protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no. 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 (c) (3) non - profit organisation in the usa\nteam wild, an elite squadron of science superheroes, needs your help! your mission: protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .\nsnoeks, j. (freshwater fish red list authority) & darwall, w. (freshwater biodiversity assessment programme )\njustification: restricted to a length of coastline (approximately 100 km) on the central eastern coastline of the lake in tanzania. given the threat of sedimentation to the rocky shore littoral zone this species range is considered to be restricted to a single location .\nendemic to lake tanganyika where it is only known from a strip along the central eastern tanzanian shoreline .\nlittle is known about the ecology, or the behaviour of this elusive species .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nonce paired up, this can be one of the most aggressive tanganyikan cichlids. not only will it attach tankmates, it will hit the front of the glass when you walk by in defence of its territory. they are best kept in a species tank. they dine on crustaceans, insect larvae, plankton and other live food in the wild. they will readily eat flakes and pellets, but will thrive with the addition of mysis shrimp, krill or brine shrimp added to this diet .\npronunciation: refer to our pronunciation key for an explanation of the phonetic symbols .\nhabitat: this is the primary location where the cichlid is found and is a generalization. this does not mean a fish cannot be found in other habitats .\ndiet: many cichlids specialize in eating one type of food; notwithstanding, some of these specialized feeders are flexible and can be opportunistic feeders .\ntemperament: this describes the overall demeanor of a cichlid toward other tankmates that are of a different species. consider that there is variability in temperament due to various factors, including aquarium size, tankmates of similar appearance, stocking levels, and order of introduction. there may even be some variability among individual specimens .\nconspecific temperament: this describes the overall demeanor of a cichlid toward other tank - mates of the same species. consider that there is variability in temperament due to such factors as aquarium size, stocking levels and order of introduction. there may even be some variability among individual specimens .\nmaximum size: this is in regards to total length (including the tail) of typical aquarium specimens. wild specimens may not attain this size, or may in fact grow larger than aquarium raised individuals due to various factors. also consider that this is the typical maximum size and there are exceptional individuals that will exceed it .\ndifficulty: this measure is a relative value, comparing a single species against all other cichlids. this only accounts for maintanence in the aquarium and not breeding considerations. 1 = easy and forgiving, 5 = extremely challenging .\nyou should keep this fish as a pair. because they are very aggressive to each other it is wise to keep only one couple. the aquarium should be set up with rocks and stones that form caves and crevices. you can use some plants as well. the substrate should be sandy. a territory is made. you should give them powerful live food like mosquito larvae and artemia. dry food is accepted as well. breeding is easy. up to 150 eggs are laid and fertilized in a cave. the female defends the cave and the male defends the territory. source: urltoken\nthe minimum size of the tanks shown are intended, depending on the species considered, for a single individual, a couple or the smaller group of individuals for schooling fish. depending on fish temper, territoriality, or vivacity, breeding with other animals of the same species or different species may require larger tanks .\nmain picture usually shows adults. depending on the age and sex, there may be significant variations in the color of the specimens." ]

{ "text": [ "neolamprologus christyi is a species of cichlid endemic to lake tanganyika .", "this species can reach a length of 13.7 centimetres ( 5.4 in ) tl .", "it can also be found in the aquarium trade . " ], "topic": [ 25, 0, 20 ] }

[ "neolamprologus christyi is a species of cichlid endemic to lake tanganyika. this species can reach a length of 13.7 centimetres (5.4 in) tl. it can also be found in the aquarium trade." ]

[ "species cnaemidophorus rhododactyla - rose plume moth - hodges # 6105 - bugguide. net\ncnaemidophorus rhododactyla (rose plume .) - norfolk micro moths - the micro moths of norfolk .\nonline recorder upload photos mapmate™ irecord™ county recorders golden membership data policy more info express record cnaemidophorus rhododactyla (rose plume .) -\nnote: cnaemidophorus rhododactyla, a new rosa spp. pest for turkey, and its new parasitoids, a new rosa spp. pest for turkey, and its new parasitoids | springerlink\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\na scarce and local species in the british isles, occurring only in south - east england .\nflying in july and august, the moths are quite sluggish by day and difficult to disturb, but can be attracted to light after dark. it is one of the more distinctively - marked plume moths .\n), initially on the developing leaves and later also on the flower buds and flowers themselves. the larvae hatch in the autumn and overwinter when small, probably inside a stem. they recommence feeding in may and june .\nukmoths is built, run and maintained by ian kimber, with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .\nthe ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries. more often than not you' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .\nlooking for a specific moth species? enter just part of the name below .\nprocache: v317 render date: 2018 - 07 - 08 18: 20: 50 page render time: 0. 2271s total w / procache: 0. 2730s\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nspecific epithet from greek ῥόδον (rose, for the color) δάκτυλος (plumed) .\nholarctic: in north america, apparently restricted to the northeast / great lakes area .\nlarvae feed on buds, flowers, and leaves of rose (rosa spp .) .\noverwinters as a partly - grown larva inside stem of hostplant, and resumes feeding in spring; one generation per year .\nsystematisches verzeichniß der schmetterlinge der wienergegend. michael denis & ignaz schiffermüller. 1775. augustin bernardi, wien. pp. 323 .\ndictionary of natural history terms with their derivations, including the various orders, genera, and species. david h. mcnicoll. 1863. lovell reeve & company .\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\ndog - rose (rosa canina agg .), also other types of rose\nlower hollesley common, suffolk (4. vii. 2009) © a prichard\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nrecorded in 1 (1 %) of 69 10k squares. first recorded in 1990. last recorded in 1990 .\nunderlying maps using digital map data © norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola™ 2018. © james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018. data © nola™ 2018\nbalachowsky, a. (1972) entomologie appliqueé à l’agriculture. tome ii. vol. i - e. masson et cie, paris, france .\n: haemer, p. , karsholt, o. and lyneborg, l. [ eds. ] microlepidoptera of europe. vol. 1. apollo books, stenstrup, denmark .\ngomez de aizpurua, c. (1998) fauna lepidopterologica en estadio de oruga, detectadas sobre los rosales silvestres ,\nkutbay, h. g. and kilinc, a. a. m. (1996) taxonomic properties of rose hip species growing in turkey .\n( gümüshane, turkey), pp. 75–83 (turkish, with english summary) .\nmelnikova, i. v. , kulesh, n. i. , koltsova, e. a. and gorovoy, p. g. (2002) antioxidant and antiradical activity of\nthompson, w. r. (1957) a catalogue of the parasites and predators of insect pests. sect. 2. host parasite catalogue, part 4. hosts of the hymenoptera (ichneumonidae). commonwealth institute of biological control, ottawa, canada. pp. 333–561 .\ntoth, p. and lukas, j. (2005) parasitic ichneumonidae on the horse chestnut leaf miner ,\ntschorsnig, h. p. and herting, b. (1994). die raupenfliegen (diptera: tachinidae) mitteleuropas: bestimmungstabellen und angaben zur verbreitung und eukologie der einzelnen arten .\nzeki, h. , özdem, a. and bozkurt, v. (1999) damage of anise noth," ]

{ "text": [ "cnaemidophorus rhododactyla , the rose plume moth , is a moth of the family pterophoroidea .", "it is found in the northern hemisphere , except for greenland , southeast asia , and most of north africa .", "the wingspan is 18 – 26 mm .", "the larvae feed on various roses , including rosa rugosa ( japanese rose ) . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 9, 8 ] }

[ "cnaemidophorus rhododactyla, the rose plume moth, is a moth of the family pterophoroidea. it is found in the northern hemisphere, except for greenland, southeast asia, and most of north africa. the wingspan is 18 – 26 mm. the larvae feed on various roses, including rosa rugosa (japanese rose)." ]

[ "chionodes viduella (fabricius, 1794) = chionodes viduellus = gelechia labradoriella clemens, 1863 = tinea leucomella queensell, 1802 = gelechia luctiferella herrich - schäffer, 1859 .\nchionodes viduella; [ nacl ], # 2123; [ nhm card ]; huemer & sattler, 1995, beitr. ent. 45 (1): 54; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 215, 333, pl. 3, f. 49; [ me3 ], 32; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 19; [ fe ]\nchionodes borzella bidzilya, 2000; beitr. ent. 50 (2): 391\nchionodes soella huemer & sattler, 1995; beitr. ent. 45 (1): 21\nchionodes aprilella huemer & sattler, 1995; beitr. ent. 45 (1): 24\nchionodes flavipalpella huemer & sattler, 1995; beitr. ent. 45 (1): 33\nchionodes flavipalpella; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333\nchionodes caucasiella huemer & sattler, 1995; beitr. ent. 45 (1): 34\nchionodes caucasiella; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333\nchionodes frigidella huemer & sattler, 1995; beitr. ent. 45 (1): 50\nchionodes frigidella; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333\nchionodes tantella huemer & sattler, 1995; beitr. ent. 45 (1): 64\nchionodes tantella; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333\nchionodes attonita; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333\nchionodes ermolaevi bidzilya, 2012; shilap revta lepid. 40 (160): 422; tl: sakhalin\nchionodes grandis clarke, 1947; j. wash. acad. sci. 37: 253; tl: silverton, colorado\nchionodes tundra bidzilya, 2012; shilap revta lepid. 40 (160): 421; tl: jamalo - nenetskiy ar\nchionodes pereyra clarke, 1947; j. wash. acad. sci. 37: 253; tl: vero beach, florida\nchionodes stefaniae; landry & roque - albelo, 2010, revue suisse zool. 117 (4): 699 (list )\nchionodes salicella sattler, 1967; can. ent. 99: 82; tl: skeena crossing, cassiar dist. , british colombia\nchionodes acerella sattler, 1967; can. ent. 99: 78; tl: izman creek, kamloops distr. , british columbia\nchionodes tessa clarke, 1947; j. wash. acad. sci. 37: 246; tl: petaluma, sonoma co. , california\nchionodes canofusella clarke, 1947; j. wash. acad. sci. 37: 248; tl: encantada, brooks co. , texas\nchionodes bicolor clarke, 1947; j. wash. acad. sci. 37: 250; tl: petaluma, sonoma co. , california\nchionodes meridiochilensis king & montesinos, 2012; acta zool. cracov. 55 (1): 47; tl: chile, region de biobio\nchionodes stefaniae schmitz & landry, 2007; rev. suisse zool. 114: 177; tl: galapagos, isabela, volcan darwin, 630m\nchionodes iridescens clarke, 1947; j. wash. acad. sci. 37: 244; tl: american lake, pierce co. , washington\nchionodes pleroma; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 32 (note), 331\nchionodes scotodes; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 32 (note), 331\nchionodes whitmanella clarke, 1942; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 92 (3149): 271; tl: pullmann, washington\nthe moths of america north of mexico including greenland. fascicle 7. 6. gelechioidea, gelechiidae (part), gelechiinae (part - chionodes )\nthe lepidoptera of white sands national monument, otero county, new mexico, usa 10. a remarkable new white species of chionodes hübner (gelechiidae )\nchionodes sabinianae powell, 1959; ent. news 70 (5): 127; tl: russelman park, mt diablo, contra costa co. , california\nchionodes soella; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 139, 31; [ fe ]\nchionodes aprilella; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 141, 31; [ fe ]\n= chionodes psilopterus; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 201; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 18\nchionodes cusor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 204, 333, pl. 4, f. 75; tl: alamosa, colorado\nchionodes offectus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 219, 333, pl. 3, f. 57; tl: boulder, colorado\nchionodes fimus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 204, 333, pl. 4, f. 76; tl: schrader lake, alaska\nchionodes tragicella; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 139, 31; [ fe ]\nchionodes luctuella; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 140, 31; [ fe ]\nchionodes molitor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 210, 333, pl. 3, f. 36; tl: putnam co. , illinois\nchionodes boreas hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 211, 333, pl. 3, f. 43 - 44; tl: nordegg, alberta\nchionodes holosericella; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 143, 31; [ fe ]\nchionodes histon hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 221, 333, pl. 3, f. 61; tl: penticon creek, british columbia\nchionodes perpetuella; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 146, 31; [ fe ]\nchionodes apolectella; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 147, 31; [ fe ]\nchionodes hayreddini; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 149, 31; [ fe ]\nchionodes hinnella; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 149, 31; [ fe ]\nchionodes bastuliella; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 150, 32; [ fe ]\nchionodes nebulosella; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 152, 32; [ fe ]\nchionodes sagayica; huemer & sattler, 1995, beitr. ent. 45 (1): 63; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333\nchionodes nitor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 84, 331, pl. 1, f. 59; tl: berkeley, alameda co, california\nchionodes oecus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 89, 331, pl. 1, f. 63 - 64; tl: palm springs, california\nchionodes lacticoma; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 32 (note), 331; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes icriodes; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 32 (note), 331; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes litigiosa; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 32 (note), 331; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes pentadora; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 32 (note), 331; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes dryobathra; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 106 (note), 332; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes argosema; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 165 (note), 332; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes consona; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 165 (note), 332; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes eburata; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 165 (note), 332; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes salva; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 172 (note), 332; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes sepultor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 220, 333, pl. 3, f. 60; tl: 6 mi nw newcastle, wyoming\nchionodes percultor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 58, 331, pl. 4, f. 1; tl: washington mtns, near nogales, arizona\nchionodes plutor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 91, 331, pl. 1, f. 69; tl: sanderson, terrell co. , texas\nchionodes nepos hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 92, 331, pl. 1, f. 71; tl: indio, riverside co. , california\nchionodes thyotes hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 96, 331, pl. 2, f. 1; tl: southmost, cameron co. , texas\nchionodes soter hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 128, 332, pl. 2, f. 39 - 41; tl: putnam co. , illinois\nchionodes ceryx hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 172, 332, pl. 3, f. 13 - 14; tl: n key largo, florida\nchionodes rabula hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 59, 331, pl. 1, f. 16; tl: parker island, highlands co. , florida\nchionodes cacula hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 61, 331, pl. 5, f. 1; tl: archbold biologial station, lake placid, florida\nchionodes emptor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 62, 331, pl. 1, f. 17; tl: archbold biologial station, lake placid, florida\nchionodes drapeta hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 63, 331, pl. 1, f. 18; tl: key largo, monroe co. , florida\nchionodes paean hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 93, 331, pl. 1, f. 72; tl: jacumba, san diego co. , california\nchionodes cibus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 98, 331, pl. 2, f. 6; tl: laguna atascosa, cameron co. , texas\nchionodes occlusus; [ nacl ], # 2101; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 18\nchionodes suasor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 57, 331, pl. 1, f. 14; tl: huntsville state park, walker co. , texas\nchionodes esor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 62, 331, pl. 1, f. 19; tl: big pine key, monroe co. , florida\nchionodes tarmes hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 66, 331, pl. 4, f. 5; tl: t2n r14w s31, allegan co. , michigan\nchionodes macor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 88, 331, pl. 1, f. 62; tl: saratoga springs, san bernardino co. , california\nchionodes irreptor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 143, 332, pl. 2, f. 53; tl: garner state park, uvalde co. , texas\nchionodes restio hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 148, 332, pl. 2, f. 58 - 59; tl: sonoma, sonoma co. , california\nchionodes ludio hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 152, 332, pl. 2, f. 64; tl: new lisbon, burlington co. , new jersey\nchionodes obelus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 186, 332, pl. 3, f. 16; tl: hayfork ranger station, trinity co. , california\nchionodes kubai hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 188, 332, pl. 4, f. 43; tl: pne hill, el dorado co. , california\nchionodes rectifex hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 199, 333, pl. 3, f. 23 - 24; tl: pensacola, escambia co. , florida\nchionodes aleo hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 202, 333, pl. 4, f. 71; tl: cedar pass campground, modoc co. , california\nchionodes rupex hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 203, 333, pl. 4, f. 74; tl: green river lake, wind river range, wyoming\nchionodes fictor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 219, 333, pl. 3, f. 58; tl: atigun pass & below, brooks range, alaska\nchionodes praecia hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 222, 333, pl. 3, f. 63 - 64; tl: vineyard, utah co. , utah\nchionodes pulvis hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 69, 331, pl. 1, f. 30; tl: san bruno mtns, san mateo co. , california\nchionodes bios hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 191, 332, pl. 4, f. 47; tl: 4 mi n prescott, yavapai co. , arizona\nchionodes tannuolella; [ nhm card ]; huemer & sattler, 1995, beitr. ent. 45 (1): 32; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333\nchionodes lictor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 222, 333, pl. 3, f. 62; tl: mt. shasta city, shasta co. , california\nchionodes procus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 92, 331, pl. 1, f. 70; tl: gran quivira national monument, socorro co. , new mexico\nchionodes lector hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 121, 332, pl. 2, f. 25 - 26; tl: woodwardia canyon e, riverside co. , california\nchionodes sevir hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 137, 332, pl. 4, f. 24; tl: highlands, 3865', macon co. , north carolina\nchionodes baro hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 144, 332, pl. 2, f. 54; tl: highlands, 3865', macon co. , north carolina\nchionodes popa hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 167, 332, pl. 3, f. 6 - 7; tl: mint canyon, los angeles co. , california\nchionodes donatella; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 169, 332, pl. 3, f. 9; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16\nchionodes petro hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 169, 332, pl. 3, f. 10; tl: 2 mi ne lakeside, san diego co. , california\nchionodes dolo hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 198, 333, pl. 3, f. 22; tl: dempster highway, km 155, 1050m, yukon, canada\nchionodes praeco hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 209, 333, pl. 3, f. 34 - 35; tl: ocqueoc lake, presque isle co. , michigan\nchionodes manabiensis schmitz & landry, 2007; rev. suisse zool. 114: 180; tl: ecuador, manabi, parque nacional machalilla, los frailes, s 01°29. 340', w 80°46. 868 40m\nchionodes hapsus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 55, 331, pl. 1, f. 12; tl: devil' s den state park, washington co. , arkansas\nchionodes volo hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 75, 331, pl. 1, f. 38; tl: fort davis, 5000', jeff davis co. , texas\nchionodes landryi hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 95, 331, pl. 1, f. 76; tl: lost river valley, 10 km s onefour, alberta, cadana\nchionodes factor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 196, 333, pl. 4, f. 60; tl: big bear lake, 6800, san bernardino co. , california\nchionodes trico hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 211, 333, pl. 3, f. 45 - 46; tl: hardy work center, lawrence co. , south dakoa\nchionodes impes hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 227, 333, pl. 3, f. 70, pl. 5, f. 4; tl: kamiak butte, washington\nchionodes sannio hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 70, 331, pl. 1, f. 31; tl: 2. 5 mi west fort simcoe, yakima co. , washington\nchionodes stator hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 71, 331, pl. 1, f. 32; tl: 2. 5 mi west fort simcoe, yakima co. , washington\nchionodes meddix hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 73, 331, pl. 1, f. 35; tl: clear creek camp, se camp verde, yavapai co. , arizona\nchionodes pavor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 80, 331, pl. 1, f. 49; tl: camp baldy, san bernardino mtns, san bernardino co. , california\nchionodes pacator hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 82, 331, pl. 1, f. 53; tl: mt lowe, san gabriel mtns, los angeles co. , california\nchionodes regens hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 85, 331, pl. 1, f. 61; tl: hackberry lake, valenine national wildlife refuge, cherry co. , nebraska\nchionodes morus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 103, 331, pl. 4, f. 22; tl: ciervo hills, 18 mi sw medota, fresno co. , califoria\nchionodes cautor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 142, 332, pl. 2, f. 52; tl: green gulch, big bend national park, brewster co. , texas\nchionodes mikkolai hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 208, 333, pl. 3, f. 33; tl: carmacks, 62°05' n, 136°20' w, yukon, canada\nchionodes franclemonti hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 65, 331, pl. 4, f. 2 - 4; tl: wrangle brook road, lakehurst, ocean co. , new jersey\nchionodes sanator hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 85, 331, pl. 1, f. 60; tl: sw res sta, 5400, chiricahua mts, cochise co. , arizona\nchionodes repertor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 89, 331, pl. 1, f. 65; tl: 7 mi e jacob lake, coconino co. , 6800', arizona\nchionodes adamas hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 150, 332, pl. 2, f. 61 - 63; tl: devil' s den state park, washington co. , arkansas\nchionodes elainae hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 192, 332, pl. 4, f. 50; tl: onion saddle, 7600', chiricahua mtns, cochise co. , arizona\nchionodes hospes hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 196, 333, pl. 4, f. 61 - 62; tl: 9 mi sw atascadero, san luis obispo co. , california\nchionodes sponsus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 207, 333, pl. 4, f. 81; tl: sierra diable wildlife management area, 6400', culberson co. , texas\nchionodes theurgis hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 213, 333, pl. 3, f. 47; tl: 4 mi sw buean vista, 8700', chaffee co. , colorado\nchionodes imber hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 71, 331, pl. 1, f. 33 - 34; tl: hackberry lake, valentine nationa wildlife reserve, cherry co. , nebraska\nchionodes naevus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 77, 331, pl. 1, f. 41; tl: cave creek canyon, 5400', chiricahua mtns, cochise co. , arizona\nchionodes davisi hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 78, 331, pl. 1, f. 42; tl: southwest research station, 5400', chiricahua mtns, cochise co. , arizona\nchionodes delitor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 83, 331, pl. 1, f. 58; tl: k bar ranch, chisos mtns, 3400', brewster co. , texas\nchionodes bardus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 99, 331, pl. 4, f. 10; tl: santa barbara island, channel island national park, santa barbara co. , california\nchionodes metoecus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 125, 332, pl. 2, f. 32 - 34; tl: snake creek, 3 mi nw midway, wasatch co. , utah\nchionodes optio hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 154, 332, pl. 4, f. 32; tl: mt locke, davis mtns, 6700', jeff davis co. , texas\nchionodes agriodes; [ nacl ], # 2059; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 202, 333; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\nchionodes bustosorum metzler, 2016; zootaxa 4109 (3): 373; tl: new mexico, otero co. , white sands nat. mon. , 106°1. 38' w; 32°46. 60' n 4, 000'\nchionodes powelli hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 52, 331, pl. 1, f. 2; tl: snake lake, 4 mi nw quincy, 4000', plumas co. , california\nchionodes abavus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 64, 331, pl. 1, f. 20; tl: madera canyon, santa rita mts, 4880', santa cruz co. , arizona\nchionodes obex hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 75, 331, pl. 1, f. 39; tl: madera canyon, santa rita mtns, 4880', santa cruz co. , arizona\nchionodes munifex hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 76, 331, pl. 1, f. 40; tl: madera canyon, santa rita mtns, 4880', santa cruz co. , arizona\nchionodes sabinianae; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 79, 331, pl. 1, f. 48; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 19\nchionodes rector hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 83, 331, pl. 1, f. 56 - 57; tl: 5 mi n buena vista, 8200', chaffee co. , colorado\nchionodes fremor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 128, 332, pl. 2, f. 38; tl: madera canyon, santa rita mtns, 4880', santa cruz co. , arizona\nchionodes lusor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 130, 332, pl. 2, f. 42; tl: madera canyon, santa rita mtns, 4880', santa cruz co. , arizona\nchionodes erro hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 134, 332, pl. 4, f. 23; tl: madera canyon, santa rita mtns, 4880', santa cruz co. , arizona\nchionodes altor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 141, 332, pl. 4, f. 30; tl: madera canyon, santa rita mtns, 4880', santa cruz co. , arizona\nchionodes pinax hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 149, 332, pl. 2, f. 60; tl: hart prairie, 10 mi nnw flagstaff, 8500', coconino co. , arizona\nchionodes messor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 153, 332, pl. 2, f. 65; tl: 1 mi ne san marcos pass, 1500', santa barbara co. , california\nchionodes magirus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 157, 332, pl. 4, f. 34; tl: madera canyon, santa rita mtns, 4880', santa cruz co. , arizona\nchionodes gestor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 159, 332, pl. 2, f. 74; tl: madera canyon, santa rita mtns, 4880', santa cruz co. , arizona\nchionodes bibo hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 162, 332, pl. 3, f. 3; tl: madera canyon, santa rita mtns, 5600', santa cruz co. , arizona\nchionodes luror hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 193, 332, pl. 4, f. 51; tl: west fork, 6500', 16 mi sw flagstaff, coconino co. , arizona\nchionodes gratus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 203, 333, pl. 3, f. 28; tl: big timber canyon, 6500', half moon park, crazy mts. , montana\nchionodes senica hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 206, 333, pl. 4, f. 79; tl: hart prairie, 8500', 10 mi nnw flagstaff, coconino co. , arizona\nchionodes dator hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 206, 333, pl. 4, f. 80; tl: louis lake, 28 mi sw lander, 8600', fremont co. , wyoming\nchionodes ustor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 207, 333, pl. 3, f. 32; tl: bridger forest camp, 7500', wind river mtns, sublette co. , wyoming\nchionodes rogator hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 208, 333, pl. 4, f. 82 - 83; tl: mosca creek, great sand dunes national monument, alamosa co. , colorado\nchionodes veles hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 212, 333, pl. 4, f. 84; tl: castles, 8 mi e buena vista, 8800', chaffee co. , colorado\nchionodes gerdius hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 214, 333, pl. 4, f. 87; tl: oso flaco lake, 5 mi s oceano, san luis obispo co. , california\nchionodes latro hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 224, 333, pl. 3, f. 68 - 69; tl: lake delancy, ocala national forest read 75, mario co. , florida\nchionodes rhombus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 105, 331, pl. 2, f. 9; tl: fort valley, 7. 5 mi nw flagstaff, 7350ä, coconino co. , arizona\nchionodes tributor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 214, 333, pl. 3, f. 48; tl: ozena camp, cuyama river, 1 mi e hiway 33, ventura co. , california\nchionodes ensis hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 216, 333, pl. 3, f. 50 - 51; tl: head of ephraim canyon, 10000 - 10300', sanpete co. , utah\nchionodes nubilella; huemer & sattler, 1995, beitr. ent. 45 (1): 35; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 145, 31; [ fe ]\nchionodes donahueorum hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 68, 331, pl. 1, f. 28 - 29; tl: mt washington district, 840', los angeles, los angeles co. , california\nchionodes parens hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 136, 332, pl. 2, f. 50 - 51; tl: madera canyon, santa rita mtns, 4880', santa cruz co. , arizona\nchionodes adam hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 140, 332, pl. 4, f. 28 - 29; tl: madera canyon, santa rita mtns, 4880', santa cruz co. , arizona\nchionodes nubis hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 156, 332, pl. 2, f. 67 - 68; tl: hart prairie, 10 mi nnw flagstaff, 8500', coconino co. , arizona\nchionodes innox hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 158, 332, pl. 2, f. 69 - 73; tl: madera canyon, santa rita mtns, 5600', santa cruz co. , arizona\nchionodes canofusella; [ nacl ], # 2066; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 189, 332, pl. 3, f. 17; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\nchionodes psilopterus; [ nacl ], # 2111; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 201, 333, pl. 3, f. 26; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 18\nchionodes metallicus; [ nacl ], # 2094; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 220, 333, pl. 3, f. 59; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 17\nchionodes canor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 221, 333, pl. 3, f. 25; tl: fort valley, 7. 5 mi nw flagstaff, 7350', coconino co. , arizona\nchionodes abitus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 56, 331, pl. 1, f. 13; tl: cold creek, 5 mi s buck creek ranger station, 6300', modoc co. , california\nchionodes lactans hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 74, 331, pl. 1, f. 36 - 37; tl: sierra diablo, 20 mi nnw van horn, 6000', culberson co. , texas\nchionodes fructuarius; [ nacl ], # 2078; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 97, 331, pl. 2, f. 4 - 5; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16\nchionodes luteogeminatus; [ nacl ], # 2091; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 100, 331, pl. 4, f. 11 - 12; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 17\nchionodes helicostictus; [ nacl ], # 2083; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 102, 331, pl. 4, f. 16 - 18; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16\nchionodes pallor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 197, 333, pl. 3, f. 20 - 21; tl: fort valley, 7350', 7. 5 mi nw flagstaff, coconino co. , arizona\nchionodes nigrobarbatus; [ nacl ], # 2097; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 223, 333, pl. 3, f. 65 - 66; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 17\nchionodes praetor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 224, 333, pl. 3, f. 67, pl. 4, f. 90; tl: head ephraim canyon, 10300', sanpete co. , utah\nchionodes permactus; [ nacl ], # 2106; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 228, 333, pl. 5, f. 5 - 8; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 18\nchionodes violacea; [ nhm card ]; huemer & sattler, 1995, beitr. ent. 45 (1): 25; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 142, 31; [ fe ]\nchionodes distinctella; [ nhm card ]; huemer & sattler, 1995, beitr. ent. 45 (1): 42; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 148, 31; [ fe ]\nchionodes clarkei hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 228, 333, pl. 3, f. 71, pl. 5, f. 9; tl: steens mt. , fish lake, 7100, harney co. , oregon\nchionodes electella; [ nhm card ]; huemer & sattler, 1995, beitr. ent. 45 (1): 52; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 150, 32; [ fe ]\nchionodes fumatella; [ nhm card ]; huemer & sattler, 1995, beitr. ent. 45 (1): 59; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 153, 32; [ fe ]\nchionodes ignorantella; [ nhm card ]; huemer & sattler, 1995, beitr. ent. 45 (1): 65; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 154, 32; [ fe ]\nchionodes argentipunctella; [ nacl ], # 2061; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 55, 331, pl. 1, f. 11; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\nchionodes gilvomaculella; [ nacl ], # 2080; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 59, 331, pl. 1, f. 15; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16\nchionodes periculella; [ nacl ], # 2105; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 80, 331, pl. 1, f. 49; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 18\nchionodes xanthophilella; [ nacl ], # 2125; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 90, 331, pl. 1, f. 66; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 19\nchionodes sistrella; [ nacl ], # 2116; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 93, 331, pl. 1, f. 73; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 19\nchionodes hodgesorum metzler, 2014; j. lep. soc. 68 (2): 81; tl: new mexico, otero co. , white sands nat. monument, edge of dunes habitat, 106°11. 32' w, 32°45. 72' n, 4000'\nchionodes paralogella; [ nacl ], # 2103; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 100, 331, pl. 4, f. 13; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 18\nchionodes salicella; [ nacl ], # 2114; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 120, 331, pl. 2, f. 22; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 19\nchionodes acerella; [ nacl ], # 2057; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 124, 332, pl. 2, f. 31; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\nchionodes terminimaculella; [ nacl ], # 2117; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 132, 332, pl. 2, f. 46; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 19\nchionodes pastor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 155, 332, pl. 2, f. 66, pl. 4, f. 33; tl: great basin exp staion nr ephraim, 8850', sanpete co. , utah\nchionodes fondella; [ nacl ], # 2076; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 160, 332, pl. 3, f. 1; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16\nchionodes pseudofondella; [ nacl ], # 2110; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 161, 332, pl. 3, f. 2; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 18\nchionodes mariona; [ nacl ], # 2092; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 168, 332, pl. 3, f. 8; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 17\nchionodes halycopa; [ nacl ], # 2082; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 171, 332, pl. 2, f. 12; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16\nchionodes hibiscella; [ nacl ], # 2084; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 190, 332, pl. 4, f. 46; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16\nchionodes aristella; [ nacl ], # 2062; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 195, 333, pl. 4, f. 56; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\nchionodes mongolica; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 142, 31; park & ponomarenko, 2006, shilap revta. lepid. 34 (135): 280; [ fe ]\nchionodes hostis hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 122, 332, pl. 2, f. 23 - 24; tl: major' s flat near ephraim canyon, oak / pinyon junipre zone, 7100', sanpete co. , utah\nchionodes fuscomaculella; [ nacl ], # 2079; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 53, 331, pl. 1, f. 3 - 6; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16\nchionodes bicostomaculella; [ nacl ], # 2064; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 54, 331, pl. 1, f. 7 - 9; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\nchionodes lophosella; [ nacl ], # 2089; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 67, 331, pl. 1, f. 21 - 23; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 17\nchionodes nanodella; [ nacl ], # 2095; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 68, 331, pl. 1, f. 24 - 27; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 17\nchionodes abella; [ nacl ], # 2055; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 79, 331, pl. 1, f. 43 - 47; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\nchionodes kincaidella; [ nacl ], # 2086; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 87, 331, pl. 4, f. 6 - 9; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 17\nchionodes pinguicula; [ nacl ], # 2109; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 90, 331, pl. 1, f. 67 - 68; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 18\nchionodes dentella; [ nacl ], # 2071; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 95, 331, pl. 1, f. 74 - 75; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16\nchionodes abdominella; [ nacl ], # 2054; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 97, 331, pl. 2, f. 2 - 3; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\nchionodes dammersi; [ nacl ], # 2070; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 101, 331, pl. 4, f. 14 - 15; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16\nchionodes notandella; [ nacl ], # 2098; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 102, 331, pl. 4, f. 19 - 21; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 17\nchionodes ochreostrigella; [ nacl ], # 2102; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 104, 331, pl. 2, f. 7 - 8; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 18\nchionodes thoraceochrella; [ nacl ], # 2119; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 117, 331, pl. 2, f. 13 - 17; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 19\nchionodes chrysopyla; [ nacl ], # 2068; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 119, 331, pl. 2, f. 18 - 21; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\nchionodes obscurusella; [ nacl ], # 2099; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 123, 332, pl. 2, f. 27 - 30; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 18\nchionodes occidentella; [ nacl ], # 2100; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 127, 332, pl. 2, f. 35 - 37; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 18\nchionodes trichostola; [ nacl ], # 2120; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 135, 332, pl. 2, f. 47 - 49; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 19\nchionodes acrina; [ nacl ], # 2058; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 139, 332, pl. 4, f. 25 - 27; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\nchionodes secutor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 146, 332, pl. 2, f. 55, pl. 4, f. 31; tl: davis mnts, 5 mi se livermore, 6000', jeff davis co. , texas\nchionodes trophella; [ nacl ], # 2121; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 147, 332, pl. 2, f. 56 - 57; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 19\nchionodes discoocellella; [ nacl ], # 2072; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 170, 332, pl. 3, f. 11 - 12; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16\nchionodes ceanothiella; [ nacl ], # 2067; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 187, 332, pl. 4, f. 41 - 42; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\nchionodes aruns hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 189, 332, pl. 3, f. 18, pl. 4, f. 44; tl: sierra diablo, 20 mi nnw van horn, 6000', culberson co. , texas\nchionodes retiniella; [ nacl ], # 2112; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 192, 332, pl. 4, f. 48 - 49; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 19\nchionodes arenella; [ nacl ], # 2060; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 193, 332, pl. 4, f. 52 - 53; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\nchionodes figurella; [ nacl ], # 2073; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 194, 333, pl. 4, f. 54 - 55; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16\nchionodes braunella; [ nacl ], # 2065; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 225, 333, pl. 4, f. 91 - 93; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\nchionodes flavicorporella; [ nacl ], # 2074; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 229, pl. 3, f. 72 - 73, 333; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16\nchionodes sattleri hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 218, 333, pl. 3, f. 54 - 56, pl. 4, f. 89; tl: bog e of big indian lake, halifax watershed, halifax co. , nova scotia\nhodges, r. w. 1999. gelechiodea, gelechiidae (part), gelechiinae (part - chionodes). in dominick, r. b. , et al. , moths of america, north of mexico. fascicle 7. 6. the wedge entomological research foundation, washington, 339 pp .\nchionodes (gelechiini); [ me3 ], 137, 31; [ sangmi lee ]; landry & roque - albelo, 2010, revue suisse zool. 117 (4): 704, 699 (list); lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15; [ fe ]\nchionodes johnstoni; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 76; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 81, 331, pl. 1, f. 51 - 52; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 17\nchionodes formosella; [ nacl ], # 2077 (rev. stat .); [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 50, 331, pl. 1, f. 1; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16\nchionodes praeclarella; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 200, 333, pl. 4, f. 64 - 67; [ me3 ], 144, 31; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 18; [ fe ]\nchionodes mediofuscella; [ nacl ], # 2093; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 131, 332, pl. 2, f. 43 - 45; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 17\nchionodes iridescens; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 75; [ nacl ], # 2085; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 54, 331, pl. 1, f. 10; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 17\nchionodes pereyra; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 109; [ nacl ], # 2104; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 163, 332, pl. 3, f. 4; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 18\nchionodes grandis; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 64; [ nacl ], # 2081; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 195, 333, pl. 3, f. 19; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16\nchionodes tessa; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 137; [ nacl ], # 2118; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 82, 331, pl. 1, f. 54 - 55; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 19\nchionodes petalumensis; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 111; [ nacl ], # 2107; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 164, 332, pl. 4, f. 36 - 38; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 18\nchionodes bicolor; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 24; [ nacl ], # 2063; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 205, 333, pl. 3, f. 29 - 30; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\nchionodes whitmanella; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 147; [ nacl ], # 2124; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 205, 333, pl. 3, f. 31, pl. 4, f. 77 - 78; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 19\nchionodes continuella; [ nacl ], # 2069; [ nhm card ]; huemer & sattler, 1995, beitr. ent. 45 (1): 37; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 216, 333, pl. 3, f. 52 - 53, pl. 4, f. 88; [ me3 ], 145, 31; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16; [ fe ]\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhodges, r. w. , 1999. moths of america north of mexico, fascicle 7. 6, p. 215; pl. 3. 49. order\nenter the name or part of a name you wish to search for. the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard. e. g.' papilio *'. keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .\nwe are still having problems with the search feature. unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .\nthe id resolving service for stable taxon ids is currently under maintenance. meanwhile, please use the name search in order to find the taxon page .\nmuseum für naturkunde leibniz - institut für evolutions - und biodiversitätsforschung invalidenstr. 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail: fauna - eu (at) mfn - berlin. de website: urltoken\nyour browser doesn' t support javascript or you have disabled javascript. please enable javascript, then refresh this page. javascript is required on this site .\neuropean union funding: for a one - year period (2017 - 12 - 16 to 2018 - 12 - 15), eppo has been awarded an eu grant for the further development of the eppo code system (agreement nb: sante / 2017 / gs / eppo / s12. 768842). the eu commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information from this project subsequently included in the eppo global database .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\ndue to latency between updates made in state, provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer, for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data. please refer to\ndistribution data for u. s. states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon." ]

{ "text": [ "chionodes viduella is a moth of the gelechiidae family .", "it is found in france , germany , austria , switzerland , italy , the czech republic , slovenia , poland , bulgaria , norway , sweden , finland , the baltic region and russia .", "it is also found in northern north america , from alaska to maine .", "the wingspan is 13 – 17 mm .", "adults have been recorded on wing from may to august .", "the larvae feed on rubus chamaemorus , vaccinium uliginosum , betula and juniperus species . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 20, 9, 8, 8 ] }

[ "chionodes viduella is a moth of the gelechiidae family. it is found in france, germany, austria, switzerland, italy, the czech republic, slovenia, poland, bulgaria, norway, sweden, finland, the baltic region and russia. it is also found in northern north america, from alaska to maine. the wingspan is 13 – 17 mm. adults have been recorded on wing from may to august. the larvae feed on rubus chamaemorus, vaccinium uliginosum, betula and juniperus species." ]

[ "select an image: 1. greater green leafbird > > immature male feeding 2. greater green leafbird > > male 3. greater green leafbird > > social behaviour 4. greater green leafbird > > female 5. greater green leafbird > > immature male 6. greater green leafbird > > adult male 7. greater green leafbird > > male 8. greater green leafbird > > male feeding 9. greater green leafbird > > male feeding 10. greater green leafbird > > comparison 11. greater green leafbird > > female 12. greater green leafbird > > male 13. greater green leafbird > > male 14. greater green leafbird > > female 15. greater green leafbird > > juvenile 16. greater green leafbird > > juvenile 17. greater green leafbird > > female 18. greater green leafbird > > immature male 19. greater green leafbird > > female feeding 20. greater green leafbird > > immature female 21. greater green leafbird > > immature female 22. greater green leafbird > > immature female 23. greater green leafbird > > immature female 24. greater green leafbird > > male 25. greater green leafbird > > male 26. greater green leafbird > > male 27. greater green leafbird > > male 28. greater green leafbird > > male 29. greater green leafbird > > male 30. greater green leafbird > > juvenile 31. greater green leafbird > > adult male 32. greater green leafbird > > subadult male 33. greater green leafbird > > male 34. greater green leafbird > > female 35. greater green leafbird > > female 36. greater green leafbird > > female 37. greater green leafbird > > adult male 38. greater green leafbird > > adult male 39. greater green leafbird > > male 40. greater green leafbird > > male 41. greater green leafbird > > male 42. greater green leafbird > > female 43. greater green leafbird > > female 44. greater green leafbird > > adult male\nthe greater green leafbird resembles the lesser green leafbird, but can be distinguished by the yellow throat and eye rings of the female. the male lesser green leafbird has a yellow border along the black throat patch, which the greater green leafbird lacks .\nleafbird information... leafbird species index... leafbird species photo gallery\nthe greater green leafbirds occur naturally in brunei, indonesia, malaysia, myanmar, singapore and thailand .\n). largest and heaviest leafbird, with relatively long, powerful, ...\nthe greater green leafbirds (chloropsis sonnerati) - also known as greater leafbirds or malachite - shouldered leafbirds - are small, colorful songbirds that were named for the fact that their mostly green plumages blend in well into their tropical habitat, where the green leaves of the canopy provide a perfect camouflage for these birds. however, leafbirds that are stressed will shed most of their colorful feathers. this adaptation may have evolved as a way of confusing predators. captured birds under stress will do the same .\nthe species was found throughout the sundaic lowlands from south myanmar and southwest thailand south through malaysia, borneo and the greater sundas, indonesia .\nwells, d. & sharpe, c. j. (2018). greater green leafbird (chloropsis sonnerati). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018) .\nc. 20 cm. the largest leafbird, gleaming green above and golden yellow - green below with a long hook - tipped bill. male has a black mask enclosing the eye and a cobalt blue jawline flash. female lacks the mask and has a paler blue jawline flash. known for the clarity of its voice, and ready ability to incorporate other species phrases into its vocabulary, much to the species detriment at present .\nfemales lack the black throat patch / bib. her throat is pale greyish - green instead, with a blue\nmoustache\non the sides. there is a hint of blue on the top of her head. she has yellow eyerings .\n, they will hover in front of a flower while retrieving the nectar. in the process of feeding, the flowers benefit from cross - pollination as the leafbird' s head becomes covered with pollen and spreads from flower to flower. as they move to the next flower, the pollen is deposited on the next flower, which is then able to produce seeds and fruit. many native plants rely on them for pollination and would not be able to exist without the\nservices\ninadvertently rendered by the leafbirds .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo, j. , collar, n. j. , christie, d. a. , elliott, a. , fishpool, l. d. c. , boesman, p. and kirwan, g. m. 2016. hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world. volume 2: passerines. lynx edicions and birdlife international, barcelona, spain and cambridge, uk .\nchng, s. , eaton, j. , miller, a. & van balen, b .\njustification: the population is believed to be declining at a rapid rate due to exceptionally high rates of trapping to supply the cage bird trade .\nthe population size is unknown, but the species is described as scarce. race zosterops had previously been described as common where habitat remains (wells 2016), but currently the evidence suggests that birds are being trapped throughout the range and have either disappeared or become very rare at many sites throughout indonesia and now peninsular malaysia as well (eaton et al. 2015, j. eaton in litt. 2016, bas van balen in litt. 2016). trend justification: the population is suspected to be declining at a rapid to very rapid rate due to tremendous levels of trapping to supply the cage bird trade. this species was present at very low numbers in the markets at the turn of the century, with none recorded in medan in 1997 and 1998 then 110 observed in the following three years (shepherd 2006). numbers slowly increased with an annual number traded through the markets in medan estimated at 842 birds during 2012 - 2013 (harris et al. 2015). since then however, the species has suddenly come into fashion (eaton et al. 2015), and right now mind - boggling numbers are being traded. j. eaton in litt. (2016) states that 5000 individuals per month are currently being imported from sarawak into kalimantan. in kalimantan it was stated by shop owners to be the species in highest demand, hardest to find (supply) and to be increasing most rapidly in price (a. miller in litt. 2016). the cost of an individual in 2014 was us $ 44 (chng et al. 2015); in september 2016 one was priced at us $ 99 (s. chng in litt. 2016) .\na species of lowland evergreen forest, including secondary forest and occasionally heavily wooded parkland and certain plantations (wells 2016). occurs from sea level to 1100 m (wells 2016). diet is principally arthropods and fruit, with the former gleaned from foliage. joins mixed - species feeding flocks .\nthe number of individuals observed at bird markets in indonesia has increased dramatically in recent years. the species is particularly desirable due to its ability to rapidly learn the song phrases of other species, and is a category in the competitive singing events held throughout java. large numbers have been confiscated along trading routes into java (s. chng in litt. 2016), but there are reports of many times the amount seized being imported on a monthly basis (j. eaton in litt. 2016). habitat loss may have played an ancillary role in the decline through increasing the proportion of the global population of the species that is accessible to trappers .\nenforcement of national laws regarding quotas of wild - caught species for the cage bird trade must be prioritised. investigation into the impacts and extent of trapping networks throughout borneo and peninsular malaysia is also required. comparison of densities or encounter rates at sites first surveyed in the late 20th century would provide some quantification of the rates of decline and provide a baseline for further monitoring .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nnamed race parvirostris, from nias i (off w sumatra), merged with zosterops, as its bill characters fall within range of variation of mainland populations. two subspecies recognized .\nvigors, 1830 – s myanmar (c tenasserim) and sw thailand s to sumatra and satellites, e to n natuna group and borneo .\nsong a varied sequence of powerful, liquid, warbling phrases, e. g. “wit - chew”, “ ...\ncanopy and high edge of lowland evergreen forest and peatswamp - forest, well - grown secondary forest ...\ngeneralist; diet arthropods and fruits, also flower nectar. animal prey gleaned from foliage, include large orthopterans (to size of locust ...\nin n borneo, males with large testes in mid - jan, mar, jun and mid - jul and females showing evidence of recent laying in jun and mid - oct; ...\nvulnerable. population unknown, but suspected to be declining rapidly due to trapping. race\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography. login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments. to make the most of all of hbw' s features, discover our subscriptions now !\nsometimes included in irenidae. species sequence follows recent genetic study, which confirms some splits proposed on basis of morphology and suggests additional phylogenetic species # r .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts, family texts, plates, audiovisual links, updates and related resources .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 55. 90 € (instead of 59. 90 €) 3 - year subscription package: 82 € (instead of 89. 85 € )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information, tracking references to their source (when available on the internet) .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 82. 5 € (instead of 89. 9 €) 3 - year subscription package: 122. 5 € (instead of 134. 85 € )\nthere is a registration fee of 20€. this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive. you won’t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution, click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding (anonymously); markers do not indicate precise localities .\none male singing to two females pursuing them from branch to branch outside the chalet .\nsonogram images © xeno - canto foundation. sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nbirdlife is reviewing the status of this species for the 2018 red list. please click here to join the discussion\nthe population is believed to be declining at a rapid rate due to exceptionally high rates of trapping to supply the cage bird trade .\nrecommended citation birdlife international (2018) species factsheet: chloropsis sonnerati. downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018. recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: birdlife international (2018) iucn red list for birds. downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists, and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12, 000 regional checklists in avibase, offered in 9 different taxonomies, including synonyms more than 175 languages. each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community, and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page, such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition (incl. corrigenda vol. 1 - 2) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details. to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263, 290, 329 times since 24 june 2003. © denis lepage | privacy policy\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nthis fruiting tree (unknown name) at the fringe of the forest reserve, with small fruit, attracted birds from the primary jungle and surrounding secondary forest. this fruit is a favourite of many bird species .\nchinese: ?? ?? ... czech: sýkavka vetší, sýkavka v? tší... danish: smaragdbladfugl... dutch: diksnavelbladvogel, diksnavel - bladvogel... finnish: viherlehvi... french: verdin de sonnerat... german: dickschnabel - blattvogel... indonesian: burung daun besar, cicadaun besar... italian: fogliarolo verde maggiore, verdino maggiore... japanese: ookonohadori, ?? ?? ?? ?... malay: burung daun, burung daun besar... norwegian: smaragdbladfugl... polish: zielenik duzy, zielenik du? y... slovak: zelenácik velkozobý... spanish: verdín de sonnerat, verdín grande... swedish: smaragdbladfågel... thai: ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ? ?\nthey inhabit subtropical or tropical moist lowland and mangrove forests, mostly remaining in old - growth forests, but are also found in secondary forests and along forest edges .\nthey usually remain at the canopy level, jumping between branches or flying from tree to tree .\nrange: occur naturally on the island of java in indonesia, where they are rare .\n[ parvirostris ] from nias - an island off the western coast of sumatra, indonesia. this race was merged with ssp. zosterops, as its bill characteristics fall within range of variation of the mainland populations .\nthe medium - sized leafbirds have forked, brush - tipped tongues and fairly hefty, straight to lightly down - curved bills with stiff, hair - like feathers at the base that protect their eyes from the legs and wings of their insect prey .\nleafbirds build open cup - shaped nests out of fine stems, leaf parts and rootlets. these nests are typically placed on the ends of branches near the tree crown; although some may hang from thin horizontal shoots of trees, or they are attached to a pair of vertical twigs. the average clutch consists of 2 - 3 pinkish eggs. the incubation lasts about 14 days and is performed by the female alone, while the male feeds the brooding female. even though unconfirmed, it appears likely, that the male also helps raise the young .\nleafbirds typically forage alone or in pairs in the subcanopy; but some species may occasionally join mixed feeding flocks, while other species defend their feeding territories .\nthey feed on mostly insects, as well as taking fruits, berries and nectar .\ntheir long sharp beaks are curved down slightly and a brush tipped tongue, helping them to pick insects from the bark and leaves of trees. they will also pursue flushed prey into the air or down to the forest floor .\nthey often visit fruiting fig trees, but will also take other available fruits in their range. usually ,\nswallow pieces of fruit whole. if this isn' t possible, they will pierce the fruits with their beaks and let the juices leak into their mouths .\ntheir attractive song is described as an ascending whistle chee - zi - chee .\nfor updates please follow beautyofbirds on google + (google. com / + avianweb )\nthe images on this page are the sole property of the photographers (unless marked as public domain) .\n; however, mistakes do happen. if you would like to correct or update any of the information, please\nthroughout history, crows, ravens and other black birds were feared as symbols of evil or death. …\nplease note: any content published on this site is commentary or opinion, and is protected under free speech. it is only provided for educational and entertainment purposes, and is in no way intended as a substitute for professional advice. avianweb / beautyofbirds or any of their authors / publishers assume no responsibility for the use or misuse of any of the published material. your use of this website indicates your agreement to these terms." ]

{ "text": [ "the greater green leafbird ( chloropsis sonnerati ) is a species of bird in the chloropseidae family .", "it is distinguished from the lesser green leafbird ( chloropsis cyanopogon ) by its powerful beak , yellow throat and eye ring of the female ; and lack of a yellow border along the black throat patch found in the male c. cyanopogan .", "it is found in brunei , indonesia , malaysia , myanmar , singapore , and thailand .", "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical mangrove forests , mainly old-growth forests but also secondary forests and edges .", "it moves quite conspicuously at the canopy level , jumping between branches and flying from tree to tree .", "it often visits fruiting fig trees , but also takes insects and small invertebrates .", "the greater green leafbird has a loud voice , consisting of an ascending whistle chee-zi-chee . " ], "topic": [ 29, 23, 20, 24, 28, 12, 16 ] }

[ "the greater green leafbird (chloropsis sonnerati) is a species of bird in the chloropseidae family. it is distinguished from the lesser green leafbird (chloropsis cyanopogon) by its powerful beak, yellow throat and eye ring of the female; and lack of a yellow border along the black throat patch found in the male c. cyanopogan. it is found in brunei, indonesia, malaysia, myanmar, singapore, and thailand. its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical mangrove forests, mainly old-growth forests but also secondary forests and edges. it moves quite conspicuously at the canopy level, jumping between branches and flying from tree to tree. it often visits fruiting fig trees, but also takes insects and small invertebrates. the greater green leafbird has a loud voice, consisting of an ascending whistle chee-zi-chee." ]

[ "notes préliminaires sur la distribution spatiale de meta menardi, triphosa dubitata, triphosa sabaudiata, nelima aurantiaca et culex pipiens au sein d' un écosystème cavernicole (grotte de la scierie: hte. - savoie )\nremarks: triphosa sabaudiata occurs in europe in the alps and locally in the balkans. very rarely, it can be found in a few lower mountain ranges (e. g. the northern edge of the swabian alb). triphosa sabaudiata inhabits also several mountains in asia minor and in the rest of asia .\nhabitat: triphosa sabaudiata inhabits warm, rocky slopes, that are interspersed with bushes and are located near woodlands. hibernation takes place in rather dry caves. presumably, the moths overwinter as triphosa dubitata also in smaller gaps, cavities in trees, sheds or other places, which is to investigate yet .\nendangerment factors: outside the alps, triphosa sabaudiata is threatened with extinction by overgrowth of the rock slopes, degradation of wintering caves and other factors. in the alps and some asian mountains the risk is still low .\nbourne, john d. . 1976. notes préliminaires sur la distribution spatiale de meta menardi, triphosa dubitata, triphosa sabaudiata, nelima aurantiaca et culex pipiens au sein d' un écosystème cavernicole (grotte de la scierie: hte. - savoie). international journal of speleology, 8: 253 - 267. available at: urltoken\nfollowing 8 months of observations in a richly populated cave, (grotte de la scierie, hautesavoie, france), it has been possible to outline the movements and distribution of meta menardi (araneae), nelima aurantiaca (opiliones), triphosa dubitata and triphosa sabaudiata (lepidoptera) and culex pipiens (diptera) within the cave ecosystem. although no general rule can be postulated it appears that the morphology of the cave walls and the climatic conditions regulate the distribution of these 5 species within the cave ecosystem. the interactions between the 5 species have been investigated .\nenter the name or part of a name you wish to search for. the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard. e. g.' papilio *'. keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .\nwe are still having problems with the search feature. unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .\nthe id resolving service for stable taxon ids is currently under maintenance. meanwhile, please use the name search in order to find the taxon page .\nmuseum für naturkunde leibniz - institut für evolutions - und biodiversitätsforschung invalidenstr. 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail: fauna - eu (at) mfn - berlin. de website: urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhost plants: the caterpillar lives on rhamnus species (buckthorn). i found the caterpillar in the engadine at rhamnus pumila .\nlife cycle: the moths hibernate and live from july to may. the caterpillar is usually found from may to early july (depending on altitude) .\ndistribution spatiale dans la grotte de la scierie\nby john d. bourne\nscholar commons > usf libraries > environmental sustainability > ijs > vol. 8 (1976) > iss. 3\nif is associated with an alamy account you' ll receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password .\nenter your log in email address and we’ll send you a link to reset your password .\nsorry, this image isn' t available for this licence. please refer to the license restrictions for more information .\non the alamy prints site (powered by art. com) choose your frame, the size and finish of your photo .\nenter your log in email address and we' ll send you a link to reset your password .\n2011 - 01 - 26 by & van nieukerken, dr erik j. karsholt, dr ole & by\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3. 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme. contract no. ri - 223806. activity area: capacities. period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture: gannet (morus bassanus (linnaeus, 1758) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi" ]

{ "text": [ "triphosa sabaudiata is a species of moth of the geometridae family that can be found in albania , andorra , austria , bulgaria , france ( including the islands of corsica ) , germany , greece , italy , liechtenstein , romania , spain , switzerland , ukraine , and in all states of the former yugoslavia .", "besides its central european distribution , it can also be found in asia .", "the species is silvery gray coloured , and can be found up to elevations of 1,800 metres ( 5,900 ft ) above sea level , mostly in caves .", "the wingspan is 4 – 4.5 centimetres ( 1.6 – 1.8 in ) ." ], "topic": [ 20, 20, 18, 9 ] }

[ "triphosa sabaudiata is a species of moth of the geometridae family that can be found in albania, andorra, austria, bulgaria, france (including the islands of corsica), germany, greece, italy, liechtenstein, romania, spain, switzerland, ukraine, and in all states of the former yugoslavia. besides its central european distribution, it can also be found in asia. the species is silvery gray coloured, and can be found up to elevations of 1,800 metres (5,900 ft) above sea level, mostly in caves. the wingspan is 4 – 4.5 centimetres (1.6 – 1.8 in)." ]

[ "amethyst - throated mountaingem (lampornis amethystinus) is a species of bird in the trochilidae family .\nboxfish. colchicum. clouded sulphur butterfly. amethyst - throated mountaingem - 1833 - old antique vintage print - art picture prints of birds\nboxfish. colchicum. clouded sulphur butterfly. amethyst - throated mountaingem - 1834 - old print - antique print - vintage print - birds art prints\nthe amethyst - throated hummingbird (lampornis amethystinus) - also known as amethyst - throated mountaingem or cazique hummingbird - occurs naturally in central america, specifically el salvador, guatemala, honduras and mexico. they are potential vagrants to southern texas in the usa .\nboxfish. colchicum. clouded sulphur butterfly. amethyst - throated mountaingem - 1833 - old antique vintage print - art picture prints of birds: urltoken kitchen & home\nurltoken boxfish. colchicum. clouded sulphur butterfly. amethyst - throated mountaingem - 1834 - old print - antique print - vintage print - birds art prints: home & kitchen\nthe amethyst - throated hummingbird measures 4. 5 - 5 inches (11. 5 - 12. 5 cm) in length .\n[ longuemare' s sunangel (heliangelus [ amethysticollis ] clarisse - longuemare, 1841) ] - south american hummingbirds that are closely related to, or by some authorities even considered a subspecies of, the central american amethyst - throated hummingbird (heliangelus amethysticollis) .\nvery soft scratchy song, similar to but less melodious than green - throated mountain - gem, also present at the site .\nzüchner, t. & boesman, p. (2018). amethyst - throated hummingbird (lampornis amethystinus). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018) .\nthe female amethyst - throated hummingbird is responsible for building the cup - shaped nest out of plant fibers woven together and green moss on the outside for camouflage in a protected location in a shrub, bush or tree. she lines the nest with soft plant fibers, animal hair and feather down, and strengthens the structure with spider webbing and other sticky material, giving it an elastic quality to allow it to stretch to double its size as the chicks grow and need more room. the nest is typically found on a low, skinny horizontal perch .\nthe amethyst - throated hummingbirds primarily feed on nectar taken from a variety of brightly colored, scented small flowers of trees, herbs, shrubs and epiphytes. they favor flowers with the highest sugar content (often red - colored and tubular - shaped) and seek out, and aggressively protect, those areas containing flowers with high energy nectar. they use their long, extendible, straw - like tongues to retrieve the nectar while hovering with their tails cocked upward as they are licking at the nectar up to 13 times per second. sometimes they may be seen hanging on the flower while feeding .\nantique print: boxfish. colchicum. clouded sulphur butterfly. amethyst - throated mountaingem. caption below print:' 1. coffre; 2. colchique; 3. coliade; 4. colibri'. type: antique steel engraved print with original hand colouring. date of printing: 1833. size: 26. 5 x 16. 5cm, 10. 5 x 6. 5 inches (medium), 448 sq cm. artist, cartographer or engraver: unsigned.' original' means that the item was printed at the date of the first publication run or edition; it does not imply that the item is unique. condition: good; suitable for framing. please check the scan for any blemishes prior to making your purchase. verso: there is nothing printed on the reverse side, which is plain. provenance :\ndictionnaire pittoresque d' histoire naturelle et des phenomenes de la nature\n; sous la direction de m f - e guerin, paris. subject categories: birds birds .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo, j. , collar, n. j. , christie, d. a. , elliott, a. and fishpool, l. d. c. 2014. hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world. volume 1: non - passerines. lynx edicions birdlife international, barcelona, spain and cambridge, uk .\njustification: this species has a very large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size may be moderately small to large, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\npartners in flight estimated the population to number fewer than 50, 000 individuals (a. panjabi in litt. 2008), thus it is placed in the band 20, 000 - 49, 999 individuals here. trend justification: this species is suspected to be declining locally owing to ongoing habitat loss (del hoyo et al. 1999 .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\ncalls from the same bird as in xc330585, given after it left its song perch and was foraging closer to us .\n' chip song' from a different bird than in xc330582. while singing the bird was perched high in a viny tangle in tall oak forest .\ncomplex song from the same bird as in xc330582. the bird would occasionally fly out from its song perch, but soon return and resume singing .\n' seet song' and complex song from the same bird as in xc330582. the bird would occasionally fly out from its song perch, but soon return and resume singing .\n' seet song' from a male bird perched at mid - height in tall oak forest .\nnatural calls from female perched about 2m up in understory of pine - oak forest after having been chased by another bird .\nnatural song from unseen bird at salvia bank by creek near ground in subtropical cloudforest. too early to see much in the understory .\nid certainty 90% . (archiv. tape 103 side a track 20 seq. a )\nsonogram images © xeno - canto foundation. sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists, and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12, 000 regional checklists in avibase, offered in 9 different taxonomies, including synonyms more than 175 languages. each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community, and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page, such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition (incl. corrigenda vol. 1 - 2) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details. to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263, 298, 835 times since 24 june 2003. © denis lepage | privacy policy\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\nwe don' t know when or if this item will be back in stock .\ncaption below print:' 1. coffre; 2. colchique; 3. coliade; 4. colibri'\ncondition: good; suitable for framing. however, please note: tight left margin; the image shown may have been taken from a different example of this print than that which is offered for sale. the print you will receive is in good condition but there may be minor variations in the condition from that shown in the image. please check the scan for any blemishes prior to making your purchase .\nthere was a problem completing your request. please try your search again later .\nprime members enjoy free two - day shipping and exclusive access to music, movies, tv shows, original audio series, and kindle books .\nafter viewing product detail pages, look here to find an easy way to navigate back to pages you are interested in .\nrange: highlands of southern mexico (chiapas), guatemala and el salvador .\nhis upper plumage is glossy green. the plumage below is dark grey with a bright purple throat patch (gorget). the outer tail feathers are grey tipped blended into the black of the tail. the immature male looks similar to the adult female, but he has less distinct grey tips on his outer tail feathers .\nshe has a glossy green upper plumage. the plumage is medium grey below. her throat is strongly tawny tinted. the grey tips on the outer tail feathers are crisply defined. the immature female has pale edgings on the feathers of the upper plumage .\nmany native and cultivated plants on whose flowers these birds feed heavily rely on them for pollination. the mostly tubular - shaped flowers actually exclude most bees and butterflies from feeding on them and, subsequently, from pollinating the plants .\nthey also visit local hummingbird feeders for some sugar water, or drink out of bird baths or water fountains where they will either hover and sip water as it runs over the edge; or they will perch on the edge and drink - like all the other birds; however, they only remain still for a short moment .\nthey also take some small spiders and insects - important sources of protein, particularly needed during the breeding season. insects are often caught in flight (hawking); snatched off leaves or branches, or are taken from spider webs. a nesting female can capture up to 2, 000 insects a day .\nmales establish feeding territories, where they aggressively chase away other males as well as large insects - such as bumblebees and hawk moths - that want to feed in their territory. they use aerial flights and intimidating displays to defend their territories .\nhummingbirds are solitary in all aspects of life other than breeding; and the male' s only involvement in the reproductive process is the actual mating with the female. they neither live nor migrate in flocks; and there is no pair bond for this species. males court females by flying in a u - shaped pattern in front of them. he will separate from the female immediately after copulation. one male may mate with several females. in all likelihood, the female will also mate with several males. the males do not participate in choosing the nest location, building the nest or raising the chicks .\nthe average clutch consists of two white eggs, which she incubates alone, while the male defends his territory and the flowers he feeds on. the young are born blind, immobile and without any down .\nthe female alone protects and feeds the chicks with regurgitated food (mostly partially - digested insects since nectar is an insufficient source of protein for the growing chicks). the female pushes the food down the chicks' throats with her long bill directly into their stomachs .\nas is the case with other hummingbird species, the chicks are brooded only the first week or two, and left alone even on cooler nights after about 12 days - probably due to the small nest size. the chicks leave the nest when they are about 7 - 10 days old .\ntheir calls are described as sharp, hard chips and buzzy trills. the male' s song is similar to the\npeep\nsong of the\nfor updates please follow beautyofbirds on google + (google. com / + avianweb )\nthe articles or images on this page are the sole property of the authors or photographers .\n; however, mistakes do happen. if you would like to correct or update any of the information, please\nthroughout history, crows, ravens and other black birds were feared as symbols of evil or death. …\nplease note: any content published on this site is commentary or opinion, and is protected under free speech. it is only provided for educational and entertainment purposes, and is in no way intended as a substitute for professional advice. avianweb / beautyofbirds or any of their authors / publishers assume no responsibility for the use or misuse of any of the published material. your use of this website indicates your agreement to these terms .\ncomment: condition: good; suitable for framing. please check the scan for any blemishes prior to making your purchase .\ncondition: good; suitable for framing. please check the scan for any blemishes prior to making your purchase .\ntype & age: year printed 1833. antique steel engraved print with original hand colouring\ninstantly receive a £10 urltoken gift card if you’re approved for the amazon platinum mastercard with instant spend. representative 21. 9% apr (variable) .\ncredit offered by newday ltd, over 18s only, subject to status. terms apply .\nplease make sure that you' ve entered a valid question. you can edit your question or post anyway .\nvisit the delivery destinations help page to see where this item can be delivered .\nprime members enjoy fast & free shipping, unlimited streaming of movies and tv shows with prime video and many more exclusive benefits .\nenglish spanish online dictionary term bank, where you can search in more than 2 million words in categories and different pronunciation options .\ntaxonomy somewhat confused, and precise distributions of races not well known. probably a sister - species of l. clemenciae # r. race margaritae sometimes suggested as possibly a separate species (including salvini and nobilis as races): has gorget bluish - violet, not rose - pink, may call slightly differently, and may be sympatric with nominate amethystinus in s oaxaca # r; on other hand, a study of phylogeography and population genetics of this species indicated that variation in throat colour is of recent origin and probably based on only minor genetic differences # r; research clearly needed. proposed race brevirostris doubtfully distinct from margaritae. name of race circumventus sometimes misspelt as circumventris. five subspecies recognized .\nswainson, 1827 – mountains of c & e mexico (s nuevo león and s tamaulipas to veracruz and n oaxaca) .\n( salvin & godman, 1889) – sw mexico (nayarit and jalisco to michoacán and w oaxaca) .\n( a. r. phillips, 1966) – s mexico (w sierra de miahuatlán, in sw oaxaca) .\n( ridgway, 1908) – highlands of s mexico (chiapas), guatemala and el salvador .\n11·5–12·5 cm; male 5–7·8 g, female 5–5·8 g. male has slightly decurved black bill; crown dark green, ear - coverts dusky grey, ...\nrepertoire varied. presumed song a soft, buzzy scratchy phrase, reminiscent of song of other ...\nedges and interior of humid evergreen and pine - oak forest, at 900–3000 m .\noct–dec, may–jul. nest is cup - shaped, made out of moss, decorated with lichens, and attached to pendent twigs in bushes or ...\nnot globally threatened. cites ii. generally common, but parts of habitat are under threat of deforestation; not known to accept man - made habitats. regularly recorded at el ...\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography. login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments. to make the most of all of hbw' s features, discover our subscriptions now !\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts, family texts, plates, audiovisual links, updates and related resources .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 55. 90 € (instead of 59. 90 €) 3 - year subscription package: 82 € (instead of 89. 85 € )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information, tracking references to their source (when available on the internet) .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 82. 5 € (instead of 89. 9 €) 3 - year subscription package: 122. 5 € (instead of 134. 85 € )\nthere is a registration fee of 20€. this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive. you won’t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution, click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding (anonymously); markers do not indicate precise localities." ]

{ "text": [ "the amethyst-throated mountaingem or amethyst-throated hummingbird ( lampornis amethystinus ) is a species of hummingbird in the family trochilidae .", "it is found in el salvador , guatemala , honduras , and mexico .", "its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests .", "one confirmed sighting of a male amethyst-throated hummingbird had occurred in west texas by cornell lab of orthinology on one of their online live webcams on october 15 , 2016 . " ], "topic": [ 3, 20, 24, 6 ] }

[ "the amethyst-throated mountaingem or amethyst-throated hummingbird (lampornis amethystinus) is a species of hummingbird in the family trochilidae. it is found in el salvador, guatemala, honduras, and mexico. its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. one confirmed sighting of a male amethyst-throated hummingbird had occurred in west texas by cornell lab of orthinology on one of their online live webcams on october 15, 2016." ]

[ "picture of poropuntius normani has been licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial. original source: fishbase - fao - author: fao permission: some rights reserved\nespecies de\nporopuntius\n. en fishbase. (rainer froese y daniel pauly, eds .). consultada en 12 de 210. n. p. : fishbase, 210 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\njustification: the species has been assessed as data deficient, due to a lack of information regarding the species' distribution range, population trends, or direct threats to this species .\nthe species has a southeast asian distribution. it is known from rivers, streams and lakes in the upper sesan drainage in central viet nam (including dac lac province) and eastern cambodia. in viet nam, records are from the mekong basin (rainboth 1996, 1998); sai gon river basin, a large mountain stream tributary of da dung and song dong nai south of ban ma thout at cau daktik, and kontum lake near pleiku. recent records include from the vu gia – thu bon river basin (sheaves 2008) .\nthis species occurs in clear mountain brooks and streams in forested areas. it feeds on insect larvae. it is not known to migrate and does not persist in impoundments (rainboth 1996) .\nthis species is not seen in markets in viet nam (rainboth 1996), but is likely to be used in subsistence fisheries .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n, select family and click on' identification by pictures' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the family .\n, select country and click on' identification by pictures' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on' identification by pictures' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by eagbayani, 30. 11. 04, , php script by cmilitante, 05 / 11 / 2010, last modified by cmilitante, 14 / 03 / 2013\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation, google, and apple. you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques; in live mode. quite the same wikipedia. just better .\nse editó esta página por última vez el 16 sep 2015 a las 14: 04 .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia. text is available under the cc by - sa 3. 0 unported license. non - text media are available under their specified licenses. wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation, inc. wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation." ]

{ "text": [ "poropuntius kontumensis is a species of ray-finned fish in the genus poropuntius .", "this species is native to cambodia and viet nam .", "its species named after kontum . " ], "topic": [ 22, 2, 25 ] }

[ "poropuntius kontumensis is a species of ray-finned fish in the genus poropuntius. this species is native to cambodia and viet nam. its species named after kontum." ]

[ "champion pacer im themightyquinn finished the brisbane winter carnival the same way he started it .\nim themightyquinn wins one of his 111 career starts and netted almost $ 5 million in prizemoney .\nthe win took im themightyquinn' s record in inter dominion heats and finals to nine undefeated runs .\nwith three inter dominion' s to his name, im themightyquinn is quite possibly the best we' ve ever seen .\nwith hall’s reinsman - son, gary junior, in the cart, im themightyquinn was an unlucky third behind bondy and karloo mick .\nim themightyquinn quickly set about showing the rest of the world how good he was as he registered group one victories seemingly at will .\nwith the veteran found to have re - fractured his off - hind cannon bone, hall made the tough call to retire im themightyquinn yesterday .\ntreated for the ailment, im themightyquinn seemed to move freely when performing light duties, but became distressed once pressure was put on his leg .\nas he looks at the champion resting in a paddock, harness racing trainer gary hall admits to harbouring mixed feelings about im themightyquinn’s career coming to an end .\nalready a sensation in western australia, im themightyquinn was taken to moonee valley to prove himself against australasia’s best in the time - honoured a g hunter cup .\nsuffering “quite a bit of discomfort” in his leg, im themightyquinn was initially thought to be feeling the effects of arthritis near the original fracture he incurred last year .\nin the straight, im themightyquinn dug deep to fight his way past avonnova to score by a half neck margin with mach beauty a further 3m away in third .\nnaturally rating the son of washington vc as the greatest he has trained, hall cited one of im themightyquinn’s defeats as the moment he realised the gelding was a superstar .\nwith mach beauty charging down the back straight on the final occasion in a 26. 5 second split, im themightyquinn was left working hard while avonnova sat patiently in the trail .\nthis video is provided for education purposes only. superstar sandgroper im themightyquinn produces his customary, big finish to win the $ 1m interdominion pacing championship at gloucester park on 2 march .\neight - year - old gelding im themightyquinn lived up to his name with a mighty effort to come from last to first to win his third consecutive inter dominion at tabcorp park menangle on sunday .\nim themightyquinn’s record sits on 58 wins and 34 placings from 111 starts for a bankroll of $ 4, 567, 456, making him the southern hemisphere’s second richest standardbred behind blacks a fake .\nhandled by regular reinsman gary hall jnr, im themightyquinn sat mid - field in the moving line before sustaining a long sprint from the 900m marker while mach beauty led his stablemate suave stuey lombo .\nchampion pinjarra harness horse im themightyquinn had his name etched into the annuls of wa’s rich racing history when he was inducted into the western australian racing industry hall of fame at the crown casino last night .\nin 2015 im themightyquinn, a three - time winner of australian harness horse of the year (2011 - 13), was retired after sustaining an injury while preparing for a fourth consecutive inter dominion title .\ngary hall jr brings themightyquinn back to scale after winning the 2013 auckland cup at alexandra park .\ndriver gary hall junior drives\nim themightyquinn\nto victory in the inter dominion grand final harness race at menangle park in sydney, sunday, march 3, 2013. (smh sport) photo by mick tsikas\nharness fans rob johnston from cedar creek and alan lendrum from toowoomba shared in the experience of a lifetime after being drawn as the lucky winners for the owners of im themightyquinn and bling it on for the night .\nim themightyquinn retired from racing just two years ago, but in a star - studded 111 - start career that netted almost $ 5 million in prize money, he made a quick transition to hall of fame status .\nim themightyquinn won both open class features during the carnival, the gr. 2 $ 60, 000 garrards sunshine sprint in track record time of 1; 50. 5 plus tonight’s gr. 1 $ 100, 000 tattsbet blacks a fake .\nim themightyquinn, as he was known in australia, was eight weeks into a new campaign, and looking like he would be fine to attempt to win a fourth interdominion title, when a day after his first slow hoppled run he went sore .\nthemightyquinn, one of the best pacers bred in new zealand, was retired today, victim of yet another injury .\nthemightyquinn had not raced for nearly a year - hall\nretiring\nhim after a hind leg fracture was pinned .\nalong with becoming just the third pacer top capture three inter dominions, im themightyquinn annexed an additional 11 top - shelf features including three western australia cups, three fremantle cup, two auckland cups, the cranbourne cup, mcinerney ford classic and the blacks a fake .\nim themightyquinn sounded an ominous warning to interstate interdominion aspirants with a devastating return to racing at gloucester park on 21 october, breaking the australian 2100 record previously held by blacks a fake (1: 54. 9) rating a sensational 1: 54. 0 .\nbut they hit the jackpot when themightyquinn came on the market in 2008 after winning six races for canterbury' s peter bagrie .\nhall said the way themightyquinn had come through countless injuries and bounced back to the very top each time spoke volumes for his courage .\nthree potent aussie raiders cleaned up at alexandra park, with perth visitor themightyquinn bagging the auckland cup. racing editor barry lichter reports .\nmighty effort: driver gary hall flourishes his whip as themightyquinn outguns mr feelgood (middle) and pembrook benny in the auckland cup at alexandra park .\nim themightquinn' s driver gary hall, trainer gary hall sr and part owner glen moore celebrate the champion horse' s induction into the wa racing industry hall of fame last night .\nmoore said he admired themightyquinn for his constitution .\nhe' s been up since december and has had to travel a lot, but he' s a fantastic traveller .\nafter years of raiding talent from new zealand, a syndicate from perth enjoyed its biggest thrill bringing themightyquinn back to capture friday night' s $ 400, 000 trillian trust auckland cup .\nhall' s son gary jun. drove themightyquinn in all but 14 of his australian starts, his confidence in the horse' s ability a crucial factor in many of his best wins .\nbut while perth trainer gary hall sr is disappointed that the day has finally come, he' s thankful he was able to save the 10 - year - old champion .\nwe thought it was his feet, nothing showed up on x - ray, and in a week he' d got over it ,\nhall said .\nbut then we found a spiral fracture of his off front pastern, which must have been there all along .\nit was pretty bad and we were extremely lucky he didn' t have to be euthanized. but we operated on him yesterday [ monday ], and four pins were put in, so he' s going to be all right .\nit' s sad that he' s gone out with a fractured leg but at least now he can die of old age .\nbut when vets gave the horse a 100 per cent clearance, hall decided\nto have another go\ngiven quinny turned in two of his best career runs in his last campaign in queensland, winning the blacks a fake (2680m) with a rare show of stamina and clocking his fastest mile, 1: 50. 4, in the sunshine sprint .\nat his age, now he' s fractured two legs, it would be madness to carry on with him. he' d need six to 12 months off anyway and you can' t ask him to come back at that age .\nnot that quinny couldn' t do it .\ni' ve never had a horse with such a will to win ,\nhall said .\ni don' t know whether he was smart or tough or crazy, but he used to go through the pain barrier and keep going .\neveryone said he was lucky to win the auckland cup [ in 2011 ] because terror to love got held up, but he came from the outside of the gate, sat parked for the last 1400 metres, and was so tough i' m pretty sure he would have won anyway .\nhe' s bled, he' s fibrillated, he' d had a hind leg fracture, survived cellulitis from a spider bite, you name it, he' s had it, but nothing stopped him .\nthe son of washington vc, bred by southlanders dave and dawn kennedy from their mare love sign, was bought by hall in 2008 after he had won six of 27 starts for canterbury trainer peter bagrie .\nhall turned him into the toughest pacer seen in australasia since pure steel in the 1970s, winning group i races in five states as well as new zealand .\nwith interdominion wins over blacks a fake at addington in 2011, mysta magical mach in perth in 2012 and mah sish at menangle in 2013, he raked in enormous purses, retiring with a bankroll of $ 4, 567, 456, just $ 8000 short of black' s a fake' s record tally .\nin 111 starts he finished out of the first three only 19 times, notching 58 wins, 21 seconds and 13 thirds .\nhall sen. says he' ll remember quinny' s second inters win in sydney as one of his best, when his son never panicked despite being a seemingly impossible way from the leaders at the bell - and ended up winning easily .\ni know i' ll never get another one as good as him... but i' ll keep hoping .\nheavy attention from swiss defenders leaves star footballer limping on a tender ankle, brazil camp says .\nnba star takes defeat on the chin saying his early foul triggered blast - off for the rockets and their fans .\nrockets star goes on the offensive against his team - mates after lackluster game one against warriors .\njust 67 - seconds were needed for notorious warriors star to state his intent in the nba conference finals .\nriders and horses complete the first circuit of the inter dominion grand final harness race at menangle park in sydney, sunday, march 3, 2013. (smh sport) photo by mick tsikas\nthe western australian star passed a field of champions in the straight to finish four metres ahead of runner - up mah sish, which led for much of the race, and excel stride in third .\nthe biggest day on the australian harness racing calendar, the inter dominion carnival, culminated with grand final day races featuring seven group 1 events .\nnsw harness racing club' s chief executive john dumesny hailed the carnival' s climax as an outstanding day. he had nothing but praise for the winner of the big race .\nfor him to do what he done in that race was just fantastic. i know they say he' s a western australian champion, but he is an australasian champion — a southern hemisphere champion .\nit proves he is a champion when he was last with a lap to go and last with 800 metres left and 10 lengths off the leader, but he won so convincingly going away from them .\nit also proves how good this track is because he wouldn' t have done it on a smaller track .\nhe will be back to defend his title to try to win for a fourth time in 2014 .\nmore than $ 2 million in prizemoney was up for grabs during the 10 - race meeting .\na huge crowd watched reinsman gary hall jnr steered the equal favourite on the betting to victory .\nthe crowd was better than we expected as we had a tad under 12, 000, so the focus it brought on this area was just great .\ntrainers, owners and drivers are compelled to come here to a world - class track .\nhad we had the weather on our side leading up to the day we would have been bursting at the seams .\nplease note: all comments made or shown here are bound by the online discussion terms & conditions .\non a night when australians bagged three feature races at alexandra park, and the chant\naussie aussie aussie\nlingered in the air, part - owner glen moore told the crowd how the exhilaration of winning the cup was right up with his best thrills of the last 30 years .\nthis is an international win against the best horses and when you get to this level it' s hard to duplicate this feeling. these horses are superstars .\nfor us to beat your champion horses from new zealand is a great thrill .\nmoore and his mates – gary ralston, mark congerton, joe barber, henry mcmanus, beth richardson and karen hall – have in, the last three decades, helped trainer gary hall build his stable from a small operation into the most potent force in the state .\ni would have 15 horses with gary, with partners in a lot of them, and you could say we' re the backbone of the stable. we have four or five racing at gloucester park tonight .\none of those, former kiwi my jasami, won his fifth straight since being bought from dave and clare mcgowan .\nwe buy a lot of horses from new zealand – two this month – and probably 10 in the last year. they' re coming over all the time .\nnot all of their higher - priced buys have worked out, like courage under fire four - year - old best chance, who won four of eight starts for mark jones .\nwe can' t get him to go ,\nmoore said .\ni think we got him only because auckland reactor was so far in front of everything else at the time. after watching his tapes gary rang us and said we just had to buy the horse .\nthe horse had high speed but he used to over - race. gary thought if he could harness that and get him to settle he would stay better .\nso we took a punt and paid $ 180, 000 for him .\ntoday, 21 wins and more than $ 1. 5 million later, moore' s mob have no regrets .\nhe' s matured and overcome that problem and is a very exciting horse ,\nmoore said .\nhe has a blistering burst of speed and it' s rare to see that these days. you mostly see stayers grinding their way to win .\nbut he has the speed of a chokin or sir vancelot and can stay as well .\nin the last few months the six - year - old has won the $ a100, 000 cranbourne cup, the $ a250, 000 fremantle cup, the $ a400, 000 wa pacing cup and run unlucky thirds in the $ a425, 000 victoria cup and $ a425, 000 hunter cup .\nnow, the team is hoping they can claim the pinnacle of harness racing by taking the $ 800, 000 interdominion grand final in auckland on april 8, a thrill one of their number, congerton, experienced in christchurch eight years ago with baltic eagle .\nand that' s a distinct possibility, especially if gary hall junior –\na champion young driver\n– can replicate his performance of friday night when he found the early death seat, then enjoyed the one - out - one - back sit when gutsy runner - up mr feelgood swooped round the field .\nhall raised his whip high when he got the horse home by half - a - length, but he' d already done too much of that earlier in the run home, and was later fined $ 350 for excessive whip use .\ndriver mark purdon didn' t need his whip when pacemaker auckland reactor began to weaken on the home turn, then locked wheels with gomeo romeo .\nhe went from bolting to buggered in a few strides ,\npurdon said .\nthere was no in between .\ni could tell he wanted to come out of the gate and when he crossed at first he settled beautifully .\nbut he wasn' t so good over the last mile and is still not settling as i' d like him to .\nhe' s not the same horse he used to be yet – but he' s only had three runs in the last 15 months – so i' m hoping he' ll get better .\nto use this website, cookies must be enabled in your browser. to enable cookies, follow the instructions for your browser below. facebook app: open links in external browser\nthere is a specific issue with the facebook in - app browser intermittently making requests to websites without cookies that had previously been set. this appears to be a defect in the browser which should be addressed soon. the simplest approach to avoid this problem is to continue to use the facebook app but not use the in - app browser. this can be done through the following steps :\nbefore the cookie settings change will take effect, safari must restart. to restart safari press and hold the home button (for around five seconds) until the iphone / ipad display goes blank and the home screen appears .\na note about relevant advertising: we collect information about the content (including ads) you use across this site and use it to make both advertising and content more relevant to you on our network and other sites. this is also known as online behavioural advertising. you can find out more about our policy and your choices, including how to opt - out here .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nordering more scans on the 10 - year - old’s troubled spot, hall was relieved and disappointed with the news of another fracture .\n“we had him x - rayed when he first showed he was sore, but no fracture was found, which is not uncommon, ” hall explained. “so it was diagnosed as arthritis .\n“he’s not sore when he’s just trotting up, but when he’s under pressure he’s feeling it .\n“he must have done it during his last race in queensland, which just shows what a champion he was to still win .\n“it is disappointing for his career to be over given the form he was in, but at least we know the problem and he’s gone out on a high night as a last - start group one winner. ”\n“he was bought as a nice horse, which i expected to develop into a top open class horse which could win some descent races, ” hall explained. “but i never imagined he would turn out to be as good as he did .\n“he was a good thing beaten in that hunter cup and that’s when he proved himself as a grand circuit horse .\nblacks a fake holds the record as the inter dominion’s most successful campaigner with four triumphs, with our sir vancelot the first to complete a hat - trick .\nthanks to his 72 wins and 14 placings from 105 starts, blacks a fake earned $ 4, 575, 438 .\nrounding out the top 10 earners are smoken up ($ 3, 607, 985), monkey king ($ 3, 332, 513), changeover ($ 2, 321, 677), lyell creek ($ 2, 256, 724), shakamaker ($ 2, 229, 634), our sir vancelot ($ 2, 197, 990), terror to love ($ 2, 161, 355) and village kid ($ 2, 117, 870) .\n“his perth inter dominion is the greatest moment i’ve had with him, ” hall said. “he won the previous year under dubious circumstances, but in perth he was just too good .\n“it was also one of the strongest inters of modern times with quinny, smoken up and auckland reactor all going through the heats unbeaten .\n“he just blitzed them in the final in front of his home crowd…it was his crowning glory .\n“missing the sydney inter earlier this year when he was going for four wins is the biggest disappointment .\n“he’ll stay here and now and just enjoy the rest of his life, ” hall declared. “he’s done enough and has earned a long, happy retirement. ”\ncelebration: father / son combination gary hall snr & jnr embrace following their victory in the gr. 1 $ 100, 000 tattsbet blacks a fake at albion park\nthe gary hall trained nine - year - old once again captivated a massive crowd at albion park with a thrilling come from behind victory in the gr. 1 $ 100, 000 tattsbet blacks a fake defeating tough local pacer avonnova and mach beauty .\nthe winning milerate was 1; 56. 1 – just outside of the track record of 1; 55. 9 held by mr feelgood .\n“this is unbelievable; i thought he was all done at the top of the straight after such a strong back straight split but he showed why he is a champion and that was an effort of a champion. i’m so pleased for the horse and i’m thrilled with the way he’s been admired by the queensland people. ” hall said .\nthe gr. 1 $ 100, 000 sky racing queensland derby was dominated by race favourite and star sydney colt bling it on who defeated alleluia and yayas hot spot .\ndriven aggressively by luke mccarthy, bling it on found the lead at the 2000m point and dictated terms in front thereafter before striding clear to win by 9. 5m in a time of 1; 57. 2 for the 2680m event .\nthe american ideal colt remains unbeaten in queensland winning all nine starts to date .\nbling it on now heads to victoria for the australasian breeders crown series next month .\nthe gr. 2 $ 80, 000 kevin & kay seymour qbred triad 2yo finals were thrilling contests .\njack malone scored a nose victory over a gallant a good chance with constantlysideways finishing third after leading .\ntrained and driven by peter greig, jack malone rated 1; 55. 9 for the 1660m event .\nin the fillies final, the shannon price trained stablemates bettorthanspecial edged out bettor promise by a short head margin in a time of 1; 58. 5 .\nbred and raced by tony and katy price, both fillies are by super sire bettors delight .\nthe gr. 3 $ 45, 000 gurney group of companies 4yo championship was taken out by former kiwi pacer five card draw who scored via the sprintlane to beat majestic major and chevals clivesdale in a driving finish .\ntrained and driven by darrel graham, five card draw has now won seven races at albion park since being purchased by dean shannon earlier this year .\nchampion pacer blacks a fake was another star attraction trackside tonight parading in front of the massive crowd on a number of occasions which was met by a great response .\nlorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. praesent suscipit iaculis libero sed tristique. quisque mollis dolor non tellus placerat vitae sodales lectus porta. curabitur ut suscipit tellus. maecenas rhoncus, ante vitae vehicula vestibulum, metus sapien dapibus tellus, et mattis dolor neque vitae nisl. nullam eleifend ultrices ipsum eget pretium. curabitur semper metus ut ante adipiscing nec volutpat sem rutrum. nullam a nisi lacus, non interdum ante. vivamus ante augue, commodo vel egestas sed, pharetra nec dui. quisque sed tellus felis. donec ipsum mauris, sagittis eu accumsan in, aliquam non ipsum .\nvestibulum tempor nunc nec felis scelerisque eget elementum erat dignissim. ut vel ipsum mollis orci venenatis luctus. aenean vehicula quam vel quam porttitor ac iaculis elit pulvinar. proin consequat, ipsum eu venenatis semper, justo turpis posuere tortor, ac placerat metus nisl et lectus. nulla cursus dui id nunc ullamcorper sed semper nisl lobortis. aliquam erat volutpat. phasellus arcu ante, imperdiet in ornare sed, laoreet eu massa .\nharness racing accident, bulli paceway - 21 / 01 / 1991 (bright flyer - g. v. frost )\nharness racing, moonee valley - 12 / 02 / 2000 inter - dominion grand final (shakamaker - j. justice )\nthe horse won 14 races at the elite level, including three wa pacing cups (2011 - 12 - 13) .\nbut arguably the race that ensconced him into australian harness racing folklore was his third inter dominion victory at menangle park when he came from last in a stirring finish .\nother inductees were; (thoroughbreds) raconteur, rodney kemp, len pike, sir ernest lee steere snr, max simmonds, (harness) frosty nelson, lyle lindau, harold richter, sir frank ledger, (greyhounds) and keith harding .\nthe wa racing industry hall of fame continues to celebrate the most acclaimed icons in western australian racing, pacing and chasing .\nthe inductees joined 58 other horses, trainers, jockeys, drivers and associates that have been inducted since 2007 .\nall the latest news and competitions direct to your inbox. subscribe for free today .\nyou are trying to access our website from united states. due to legal reasons it is not allowed for us to accept bets of customers accessing the website from this country .\nwe are sorry for this inconvenience. if you assume that this is the result of an error with our localization software please contact us at + 356 2260 3517 or via email at\nracebets international gaming ltd, dragonara business centre, dragonara road, st. julian' s stj 3141, malta, is licensed and regulated by the malta gaming authority (mga) under licence number mga / cl2 / 610 / 2009 issued on 18 / 12 / 10 and further by the british gambling commission for players from great britain." ]

{ "text": [ "im themightyquinn ( foaled 2004 ) is an australian champion standardbred race horse notable for being a three time australian harness horse of the year and three time winner of the inter dominion .", "im themightyquinn was entered into the 2006 premier sale in new zealand where he was bred but was withdrawn from the sale likely due to lack of commercial appeal as he was a small yearling out of a not particularly successful mare .", "he was bought privately by peter bagrie for $ 13,000 .", "racing in new zealand at ages two and three he had limited success including a win in the northern stakes and a third in the harness jewels .", "he faced tough competition including auckland reactor .", "he was then sold to clients of western australian trainer gary hall sr for $ 180,000 .", "at age four im themightyquinn was third in the golden nugget , won the mcinerney ford classic , finished third in the fremantle cup and in sydney was second in the chariots of fire .", "he won 8 of his 16 starts for the 2008 – 09 season .", "in 2009 – 10 im themightyquinn won the fremantle cup and finished second in the australian pacing championship behind has the answers and in the western australian pacing cup to washakie .", "in victoria he was third in the a g hunter cup behind bondy .", "in the hunter cup he sprinted quickly from near the rear of the field passing horses such as smoken up , mr feelgood and washakie .", "he won 6 of 12 starts for the season and $ 374,935 .", "he was also named western australian harness horse of the year .", "in 2010 – 11 he won the fremantle cup with a brilliant burst of speed and the western australian pacing cup despite being disadvantaged by the slow pace of the race after he settled near the rear of the field .", "in victoria he won the cranbourne cup and was third in both the victoria cup and a g hunter cup .", "taken to new zealand im themightyquinn won the auckland trotting cup defeating mr feelgood .", "the 2011 inter dominion had been scheduled to be run at addington , christchurch but after the 2011 christchurch earthquake the series was moved to alexandra park , auckland .", "im themightyquinn won both of his heats in an australian dominated series .", "in the final smoken up crossed the line first ahead of im themightyquinn with blacks a fake third .", "however , when smoken up was disqualified after returning a positive swab im themightyquinn was promoted to being the 2011 inter dominion champion .", "in australia he won $ 334,735 for the season and was the australian harness horse of the year and australasian pacers grand circuit champion .", "early in the 2011 – 12 season im themightyquinn travelled to new south wales and victoria but was defeated in the miracle mile and victoria cup after becoming dehydrated .", "however back in his home state he recorded eleven consecutive wins .", "included in the sequence was another western australian pacing cup in a track record mile rate of 1:56 for 2506 metres and a win in the fremantle cup where he destroyed his rivals winning by 14 metres in a mile rate of 1:56.5 over 2906 metres .", "in 2012 the inter dominion was contested at gloucester park , perth where im themightyquinn swept his three heats before a last to first win in the final .", "he recovered from a fever on the morning of the day before the final .", "for the season he started 13 times for 9 wins and $ 1.25 m in stakes .", "for the second consecutive year he was awarded the australian harness horse of the year title .", "im themightyquinn ’s start to the 2012 – 13 season was delayed by an attack of atrial fibrillation however he won first up in the mount eden sprint before recording a record fifteenth consecutive gloucester park win .", "in victoria he finished third in the victoria cup at melton .", "back in perth im themightyquinn won a third western australian pacing cup , one less than the record of four cup wins by pure steel and village kid .", "the win came a week after he had beaten at gloucester park after 18 consecutive wins there .", "after a heat win at gloucester park im themightyquinn travelled to menangle park paceway for the inter dominion final .", "he won the inter dominion for a third time with a last to first finish beating mah sish and excel stride after being 10 lengths from the leaders with 800 metres to run .", "it was his ninth consecutive win in inter dominion competition .", "shortly after the inter dominion im themightyquinn travelled to new zealand and won the auckland trotting cup for a second time defeating triple new zealand trotting cup winner terror to love by 2 ¾ lengths .", "he was the australasian pacers grand circuit champion and australian harness horse of the year for the 2012 – 13 season where he won 12 of 17 starts and $ 1,077,610 .", "injury and illness then restricted im themightyquinn ’s career however he did still travel to brisbane in 2014 and win the sunshine sprint and the blacks a fake at albion park .", "in the sunshine sprint he ran a track record 1:50.4 mile rate .", "in 2015 he was retired after sustaining in an injury in training while being prepared for an attempt to win a fourth inter dominion .", "he won 58 of 111 starts with 21 seconds and 13 third places . " ], "topic": [ 14, 4, 4, 14, 17, 4, 14, 14, 14, 0, 14, 14, 25, 14, 14, 14, 16, 14, 23, 9, 14, 14, 14, 14, 14, 15, 14, 14, 14, 14, 14, 14, 14, 14, 14, 14, 14, 14, 14, 14, 14 ] }

[ "im themightyquinn (foaled 2004) is an australian champion standardbred race horse notable for being a three time australian harness horse of the year and three time winner of the inter dominion. im themightyquinn was entered into the 2006 premier sale in new zealand where he was bred but was withdrawn from the sale likely due to lack of commercial appeal as he was a small yearling out of a not particularly successful mare. he was bought privately by peter bagrie for $ 13,000. racing in new zealand at ages two and three he had limited success including a win in the northern stakes and a third in the harness jewels. he faced tough competition including auckland reactor. he was then sold to clients of western australian trainer gary hall sr for $ 180,000. at age four im themightyquinn was third in the golden nugget, won the mcinerney ford classic, finished third in the fremantle cup and in sydney was second in the chariots of fire. he won 8 of his 16 starts for the 2008 – 09 season. in 2009 – 10 im themightyquinn won the fremantle cup and finished second in the australian pacing championship behind has the answers and in the western australian pacing cup to washakie. in victoria he was third in the a g hunter cup behind bondy. in the hunter cup he sprinted quickly from near the rear of the field passing horses such as smoken up, mr feelgood and washakie. he won 6 of 12 starts for the season and $ 374,935. he was also named western australian harness horse of the year. in 2010 – 11 he won the fremantle cup with a brilliant burst of speed and the western australian pacing cup despite being disadvantaged by the slow pace of the race after he settled near the rear of the field. in victoria he won the cranbourne cup and was third in both the victoria cup and a g hunter cup. taken to new zealand im themightyquinn won the auckland trotting cup defeating mr feelgood. the 2011 inter dominion had been scheduled to be run at addington, christchurch but after the 2011 christchurch earthquake the series was moved to alexandra park, auckland. im themightyquinn won both of his heats in an australian dominated series. in the final smoken up crossed the line first ahead of im themightyquinn with blacks a fake third. however, when smoken up was disqualified after returning a positive swab im themightyquinn was promoted to being the 2011 inter dominion champion. in australia he won $ 334,735 for the season and was the australian harness horse of the year and australasian pacers grand circuit champion. early in the 2011 – 12 season im themightyquinn travelled to new south wales and victoria but was defeated in the miracle mile and victoria cup after becoming dehydrated. however back in his home state he recorded eleven consecutive wins. included in the sequence was another western australian pacing cup in a track record mile rate of 1:56 for 2506 metres and a win in the fremantle cup where he destroyed his rivals winning by 14 metres in a mile rate of 1:56.5 over 2906 metres. in 2012 the inter dominion was contested at gloucester park, perth where im themightyquinn swept his three heats before a last to first win in the final. he recovered from a fever on the morning of the day before the final. for the season he started 13 times for 9 wins and $ 1.25 m in stakes. for the second consecutive year he was awarded the australian harness horse of the year title. im themightyquinn ’s start to the 2012 – 13 season was delayed by an attack of atrial fibrillation however he won first up in the mount eden sprint before recording a record fifteenth consecutive gloucester park win. in victoria he finished third in the victoria cup at melton. back in perth im themightyquinn won a third western australian pacing cup, one less than the record of four cup wins by pure steel and village kid. the win came a week after he had beaten at gloucester park after 18 consecutive wins there. after a heat win at gloucester park im themightyquinn travelled to menangle park paceway for the inter dominion final. he won the inter dominion for a third time with a last to first finish beating mah sish and excel stride after being 10 lengths from the leaders with 800 metres to run. it was his ninth consecutive win in inter dominion competition. shortly after the inter dominion im themightyquinn travelled to new zealand and won the auckland trotting cup for a second time defeating triple new zealand trotting cup winner terror to love by 2 ¾ lengths. he was the australasian pacers grand circuit champion and australian harness horse of the year for the 2012 – 13 season where he won 12 of 17 starts and $ 1,077,610. injury and illness then restricted im themightyquinn ’s career however he did still travel to brisbane in 2014 and win the sunshine sprint and the blacks a fake at albion park. in the sunshine sprint he ran a track record 1:50.4 mile rate. in 2015 he was retired after sustaining in an injury in training while being prepared for an attempt to win a fourth inter dominion. he won 58 of 111 starts with 21 seconds and 13 third places." ]

[ "no one has contributed data records for pseudosimnia juanjosensii yet. learn how to contribute .\n- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species: pseudosimnia juanjosensii (a. m. pérez & b. gómez, 1987) - id: 1640054055\n( of aperiovula juanjosensii pérez & gómez, 1987) perez g. & gomez r. (1987). aperiovula juanjosensii spec. nov. (mollusca gastropoda) una nuova specie delle isole canarie. argonauta 3 (1 - 2): 231 - 235 [ details ]\n( of aperiovula juanjosensii pérez & gómez, 1987) micali p. , renda w. & ventimiglia s. (2013) new report of aperiovula juanjosensii pérez & gomez, 1987 (gastropoda ovulidae) for the sicilian coast. biodiversity journal 4 (3): 415 - 418. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nsimone l. r. l. (2007). the occurrence of pseudosimnia vanhyningi and spiculata bijuri in the northeastern brazil, with comments on their taxonomy (caenogastropoda, ovulidae). strombus. 14 (1 - 2): 1 - 6. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of aperiovula juanjosensii pérez & gómez, 1987) lorenz f. & fehse d. (2009) the living ovulidae. a manual of the families of allied cowries: ovulidae, pediculariidae and eocypraeidae. hackenheim: conchbooks. [ details ]\n( of aperiovula juanjosensii pérez & gómez, 1987) gofas, s. ; le renard, j. ; bouchet, p. (2001). mollusca. in: costello, m. j. et al. (eds), european register of marine species: a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. patrimoines naturels. 50: 180 - 213. (look up in imis) [ details ]\ntaxonomy placed in synonymy of the western atlantic spiculata bijuri cate, 1976 by simone (2007) without much discussion. here ...\ntaxonomy placed in synonymy of the western atlantic spiculata bijuri cate, 1976 by simone (2007) without much discussion. here maintained [ august 2015 ] as valid species until at least the genus - level taxonomy is clarified [ august 2015 ] [ details ]\n( of primovula bellocqae cardin, 1997) cardin c. (1997). a new false cowry from nw africa. primovula (adamantia) bellocqae n. sp. . la conchiglia 285: 24 - 25 page (s): 24 - 25 [ details ]\nlorenz f. & fehse d. (2009) the living ovulidae. a manual of the families of allied cowries: ovulidae, pediculariidae and eocypraeidae. hackenheim: conchbooks. [ details ]\n( of primovula bellocqae cardin, 1997) lorenz f. & fehse d. (2009) the living ovulidae. a manual of the families of allied cowries: ovulidae, pediculariidae and eocypraeidae. hackenheim: conchbooks. [ details ]\n( of primovula bellocqae cardin, 1997) gofas, s. ; le renard, j. ; bouchet, p. (2001). mollusca. in: costello, m. j. et al. (eds), european register of marine species: a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. patrimoines naturels. 50: 180 - 213. (look up in imis) [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43. 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed. my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nthe material on this site may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, cached or otherwise used, except with the prior written permission of bob goemans .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nif you do not have an account yet, you can register here first .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail conchbooks office if you do not receive your email with your username and password." ]

{ "text": [ "pseudosimnia juanjosensii is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family ovulidae , the ovulids , cowry allies or false cowries . " ], "topic": [ 2 ] }

[ "pseudosimnia juanjosensii is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family ovulidae, the ovulids, cowry allies or false cowries." ]

[ "for those without comedic tastes, the so - called experts at wikipedia have an article about aha ha .\nthe aha ha is the common name for a species of wasp from australia of the order hammeburga, suborder fryes .\naha ha (from the aha genus) is a species of australian wasp. it was named by the entomologist arnold menke in 1977: when he received the package from a colleague containing the insect specimens, he exclaimed “aha! ” .\naha, here' s a whole other way to look at this problem.'\nthe larvae of the aha ha are relatively fast - moving and destructive, often reducing gardens to mangled dirt patches in a matter of minutes. their progress is difficult to track due to their size and speed, even despite the high - pitched whining they make .\nwhat made you want to look up aha? please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible) .\nit isn’t just modern scientists making light of their scientific discoveries. in 1977, arnold menke named a wasp aha ha to capture the excitement of getting to say “aha! ” when finding a new species. in fact, menke even began the title of his paper “ aha, a new genus of australian sphecidae ” to help make light of the name. he liked the joke so much, he even had a novelty license plate that read “ahaha” on his car. the wasp itself belongs to the specidae family of wasps. the members of this family are quite diverse and include many different body types and breeding styles .\nunlike most wasps aha ha does not have a stinger. the aha ha, in some texts referred to as the\nhandyman wasp\n, features a small phillips - head screwdriver at the tip of its abdomen. the abdomen itself has a somewhat\nsaggy\nlook to it, to the extent that the animal' s rectum is slightly visible at the join between abdomen and thorax. it has great strength for its size, though it also has a comparatively small brain, often leading it to make mistakes in its attempts at nest construction (misjudging the strength of construction materials, building nests without an entrance, etc .). an as yet unidentified gland in the wasp' s body can give it a somewhat offensive odour, particular in the summer months .\nthe adult aha ha is much slower - moving than the larvae. it is attracted to particular sounds and smells; the fumes from high - octane petrol, the yeast component in beer and the vibrational frequency produced by 12 - volt power tools are major attractants. mating rituals involve extended, repetitive dialogue between the male and female using a technique known as\nslurring\n. the mating act lasts around three minutes and the female will usually wake up the following day and give birth to twins .\nthese example sentences are selected automatically from various online news sources to reflect current usage of the word' aha.' views expressed in the examples do not represent the opinion of merriam - webster or its editors. send us feedback .\nthe aha ha is unique in that individual wasps seem to partake in a primitive form of barter system. the male has been known to spend weeks at a time performing odd jobs for other wasps in exchange for wood, paper, food and other materials before swapping all of it' s hard - earned income for scraps of shiny material with no practical function, which it then attaches to its own nest, usually in inappropriate or intrusive places. other wasps in the local population will then congregate around the newly upgraded nest until the process is repeated elsewhere .\nvolumino negatori doso, pages 24 - 27. (april fool' s day 1993 )\nusda - sel - ars, u. s. national museum nhb - 168 ,\ncan' t find a community you love? create your own and start something epic .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia, please upload using the upload tools .\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 536ead9e - 439c - 45db - a16e - 5956a1f134d3\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: a58ac43e - 31be - 4462 - 96fe - 5e92f05b8c2a\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: aeb36cb9 - 0243 - 42f9 - 81e0 - 853b6b65d979\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: c43e755d - 25fd - 4482 - a4ea - a71abbb1fde8\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: cbf5d0cc - 242c - 4afa - 841e - 67679f16a0a5\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 4779f69e - 3ec7 - 4d38 - a77d - 7f41fe8caac6\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 243387\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment. find records and model species distributions. export reports, maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area, or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something? photograph something? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities. we honour and celebrate the spiritual, cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nthe story of an imaginary word that managed to sneak past our editors and enter the dictionary .\ntake this quiz and discover 12 words for things you didn' t know had words .\nwe come to edinburgh every summer and get our costumes and gifts from both shops. we were a hit in our key west fantasy fest neighborho\ngreat, friendly service! helped me out of a jam the a costume do my show a the fringe. very grateful .\nwe have over 25 new lines in store as of today - with lots of decade costume to sort you out for any 60s, 70s or 80s parties you have coming up .\npop in store now to browse our new and improved range of costumes, as well as accessories, wigs, jokes, toys and much more .\ntrying to keep the kids occupied? then pop down to grab some jokes, or maybe some simple magic to keep them quiet for hours .\nif not, swing by anyway - you never know what you might find .\ntell us about it and it could be featured on oddee. you can remain fully anonymous .\nslippery dick (halichoeres bivittatus) is a species of ocean - dwelling fish in the family labridae. this species originates mostly from the western atlantic: north carolina and bermuda to brazil. it swims as if it’s dragging its tail. adults may grow to a length of 8 inches .\na leiodid beetle (from the colon genus), named by melville harrison hatch in 1933 .\nthe agra vation, it’s actually a very non - aggravating beetle, just one of over 40, 000 species found in the family carabidae. with a bright metallic green back and rufous - coloured head it cuts a very fine figure. the carabid family also includes the bombadier beetle, famous for being able to shoot hot, poisonous chemicals from its backside when annoyed. it is found in the peruvian amazon, not far from the borders with brazil and colombia .\nthe urltoken monkey (callicebus aureipalatii, “aureipalatii” meaning “of the golden palace”) is a titi, a kind of new world monkey, discovered in western bolivia’s madidi national park in 2004. rather than choosing a name themselves, the discoverers auctioned off the naming rights to raise funds for fundesnap, the nonprofit organization that maintains madidi national park. urltoken, one of over a dozen bidders, paid us $ 650, 000 to have the species named after them .\nseveral spiders bear the names of entertainers such as the calponia harrisonfordi, and the pachygnatha zappa who clearly have taxonomists as fans. sting, the musician, has his own tree frog as well: hyla stingi. america’s president, vice president and defence secretary each got a beetle (agathidium bushi, a. cheneyi, a. rumsfeldi) courtesy of two republican coleopterists. admittedly, the beetles in question eat slime mould, which caused a few titters among taxonomists of a democrat persuasion, but it is clearly an act of gross speciesism to criticise the dining habits of other organisms, so the titters were sotto voce .\npronounced “carmen electra she kiss me”, is actually a name for a fossil mythicmyiid (that’s another word for moth) from dominican amber .\nthe oedipus complex is a type of salamander that doesn’t have any lungs, only gills. as if to make up for their lung - lack, they perform very elaborate courtship dances. they’re also called gamboa worm salamanders. found on south and central america, it’s relatively common in colombia and panama .\nat 42 characters, it’s the longest accepted scientific name. it is a fly, and is only found in india. whilst this beast has the longest accepted name, b. dybowski, in 1927, proposed the following 50 - letter name for a lake baikal amphipod: gammaracanthuskytodermogammarus loricatobaicalensis, which was not accepted .\nthis one is easy, an absolute piece of cake. it’s a small furry fly. the name pieza is derived from the greek “piezos” meaning to squeeze, referring to the peculiar shape of the female’s sperm pump .\nthere’s a myth out there that scientists are always very serious and perhaps even slightly boring. fortunately, this isn’t even remotely true. prime evidence for how hilariously awesome scientists are is found right in scientific journals, based on what they have decided to name newly - discovered species. this has already been covered on ifls when dealing with names of genes, but scientists also take creative license when naming entire organisms as well .\nthere are a ton of organisms that have been named after celebrities, politicians, and even works of fiction. i would never have time to go through all of them, so here are some of my favorites :\nkooteninchele deppi was a 4 - centimeter - long (1. 6 - inch - long) sea creature that lived about 505 million years ago in the cambrian period. it most likely patrolled shallow waters hunting and scavenging for meals. k. deppi is an ancestor of crabs and lobsters, which is not really surprising given the creature’s pincers. these are so distinct, david legg from imperial college london thought the creature resembled edward scissorhands and assigned a name as a tribute to johnny depp for such a memorable role .\ncarmenelectra shechisme is an extinct fly species that is the sole representative of its genus. at only about 1 - 3 millimeters long, it is extremely small. all of the examined individuals were found in amber. in 2002, neal evenhuis published the existence of the fly and decided to name it after the model / actress carmen electra. the best thing about carmenelectra shechisme is the pronunciation: “carmen electra, she - kiss - me. ” according to neal, he had tried to contact her about immortalizing her in science (and perhaps wanting to make good on the fly’s name) though he has not heard from her .\nthis past summer, a jellyfish was discovered that would represent a new species, genus, and suborder. it was found in the brunswick river in new south wales, australia. lisa - ann gershwin and peter davie, both of the queensland museum, decided to name the grape - sized discovery after the catchphrase of their favorite television character, sheldon cooper from the big bang theory. bazinga rieki isn’t just an homage to everyone’s favorite fictional theoretical physicist, as “bazinga” also refers to a harp, which the jellyfish quite strongly resembles. it’s a win - win .\ndracorex hogwartsia, “the dragon king of hogwarts” is a dinosaur that was discovered by bob bakker and rob sullivan in 2006. though the dinosaur was an herbivore, the shape of the head resembles a ferocious fire - breathing dragon. there is some controversy surrounding this species, as some skeptics think it might be the juvenile of a different dinosaur that had been described over 15 years earlier, though the debate has not yet been settled. the specific name hogwartsia is a tribute to harry potter’s alma matter. the title is fun and fitting, given that the bones are on display at the children’s museum of indianapolis. harry potter’s author j. k. rowling adores the name: “the naming of dracorex hogwartsia is easily the most unexpected honor to have come my way since the publication of the harry potter books! i am absolutely thrilled to think that hogwarts has made a small claw mark upon the fascinating world of dinosaurs. ”\nthe genus name medusaceratops which translates to “medusa horned face” gives quite a mental image of the dinosaur described in 2010 by michael ryan, after having been misclassified for several years. medusa is a hideous creature from greek mythology who had snakes for hair and could turn people to stone with just a look. medusaceratops has large horns around the frill, which sort of look like snakes sticking out from around the head. the specific name lokii was a nod to loki of norse mythology, who was a half - god known for causing trouble. because the dinosaur itself had caused scientists a great deal of grief while trying to identify it, the name seemed to fit .\nmedusaceratops lived over 77 million years ago and is one of the oldest members of the ceratopsia family. the most famous member of this family is the triceratops, though they did not were separated by about 10 million years .\nwas sold out literally, though it was for a worthy cause. when a new species of monkey was described as a new species in south america in 2004, the scientists decided to forego their right to name the monkey and auctioned off the name instead with the proceeds going to fundesnap, a nonprofit conservation organization that works where the monkey was found. the winning bid of $ 650, 000 gained the right to name the monkey\nmonkey lives in the foothills of the andes mountains and lives in monogamous pairs .\nannuntidiogenes worfi is a hermit crab named after lieutenant worf from star trek. a. worfi lived 105. 3 to 94. 3 million years ago and the fossil was found in spain. the crab was likely carnivorous. the hermit crab’s anterior gastric region is covered in several ornamental ridges, which reminded rené h. b. fraaije’s research team of the shape of a klingon’s forehead. if you’re going to name something after a klingon, worf is obviously the way to go. nobody should name anything after duras. i hate that guy .\nin 2011, a mushroom found in hawaii was described for the first time. the genus spongiforma was described only two years earlier with the discovery of the only other member, s. thailandica. s. squarepantsii is an homage to the character spongebob squarepants. the mushroom has a very cartoony - spongy look to it, making the genus name a given and the specific name incredibly awesome .\nthis website uses cookies to improve user experience. by continuing to use our website you consent to all cookies in accordance with our cookie policy." ]

{ "text": [ "aha ha is a species of australian wasp , named by the entomologist arnold menke in 1977 as a joke .", "menke described how , when he received a package from a colleague containing insect specimens , he exclaimed \" aha ! \" .", "the name of the insect is commonly found in lists of bizarre scientific names .", "the name was also used as the vehicle registration plate of menke 's car , \" aha ha \" . " ], "topic": [ 27, 5, 25, 25 ] }

[ "aha ha is a species of australian wasp, named by the entomologist arnold menke in 1977 as a joke. menke described how, when he received a package from a colleague containing insect specimens, he exclaimed \" aha! \". the name of the insect is commonly found in lists of bizarre scientific names. the name was also used as the vehicle registration plate of menke's car, \" aha ha \"." ]

[ "the witchetty grub is the larval stage (caterpillar) of a large cossid wood moth, endoxyla leucomochla, and was called ‘witjuri’ by the adnyamathanha people of south australia’s central desert .\nafter pupating the wood moth emerges from its woody home as an adult moth, leaving behind its protective skin. the adult witchetty moth, endoxyla leucomochla, lacks functional feeding organs. it lives for only a few days on fat reserves, breeding and then dying .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia, please upload using the upload tools .\nturner, a. j. 1915 ,\nstudies in australian lepidoptera\n, proceedings of the royal society of queensland, vol. 27, pp. 11 - 57\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 04060e7c - 3313 - 4944 - 8f1f - f9a639a41d77\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: de95d1d5 - ea42 - 4d63 - 9983 - 7b2182afdeed\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 1d5211e7 - c146 - 4107 - b837 - c73629c7a920\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 378129\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment. find records and model species distributions. export reports, maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area, or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something? photograph something? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities. we honour and celebrate the spiritual, cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis domain contains organisms that have cells with a true nucleus, multiple linear chromosomes, and membrane bound organelles .\nmembers of the animalia kingdom do not have an alternation of generations and lack cell walls which allow for locomotion of species .\nall members of this phylum have segmented bodies, an exoskeleton, and grow by molting .\nthis class has distinctive characteristics of a chitinous exoskeleton, compound eyes, and three pairs of jointed legs .\nall members of this order are moths and butterflies. all larvae are either catepillars or classified as grubs that are herbivores or burrowers of roots and stems .\nthis is a family of moths with much reduced mouth - parts and bipectinate antennae. the larvae generally bore into trees and pupation occurs in the tunnel. many species of this family are found in australia .\nmembers of this genus are all wood moths with larveae that bore into eucalyps or acacias. the adults moths are camouflaged perfectly to match the tree or bush they emerge from .\nthis species is endemic to australia and is commonly known as the witchetty grub. adult moths only purpose is reproduction and they live off the food storage built up in larval form .\nthe witchetty grub is one of the most famous items on the aboriginal bush tucker menu .\nit’s a quirk of the english language that ‘grub’ can mean both food and the larva of certain insects. but these two meanings happily coincide when it comes to the witchetty grub .\nthe witchetty grub is one of the most famous items on the aboriginal bush tucker menu. similar grubs are found across australia, but are they true witchetty grubs ?\nthe larva eats into the woody roots of the witchetty bush, acacia kempeana, and feeds on the root sap. aboriginal women and children dig around the roots of the plant to find the grubs, which are a rich source of protein .\nto make things a little confusing, people have come to use the name' witchetty' for any fat, white, wood - boring grub, including those of other wood moths (cossidae), swift moths (hepialidae) and even longicorn beetles (cerambycidae) in eastern australia .\nwitchetty grub moth image by donald hobern - some rights reserved. (view image details )\nthe caterpillars of the moth are known as\nwitchetty grubs\n, and were used as food by the indigenous australians. the caterpillar is white and cylindrical with a brown head, and looks like a fat grub. the caterpillar feeds underground and pupates inside its tunnel. the adult moth is patterned shades of brown and grey. the forewings are brown with pale markings forming a band along the centre of the wing. the hindwings are light brown. both pairs of wings have a reddish brown tinge at the base .\nthe witchetty grub caterpillar feeds on the sap from the roots of acacia plants including the wichetty bush (acacia kempeana). adult moths do not feed, and has to exist on food reserves eaten by the caterpillar before pupation .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\ncommonly known as _ _ _ _ _. [ description of adults, juveniles, larvae, pupae, etc. as appropriate. ] ex: adults are _ _ _ to _ _ _ inches long (_ _ _ to _ _ _ cm) and _ _ _ to _ _ _ inches wide (_ _ _ to _ _ _ cm). they [ fly, jump, burrow, etc. ] and [ bite, sting, hiss, spray, other defense mechanism ]. they are [ venomous, deadly, anaphylaxis - inducing, harmless ] [ conditions: if they bite, if they sting, if they' re consumed raw, etc. ]\nwhat countries, states, or provinces the specimen occurs in naturally. what temperature range they occur in, whether they' re found in moist or dry environments. do they live under rocks? inside rotting logs? under ground? in trees? any relevant information about the range and conditions they are found in .\nwhat people / cultures have traditionally eaten them? for how long have they been consumed, if known? other information about their history as food .\nwhat parts are eaten (are legs, heads, wings, etc. typically removed)? at what stage are they eaten (larva, adult, etc .)? can they be consumed raw, or must they be cooked? how are they prepared? are any organs removed, is a special diet recommended before consumption, are they frozen or boiled prior to other preparation, are they fried, are they ground? is there a common way that they are seasoned? what, if anything, do they taste similar to ?\nrecipe # 3 name (http: / / www. google. com )\nrecipe # 4 name (http: / / www. google. com )\nrecipe # 5 name (http: / / www. google. com )\nany available information on feasibility and techniques for farming this species. what type of enclosure is used? what are they fed? do they eat their own young? how quickly do they breed? what temperature do they need to be kept at? do they need light or darkness? any additional information .\ncan' t find a community you love? create your own and start something epic .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\n© 2010 - 2011 ecoguiding. all rights reserved. | login | site powered by chilli websites" ]

{ "text": [ "endoxyla leucomochla is a species of cossid moth endemic to australia .", "the larva of the moth is commonly known as the \" witchetty grub \" , and was widely used as bushfood by indigenous australians .", "the caterpillars of the species live in underground tunnels where they feed on the sap from the roots of the witchetty bush ( acacia kempeana ) and the small cooba ( acacia ligulata ) .", "the caterpillar grows to a length of about 7 cm , and pupates underground inside its tunnel .", "the adult moth is large ( it has a wingspan of about 16 cm ) , with a fine mottled grey pattern and rusty red base on its wings .", "the moth has degenerate mouthparts , and is unable to feed itself , relying solely on nourishment obtained during its larval phase ." ], "topic": [ 2, 19, 8, 0, 1, 4 ] }

[ "endoxyla leucomochla is a species of cossid moth endemic to australia. the larva of the moth is commonly known as the \" witchetty grub \", and was widely used as bushfood by indigenous australians. the caterpillars of the species live in underground tunnels where they feed on the sap from the roots of the witchetty bush (acacia kempeana) and the small cooba (acacia ligulata). the caterpillar grows to a length of about 7 cm, and pupates underground inside its tunnel. the adult moth is large (it has a wingspan of about 16 cm), with a fine mottled grey pattern and rusty red base on its wings. the moth has degenerate mouthparts, and is unable to feed itself, relying solely on nourishment obtained during its larval phase." ]

[ "have a fact about mirificarma cytisella cytisella? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for mirificarma cytisella cytisella? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\na new species of fish, pseudoliparis swirei, published in zootaxa (4358: 161 - 177) by gerringer, m. e et al. was voted among top 10 new species described in 2017 .\na new species of madagascan crickets described by mustafa ünal and george beccaloni in zootaxa was featured in a national geographic story. well done mustafa and george !\na new species of wolf spider, lycosa aragogi, is named after aragog—the famous fictional spider from “harry potter” book series by j. k. rowling. the new species is similar to the animatronic puppet version of the character used in the film “harry potter and the chamber of secrets”, which is actually based on a wolf spider. the naming of the new species is dedicated to the 20th anniversary of harry potter book series .\nmariah o. pfleger, r. dean grubbs, charles f. cotton, toby s. daly - engel\nidentification of nipaecoccus (hemiptera: coccomorpha: pseudococcidae) species in the united states, with descriptions of nipaecoccus bromelicola sp. n. and the male of n. floridensis beardsley\nsign in to disable all ads. thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word. leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\npopular: trivia, history, america, television, tv, usa, geography, cities, ... more\na taxon identifier is composed of name, author, year and attribute, all separated by a blank. these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication. the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words (genus and species) separated by a blank .\nthe author' s name is made up of a string of letters, with no blanks, and multiple authors' names are separated by a comma. spelling of author' s name is based on the original publication. if there are more than three authors, only the names of the first two authors are shown, followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets. this is rarely needed, but to differentiate homo - identifiers, this will contain the page, line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks, hyphens, and apostrophes are eliminated, thus only the following characters are used: a to z, a to z, 0 to 9, blank, comma, and opening and closing square brackets. although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition, it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions (contact information) with supporting references, possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nalbania, austria, hungary, germany, greece, spain, italy, corsica, poland, portugal, romania, slovakia and the soviet union - the european part of france, the czech republic, switzerland, yugoslavia .\nregions of the russian federation: the volga - don, central european, middle - volzhsky, south ural .\nalbania, austria, hungary, germany, greece (mainland), spain (mainland), italy (mainland), corsica, macedonia, poland, portugal (mainland), russia, romania, slovakia, slovenia, ukraine, france (mainland), croatia, czech republic, switzerland .\n[ 10 ] de jong, y. s. d. m. (ed .) (2011) fauna europaea version 2. 4 (faunaeur. org )\nnote: you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments. please, create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc. .\npopular: trivia, history, america, television, tv, usa, world, geography, ... more\npopular: trivia, history, america, television, tv, usa, geography, world, ... more\nthe only really reliable way of identifying z. trifolii as an adult seems to be to grow it from a positively identified larva. the larva of z. lonicerae has very long hairs (setae) and this should provide a ready distinction from the short - haired larva of z. trifolii. a specimen found away from one of the known areas for z. trifolii should be z. lonicerae, a specimen found in cornwall or devon is probably z. trifolii a specimen with spots 3 + 4 merged is much more likely to be z. trifolii. a specimen found on the north or south downs in may or the first half of june is very likely to be z. trifolii there do not seem to be any reliable features that will definitively identify z. trifolii with unmerged spots found at a suitable location away from sw. england in late june or july. the identity of specimen §1 is therefore uncertain - however it was found at a known location for z. trifolii in association with several individuals that did have merged spots." ]

{ "text": [ "mirificarma cytisella is a moth of the gelechiidae family .", "it is found from most of europe ( except ireland , great britain , fennoscandia , the baltic region and part of the balkan peninsula ) to the ural mountains .", "the wingspan is 6 – 8 mm for males and 6-7.5 mm for females .", "the head is white to cream .", "the forewings are white to cream , mottled , sometimes sparsely , with brown scales .", "adults are on wing from april to september .", "the larvae feed on cytisus nigricans , genista , calicotome spinosa , ononis spinosa and possibly laburnum anagyroides .", "they feed mostly from within two or three spun leaves , but sometimes the larva spins two leaves upon each other and partially mines them , resulting in a fleck type mine .", "larvae can be found in june , september and october . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 9, 23, 1, 8, 8, 11, 20 ] }

[ "mirificarma cytisella is a moth of the gelechiidae family. it is found from most of europe (except ireland, great britain, fennoscandia, the baltic region and part of the balkan peninsula) to the ural mountains. the wingspan is 6 – 8 mm for males and 6-7.5 mm for females. the head is white to cream. the forewings are white to cream, mottled, sometimes sparsely, with brown scales. adults are on wing from april to september. the larvae feed on cytisus nigricans, genista, calicotome spinosa, ononis spinosa and possibly laburnum anagyroides. they feed mostly from within two or three spun leaves, but sometimes the larva spins two leaves upon each other and partially mines them, resulting in a fleck type mine. larvae can be found in june, september and october." ]

[ "omomyidae trouessart, 1879. teilhardina simpson, 1940. teilhardina magnoliana, sp. nov .\nthe tiny immigrant was called teilhardina magnoliana, beard said in the proceedings of the national academy of sciences .\nteilhardina magnoliana, sp. nov. reconstruction oldest n. american primate & mammalian biogeography during the paleocene - eocene thermal maximum | pinterest | …\ncalled teilhardina magnoliana, the mini monkey - like creature weighed just an ounce (28 grams) and would have leapt across treetops to snatch up insects and fruits .\nthis artist' s sketch shows how the ancient, primitive primate called teilhardina magnoliana may have looked. reuters / mark a. klingler / carnegie museum of natural history / handout\nthe previously unknown and long - extinct mammal was named teilhardina magnoliana, after the magnolia state. the mississippi fossils are fragmentary and the dating is all but certain to spark hot debate among primate paleontologists .\nfossils of a new primate species called teilhardina magnoliana were discovered in mississippi. the mouse - size primate would have lived in trees along the coastlines about 55. 8 million years ago, the researcher says .\nbeard found that teilhardina magnoliana from mississippi is both older and more primitive than another teilhardina species previously found in wyoming' s bighorn basin. since the fossil record at bighorn is remarkably complete, beard is confident that fossils older than those unearthed in mississippi would have been found by now if they existed .\nclosely related species of teilhardina have been found at sites in china, belgium, france and wyoming .\nbefore the fossils were found in mississippi, scientists thought teilhardina migrated from asia to western europe before moving on to north america .\nteilhardina would have fit snugly into the palm of einstein’s hands, but its big thoughts were perhaps more practical than theoretical physics .\nteilhardina is a genus of small primate that is known to have existed during the early eocene. ‭ ‬perceived to have been similar to a marmoset, ‭ ‬fossils of teilhardina have been reported from belgium, ‭ ‬france and china, ‭ ‬but are particularly common from the usa .\nphylogenetic analyses indicate that t. magnoliana is a very basal member of the genus teilhardina (fig. 2 a; for details see si text and si fig. 3), which is usually regarded as the most basal genus within omomyidae and one of the most basal primate taxa currently known (1, 11, 22). notably primitive characters that are retained in t. magnoliana (and t. asiatica) include its diminutive size, relatively low molar crown height, narrow m 2, and the distinctive structure of its p 4 trigonid (including the relatively vertical orientation of the preprotocristid and the very abrupt transition from the buccal surface of the trigonid to the postvallid). t. magnoliana more closely resembles european t. belgica than it does north american t. brandti. t. brandti is slightly larger than t. magnoliana and t. belgica and differs morphologically from both species in having more nearly square occlusal outlines of m 1–2 and stronger buccal cingulids on its lower molars .\nthough teilhardina once occupied parts of the united states for tens of thousands of years, none of its distant relatives, such as monkeys, currently live here .\nt. magnoliana was a tiny primate. a regression equation predicting body mass from m 1 area among living and fossil tarsioids (18) yields an estimated mean body mass of 28 g for t. magnoliana, placing this species at the lower limit of the range of adult body mass encompassed by living primates (19). primates that are this small must adopt diets that are rich in calories, and small omomyids like t. magnoliana are thought to have eaten mainly fruits, gums, and insects (20). our current knowledge of the anatomy of t. magnoliana limits the range of paleobiological inferences we can draw for this species. however, the closely related species t. asiatica possesses relatively small orbits that have been interpreted as evidence for a diurnal activity pattern (11). tarsal bones of t. belgica suggest that it was an active arboreal quadruped that also engaged in powerful leaping (21) .\nthat link has long been theorized to be the route that early primates followed from the old world to the new - - but teilhardina magnoliana, according to the new research, was already frolicking among the beach fronds on what was then the coast of the gulf of mexico. the fossils were found in sands formed by long - vanished tidal channels near present - day meridian, miss. , now some 140 miles inland .\ntrigonid of p 4 differs from that of all other species of teilhardina except t. asiatica in being abbreviated mesiodistally, with relatively vertical preprotocristid and abrupt transition from buccal surface to postvallid. p 4 differs from that of t. asiatica in having metaconid more closely appressed to the base of the protoconid and weak mesial extension of cristid obliqua partially ascending postvallid. lower molars differ from those of all other species of teilhardina except t. asiatica in being lower - crowned. m 1–2 further differ from those of other north american species of teilhardina in being relatively narrower, although not so narrow as in t. asiatica .\nteilhardina remains an enigmatic genus. scientists generally agree that it was a true primate - - or euprimate - - but are a little hazy as to what kind. in beard' s view, teilhardina may have occupied a niche somewhere between the so - called lower primates - - animals that evolved into today' s lemurs, bush babies, and tarsiers - - and higher primates, such as apes, monkeys, and humans .\ngiven the density of paleontological sampling across the p / e boundary in the bighorn basin (1, 3, 9, 10), the discovery of north american primates such as t. magnoliana that antedate the first record of this group in the bighorn basin is surprising and demands an explanation. biotic provincialism is perhaps the most compelling potential reason for the apparent diachroneity in the local first appearances of primates along the gulf coast and the bighorn basin during the petm. small - bodied primates such as teilhardina might be expected to be particularly prone to developing provincial distributions, especially during intervals of dynamic climate change such as the petm. tiny primates such as t. magnoliana are invariably arboreal, and primates are among the most thermophilic of all mammals. additional factors, including specific food requirements or preferences, undoubtedly influenced their geographic distribution as well .\ncomposite partial dentition of teilhardina magnoliana from the tuscahoma formation (earliest eocene), gulf coastal plain of mississippi. (a) composite right upper dentition (p 3 –m 2) in occlusal view, based on cm 67854, cm 77210, cm 70431, and cm 70436 (reversed from left side). (b and c) composite left lower dentition (p 4 –m 3) in occlusal (b) and buccal (c) views, based on cm 73229, cm 67856, cm 70435 (holotype), and cm 70427 (reversed from right side) .\nearlier research, in which rose participated, suggested that the rapid spread of teilhardina through the world was driven by the arrival of the paleocene - eocene thermal maximum, a dramatic global warming period caused by a rise in naturally - occurring greenhouse gases. the nearly - simultaneous appearance of teilhardina species in asia, europe, and north america closely correlated with climate change, which allowed forests - - serving as roadways for restless tree dwellers - - to flourish far north of their present boundaries .\nthat' s because most primates are adapted to live only in wet, humid tropical or subtropical regions. when earth began cooling at the end of the eocene about 35 million years ago, teilhardina vanished from north america and europe, beard said .\nfossils of closely related species of teilhardina have been found in china, belgium, france and wyoming. the new species predates the wyoming one, beard said, and came from a time period when a route from asia was the likely path into north america .\nname: teilhardina. phonetic: tee - il - har - deen - ah. named by: simpson‭ ‬ - ‭ ‬1940. classification: chordata, ‭ ‬mammalia, ‭ ‬primates, ‭ ‬haplorrhini, ‭ ‬omomyidae. species: t. ‭ ‬crassidens, ‭ ‬t. ‭ ‬belgica, ‭ ‬t. ‭ ‬americana, ‭ ‬t. ‭ ‬brandti, ‭ ‬t. ‭ ‬demissa, ‭ ‬t. ‭ ‬tenuicula, ‭ ‬t. ‭ ‬asiatica, ‭ ‬t. ‭ ‬magnoliana. diet: insectivore‭? size: unavailable. known locations: china, ‭ ‬usa and western europe. time period: ypresian of the eocene. fossil representation: many individuals, ‭ ‬though often of teeth and jaws .\nthe fossil evidence from the international sites indicates teilhardina inhabited north america, europe and asia at roughly the same time. researchers have puzzled over the sequence of colonization, or how these tiny primates spread over much of the globe at a time when global climate and sea levels were changing rapidly .\nall t. magnoliana fossils were recovered from the base of the t4 sand, a lenticular fine - grained sand body that locally forms the uppermost part of the tuscahoma formation (15, 17). the sediments comprising the t4 sand have been interpreted as estuarine tidal channels that were deposited very close to the ancient shoreline (17). reflecting this depositional history, the t4 sand preserves a mixture of terrestrial and marine organisms. dinoflagellate cysts from the t4 sand include abundant apectodinium augustum and other apectodinium species (15), indicating that the t4 sand correlates with the apectodinium acme that coincides with the cie at sites in belgium, austria, and new zealand (23, 24). the apectodinium acme is interpreted as an ecological response to the elevated sea surface temperatures that characterized the petm (23). accordingly, the cooccurrence of t. magnoliana and abundant apectodinium in the t4 sand suggests that petm warming began sometime before the deposition of this unit .\nthe coastlines of north america afforded certain advantages to the small primates. for instance, during the paleocene - eocene thermal maximum, the coastlines became hot and wet, while the rocky mountain region became hot and dry. the dry conditions would not have supported the lush trees and their yummy fruits required for teilhardina and other closely related primates .\nnot all scientists buy beard' s theory that primates reached north america solely by way of a siberian - alaska link, then skittered on to europe. they note that his claim for t. magnoliana' s precedence involves only tens of thousands of years - - just the barest sliver of geological time - - and depends on a dating technique called sequence straigraphy. this involves using coastal features to compare the dates of fossils found across vast spans of territory because sea level would remain constant around the globe .\nto date the mississippi fossils, beard took advantage of the idea that sea level remains constant across the globe at any given time. by matching up erosion features caused by a falling sea level over long distances, beard estimated the mississippi fossils are older than teilhardina fossils from belgium and france. that suggests the primates moved from asia to north america and then to western europe .\nteilhardina is estimated to have weighed about one ounce and was an\nacrobatic leaper and proficient climber\nthat survived on a diet of\ninsects, fruits, sap, and [ tree ] gum ,\naccording to a description by the carnegie museum. in appearance, it was closer to the saucer - eyed tarsiers today inhabiting the malaysian archipelago than to modern monkeys or apes .\nfurther reading - ‭ ‬early eocene teilhardina brandti: ‭ ‬oldest omomyid primate from north america. ‭ ‬ - ‭ ‬contributions from the museum of paleontology, ‭ ‬university of michigan‭ ‬28‭ (‬13‭) ‬: 321 - 326. ‭ ‬ - ‭ ‬p. ‭ ‬d. ‭ ‬gingerich‭ ‬ - ‭ ‬1993. - ‭ ‬a euprimate skull from the early eocene of china. ‭ ‬ - ‭ ‬nature‭ ‬427: 65 - 68‭ ‬ - ‭ ‬x. ‭ ‬ - j. ‭ ‬ni, ‭ ‬y. - q. ‭ ‬wang, ‭ ‬y. - m. ‭ ‬hu‭ & ‬c. - k. ‭ ‬li‭ ‬ - ‭ ‬2004. - ‭ ‬rapid asia - europe - north america geographic dispersal of earliest eocene primate teilhardina during the paleocene - eocene thermal maximum. ‭ ‬ - ‭ ‬proceedings of the national academy of sciences‭ ‬103‭ (‬30‭) ‬: ‭ ‬11223. ‭ ‬ - ‭ ‬t. ‭ ‬smith, ‭ ‬k. ‭ ‬d. ‭ ‬rose‭ & ‬p. ‭ ‬d. ‭ ‬gingerich‭ ‬ - ‭ ‬2006. - ‭ ‬the oldest north american primate and mammalian biogeography during the paleocene - eocene thermal maximum. ‭ ‬ - ‭ ‬proceedings of the national academy of sciences‭ ‬105‭ (‬10‭) ‬: ‭ ‬3815. ‭ ‬ - ‭ ‬k. ‭ ‬c. ‭ ‬beard‭ ‬ - ‭ ‬2008 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nproceedings of the national academy of sciences, volume 105, issue 10, 2008, pp. 3815 - 3818\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmonkey predecessors so tiny that one might loll in a tablespoon migrated across a land bridge connecting siberia to north america more than 55. 8 million years ago, and eventually colonized much of what was then a lush, subtropical continent, according to research published today .\nfossils uncovered in mississippi reveal the deepest and earliest penetration of primates into the new world, according to the research by pittsburgh' s carnegie museum of natural history, and might cause paleontologists to revise their views on how these ancient ancestors of modern - day lemurs, tarsiers, monkeys, apes, and humans reached america and europe .\nthe journey, which spanned millennia and countless generations of the sap - slurping, tree - dwelling creatures, occurred against the backdrop of dramatic climate change\ncomparable in terms of both rate and magnitude to the current phase of global warming ,\nsaid k. christopher beard, paleontologist at the museum and author of the paper in the journal proceedings of the national academy of sciences .\nfor these creatures to have made it, there needs to have been an unbroken subtropical forest running from southeast asia up through siberia and then down the [ pacific ] coast ,\nhe said in an interview .\nbeard has a history of offering provocative papers... this should generate a number of interesting responses ,\nsaid herbert h. covert, professor of anthropology and specialist on primate evolution at the university of colorado. but he described the carnegie research as exciting and important .\nthe dating is critical. if the primate remnants are truly 55. 8 million years old, that means the species was well established in north america shortly before sinking sea levels of that era may have opened a narrow land passage between greenland (then attached to the continent) and scotland .\nmoreover, since the research indicates the mississippi fossils are older and more primitive than related tielhardina fossils found in belgium and france, it raises the possibility that europe' s first primates arrived by way of north america, not directly from asia .\nthey seem to have taken the long way around ,\nbeard said .\nit' s very counter - intuitive .\nfossils of a closely - related species have also been found in wyoming' s bighorn basin, but the mississippi creatures appear both older and somewhat less - evolved than their rocky mountain cousins - - suggesting they were earlier north american colonizers .\nprimitive primates inhabited north america for millions of years before disappearing in the face of a global cool - down starting about 34 million years ago. today, the only living primates\nnative\nto north america are homo sapiens. there are robust monkey populations in latin america, but they originated in africa, not asia, and seem to have arrived on\nfloating islands\nof jungle debris - - not by land routes - - long after northern primates had become extinct .\nthere is ambiguity over which of these occurrences may be the oldest ,\nsaid kenneth d. rose, professor of anatomy and evolution at johns hopkins university school of medicine, and a specialist in extinct primates .\neven if beard is correct, it does not prove all [ primate ] dispersal was from asia to north america to europe. in fact, dispersal could have been in both directions... . the debate is far from settled .\nsince there were no polar ice caps to melt at the time, the paleocene - eocene is associated with drops in ocean levels (not the rising seas forecast for the 21st century' s climate shifts) caused by continental drift that altered the volume of ocean basins, according to scientists .\nthey are critical animals, evolutionarily ,\nhe said .\nit has been difficult to reconstruct how these tiny creatures spread over so much of the globe during a period of rapid climate change and sea level fluctuation. these earliest primates came during an incredibly dynamic time in earth history .\nurltoken does not share this information or keep it permanently, as it is for the sole purpose of sending this one time e - mail .\nfrom the gulf coastal plain of mississippi. this primate is one component of the earliest eocene red hot local fauna, which also includes sharks and rays, bony fishes, snakes, lizards, crocodilians, birds, and a variety of other mammals (\n). the distinctive geographic and stratigraphic setting of the red hot local fauna provides the basis for more detailed understanding of the initial dispersal of primates and other mammals into north america and the biogeographic response of north american mammals to global warming during the petm .\ncarnegie museum of natural history (cm) 70435, an isolated left m 2 (fig. 1) .\nthe holotype; cm 67854, isolated right p 3; cm 67856, isolated left m 1; cm 67858, isolated right m 1; cm 67860, isolated left m 1; cm 67861, isolated left p 3; cm 70422, isolated left m 2 lacking the metacone; cm 70427, isolated right m 3; cm 70430, isolated right m 3; cm 70431, isolated right m 1; cm 70433, isolated left p 4 lacking the buccal side of the paracone; cm 70434, isolated right p 4; cm 70436, isolated left m 2; cm 73229, isolated left p 4 trigonid; cm 77209, isolated right m 3 lacking part of the hypoconulid lobe; cm 77210, isolated right p 4; cm 77211, isolated right m 1; cm 77212, isolated right m 2 lacking the metacone [ fig. 1; see supporting information (si) text for detailed descriptions ] .\ncm locality 517, uppermost part of the tuscahoma formation, lauderdale county, ms .\n, although the precise duration of the temporal gap separating them remains unknown. the geographic and stratigraphic provenance of\nspecimens described in this report consist of isolated teeth collected by the author and his assistants during the course of multiple field seasons. for detailed anatomical descriptions of these specimens, see si figs. 4–11. the phylogenetic analysis performed here is based on 11 taxa and 26 characters. the character–taxon matrix was assembled in macclade 3. 04 (29), and the data matrix and recovered trees were analyzed by using paup * 4. 0b10 for macintosh ppc (30). the character list, the taxon–character matrix, and additional information regarding the phylogenetic analysis are provided in si fig. 3 .\ni thank d. t. dockery iii, s. l. ingram, a. r. tabrum, g. r. case, and multiple volunteers from the carnegie museum of natural history for their help in the field. access to comparative specimens and / or casts was kindly granted by g. f. gunnell, x. ni, k. d. rose, and t. smith. l. e. edwards provided information regarding the dinoflagellate record from the t4 sand. m. r. dawson and z. - x. luo provided advice that significantly improved the manuscript. m. klingler prepared the figures. fieldwork and research were funded by national geographic society grant 4299 - 90 and national science foundation grants deb 0073414 and bcs 0309800 .\nauthor contributions: k. c. b. designed research, performed research, analyzed data, and wrote the paper .\nfossil fish remains from the late paleocene tuscahoma and early eocene bashi formations of meridian, lauderdale county, mississippi. part i. selachians\nfossil fish remains from the late paleocene tuscahoma and early eocene bashi formations of meridian, lauderdale county, mississippi. part ii. teleosteans\nnote: we only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. we do not capture any email address .\nmessage body (your name) thought you would like to see the pnas web site .\nregional - scale spatial heterogeneity in the late paleocene paratropical forests of the u. s. gulf coast\nresearchers used field data from 2012 to 2015 to study mortality and allele frequency changes in the sea star pisaster ochraceus during a mass mortality event in northcentral california, and found that surviving adult and juvenile sea stars experienced 81% mortality and allele shifts, according to the authors .\na survey of more than 4, 600 american adults conducted in 1995 - 1996 and in 2011 - 2014 suggests that among individuals of low socioeconomic status, negative affect increased significantly between the two survey waves, whereas life satisfaction and psychological well - being decreased .\na study of cognitive ability in norwegian males born from 1962 to 1991 suggests that environmental factors rather than changing genetic composition of families likely account for most of the change in norwegian population iq .\nthe mathematical tools behind recent gerrymandering cases have brought a modicum of precision into the political arena—but this rigor hasn’t always been enough to spur policy changes .\nleaping, furry mini - monkeys that were as small as mice crossed the bering land bridge long before humans, representing north america' s oldest known primates .\nthis new claim is based on the fossils of at least three individuals of this previously unknown species of extinct primate uncovered at a site near meridian, miss. , scientists announced today. the researcher estimates the primate fossils date to about 55. 8 million years ago .\nif the age of the fossils is accurate, the new finding could indicate that early primates migrated across the land bridge that once connected siberia with alaska long before homo sapiens that arrived some 12, 000 to 14, 000 years ago. the teeny primate crossover from asia happened during the paleocene - eocene thermal maximum when global temperatures rose at a rate and magnitude similar to today' s global warming .\nthe primate itself appears new to science, and is thus a welcome addition to what is still a small' red hot' fauna in mississippi ,\nsaid philip gingerich of the museum of paleontology at the university of michigan, ann arbor, who wasn' t involved in the recent discovery .\nthe site has the potential to be important, but the importance depends to some extent on whether it is really the age the author claims or not .\nthey were acrobatic little creatures ,\nsaid k. christopher beard of the carnegie museum of natural history in pittsburgh, who details his finding in the march 4 issue of the journal proceedings of the national academy of sciences .\nthe standard for dating fossils, however, relies on carbon isotopes, gingerich said .\nthe study\ninexplicably contains none of the now - standard evidence of carbon isotope values that define both the paleocene - eocene boundary and the carbon isotope excursion ,\ngingerich said .\nwithout this, it is really not possible to know how old the new primate from the' red hot' site is or what it means for mammalian biogeography .\nthat means the earliest north american primates were restricted to coastal regions for thousands of years before they were able to colonize the rocky mountain region .\nlater, precipitation would have increased to make wyoming and other rocky mountain regions hospitable to the little primates .\nmodern humans obviously are adapted to live in a variety of climates today, but at that time, warmer regions were critical layover spots for our primate ancestors. lucky for us, beard says, some of these ancestors in the late eocene had set up camp in warmer climes .\nyou and i wouldn' t be here talking about it if it weren' t for the fact that primates by this time were able to colonize central africa and southeast asia ,\nbeard told livescience .\nas far as we know, those were the only two places that primates were able to survive this dramatic cooling event 35 million years ago .\nbefore becoming managing editor, jeanna served as a reporter for live science and urltoken for about three years. previously she was an assistant editor at scholastic' s science world magazine. jeanna has an english degree from salisbury university, a master' s degree in biogeochemistry and environmental sciences from the university of maryland, and a science journalism degree from new york university. follow jeanna on google + .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site. please turn it on before proceeding .\nfull reference: k. c. beard. 2008. the oldest north american primate and mammalian biogeography during the paleocene - eocene thermal maximum. proceedings of the national academy of sciences 105 (10): 3815 - 3818\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\ncontent copyright www. prehistoric - wildlife. com. the information here is completely free for your own study and research purposes, but please dont copy the articles word for word and claim them as your own work. the world of prehistory is constantly changing with the advent of new discoveries, as such its best if you use this information as a jumping off point for your own research. privacy & cookies policy\n, possibly more than 55. 8 million years ago, although the age of the fossil is a matter of disagreement. the animal weighed approximately one ounce .\nbeard, k. c. (2008) .\nthe oldest north american primate and mammalian biogeography during the paleocene - eocene thermal maximum\n. proceedings of the national academy of sciences 105 (10): 3815–8. bibcode: 2008pnas. . 105. 3815b. doi: 10. 1073 / pnas. 0710180105. pmc 2268774. pmid 18316721 .\nnickerson, c. 2008. a long trek for ancient mini monkeys. boston globe .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nwashington (reuters) - he was the albert einstein of his time — aside from the fact that this long - extinct critter weighed about an ounce (28 grams), measured three inches long and munched on bugs and berries .\na u. s. scientist has unearthed the remains of the earliest - known primate to live in north america. in doing so, he figured out the path these ancient representatives of the mammalian group that includes lemurs, monkeys, apes and people must have taken to reach this part of the world .\nbased on a group of teeth from a teeny primate unearthed in mississippi dating to 55. 8 million years ago, paleontologist christopher beard of the carnegie museum of natural history in pittsburgh said the species likely scampered over a now - vanished land bridge connecting siberia to alaska .\n“for his time, he would have been about the smartest animal around. but that doesn’t mean he was thinking deep thoughts, ” beard said in a telephone interview .\n“primates have nails on their digits instead of claws. primates have eyes that face forward and give us stereoscopic vision, instead of having eyes on the side of our heads like a dog or a horse. primates almost always have relatively larger brains than other mammals, ” beard said .\n“it’s a small, primitive primate. in some ways, it would have looked more like a teeny, tiny monkey than it would have looked like a small lemur, ” beard said, noting that it lived more than 10 million years before the first primitive monkeys .\nit was not ancestral to new world monkeys, but might have been in the lineage leading to a type of primitive primate known as tarsiers that still lives in southeast asia, he said .\nthere has been some debate within scientific circles about how the most primitive primates first entered north america, with some feeling they crossed from siberia and others thinking it was overland from europe by way of greenland at a time when the continents were aligned differently .\nthe fossil teeth were dug up near meridian, mississippi, close to the former coastline of the gulf of mexico. they are older than any primate fossils from europe, he said, suggesting that rather than migrating from europe to north america, this primate might have ventured the other way around .\nthis primate lived 10 million years after the dinosaurs and so many other species were obliterated by a big hunk of space rock, and mammals were exerting their dominance on land .\nthe bering land bridge was the route of many migrations over the eons, including dinosaurs. many scientists believe the first modern humans entered north america over that very same route sometime between perhaps 30, 000 to 12, 000 years ago .\nthe world was in the middle of a drastic warming period at the time that was witness to a dramatic radiation of mammal species. in this ancient ice - free world, alaska must have been a tropical paradise, beard said .\noops. a firewall is blocking access to prezi content. check out this article to learn more or contact your system administrator .\nneither you, nor the coeditors you shared it with will be able to recover it again .\nan ancient global warming event the animal weighed approximately one ounce. urltoken urltoken urltoken works cited\nreset share links resets both viewing and editing links (coeditors shown below are not affected)." ]

{ "text": [ "teilhardina magnoliana is the earliest known north american primate ; its fossil was first discovered in the us state of mississippi .", "it was a tree-dwelling fur-covered tiny creature with a long slender tail ; the tail was significantly longer than the body .", "the discoverer , k. christopher beard of the carnegie museum of natural history ( pittsburgh , pennsylvania ) , posited that teilhardina magnoliana 's ancestors crossed the land bridge from siberia to the americas , possibly more than 55.8 million years ago , although the age of the discovered fossil is a matter of disagreement .", "the animal weighed approximately one ounce . " ], "topic": [ 3, 23, 15, 0 ] }

[ "teilhardina magnoliana is the earliest known north american primate; its fossil was first discovered in the us state of mississippi. it was a tree-dwelling fur-covered tiny creature with a long slender tail; the tail was significantly longer than the body. the discoverer, k. christopher beard of the carnegie museum of natural history (pittsburgh, pennsylvania), posited that teilhardina magnoliana's ancestors crossed the land bridge from siberia to the americas, possibly more than 55.8 million years ago, although the age of the discovered fossil is a matter of disagreement. the animal weighed approximately one ounce." ]

[ "the longest migration recorded of an individual black - headed bunting is about 4, 350 miles .\nthere are not known to be any specific conservation measures currently in place for the black - headed bunting .\nthe black - headed bunting’s wintering grounds are located in central and western india (2) (5) .\nthe black - headed bunting is classified as least concern (lc) on the iucn red list (1) .\nthe black - headed bunting occurs in southern europe and iran and winters in india. it usually occurs in switzerland beyond the breeding areas due to lengthened migration. the recently discovered breeding occurrence in southern france shows that the black - headed bunting is currently expanding its range .\nbunting, proof of the uniqueness conjecture for black holes, ph. d .\nbunting, proof of the uniqueness conjecture for black holes. (ph. d .\n▪ snow bunting males are unmistakable in their all - white plumage with black backs .\none species in one genus, the black - headed bunting, occurs in the south pacific. this species occurs as an accidental vagrant to palau .\ni see, my boy, it is the black - headed bunting or reed sparrow, common on the sides of rivers, canals, and ponds .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - black - headed bunting (emberiza melanocephala )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - black - headed bunting (emberiza melanocephala )\ntitle =\narkive species - black - headed bunting (emberiza melanocephala )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\non the wintering grounds, black - headed grosbeaks eat many seeds. during summer, they eat insects, spiders, snails, and berries. the black - headed grosbeak is one of the few birds than can eat monarch butterflies, despite the noxious chemicals that the monarchs accumulate from their milkweed diet. black - headed grosbeaks eat many monarchs on their wintering grounds .\n▪ the two bunting species are very different in appearance. snow bunting males are unmistakable in their all - white plumage with black backs .\n▪ a pair of black - headed, white collared reed buntings preened on bracken fronds, their white - edged tails constantly flickering .\nbunting identity and mazur identity for non–linear el liptic systems including the black hole equilibrium problem, commun .\n☞ among european species are the common or corn bunting (emberiza miliaria); the ortolan (emberiza hortulana); the cirl (emberiza cirlus); and the black - headed (granitivora melanocephala). american species are the bay - winged or grass (poöcætes gramineus or poœcetes gramineus); the black - throated (spiza americana); the towhee bunting or chewink (pipilo); the snow bunting (plectrophanax nivalis); the rice bunting or bobolink, and others. see ortolan chewick snow bunting lark bunting .\nthere has been a decline in black - headed bunting populations in areas where land has been converted for agricultural purposes. the hedges and scrub used for nesting and roosting are often destroyed, leaving very little suitable habitat. pesticide use is also linked to reduced black - headed bunting populations in certain areas. despite being under threat, this species is still common and not thought to be at any risk of extinction (2) .\na strong flier (5), the black - headed bunting migrates from the breeding grounds between late july and early august, arriving on its indian wintering grounds around late august and september. during this period, adults undergo a partial moult of breeding plumage. a complete moult occurs on arrival at the wintering grounds. a gregarious species, the black - headed bunting migrates in flocks that can contain anywhere between 10 and 50 individuals (2) .\nnoo ye' re as black' s the deil himsel' or heidie craw .\nmale upperparts are brown with dark streaking. black head and throat with white collar .\nthe popular name of a number of conirostral oscine passerine birds of the genus emberiza and family fringillidæ. one of the commonest in europe is e. miliaria, the corn - bunting or bunting - lark. the yellow bunting or yellow - hammer is e. citrinella; the cirl bunting, e. cirlus; the ortolan bunting, e. hortulana; the black - headed bunting, e. schæniclus, etc. these are all the european species to which the name properly pertains. there are many others, all belonging to the old world .\nbunting always visioned the avenger as a black shadow in the centre a bright blinding light - - but the shadow had no form or definite substance .\n▪ male lapland buntings have streaked brown backs with striking black, white and chestnut heads .\ncapsule the potential range of black - headed bunting emberiza melanocephala in lombardy, northern italy, is restricted to the small area actually occupied by a tiny and isolated population; distribution modelling suggests that both climatic and habitat features contribute to the observed correspondence between the potential and realized range .\nthe black - headed bunting has a large breeding range that exceeds 2 million square kilometers. this bunting species breeds in parts of italy, croatia, greece, bulgaria, and other countries in southeastern europe, turkey, southwestern russia, the levant, the caucus region, iran, and western pakistan. it winters in india although vagrants have turned up in several asian countries as well as palau. the black - headed bunting feeds on seeds and small insects in open, grassy areas. although the size of the population is unknown, it is believed to consist of more than 10 million individuals. this bird species is not expected to\na european singing bird (emberiza hortulana), about the size of the lark, with black wings. it is esteemed delicious food when fattened. called also bunting .\n15·5–17·5 cm; 23–33 g. fairly large bunting with rather long bill, lacking white in outer tail. male breeding is distinctive, with head black, side ...\nby extension, a name given indefinitely and indiscriminately to a great number of emberizine and fringilline birds of all countries, and also to some birds not of the family fringillidæ. examples are the lark - bunting, of the geuus plectrophanes; the snow - bunting, p. nivalis; the small american sparrows of the genus spizella; the american black - throated bunting, spiza americana; the cow - bunting, molothrus pecoris; the rice - bunting, dolichonyx oryzivorus .\nlyon, b. e. & eadie j. m. 2013. patterns of host use by a precocial obligate brood parasite, the black - headed duck: ecological and evolutionary considerations. chinese birds 4: 71 - 85. pdf\nbrazil, m. (2009) birds of east asia. a & c black publishers, london .\nblack - headed grosbeaks are highly migratory and winter in mexico. after the breeding season, they wander into berry - rich areas and may form migrating flocks at this time. they migrate early in the fall and return late in the spring .\nbreeding typically begins around mid - may, with the black - headed bunting laying a clutch of three to five, occasionally up to seven, pale green - blue eggs. the incubation of the eggs takes between 10 and 16 days, with the young fledging the nest after 14 to 16 days. the black - headed bunting usually constructs its nest less than one metre from the ground in a shrub, vine or against thistle stems, or occasionally on the ground. the nest is made of stalks, grass and leaves, sometimes decorated with bright flower heads, and is lined with fine grass, hair and sheep’s wool (2) (5) .\nthe main steps of the proof are the sudarsky–wald staticity theorem (cf. also) and the bunting – masood–ul–alam – ruback [ 17, 67 ] uniqueness theorem for static electro–vacuum black holes .\nnottingham was gay with bunting and flags, and the bells were ringing noisily .\n▪ and that small bird there must be a... snow bunting .\nflags and bunting were up everywhere, and factories gave workers a half - holiday .\nrobert franklin bunting (1828 - 1891), american presbyterian minister and confederate chaplain .\nblack - headed grosbeaks sing their robin - like song from conspicuous perches, and forage in the foliage. they also forage on the ground or in low vegetation. during courtship, males fly with their wings and tails spread. both sexes sing, but have different songs .\na pair of crows chased off a buzzard which thermalled over the fields before disappearing into the haze towards waterbeach and a flock of several hundred black headed gulls squawked noisily over the fields. i observed them for several minutes with binoculars and i think they were all black heads, but there could have been a few individuals of other species mixed in. a sparrowhawk flew at very high speed from the\nblack - headed grosbeaks are typically found in broadleaved or mixed forests, and especially in brushy, riparian areas. they are generally not found in coniferous vegetation, but will inhabit patches of broadleaved trees and shrubs within conifer forests, including streamside corridors, wetlands, and suburban areas .\nthe black - headed bunting produces a wide range of vocalisations, especially on its breeding grounds (2). the male sings throughout the day in breeding season, usually from an elevated area (5). the rather pleasurable song is a musical ‘ chit ’ or ‘ sitt ’, developing into a ‘ siit siit siiteree - siit - siiteeray ’ (4) .\nblack bars are comparisons among intraspecific sequences (left axis) and grey bars represent comparisons among different species (right axis) .\nthe female black - headed bunting is more indistinct than the male. the head and upperparts of the female are sandy - brown, with a dark streaked pattern (2) which continues onto the sides of the body (3). the upperparts may sometimes have a slightly red - brown tint, which is most vivid on the rump (4). the underparts are unstreaked (4) and vary in colour between white, buff and yellow, with a yellow area under the tail (2), while the throat, breast and belly are also tinged yellow (3). the eyes of the black - headed bunting are brown in both sexes and the dark grey bill is fairly straight and bulbous with a sharp tip (3) .\nthe entrance to bombay' s birla matushree auditorium is festooned with blue and red bunting .\nanother way to prove the uniqueness theorem is provided by the bunting method in the following .\nthe black - headed bunting is migratory and has an extremely large range. its breeding grounds are situated along the eastern coast of the adriatic sea, including slovenia in the north and albania and italy in the south, as well as the middle east and iran in the east. the northern - most areas for breeding include bulgaria, serbia and macedonia (2) (6) .\nblack - headed grosbeaks can be seen in appropriate habitats at lower elevations throughout washington from mid - may to mid - august, and sometimes into mid - september. they can be quite common in garry oak stands in klickitat county and in streamside forests in the eastern washington shrub - steppe zone .\nthe breeding plumage of the male black - headed bunting (emberiza melanocephala) makes it a very distinctive bird, with a uniformly black head and tail that contrasts with its bright yellow throat and underside (3) (4). the upperparts are red - brown and the wings are black with pale buff margins (4). the non - breeding male is much duller, with the feather fringes around the head and upperparts suffused grey - brown (3). the male always retains darker feathers over the ears and on the lores between the eyes and bill, which are not as prominent in the female (2) (3) .\nthe black - headed bunting is found in open areas with scattered vegetation, such as wooded steppe, fields, orchards and other cultivated areas, where there is low vegetation to nest in (2) (4) (5). it is usually found at low elevations, although it has been known to occur up to elevations of 2, 000 metres (2) (5) .\n▪ but headmistress helen williams won' t be reaching for the champagne glasses or festive bunting .\ne. citrinella – one of many yellowhammer, this one is a male, patrolling the hedgerows e. schoeniclus – reed bunting male e. calandra – corn bunting making its very distinctive call\nthe juvenile black - headed bunting is not dissimilar to the female in appearance, with a buff - coloured crown, suffused with dark spots at the back of the head. the throat, rump and mantle are golden - buff, with heavy streaking on the upperparts. the belly and sides of the juvenile are paler in colouration, contrasting with yellow on the underside of the tail (2) .\naccording to the breeding bird survey, the population of black - headed grosbeaks in washington has increased significantly since 1966. they benefit from some human activity on the breeding grounds. suburban development and logging generally increase the amount of broadleaved vegetation in the coniferous - dominated pacific northwest, and the increasing numbers of orchards in eastern washington has provided more habitat as well. development creates habitat to some extent, but increasing urbanization reduces available habitat. black - headed grosbeaks are not found in typical suburbs, but in more outlying areas that are still semi - rural. these birds need a certain density of big deciduous trees .\nthe female is also a striking bird even though she doesn’t have the same slate grey back and black eye stripe that the male does .\nthe reed bunting is a bunting of similar size and appearance to a house sparrow, but the underparts are streaked and the outer tail feathers are white. the legs and bill are dark brown .\ncopete, j. l. (2018). black - headed bunting (emberiza melanocephala). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018) .\nwhile in the nest, the young are fed a diet of invertebrates such as crickets and beetles (2), and are usually cared for by the female (5). the diet of the adult black - headed bunting consists primarily of grass seeds and cereal grains, although during the breeding season invertebrates such as beetles, wasps, crickets and insect larvae may also be taken (2) (5) .\ncheese cloth, bunting, swiss muslin, cretonne, and swiss curtains are used for window drapery .\nthe national flag may be of either silk or bunting; the regimental flag is always of silk .\nbunting realised that this was the woman who claimed to have seen the avenger from her bedroom window .\nbunting was now mortally afraid of this discussion concerning the avenger and his doings, they heard mrs .\n…and the reed bunting fledgling who was just around the corner of the bush from the male above .\nanother linnet youngster with a common whitethroat. this is a frequent sight at the moment, common whitethroat are abundant and often appear alongside other species in the hedgerows such as corn bunting, reed bunting and linnet\na family of house sparrows. the male is on the left with the black bib and the female and three youngsters above and to the right .\nas far as the eye could see, flags and gay bunting waved from every public building and residence .\nas fast as a final timber was spiked in place, somebody hastily wound it with very tawdry bunting .\nsuch a booth is generally used for demonstration purposes, and is decorated with signs and possibly with bunting .\nmales have black head, brown - red upperparts, blackish wings, and yellow underparts. female is brown - gray above and variably pale yellow below .\nview full size brad barr / us presswire mets pitcher r. a. dickey practices bunting during spring training .\nthe owlet was starving, for there was only the bunting, when there should have been dozens of lemmings .\nshe picked up the bunting and owlet, regretting that she had found a provider only to lose him again .\nblack - headed grosbeaks are medium - sized songbirds with short, thick bills. the male is striking, with a black head, rusty - orange breast, nape, and rump, black back, wings, and tail, and white patches on its wings. the under - wing linings are yellow, and the outer tail feathers are white; both of these can be seen in flight. the female is drab and streaked, but also has yellow under - wing linings. she has a dark crown, a white line above the eye and below the cheek, and two white wing - bars on each wing. first - year males are streaked like females but have more orangey underparts .\nthe canvas was tattered and dirty, the bunting faded and cheap, the pitchmen sleazy, the milling students bestial .\nthe male reed bunting has a dark head and bib, which are black in the summer and dull brown in winter. a broad white collar is evident in the summer as is a thin white moustache (which can also be seen in winter, but is more buff coloured) .\nit' s a tea, and there couldn' t be lanterns an' bunting or anything o' the sort .\ndavis will be responsible for all the financial operations for both bunting magnetics and its' wholly owned subsidiary magnet applications group ltd .\n▪ now it is probably extinct as a breeding bird in shetland, and its place has been taken by the reed bunting .\nearly in their coaching careers, williams and bunting had been colleagues at rowan university, a division iii school in new jersey .\nall the pictures in this post were taken on a sunny sunday aftenoon at the end of april and another handsome bunting which frequents the drainage ditches and the hedgerows and was much in evidence was the reed bunting (emberiza schoeniclus, dansk: rørspurv) .\nanother bunting which put in an appearance was a male reed bunting. there were several of these too, and just along the ditch from here was a flock of between 10 - 20 yellowhammers alternating between a hedgerow and the ground where they were feeding .\nso, from morning till night of the first day of april, the face of mr. thomas bunting was one broad grin .\nbunting is drapped over a suv at the mccomas funeral home in abingdon during the viewing for harford county sheriff' s office cpl .\n▪ the scene lay before me like the field of a medieval tourney: banners and bunting and ladies in jewel - bright colours .\nbunting is a normal animal behavior, and should be distinguished from head pressing, which is abnormal and typically a sign of illness .\nlyon, b. e. , hamilton, l. d. & magrath, m. 1992. the frequency of conspecific brood parasitism and the pattern of laying determinancy in yellow - headed blackbirds. condor 94: 590 - 597. pdf\nwhen the chauffeur had gone, georgie re - pinned the bunting over the open top of the piano, replaced the aspidistras and decamped .\nthe female incubates the eggs (20 mm by 15 mm), which are smooth, glossy and pale lilac or olive with black scrawls or blotches. the young are fed by both parents .\nbunting was first called illbatting and then batting; he was owned by rudolf öberg, and had been a gift for him at his 60th birthday. when it was time to film the pippi movies the filmcrew contacted him and used bunting during filming. bunting was completely white so the crew had to spray black dots on his skin. they also had to colour him to make him look more like the horse in the books. it was during filming that inger nilsson, the actress who played pippi, choosed the name of lilla gubben. in the books her horse is only mentioned as\nthe horse\n.\neverywhere the city is a blaze of red and white bunting, and at night it is brilliant with myriad lights, presenting a fairylike scene .\neffect of transition from non - migratory to migratory state in mbh of blackheaded bunting exposed to ld 16 / 8: npy - like immunoreactivity .\neffect of transition from non - migratory to migratory state in mbh of blackheaded bunting exposed to ld 16 / 8: vip - like immunoreactivity .\nbyers, c. , olsson, u. and curson, j. (1995) buntings and sparrows: a guide to the buntings and north american sparrows. a & c black publishers, london .\ntewary pd, kumar v, tripathi bk (1984) response to exogenous prolactin during gonadal photostimulation in blackheaded bunting. current sci 53: 1307–1308 .\nyellowhammer, reed bunting and corn bunting perch in hedgerows and make feeding forays to the ground in the neighbouring fields where they feast on seeds and during the breeding season and summer will eat invertebrates. i pass one location where there has been a mixed group of 20 - 30 reed bunting and yellowhammer present regularly over the last month. corn bunting have made a recent comeback to the fields around histon, they disappear at harvest time, middle to end of august, and reappear in the spring when they can be seen perched on top of brambles, bushes and short trees making their very characteristic song .\ndrape the red, white and blue bunting from tree to tree and nail to the trees flags of sixteen different countries; the flags to be numbered .\ntoday, bunting is a term for any festive decorations made of fabric, or of plastic, paper or even cardboard in imitation of fabric. typical forms of bunting are strings of colorful triangular flags and lengths of fabric in the colors of national flags gathered and draped into swags or pleated into fan shapes .\neffect of transition from non - migratory to migratory state in mbh of blackheaded bunting exposed to ld 16 / 8: c - fos - like immunoreactivity .\nthe birds are all singing and a walk through parks and fields is accompanied by the song of greenfinch, blue tit, great tit, dunnock and robin, most noticeably. and on my hike across the fields abundant yellowhammer, reed bunting and corn bunting, three emberiza species, were all in full voice :\nwe also construct a (mazur’s) divergence identity [ see also bunting’s in section 5 for non - homogeneous case ], expressed in terms of a coset matrix .\nwhen bunting began to ask joe chandler about the last of those awful avenger murders, she even listened with a certain languid interest to all he had to say .\nacknow l edgment the authors would like to thank andrew bunting at the scottish microelectronics centre of the university of edinburgh for carrying out the drie and for his helpful advice .\nafter the final film was completed bunting returned to a riding school, and was later moved to a stable in vallentuna where he later died at the age of 24 .\ncarrion, or grey - crows, called hoodicraws, for when they get old, they become white in colour all but the feathers of the head; these keep black, and look as if the bird had on a cowl or hud .\nbunting now remembered, had given a most circumstantial account of what the avenger looked like, for he, it was supposed, had actually brushed by her as he passed .\nexcept for small patches of yellow or white on the heads of a few species, bright colors are not a hallmark of this family. brown, white, and gray plumages with streaked and spotted patterns are commonplace for the primarily dull colored sparrows. however there are exceptions, such as the boldly patterned plumages of black, white, and tan plumages displayed by the juncos, the vibrant black and burnt orange of the towhees, and the rich reddish - brown tones of the longspurs' breeding plumages .\nanother of my local fields was planted up with rape this year. i’ve previously disliked rape because it has a completely unnatural colour, and the smell is not too pleasant either. but since i’ve been getting close to it and seeing the variety of birdlife it supports i’m changing my mind. not least because it plays host to corn bunting which are becoming increasingly uncommon due to loss of habitat. this rape field regularly had linnet, reed bunting and corn bunting feeding on the seedpods which are extremely rich in oil and therefore a good energy source for small songbirds .\nbut i digress. the corn bunting are back, the sky was full of larks and the hares were getting frisky. i’ll keep you posted when the linnet and other summer visitors arrive .\nbunting (1961–1985 / 86) was a swedish halfbreed skimmel horse made famous for his participation in the olle hellbom films by astrid lindgrens pippi longstocking. he played pippi' s horse lilla gubben .\nbunting thought he ought to have been to occupy so important a position on so important a day - - gave a little history, as it were, of the terrible and mysterious avenger crimes .\nchaine, a. s. & lyon, b. e. 2008. intra - sexual selection on multiple plumage ornaments in the lark bunting. animal behavior 76: 657 - 667. pdf\ngupta nj, kumar v (2013) testes play a role in termination but not in initiation of the spring migration in the night - migratory blackheaded bunting. anim biol (in press) .\ni couldn’t get close enough to get a picture of the whole hare, they were too wary of me and the dog, who’s a lurcher, so their timidity was well justified! but i like the way their ears poked up above the grass with the characteristic black tips .\nin west palearctic, breeds only in boreal and arctic continental climatic zones. in south, having more northerly range than any other emberizidae except lapland bunting and snow bunting. favours willow zone along rivers through northern taiga, and open forest by river mouths. towards west of range shows preference for undergrowth of dwarf birch or willow among taller trees, which may be birch, spruce, or other species .\nreed buntings have been a common site in the fields to the north of histon since the weather has warmed up and the males with their black and white heads cling to the top of wheat stems proclaiming their availability. the females are more reclusive but can often be seen perched in bushes\nlyon, b. e. & montgomerie, r. d. 1995. snow bunting and mckay' s bunting (plectrophenax nivalis and p. hyperborieus) in the birds of north america, no. 198 - 199 (a. poole, p. steenheim, and f. gill eds .) the academy of natural sciences, philadelphia and the american ornithologists union, washington, d. c .\nchaine a. s. & lyon, b. e. 2008. adaptive plasticity in female mate choice dampens sexual selection on male ornaments in the lark bunting. science 319: 459 - 62. pdf\none bird that also returns to the farmland around histon, but from closer to home, is the corn bunting (emberiza calandra, dansk: bomlærke). the corn bunting is a resident breeder in the uk, but as with most other species local to me it disappears from the fields round here as soon as the harvest begins, usually during the first week in august, not to return until march or april .\nthe reed bunting is an amber list species because it is recovering from a severe population decline that started in the 1970' s, which was a result of increased egg failures and poor survival rates among fledglings .\nthe main reason i headed over there was because i wanted to find out if the large numbers of linnet and corn bunting which disappear from the fields every year at harvest time had returned. my first impression on entering the fields was that i should have gone to the meadow, there was virtually no movement of any kind, but i stuck to my guns and that turned out to be a good decision. i didn’t expect to see corn bunting, which are becoming increasingly scarce on our farms, yet, but i had only gone half a mile or so before i heard the unmistakeable sound of a male calling. i heard him long before i saw him but i knew where he would be perched from where his song was coming from, it is a favourite perch all the time they are in residence :\nthe rape seed pods are full of small black seeds and if you squeeze one seed between your fingers there’s enough oil in it to make the ends of your thumb and forefinger really greasy, so it’s easy to see why rape is a lucrative crop and why it is a good energy source for songbirds .\nthe choice of the mazur identity approach over the bunting identity approach used in has been made for convenience, because the mazur construction presented in section 4 is useful in dealing with question (b) in section 5 .\nthe corn bunting is a lovely creature which is very distinctive when you know it. from a disatnce it looks like another random little brown bird, but it sits atop the wheat stems and the hedgerows calling and the\nmales have black heads, are brilliant yellow underneath and are reddish - brown on top. the females are much duller although they often show at least a hint of yellow, especially on the undertail coverts and the head is usually distinctly darker than the throat, creating a hooded effect which mimics the pattern of the male .\nsome emberizids are still named\nfinches\nrather than\nbuntings\n. conversely, there are species retaining the name\nbunting\nwhich are now classed in the family cardinalidae. among those are the painted and indigo buntings .\nschematic illustration of typological expression of c - fos - like immunoreactivity in suprachiasmatic nucleus (scn), and of c - fos -, npy - and vip - like immunoreactivity in mediobasal hypothalamus (mbh) of blackheaded bunting .\na light woolen stuff very loosely woven. it is the material out of which flags of all kinds are usually made. a variety of bunting is also in use for women' s dresses; it is warm, and drapes well .\nwe turned off the lode and headed along harrisons drove where we came across a field of very impressive bovines. in order to manage the fen (and at the same time draw in more visitors, no doubt) cattle and horses are used to trim the vegetation back naturally. i’d never seen the cattle before and they are magnificent animals – looking more like a cross between a highlander and a bison than traditional farm cattle :\nthe term bunting is also used to refer to a collection of flags, and particularly those of a ship. the officer responsible for raising signals using flags is known as bunts, a term still used for a ship' s communications officer .\nblack - headed grosbeaks are monogamous, but pair bonds last for only one breeding season. the female builds the nest on an outer branch of a small willow, alder, big - leafed maple, cottonwood, or other broadleaved tree or shrub. the nest is a bulky, open cup made of twigs, weeds, rootlets, and needles, lined with rootlets, hair, and fine plant material. both sexes help incubate 2 - 5 eggs for 12 - 14 days. they both brood the young for about a week, and both bring food to the nest. the young leave the nest at 10 - 14 days but can' t fly for another two weeks. the adults continue to feed the young until after they can fly, and raise only one brood a year .\nthese pictures were taken in the evening when the sun was low in the western sky, which is why the colours are quite red, and a corn bunting was singing away just out of shot. more lbj’s than i could shake a stick at !\nthe birds are still around but they have dispersed and a tad more legwork is required to see the same species i was seeing 2 - 3 weeks ago. but now, the first broods of the next generation have all fledged and while my garden has played host to families of starling, great tit, and goldfinch – the fledglings easily distinguished from the adults by their lack of a crimson face – further afield, the hedgerows are thronged with linnet, whitethroat, reed bunting, corn bunting and yellowhammer .\nthis group, the cardinalids, is made up of medium - sized songbirds that primarily inhabit open areas and woodland edges. the family is tropical in origin and restricted to the americas. northern - breeding members generally have strong sexual dimorphism: adult males are brightly colored, while females are drab. they are seedeaters and have powerful, conical bills that can crack seeds. these birds also eat fruit and insects. most of those that breed in the northern temperate zone are migratory and monogamous. the common names of several species in the cardinalidae family can be confusing, because some birds that are called buntings or grosbeaks belong to different families. snow bunting, mckay’s bunting, and rustic bunting are actually members of the emberizidae, and evening grosbeak belongs to the fringillidae .\nthis year seems to have been good for hares and i see them in many of the local fields in good numbers almost every time i venture there. there are also plenty of rabbits, but the hares are easily distinguished by their size, they are much bigger than rabbits, and the hares have very long ears with distinctive black tips which the rabbits don’t .\nthere is a field of oil seed rape on the edge of histon which i had always imagined to be devoid of wildlife but in the last few weeks families of linnet, reed bunting, greenfinch and whitethroat are regularly perched on top of the rape plants .\nin 1899, a pharmacist named george bunting blended his own cold cream, which, in addition to removing makeup and relieving sunburn, gained popularity for its ability to cure eczema. the product' s claim of\nno eczema\nled to its name, noxzema .\nsmallest bunting of west palearctic, with delicate but compact form and terrestrial behaviour recalling linnet and dunnock. distinctly less bulky than reed bunting, with sharply pointed bill, flat sloping forehead, little or no neck, shorter, straight - edged tail, and shorter legs. plumage basically buff to grey - brown above and clean buffish - white below, with bright, warm colored, and quite strongly marked head, more rufous, pale - barred wings, white - edged tail, and finely streaked breast and flanks. sexes similar, no seasonal variation .\ncitation: rastogi a, kumari y, rani s, kumar v (2013) neural correlates of migration: activation of hypothalamic clock (s) in and out of migratory state in the blackheaded bunting (emberiza melanocephala). plos one 8 (10): e70065. urltoken\nreed buntings are present in the local fields and hedgerows all year round and this little chap, for he is indeed a male, was singing long and loud perched on the top of the rape flowers. a circuit around this field is an ornothological treat, on one lap i’d expect to see several reed buntings, at least one or two corn bunting, lots of skylark and occasionally linnet and goldfinch. and on saturday (9th june) there were two bullfinch, an adult male, resplendent in his black cap and peach breast, and a male youngster, the same colours but a tad smaller and with more muted colours, perched in a tree together on the edge of the field .\nthe uniqueness theorem for the nonlinear σ - model on b 2 is obtained utilising either the mazur identity, 82) or the bunting identity. 83) the mazur identity is in general applied for the nonlinear σ - model with the target space which is a coset space g / h .\nthe reed bunting' s song is a rather dreary staccato chirrup that is often written as\ntweek, tweek, tititweek\n. personally, i remember it as\ntree, tree, top of tree\nbecause it is usually delivers its song from a perch at the top of a tree, bush or reed .\nbunting is a form of animal behavior, often found in cats, in which the animal butts or rubs their head against other things, including people. it is generally considered to be a form of territorial scent - marking behavior, where the cat rubs the scent glands on their cheeks and forehead on the object being marked .\nthe blue grosbeak is a large bunting of the southern forest edge, often seen singing from roadside wires and tree tops. although widespread throughout its breeding range, it is generally scarce and virtually all aspects of its biology are poorly known, perhaps owing in part to its low numbers. while the breeding biology of this species is likely similar to that of its relative, the indigo bunting, we still lack detailed information about blue grosbeak nesting ecology, courtship behavior, and song structure and learning, among other things. in addition, little is known about populations that breed in mexico and central america, and even less about northern populations on their wintering grounds .\nit was a funny, rather smelly little place, and she hurried as much as she could, the more so that the foreigner who served her insisted on telling her some of the strange, peculiar details of this avenger murder which had taken place forty - eight hours before, and in which bunting took such a morbid interest .\nse europe from italy and balkans e to black sea coast, from e ukraine (e of r dnieper) and sw russia e to nw caspian region and s to n caucasus region (absent from greater caucasus) and, in s, from aegean islands and turkey e to e georgia, azerbaijan and ne & sw iran (in s locally e to baluchistan and possibly adjacent pakistan # r) and s to israel, w jordan and n iraq. winters in w india .\nmontgomerie, r. d & lyon, b. e. 2011. snow bunting (plectrophenax nivalis). the birds of north america online (a. poole, ed .). ithaca: cornell lab of ornithology (revision of a species account published in 1995). access available from the birds of north america online website with a subscription or by payment link\nthis air is enhanced by the presence of five aspidistras, placed in a row on the top of the bunting, which has been stretched across the top, over the opening and the turned - back lid, tightly fixed to the edges with drawing pins, and allowed to fall in artistic festoons down the sides and in a sort of valance - like effect across the front .\nmontgomerie, r. d & lyon, b. e. 2011. mckay' s bunting (plectrophenax hyperborieus). the birds of north america online (a. poole, ed .). ithaca: cornell lab of ornithology (revision of a species account published in 1995). access available from the birds of north america online website with a subscription or by payment link\nbetsy and ginger had accompanied louis on the stump, ginger sat on the edge of grange hall st agings swinging her attractive legs and shredding the red, white, and blue bunting with her three - inch heels, all the while complaining of the rigors of political wifehood and wondering whether she was going to end up with her own ritzy rehab clinic someday, just like betty ford .\nbunting (or bunt) was originally a specific type of lightweight worsted wool fabric generically known as tammy, manufactured from the turn of the 17th century, and used for making ribbons and flags, including signal flags for the royal navy. amongst other properties that made the fabric suitable for ribbons and flags was its high glaze, achieved by a process including hot - pressing. the origin of the word is uncertain .\nit’s not the best picture of a corn bunting because the sun was still low in the sky directly behind with a thin layer of high white cloud inbetween. consequently it was impossible to get anything other than a silhouettte without overexposing the shot, so that’s what i did so his colors can be seen. he wasn’t the only one i saw, there were three altogether, so i hope there’ll be a good few more in the next few weeks .\nlark - like bird, c. 1300, bountyng, of unknown origin. perhaps from buntin\nplump\n( compare baby bunting, also scots buntin\nshort and thick ;\nwelsh bontin\nrump ,\nand bontinog\nbig - assed\n), or a double diminutive of french bon. or it might be named in reference to speckled plumage and be from an unrecorded old english word akin to german bunt\nspeckled ,\ndutch bont .\nthe lack of a significant increase in the number of the c - fos - lir cells in scn after 20 h light period may suggest the absence of the direct role of scn in the photoperiodic induction of seasonal responses in the blackheaded bunting (figs. 1a–b; 2a–e), as reported in turkeys [ 12 ]. we would like to interpret this as evidence for the independence of the scn activity from photoperiodic conditions to which birds are exposed to in the year. this interpretation is consistent with the absence of a daily rhythm in c - fos - lir cells in the scn of chicken, japanese quail, european starling and house sparrow kept on long days [ 49 ] – [ 51 ] .\nthe rest of the birds in this posts are not migrants in the uk and i see them all year round. the yellowhammer is a bunting that has a very distinctive song, described in numerous field guides as ‘ a - little - bit - of - bread - with - no - cheese ‘. which is a very good example of the pitfalls of trying to over - interpret birdsong! i was with my daughter when we saw (and heard) this one calling, and after telling her about the ‘little - bit - of - bread…’ thing we spent the rest of the walk thinking up alternatives. my favourite was ‘ i’m - going - down - the - pub - for - a - beer ‘ .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nphylogeny and classification of the old world emberizini (aves, passeriformes). - pubmed - ncbi\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\nalström p 1, olsson u, lei f, wang ht, gao w, sundberg p .\ndepartment of vertebrate zoology and molecular systematics laboratory, swedish museum of natural history, p. o. box 50007, se - 104 05 stockholm, sweden. per. alstrom @ urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ncramp, s. and simmons, k. e. l. (eds). 1977 - 1994. handbook of the birds of europe, the middle east and africa. the birds of the western palearctic. oxford university press, oxford .\njustification: this species has an extremely large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km 2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). the population trend is not known, but the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size is extremely large, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nin europe, the breeding population is estimated to number 2, 470, 000 - 8, 160, 000 pairs, which equates to 4, 930, 000 - 16, 300, 000 mature individuals (birdlife international 2015). europe forms c. 65% of the global range, so a very preliminary estimate of the global population size is 7, 500, 000 - 25, 100, 000 mature individuals, although further validation of this estimate is needed. trend justification: in europe the overall trend from 1980 to 2011 was uncertain (ebcc 2015) .\nthe population underwent a strong decline in europe between 1970 and 1990 (birdlife international 2004). it is likely that the long - term decline is related to changes in agricultural practices and the removal of hedges and shrubs in parts of its range, heavy pesticide use and changes in land - use: replacement of olive groves by maize fields and cornfields by commercial fruit - growing (hagemeijer and blair 1997, copete 2016) .\nconservation actions underway the species is classified as near threatened in the italian red list data book (peronace 2011). conservation actions proposed maintain crop mosaic farmland in the species' s breeding areas (brambilla 2015). investigate whether an additional breeding population exists in east and south - east asia (copete 2016) .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nmolecular identification of birds: performance of distance - based dna barcoding in three genes to delimit parapatric species. - pubmed - ncbi\nmolecular identification of birds: performance of distance - based dna barcoding in three genes to delimit parapatric species .\ninstitute for biodiversity and ecosystem dynamics and zoological museum, university of amsterdam, amsterdam, the netherlands. m. aliabadian @ urltoken\ndna barcoding based on the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit i gene (cox1 or coi) has been successful in species identification across a wide array of taxa but in some cases failed to delimit the species boundaries of closely allied allopatric species or of hybridising sister species .\nin this study we extend the sample size of prior studies in birds for cox1 (2776 sequences, 756 species) and target especially species that are known to occur parapatrically, and / or are known to hybridise, on a holarctic scale. in order to obtain a larger set of taxa (altogether 2719 species), we include also dna sequences of two other mitochondrial genes: cytochrome b (cob) (4614 sequences, 2087 species) and 16s (708 sequences, 498 species). our results confirm the existence of a wide gap between intra - and interspecies divergences for both cox1 and cob, and indicate that distance - based dna barcoding provides sufficient information to identify and delineate bird species in 98% of all possible pairwise comparisons. this dna barcoding gap was not statistically influenced by the number of individuals sequenced per species. however, most of the hybridising parapatric species pairs have average divergences intermediate between intraspecific and interspecific distances for both cox1 and cob." ]

{ "text": [ "the black-headed bunting ( emberiza melanocephala ) is a passerine bird in the bunting family emberizidae .", "it breeds in south-east europe east to iran and migrates in winter mainly to india , with some individuals moving further into south-east asia .", "like others in its family , it is found in open grassland habitats where they fly in flocks in search of grains and seed .", "adult males are well marked with yellow underparts , chestnut back and a black head .", "adult females in breeding plumage look like duller males .", "in other plumages , they can be hard to separate from the closely related red-headed bunting and natural hybridization occurs between the two species in the zone of overlap of their breeding ranges in northern iran . " ], "topic": [ 23, 27, 12, 23, 23, 13 ] }

[ "the black-headed bunting (emberiza melanocephala) is a passerine bird in the bunting family emberizidae. it breeds in south-east europe east to iran and migrates in winter mainly to india, with some individuals moving further into south-east asia. like others in its family, it is found in open grassland habitats where they fly in flocks in search of grains and seed. adult males are well marked with yellow underparts, chestnut back and a black head. adult females in breeding plumage look like duller males. in other plumages, they can be hard to separate from the closely related red-headed bunting and natural hybridization occurs between the two species in the zone of overlap of their breeding ranges in northern iran." ]

[ "biokids is sponsored in part by the interagency education research initiative. it is a partnership of the university of michigan school of education, university of michigan museum of zoology, and the detroit public schools. this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant drl - 0628151. copyright © 2002 - 2018, the regents of the university of michigan. all rights reserved .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\na taxon identifier is composed of name, author, year and attribute, all separated by a blank. these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication. the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words (genus and species) separated by a blank .\nthe author' s name is made up of a string of letters, with no blanks, and multiple authors' names are separated by a comma. spelling of author' s name is based on the original publication. if there are more than three authors, only the names of the first two authors are shown, followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets. this is rarely needed, but to differentiate homo - identifiers, this will contain the page, line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks, hyphens, and apostrophes are eliminated, thus only the following characters are used: a to z, a to z, 0 to 9, blank, comma, and opening and closing square brackets. although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition, it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions (contact information) with supporting references, possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote: you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments. please, create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet. you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc. .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\n. if you continue to use the site we will assume that you agree with this .\nthere are several matrix. why not try to find a fault? type something to search ...\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nagonoxeninae amblytenes meyrick, 1930 lunatica meyrick, 1930 anchimompha clarke, 1965 melaleuca clarke, 1965 auxotricha meyrick, 1931 ochrogypsa meyrick, 1931 homoeoprepes walsingham, 1909 homeoprepes hodges, 1978, missp. felisae clarke, 1962 sympatrica clarke, 1962 trochiloides walsingham, 1909 microcolona meyrick, 1897 transennata meyrick, 1922 nanodacna clarke, 1964 ancora clarke, 1964 indiscriminata clarke, 1965 logística (meyrick, 1931) (colonophora) vinacea (meyrick, 1922) (homaledra) nicanthes meyrick, 1928 rhodoclea meyrick, 1928 pammeces zeller, 1863 albivitella zeller, 1863 citraula meyrick, 1922 crocoxysta meyrick, 1922 lithochroma walsingham, 1897 pallida walsingham, 1897 phlogophora walsingham, 1909 problema walsingham, 1915 panclintis meyrick, 1929 socia meyrick, 1929 prochola meyrick, 1915 aedilis meyrick, 1915 agypsota meyrick, 1922 basichlora meyrick, 1922 catacentra meyrick, 1917 chloropis meyrick, 1922 euclina meyrick, 1922 fuscula forbes, 1931 holomorpha meyrick, 1931 obstructa meyrick, 1915 ochromicta meyrick, 1922 oppidana meyrick, 1915 orphnopa meyrick, 1922 orthobasis meyrick, 1922 pervallata meyrick, 1922 prasophanes meyrick, 1922 revecta meyrick, 1922 semiabata meyrick, 1922 sollers meyrick, 1917 subtincta (meyrick, 1922) (syntetrernis) syntentrernis meyrick, 1922 neocompsa meyrick, 1933 xiphodes meyrick, 1922 tocasta busck, 1912 priscella busck, 1912 zaratha walker, 1864 macrocera r. felder & rogenhofer, 1875 mesonyctia meyrick, 1909 pterodactylella walker, 1864 nivelventris r. felder & rogenhofer, 1875\nelachistinae elachista treitschke, 1833 aphelosetia stephens, 1834 cycnodia herrich - schäffer, 1853 phigalia chambers, 1875, preocc. (duponchel, 1829 [ geometridae ]) atachia wocke, 1876 neaera chambers, 1880, preocc. (robineau - desvoidy, 1830 [ diptera ]) hecista wallengren, 1881 aphigalia dyar, 1903 irenicodes meyrick, 1919 euproteodesviette, 1954 albisquamella zeller, 1877 luciliella zeller, 1877 tersectella zeller, 1877\nthioscelis meyrick, 1909 directrix meyrick, 1909 fuscata duckworth, 1967 geranomorpha meyrick, 1932 lipara duckworth, 1967 whalleyi duckworth, 1967 timocratica meyrick, 1912 lychnocrates meyrick, 1926 agramma becker, 1982 albella (zeller, 1839) (depressaria) albitogata becker, 1982 amseli duckworth, 1962, repl. name albella amsel, 1956, preocc. (not zeller, 1839) anelaea (meyrick, 1932) (stenoma) argonais (meyrick, 1925) (stenoma) argonias clarke, 1955, missp. bicornuta becker, 1982 butyrota (meyrick, 1929) (stenoma) syndicastis (meyrick, 1929) (stenoma) constrictivalva becker, 1982 effluxa (meyrick, 1930) (lychnocrates) fraternella (busck, 1910) (stenoma) fuscipalpalis becker, 1982 grandis (perty, [ 1833 ]) (yponomeuta) guarani becker, 1982 isarga (meyrick, 1925) (stenoma) leucocapna (meyrick, 1926) (lychnocrates) leucorectis (meyrick, 1925) (stenoma) longicilia becker, 1982 loxotoma (busck, 1909) (stenoma) macroleuca (meyrick, 1932) (stenoma) major (busck, 1911) (stenoma) maturescens (meyrick, 1925) (stenoma) megaleuca (meyrick, 1912) (stenoma) melanocosta becker, 1982 melanostriga becker, 1982 meridionalis becker, 1982 monotonia (strand, 1911) (cryptolechia) isographa meyrick, 1912 claudescens meyrick, 1925 crassa meyrick, 1925 nivea becker, 1982 palpis (zeller, 1877) (cryptolechia) auxoleuca (meyrick, 1925) (stenoma) haywardi busck, 1939 parvifusca becker, 1982 parvileuca becker, 1982 philomela (meyrick, 1925) (stenoma) pompeiana meyrick, 1925 spinignatha becker, 1982 subovalis (meyrick, 1932) (stenoma) stomatocosma (meyrick, 1932) (stenoma) titanoleuca becker, 1982 venifurcata becker, 1982 xanthosoma (dognin, 1913) (stenoma) a. xanthosoma (dognin, 1913) (stenoma) sacra (meyrick, 1918) (stenoma) b. leucocephala becker, 1982 xanthotarsa becker, 1982\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant no. deb 416078. any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the national science foundation .\nauthor - richard l. brown uploaded on 4 july 2009; last upsdated on 19 august 2015\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word crypsiphaea. also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word crypsiphaea and, of course, crypsiphaea synonyms and on the right images related to the word crypsiphaea .\nthis is the place for crypsiphaea definition. you find here crypsiphaea meaning, synonyms of crypsiphaea and images for crypsiphaea copyright 2017 © urltoken" ]

{ "text": [ "antaeotricha cryeropis is a moth in the depressariidae family .", "it was described by edward meyrick in 1926 .", "it is found in mexico ( guerrero ) .", "the wingspan is 23-25 mm .", "the forewings are white with a grey mottled blotch along the basal fourth of the costa , from the extremity of this an indistinct oblique grey shade runs to the posterior edge of a similar blotch partially mottled with blackish irroration extending along the dorsum from near the base to near the middle .", "there are two small somewhat obliquely placed dark grey subconfluent spots on the end of the cell , surrounded by a large irregular grey blotch , beneath this a cloudy dark grey spot on the dorsum at two-thirds .", "a somewhat curved erect grey shade is found from the dorsum before the tornus reaching two-thirds across the wing , and a lighter irregular or almost macular shade from the tornus more nearly reaching the costa .", "there is a grey terminal line .", "the hindwings are light grey , towards the base suffused whitish .", "the costa in males is rather expanded anteriorly , with a fringe of mostly white projecting scales , and a subcostal whitish hairpencil from the base reaching the middle . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 9, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ] }

[ "antaeotricha cryeropis is a moth in the depressariidae family. it was described by edward meyrick in 1926. it is found in mexico (guerrero). the wingspan is 23-25 mm. the forewings are white with a grey mottled blotch along the basal fourth of the costa, from the extremity of this an indistinct oblique grey shade runs to the posterior edge of a similar blotch partially mottled with blackish irroration extending along the dorsum from near the base to near the middle. there are two small somewhat obliquely placed dark grey subconfluent spots on the end of the cell, surrounded by a large irregular grey blotch, beneath this a cloudy dark grey spot on the dorsum at two-thirds. a somewhat curved erect grey shade is found from the dorsum before the tornus reaching two-thirds across the wing, and a lighter irregular or almost macular shade from the tornus more nearly reaching the costa. there is a grey terminal line. the hindwings are light grey, towards the base suffused whitish. the costa in males is rather expanded anteriorly, with a fringe of mostly white projecting scales, and a subcostal whitish hairpencil from the base reaching the middle." ]

[ "kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\nlimanahkiainen\nto\nmyxine glutinosa linnaeus, 1758\n.\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\nlimaaja\nto\nmyxine glutinosa linnaeus, 1758\n.\necology of the hagfish, myxine glutinosa l. in the gulf of maine i. metabolic rates and energetics\nkari pihlaviita marked the finnish common name\nlimanahkiaiset\nfrom\nmyxine glutinosa linnaeus, 1758\nas untrusted .\necology of the hagfish, myxine glutinosa l. in the gulf of maine. 1. metabolic rates and energetics\necology of the hagfish, myxine glutinosa l. in the gulf of maine i. metabolic rates and energetics - sciencedirect\ndistribution and dimension of the t - system in different muscle fiber types in the atlantic hagfish (myxine glutinosa, l .) .\necology of the hagfish, myxine glutinosa l. in the gulf of maine. 1. metabolic rates and energetics - sciencebase - catalog\nmarinelli, w. 1956. myxine glutinosa l. , ibid. , vol. i (ii), p. 81 - 172 .\ndistribution and dimension of the t - system in different muscle fiber types in the atlantic hagfish (myxine glutinosa, l .). - pubmed - ncbi\ndieuzeide, r. 1956. les myxines (myxine glutinosa l .) en mediterranée. bull. stat. aquic. pêche castiglione, 8: 11 - 27 .\nvladykov, v. d. l951a. the capture of the hagfish (myxine glutinosa) in the gulf of st. lawrence, quebec. copeia, (1): 84 .\njennifer hammock split the classifications by inventaire national du patrimoine naturel, inventaire national du patrimoine naturel, and inventaire national du patrimoine naturel from myxine glutinosa linnaeus, 1758 to their own page .\natlantic hagfish - myxine glutinosa the atlantic hagfish is found on both sides of the north atlantic ocean. source: sea and sky intended audience: student reading level: middle school teacher section: no\nshelton, r. g. j. , 1978. on the feeding of the hagfish myxine glutinosa in the north sea. journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom, 58, 81 - 86\n( of myxine glutinosa australis putnam, 1874) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of myxine glutinosa limosa putnam, 1874) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of myxine glutinosa septentrionalis putnam, 1874) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n…in nets, the best - studied species, myxine glutinosa, normally feeds on soft - bodied invertebrates and larger dead animals. myxine burrows into soft marine sediments and rests with only the tip of the head protruding. during respiration, water enters through the nostril and passes by a nasopharyngeal duct to the pharynx and gills. …\nin the hagfish myxine glutinosa, the major oxygen supply is derived from water drawn in through the nostril that opens into the pharynx. a peculiar respiratory structure, the velum, just behind the nostril opening, dangles from the upper midline of the pharynx, resembling an inverted t. membranous scrolls…\nbarnes, m. k. s. 2008. myxine glutinosa hagfish. in tyler - walters h. and hiscock k. (eds) marine life information network: biology and sensitivity key information reviews, [ on - line ]. plymouth: marine biological association of the united kingdom. [ cited 10 - 07 - 2018 ]. available from: urltoken\nadam, l. l. ; strahan, r. 1963. systematics and geographical distribution of myxinoids. in: brodal & fänge, biology of myxine: 1 - 8 .\nmp lesser, fh martini, and jb heiser, ecology of the hagfish, myxine glutinosa l. in the gulf of maine. 1. metabolic rates and energetics: journal of experimental marine biology and ecology [ j. exp. mar. biol. ecol. ], vol. 208, no. 1 - 2, pp. 215 - 225, jan 1997 .\nregan, c. t. 1913b. a revision of the myxinoids of the genus myxine. ann. mag. nat. hist. , (8) 11: 395 - 398 .\nfernholm, b. 1981. a new species of hagfish of the genus myxine, with notes on other eastern atlantic myxinids. j. fish. biol. , 19: 73 - 82 .\nwalvig, f. 1963. the gonads and the formation of the sexual cells: 530 - 580, fig. 1 - 23. in: brodal & fänge. the biology of myxine, universitetsførlaget, oslo .\ndetails are given by marinelli & strenger (1956), and systematical information is given by fernholm (1981) .\n( 20 - 600 m) on muddy bottom. in norwegian fjords reported to occur to 1, 100 m .\nhas a cluster of anchor - tipped filaments at each end (fig. c) .\n; from davis strait to florida (unpublished). abundant in many areas .\n; eggs few but large (circa 20 mm) (schnakenbeck, 1931: 1, fig. i | walvig, 1963, in brodal & fange: 546 - 556, fig. 10 - 14) .\nandriashev, a. p. 1954. ryby severnykh morei sssr. izv. akad. nauk sssr. moskwa - leningrad. (english trans. 1964, jerusalem, ipst, 617 p. , 300 fig. )\nbigelow, h. b. ; schroeder, w. c. 1948a. fishes of the western north atlantic. cyclostomes. mem. sears found. mar. res. , new haven, 1 (2): 29 - 58, fig. 1 - 5 .\ncouch, j. 1867 - 68. a history of the fishes of the british islands, 2nd ed. london, 1, 1867: vii + 245 p. , fig. n. num. , col. pl. i - lvii; 2, 1867: iv + 265 p. , col. pl. lviii cxx, 3, 1868: iv + 208 p. , col. pl. cxxi - clxxix; 4, 1867: iv + 439 p. , fig. n. num. , col. pl. clxxx - ccxviii + xv, lxxvi, lxxxii, cxxiii .\nfabricius, 0. 1780. fauna groenlandica, systematice sistens, animalia groenlandiae occidentalis, copenhagen & leipzig: 452 p. , pl. [ pisces: 157 - 183 ] .\nfontaine, m. 1958. formes actuelles des cyclostomes. répartition géographique, systématique. in: p. - p. grassé, traité de zoologie, 13: 151 - 163 .\nfries, b. f. ; ekström, c. u. ; sundevall, c. j. 1893 - 95. a history of scandinavian fishes, rev. and compl. by f. a. smitt, stockholm & paris, i, 1893: 1 - 566 + viii, fig. 1 - 134; ii, 1895: 567 - 1240, fig. 135380; atlas, pt. i, 1893, pl. i - xxvii; pt. ii, 1895, pl. xxvii a - liii .\ngünther, a. 1870. catalogue of the fishes in the british museum. 8. catalogue of the physostomi containing the families gymnotidae, symbranchidae, muraenidae, pegasidae and of the lophobranchii, plectognathi, dipnoi, ganoidei, chondropterygii, cyclostomata, leptocardii in the collection of the british museum. london, xxv + 549 p .\ngarman, s. 1899. reports on a exploration off the west coasts of mexico, central and south america, and off the galapagos islands in charge of alexander agassiz, by the u. s. fish commission steamer' albatross' during 1891, lieut. commander z. l. tanner, u. s. a. commanding. xxvi. the fishes. mem. mus. comp. zool. harv. , 24: 1 - 431, 97 pl. , i map .\nholly, m. 1933. cyclostomata. das tierreich, 59: xiv + 62 p. , 57 fig .\njenkins, j. t. 1925. the fishes of the british isles both fresh water and salt. london: vii + 376 p. , 143 pl .\njensen, a. s. 1926. investigations of the' dana' in west greenland waters, 1925. rapp. p. - v. cons. int. explor. mer, copenhague, 39: 85 - 100 .\njensen, a. s. 1941b. the marsipobranchs of greenland. vidensk. meddr. dansk naturh. foren. , 105: 55 - 57 .\njordan, d. s. ; evermann, b. w. ; clark, h. w. 1930. check list of the fishes and fishlike vertebrates of north and middle america north of the northern boundary of venezuela and columbia. rep. u. s. commnr fish. for 1928, part ii: 670 p. (reprint 1962, eric lundberg, ashton, maryland) .\nleim, a. h. ; scott, w. b. 1966. fishes of the atlantic coast of canada. bull fish. res. bd can. , (155): 485 p. , many fig. , unnumbered, 4 col. pl .\nlinnaeus, c. 1758. systema naturae, ed. x, vol. 1, 824 p. nantes & pisces: 230 - 338. (reprint, 1956, london. )\nnybelin, 0. 1964a. agnathi: 223 - 225. in: andersson, fiskar och fiske i norden .\nrauther, m. 1924. cyclostomi in bronn' s klassen u. ordnun. tierreichs, 6 (1): 583 - 701, fig. 116 124 .\nschnakenbeck, w. 1927. cyclostomi. in: g. grimpe & e. wagler. die tierwelt der nord - und ostsee, leipzig, 7 (12): dl - dl4, 13 fig .\nsoljan, t. 1948. fauna i flora jadrana. 1. ribe inst. oceanogr. ribarst. jugoslavia. zagreb, hrvatske, 437 p. , 1350 fig .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ngreek, myxinos, - ou = a kind of viscose skin (ref. 45335) .\nthe list below must not be used as an authority reference synonymy list like those found in scientific published revisions, which must be the source to be used and cited eventually when they exist .\nrather, it reflects the current content of fishbase, and the progress with respect to synchronization with the catalog of fishes. however, we think it can be useful for users to assess the quality of information in fishbase, to start new work on the family, or to cross - check with other lists .\nbut we appreciate to be cited in publications when this list has been of any working value. in particular, for published scientific, we suggest then to cite it in the material and method section as a useful tool to conduct the research, but again, not as a taxonomic or nomenclatural authority reference .\nunless it is explicitly precised, the list is not complete, please search all original names published for the family in the catalog of fishes (genera, species), including those with uncertain or unknown status, that are not included in fishbase when they are not attached to a valid species .\nthis list uses some data from catalog of fishes (not shown but used to sort names) .\nin the column coff, the digit indicates the status of synchronization with coff: 0: not checked; 1: same status; 2: different status; 3: other combination; 4: synonym in coff; 5: species / subspecies issue; 6: synonym of another species in coff; 7: not in coff; 8: should not be in coff. the coff version currently used is the one published on 23 - 07 - 2014 (ref. 97102) .\nwhen subfamilies are recognized, nominotypical subfamily first then other subfamilies by alphabetical order .\ntype genus of the family first (or of subfamily when subfamilies are recognized) then other genera by chronological order of description (and alphabetical order) .\ntype species of the genus first by chronological order (and alphabetical order), with last listed misapplied names in a light gray font .\neptatretus ancon (mok, saavedra - diaz & acero p. , 2001 )\nparamyxine ancon (mok, saavedra - diaz & acero p. , 2001 )\nparamyxine wayuu (mok, saavedra - diaz & acero p. , 2001 )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\njustification: this species is abundant and has a wide distribution from north america to europe. a fishery is in place in the gulf of maine and statistics suggest that catch per unit effort (cpue) and population abundance have locally decline. however, this fishery operates in only 5 - 10% of its range, and there is no indication of widespread population decline throughout the species distribution. it is listed as least concern. given its commercial importance, current and future fisheries for this species should be carefully monitored .\nthere are two populations from the north atlantic ocean of this species. in the eastern north atlantic, from murmansk (russia) to northern morocco, and the western mediterranean sea (north morocco, algeria, and northern adriatic sea, but probably occurs along all coastal regions of western mediterranean). in the western north atlantic, from greenland to florida, including a few records in the gulf of mexico (off yucatán and florida) .\nwhile not actively managed, the gulf of maine hagfish fishery is in the process of being regulated. a data collection program has been proposed for the species by nmfs requiring seafood dealers to acquire permits and report on the purchase of hagfish made from commercial fishing vessels to aid in the future management of this species. furthermore, given its commercial importance, current and future fisheries for this species should be carefully monitored .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nlinnaeus, c. (1758). systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. editio decima, reformata. laurentius salvius: holmiae. ii, 824 pp. , available online at urltoken page (s): 650 [ details ]\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4. 0 license\nvan der land, j. ; costello, m. j. ; bailly, n. ; eschmeyer, w. n. ; froese, r. (2001). pisces - agnatha, in: costello, m. j. et al. (ed .) (2001). european register of marine species: a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. collection patrimoines naturels, 50: pp. 358 (look up in imis) [ details ]\nbigelow, h. b. and w. c. schroeder. 1953. sawfishes, guitarfishes, skates and rays, and chimaeroids. in fishes of the western north atlantic. memoir sears foundation for marine research 1 (2). yale university, new haven. 588 p. [ details ]\ndyntaxa. (2013). swedish taxonomic database. accessed at urltoken [ 15 - 01 - 2013 ]. , available online at http: / / urltoken [ details ]\nwheeler, a. (1992). a list of the common and scientific names of fishes of the british isles. j. fish biol. 41 (suppl. a): 1 - 37 (look up in imis) page (s): 650 [ details ]\nfroese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of gasterobranchus glutinosus (linnaeus, 1758) ) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of gastrobranchus coecus bloch, 1791) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nintergovernmental oceanographic commission (ioc) of unesco. the ocean biogeographic information system (obis), available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhabitat found at depths of 40 - 1200m over muddy bottoms. [ details ]\ngreek, myxinos, word used by linne, slime fish (1846) (ref. 45335 )\nmarine; demersal; non - migratory; depth range 30 - 1200 m (ref. 31276). temperate; 72°n - 25°n, 79°w - 41°e\nnorth atlantic: murmansk to the mediterranean sea; greenland to usa. absent in eastern mediterranean and black sea. only hagfish in the northeast atlantic .\nmaturity: l m? , range 25 -? cm max length: 80. 0 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 35388); common length: 30. 0 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 35388); common length: 40 cm tl (female )\njawless mouth, single nasal aperture, only a single pair of external gill openings, no operculum or covering fold of skin. grayish or reddish brown above, either plain. variations in color correspond to the color of the sea bottom .\nfound on muddy bottoms where they hide in the mud. slime is used for defense. feeds chiefly on dead and dying fish of varying species by boring into the body and consuming viscera and musculature. chiefly nocturnal. its eggs are few in number about 19 - 30 and large (20 - 25 mm), the horny shell has a cluster of anchor - tipped filaments at each end .\ncopulatory organ absent. the gonads of hagfishes are situated in the peritoneal cavity. the ovary is found in the anterior portion of the gonad, and the testis is found in the posterior part. the animal becomes female if the cranial part of the gonad develops or male if the caudal part undergoes differentiation. if none develops, then the animal becomes sterile. if both anterior and posterior parts develop, then the animal becomes a functional hermaphrodite. however, hermaphroditism being characterised as functional needs to be validated by more reproduction studies (ref. 51361). probably breed throughout the year in deep water (ref. 35388) .\nfernholm, b. , 1998. hagfish systematics. p. 33 - 44. in j. m. jørgensen, j. p. lomholt, r. e. weber and h. malte (eds .) the biology of hagfishes. chapman & hall, london. 578 p. (ref. 31276 )\n): 1 - 10. 2, mean 5. 3 (based on 550 cells) .\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 5000 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 00115 (0. 00044 - 0. 00298), b = 3. 04 (2. 82 - 3. 26), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this (sub) family - body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 4. 5 ±0. 0 se; based on diet studies .\nresilience (ref. 69278): low, minimum population doubling time 4. 5 - 14 years (fec = 20 - 30) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): moderate to high vulnerability (50 of 100) .\nthis is a directory page. britannica does not currently have an article on this topic .\nanimal, (kingdom animalia), any of a group of multicellular eukaryotic organisms (i. e. , as distinct from…\nhorse, (equus caballus), a hoofed, herbivorous mammal of the family equidae. it comprises a single species, …\ndog, (canis lupus familiaris), domestic mammal of the family canidae (order carnivora). it is a subspecies…\nhagfish makes knot when hold at tail. knot serves as support while escaping. note the produced slime .\nthe stomach of a carnivorous plant. dissecting a tropical nepenthes pitcher plant (2013 re - release )\nnelson, joseph s. , edwin j. crossman, h. espinosa - pérez, l. t. findley, c. r. gilbert, et al. , eds .\nfull author list: nelson, joseph s. , edwin j. crossman, héctor espinosa - pérez, lloyd t. findley, carter r. gilbert, robert n. lea, and james d. williams\nrobins, richard c. , reeve m. bailey, carl e. bond, james r. brooker, ernest a. lachner, et al .\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\ncyndy parr commented on an older version of eel - like fishes of the st. lawrence :\nthis is a very nice visual guide, but the size that we display ...\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation, e. g. an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature, an orthologous protein, a record from another database, etc. < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more... < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages, faqs, uniprotkb manual, documents, news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website. please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins, you can use the ‘basket’ to save them, so that you can back to find or analyse them later. < p > < a href =' / help / basket' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more. . < / a > < / p >\nwe' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation (gdpr) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nthe hagfish is a demersal species that can usually be found on muddy bottoms hiding in the mud, potentially down to depths of over 1000 m .\nsmooth, slender, eel - like species up to 80 cm in length .\nis a scavenger feeding mainly on dead fish. it is completely blind and finds its food by its greatly specialized olfactory sense. it has a peculiar habit of pouring out slime, from mucus sacs near the abdomen, in disproportionate quantities to its size (jørgensen\nhowson, c. m. & picton, b. e. , 1997. the species directory of the marine fauna and flora of the british isles and surrounding seas. belfast: ulster museum. [ ulster museum publication, no. 276. ]\njørgensen, j. m. , lomholt, j. p. , weber, r. e. & malte, h. (eds .), 1998. the biology of hagfishes. london, chapman & hall .\nnational biodiversity network (nbn) atlas website. available from: http: / / www. nbnatlas. org. accessed 01 april 2017\nmarine life information network (marlin), the marine biological association of the uk (see contact us) © 2018 the marine biological association of the uk, all rights reserved .\nthe information (text only) provided by the marine life information network (marlin) is licensed under a creative commons attribution - non - commercial - share alike 2. 0 uk: england & wales license. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own terms and conditions and they may or may not be available for reuse. permissions beyond the scope of this license are available here. based on a work at urltoken\nin continuing your browsing of this site, you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics. learn more about cookies .\nvalidated version of the best level of knowledge available at a given time. this category indicates a reliable picture of the distribution at the date of completion of the map with a good presumption of absence in areas where the taxa is not mentioned. example: atlas of amphibians and reptiles of metropolitan france .\nset of controlled data from programs: includes validated data sets associated with current inventories or finalised inventories but partially incomplete. differs from the\nreference distribution\nprimarily on the completeness and expertise collegiate. i. e. the data presented have a high reliability but do not necessarily represent the area of national distribution of taxa .\ndata sets for which the acquisition or organizational methodology does not meet the criteria to define an inventory for inpn. these data, originating from specialists and generally considered a priori to be reliable, are not yet integrated in a process of third - party validation. this data is often designed to integrate an inventory. example: data from cardobs, pre - sorted data from participatory science programs .\nprogram data whose main purpose is not the inventory of species, but the classification of an area, especially protected areas or inventory perimeters. example: znieff g1 and g2, natura 2000, protected areas, apb .\nnational inventory of natural heritage, website: https: / / inpn. mnhn. fr .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n). a, adult, gulf of maine, from bigelow and schroeder, drawing by e. n. fischer. b, lower view of head of same; c, tongue - teeth of same as seen from above, about 3 times natural size; d, egg, after dean, about 2 times natural size .\nhags vary in color, perhaps to correspond with the color of the bottom, being grayish brown or reddish gray above, variously suffused, mottled, or piebald with darker or paler gray, with brown, or with bluish; they are whitish or pale gray below .\nto 2 feet, with a maximum of 31 inches recorded off the coast of maine .\nthe hag is found chiefly if not exclusively where the bottom is soft mud, where (to judge from its actions during the brief time it survives in aquaria) it spends its time lying embedded in the clay or mud with the tip of the snout projecting. and it is at home only in comparatively low temperatures, cooler probably, than 50°, which confines it in summer to depths of 15 to 20 fathoms or more in the gulf of maine. it is not a true parasite, as has sometimes been suggested, their being no reason to believe it ever attacks living, uninjured fish, but is a scavenger .\nbeing blind, it doubtless finds its food by its greatly specialized olfactory apparatus. it feeds chiefly on fish, dead or disabled, though no doubt any other carrion would serve it equally well. and it is known to prey on marine annelid worms also, at least in norwegian waters. it is best known for its troublesome habit of boring into the body cavities of hooked or gilled fishes, eating out the intestines first and then the meat, and leaving nothing but a bag of skin and bones, inside of which the hag itself is often hauled aboard, or clinging to the sides of a fish it has just attacked. in fact, it is only in this way, or entangled on lines, that hags ordinarily are taken or seen .\nbeing worthless itself, the hag is an unmitigated nuisance, and a particularly loathsome one owing to its habit of pouring out slime from its mucous sacs in quantity out of all proportion to its small size. one hag, it is said, can easily fill a 2 - gallon bucket, nor do we think this any exaggeration .\n), these being the species most often fished for with long lines or with gill nets over the type of bottom the hag frequents. but it sometimes damages cod also, and european authors describe it as attacking ling (\n) and other members of the cod tribe, herring, mackerel, sturgeon, and even mackerel sharks under similar circumstances .\nthe hag was formerly believed to be a functional hermaphrodite, with its single sex organ first developing sperm in the posterior portion, eggs later in the anterior portion. however, recent detailed studies of the sex organ appear to show that such is not the case, but that either the male portion of the common sex organ matures in a given individual with the female portion remaining rudimentary, or vice versa. [ 13 ]\nit has long been known that the eggs are few in number (only 19 to 30 having been counted in any one female) and large (up to 25 mm. in length), and the horny shell has a cluster of anchor - tipped filaments at each end that make the eggs easy of identification. until 1900 none had been found that certainly had been laid naturally. in that year, however, hag eggs were reported from the western part of georges bank and from the south coast of newfoundland by dean (1900); [ 14 ] from the neighborhood of the faroe islands by jensen; [ 15 ] from norway by hjort; [ 16 ] off morocco by koefoed. [ 17 ] and they have been reported subsequently from the bay of fundy by huntsman, from frenchman bay on the coast of maine by conel. [ 18 ] the eggs are deposited on bottom, where they stick firmly to fixed objects of one sort or another by their terminal filaments and by threads of slime .\nthe hag spawns throughout its range; also it spawns throughout the year, for females nearing ripeness and others nearly spent have been recorded for winter and spring, as well as summer and autumn, in one part of its range or another. the few eggs so far reported have been from depths of 50 to 150 fathoms, most of them trawled on mud, clay, or sand bottom .\nwe need only add that, to judge from their behavior in aquaria, the females cease to feed at the approach of sexual maturity, as many other fishes do. newly hatched hags have never been seen, but inasmuch as the smallest yet described (about 2\ninches long), probably not long out of the egg, already resembled the adult in external appearance there is no reason to suppose that the hag passes through a larval stage greatly different from the adult .\narctic seas, and both coasts of the north atlantic; murman coast and northern norway south regularly to the irish sea, and to morocco as a stray in the east; northern part of davis strait, south to the latitude of cape fear, n. c. , in the west. it is represented in the corresponding temperature - belt of the southern hemisphere by a form (or forms) resembling it so closely that it is doubtful whether any sharp line can be drawn between them .\napart from one record for the northern part of davis strait, the most northerly reports of the hag off the american coast are from southern newfoundland and from the grand banks .\nbut it is generally distributed along outer nova scotia at appropriate depths. and it is only too common in the gulf\n[ 13 ] see bigelow and schroeder, fishes western north atlantic, pt. 1, ch. 2, 1948, pp. 35 - 36, for references .\n[ 16 ] rept. norweigian fishery and mar. invest. , vol. 1, 1900, no. 1, ch. 4. p. 75 .\n[ 17 ] rept. michael sars north atlantic exped. , zool. , vol. 4, no. 1, 1927, p. 18 .\n[ 19 ] it has not been reported for certain from west greenland (so far as we can learn), from the outer coast of labrador, or within the gulf of st. lawrence though it is to be expected in the deeper parts of the latter .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 / / en\nurltoken\nthe hagfish is a true monster of the deep. to see why, one only has to examine its greusome feeding habits. a hagfish begins its feeding process by attaching itself to a passing fish. once firmly attached, it then bores its way inside its unsuspecting host. once inside, the hagfish will actually eat the fish' s flesh with a specialized rasping tongue. it literally eats its victim from the inside out. when no large prey can be found, hagfish will feed on worms and other small invertebrates they find on the ocean floor. hagfish have a very slow metabolism and can go for months without feeding. they can sometimes be a nuisance to fishermen because they can spoil an entire catch of deep sea fish before the catch can be hauled to the surface. one catch of fish can contain hundreds of hagfish .\nthe atlantic hagfish is a deep - water fish. they can be found at depths of up to 5, 600 feet (about 1, 800 meters). they are known on both sides of the north atlantic ocean as far north as norway. hagfish prefer soft sea bottoms where they can quickly bury themselves when threatened .\nall content on this site is copyright © 1998 - 2016 by sea and sky. all rights reserved. content from this website may not be used in any form without written permission from the site owner .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas, please upload using the upload tools .\n< p > the annotation score provides a heuristic measure of the annotation content of a uniprotkb entry or proteome. this score < strong > cannot < / strong > be used as a measure of the accuracy of the annotation as we cannot define the ‘correct annotation’ for any given protein. < p > < a href =' / help / annotation _ score' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this indicates the type of evidence that supports the existence of the protein. note that the ‘protein existence’ evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence (s) displayed. < p > < a href =' / help / protein _ existence' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides any useful information about the protein, mostly biological knowledge. < p > < a href =' / help / function _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\ncalmodulin mediates the control of a large number of enzymes, ion channels and other proteins by ca 2 +. among the enzymes to be stimulated by the calmodulin - ca 2 + complex are a number of protein kinases and phosphatases .\n< p > this subsection of the ‘function’ section specifies the position (s) of the calcium - binding region (s) within the protein. one common calcium - binding motif is the ef - hand, but other calcium - binding motifs also exist. < p > < a href =' / help / ca _ bind' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > the < a href =\nurltoken\n> gene ontology (go) < / a > project provides a set of hierarchical controlled vocabulary split into 3 categories: < p > < a href =' / help / gene _ ontology' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > uniprotkb keywords constitute a < a href =\nurltoken\n> controlled vocabulary < / a > with a hierarchical structure. keywords summarise the content of a uniprotkb entry and facilitate the search for proteins of interest. < p > < a href =' / help / keywords' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information about the protein and gene name (s) and synonym (s) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence. < p > < a href =' / help / names _ and _ taxonomy _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides an exhaustive list of all names of the protein, from commonly used to obsolete, to allow unambiguous identification of a protein. < p > < a href =' / help / protein _ names' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides information on the name (s) of the organism that is the source of the protein sequence. < p > < a href =' / help / organism - name' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section shows the unique identifier assigned by the ncbi to the source organism of the protein. this is known as the ‘taxonomic identifier’ or ‘taxid’. < p > < a href =' / help / taxonomic _ identifier' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section contains the taxonomic hierarchical classification lineage of the source organism. it lists the nodes as they appear top - down in the taxonomic tree, with the more general grouping listed first. < p > < a href =' / help / taxonomic _ lineage' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section describes post - translational modifications (ptms) and / or processing events. < p > < a href =' / help / ptm _ processing _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> ptm / processing < / a > section indicates that the initiator methionine is cleaved from the mature protein. < p > < a href =' / help / init _ met' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the ‘ptm / processing’ section describes the extent of a polypeptide chain in the mature protein following processing. < p > < a href =' / help / chain' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the ‘ptm / processing’ section specifies the position and type of each modified residue excluding < a href =\nurltoken\n> lipids < / a >, < a href =\nurltoken\n> glycans < / a > and < a href =\nurltoken\n> protein cross - links < / a >. < p > < a href =' / help / mod _ res' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on the tertiary and secondary structure of a protein. < p > < a href =' / help / structure _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain (s) present in a protein. < p > < a href =' / help / family _ and _ domains _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> family and domains < / a > section describes the position and type of a domain, which is defined as a specific combination of secondary structures organized into a characteristic three - dimensional structure or fold. < p > < a href =' / help / domain' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > manual validated information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system. < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco: 0000255\n> more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the ‘family and domains’ section provides information about the sequence similarity with other proteins. < p > < a href =' / help / sequence _ similarities' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry. it also includes information pertinent to the sequence (s), including < a href =\nurltoken\n> length < / a > and < a href =\nurltoken\n> molecular weight < / a >. < p > < a href =' / help / sequences _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> sequence < / a > section indicates if the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > displayed by default in the entry is complete or not. < p > < a href =' / help / sequence _ status' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> sequence < / a > section indicates if the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > displayed by default in the entry is in its mature form or if it represents the precursor. < p > < a href =' / help / sequence _ processing' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > the checksum is a form of redundancy check that is calculated from the sequence. it is useful for tracking sequence updates. < / p > < p > it should be noted that while, in theory, two different sequences could have the same checksum value, the likelihood that this would happen is extremely low. < / p > < p > however uniprotkb may contain entries with identical sequences in case of multiple genes (paralogs). < / p > < p > the checksum is computed as the sequence 64 - bit cyclic redundancy check value (crc64) using the generator polynomial: x < sup > 64 < / sup > + x < sup > 4 < / sup > + x < sup > 3 < / sup > + x + 1. the algorithm is described in the iso 3309 standard. < / p > < p class =\npublication\n> press w. h. , flannery b. p. , teukolsky s. a. and vetterling w. t. < br / > < strong > cyclic redundancy and other checksums < / strong > < br / > < a href =\nurltoken\n> numerical recipes in c 2nd ed. , pp896 - 902, cambridge university press (1993) < / a >) < / p >\n< p > this section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence (s) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds (100% , 90% and 50 %) based on their membership in uniprot reference clusters (< a href =\nurltoken\n> uniref < / a >). < p > < a href =' / help / similar _ proteins _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than uniprotkb. < p > < a href =' / help / cross _ references _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides general information on the entry. < p > < a href =' / help / entry _ information _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section provides a mnemonic identifier for a uniprotkb entry, but it is not a stable identifier. each reviewed entry is assigned a unique entry name upon integration into uniprotkb / swiss - prot. < p > < a href =' / help / entry _ name' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section provides one or more accession number (s). these are stable identifiers and should be used to cite uniprotkb entries. upon integration into uniprotkb, each entry is assigned a unique accession number, which is called ‘primary (citable) accession number’. < p > < a href =' / help / accession _ numbers' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section shows the date of integration of the entry into uniprotkb, the date of the last sequence update and the date of the last annotation modification (‘last modified’). the version number for both the entry and the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > are also displayed. < p > < a href =' / help / entry _ history' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section indicates whether the entry has been manually annotated and reviewed by uniprotkb curators or not, in other words, if the entry belongs to the swiss - prot section of uniprotkb (< strong > reviewed < / strong >) or to the computer - annotated trembl section (< strong > unreviewed < / strong >). < p > < a href =' / help / entry _ status' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section contains any relevant information that doesn’t fit in any other defined sections < p > < a href =' / help / miscellaneous _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\njavascript is disabled on your browser. please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\ncurrent address: university of new hampshire, department of zoology and center for marine biology, durham, nh 03824, usa .\ncurrent address: section of ecology and systematics, cornell university, ithaca, ny 14853, usa .\ncopyright © 2018 elsevier b. v. or its licensors or contributors. sciencedirect ® is a registered trademark of elsevier b. v .\nregistered in england & wales no. 3099067 5 howick place | london | sw1p 1wg\nwe use cookies to improve your website experience. to learn about our use of cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see our cookie policy. by closing this message, you are consenting to our use of cookies .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\ninformation archivée dans le web à des fins de consultation, de recherche ou de tenue de documents. cette dernière n' a aucunement été modifiée ni mise à jour depuis sa date de mise en archive. les pages archivées dans le web ne sont pas assujetties aux normes qui s' appliquent aux sites web du gouvernement du canada. conformément à la politique sur les communications et l’image de marque, vous pouvez demander de recevoir cette information dans tout autre format de rechange à la page « contactez - 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2, pp. 215 - 225, jan 1997\nhome | wild files | n. h. animals | animals a - z | watch online\nagnatha are jawless fish. lampreys and hagfish are in this class. members of the agnatha class are probably the earliest vertebrates. scientists have found fossils of agnathan species from the late cambrian period that occurred 500 million years ago .\nmembers of this class of fish don' t have paired fins or a stomach. adults and larvae have a notochord. a notochord is a flexible rod - like cord of cells that provides the main support for the body of an organism during its embryonic stage. a notochord is found in all chordates .\nmost agnathans have a skeleton made of cartilage and seven or more paired gill pockets. they have a light sensitive pineal eye. a pineal eye is a third eye in front of the pineal gland. fertilization of eggs takes place outside the body. the lamprey looks like an eel, but it has a jawless sucking mouth that it attaches to a fish. it is a parasite and sucks tissue and fluids out of the fish it is attached to. the lamprey' s mouth has a ring of cartilage that supports it and rows of horny teeth that it uses to latch on to a fish .\nlampreys are found in temperate rivers and coastal seas and can range in size from 5 to 40 inches. lampreys begin their lives as freshwater larvae. in the larval stage, lamprey usually are found on muddy river and lake bottoms where they filter feed on microorganisms .\nthe larval stage can last as long as seven years! at the end of the larval state, the lamprey changes into an eel - like creature that swims and usually attaches itself to a fish. there are around 50 living species of lampreys. the hagfish is also know as the slime fish. it is eel - like and pinkish in color. it has glands along its sides that produce a thick, sticky slime that it uses as a defense mechanism. the hagfish can also twist its body into knots! it may do this to clean off slime or escape predators. the hagfish may also sneeze to clear its nostrils of slime .\nthe hagfish is almost completely blind, but it has a good sense of touch and smell. it has a ring of tentacles around its mouth that it uses to feel for food. it has a tongue - like projection that comes out of its jawless mouth. at the end of the projection are tooth - like rasps that close when the\ntongue\nis pulled back into the hagfish' s mouth .\nthe hagfish eats marine worms and other invertebrates. it has a very low metabolism and can go for as long as seven months without eating. newly hatched hagfish are miniature copies of the adult hagfish. the hagfish is found in cold ocean waters in the northern and southern hemispheres. it is found on muddy sea floors and may live in very large groups of up to 15, 000 individuals. there are about 60 species of hagfish .\nstatus and range is taken from icun redlist. you can click on the iucn status icon to go to the iucn page about a species .\nthreatened in us endangered in us introduced status taken from us fish and wildlife. click on u. s. status icon to go to the u. s. fish and wildlife species profile .\nthe american brook lamprey is found in the eastern u. s. and southeastern canada .\nbrook lamprey - lampetra planeri the brook lamprey is found in small brooks, streams, lakes, and rivers across europe. source: arkive intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: yes\nnorthern brook lamprey - ichthyomyzon fossor northern brook lamprey are found in many areas of the midwestern and northeastern united states. source: animal diversity web intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: yes\nsouthern brook lamprey - ichthyomyzon gagei southern brook lampreys are found in the mississippi river basin, the tennessee river drainage, and gulf of mexico drainages. source: animal diversity web intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: yes river lamprey - lampetra fluviatilis the river lamprey is found in western europe from sweden and finland south to france and east to russia. source: arkive intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: yes sea lamprey - petromyzon marinus the sea lamprey is found on both sides of the north atlantic. source: arkive intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: yes" ]

{ "text": [ "myxine glutinosa , known as the atlantic hagfish in north america , and often simply as the hagfish in europe , is a species of jawless fish of the genus myxine . " ], "topic": [ 10 ] }

[ "myxine glutinosa, known as the atlantic hagfish in north america, and often simply as the hagfish in europe, is a species of jawless fish of the genus myxine." ]

[ "dawn of a new era: darley shuttle sire dawn approach now has a sibling winner in haddaf .\nthe founder of the godolphin operation reportedly purchased a controlling share in dawn approach after ascot .\nunbeaten favourite dawn approach won the 2000 guineas at newmarket to extend his winning run to seven races .\ndespite the sale to godolphin it was decided that the dawn approach would stay in training with bolger .\nnew approach had a good record at newmarket ,\nbolger said .\ni am hopeful dawn approach will handle newmarket as well as new approach did and maybe go one better in the guineas .\nnobody knows dawn approach better than bolger, who has twice now surprised sheikh mohammed and the godolphin camp .\nall the latest horse racing form, betting odds, news, breeding, jockey and trainer information for dawn approach. dawn approach is a gelding born in 2010 november 9 by statue of liberty out of delicate snip\njim bolger, dawn approach' s trainer, added :\nthe races dawn approach has had this season did not take very much out of him because he was bucking and squealing two days after each one .\nsignificantly, the trainer unhesitatingly committed dawn approach to sunday’s prix jacque le marois after checking his well - being .\nunbeaten in five races, dawn approach will be ridden by kevin manning for the dewhurst stakes race at newmarket today .\nhe said :\njim (bolger - trainer) is in the driving seat and knows dawn approach incredibly well .\n4 may 2013: 2, 000 guineas at newmarket, fourth, seven and 1 / 2 lengths off dawn approach .\nhe had been tipped to upset expectations of a straight fight between dawn approach and toronado, but failed to seriously threaten .\nwe expect summer ground, which is going to be quite quick. dawn approach has handled that surface very well .\ndawn approach had previously beaten his rival in the 2, 000 guineas and st james' s palace stakes at royal ascot .\ndawn approach has led the way for the first crop of foal sired by new approach. the stallion by galileo won 4 group one races including the epsom derby when bolger trained him in 2008 .\nmultiple group one - winning racehorse dawn approach has been retired and will now embark on a career at darley’s kildangan stud in ireland .\nthis afternoon at newmarket, bolger will line up dawn approach, a son of new approach, as the overwhelming favourite to take the dubai - sponsored dewhurst en route to being crowned europe' s champion juvenile .\ndawn approach, who started from stall six, was unbeaten in six races in 2012, finishing the year with victory in the dewhurst stakes .\nthe duo pushed on just past the halfway mark but, with the previously unbeaten toronado unable to maintain the pace, dawn approach cruised to victory .\nthe result is only dawn approach' s second defeat after a miserable run at the derby, when he went off as favourite but finished last .\ndawn approach enhanced his reputation as the best juvenile in ireland when stretching away to land the listed alfred nobel rochestown stakes at naas over six furlongs .\non receiving dawn approach' s award, jim bolger commented :\ndawn approach has a lot of class. winning the dubai dewhurst was a highlight and it' s lovely to have a horse with a great constitution - he takes everything in his stride. he is probably the complete racehorse .\nit was glory awaits and leitor mor who made the early pace though, with pre - race favourites dawn approach and toronado sitting in third and fourth .\ngodolphin' s juveniles enjoyed an outstanding 2012, with dawn approach and certify ending the year as europe' s top - rated colt and filly respectively .\nkevin manning and dawn approach, far side, winning the st james' s palace from richard hughes and toronado. photograph: charlie crowhurst / getty for ascot\ndawn approach — who was bred and trained by jim bolger — was unbeaten in 6 races last season and was crowned the 2 - year - old champion .\nherald the dawn (c new approach) 2 wins (7f) at 2, futurity s (g2), 2nd vincent o’brien national s (g1) .\nif dawn approach is ever stepped up in trip or campaigned abroad his durability could be tested and assessed alongside the admirable giant’s causeway before the end of the season .\ncartier champion two - year - old colt dawn approach (ire) 2 ch c new approach (ire) - hymn of the dawn (usa) (phone trick (usa) ) 2012 form: 111111 owner: godolphin / jackie bolger trainer: jim bolger ire breeder: jim bolger dawn approach is from the first crop of new approach, who was trained by jim bolger to win eight of his 11 starts including five group one contests - the national stakes (2007), dubai dewhurst stakes (2007), investec derby (2008), irish champion stakes (2008) and most impressively the champion stakes (2008) - and owned for most of his career by hrh princess haya of jordan, sheikh mohammed' s wife. dawn approach' s dam, hymn of the dawn, was also trained by jim bolger .\ni respect all the runners who race against dawn approach - i enjoy competing in those group one races and so if that is rivalry i am definitely enjoying it .\nthe dubai - based operation have a miserable record in the race and dawn approach provides them with the perfect prepacked racehorse with which to win it for only the third time .\nryan moore rides ruler of the world to victory in the derby at epsom. dawn approach can be seen trailing home in the distance. photograph: warren little / getty images\ntoronado (11 - 4) struck back after two previous defeats by dawn approach as he prevailed in the sussex stakes in the\nduel on the downs\nat goodwood .\nmiscellaneous a brilliant ride from richard hughes on toronado has delivered hot favourite dawn approach a second career defeat in wednesday' s group i sussex stakes (1600m) at goodwood .\nalthough both parties are keeping quiet the fact that dawn approach has raced in godolphin blue, rather than in any other silks available to the maktoum family, must surely be significant .\nbolger, who has supported new approach heavily at stud, has ten first - crop sons and daughters of the darley sire in training at his coolcullen yard. dawn approach is the fifth foal and second winner of the phone trick mare hymn of the dawn. his half - brother comadoir won over five and six furlongs as a three - year - old .\nnew approach got his career as a stallion off to the best possible start as his first runner dawn approach took the opening race of the 2012 flat turf season, the tally - ho stud ebf maiden over five furlongs, for trainer his jim bolger with kevin manning aboard .\n“122 is not an exceptional figure for a champion. dawn approach the previous year was 124 and in recent times we have seen 126 - rated champions like frankel, new approach and dream ahead, but 122 is a very satisfactory figure for such a relatively unexposed horse. ”\nit gives dawn approach the opportunity to attempt to emulate giant’s causeway, who ran in nine consecutive group ones for aidan o’brien, winning five, during his classic season 13 years ago .\nthe sheikh' s interest in dawn approach is a case of like father, like son. five years ago he acquired new approach from his breeder, bolger, during his first season, won the derby with him the following year and has seen him develop into the industry' s most sought - after young stallion. dawn approach was the first to advertise his talent as a sire when he won ireland' s first juvenile race of the year back in march .\non the record the details of the purchase resulted in dawn approach wearing the royal blue of godolphin for his subsequent success in the group 1 national stakes at the curragh in ireland last month .\ndawn approach ran another fabulous race, but you don' t always get the good runs and that is probably the difference between the two horses on any day of the week .\nthe approach phase concludes when dawn is ready to commence its survey orbit in the second week of august. we will consider the timing of the beginning of this next phase in a subsequent log .\ntoronado could warm us up a bit in the sussex stakes but i don' t think he will beat us. dawn approach has beaten toronado twice and hopefully he can do so again .\ndawn is on the threshold of a new world. after more than three and a half years of interplanetary travel covering in excess of 2. 6 billion kilometers (1. 6 billion miles), we are closing in on our first destination. dawn is starting its approach to vesta .\njim bolger trained new approach to be the champion juvenile of his generation and he has already played his part in the son of galileo’s secondary career by sending out his homebred dawn approach to win the first two - year - old race of the european season over five furlongs at the curragh on sunday .\nstablemate leitir mor recovered from a slow start to set a fierce pace and, once kevin manning urged dawn approach into the lead, it seemed that trainer jim bolger' s plans might come together .\nthe godolphin - owned dawn approach will be racing only 11 days after his narrow defeat in goodwood’s sussex stakes on july 31. he is booked to fly in to st gatien airport on saturday night .\nrace reviews dawn approach has been busy recently but showed no ill effects of recent racing with a strong victory in saturday' s listed $ 100, 000 miss andretti stakes (1200m) at ascot .\nmiscellaneous outstanding three - year - old dawn approach regained his best form with a hard - fought win in tuesday' s group i st james' s palace stakes (1m) at royal ascot .\nnew approach and dawn approach were bred by irish training and breeding maestro jim bolger (he also bred the dam of new approach) and both were sold to godolphin, the former (who subsequently raced for princess haya) at the end of his juvenile season and dawn approach after he had won the coventry stakes - gr. 2 at royal ascot at his fourth start at two. he then went on to win the national stakes - gr. 1 and dewhurst stakes - gr. 1 and ended the year unbeaten in six starts with a timeform of 126p, well clear of his nearest rival on 123 .\nhe told the 300 - strong invited audience :\nfirstly, i' d like to say well done to dawn approach for being champion two - year - old colt, it' s an absolute thrill .\nsimon crisford, the godolphin racing manager, announced today that dawn approach will take on rival toronado for the third time this season in the group one qipco sussex stakes at glorious goodwood on wednesday, july 31 .\nhis sire, new approach, did something similar on his way to winning the 2008 derby but not to anything like the same extent. dawn approach towed his way to the front around tattenham corner but began to fold up at the top of the straight and eventually beat just one other rival, the rank outsider ocean applause .\ndawn approach lands the 2, 000 guineas by an impressive five lengths - and in a time faster than frankel. he was also faster than frankel when winning the dewhurst and the st james' s palace stakes .\nbloodlines has very good reports about the progeny of dawn approach in australia having been popular with breeders and he could be one of the surprise packets at $ 22, 000 at darley' s aberdeen base this season .\nthe godolphin - owned and jim bolger - trained and bred dawn approach made it five from five in the group 1 goffs vincent o' brien national stakes with an authoritative four and three parts of a length success .\nafter winning the first race of the 2012 turf season at the curragh in march, dawn approach followed up in tremendous style taking the fishery lane race over 6f for his trainer jim bolger with kevin manning in the saddle .\nnew approach (ire) ch. 2005 gw 8 wins f: 419 r: 264 w: 156 sw: 15\ndawn approach showed us almost from the word go. just watching him, you could see this fellow had something - he has a terrific action. he is able to quicken up when the need arises and loves his racing .\nboth horses gained accolades at the very prestigious cartier racing awards in london on november 13, with dawn approach being named as the cartier two - year - old colt, while certify took the cartier two - year - old filly .\ndawn approach is very courageous and has the perfect attitude for a miler. jim is keen to run the horse at goodwood in the qipco sussex stakes and then go on to the jacques le marois at deauville 10 days later .\nwe are delighted to announce that our ceo, dawn cranswick, has been recognised with a prestigious business award .\ndawn approach was always to stay with bolger until the dewhurst stakes, after which time a decision would be made whether to transfer the colt to either mahmoud al zarooni or saeed bin suroor in newmarket, or leave him be in ireland .\ndarley shuttle sire dawn approach, a racetrack star for the blue army, came up with his first sibling winner at newcastle (england) last saturday with haddaf scoring in maiden class after a black - type placing at his previous start .\n“dawn is renowned for her optimistic approach, and her continuous drive to further her skills for the benefit of the business, which has been a real asset to pne group and for its elevation as a thought leader within the sector. ”\nunlike some of the sheikh' s in - training acquisitions for his godolphin operation, both dawn approach and reckless abandon will remain with their present trainers, in the latter' s case clive cox, instead of being diverted in - house .\ndawn approach has yet to taste defeat in six starts and the jim bolger - trained colt recorded a pair of group one victories, including a facile win in the goffs vincent o' brien stakes at the curragh, ireland, in september .\nal kazeem and lethal force are first and second in the cartier older horse category, while trading leather has gone ahead of his jim bolger - trained stable companion dawn approach in the race for the cartier three - year - old colt award .\nby new approach (2005) derby s (g1), champion s (g1), irish champion s (g1), dewhurst s (g1), national s (g1), etc. sire of 815 foals aged three and up, including dawn approach, elliptique, may’s dream, potemkin, sultanina, talent, beautiful romance, herald the dawn, libertarian, messi, montsegur, nearly caught, new predator, strathspey, sword of light, masar, montsegur, etc .\ndawn approach needs to beat toronado fairly and squarely again over the sussex downs to establish himself as the true three - year - old champion over this distance and then head on to deauville for the prix jacques le marois to take on intello .\nthe wheel has come full circle. five years ago jim bolger trained new approach to win the group 1 dewhurst stakes at newmarket .\nconfounding all predictions, the pace was set by the second favourite, o' brien' s battle of marengo. it had been anticipated that one or more of his four stablemates would set a strong gallop, testing the doubtful stamina of dawn approach .\nprepared by james tate, the colt scored in a most attractive manner in a performance that will bolster his stallion career in both hemispheres. dawn approach was a champion at two and three years old in england and ireland, winning four group 1 events .\ncomparisons are starting to be drawn between dawn approach, who is poised to make a quick reappearance in sunday’s prix jacques le marois at deauville, and the great giant’s causeway, the dominant group one campaigner of 2000, who was dubbed the ‘iron horse’ .\nhymn of the dawn (usa) b. 1999 np f: 6 r: 5 w: 2 sw: 1\ndawn approach' s credentials are flawless. he is unbeaten in five starts, which included a victory in the coventry stakes at royal ascot where he had olympic glory, last weekend' s group 1 prix jean - luc lagadere winner, back in second .\ngiven this background, flawed threat perceptions on the part of the state are likely to adversely affect its approach to countering extremism and terrorism .\ndawn approach – said by jim bolger, his trainer, on saturday to be in\nbetter than good form, mighty awesome form\n– has lost only once in nine career starts, when he was last after starting favourite for the derby in early june .\ndawn approach, trained by jim bolger in ireland, gained the award for cartier two - year - old colt following a superb unbeaten juvenile campaign that included a pair of group one victories for godolphin in the goffs vincent o' brien stakes and the dubai dewhurst stakes .\ninstead, joseph o' brien got to the front on battle of marengo and appeared to slow the tempo so that the field packed behind him. dawn approach refused to settle at the back and was still fly - jumping two furlongs into the race and throwing his head about .\na powerful chestnut, dawn approach is out of the phone trick (nearctic line) mare hymn of the dawn who cost bolger just $ us18, 000 as a foal at a keeneland november sale, her attraction stemming from the fact that her second dam kittihawk miss (alydar - kittiwake by sea - bird) is a sister to 1983 champion us two year - old and multiple gr. 1 winner miss oceana .\nfollowing his royal ascot victory, a 51 per cent share in dawn approach was purchased by godolphin, whose founder and driving force is sheikh mohammed. the colt' s first start in the famous blue silks came in the group one vincent o' brien stakes over seven furlongs at the curragh on september 15, when he was the warm 2 / 5 favourite. settled in third behind the runaway leader flying the flag, dawn approach gave his supporters little cause for concern as he powered away in the final furlong for a decisive four and three quarter length victory .\ndawn approach made his first appearance early this year, recording a comfortable victory over five furlongs at the curragh on march 25 by a length and three quarters from canary row. next time out at naas on may 16, he moved up to six furlongs and beat canary row again, this time powering right away to win by an impressive five and a half lengths. a step up to listed company was now on the agenda and dawn approach returned to naas on june 4 to contest the rochestown stakes over six furlongs. he raced close to the pace as usual and came away in the final furlong to take the honours by two and three quarter lengths from mister marc, with subsequent group one winner pedro the great back in fifth. a further progression in class then beckoned with dawn approach making the trip across the irish sea to take part in the six - furlong group two coventry stakes on the opening day of royal ascot, june 19. starting the 7 / 2 second favourite, dawn approach took a keen hold early before asserting in the final furlong to defeat subsequent group one winner olympic glory by three quarters of a length .\nasked is there will be a pacemaker in the qipco sussex stakes, the trainer replied :\nleitir mor seems to go for the same races as dawn approach and he likes a bit of daylight so he won' t be too far away (from the front) i expect .\nreckless abandon, now five for five, had a tougher time to preserve his own unbeaten record than dawn approach; it was only by a neck that he rallied to catch moohaajim in the last stride of the six - furlong middle park stakes, with gale force ten another neck third .\nconfidence among toronado' s connections that they might reverse those results, fuelled by a belief that their charge could have won at ascot without a bump in the closing stages, did not seem to be shared by the goodwood crowd who had backed dawn approach down to odds - on favouritism .\n1st dam: hymn of the dawn by phone trick. placed at 2. dam of 11 foals, 7 to race, 3 winners :\ndawn approach (ire) ch. h, 2010 { 4 - m } dp = 2 - 4 - 12 - 6 - 0 (24) di = 1. 00 cd = 0. 08 - 12 starts, 8 wins, 1 places, 0 shows career earnings: £856, 013\nsome head - to - heads, like seabiscuit versus war admiral, are a long - delayed meeting between champions from different countries or generations. the race between dawn approach and toronado at goodwood is the other kind of head - to - head, the one with a score that needs to be settled .\nhymn of the dawn was fourth at her first start in ireland for the trainer but failed in four subsequent starts and was retired. her breeding record didn’t proceed all that swimmingly either as her only winner in four foals before being sent to new approach was the minor handicapper comadoir (medecis). part of his deal in selling new approach to sheikh mohammed was the right to send 12 mares each year to the horse and jim bolger sent hymn of the dawn to the horse because of his willingness to take a chance with pedigrees that are, as he said, “a little dormant in the first and second generations” .\nthe first occasion was the 2, 000 guineas at newmarket in april, when dawn approach was an impressive winner and toronado flopped in fourth. then, in the st james' s palace stakes at royal ascot, toronado was within a short - head of revenge after taking a bump in the home straight .\nnew approach, who stands at dalham hall stud in newmarket, was 11 / 8 pre - season favourite to be the leading first - season sire for 2012 .\ndawn approach went into the english 2000 guineas - gr. 1 (8f) without a prep run and was always favourite, unbeaten toronado next best after winning the craven stakes two weeks earlier. pacemaker leitir mor led until two furlongs out in a strongly run race when toronado took over but he was collared more than a furlong out by dawn approach who made it a one - horse affair, forging clear to win by five lengths in 1: 35. 84 from 150 / 1 shot glory awaits (choisir) and with 2. 25 lengths to van der neer in third, and that horse’s stable mate toronado in fourth .\nruler of the world has given aidan o' brien his fourth victory in the derby here under a strong ride from ryan moore. a feature of the race was the extraordinary performance by dawn approach, the hot favourite, who blew his chance by engaging in a very public wrestling match with his jockey, kevin manning .\ndear reader, online ads enable us to deliver the journalism you value. please support us by taking a moment to turn off adblock on dawn. com .\ndawn wing is a division of dpd laser express logistics (pty) ltd, which is jointly owned by the laser group (pty) ltd and geopost .\nmission controllers have turned off the industrious ion engines on nasa' s dawn spacecraft for the last time and do not expect to turn them back on again .\nnasa' s dawn spacecraft is maneuvering to its lowest - ever orbit for a close - up examination of the inner solar system' s only dwarf planet .\n. dawn wing was established in 1989, the brainchild of an entrepreneur who believed first - class service and a personal approach were the key to a successful business. this philosophy would see the business grow from strength to strength with 14 strategically placed hubs, a current staff compliment of over 625 employees and over 281 routes serviced daily .\nthe group one qipco sussex stakes at glorious goodwood last month appeared one of the defining races of 2013 when toronado (70 points) swooped late to beat dawn approach (112) but both three - year - olds have been beaten since, meaning the race for the cartier horse of the year title has become much more open .\nafter that, there would not be a lot of similarities. new approach was highly charged and it was a bit of a struggle to keep the lid on him .\nlegal information | site map | terms & conditions | © 2013 dawn wing. a division of dpd laser express logistics (pty) ltd. all rights reserved .\nthe son of new approach ended his season with another impressive display in europe' s premier two - year - old contest, the dubai dewhurst stakes at newmarket on october 13 .\nwith his sights set on the classic at newmarket, dawn approach was put away for the winter, and bolger who said the colt was “as good a two year - old as i have ever had”, was delighted with his progress. “he never missed a day’s exercise and has strengthened up, he’s got very strong and maintained his action. ”\na very powerful horse, who stands 16. 1½ hands, dawn approach had such a significant turn of foot it will be no surprise to see him get star sprinters here, especially when mated to mares by the likes of canny lad and others with star kingdom close up, as well as bel esprit and those from the storm cat line .\nthe interplanetary cruise phase of the mission ends today and the 15 - month vesta phase begins. the first three months are the\napproach phase ,\nduring which the spacecraft maneuvers to its first science orbit. many of the activities during approach were discussed in detail in march and april last year, and now we are about to see those plans put into action .\nmore recently, bolger guided finsceal beo to victory in the english and irish 1000 guineas in 2007 and the brilliant new approach to triumph in the epsom derby and champion stakes in 2008 .\nnasa' s dawn spacecraft reached its lowest - ever and final orbit around dwarf planet ceres on june 6 and has been returning thousands of stunning images and other data .\ncommenting on the award she received, dawn said: “it is an honour for me to have been recognised with the ey entrepreneur of the year awards in the ‘building a better working world’ category. using an entrepreneurial approach to create social and economic value is at the heart of everything we do at pne group, and it is very important to me personally .\nthe 3 - year - old son of new approach made his racing swansong — finishing fourth to olympic glory in the queen elizabeth ii stakes — at ascot on saturday (19 october) .\nthat horse gained his revenge on a soft track next time out on july 31 in the sussex stakes - gr. 1 at goodwood, with dawn approach hitting the lead in the final furlong and toronado sustaining a late charge to get up by half a length, four year - old declaration of war was a further 2. 5 lengths back in third. dawn approach would have just two more runs, finishing fifth to moonlight cloud (invincible spirit), olympic glory, intello and declaration of war in the prix jacques le marois - gr. 1 (1600m) at deauville on august 11 and then fourth to olympic glory in the queen elizabeth ii stakes - gr. 1 (8f, soft) at ascot on october 19 .\nthe visible and infrared mapping spectrometer (vir) will join the camera in spying vesta on may 10 and again later in the approach phase. at the end of june, dawn will watch vesta for a full vestian day of 5 hours, 20 minutes. when the camera searches for moons on july 9 and 10, it will also enjoy another full pirouette. by the third and final time the spacecraft observes vesta throughout a complete rotation on its axis, during a set of observations from july 23 to 25, dawn will be in orbit .\ndawn was named the north winner of the ‘building a better working world’ accolade at the ernst and young entrepreneur of the year award ceremony, which was held in manchester last week .\ndormant the pedigree may have been under the first two dams as hymn to the dawn’s dam colonial debut (pleasant colony) only managed to place on the track (although her three winners include gr. 1 placed galantas), but you didn’t have to look far to find gold. dawn approach’s fourth dam kittiwake (ex ole liz by double jay), who died at the end of may 2000 aged 32, was one of the most influential mares in the us in the 1970s and 80s, and several branches of her family are producing good runners .\nstar british juveniles have a long history of success in australia, star kingdom and lunchtime are two who spring to mind, so it will be no surprise to see dawn approach, who was unbeaten as a juvenile, continue that tradition. breeders obviously like his chances too, and the four - time gr. 1 winner was well supported in his first southern season in 2014 .\nnow with new software, the spacecraft is beginning the approach phase. its journey has been long, but the reward is almost in view. since leaving earth in september 2007, dawn has made about one and three quarters circuits around the sun as it spirals outward. earth itself (along with your correspondent and some readers) has completed more than three and a half orbits in that time. but on may 14, vesta will finish its first revolution around the sun since dawn has been in flight; the mission will then have been under way for exactly one vestian year .\nyesterday was billed as future champions day, a tag which seems more likely to be justified by dawn approach of the pair. the chestnut is now unbeaten in six runs, is a short - priced favourite for next year' s 2, 000 guineas and, with every strand of his form rock - solid, looks certain to be this year' s top - rated of his generation .\ndawn approach’s dam hymn of the dawn brings in a speed line of nearctic via her sire phone trick, a multiple gr. 2 winner who won nine of his 10 starts and was noted sire of juveniles in the us leaving champions and breeders’ cup juvenile - gr. 1 winners favorite trick and phone chatter among winners of $ us50m. phone trick set and then lowered the 6f record at hollywood park (1: 09. 2, then 1: 08. 80) and was retired in 1986 after breaking down during training for a tilt at the breeders’ cup sprint - gr. 1 .\nan unbeaten multiple gr. 1 winner at two when he was rated the champion juvenile of europe, and a classic winner at three when he won the 2000 guineas by five lengths, dawn approach (ire) has just finished his first southern season for darley. the grandson of champion sire galileo (ire) covered 111 mares at $ 27, 500 and looks just the type of horse to do well in australia .\nat the beginning of the approach phase, the ship returns to using reaction wheels, gyroscope - like devices which, when electrically spun faster or slower, rotate (or stop the rotation of) the spacecraft. during vesta operations, dawn will turn much more frequently, as it points its sensors at the alien world it is exploring, aims its main antenna to earth frequently to transmit its precious findings, and follows a complex flight profile to travel from one science orbit to another. the reaction wheels will be used until dawn has departed from vesta in july 2012, providing more accurate control of the attitude while conserving hydrazine .\ni presume both of us [ hughes and kevin manning, dawn approach' s jockey ] would like a nice strong - run race so his horse and mine can settle ,\nhughes said .\ni can' t see there being more than five runners, so as long as it' s a nice clean race i' ll be happy and, if i get beaten, it will be fair and square .\nnew approach’s son, dawn approach, was europe’s champion two - year - old after an unbeaten season in 2012, climaxing with a brilliant victory in the darley dewhurst stakes, promising much for 2013. and he did not disappoint, winning the opening race of the 2013 qipco british champions series, the qipco 2000 guineas, by five lengths with a power - packed final furlong and after a desperate flop in the investec derby, bounced back to win the st james’s palace stakes followed by a narrow defeat in the qipco sussex stakes. further defeats followed in the prix jacques le marois and the queen elizabeth ii stakes before the horse was retired to stud .\nnew dawn risk group limited is authorised and regulated by the financial conduct authority to transact insurance business. financial services register no. 773018. this information can be checked on the financial services register by visiting the\nthe only anxious moment in the race for dawn approach' s fans came when his rider, kevin manning, asked him to catch the leader, his pacemaking stablemate, the 33 - 1 shot leitir mor. on the downhill run to the uphill finish it took the 30 - 100 favourite just a stride or two to get organised, but once he did he powered away convincingly to take the £170, 130 prize by nearly three lengths .\nmoonlight cloud (72), trained by freddy head and owned by george strawbridge, is another creeping into contention after a narrow victory over olympic glory (24) in the group one prix du haras de fresnay - le - buffard – jacques le marois at deauville on august 11. third, fourth and fifth that day were intello (72), declaration of war and dawn approach. an exciting end to the 2013 season looks guaranteed .\nthis son of first season sire dawn approach is a beautifully balanced individual with ticks in all of the right boxes. dawn approach himself was the champion two year old in europe in 2012 who went on to win the qipco 2000 guineas and st james’s palace stakes as a three - year - old. in other words, he has the perfect blend of precocity and three - year - old brilliance which makes him such an exciting young stallion. this colt is a son of the beautifully bred mambo halo which makes him a half - brother to the listed winner earl of leitrim. it is a wonderful family that traces to the champion divine proportions. he ran once at newbury as a two - year - old and was very green. he looks sure to improve as a three - year - old and sir michael will look to have him ready to run early in the new season .\nat dawn wing we are driven by the necessity to innovate through the application of technology and through our customised solutions and tailor - made products, we are able to offer our clients a unique advantage in an increasingly competitive marketplace .\nrachel clacher, founder of telecommunications business money penny, presented the award, which was given to dawn in recognition of her work dedicated to enabling positive social and economic change, both in the north east and around the world .\ndawn approach (126p) was awarded the fourth highest timeform for a juvenile since the turn of the century, bettered only by frankel, new approach and johannesburg and racehorses of 2012 noted, “with his form so far ahead of his contemporaries it is easy to see why bookmakers have made him such a clear favourite for the 2000 guineas”. bookmakers also had him second favourite for the derby (12f) at epsom, but his trainer was more circumspect, believing the distance would not suit his colt. “it will only be his class and temperament that will enable him to get 10 furlongs and i think the horse will probably achieve enough at a mile and possibly a mile and a quarter to keep everyone happy, ” he said .\nhe was the first runner for his sire new approach and one of three first crop royal ascot winners for the son of galileo, the others being newfangled and tha’ir. they were among eight winners for the stallion who was europe’s leading first crop sire in 2012 .\nsir - the minds are already poisoned with exception of intellectuals and most readers of dawn. the aps incidents woke up the govt. from slumber for a few moments and it' s gone to inaction mode. wait till the next incident !\nconstance dyson is a director of new dawn risk group. constance started at the company in 2010, and joined the board in 2014. she has qualified as a registered professional liability underwriter and holds a degree in cell biology from durham university .\nmeanwhile, the distance between them continues to shrink. since the middle of march, vesta has outshone everything in dawn' s sky save the sun. by the middle of april, a sharp - eyed passenger would notice that vesta is more than a pinpoint of light like the myriad stars and distant planets; it would appear as a tiny disk, hinting of the exciting adventure ahead. (the passenger also might notice that his luggage was left back on earth, more than 320 million kilometers or 200 million miles away .) now, with dawn' s interplanetary cruise ending and the approach beginning, vesta is coming into its sights, as the ship prepares to sail into port after an extraordinarily long journey across the lonely emptiness of the vast interplanetary seas .\neven though the mysterious orb is still too far away to reveal new features, it will be exciting to receive these first images. for most of the two centuries that vesta has been studied, it has been little more than a pinpoint of light. interrupting thrusting once a week this month to glimpse its protoplanetary destination, dawn will watch it grow from about five pixels across to 12. by june, the images should be comparable to the tantalizing views obtained by the hubble space telescope. as the approach phase continues and the distance diminishes, the focus will grow still sharper and new details will appear in each subsequent set of pictures. during the approach phase, images will be released in periodic batches, with priority viewing for residents of earth. the flow will be more frequent thereafter .\narthur manners is the finance director for new dawn risk group. he has over 20 years’ experience in the insurance industry. prior to holding these positions, he was on the senior management team at london stock exchange - listed insurer beazley group plc .\nthe beginning of the phase is marked by the first images of the alien world dawn has been pursuing since it left earth. vesta will appear as little more than a smudge, a small fuzzy blob in the science camera' s first pictures. but navigators will analyze where it shows up against the background stars to help pin down the location of the spacecraft relative to its target. to imagine how this works, suppose that distant trees are visible through a window in your house. if someone gave you a photo that had been taken through that window, you could determine where the photographer (dawn) had been standing by lining up the edge of the window (vesta) with the pattern of the background trees (stars). because navigators know the exact position of each star, they can calculate where dawn and vesta are relative to each other. this process will be repeated as the craft closes in on vesta, which ultimately will provide a window to the dawn of the solar system .\nkittiwake was virginia broodmare of the year in 1983 and ’84 and produced her final foal (bridge play) in 1992. kittiwake is by the arc de triomphe and english derby hero sea - bird (a grandson of native dancer) and is from stakeswinning juvenile ole liz, a daughter of notable broodmare sire double jay and the good broodmare islay mist (roman - evening mist by eight thirty). this is family 4m and dawn approach’s eighth dam is misty isle (sickle - seven pines by haste), winner of the matron stakes .\nhe continued his trainer jim bolger' s remarkable hegemony in the seven - furlong contest that produces more subsequent classic victors than any other in the calendar, being the fifth success in seven runnings for the canny irishman, a list headed by the latest hero' s sire, new approach .\ndawn wing is a customer centric organisation and has built its business on being quick, smart and reliable. to this extent, dawn wing is committed to constant innovation in order to deliver an exceptional product and service to our clients. we are excited about the prospect of providing you with a professional courier service that will help establish a solid foundation for the future, from which we can grow a long term and mutually beneficial relationship. we encourage you to contact one of our professional sales representatives or executive members to discuss these possibilities .\ndawn approach made his debut in the first juvenile race of the season in ireland, winning this 5f maiden at the curragh in march (three of those behind him all went on to win their next start). next time out, over 6f at naas, the “laid back” colt needed little encouragement to score by 5. 5 lengths and he was back at that track next start to land the listed rochestown stakes - lr (6f) by 2. 75 lengths after sitting behind the leader mister marc and then easily heading that colt in the straight .\nmarc rayman is the director and chief engineer for nasa' s dawn mission, which was launched in 2007 on a mission to orbit the two most massive bodies in the main asteroid belt between mars and jupiter to characterize the conditions and processes that shaped our solar system .\nofcom will amend its technical policy, to remove references to set coverage areas for community radio stations. we will adopt a more flexible approach, and applications will be considered for wider areas where applicants can clearly demonstrate the proposed coverage area will better serve its target community, where it is technically possible .\npre - investment disclosure document (pidd) the alternative investment fund manager directive (“aifmd”) requires aberdeen fund managers limited, as the alternative investment fund manager of new dawn investment trust plc, to make available to investors certain information prior to such investors’ investment in the company .\nfor dawn approach, victory would push his claim to be europe' s best three - year - old miler beyond the point of reasonable doubt. it would guarantee star status when he retires to join sheikh mohammed' s darley stud breeding business, and revive the spirits of the godolphin racing operation as it attempts to emerge from the shadow of a doping scandal. yet in the space of two minutes toronado could seize the kudos and establish his own claim to be the best around, because this meeting between the pair is the one that most racing fans are going to remember .\nfor understatement, it would be hard to beat john ferguson' s summation of events here and, from his standpoint as one of sheikh mohammed' s advisors on bloodstock, for accuracy as well. last month, as part of the sheikh' s annual headhunt of juvenile talent, his team picked out reckless abandon, who won yesterday' s first group one contest, the middle park stakes. a few weeks earlier they secured dawn approach, who swiftly made it a top - level double in the dewhurst stakes .\na good day' s work ,\nsaid ferguson .\nnew approach is one of the boom young sires in europe where his runners also include the oaks winner talent (peintre celebre), gr. 1 winner sultanina (zafonic) and derby runner - up libertarian (darshaan). his fee there last year was £80, 000 and remains at this level in 2015 .\ncommenting on the award, the entrepreneur of the year judges agreed: “dawn’s commitment to creating socio - economic value is precisely the kind of thing this award is about. the judges felt that her innovation, passion and willingness to hold herself accountable to the highest levels were reflective of a real entrepreneurial spirit .\ndawn approach is 5mx5m to nearctic and 6mx5m to raise a native (and line bred to his sire native dancer and to nearco) and should suit mares from the danehill tribe, particularly those by snitzel whose dam is by snippets. he could prove a good foil for mares by encosta de lago and his sons (doubling the brothers sadler’s wells and fairy king), and also mares by zabeel (whose dam is by nureyev, a three - quarter brother to sadler’s wells and fairy king) or testa rossa (whose sire perugino is yet another three - quarter brother to sadler’s wells, but this time by the speed influence danzig) .\nnmpi status the company currently conducts its affairs so that securities issued by aberdeen new dawn investment trust plc can be recommended by financial advisers to ordinary retail investors in accordance with the fca’s rules in relation to non - mainstream pooled investment products (nmpis) and intends to continue to do so for the foreseeable future .\ntaken to ascot for the coventry stakes - gr. 2 (6f, good) at the royal meeting on june 19 he was again ridden by bolger’s son - in - law kevin manning. the field of 22 included nine unbeaten runners and the favourite was eventual fourth placegetter sir prancelot (later winner of the flying childers). ridden strongly to keep in touch with the leaders, dawn approach hit the front with more than a furlong to go and held off the fast finishing olympic gory (choisir), who would win his three subsequent races that season including a gr. 1 in france, to score by three - quarters of a length with cristoforo columbo in third a neck back." ]

{ "text": [ "dawn approach ( foaled 23 april 2010 ) is an irish thoroughbred racehorse .", "in a racing career which began in march 2012 the colt has won all seven of his races including the coventry stakes at royal ascot , the national stakes at the curragh and the dewhurst stakes at newmarket .", "he ended the 2012 european season as the year 's most highly rated two-year-old colt and was regarded as a leading contender for the 2013 classics .", "as a three-year-old , dawn approach won the classic 2000 guineas on his first appearance , going on to win the st james palace stakes at royal ascot . " ], "topic": [ 22, 14, 14, 14 ] }

[ "dawn approach (foaled 23 april 2010) is an irish thoroughbred racehorse. in a racing career which began in march 2012 the colt has won all seven of his races including the coventry stakes at royal ascot, the national stakes at the curragh and the dewhurst stakes at newmarket. he ended the 2012 european season as the year's most highly rated two-year-old colt and was regarded as a leading contender for the 2013 classics. as a three-year-old, dawn approach won the classic 2000 guineas on his first appearance, going on to win the st james palace stakes at royal ascot." ]

[ "spotted dolphin is likely to appear very similar to the atlantic spotted dolphin, but the former is only known from the eastern pacific .\nstenella frontalis (g. cuvier, 1829) – delfín embridado, atlantic spotted dolphin\n. the average adult body length of the atlantic spotted dolphin is 166 - 229cm. the adult\n, the atlantic spotted dolphin, is found in the tropical and temperate waters of the atlantic ocean (wilson and reeder, 1993) .\nsmall to moderate groups, generally of less than 50 individuals, are characteristic of the atlantic spotted dolphin .\nthe atlantic spotted dolphin is a marine mammal and belongs to the cetacean family which also includes whales and porpoises .\nthe atlantic spotted dolphin matures between the ages of 8 – 15 with most dolphins maturing around 12 years of age .\nfor the atlantic spotted dolphin the average gestation period (the period from conception to birth) lasts 11 – 12 months .\nwhen it comes to appearance the atlantic spotted dolphin has a grayish skin tone with dark and light spots located around its body .\nthe atlantic spotted dolphin’ s diet consists primarily of small fish, benthic prey, squid, octopus and other types of cephalopods .\nduring these dives for prey the atlantic spotted dolphin can hold its breath anywhere from 1 – 6 minutes before resurfacing for air .\nto protect themselves from predators the atlantic spotted dolphin can be seen forming larger groups the further they move out into the ocean .\nthe atlantic spotted dolphin is a vigorous swimmer, quite active at the surface doing forward flips and hurling itself into the air .\nas the name suggests the atlantic spotted dolphin gets its name from the fact that it lives in the atlantic ocean and is covered in dark gray to white colored spots .\nin the colour pattern. atlantic spotted dolphins begin life with unspotted background coloration. young\nthe population of the atlantic spotted dolphin verifies on the location. they have been divided into two stocks: the northern gulf of mexico stock and the western north atlantic stock .\nthe skull of the atlantic spotted dolphin varies in size with individuals and with geographical region. skull size is generally correlated with body size .\natlantic spotted dolphins are known to travel in groups and to school with spinner dolphins. groups of atlantic spotted dolphins often form subgroups separated by age, sex, and reproductive status .\nthe atlantic spotted dolphin can be found living in warm tropical climates throughout the year and tend to prefer living in and around the coastal waters or around the continental shelf of the atlantic ocean .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - atlantic spotted dolphin (stenella frontalis )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - atlantic spotted dolphin (stenella frontalis )\ntitle =\narkive species - atlantic spotted dolphin (stenella frontalis )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthe atlantic spotted dolphin can often be seen traveling in small pods consisting of up to 15 dolphins, however some groups may consist of over 100 dolphins .\natlantic spotted dolphins, stenella frontalis, are found in the tropical and temperate waters of the atlantic ocean. they inhabit the continental shelf along the southeastern and gulf coasts of the u. s. in the bahamas, however, the atlantic spotted dolphin is found in the shallow waters over sand flats .\nmillburn, naomi .\nthe habitat of atlantic spotted dolphins\naccessed july 10, 2018. urltoken\nmemorandum of understanding concerning, the conservation of the manatee, and small cetaceans of western africa and macaronesia have all included the atlantic spotted dolphin in their conservation projects .\nmillburn, naomi .\nthe habitat of atlantic spotted dolphins .\nanimals - urltoken, http: / / animals. urltoken / habitat - atlantic - spotted - dolphins - 5100. html. accessed 10 july 2018 .\nmillburn, naomi. (n. d .). the habitat of atlantic spotted dolphins. animals - urltoken. retrieved from http: / / animals. urltoken / habitat - atlantic - spotted - dolphins - 5100. html\natlantic spotted dolphins are agile swimmers known to flip and leap from the water. they communicate using whistles that are distinguishable among individuals by humans. they also communicate with clicking and other sounds. this communication is sometimes used when the animal is in distress. the atlantic spotted dolphin, like other dolphin species, will support wounded or sick animals in the water until they recover or die .\nonce fully matured the atlantic spotted dolphin will reach a maximum length of 7 1 / 2 ft and can weigh over 300 pounds with females typically weighing around 20 pounds less than their male counterparts .\nbecause the atlantic spotted dolphin can be found near the coastline they are more susceptible to being accidentally harmed by local fisherman while offshore dolphins may face threats by fishing nets and predators such as sharks .\ndistribution in texas. these dolphins are a common, offshore resident of tropical and warm temperate waters of the atlantic ocean. not known outside of the atlantic. in the gulf of mexico, this dolphin is second in abundance only to the bottlenose dolphin, tursiops truncatus .\npantropical and atlantic spotted dolphins feed on invertebrates like squid and octopuses as well as a wide range of fishes like eels and herring .\nthe atlantic spotted dolphin is very long, with a size of about 7 ½ feet when fully mature. they can weigh from 240 to 360 with the males being much larger than the females. they develop unique spots all over their bodies as they get older. young ones don’t have any spots and those that are mature may only have a handful. it is for this reason that the atlantic spotted dolphin is often misidentified .\nfound only in the atlantic, this spotted dolphin occurs from southern brazil to new england in the west, to the coast of africa in the east (4), generally between 50°n and 25°s (2) .\ninhabits the continental shelf, usually within 250 - 350 km of the coast. in the bahamas, the atlantic spotted dolphin spends most of its time in the shallow water over sand flats. (ridgway, 1994 ;\nspotted dolphin. in body shape, it is somewhat intermediate between the 2, with a moderately long, but rather chunky, beak. there is a distinct\nin 1985, as a researcher with the oceanic society, she found this spot in the bahamas, where the conditions seemed perfect for dolphin observation. that year she started the wild dolphin project, and began using video to document dolphin society .\nare up to 2. 3 m long and 143 kg in weight. newborn atlantic spotted dolphins are 0. 8 to 1. 2 m long .\nhave a fluid group structure, like that of bottlenose dolphin and other small dolphins .\nwhile exact population size is difficult to estimate in many of these places it is estimated that there are over 100, 000 atlantic spotted dolphins in existence today .\nthough it is illegal, harpoon fishermen occasionally target atlantic spotted dolphin. every year some dolphins are trapped and killed in gill nets or shot. these problems are not currently known to be decreasing the population but the issue still needs to be fixed .\nif a dolphin is in distress it can call out for help. the dolphin puts out an intermittent distress signal that alerts the other dolphins and they hurry to help it .\neach dolphin has its own unique frequency which helps them understand who is communicating and where .\natlantic spotted dolphins have light streamlined bodies, which are designed for fast swimming and acrobatic performances allowing them to quickly move through the water and make long leaps through the air .\nperrin, w. f. (2008) atlantic spotted dolphin. in: perrin, w. f. , würsig, b. and thewissen, j. g. m. (eds) encyclopedia of marine mammals. second edition. academic press, london .\ntouchy, feely; a diver and a dolphin. photo by george karbus photography / gallery stock\nthe atlantic spotted dolphin is only found in the ocean. they are known to live in a variety of locations including the oceans around the united states, africa, europe, the bahamas, and the gulf of mexico. they have significantly increased in numbers in the bahamas. there are now hundreds of them when only a couple of decades there were less than 100 there. it is estimated that there are more than 100, 000 atlantic spotted dolphins out there .\nthe wild dolphin project\n( on - line). accessed october, 1999 at urltoken .\npopulations in the northwest atlantic based on mitochondrial and nuclear markers. mol ecol 8: s41–s54\n36, 000 - 51, 000 is the estimated population in the western north atlantic .\nstenalla frontalis, or the atlantic spotted dolphins, have a long slender beak typical of spinner dolphins. this species has a stocky head and body and larger flippers, flukes, and tail than than spotted dolphins, stenella attenuata, making them slightly larger in size. the average adult body length of the atlantic spotted dolphin is 1. 66 - 2. 29 m, and females tend to be lightly larger than males. the average weight is approximately 90 kg. in spite of the larger size, it is often difficult to distinguish these 2 species when their ranges overlap .\natlantic spotted dolphins have been known to face threats from sharks and killer whales however some of the more common threats these dolphins face include being accidentally caught in fishing nets or struck by boats .\nspotted dolphin females reach sexual maturity at 9 years, males at 12 years. they are thought to mate year round. calves are born in may and september following a gestation period 11 - 12 months .\npantropical spotted dolphins, stenella attenuata, live mainly in tropical or warm waters, and are found in the atlantic, pacific and indian oceans. they are often seen around islands and there are populations in the eastern tropical pacific, the western north atlantic, the gulf of mexico and around hawaii .\n“it’s incredibly valuable, ” said laela sayigh, a research specialist in dolphin communication at the woods hole oceanographic institute .\nto distinguish in many sightings at sea. heavy spotting is a good characteristic for atlantic spotted dolphins; however, some may be nearly unspotted and some bottlenose dolphins may have spotting and blotches on the belly and sides .\nthese dolphins can be found swimming in the golf stream, which is located in the north atlantic ocean .\nthe atlantic spotted dolphin inhabits tropical and warm temperate waters. it is found most often in waters over the continental shelf, but may also inhabit deep oceanic waters in some areas (4). in the bahamas, this species can be observed in clear, shallow waters, between 6 and 12 metres deep, over sandflats (2) .\nthe atlantic spotted dolphin is an acrobatic species, frequently riding the bow waves of boats (4), leaping out of the water, and playing at every opportunity (5). it is also capable of diving to up to 60 metres, remaining underwater for up to 6 minutes (2). it is known to be preyed on by sharks, but killer whales and other small - toothed whales may also be predators of this dolphin (2) .\nspotted dolphins are not threatened with extinction, however commercial trade of this species may be impacting its evolution and sustainability .\nerhaps we could look instead to another category of wild dolphin that has been known to spend time in proximity with humans .\nhabits. atlantic spotted dolphins may be seen in groups of up to 50 animals, but smaller groups of six to 10 are more common. they eat small fishes including herring, anchovies, and flounder, as well as squid .\natlantic spotted dolphins (stenella frontalis) are smallish aquatic mammals that are members of the family delphinidae. these solidly built, grayish - purple dolphins are hard to miss thanks to their many tiny gray or white speckles, which are dispersed all over their backs and on the edges of their physiques. another oft - used name for the species is bridled dolphin .\nand while other researchers praise her work, they point out that of dolphin - human communication has often fallen short of expectations .\n( crustacea: decapoda: thalassinoidea) in the western atlantic and gulf of mexico. bull mar sci 56: 523–536\natlantic spotted dolphins typically weigh in the ballpark of 220 and 315 pounds. they' re usually between 5 and 7. 5 feet in length, as well. although the blotting of the species' body is one of its most prominent features, it is nonexistent in the youngsters. the more mature atlantic spotted dolphins get, the more defined and dense their speckles appear. the general diet of these dolphins is made up of squid, octopus and teeny fishes such as flounder, herring and eels. they are usually spotted in units of between six and 10 specimens, and occasionally even bigger ones than that .\none of the biggest threats to the atlantic spotted dolphin is the amount of pollution that is found in their natural environment. many types of efforts have been initiated to help clean up these bodies of water. at the same time educating the public about not polluting has also helped to reduce it. still, there is plenty more than has to be done in order to resolve the problem .\n. at times differentiating between these two spotted dolphins is difficult, especially in areas where they converge geographically. (ridgway, 1994 ;\nthe species lives exclusively within the atlantic ocean, encompassing the waters around south america to those around the northeastern united states, africa and southwestern europe. atlantic spotted dolphins have a presence near countries such as spain, brazil, cuba, gambia, senegal, belize, mexico, venezuela, portugal, costa rica, the bahamas, french guiana, mauritania, angola and many others .\nat the time, i had never heard of a dolphin - human bond. as a fledgling dolphin cognition researcher, i simply didn’t know enough about dolphin behaviour to say whether she was talking science or science - fiction. now it is almost 10 years since that encounter with the massage therapist on bimini, and i am finally familiar enough with the scientific literature to pick up this discussion where it left off. what is the nature of the dolphin - human relationship? do dolphins have an unusual desire to seek out human contact? is it unusually friendly ?\nmature female atlantic spotted dolphins give birth every one to five years, with the average interval between births being three years. the young is nursed for up to five years, and females become sexually mature at an estimated eight to fifteen years of age (2) .\natlantic spotted dolphins are taken in a direct fishery for small cetaceans in the caribbean. direct takes may also occur off the azores and off west africa. some are probably also taken incidentally in tuna purse seines off the west african coast. however, there are not reliable estimates of the number of\nup to 6 min have been recorded, but most time is spent at less than 10 m (davis et al. , 1996). behavior of the atlantic spotted dolphin has been studied extensively in the bahamas (e. g. , herzing. 1997; herzing and johnson, 1997), where it associates closely with bottlenose dolphins during foraging and traveling. schools may be segregated by age and sex and fluctuate in size and composition, consisting of up to 100 individuals .\nspotted dolphins also may be difficult to distinguish, but attention to body robustness, snout shape, and colour pattern differences will allow them to be separated. only the\noff the bahamas — in a remote patch of turquoise sea, denise l. herzing splashes into the water with a pod of 15 atlantic spotted dolphins. for the next 45 minutes, she engages the curious creatures in a game of keep - away, using a piece of sargassum seaweed like a dog’s chew toy .\nthe two - way system she will test next year is being developed with artificial intelligence scientists at georgia tech. it consists of a wearable underwater computer that can make dolphin sounds, but also record and differentiate them in real time. it must also distinguish which dolphin is making the sound, a common challenge since dolphins rarely open their mouths .\nis a scientist working with the dolphin communication project and co - editor of the academic journal aquatic mammals. he is the author of are dolphins really smart? (2013) .\nross sw (1988) age, growth, and mortality of atlantic croaker in north carolina, with comments on population dynamics. trans am fish soc 117: 461–473\nwaring gt, quintal jm, swartz sl (2000) us atlantic and gulf of mexico marine mammal stock assessments. noaa technical memorandum, nmfs - ne - 162\nsince her intake into cma, the medical care to rescue, stabilize, and restore the dolphin back to health required 24 hours a day, 7 days a week of care - giving. for the first 3 months, as the young dolphin was unable to swim consistently on its own, caregivers remained in the water holding her as needed. caregivers gave her fluids every few hours to provide nourishment, and conducted medical tests on a daily and weekly basis. at rescue, the dolphin weighed 53 pounds and upon completing rehabilitation weighs a healthy 75 pounds .\njustification: although the species is widespread, abundance has not been estimated for the mid - and eastern atlantic. bycatches in west africa are of unknown scale and potentially large .\nhoelzel ar, potter cw, best pb (1998) genetic differentiation between parapatric 'nearshore’ and 'offshore’ populations of the bottlenose dolphin. proc r soc lond (ser b) 265: 1177–1183\n, are highly intelligent and social animals. they live in close knit groups called pods, that involve complex social organization with individual recognition and bonding. pods range in size from a few dolphins to several thousand in offshore regions. generally pods consist of less than 50 individuals. atlantic spotted dolphins often school with other species, such as spinner dolphins. the pods of\nthis particular species of dolphin is very timid. they have been known to come right up to humans that are visiting the areas of the bahamas. this has become one of the main tourist attractions in that area .\nhas a spotted color pattern on its body. these spots are not present at birth, and generally do not appear until the onset of weaning. the first spots to appear on the calves are dark spots on the animal' s ventral surface. as the dolphin approaches puberty, the ventral spots increase in number and size and pale dorsal spots appear as well. the number of spots continues to increase with age, similar to the development of spotting in\nbowen bw, avise jc (1990) genetic structure of atlantic and gulf of mexico populations of sea bass, menhaden, and sturgeon: influence of zoogeographic factors and life - history patterns. mar biol 107: 371–381\ndr. herzing is no tourist cavorting with marine mammals. as the world’s leading authority on the species, she has been studying the dolphins for 25 years as part of the wild dolphin project, the longest - running underwater study of its kind .\nthis species is found only in the atlantic ocean, from southern brazil to new england in the west, and to the coast of africa in the east (the exact limits off west africa are not well known). their\nperhaps the homicidal - dolphin phenomenon is more prevalent than we know. as kathleen dudzinski, my research supervisor at the dolphin communication project, used to say: ‘you never hear from the people that the dolphins didn’t save. ’ it might well be that some dolphins are pathologically indifferent to our fate, leaving us to drown when they could have easily saved our lives. although the idea of killer - dolphins sounds ridiculous, the world has seen stranger things. one news item from 2012 tells the tale of a fisherman lost at sea in the pacific who was led to safety not by a dolphin, but by a shark. he was lucky that friendly dolphins did not show up to drive the friendly shark away, or he might never have been heard from again .\nalthough this dolphin is a common offshore resident of the gulf of mexico, the dolphins may move into nearshore waters in late spring and summer in florida. this movement may be related to the movements of certain prey species for the dolphins; such migrations are not known for texas waters .\ncitation :\nspotted dolphins, stenella attenuata ~ marinebio. org .\nmarinebio conservation society. web. accessed tuesday, july 10, 2018. < urltoken >. last update: 6 / 2 / 2013 11: 05: 00 am ~ contributor (s): marinebio\nthis species does not do well in captivity; most captive animals have died within a year or less, many refusing to eat. it is killed incidentally in fisheries in brazil, the caribbean, the western north atlantic, and mauretania, mostly in small numbers (nieri et al, 1999) .\nif you find yourself in any of these situations, don’t count on the verifiable but otherwise unpredictable dolphin - human bond to save you. dolphins are, after all, wild animals. overestimating their interest in human companionship — whether it’s in shark - infested waters or at a healing resort — is likely to do more harm than good .\ndi tullio, juliana couto gandra, tiago b. r. zerbini, alexandre n. secchi, eduardo r. and tserpes, george 2016. diversity and distribution patterns of cetaceans in the subtropical southwestern atlantic outer continental shelf and slope. plos one, vol. 11, issue. 5, p. e0155841 .\ndo amaral, karina bohrer alvares, diego j. heinzelmann, larissa borges - martins, márcio siciliano, salvatore and moreno, ignacio b. 2015. ecological niche modeling of stenella dolphins (cetartiodactyla: delphinidae) in the southwestern atlantic ocean. journal of experimental marine biology and ecology, vol. 472, issue. , p. 166 .\n. there is a large amount of variation in the adult color pattern, between populations and between individuals. at times some individuals become so heavily spotted that they appear white from a distance. spotting seems to decrease with the distance from the continental shores of north america. in the azores some specimens have had few or no ventral spots, but well developed dorsal spotting .\nthis species is found only in the atlantic ocean, from southern brazil to the united states (new england) in the west, and to the coast of africa in the east (the exact limits off west africa are not well known – perrin 2002a, b). a discontinuity in the range of the species exists in the western south atlantic ocean (moreno et al. 2005). the map shows where the species may occur based on oceanography. the species has not been recorded for all the states within the hypothetical range as shown on the map. states for which confirmed records of the species exist are included in the list of native range states. states within the hypothetical range but for which no confirmed records exist are included in the presence uncertain list .\n, presents two geographically isolated populations in the western south atlantic. this note reports on a 350 km northward extension range of the southern population. the sighted group of 80 animals was in waters 66 m deep and 75 nautical miles distant from the coast. the record was observed during a dedicated cetacean survey in brazilian waters in the spring of 2008 and supports a discontinuous distribution along the coast of brazil .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference (book, 2005) [ worldcat. org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript. some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items. please create a new list with a new name; move some items to a new or existing list; or delete some items .\nnote: citations are based on reference standards. however, formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study. the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher, classroom teacher, institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address (es) field is required. please enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\nthe e - mail address (es) you entered is (are) not in a valid format. please re - enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title: mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference author: don e wilson; deeann m reeder publisher: baltimore: johns hopkins university press, ©2005. isbn / issn: 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc: 57557352\nwilson and reeder' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today. the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and, for the first time, common names. each concise entry covers type locality, distribution, synonyms, and major reference sources. the systematic arrangement of\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level. this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher' s website .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world' s living and historically extinct mammalian species. contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item. please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nwilson and reeder' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today. the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and, for the first time, common names. each concise entry covers type locality, distribution, synonyms, and major reference sources. the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level. this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher' s website .\nworldcat is the world' s largest library catalog, helping you find library materials online. learn more ››\ndon' t have an account? you can easily create a free account .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nrecent genetic work suggests that the genus stenella is paraphyletic, and it is likely that the delphininae will be restructured in coming years (leduc et al. 1999). this species might move to a different genus .\nangola; antigua and barbuda; bahamas; barbados; belize; benin; bonaire, sint eustatius and saba (saba, sint eustatius); brazil; cape verde; cayman islands; colombia; costa rica; côte d' ivoire; cuba; curaçao; dominica; dominican republic; equatorial guinea; french guiana; gabon; gambia; ghana; guinea; haiti; honduras; jamaica; martinique; mauritania; mexico; montserrat; nicaragua; panama; portugal (azores, madeira); puerto rico; saint helena, ascension and tristan da cunha; saint lucia; saint martin (french part); saint vincent and the grenadines; senegal; sierra leone; sint maarten (dutch part); spain (canary is .); togo; united states; venezuela, bolivarian republic of; virgin islands, british; virgin islands, u. s .\ndata from surveys in the 1990s were used to estimate abundance in the northern gulf of mexico at 30, 947 (cv = 27 %), although nmfs considers this an underestimate due to survey limitations (waring et al. 2006). there are no data available from west africa, but the few records available suggest that it is either not abundant or that it has an offshore distribution there (van waerebeek et al. 2000). a geographically and possibly genetically isolated population may occur off southern brazil from 21–33°s (moreno et al. 2005) .\nthe species is listed in appendix ii of cites. abundance and bycatch in fisheries off west africa should be investigated .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\n“founded in the 1930’s as an elegant dinner club and relocated and expanded in 1947 to its current home, the bimini big game club has a rich history hosting world - class fishermen, avid divers, and dignitaries alike. the resort offers the best of the bahamas whether you are taking a break from a fast paced lifestyle, looking to catch the 1, 000 lb blue marlin or exploring the undersea mysteries of the infamous bimini road. generations of families call bimini big game club their destination away from home… how about making it yours too? ”\nclassified as data deficient (dd) on the iucn red list (1) and listed on appendix ii of cites (3) .\nauthenticated (17 / 11 / 07) by william f. perrin, senior scientist for marine mammals, national marine fisheries service, southwest fisheries science centre. urltoken\ndorsal fin the unpaired fin found on the back of the body of fish, or the raised structure on the back of most cetaceans. invertebrates animals with no backbone. melon a lump of fatty tissue that forms the bulging forehead of toothed cetaceans (whales, dolphins and porpoises) thought to focus sound during echolocation .\njefferson, t. a. , leatherwood, s. and webber, m. a. (1993) fao species identification guide. marine mammals of the world. fao, rome .\ncarwardine, m. , hoyt, e. , fordyce, r. e. and gill, p. (1998) whales and dolphins. harpercollins publishers, london .\nreeves, r. r. , smith, b. d. , crespo, e. a. and notarbartolo di sciara, g. (2003) dolphins, whales and porpoises: 2002–2010 conservation action plan for the world’s cetaceans. iucn / ssc cetacean specialist group. iucn, gland, switzerland and cambridge, uk .\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive' s online content for private, scientific, conservation or educational purposes only. it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members, allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild, an elite squadron of science superheroes, needs your help! your mission: protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no. 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 (c) (3) non - profit organisation in the usa\nthe top of their bodies are a dark gray or a dark black. underneath it is a white or cream color. on the dark part of their bodies they will have white spots and on the whitish areas they will develop dark colored spots .\nsome of them that live along the gulf of mexico do migrate annually. others tend to move long distances each day but not out of a need to follow a migration pattern .\nthey are excellent when it comes to communication. they use a variety of loud clicks and whistles to talk with each other. they form groups of about 50 and they are also known to move around with other species of dolphins without any conflicts among them. there is a hierarchy among these dolphins that depends upon many factors including their size, age, and gender .\nthey are extremely protective of their young and will help each other to care for them. they also tend to do their best to protect the pregnant females from enemies including sharks .\ntheir main food sources include octopus and various types of small fish. most of the time they will fish at night. they also tend to hunt in groups as they have a tactic that allows them to get their prey into a big circle. then they are able to come at these schools of fish from all angles .\nthere isn’t too much known about the reproductive habits of these dolphins. it is estimated that it takes 11 months from mating to birth. they are born without any spots but about one year of age they begin to develop. it is along this same period of time that the mothers will stop offering milk to them .\nmany of them are killed annually due to illegal hunting by fisherman. they want to reduce the number of them so they can produce more product in their fishing nets. others are accidentally captured in those nets so they may drown or become severely injured .\nwilliam f. perrin, bernd würsig, j. g. m. ‘hans’ thewissen. encyclopedia of marine mammals. academic press, 2009. page 54 .\njefferson, webber, pitman. marine mammals of the world: a comprehensive guide to their identification. academic press, 2015 .\nthis site is protected by copyscape please, do not copy content. students and teachers are allowed to use this information for school projects and homework .\nthese dolphins make a variety of sounds used in echolocation and communication. sounds are described as\nloud whistles, chirps, low intensity click trains, squawks, barks, growls, and cracks .\nthese dolphins mate and calve in summer. sexual behavior has been observed in the gulf of mexico in mid - may. the gestation period lasts 12 months and calves are born in offshore waters .\nthese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .\navise jc (1992) molecular population structure and the biogeographic history of a regional fauna: a case history with lessons for conservation biology. oikos 63: 62–76\navise jc, reeb ca, saunders nc (1987) geographic population structure and species differences in mitochondrial dna of mouthbrooding marine catfishes (ariidae) and demersal spawning toadfishes (batrachoididae). evolution 41: 991–1002\nbaker cs, medrano - gonzalez l, calmabokidis j, perry a, pichler f, rosenbaum h, straley jm, urban - ramirez j, yamaguchi m, ziegesar ov (1998) population structure of nuclear and mitochondrial dna variation among humpback whales in the north pacific. mol ecol 7: 695–707\nbandelt h - j, forster p, röhl a (1999) median - joining networks for inferring intraspecific phylogenies. mol biol evol 16: 37–48\n): the role of geological processes and climatic events in the formation and distribution of species. mar biol 93: 57–170\nbérubé m, palsbøll p (1996) identification of sex in cetaceans by multiplexing with three zfx and zfy specific primers. mol ecol 5: 283–287\nbirkey cw jr, maruyama t, fuerst p (1983) an approach to population and evolutionary genetic theory for genes in mitochondria and chloroplasts, and some results. genetics 103: 513–527\n) based on nuclear dna microsatellite variation and contrasted with population structure revealed by mitochondrial dna variation. mol ecol 8: 347–363\n) as determined by restriction endonuclease analysis of mitochondrial dna. mar mamm sci 9: 38–155\ndunnet cw (1980) pairwise multiple comparisons in the homogeneous variance, unequal sample size case. j amer statist assoc 75: 789–795\nexcoffier l, smouse pe, quattro jm (1992) analysis of molecular variance inferred from metric distances among dna haplotypes. application to human mitochondrial dna restriction data. genetics 131: 479–491\nfrom european waters according to mitochondrial dna (mtdna) restriction analysis. mol ecol 8: 1069–1073\ngilbert dg (1996) seqpup: a biosequence editor and analysis platform, version 0. 6f. bionet software, < news: / / 4rb7hr $ 6rc @ usenet. ucs. indiana. edu > see also\ncalc: a collection of computer programs for calculating estimates of genetic differentiation from microsatellite data and determining their significance. mol ecol 6: 881–885\n): age classes, color phases, and female reproduction. mar mamm sci 13: 576–595\nhoelzel ar (1994) genetics and ecology of whales and dolphins. annu rev ecol syst 25: 377–399\nholm s (1979) a simple sequentially rejective multiple test procedure. scand j statist 5: 65–70\nlopes rf, senna j, chies jm, rodrigues jl (1999) pit - stop pcr: an approach to increase final product yield of multiplex pcr. biotechniques 26: 638–639\nlyrholm t, leimar o, johanneson b, gyllensten u (1999) sex - biased dispersal in sperm whales: contrasting mitochondrial and nuclear genetic structure of global populations. proc r soc lond (ser b) 266: 347–354\nnei m (1987) molecular evolutionary genetics. columbia university press, new york\npalumbi sr, baker cs (1994) contrasting population structure from nuclear intron sequences and mtdna of humpback whales. mol biol evol 11: 426–435\nraymond m, rousset f (1995) genepop (version 1. 2): population genetics software for exact tests and ecumenicism. j hered 86: 248–249\nrice dw (1998) marine mammals of the world. allen press, inc. , lawrence, ks\n, on interoceanic and regional scales. can j fish aquat sci 52: 1210–1219\n). mol ecol notes (in press) doi: 10. 1111 / j. 1471 - 8286. 2005. 01078x\nschneider s, roessli d, excoffier l (2000) arlequin: a software for population genetics data analysis. genetics and biometry lab, dept. of anthropology, university of geneva, geneva\nschwartz fj (1989) zoogeography and ecology of fishes inhabiting north carolina’s marine waters to depths of 600 meters. in: george ry, hulbert aw (eds) north carolina coastal oceanography symposium. us dept. of commerce, national oceanic and atmospheric administration, oceanic and atmospheric research, office of undersea research, rockville, md, pp 335–374\nslatkin m, hudson rr (1991) pairwise comparisons of mitochondrial dna sequences in stable and exponentially growing populations. genetics 129: 555–562\ntamura k, nei m (1993) estimation of the number of nucleotide substitutions in the control region of mitochondrial dna in humans and chimpanzees. mol biol evol 10: 512–526\nwahlund s (1928) composition of populations from the perspective of the theory of heredity. hereditas 11: 65–105\nwilk sj, smith wg, ralph de, sibunka j (1980) population structure of summer flounder between new york and florida based on linear discriminant analysis. trans am fish soc 109: 265–271\nt. a. jefferson, s. leatherwood and m. a. webber\n( variable in its development), and white belly. large spotting on both\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmead, james g. , and robert l. brownell, jr. / wilson, don e. , and deeann m. reeder, eds .\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference, 3rd ed. , vol. 1\nperrin, w. f. , e. d. mitchell, j. g. mead, d. k. caldwell, m. c. caldwell, p. j. h. van bree, et al .\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference, 2nd ed. , 3rd printing\nwith contributions by bernadette n. graham, adam p. potter, and mariana m. upmeyer\ncomments: perrin et al. (1987) revised this species. the international commission on zoological nomenclature (1977a) suppressed d. pernettensis de blainville [ actually desmarest, see perrin 2002 ], 1817 and d. pernettyi desmarest, 1820, which hershkovitz (1966a) used as a senior synonym for s. plagiodon\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation, e. g. an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature, an orthologous protein, a record from another database, etc. < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more... < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages, faqs, uniprotkb manual, documents, news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website. please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins, you can use the ‘basket’ to save them, so that you can back to find or analyse them later. < p > < a href =' / help / basket' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more. . < / a > < / p >\nwe' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation (gdpr) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\n( intermediate between those of tursiops truneatus and s. attenuata) and sharply demarcated from the melon. the dorsal fin is tall and falcate. measured adults range from 166 to 229 cm in body length (n = 106) and weigh up to 143 kg (n = 37) (nieri et al, 1999). weight at length is greater than for s. attenuata .\n. age at sexual maturation is estimated at 8 - 15 years in females (herzing, 1997). first parturition is associated with the mottled phase of spotting development. the average calving interval is about 3 years, with a range of 1 - 5 years. nursing has been observed to last up to 5 years. average first - year natural mortality in a study in the bahamas was 24% .\nstart or join a discussion about this species below or send us an email to report any errors or submit suggestions for this page. we greatly appreciate all feedback !\nhelp us protect and restore marine life by supporting our various online community - centered marine conservation projects that are effectively sharing the wonders of the ocean with millions each year around the world, raising a balanced awareness of the increasingly troubling and often very complex marine conservation issues that affect marine life and ourselves directly, providing support to marine conservation groups on the frontlines that are making real differences today, and the scientists, teachers and students involved in the marine life sciences .\nwith your support, most marine life and their ocean habitats can be protected, if not restored to their former natural levels of biodiversity. we sincerely thank our thousands of members, donors and sponsors, who have decided to get involved and support the marinebio conservation society .\ndeep music digitally imported urltoken proton radio * radio paradise radiotunes somafm wers 88. 9 fm\n~ sharing the wonders of the ocean to inspire conservation, education, research, and a sea ethic ~ marinebio. org, inc. is a u. s. 501 (c) 3 charitable, nonprofit organization. contact: info @ urltoken all marinebio conservation society memberships and donations are tax deductible in the united states. > < (( (( ° > © 1998 - 2017 marinebio copyright & terms of use. privacy policy. > - < °° > - <\nfor all at last returns to the sea — to oceanus, the ocean river, like the everflowing stream of time, the beginning and the end .\n- rachel carson\n1 applies to shipping within italy. information about shipping policies for other countries can be found here: payment and delivery information\nat birth these dolphins appear to be solely gray, however as they age they begin to develop spots which appear to increase in number as they grow older .\ndark spots can often be found developing on the dolphins belly, while their flanks tend to develop light or white colored spots .\nwhen hunting for prey these dolphins will typically make dives of 30 ft or less, however at times they can be seen reaching depths of up to 200 ft or more .\nthey are also known to hunt as a strategic team using group oriented methods to isolate and capture their prey .\ndolphins that live in and around coastal waters generally form smaller pod sizes while those found living further out to sea usually travel in larger pods .\nthese dolphins enjoy maintaining a high level of social interaction with one another and can often be seen performing leaps and various acrobatic stunts .\nwhen it comes to sound these dolphins use high - pitched clicks, whistles and cries to communicate nearby threats, a desire to play, that they have found food and a number of other things .\nthis can be extremely useful when a mother for instances needs to keep track of one of her kids or when two friends are communicating with one another in a large pod .\ndolphins may bump into one another or visualize their body language by spy hopping or leaping out of the water to alert other dolphins of various interests or threats or to display their physical abilities .\njust like humans dolphins go through a pregnancy cycle known as a gestation period .\nafter birth the baby dolphins receive food and nutrients by suckling milk from their mothers nipples .\nsuckling may continue for several months until the newborn learns how to hunt for food and survive on its own .\nthe average estimated lifespan for these dolphins is believed to be around 30 – 40 years .\nthis not only helps them defend themselves and each other, but also acts as a deterrent against would be predators .\nfemales tend to be slightly larger than the males, and an average adult weight is approximately 200 pounds (90k) .\nhas small conical teeth, 3 - 5mm in diameter. in each rostral row there are 32 - 42 teeth, and 30 - 40 teeth in each mandibular row .\nfemales are generally sexually mature at 9 years. males do not reach sexual maturity until their 12th year. there is evidence of year round mating, and gestation is between 11 and 12 months long. calves are normally born in may and september. there have been some observations of pods segregated by reproductive status as well as sex and age. (urltoken, 1999)." ]

{ "text": [ "the atlantic spotted dolphin ( stenella frontalis ) is a dolphin found in the gulf stream of the north atlantic ocean .", "older members of the species have a very distinctive spotted coloration all over their bodies . " ], "topic": [ 20, 23 ] }

[ "the atlantic spotted dolphin (stenella frontalis) is a dolphin found in the gulf stream of the north atlantic ocean. older members of the species have a very distinctive spotted coloration all over their bodies." ]

[ "this paper is a study of the tapir fossils (pgm v29, pgm v31, pgm v713) which were reported as deperetella similis by zhou et al. deperetella similis zhou et al. , 1974 from late eocene deposits of lunan, yunnan, china is renamed as diplolophodon lunanensis sp. nov. renamed specimens (pgm v29, pgm v31, pgm v713) is distinguished from diplolophodon similis by its flat ectoloph. diplolophodon is not a synonym of deperetella and should be resurrected by their differences of tooth morphologies. deperetella similis from lijiang and deperetella cf. d. similis from guangxi should be reassigned as diplolophodon cf. lunanensis .\ndeperetella is an extinct genus of herbivorous mammals that flourished in the eocene and were related to tapirs. the genus was defined in 1925 by w. d. matthew and walter granger .\n@ article { bhlpart82897, title = { upper premolar dentitions of deperetella birmanica (mammalia: perissodactyla: deperetellidae) from the eocene pondaung formation, myanmar }, journal = { paleontological research / }, volume = { 4 }, copyright = { in copyright. digitized with the permission of the rights holder }, url = urltoken publisher = { tokyo, japan: palaeontological society of japan, 1997 - }, author = { tsubamoto, takehisa and holroyd, patricia a and takai, masanaru and shigehara, nobuo and aung, aye ko and thein, tin and soe, aung naing and tun, soe thura }, year = { 2000 }, pages = { 183 - - 189 }, }\n\u000eœ ^ \u0010n˜aúv›ïiña\u0007§¡á\u0007zi§¦\u0013âh? \b0ž¨4ó´âz¾žŸd' Ⴀ& c; ? q ôdûîˆ | mè„ç\u001azz 'ûä > axiéátcãx´ðqhiüh£´ýsn ,\n$? ªm\u0010ãóé [ ´\u001am & ò\u000eᐠ\\ e\u0004 ƒ e¶’l6ˆl\u000e‘\u0013›\u0018z\u000eèl‹p›d $ \\\n\u0012þˆt\u0010m­\u0010ïdh ´dê! = ü\u0013h píq\u0012m\u0010¶ñ \u000eé·h2 øa¤eú\nžˆ [ ovþ\u0013 ºm' s¨6ó³\u000ea\u0004 & ã! é\u0006ã ð\u0012vh ®c @ éã\b0ù\u0002\u0004 & ð @ ød\u0018›h7¤ð©¶¤ ú\u0004\u001bpᐠ# \u001aaðm» @ €\u0002 à©6‚ ñôƒ { ã ðh5mï\b6 * nð©ò×ý + i± saý' (\b4ò\u0018 b †›! bsóa¡éôƒp¨ & è j óóm\u0006òul\u0019\u000e¨\u0012m¤ñ¤úz °a6“y\u0010\u0010iúw¦òl§\u0017ûkþý? é; é [ ®ž’m õµþ–úmé; jïzl4ƒa«h: n\u001a§u } & ðk»zmûµ 6÷wõ·të¤ÿ÷þ—ýêý { ½? v­ÿ } > •ýú ] uów _ ýi6õþíýýõ·av•ÿé ] ~ õizÿÿÿ­ëýõ¤úþêëþûzº¯ ~ ­×ýûßþ×ý } ÿßï } ½ + §þ½. 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t¾åª1¬ & ã\u0005o¿ _ éŽ\u0012hij—íõ% m‘g½”xê’kt\u0015 - / ¥\u0016¿våý¿­wâd Ža篭còvã\n¹\u0015÷ù\n~ —ù‡ \\ rcª¤«é |;  ~ óô’ð\n( ãòürýoõ $ û\u0012‡½¾škÿ\u0015j©% i ] k† \\ [ þúªõð¤whrk¥® & ù\b = ÷lßô’iz\u0014\u0015% é. ›­ [ dpû ~ ¶þºô‚i% ýl´\u0016ªtè 'pëŠ ûï㯤©j’i # ku–˜¾utódq [ ÷ { 0“¤’è $ ‡j• { d¦\u0018ø¼; { ßý\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site. please turn it on before proceeding .\nfull reference: w. d. matthew and w. granger. 1925. new mammals from the shara murun eocene of mongolia. american museum novitates 196: 1 - 11\ntype specimen: amnh 20290, a partial skull. its type locality is ula usu, shara murum (amnh), which is in an eocene terrestrial sandstone / claystone in the shara murum formation of china .\ntype specimen: ivpp v5373, a mandible. its type locality is shipigou, which is in an eocene terrestrial horizon in the hetaoyuan formation of china .\ncolbert, e. h. , 1938, fossil mammals from burma in the american museum of natural history. bulletin of american museum of natural history, 74, 255–436\nding, s. y. , zheng, j. j. , zhang, y. p. and tong, y. s. , 1977, the age and characteristic of the liuniu and the dongjun faunas, bose basin of guangxi. vertebrata pal asiatica, 15, 35–45. (in chinese )\nhuang, x. s. and qi, t. , 1982, notes on late eocene tapirods from the lunan basin, eastern yunnan. vertebrate palasiatica, 20, 315–326 .\npilgrim, g. e. , 1925, the perissodactyla of the eocene of burma, paleontologia indica, new series, 8, 1–28 .\nradinsky, l. b. , 1965, early tertiary tapiroidea of asia, bulletin of american museum of natural history, 129, 183–263 .\nshi, r. l. , 1989, late eocene mammalian fauna of huangzhuang, qufu, shandong. vertebrata palasiatica, 27, 87–114. (in chinese )\nyang, c. c. , 1937, an early tertiary vertebrate fauna from yuanch. bulletin of geological society of china, 17, 413–438 .\nzdansky, o. , 1930, die altterti ren sugetiere chinas nebst stratigraphischen bemerkungen. paleontologia sinica, series c, 6, 5–87 .\nzhou, m. z. , zhang, y. p. and ding, s. y. , 1974, some early tertiary perissodactyla from lunan basin, e. yunnan. vertebrata palasiatica, 12, 262–278. (in chinese )\nzong, g. f. , chen, w. y. , huang, x. s. and xu, q. q. , 1996. cenozoic mammals and environment of hengduan mountains region. ocean publishing company, beijing, 279 p. (in chinese )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n( pilgrim) tsubamoto, holroyd et al. , 2000 (in partim) †\nthewissen, j. g. m. , williams, e. m. & hussain, s. t. , 2001: eocene mammals faunas from northern indo - pakistan. –journal of vertebrate paleontology: vol. 21, # 2, pp. 347 - 366\ntsubamoto, t. , egi, n. , takai, m. , sein, c. & maung, m. , 2005: middle eocene ungulate mammals from myanmar: a review with description of new specimens. –acta palaeontologica polonica: vol. 50, # 1, pp. 117 - 138\nthere are no reviews yet. be the first one to write a review." ]

{ "text": [ "deperetella is an extinct genus of herbivorous mammals that flourished in the eocene and were related to tapirs .", "the genus was defined in 1925 by w. d. matthew and walter w. granger , who named it after french paleontologist charles depéret . " ], "topic": [ 26, 26 ] }

[ "deperetella is an extinct genus of herbivorous mammals that flourished in the eocene and were related to tapirs. the genus was defined in 1925 by w. d. matthew and walter w. granger, who named it after french paleontologist charles depéret." ]

[ "turritriton tenuiliratus (lischke, 1873). worms (2010). turritriton tenuiliratus (lischke, 1873). in: bouchet, p. ; gofas, s. ; rosenberg, g. (2010) world marine mollusca database. accessed through: world register of marine species at urltoken on 27 june 2010 .\n( of triton tenuiliratus lischke, 1873) beu, a. (2010). catalogue of tonnoidea. pers. comm. [ details ]\nranellidae » turritriton fittkaui, id: 524227, shell detail « shell encyclopedia, conchology, inc .\ncymatium labiosum (w. wood, 1828): synonym of turritriton labiosus (wood, 1828 )\nturritriton is a genus of medium - sized sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family ranellidae, the family commonly known as the tritons .\n( of turritriton fittkaui (parth, 1991) ) beu, a. (2010). catalogue of tonnoidea. pers. comm. [ details ]\n( of cymatium (turritriton) fittkaui parth, 1991) beu, a. (2010). catalogue of tonnoidea. pers. comm. [ details ]\n( of cymatium pharcidum (dall, 1889) ) dall w. h. 1889. reports on the results of dredging, under the supervision of alexander agassiz, in the gulf of mexico (1877 - 78) and in the caribbean sea (1879 - 80), by the u. s. coast survey steamer\nblake\n, lieut. - commander c. d. sigsbee, u. s. n. , and commander j. r. bartlett, u. s. n. , commanding. xxix. report on the mollusca. part 2, gastropoda and scaphopoda. bulletin of the museum of comparative zoölogy at harvard college, 18: 1 - 492, pls. 10 - 40. , available online at urltoken page (s): 227, pl. 36 fig. 2 [ details ]\n( of lampusia pharcida (dall, 1889) ) dall w. h. 1889. reports on the results of dredging, under the supervision of alexander agassiz, in the gulf of mexico (1877 - 78) and in the caribbean sea (1879 - 80), by the u. s. coast survey steamer\nblake\n, lieut. - commander c. d. sigsbee, u. s. n. , and commander j. r. bartlett, u. s. n. , commanding. xxix. report on the mollusca. part 2, gastropoda and scaphopoda. bulletin of the museum of comparative zoölogy at harvard college, 18: 1 - 492, pls. 10 - 40. , available online at urltoken page (s): 227; pl. 36 fig. 2 [ details ]\n( of tritonium (lampusia) pharcida dall, 1889) dall w. h. 1889. reports on the results of dredging, under the supervision of alexander agassiz, in the gulf of mexico (1877 - 78) and in the caribbean sea (1879 - 80), by the u. s. coast survey steamer\nblake\n, lieut. - commander c. d. sigsbee, u. s. n. , and commander j. r. bartlett, u. s. n. , commanding. xxix. report on the mollusca. part 2, gastropoda and scaphopoda. bulletin of the museum of comparative zoölogy at harvard college, 18: 1 - 492, pls. 10 - 40. , available online at urltoken page (s): 227 - 228, pl. 36, fig. 2 [ details ]\nbeu, a. (2010). catalogue of tonnoidea. pers. comm. [ details ]\n( of lampusia pharcida (dall, 1889) ) beu, a. (2010). catalogue of tonnoidea. pers. comm. [ details ]\n( of cymatium (monoplex) tenuiliratum (lischke, 1873) ) beu a. g. (1998). résultats des campagnes musorstom: 19. indo - west pacific ranellidae, bursidae and personidae (mollusca: gastropoda), a monograph of the new caledonian fauna and revisions of related taxa. mémoires du muséum national d' histoire naturelle. 178: 1 - 255. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of triton tenuiliratum lischke, 1873) check list of european marine mollusca (clemam). , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of tritonium pharcida dall, 1889) dall w. h. 1889. reports on the results of dredging, under the supervision of alexander agassiz, in the gulf of mexico (1877 - 78) and in the caribbean sea (1879 - 80), by the u. s. coast survey steamer\nblake\n, lieut. - commander c. d. sigsbee, u. s. n. , and commander j. r. bartlett, u. s. n. , commanding. xxix. report on the mollusca. part 2, gastropoda and scaphopoda. bulletin of the museum of comparative zoölogy at harvard college, 18: 1 - 492, pls. 10 - 40. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cymatium pharcidum (dall, 1889) ) rosenberg, g. ; moretzsohn, f. ; garcía, e. f. (2009). gastropoda (mollusca) of the gulf of mexico, pp. 579–699 in: felder, d. l. and d. k. camp (eds .), gulf of mexico–origins, waters, and biota. texas a & m; press, college station, texas. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cymatium pharcidum (dall, 1889) ) gofas, s. ; le renard, j. ; bouchet, p. (2001). mollusca. in: costello, m. j. et al. (eds), european register of marine species: a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. patrimoines naturels. 50: 180 - 213. (look up in imis) [ details ]\n( of cymatium pharcidum (dall, 1889) ) gofas, s. & beu, a. (2003). tonnoidean gastropods of the north atlantic seamounts and the azores. american malacological bulletin. 17 (1 - 2): 91 - 108. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43. 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed. my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\ntritonium pharcidum dall, w. h. , 1889: barbados; n carolina - e florida, usa; bermuda - brazil\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site. please turn it on before proceeding .\naverage measurements (in mm): shell 23. 6 x 11. 5\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\njavascript is disabled! not all shop functions are available. please check your browser settings .\n19% vat incl. excl. shipping costs shipping weight: 0. 020 kg delivery: max. 12 workdays (germany) stock level: 4 piece\n19% vat incl. excl. shipping costs shipping weight: 0. 040 kg delivery: max. 12 workdays (germany )\n19% vat incl. excl. shipping costs shipping weight: 0. 030 kg delivery: max. 12 workdays (germany )\n19% vat incl. excl. shipping costs shipping weight: 0. 010 kg delivery: max. 12 workdays (germany )\n' * price per piece, unless otherwise marked by number in brackets following product' s name, e. g. (x2) for 2 pieces or (10g) for a portion of 10 grams .\nin case you buy this article, you will get the pictured specimen only when it is depicted as * unique * in the product description. otherwise, pictures serve as representative examples and the article you will get will be very similar to the photo.'\nbeu a. (2010). catalogue of tonnoidea. pers. com .\n( lischke, 1873). in: costello, m. j. ; bouchet, p. ; boxshall, g. ; arvantidis, c. ; appeltans, w. (2014) european register of marine species, accessed through pesi at\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3. 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme. contract no. ri - 223806. activity area: capacities. period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture: gannet (morus bassanus (linnaeus, 1758) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology, inc. in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only, as we handle very few foreign shells in general. as time goes, the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nphilippines. balicasag island. taken with tangle nets at about 100 - 150 meters deep water. collected by local fishermen. 2009 .\n© 1996 - 2018 guido t. poppe & philippe poppe - conchology, inc. (0. 001 seconds. )\nthis genus occurs in tropical and subtropical indo - pacific oceans, western america, and the caribbean sea .\ndepth range based on 30 specimens in 1 taxon. water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 18 samples. environmental ranges depth range (m): 45 - 763 temperature range (°c): 14. 135 - 19. 602 nitrate (umol / l): 4. 970 - 11. 278 salinity (pps): 35. 205 - 35. 582 oxygen (ml / l): 3. 991 - 4. 418 phosphate (umol / l): 0. 277 - 0. 884 silicate (umol / l): 2. 657 - 7. 212 graphical representation depth range (m): 45 - 763 temperature range (°c): 14. 135 - 19. 602 nitrate (umol / l): 4. 970 - 11. 278 salinity (pps): 35. 205 - 35. 582 oxygen (ml / l): 3. 991 - 4. 418 phosphate (umol / l): 0. 277 - 0. 884 silicate (umol / l): 2. 657 - 7. 212 note: this information has not been validated. check this * note *. your feedback is most welcome .\ndepth range based on 1 specimen in 1 taxon. water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 1 sample. environmental ranges depth range (m): 180 - 180 temperature range (°c): 15. 189 - 15. 189 nitrate (umol / l): 6. 491 - 6. 491 salinity (pps): 36. 124 - 36. 124 oxygen (ml / l): 4. 952 - 4. 952 phosphate (umol / l): 0. 386 - 0. 386 silicate (umol / l): 2. 390 - 2. 390 note: this information has not been validated. check this * note *. your feedback is most welcome .\nthis species has a wide distribution. it can be found in european waters, the canary islands, in the gulf of mexico, the caribbean sea, the philippines and japan .\ngofas s. & beu a. (2003). tonnoidean gastropods of the north atlantic seamounts and the azores. american malacological bulletin 17 (1 - 2): 91 - 108\nrosenberg, g. , f. moretzsohn, and e. f. garcía. 2009. gastropoda (mollusca) of the gulf of mexico, pp. 579–699 in felder, d. l. and d. k. camp (eds .), gulf of mexico–origins, waters, and biota. biodiversity. texas a & m press, college station, texas\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more\ncymatium is a genus of small to large predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family ranellidae, the tritons .\nthis genus has numerous species, perhaps as many as 100, some of which have a worldwide distribution. the genus has been divided into at least 10 subgenera. some authors have elevated those subgenera, giving them the full status of genera, but this is by no means universally accepted .\nthis genus is known in the fossil records from the eocene to the quaternary (age range: from 55. 8 to 0. 012 million years ago) .\nthese sea snails have separate sexes. they lay egg capsules. after hatching, the larvae have a planktonic stage that can (in some species) last several months; this is what enables the very widespread distribution seen in certain species, as the planktonic larvae can be carried great distances before settling to the sea floor .\nthere are at least 10 subgenera within the genus cymatium [ 1 ]. these are elevated by some authors to the level of genera .\ncymatium comptum (a. adams, 1855): synonym of monoplex comptus (a. adams, 1855 )\ncymatium durbanensis (e. a. smith, 1899): synonym of monoplex durbanensis (e. a. smith, 1899 )\ncymatium exaratum durbanense (e. a. smith, 1899): synonym of cymatium exaratum (reeve, 1844) accepted as monoplex exaratus (reeve, 1844 )\ncymatium kleinei (sowerby iii, 1889): synonym of monoplex klenei (g. b. sowerby iii, 1889 )\ncymatium moniliferum (adams & reeve, 1850): synonym of ranularia monilifera (a. adams & reeve, 1850 )\ncymatium testudinarium (a. adams & reeve, 1850): synonym of ranularia testudinaria (a. adams & reeve, 1850 )\ncymatium rehderi a. h. verrill, 1950: synonym of ranularia rehderi (a. h. verrill, 1950 )\ncymatium perryi emerson, w. k. & w. e. jr. old, 1963: synonym of lotoria perryi (emerson & old, 1963 )\ndall w. h. 1889. reports on the results of dredging, under the supervision of alexander agassiz, in the gulf of mexico (1877 - 78) and in the caribbean sea (1879 - 80), by the u. s. coast survey steamer\nblake\n, lieut. - commander c. d. sigsbee, u. s. n. , and commander j. r. bartlett, u. s. n. , commanding. xxix. report on the mollusca. part 2, gastropoda and scaphopoda. bulletin of the museum of comparative zoölogy at harvard college, 18: 1 - 492, pls. 10 - 40. , available online at urltoken page (s): 227, pl. 36 fig. 2 [ details ]\nnote off barbados, 13º11' 23\nn, 59º39' 50\nw ...\ntype locality off barbados, 13º11' 23\nn, 59º39' 50\nw [\nblake\nsta. 293 ], 81 fathoms [ 150 m ] [ details ]\ndistribution western atlantic, from florida to barbados, rare in 46 - 220 m. la palma and tenerife, canary is. , rare in 100 - 150 m; seine ...\ndistribution western atlantic, from florida to barbados, rare in 46 - 220 m. la palma and tenerife, canary is. , rare in 100 - 150 m; seine seamount, rare at 190 m. [ details ]\ngofas, s. ; le renard, j. ; bouchet, p. (2001). mollusca. in: costello, m. j. et al. (eds), european register of marine species: a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. patrimoines naturels. 50: 180 - 213. (look up in imis) [ details ]\ngofas, s. & beu, a. (2003). tonnoidean gastropods of the north atlantic seamounts and the azores. american malacological bulletin. 17 (1 - 2): 91 - 108. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nrosenberg, g. ; moretzsohn, f. ; garcía, e. f. (2009). gastropoda (mollusca) of the gulf of mexico, pp. 579–699 in: felder, d. l. and d. k. camp (eds .), gulf of mexico–origins, waters, and biota. texas a & m; press, college station, texas. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nbiology type of larval development: long planktotrophic (teleplanic), inferred from multispiral protoconch. [ details ]" ]

{ "text": [ "turritriton tenuiliratus , common name : the thin-lined triton , is a species of predatory sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family ranellidae , the triton snails , triton shells or tritons . " ], "topic": [ 2 ] }

[ "turritriton tenuiliratus, common name: the thin-lined triton, is a species of predatory sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family ranellidae, the triton snails, triton shells or tritons." ]

[ "catshark of the western pacific continental slope, at depths of 534 to 1020 m .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nconsidered by compagno (1984) as close to and possibly a synonym of bythaelurus dawsoni (springer, 1971) from off new zealand. however, it is still considered a separate species due, in part, to the disjunct geographic range and difference in maximum size and fin colouration (m. francis pers. comm. 2003) .\njustification: a deepwater bottom - dwelling shark only known from the south china sea about 380 to 400 km east of hainan island. recorded from the mid to lower continental slope at depths of 534 to 1, 020 m. biology unknown and of little interest to fisheries at present. since there is no information on population sizes or trends and no biological data available, this species has been assessed as data deficient .\nnorthwest pacific: only known from the south china sea about 380 to 400 km east of hainan island (compagno 1984) .\nbenthic species found on the continental slope in depths of 534 to 1, 020 m (compagno 1984). biology poorly known. mode of development unknown .\nunknown. of no interest to fisheries at present. very little information available .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nmarine; bathydemersal; depth range 534 - 1020 m. deep - water; 20°n - 17°n\nnorthwest pacific: only known from the south china sea at about 380 to 400 km east of hainan island occurrence in the western central pacific uncertain, marginal in the south china sea (ref. 11146). for unavailability of material to be examined, the generic placement and recognition of this species is provisional .\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 71. 0 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 244); 76. 0 cm tl (female )\nfound on the continental slope. just recently described. not utilized at present .\ncompagno, l. j. v. , 1984. fao species catalogue. vol. 4. sharks of the world. an annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. part 2 - carcharhiniformes. fao fish. synop. 125 (4 / 2): 251 - 655. rome: fao. (ref. 244 )\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 5001 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 00324 (0. 00159 - 0. 00657), b = 3. 11 (2. 93 - 3. 29), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this (sub) family - body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 4. 5 ±0. 5 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience (ref. 69278): low, minimum population doubling time 4. 5 - 14 years (fec assumed to be < 100) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): high vulnerability (56 of 100) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nenglish - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others. more information! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey' s business dictionary (german - english). thanks on that account! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome! questions and answers\n, plain light coloration, large size (see diagnostic features and femarks, below) .\nbases. colour drab yellowish - brown, without markings. adults moderately large, 71 to 76 cm .\nwestern north pacific: only known from the south china sea at about 380 to 400 km east of hainan island .\n, and possibly greater size. no material of this shark was available for examination, nor could the writer examined\nlocality: south china sea at 19°39. 6' n, 114°23. 6' e, about 400 km east of hainan island; depth 1020 m .\nchu, y. t. et al, 1982. (description of four new species of sharks from the south china sea). oceanol. limnol. sin. , 13 (1): 301\nhtml public' / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en'' urltoken'\nenglish french online dictionary term bank, where you can search in more than 2 million words in categories and different pronunciation options .\nspecial publication of the center for biodiversity research and information, no. 1, vol 1 - 3\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncopyright © 2018 langenscheidt digital gmbh & co. kg, all rights reserved .\nfive new species of elasmobranchiate fishes from the deep waters of south china sea .\n( chu & meng, 1982): in: database of modern sharks, rays and chimaeras, www. shark - references. com, world wide web electronic publication, version 07 / 2018\n. for unavailability of material to be examined, the generic placement and recognition of this species is provisional .\nhost - parasite list / parasite - host list (version: 01. 04. 2015) 544 pp, 5, 37 mb new!" ]

{ "text": [ "the spotless catshark , bythaelurus immaculatus , is a catshark of the family scyliorhinidae found in the south china sea , at depths between 535 and 1,020 m on the continental slope .", "its length is up to 71 centimetres ( 28 in ) . " ], "topic": [ 18, 0 ] }

[ "the spotless catshark, bythaelurus immaculatus, is a catshark of the family scyliorhinidae found in the south china sea, at depths between 535 and 1,020 m on the continental slope. its length is up to 71 centimetres (28 in)." ]

[ "max holmes - hi, do you have mecynorhina polyphemus for... | facebook\nkatja schulz merged another page with < i > mecynorhina polyphemus < / i > (fabricius, 1781) .\nchelorrhina polyphemus is a large african member of the scarab subfamily cetoniinae. there are several distinct varieties within the species: c. polyphemus polyphemus, c. polyphemus confluens, and c. polyphemus rufino. the only other member of the genus chelorrhina is c. savagei of zaire, which is rather similar in appearance. chelorrhina is an inhabitant of dense tropical forest, and like other members of the cetoniine scarab group, they can frequently be seen feeding at sap flows on wounded trees. the larvae reside in the compost which forms inside decomposing logs. the colouration and patterning of the thoracic shield or\npronotum\nin chelorrhina is somewhat similar to that of the related genus goliathus. c. polyphemus has been portrayed a number of times on postage stamps issued by several central african nations .\ngenus: chelorrhina burmeister 1842 species: polyphemus fabricius 1871 subspecies: confluens kraatz 1890 origin: zaire species: savagei harris 1844 origin: guinea, cameroon species: kraatzi moser 1905 origin: cameroon wild imago size: females around 45 mm, males 35 - 80 mm, ch. polyphemus is the largest in genus sexual dimorphism: males with long straight horn, bifurcated by the ending note: attractive beetles, sp. polyphemus is supossed to be easy to keep, sp. savagei and paticularly sp. kraatzi can 't be bred very well, weak oviposition and pupa decease are the main breeding troubles. chelorrhina polyphemus chelorrhina polyphemus gynandomorphic form chelorrhina savagei (guinea) 1st page 2nd page\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\n. some have horns considerably longer than those of others. unlike the dynastines, many species of cetoniine scarabs do not possess horns, but\nlarvae are known to sometimes be cannibalistic, but can be reared together in the same container so long as they are provided with adequate food and space. in addition to composted leaves and wood ,\nlarvae also thrive on slices of apple buried in their substrate occasionally. such supplements will help to ensure large, healthy adult beetles with good horn development .\nthis male exhibits a somewhat longer horn than the individual pictured above. note the presence of cepahlic side horns in this species. though not apparent in this photograph, the side horns actually have\nscalloped\nedges composed of many small tooth - like projections. horn design and size is largely influenced by the quality and quantity of food that the insect consumed as a larva. obviously, large larvae transform into large adult beetles, and larvae which are small and stunted due to a lack of proper nutrition produce adults which are smaller than average and have underdeveloped, short horns .\n. her markings are very similar to those of the male, but she has a more shiny surface texture, and is without horns. females of this species sometimes approach the size of males if well fed .\nphotographs and other illustrations (where indicated) are © c. campbell' s natural worlds .\nmein erstes weibchen für dieses jahr ist geschlüpft und das männchen, das vor ein paar tagen geschlüpft ist wird sich freuen ...\nhd megasoma mars love beetle jelly from kingdom of beetle taiwan (origin: peru). mp4\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nregistered in england & wales no. 3099067 5 howick place | london | sw1p 1wg\nwe use cookies to improve your website experience. to learn about our use of cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see our cookie policy. by closing this message, you are consenting to our use of cookies." ]

{ "text": [ "mecynorhina polyphemus is a large scarab beetle of the subfamily cetoniinae found in dense tropical african forests .", "it is a frequent feeder on fruits and sap flows from tree wounds .", "there are several varieties including m. polyphemus polyphemus , m. polyphemus confluens , and m. polyphemus rufuino .", "the larvae develop in decomposing log compost .", "the third instar constructs an ovoid cocoon for metamorphosis and attaches it to a solid surface .", "in captivity , the instar may attach the cocoon to a glass container wall allowing the opportunity to view the transformation .", "male and female are dimorphic .", "the female has a shiny surface texture , reflective prismatic coloration , and no horns .", "the male has horns and flat , velvety coloration .", "females are typically 35 – 55 mm , while males range from 35 – 80 mm .", "common names include polyphemus beetle , magnificent flower beetle , giant african fruit beetle . " ], "topic": [ 20, 12, 0, 13, 11, 11, 9, 23, 9, 9, 27 ] }

[ "mecynorhina polyphemus is a large scarab beetle of the subfamily cetoniinae found in dense tropical african forests. it is a frequent feeder on fruits and sap flows from tree wounds. there are several varieties including m. polyphemus polyphemus, m. polyphemus confluens, and m. polyphemus rufuino. the larvae develop in decomposing log compost. the third instar constructs an ovoid cocoon for metamorphosis and attaches it to a solid surface. in captivity, the instar may attach the cocoon to a glass container wall allowing the opportunity to view the transformation. male and female are dimorphic. the female has a shiny surface texture, reflective prismatic coloration, and no horns. the male has horns and flat, velvety coloration. females are typically 35 – 55 mm, while males range from 35 – 80 mm. common names include polyphemus beetle, magnificent flower beetle, giant african fruit beetle." ]

[ "cydalima diaphanalis (walker, [ 1866 ]) = margaronia diaphanalis walker, [ 1866 ] = botys margaronialis walker, [ 1866 ] = margaronia plumifera butler, 1882 .\nto each forewing. there are also some black dots on the margin near the wingtip of each forewing. the wingspan is about 3. 5 cms .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia, please upload using the upload tools .\nwalker, f. 1866 ,\nsupplement 4\n, list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum, vol. 34, pp. 1121 - 1533\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 1a6eef4f - 4f17 - 4cc7 - 8e8c - 36dea1fc1cf9\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 2a1b863a - fbdf - 4aa6 - 93c4 - e6d4dcf5d407\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 3c340c86 - cb3d - 42d2 - 9843 - b2687f45b27f\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 5296e3e0 - 9cd3 - 436d - 9a70 - a6df6d602b9a\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: daaca5bc - 8f1c - 4dcd - bfaa - 9ba5da0cbd29\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 377048\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment. find records and model species distributions. export reports, maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area, or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something? photograph something? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities. we honour and celebrate the spiritual, cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\n= caprinia; hampson, 1898, proc. zool. soc. lond. 1898: 667\nindia, ceylon, burma, malaysia - new hebrides. see [ maps ]\nmargaronia leodicealis walker, 1859; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 18: 530\nburma, java, solomons, new britain, australia. see [ maps ]\nmargaronia plumifera butler, 1882; ann. mag. nat. hist. (5) 10 (57): 236; tl: new britain\nmargarodes conchylalis guenée, 1854; hist. nat. ins. , spec. gén. lépid. 8: 303, atlas (deltoides & pyralides) pl. 8, f. 9\ncaprinia conchylalis; hampson, 1898, proc. zool. soc. lond. 1898: 668, f. 47\nthis information is not automatically synchronized with globiz and can sometimes be lagging behind .\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\nhistoire naturelle des insectes. species général des lépidoptéres. tome huitiéme. deltoides et pyralites\na revision of the moths of the subfamily pyraustinae and family pyralidae. part 1\na list of the lepidopterous insects collected by mr. ossian limborg in upper tenasserim, with descriptions of new species\nlist of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum. supplement\nwalker, [ 1866 ] list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 31: 1 - 322 ([ 1865 ]), 32: 323 - 706 (1865), 33: 707 - 1120 (1865), 34: 1121 - 1534 ([ 1866 ]), 35: 1535 - 2040 (1866 )\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote: you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments. please, create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet. you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc. .\nthis is an interesting record. the species is widely distributed in the region of indonesia and is also in queensland. it is very uncommon in victoria, although peter marriott knows of 4 records this century. it may be a vagrant from the north, but looks like a very fresh specimen, which may mean it breeds locally .\nthis sighting hasn' t been described yet! be the first to describe this sighting .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation, e. g. an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature, an orthologous protein, a record from another database, etc. < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more... < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages, faqs, uniprotkb manual, documents, news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website. please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins, you can use the ‘basket’ to save them, so that you can back to find or analyse them later. < p > < a href =' / help / basket' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more. . < / a > < / p >\nwe' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation (gdpr) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nfile name: 2012 - 05 - 16 - 132323 date / time: 2012 - 05 - 16 13: 23: 23 location: bladensburg national park / winton region, queensland, australia. camera make: pentax camera model: pentax k - 5 settings: 500mm lens, f / 14, 1 / 500sec, iso 160, compulsory flash\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas, please upload using the upload tools." ]

{ "text": [ "cydalima diaphanalis is a moth in the crambidae family .", "it was described by walker in 1866 .", "it is found in burma , indonesia ( java , sumatra , kepulauan aru , papua new guinea ) , on the solomon islands and in thailand and australia , where it has been recorded from queensland and south australia .", "the wings are white with a small black dot near the middle .", "the forewings have a brown costa and there are black dots on the margin near the wingtip . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 1, 1 ] }

[ "cydalima diaphanalis is a moth in the crambidae family. it was described by walker in 1866. it is found in burma, indonesia (java, sumatra, kepulauan aru, papua new guinea), on the solomon islands and in thailand and australia, where it has been recorded from queensland and south australia. the wings are white with a small black dot near the middle. the forewings have a brown costa and there are black dots on the margin near the wingtip." ]

[ "no children of pearson' s long - clawed akodont (pearsonomys annectens) found .\ndie monotypische gattung pearsonomys ist eine der am wenigsten untersuchten gattungen innerhalb der sigmodontinae. sie ist bisher nur vom holotyp bekannt. das ist die erste untersuchung von pearsonomys seit ihrer erstbeschreibung 1992. wir belegen vier neue vorkommen aus der region los lagos (südchile) von p. annectens, der einzigen art, die bisher in diese gattung gestellt wurde. damit vergrößert sich ihr bekanntes areal um etwa 275 km. weiterhin diskutieren wir die phylogenetische position von pearsonomys auf der grundlage von kern - dna - sequenzen. diese ergebnisse zeigen, dass pearsonomys eine schwesterngattung von geoxus ist. außerdem beschreiben wir die molaren von p. annectans (tetralophodontes muster mit reduziertem mesolophid), den penis (komplex - typ), den magen (unilocular - hemiglandular) und den karyotyp (2 n = 56; fn = 62). die diskussion dieser neuen daten ist eingebunden in die analyse der ergebnisse der genetischen untersuchungen .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference (book, 2005) [ worldcat. org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript. some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items. please create a new list with a new name; move some items to a new or existing list; or delete some items .\nnote: citations are based on reference standards. however, formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study. the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher, classroom teacher, institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address (es) field is required. please enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\nthe e - mail address (es) you entered is (are) not in a valid format. please re - enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title: mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference author: don e wilson; deeann m reeder publisher: baltimore: johns hopkins university press, ©2005. isbn / issn: 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc: 57557352\nwilson and reeder' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today. the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and, for the first time, common names. each concise entry covers type locality, distribution, synonyms, and major reference sources. the systematic arrangement of\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level. this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher' s website .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world' s living and historically extinct mammalian species. contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item. please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nwilson and reeder' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today. the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and, for the first time, common names. each concise entry covers type locality, distribution, synonyms, and major reference sources. the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level. this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher' s website .\nworldcat is the world' s largest library catalog, helping you find library materials online. learn more ››\ndon' t have an account? you can easily create a free account .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nteta, p. , cañón, c. , patterson, b. d. and pardiñas, u. f. j. 2016. phylogeny of the tribe abrotrichini (cricetidae, sigmodontinae): integrating morphological and molecular evidence into a new classification. cladistics 0: 1 - 30 .\namori, g. (small nonvolant mammal red list authority) & schipper, j. (global mammal assessment team )\njustification: listed as vulnerable because its extent of occurrence is less than 20, 000 km², it is known from fewer than ten locations, and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat .\nthis species is known only from the type locality and vicinity: chile, valdivia province, region de los lagos, 42 km n and slightly e valdivia, near mehuín, 100 m; 39°26′s, 73°10′w. but this species may inhabit other areas of the valdivian temperate rainforest zone, west - central chile (musser and carleton 2005). d' elia et al. (2006) have recorded four new localities in southern chile .\nthe species appears to to be endemic to southern beech (nothofagus forest) in the valdivian temperate rainforest zone (see patterson 1992). the valdivian temperate rainforest habitat is characterized by a majority of evergreen and a few deciduous trees, high annual rainfall (1500–3000 mm), wet and frost - free winters, and short dry summers (d' elia et al. 2006) .\nin the region, forests are highly fragmented and under increasing pressure from logging activities .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\njavascript is disabled on your browser. please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\ncopyright © 2005 deutsche gesellschaft für säugetierkunde. published by elsevier gmbh all rights reserved .\ncopyright © 2018 elsevier b. v. or its licensors or contributors. sciencedirect ® is a registered trademark of elsevier b. v .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmusser, guy g. , and michael d. carleton / wilson, don e. , and deeann m. reeder, eds .\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference, 3rd ed. , vol. 2\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\ndata and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish, wildlife, and plants in idaho." ]

{ "text": [ "pearsonomys annectens , also known as pearson 's long-clawed akodont or pearson 's long-clawed mouse , is a species of rodent in the tribe abrotrichini of family cricetidae .", "it is the only species in the genus pearsonomys .", "molecular data suggests that its closest relative is geoxus valdivianus .", "this rodent is endemic to chile , where it is found in nothofagus forest of the valdivian temperate rainforest ecoregion .", "the genus is named after american zoologist oliver payne pearson . " ], "topic": [ 29, 26, 6, 24, 26 ] }

[ "pearsonomys annectens, also known as pearson's long-clawed akodont or pearson's long-clawed mouse, is a species of rodent in the tribe abrotrichini of family cricetidae. it is the only species in the genus pearsonomys. molecular data suggests that its closest relative is geoxus valdivianus. this rodent is endemic to chile, where it is found in nothofagus forest of the valdivian temperate rainforest ecoregion. the genus is named after american zoologist oliver payne pearson." ]

[ "information on the southern tree hyrax is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nlet' s do some zoology! - southern tree hyrax (dendrohyrax arboreus) also ...\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive photo - southern tree hyrax in a tree\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive photo - southern tree hyrax in a tree\ntitle =\narkive photo - southern tree hyrax in a tree\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive photo - adult southern tree hyrax\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive photo - adult southern tree hyrax\ntitle =\narkive photo - adult southern tree hyrax\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive video - southern tree hyrax - overview\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive video - southern tree hyrax - overview\ntitle =\narkive video - southern tree hyrax - overview\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive photo - southern tree hyrax with newborn\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive photo - southern tree hyrax with newborn\ntitle =\narkive photo - southern tree hyrax with newborn\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthe southern tree hyrax (dendrohyrax arboreus) is the 182nd species in my mammals of the world series. all media is educational fair use .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - southern tree hyrax (dendrohyrax arboreus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - southern tree hyrax (dendrohyrax arboreus )\ntitle =\narkive species - southern tree hyrax (dendrohyrax arboreus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nhere is bob stjernsedt' s incredible sound recording of tree hyrax in kasanka national park .\nas indicated by the vernacular name, its preferred habitat is rocky area' s throughout southern africa. rock hyrax are agile tree dwellers where large trees occur near cliff faces .\naccording to scientists, there are only three species of the hyrax in existence. we have the tree hyrax species as well as two other species known as rock hyrax, or sometimes, bush hyrax .\nfor the audio recordings of the benin tree hyrax (used in bearder et al. 2015) please see above or click here\nthe eastern tree hyrax is heavily hunted for its fur in the forest belt around mt. kilimanjaro. because the forests are disappearing at an alarming rate in africa, the tree hyraxes are probably the most endangered of all hyraxes .\nin the wild in the immediate future. the rock hyrax is still fairly widespread with high populations numbers in certain areas. however, rock hyrax populations are under threat throughout much of eastern and southern\njanis, c. m. (1988) new ideas in ungulate phylogeny and evolution. tree 3, no. 11 .\nsince this animal is popular among the swahili people of southern africa, it gets to get a lot of names. some of these names include pelele and wibari .\nthey are diurnal. when resting, this species most often clings vertically to a tree trunk and will commonly leap from this position as well .\nthe hyrax, in general, behaves like a regular rabbit in many ways. but then, each species of hyrax has its own unique set of behaviors .\nthat relates them to one another. the rock hyrax though, is such a unique\ndistribution of hyrax (mammalia / hyracoidea / procaviidae) in the central regions of benin .\ndistribution of hyrax (mammalia / hyracoidea / procaviidae) in the central regions of benin .\nrock hyrax like basking in the sun on large rocks, particularly during mornings and late afternoons .\nwashington d. c. coetzee, c. (1966): the relative position of the penis in southern african dassies (hyracoidea) as a character of taxonomic importance. zool. africana, 2, 223 - 224 .\na lot of things are strange or at least unusual about the reproduction / life cycle of the hyrax. these range from the behavior of the newly born hyrax to the attitude of the parents towards parenting .\nhyrax! < - - this template has to be\nwarmed up\nbefore it can ...\nthe hyrax is a tropical animal. having said this, it is expected that this animal will be found in the dense rain forests of africa and the middle east. in these their natural habitat, they can be found sunbathing on rocks, or on some tree branches, or in pursuit of a prey on the forest floor .\nhyrax skins are locally traded in secret to make traditional blankets and bags in the communities around mt. kilimanjaro .\nthis species has a restricted and patchy geographic range, being limited to montane forests of mt kilimanjaro and mt meru, the eastern arc mountains, and coastal forests of tanzania, southern kenya and offshore islands, including pemba, zanzibar and tumbatu (roberts et al. 2013) .\nclean. the rock hyrax can go far long periods of time without drinking as they are thought to obtain most of the moisture that they need from their food. fossil remains show that the rock hyrax could have once been much bigger in\nloss mainly caused by deforestation, is one of the biggest threats to the rock hyrax, along with the hunting of them by humans .\nsource / reference article learn how you can use or cite the rock hyrax article in your website content, school work and other projects .\nthe hyrax has the kind of physical features an average individual can very easily relate to. now let’s get to meet this animal proper .\nalthough it poses no threat to people living in the same area, the rock hyrax has been hunted in the past, mainly for its thick and soft fur but also for its meat. one of the biggest threats to the rock hyrax today though is the loss of their natural\n, but can be slightly yellow. a small hairless gland on their back is covered with longer hair than the rest of the rock hyrax' s body, which is black but yellow or white on the yellow - spotted hyrax (hence its name). rock hyraxes have short legs with four toes on their front feet, and three on each of the back. the pads on the bottom of their feet, have a rubbery texture to them, allowing them to clamber about amongst the rocks more easily. the rock hyrax has a more rounded head than other hyrax\nhoeck, h. n. (1989). demography and competition in hyrax, a 17 year study. oecologia 79: 353 - 360 .\n. the rock hyrax is usually found in rocky outcrops where there is a good variety of vegetation including both shrubs and trees. they are very adaptable\nspringer, m. s, g, cleven, o, madsen, w. w. de jong, v. g waddell, h. m. amrine, and m. j. stanhope, (1997). endemic african mammals shake the phylogenetic tree. nature 388: 61 - 64 .\nthe black or verreaux' s eagle (aquila verreauxii) feeds almost exclusively on hyraxes (gargett 1990). other predators are martial and tawny eagles, leopards, lions, jackals, spotted hyena and several snake species. external parasites such as ticks, lice, mites and fleas, and internal parasites such as nematodes, cestodes and anthrax also probably play an important role in hyrax mortality. in kenya and ethiopia rock and tree hyraxes might be an important reservoir for the parasitic disease leishmaniasis .\n, but these areas must contain natural crevices between the rocks and boulders where the rock hyrax is able to shelter as they do not dig burrows of their own .\nhoeck h. n. (1975): differential feeding behaviour of the sympatric hyrax procavia johnstoni and heterohyrax brucei. oecologia (berlin) 22: 15 - 47 .\nfinding a habitat does not seem to be a big issue for the hyrax. it is relatively versatile and can live in just about any part of a tropical rain forest .\n( 1800 camera days). the study found tree hyrax seventh - ranked in order of occupancy in a checklist of 26 medium - to - large mammals, with a remarkable occupancy of 0. 48 (detection probability of 0. 11). occupancy modelling with habitat covariates indicates that its occupancy increases with distance from large rivers; moreover, its detection probability increases with distance from forest edge, which may reflect shyness of this species near disturbed / more open forest areas (f. rovero, e. martin, unpubl. data) .\nbartholomew, g. and m. rainy (1971). regulation of body temperature in the rock hyrax (heterohyrax brucei). journal of mammalogy 52: 81 - 95 .\nhoeck, h. n, h. klein, and p. hoeck, (1982). flexible social organization in hyrax. z. tierpsychol 59: 265 - 298 .\n, living together in colonies of up to 50 individuals. rock hyrax colonies are headed by a territorial male and consist of females and their young, with the male keeping watch for\nhoeck h. n. (1977 )\nteat order\nin hyrax (p. johnstoni and h. brucei). z. f. säugetierkunde 42, 112 - 115 .\ntoday, we observe a new entrant to the animal musical hall of fame: the hyrax. unique to the core, this mammal can make as much as 21 different sounds, each designed to pass a message across. the most common ones however are the ones used to alert other hyrax of impending danger, mating songs, celebratory sounds and the rest of them .\nin every typical hyrax colony, there is usually a special spot reserved for dropping of metabolic wastes. that’s right. hyraxes have a restroom, or something like it. should you come in contact with a colony of rodent - like animals, and see a lot of white droppings on a designated area especially a rock, you have most probably run into a hyrax colony .\nrübsamen k. , i. d. hume and w. v. engelhardt (1982) physiology of the rock hyrax. comp. biochem. physiol. , 72a, 271 - 277 .\nthe rock hyrax is the african elephant' s closest living relative, in spite of the size difference. this close evolutionary relationship is deduced from similarities in the structure of the feet and teeth .\nthis may come as a surprise to many but not necessarily to all. for animals as organized as the hyrax, it is expected that they will take hygiene very seriously and they really do .\nprinsloo, p. and t. j. robinson (1992). geographic mitochondrial dna variation in the rock hyrax, procavia capensis. mol. biol. evol. 9, 447 - 456 .\nthink sunbathing belongs to crocodiles and boa constrictors? you may want to consider the hyrax. after having its dose of food for the day, this plump animals knows just how to cool off. it is often seen relaxing on top of a rock, calm yet observant as it enjoys nature’s coziness in the form of solar heat. it is their penchant for resting on rocks that has earned them the title “rock hyrax” .\nde niro, m. j. and s. epstein (1978): carbon isotopic evidence for different feeding patterns in two hyrax species occupying the same habitat. science, 201 (4359), 906 - 908 .\njustification: listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution, large population, its occurrence in a number of protected areas, persistence over vast unprotected areas, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category. however, forest habitat in eastern and southern africa is under severe threat from removal and degradation. the situation needs to be closely monitored to determine if this species should be re - assessed to near threatened in the future, based on decline under criterion a .\nklein, r. g. and k. cruz - uribe (1996). size variation in the rock hyrax (procavia capensis) and late quartenary climatic change in south africa. quaternary research 46, 193 - 207 .\nin this article, we look at another unique product of nature; the hyrax. it may lack the majesty of the lion, the craftiness of the fox, the swiftness of an eagle and the flawless candor of the dove yet, it has its own unique set of attributes and features. but before we go into details, discussing these interesting facts, it is important that we understand what a hyrax is, and, at least understand what it looks like .\nhoeck, h. n. (1982a). population dynamics, dispersal and genetic isolation in two species of hyrax (heterohyrax brucei and procavia johnstoni) on habitat islands in the serengeti. zeitschrift für tierpsychologie 59: 177 - 210 .\n, possibly as a form of protection whilst their mothers are out foraging for food. the rock hyrax reaches an average age of seven years old in the wild but some have been known to live for up to 12 years in captivity .\nin general, rock hyraxes do not live in burrows. they keep random homes at rock crevices large enough to accommodate them. as for the tree hyraxes, they find treetops very delightful. another interesting thing to note about these animals is that they are very hygienic. however, more information will be provided about this fact in a later subheading. and when danger looms, and just as the situation demands, they let out various but corresponding sounds. these sounds range from squeals to shrieks .\nthat are sleepily sunbathing on the nearby rocks. the rock hyrax is a very cautious feeder, stopping after every mouthful to quickly survey its surroundings and to keep an ear - out for the male' s alarm call. when feeding as a\n, the rock hyrax has been observed facing outwards so that a watchful eye may be kept on lookout whilst they are eating. they tend to eat quickly, with their foraging trips only lasting for short periods of time and they generally occur very close to their\nyou have read some really interesting facts about the hyrax. so the next time you see one on television or in reality, take your time to appreciate nature’s wonders. do not also forget to guard your nose against it stinking secretions. they can smell you real bad .\nwhen we talk about animals that secrete smelly substances, the first that comes to our minds is the skunk. it is an understandable fact as the skunk has one of, if not the smelliest secretions in the animal kingdom. but the, the hyrax is a worthy competitor in the game of stench .\nthe rock hyrax feeds on vegetation matter. it is a mixed feeder, but prefers grass when available during rainy seasons. however, during dry periods, it will consume any plant material available. plants considered highly toxic and aromatic, mosses and liver - worts can be utilized by dassies during periods of drought stress .\nremains abundant in patches of suitable forest on pemba island, tanzania, although the area of forest on pemba has been greatly reduced over the past century (t. butynski and y. de jong, pers. comm .). a recent survey of pemba found hyrax in ngezi forest in 2012 (a. perkin pers. comm .) .\na hyrax looks like a guinea pig; but a rather fat, fluffy and overfed guinea pig. they measure approximately 12 inches at the shoulders while weighing up to about 10 pounds. it typically has a lot of fluffy hair around its body, making it look like a rabbit. there is little wonder why many people mistake it for a rabbit especially when spotted in the wild .\nrecent archeological findings have proven that at a time, hyraxes were as big as oxen. beyond the facts from fossil records, it makes a lot of sense to believe this fact as the gestation period of these animals is quite long especially when compared to other animals of similar sizes. while gestation lasts a few dozen days in similar animals, the hyrax maintains an 8 - month gestation period .\n[ daouda a. i. h. , adjanohoun m. , hennou a. , atindogbe g, mensah g. a. and sinsin b. (2016); distribution of hyrax (mammalia / hyracoidea / procaviidae) in the central regions of benin. int. j. of adv. res. 4 (11). 2327 - 2339 ] (issn 2320 - 5407). urltoken\nfor most individuals, as soon as they sight the hyrax, they come to the conclusion that they have seen a rodent. after all, they look like very fat rats and have just about the same size. this, however, is not true. although they look like rodents, hyraxes are not exactly rodents. rodents, for instance, have very prominent canines which they use to gnaw at food materials .\nfirst of all, they do not have a scrotum, yet they managed to have some testes. but it does not end there, a hyrax can have its testes grow up to four times it original size. however, this depends on the climatic conditions and the temperature of the environment at the time. usually, the exponential increase of testes size occurs in mating seasons, especially when a female is within reach .\nthat can last for up to eight months, generally give birth to two or three young. the rock hyrax babies develop remarkably quickly, being able to run and jump just hours after birth and even start to nibble on vegetation after just a couple of days. they do however, still suckle from their mother, feeding on her milk until they are a few months old. the young rock hyraxes often gather together in small nursery\nfrom the moment of fertilization in a female hyrax, at least 8 months will pass before it brings forth a young one. the real shock is that this young one is so mature that it is able to jump and walk just about an hour after birth. parental care continues until several months later but the young offsprings is virtually independent soon after birth. in fact, they start eating grasses and herbs the day after birth !\nthis is perhaps one of, if not the strangest fact about the hyrax. it is, no doubt, a wonder how an animal so small would be related to the elephant, and even the manatee. but then, science has proofs that this animal has evolutionary links to the elephant and manatee. some of these proofs are as follows: first, the tusks in hyraxes usually develop from their incisors. this is exactly how the tusks of elephants and manatees develop, although quite different from other mammals whose tusks develop from their canine. another easily observable similarity between these animals and elephants is their nail pattern. unlike the regular mammals that have relatively flexible, curved nails on their hoofs, hyraxes have thick, tough, flat nails on their hooves. the similarities go on and on, but these are the most prominent ones .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nshoshani (2005) included dendrohyrax validus as a synonym of dendrohyrax arboreus. the validity of d. validus has been questioned by some authors (e. g. , bothma 1971), but has been retained as distinct by others (meester et al. 1986, schlitter 1993, roberts et al. 2013), which is the treatment followed here. the call of d. validus is very characteristic and distinct from d. arboreus. it helped finding a new subpopulation on the kenya coast, see seibt et al. (1977) and hoeck (1978) .\n2013). the species is susceptible to habitat disturbance and to hunting. in the udzungwa mts, logging has a significant impact on population numbers, especially where hunting also occurs (topp - jørgensen\njørgensen et al. 2008). overall, high population densities (i. e. , based on calling frequency) appear to be linked to isolated, undisturbed forest patches. this would agree with the findings of kundaeli (1976) on mt kilimanjaro: highest densities were estimated at an elevation of 2, 310 m, where disturbance from logging and hunting was low. ecology and behaviour are reviewed in detail in roberts et al. (2013) .\noccurs in a number of protected areas across its range, including udzungwa mts national park, kilombero nature reserve, kilimanjaro and arusha national parks and eight nature reserves in the eastern arc mts: kilombero and uzungwa scarp in udzungwa mts, amani and nilo in east usambaras, mkingu in ngurus, uluguru in ulugurus, magamba in west usambaras, and chome in south pares, as well as jozani - chwaka bay nature reserve on zanzibar and ngezi vumawimbi nature forest reserve on pemba. the species also occurs in numerous forest reserves in the eastern arc mts and coastal forests of tanzania, such as kilindi, kanga and nguru north forest reserves (cordeiro et al. 2005, roberts et al. 2013) .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference (book, 2005) [ worldcat. org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript. some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items. please create a new list with a new name; move some items to a new or existing list; or delete some items .\nnote: citations are based on reference standards. however, formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study. the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher, classroom teacher, institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address (es) field is required. please enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\nthe e - mail address (es) you entered is (are) not in a valid format. please re - enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title: mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference author: don e wilson; deeann m reeder publisher: baltimore: johns hopkins university press, ©2005. isbn / issn: 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc: 57557352\nwilson and reeder' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today. the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and, for the first time, common names. each concise entry covers type locality, distribution, synonyms, and major reference sources. the systematic arrangement of\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level. this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher' s website .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world' s living and historically extinct mammalian species. contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nmammalogists for helping to forge the nomenclatural mesh that holds our science together. * journal of mammalogy * to refer to this work as a checklist undervalues it and does not give sufficient credit to the authors and editors for their meticulous efforts in its production. a valuable reference work and a vital tool, particularly for researchers. * journal of natural history * by far the most convenient source for finding the correct scientific name of any mammal and should be on the reference shelf of libraries striving to have useful science sections. * science books and films * the editors and authors are to be congratulated for undertaking such an outstanding and authoritative work, and it should serve as a standard reference for mammalian species taxonomy for many years to come. * journal of mammalian evolution * the third edition adds to its reputation as an outstanding and authorative work. * national museum of natural history weekly update & forecast * impressive and elegant work. - - g. r. seamons * reference reviews * a must - have text for any professional mammalogist, and a useful and authoritative reference for scientists and students in other disciplines. * southeastern naturalist * a magnificent work important to anyone seriously interested in mammals. this work is essential for academic or special libraries supporting zoology or conservation and for large public libraries. * american reference books annual * as were many of our colleagues, we were waiting for this revised edition since 2003... we can say that the wait was worth it. - - sergio solari and robert j. baker * journal of mammalogy *\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item. please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nwilson and reeder' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today. the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and, for the first time, common names. each concise entry covers type locality, distribution, synonyms, and major reference sources. the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level. this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher' s website .\nworldcat is the world' s largest library catalog, helping you find library materials online. learn more ››\ndon' t have an account? you can easily create a free account .\nbbc natural history unit c / o bbc motion gallery getty images 101 bayham street london nw1 0ag united kingdom tel: + 44 (0) 20 3227 2579 bbc. motiongallerysales @ urltoken urltoken\nby clicking the links above, you agree to continue to use this material in accordance with the below terms of use .\narkive videos are protected by copyright and usage is restricted. details of the copyright owners are given at the end of each video. please carefully read the following before downloading this video .\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive' s online content for private, scientific, conservation or educational purposes only. it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members, allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild, an elite squadron of science superheroes, needs your help! your mission: protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no. 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 (c) (3) non - profit organisation in the usa\nthis species is classified as least concern (lc) on the iucn red list (1) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert, and will be updated as soon as possible. if you are able to help please contact: arkive @ urltoken\nnature picture library 5a great george street bristol bs1 5rr united kingdom tel: + 44 (0) 117 911 4675 fax: + 44 (0) 117 911 4699 info @ urltoken http: / / www. urltoken\nteam wild, an elite squadron of science superheroes, needs your help! your mission: protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .\nshoshani (2005) included dendrohyrax validus as a synonym of dendrohyrax arboreus. the validity of d. validus as a distinct species has been questioned by some authors (e. g. , bothma 1971), but has been retained as distinct by others (meester et al. 1986, schlitter 1993, milner and gaylard 2013). it is here retained as a full species .\nbutynski, t. , hoeck, h. & de jong, y. a .\nthe main threats include forest loss, degradation and fragmentation, as well as hunting for meat and skins (milner and gaylard 2013). many forest patches are too small to maintain viable populations (lawes et al. 2000) .\nthe species is present in many large protected areas across its range, including serengeti national park, ngorongoro crater conservation area, mount kilimanjaro national park, mount meru, mahale mountains national park (tanzania), mount kenya national park and forest reserves, aberdares national park and forest reserves, kakamega forest national reserve, masai mara national reserve (kenya), virunga national park (drc), mgahinga gorilla national park, rwenzori mountains national park, kibale national park (uganda), volcanoes national park, nyungwe forest national park (rwanda) .\nbutynski, t. , hoeck, h. & de jong, y. a. 2015 .\nthe family procaviidae (hyraxes or\nrock rabbits\n) is the only family ...\nthe mammal order hyracoidea includes just a single family, procaviidae (hyraxes ...\nrock hyraxes are polygynous, and a single territorial male can control ...\ndescription of dendrosenecio keniodendron (r. e. fr. & t. c. e. fr .) b. nord .\nthis article is about domesticated european rabbits. for information on the ...\nall of the senses of rock hyraxes are well - developed, although their ...\nin areas where humans are prevalent, especially south africa, rock hyraxes ...\ncopyright © 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons, inc. all rights reserved\nenter your email address below. if your address has been previously registered, you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password. if you don' t receive an email, you should register as a new user\ndaouda a. i. h. , adjanohoun m. , hennou a. , atindogbe g, mensah g. a. and sinsin b .\ndepartement d’amenagement and gestion des ressources naturelles, faculte d’agronomie, universite de parakou (benin) .\ncentre de bio - statistique et informatique generale, fac. sc. agronomiques, u. a. - c. cotonou (benin) .\ninstitut national de recherche agronomique du benin - inrab / cra – agonkanmey, cotonou (benin) .\nlaboratoire d’ecologie appliquee / fac. sc. agronomiques, univ d’abomey - calavi (ua - c) cotonou (benin) .\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4. 0 international license .\nhi, i' m andrew and i’m just a simple zoology student and crustacean researcher from ohio. this blog centers around animal ids so feel free to send me any unknown species (and its location) that you have and i will take my best shot at iding it! i also occasionally post random zoology / animal factoid things. disclamer: none of the pictures are mine unless stated\nanimalia - chordata - mammalia - eutheria - afrotheria - hyracoidea - procaviidae - dendrohyrax - d. arboreus\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\nindividuals of rock and bush hyraxes were observed to disperse over a distance of at least 2 km. however, the further a dispersing animal has to travel across the open grass plains, where there is little cover and few hiding places, the greater are its chances of dying, either through predation or as a result of its inability to cope with temperature stress (hoeck 1982a, 1982b, 1989) .\nbarry, r. e. (1994). synchronous parturition of procavia capensis and heterohyrax brucei during drought in zimbabwe. south african journal of wildlife research 24: 1 - 5 .\nbarry, r. e. and p. j. mundy (1998). population dynamics of two species of hyraxes in the matobo national park, zimbabwe. african journal of ecology 36; 221 - 233\nbarry, r. e. & j. shoshani (2000): heterohyrax brucei. american society of mammalogists, mammalian species no. 645: 1 - 7 .\nbothma, j. p. du (1966): hyracoidea. pp 1 - 15. in: preliminary identification manual of african mammals. ed. p. j. meesters. smithsonian. inst .\nfischer, m. s. (1992): hyracoidea. handbuch der zoologie. band viii mammalia. walter de gruyter, berlin & new york .\ngargett, v. (1990): the black eagle: a study. acorn books, randburg, south africa .\ngerlach, g. and h. n. hoeck (2001): island on the plains: metapopulation dynamics and female biased dispersal in hyraxes (hyracoidea) in the serengeti national park. molecular ecology 10: 2307 - 2317\nhahn, h. (1935) die familie der procaviidae. inaugural - disseration. friedrich - wilhelm - universität zu berlin. druck von reinhold berger, leipzig .\nhoeck, h. n. (1978). systematics of the hyracoidea: towards a clarification. pittsburgh, bulletin carnegie museum of natural history .\nhoeck, h. n. (1982b) ethologie von busch - und klippschliefer. film d 1338 des iwf, göttingen 1980. publikation von h. n. hoeck, publ. wiss. film, sekt. biol. , ser. 15, nr. 32 / d1338 (1982), 24 s .\nhoeck, h. n. (1982c) nahrungsökologie bei busch - und klippschliefern. sympatrische lebensweise. film d 1371 des iwf, göttingen 1980. publikation von h. n. hoeck, publ. wiss. film, sekt. biol. , ser. 15, nr. 32 / d1371 (1982), 19 s .\nkingdon, j. (1971): east african mammals. an atlas of evolution in africa. academic press, london .\nolds, n. and j. shoshani (1982) procavia capensis. mammalian species. 171, 1 - 7 .\nwalker a. , h. n. hoeck, and l. perez (1978): microwear of mammalian teeth as an indicator of diet. science 201: 908 - 910 .\nyoung are born during early summer after a gestation period of seven months. some females can conceive before they are a year old. litters normally vary from two to three young. one dominant male monopolises up to 17 females in a harem group. solitary mature males live on the periphery of such harems .\n1 - 6 young are born in september / october and march - april after a gestation period of ± 7 months .\nhas 4 toes on the front feet and 3 toes on the hind - feet. the toes all have nails, except the inner toe of the hind - foot, which has a curved grooming claw. the soles of the feet are naked, the skin thick and padded with glandular tissue which keeps the surface permanently moist to increase traction. this enables it to negotiate steep and smooth rock faces or to climb trees with agility .\nto fully enjoy the a - z animals website, please enable javascript in your web browser .\n, which although are very similar in appearance, spend most of their time in the trees rather than on the ground .\n, but with rounder ears and the lack of a tail. they have thick, soft fur which is usually brown or grey in\nhaving been found living at altitudes ranging from sea level to 14, 000 feet above it. their\nand protecting the group' s patch from other males looking to move in on their shelter. rock hyraxes make a variety of noises including whistles and shrieks to communicate both within the\nis spotted nearby. they spend the majority of their lives sunbathing on the rocks to warm up, before going off on short foraging trips, rarely far from the entrance to their home .\n, feeding on nearly everything it can find close to the colony' s base. rock hyraxes feed on herbs, grasses, fruit and leaves, along with bird' s eggs ,\nsettlements and the clearing of land, generally for agriculture. however, the areas that the rock hyraxes use as toilets are actually common places to find\nplease enter a nickname which you can use to identify your comment, but which others cannot use to identify you. please do not use your online usernames / handles which you use for social networking .\nare you safe? is an online safety campaign by a - z - animals. com. if something has upset you, the are you safe? campaign can help you to speak to someone who can help you .\nwe will be looking at the natural habitat of this animal as well as its behaviors, but first let us consider its physical features .\nhyraxes seem to be omnivorous. at least that is what their diet suggests. however, here are some facts about their nutrition .\nhyraxes feed after enjoying enough of a daily dose of sunlight. their diet usually consists of grasses, leaves, herbs and smaller animals like lizards, termites, and eggs .\nas a means of protecting themselves from predators, hyraxes often release very smelly secretions which most predators find rather offensive. simple as this act is, it helps them ward off natural enemies like leopards, boas and more .\nnow this is another shocking fact about this creature. when we talk about highly vocal animals, the first one that comes to our minds are the birds of the air which sing some of the most melodious tunes ever put together. and when mammals are in focus, we usually consider the domestic cat which has a near perfect musical pitch and range .\nas expected, hyraxes live in colonies. but what may intrigue you is the size of their colonies. although several times bigger than the regular mice or rat, this animal somehow manages to live in colonies as many as 200. they maintain an organized colony which, however, is not half as organized as can be found among bees and termites. in this colony, every member fends for himself even as he fends for other members of the colony in one way or the other .\nthis website uses cookies to improve your experience. we' ll assume you' re ok with this. read more got it\ntoday' s hours: 8 a. m. to 7 p. m. last admittance 6 p. m .\nhead to freedom plaza for the fast & the fierce 5k and fun run. then, make your way to the zoo for an after - party on the great meadow !\nshow the animal lover in your life how big your heart is with the gift that supports animal care and conservation .\nsplash into fun with nature cubs summer preschool classes! attend the beach buddies series starting july 10, or pick a weekend class about elephants, monkeys, pandas and other zoo favorites .\nthese small new world monkeys live almost completely in trees, seldom if ever coming down to the ground. they are native to northern south america .\npale - headed saki monkeys have been known to cover 33 feet (10 meters) in a single bound when escaping from danger .\npale - headed saki monkeys, or white - faced saki monkeys, are named for the male' s appearance. males are black except for the head, which is white or reddish, while females are mostly brown to brown - gray, with paler bellies, and have bright white to pale red stripes extending from each eye to the corners of the mouth .\ntheir bodies are about 12 to 16 inches (30 to 42 centimeters) long, plus a tail of the same length. they weigh about four to five pounds (about 2 kilograms). their tails are not prehensile .\npale - headed sakis are found in northern south america in brazil, french guiana, guyana, suriname and venezuela .\nthey live in secondary, ridge, savanna and marsh forests, usually at elevations of 688 to 2, 460 feet (210 to 750 meters). they move through the forest both quadrupedally and by leaping. they are wholly arboreal, but sometimes descend to the lower limbs of trees or even to bushes in search of food .\nduet vocalizations between males and females are important in maintaining territorial boundaries, as well as the social bond between pairs. they may also raise their hair and jump up and down on branches while emitting a loud, shrill, territorial call .\npale - headed sakis eat mainly fruit, and they have robust incisors and canines to break through the tough skins and shells. they also eat seeds, nuts, leaves and insects, especially ants. they are an important seed disperser for many plants .\nthey will sometimes eat soil and minerals, most likely to supplement their diet with important minerals .\nat the smithsonian' s national zoo, they are fed canned marmoset diet, bananas, grapes, apples, string beans, fruit and mealworms .\nsakis live in monogamous pairs or small family groups of two to five animals. juveniles may stay with their parents for up to a year or two after the birth of the next infant. these small groups may come together to form larger congregations .\nthe breeding season in the wild is not clearly known. births in human care occur throughout the year. the estrous cycle lasts 18 days, and gestation is five months, after which a single baby is born. mothers carry infants on their hip for the first month and then the baby rides on her back .\nthe average life span for this monkey is 15 years, but in human care they may reach 35 years .\nsakis are hunted for food and captured for pets, but do not appear to be endangered in brazil. habitat destruction also threatens this species .\nbeautiful and engaging, red pandas are classified as endangered on the iucn red list of threatened species. there may be fewer than 2, 500 adult red pandas living in the wild today .\nsmithsonian’s national zoo & conservation biology institute 3001 connecticut ave. , nw washington, dc 20008\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference, 2nd ed. , 3rd printing\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference, 3rd ed. , vols. 1 & 2\nwith contributions by bernadette n. graham, adam p. potter, and mariana m. upmeyer\nstatus: iucn - vulnerable as d. validus and as d. arboreus south african subpopulation only, otherwise lower risk (lc )\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nol donyo sabuk np, kenya. by y. de jong & t. butynski\ntsavo east national park, south - east kenya by y. de jong & t. butynski\numi, nile river, north - west uganda by y. de jong & t. butynski\nkidepo valley national park, north - east uganda by y. de jong & t. butynski\nagoro - agu, imatong mountains, central - north uganda by y. de jong & t. butynski\ngrunts and clicks of two conflicting individuals. ein gedi, israel. by amiyaal ilany\nbedankt benny, as soon as the hardcopy becomes available we will post a link to the order form. thank you for your interest !\nhallo noah en lois, wat een mooi initiatief voor de kinderen van de school. ik was 2 jaar terug met jullie oma en mirjam op bezoek bij jullie en heb met eigen ogen kunnen zien dat dit ook echt nodig is. succes met jullie actie !\nsuper, dank u wel! we houden u op de hoogte van de ontwikkelingen. liefs uit kenia, noah en yvonne\nrt @ lolldaiga _ hills: blog: northern lesser galago on lolldaiga hills ranch. urltoken urltoken" ]

{ "text": [ "the southern tree hyrax ( dendrohyrax arboreus ) or also known as the southern tree dassie is a species of mammal in the family procaviidae .", "the southern tree hyrax is mainly found in the south central eastern side of africa . " ], "topic": [ 25, 20 ] }

[ "the southern tree hyrax (dendrohyrax arboreus) or also known as the southern tree dassie is a species of mammal in the family procaviidae. the southern tree hyrax is mainly found in the south central eastern side of africa." ]

[ "marchena is one of the cradles of flamenco, as the birth place of the guitarists melchor de marchena (1907 - 1980) and his son, enrique de melchor (1950 - 2012), josé luis postigo (b. 1980), and of the singers la gilica (1866 - 1942), niño de marchena (1903 - 1976), pepe palenca (1903 - 1976), niña de marchena (1915 - 1980), and juan el caeno (1933 - 1998 )\nthe primary conservation challenges on marchena have involved introduced species, first feral goats and later the little fire ant. goats were first released onto marchena around 1967. the goat eradication program ran from 1970 to 1979, when the island was declared free of goats. during the project isabela years, goats were once again found on marchena but quickly eliminated by park rangers. judas goats were then released on marchena as well as other islands to ensure that any potential introduction could be dealt with rapidly. the little fire ant was first found in marchena in 1988. an eradication program eventually reduced the size of the known infestation. however recent surveys have found an even larger area of infestation. a key concern for marchena is the possibility of the further introductions of these or other aggressive exotic species .\nmarchena island is the largest of the northern islands. the marchena lava lizard is endemic to that island. on the southwest coast there is a large series of grottos and coves that are frequented by fur seals. although the majority of current day volcanic eruptions in galapagos occur in the westernmost islands of fernandina and isabela, marchena experienced an eruption in 1991, the first recorded on that island for at least 100 years. marchena also played a small role in the fascinating human history of floreana. in 1934, the body of lorenz, one of the consorts of the baroness, was found mummified on the beach at marchena, along with nuggeröd, the owner of the small fishing boat dinamita .\nthe many young flows and pyroclastic cones on marchena testify to considerable volcanic activity in the recent geologic past. however, there is only one known historic eruption, which occurred in 1992. like many of the galapagos volcanos, marchena has a caldera. marchena' s caldera is roughly elliptical and measures 7 km by 6 km, within the range of caldera sizes of the large western volcanoes. marchena' s caldera is unusual, however, in that it has been almost completely filled with young lavas, some of which has spilled over and down the sides. the oldest lavas are 500, 000 years old .\nmarchena, also known as bindloe is a large shield volcano, of which only the upper 343 m (100 feet) is above sealevel. the island measures about 18 by 12 km and is one of the three small islands in the northern group (pinta, marchena, and genovesa). while marchena and genovesa lavas are somewhat similar in composition, both having compositions close to that of mid - ocean ridge basalts, the composition of pinta are quite different .\nwith no terrestrial visitor sites, marchena is rarely visited by anyone, including scientists and park wardens. the two programs carried out on marchena in recent decades include two eradication programs – for goats and the little fire ant. two marine visitor sites exist – punta espejo on the southeast and punta mejía on the southwest .\nmarchena is rather desolate and has no fresh water and hence has never been settled, and its flora and fauna have not been disturbed by feral animals or introduced plants. except for diving in the waters around it, it is off - limits to tourists and is therefore seldom visited. tortoises have apparently never inhabited marchena .\na large tuff cone rises near punta calle on the southern coast of marchena island beyond fresh - looking lava flows west of the cone in the foreground. the low shield volcano forming marchena island contains one of the largest calderas of the galápagos islands. in contrast to other galápagos volcanoes, the 6 x 7 km caldera and its outer flanks have been largely buried by a cluster of pyroclastic cones and associated lava flows. the first historical eruption of marchena occurred in 1991. photo by ed vicenzi, 1984 (smithsonian institution) .\nfather antonio de marchena, a franciscan monk at the la rábida monastery (palos de la frontera) met by chance in 1484 - 1485 a genoese adventurer named christopher columbus. father marchena knew nothing on navigation but was a noted astronomer and cosmographer. he was the first to be convinced by columbus' project of circumnavigation and recommended him to the court of castile .\nthe municipality of marchena (19, 773 inhabitants in 2016; 37, 825 ha; municipal website), is located in the valley of guadalquivir, 60 km east of seville .\nthe flag of marchena (photo) is vertically divided blue - red with the municipal coat of arms in the middle. neither the flag nor the arms appear to have been officially registered .\ndr. marchena serves as the current chief of oral and maxillofacial surgery at ben taub hospital and focuses his practice on the management of facial fractures, impacted wisdom teeth, and pediatric dentoalveolar surgery .\nat 130 square kilometers (50 square miles), marchena (also bindloe) is the seventh largest island of the galapagos, more than twice the size of its nearest competitor, española. its northernmost location and difficult landing sites make it little visited by tour groups. marchena is one of the few islands, apparently, to have never hosted a native population of the galápagos tortoise. there are no cruises currently listed for this port of call .\nthe low shield volcano forming marchena island contains one of the largest calderas of the galápagos islands. a group of pyroclastic cones was constructed inside the caldera. lava flows originating from the 6 x 7 km wide caldera have spilled through low points on the caldera rim and flowed down the flanks of the volcano, in some cases reaching the sea. the first historical eruption of marchena occurred in 1991. aerial photos by instituto geográfico militar (courtesy of minard hall) .\nvicenzi e p, mcbirney a r, white w m, hamilton m, 1990. the geology and geochemistry of isla marchena, galapagos archipelago: an ocean island adjacent to a mid - ocean ridge. j. volcanol. geotherm. res. , 40: 291 - 315 .\nwritten sources confirm the aforementioned design and indicates the genuine colours of the arms. antonio de moya (rasgo heroyco... , 1756) gives the arms of marchena as\nargent a lion gules crowned or a bundle of arrows representing force ...\njosé guerrero, archpriest of marchena, wrote in 1787 an historical description of marchena, upon request of the royal geographer tomas lópez, stating that\nthe arms of the town are made of a field or with a lion crowned over water waves looking at three arrows arranged in a bundle and tied by a flesh - coloured scroll, alluding to purple and the blood shed by its patron saint, st. sebastian on the day of the conquest by king ferdinand in year 1240\n. this description indeed copies the rendition of the arms made by rodrigo méndez silva (población general de españa ...\n, 1645, re - edited 1675). pascual madoz' dictionary also recopies m & ecute; ndez silva' s description .\nmarchena was established in the late 12th - early 13th century by the almohad, who erected a fortified castle and a town surrounded by walls. reconquerred on 20 january 1240 by king ferdinand iii the saint, marchena was granted in 1309 to the ponce de león lineage. the moorish castle was transformed in a residence by the new lords, while most of the gates of the town were preserved. the seville gate, which was revamped in 1430 by pedro ponce de león, 5th lord of marchena and 1st count of arcos, is one of the emblems of the town. the morón gate houses now the museum dedicated to the local sculptor lorenzo coullaut - valera (1878 - 1932, mostly known for the cervantes monument erected on plaza de españa in madrid). the carmona gate is defended by a polygonal tower locally known as the golden tower. the sacristy of the st. john the baptist church houses the zurbarán museum, showing of nine paintings made by francisco de zurbarán (1568 - 1664) in 1634 - 1637 .\nthe coat of arms of marchena is\nper fess, 1. argent three arrows sable, 2a. or a lion gules crowned of the same, 2b. or four pallets gules. a bordure azure eight escutcheons or a fess azure. the shield surmounted by a royal crown ancient. the shield surmounted by lambresquins and a scroll inscribed' colonia martia romanorum' .\nafter a career in private practice, dr. marchena returned to the university of texas health science center at houston as an associate professor in the department of oral and maxillofacial surgery. he is a recipient of multiple academic, research, and teaching awards and has published 15 scientific articles and 7 book chapters in the field of oral and maxillofacial surgery. he is a board member and the secretary of\n[ the eruption ] has continued without explosive venting visible from a distance. observers on a boat that passed marchena on 7 or 8 november reported vigorous steaming at the w coast. water near the flow front was too hot to touch and numerous fumaroles were evident inland. since david day' s 28 - 30 september visit, lava had formed a single broad front at the coast, closing the small bay where day had landed .\nmarchena is the only north american respresentative of the common old world subfamily heliophaninae, and is immediately separated from others in the area by the tubercles on the first leg. along the front face of the first femur are a series of 3 - 5 tubercles, each bearing a seta. the carapace side is rugose, and together with the tubercles probably forms a stridulatory apparatus. bark - dwelling on conifers in california, washington, nevada .\nthe eruption was first observed on 25 september at about 2100 from a ship ~ 75 km s of marchena [ but see 16: 10 ], and glow remained visible through the night. a large black and white eruption cloud was reported the next day, but no glow was evident during cloudy weather that night from a nearby island. during an overflight around midday on 27 september, a dark plume was visible above low weather clouds .\nmarchena has important archaeological heritage, as can be seen at the bronze age montemolín site. not to be missed is a stroll through the the medieval san juan neighbourhood, with its moorish defensive wall and sevilla and morón gates. stately houses, churches and palaces can be found throughout the old town. the zurburán museum is also interesting. it has works by this important spanish artist. the easter week celebrations in this town have deep - rooted tradition .\nthe little fire ant was first found in marchena in 1988. an eradication program eventually reduced the size of the known infested area. by 2002 and up to 2007, no fire ants were detected. however in 2007, evidence of the presence of fire ants was observed. a survey in 2008 indicated that a much larger area is infested. the gnp is planning a more thorough survey in the first quarter of 2009 to determine the exact extent of the problem .\npunta espejo on the southeast edge of marchena is an excellent site for sharks, with hammerhead and galapagos sharks particularly abundant. dolphins and sea lions are also present. other species include sea turtles, rays, moray eels, and garden eels, among others. bats can also sometimes be observed on the sand. a second dive site, punta mejía, is located on the southwestern side of the island. rays, eels, and many fish species can be observed there .\nthe low shield volcano forming marchena island contains one of the largest calderas of the galápagos islands. the 6 x 7 km caldera and its outer flanks have been largely buried by a cluster of pyroclastic cones and associated lava flows. its first historical eruption occurred in 1991. other young lava flows, some of which may be only a few thousand, or even a few hundred years old, filled the caldera and flowed down its outer forested flanks, in some cases to the sea .\nmarchena... started erupting on 25 september. the toms instrument aboard the nimbus - 7 satellite passed at about 1100 and sensed no so 2, but the next pass, at the same time on 26 september, mapped a 300 - km plume to the sw with an so 2 content estimated to be close to 100 kt. high so 2 values immediately over the volcano indicated that the eruption was still vigorous at that time. on the following day the plume was nearly twice as long, but had almost vanished by the same time on 28 september. weather satellite images during this period showed low cloud cover, but no conclusive indication of the volcanic plume... .\nthe first colour representation of the arms of marchena is credited to piferrer (nobilario de los reinos y señorios de españa, 1856; trofeo heroico... , 1860). here the lion holds the bundle of arrows in the claws and the inscribed bordure is omitted. the marble shield applied to the st. anthony' s fountain, better known as the chains' fountain, erected in 1864, shows for the first time the field of the shield divided into two quarters. the arms represented on the upper left corner of the scale map of the town designed in 1868 by eduardo garcía pérez, provides the model for most subsequent versions of the arms. here the first quarter is azure with the arrows tied by a ribbon argent, while the second quarter is gules with a lion argent. the bordure or is inscribed with letters sable. the shield is surmounted by a royal crown open .\nreports collected by day provided additional information about the timing and characteristics of the early phases of the eruption. the first reported activity was a\nsuspicious\nlarge cloud seen over marchena on 25 september at 1840 from ~ 65 km s (at bartolomé). an explosion was observed at 1905 from ~ 90 km sse (turtle cove, santa cruz island). a low white cloud near the coast was seen with infrared binoculars at about 2100. witnesses at three sites ~ 65 km s reported 7 - 8 evenly spaced vents that remained active throughout the night. incandescent ejecta appeared to rise roughly the equivalent of the island' s elevation (~ 350 m), with height increases of ~ 25% during the strongest activity. a more vigorous vent, lying w of the others, was first seen at about 0300 on 26 september. ejecta heights from the w vent appeared to exceed those from the other vents by ~ 50% .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\neach tol leaf page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a leaf at the tip of the tree of life. the major distinction between a leaf and a branch of the tree of life is that a leaf cannot generally be further subdivided into subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types, have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright © 1995 - 2004 tree of life project. all rights reserved .\nthe agaricales, or euagarics clade, is a monophyletic group of approximately 8500 mushroom species... read more\nthe tree of life web project (tol) is a collaborative effort of biologists and nature enthusiasts from around the world. on more than 10, 000 world wide web pages, the project provides information about biodiversity, the characteristics of different groups of organisms, and their evolutionary history (phylogeny) .\neach page contains information about a particular group, e. g. , salamanders, segmented worms, phlox flowers, tyrannosaurs, euglenids, heliconius butterflies, club fungi, or the vampire squid. tol pages are linked one to another hierarchically, in the form of the evolutionary tree of life. starting with the root of all life on earth and moving out along diverging branches to individual species, the structure of the tol project thus illustrates the genetic connections between all living things .\nthe affinities of all the beings of the same class have sometimes been represented by a great tree... as buds give rise by growth to fresh buds, and these if vigorous, branch out and overtop on all sides many a feebler branch, so by generation i believe it has been with the great tree of life, which fills with its dead and broken branches the crust of the earth, and covers the surface with its ever branching and beautiful ramifications .\ntree of life design, images, and icons copyright © 1995 - 2005 tree of life web project. all rights reserved. image of rose © 1999 nick kurzenko. image of annelid worm © 2001 greg w. rouse .\nreports are organized chronologically and indexed below by month / year (publication volume: number), and include a one - line summary. click on the index link or scroll down to read the reports .\ninformation is preliminary and subject to change. all times are local (unless otherwise noted )\nwhen david day and others arrived at the island' s w coast on 28 september at about 2230, lava was flowing into the sea along a front ~ 1. 5 km wide. incandescence was evident at about 10 sites over a roughly 3 x 3 km area, but lava fountaining had apparently stopped. the next day, small quantities of pele' s hair were found on the beach near the fresh flows, along with substantial numbers of dead fish and other marine organisms. scuba divers found glassy breccia near the shore, a zone of aa rubble extending seaward for several hundred meters, and, with gradual increase in slope from 25 to 35 m depth, a small lava flow that included pillow structures. a 30 september summit climb revealed new lava covering much of the caldera' s sw floor, suggesting that a circumferential fissure several kilometers long had been active on the w to sw rim, supplying lava to both the caldera floor and the outer flank .\nthis compilation of synonyms and subsidiary features may not be comprehensive. features are organized into four major categories: cones, craters, domes, and thermal features. synonyms of features appear indented below the primary name. in some cases additional feature type, elevation, or location details are provided .\nthe following references have all been used during the compilation of data for this volcano, it is not a comprehensive bibliography .\nkatsui y (ed), 1971. list of the world active volcanoes. volc soc japan draft ms, (limited circulation), 160 p .\nmcbirney a r, williams h, 1969. geology and petrology of the galapagos islands. geol soc amer mem, 118: 1 - 197 .\nrichards a f, 1962. archipelago de colon, isla san felix and islas juan fernandez. catalog of active volcanoes of the world and solfatara fields, rome: iavcei, 14: 1 - 50 .\nthere is data available for 1 emission periods. expand each entry for additional details .\nthe following 57 samples associated with this volcano can be found in the smithsonian' s nmnh department of mineral sciences collections, and may be availble for research (contact the rock and ore collections manager). catalog number links will open a window with more information .\nthe decade portal, still in the developmental stage, serves as an example of the proposed interoperability between the smithsonian institution' s global volcanism program, the maga database, and the earthchem geochemical portal. the deep earth carbon degassing (decade) initiative seeks to use new and established technologies to determine accurate global fluxes of volcanic co 2 to the atmosphere, but installing co 2 monitoring networks on 20 of the world' s 150 most actively degassing volcanoes. the group uses related laboratory - based studies (direct gas sampling and analysis, melt inclusions) to provide new data for direct degassing of deep earth carbon to the atmosphere .\nwovodat is a database of volcanic unrest; instrumentally and visually recorded changes in seismicity, ground deformation, gas emission, and other parameters from their normal baselines. it is sponsored by the world organization of volcano observatories (wovo) and presently hosted at the earth observatory of singapore .\ninformation about large quaternary eruptions (vei > = 4) is cataloged in the large magnitude explosive volcanic eruptions (lameve) database of the volcano global risk identification and analysis project (vogripa) .\nmiddle infrared observation of volcanic activity (mirova) is a near real time volcanic hot - spot detection system based on the analysis of modis (moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer) data. in particular, mirova uses the middle infrared radiation (mir), measured over target volcanoes, in order to detect, locate and measure the heat radiation sourced from volcanic activity .\nusing infrared satellite moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (modis) data, scientists at the hawai' i institute of geophysics and planetology, university of hawai' i, developed an automated system called modvolc to map thermal hot - spots in near real time. for each modis image, the algorithm automatically scans each 1 km pixel within it to check for high - temperature hot - spots. when one is found the date, time, location, and intensity are recorded. modis looks at every square km of the earth every 48 hours, once during the day and once during the night, and the presence of two modis sensors in space allows at least four hot - spot observations every two days. each day updated global maps are compiled to display the locations of all hot spots detected in the previous 24 hours. there is a drop - down list with volcano names which allow users to' zoom - in' and examine the distribution of hot - spots at a variety of spatial scales .\nearthchem develops and maintains databases, software, and services that support the preservation, discovery, access and analysis of geochemical data, and facilitate their integration with the broad array of other available earth science parameters. earthchem is operated by a joint team of disciplinary scientists, data scientists, data managers and information technology developers who are part of the nsf - funded data facility integrated earth data applications (ieda). ieda is a collaborative effort of earthchem and the marine geoscience data system (mgds) .\nwe noticed that you' re using an unsupported browser. the tripadvisor website may not display properly. we support the following browsers :\nthere are no pins in your viewport. try moving the map or changing your filters .\nprices are based on 1 - 21 day travel. these are the best fares found by travellers who searched tripadvisor and a select group of our fare search partners in the past 72 hours. ticket prices and seat availability change rapidly and cannot be guaranteed .\n* tripadvisor llc is not a booking agent and does not charge any service fees to users of our site... (\ntripadvisor llc is not responsible for content on external web sites. taxes, fees not included for deals content .\nthis mural is located at plaza jojo correa which is one of the busiest plazas of our city of willemstad. thousands of people cross this plaza each day, from locals to tourists from all over the world. i wanted to paint something that represent the beauty and purity of our awesome island. our partawela or the white tailed hawk is a symbol of guardianship and visionary power, something we all could use a bit of in this day and age. i also wanted to pair this painting with an uplifting and emotional poem by a local young artist who is no longer with us physically but will be with us forever through the work he left behind, hemayel martina. the letters i created are inspired by the indian cave paintings of our abc islands and combined with the california cholo style letters of the 50' s .\navochinan preokupá mi ta invoká - boso pa eskoltá i yuda nos emansipá – sin odio ni vengansa ma ku amor – ya e presiosidat di hoya akí - por resaltá i mundu henter - skucha ora kriaturanan - dje paraiso akí ku - orguyo grita: - ami ta kòrsou .\ncollaboration between my bro daniel aka' vinz' and me aka' zigs'. these are two local birds form the island of curaçao. the trupiaal (left) is a frequently seen bird known for its beautiful singing and also has a bad rep for stealing other birds nests and occasionally your bread is you leave it on the kitchen counter. the partawela or falki (right) is the largest bird of prey on the island and is a little harder to spot. check vinz out on instagram under vinz. cfh\ncollaboration between my bro daniel aka vinz and i. check vinz out on instagram under vinz. cfh\ncollaboration between my' little bro in the arts' mijailo elkenaar and i. located at sint willibrordus town curaçao .\nhis mural is located at mambo beach blvd behind the bar near the pool .\nthis mural is located at mambo beach blvd behind the bar near the pool .\nthis painting is for sale at fls. 5000 of which fls. 1000 will go to the cliniclowns curaao organisation .\n2. 5m x1. 5m acrylic on canvas. this is my first contribution to the curaçao worlds longest painting event june 2013 .\nthis is my second contribution to the curaçao worlds longest painting event june 2013 .\nthis website uses cookies to guarantee the best user experience, and to compile anonymous statistics on the use of the website in order to learn more about our visitors and the contents they find most interesting. if you continue browsing, we consider that you agree to their use. for more information, or to find out how to change your settings, see our cookies policy .\nfrom harvard school of dental medicine in 1996 and his medical degree from harvard medical school in 1998. he completed internships in oral and maxillofacial surgery and general surgery at massachusetts general hospital and his residency training at louisiana state university medical center - charity hospital in new orleans .\n, a nonprofit organization dedicated to providing cleft lip and palate repair operations in rural bangladesh .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nchoosing cruising is an information website only and enquiries are forwarded to an independent travel agent, who will contact you regarding your enquiry. upon submitting your contact details, you are agreeing that you have a legitimate interest in the cruise holiday and are happy for an agent to get in touch with you about the cruise. cruising information on this website is posted in good faith and is updated regularly, but we cannot guarantee the completeness and accuracy of the information shown. we are not liable for any direct or indirect loss arising from the information on this website or the unavailability of any particular price, cruise or facility. we recommend that you check information before you act on it, particularly since prices change, cruises or cabin types can be fully booked and timings and itineraries amended .\nby using this website you accept this disclaimer and agree to choosing cruising' s privacy and cookie policies. for full details click here. operation and copyright\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 / / en\nurltoken\n06. 27. 18 june 27, 2018 on june 26, 2018, scientists from the geophysical institute of ...\n06. 16. 18 june 16, 2018 the la cumbre volcano, located on fernandina island in the western ...\n06. 14. 18 june 14, 2018 after a lengthy stay in peru following a wildlife trafficking ...\nby guest author and gc adjunct scientist dr. james gibbs of the state university ...\nby guest author elsa kohlbus, program director of animal balance. on an island ...\nby guest author c lina leuba, master’s student from the university of ...\ngalapagos conservancy is a registered 501 (c) (3) non - profit organization with ein tax id # 13 - 3281486. donations are tax - deductible to the extent allowed by law in your country .\nhelp us ensure that the rare, endangered penguins of galapagos continue to exist in the islands. your gift today will support vital efforts to protect the species and give their population a chance to thrive .\nthe next representation of the municipal arms, a marble shield, is found on the new grain barn erected in 1732. the arms are similar to the old ones, with some differences: - the shield is surmounted by a duke' s coronet; - the arrows point downwards, as they do in all subsequent versions of the arms; - the lion' s posture is between rampant and passant .\non 17 october 1758, the municipal government ordered two maces, two shields and two crimson damask costumes for the mace bearers. the maces and shields were paid on 16 january 1759 to a famous silversmith from seville, josé alexandre ezquarra, the shields are surrounded by a rich rococo decoration; one features the arms of ponce de león, the other the arms of the town. the latter shield features a lion passant beneath three arrows, tied, some authors say, by a yoke. the bordure is inscribed with\ncolonia martia romanorum\n. the coronet cannot be ascribed to any model but the silversmith' s o\nthe seals used by the municipality have been featuring, at least since 1856, a bundle of arrows and a lion. the seal inaugurated in 1888 shows the lion in a natural posture, looking at right, rampant and surmounted by a royal crown. the lion and the arrows are centered on the seal' s vertical axis. the seals used in the 20th century until 1939 feature a lion passant and the royal crown surmounting the arrows. official documents used between 1898 and 1931 shows the arms with two quarters and without crown, and with the inscribed bordure. for the first time, the shield is placed on a parchment - shaped cartouche. in some representations, the base of the cartouche is decorated with branches of palm and laurel, as a symbol of victory and triumph. the duke' s coronet was progressively substituted by a count' s coronet .\nmore than 1 million people last month said they' d recommend urltoken to their family and friends .\nfeaturing a terrace, casa rural las encinas is set in the peaceful and pretty cazorla segura y las villas nature reserve. santiago - pontones is 20 minutes’s drive away .\ncasa tere is set in miller and offers barbecue facilities. with mountain views, this accommodation provides a terrace. the apartment is equipped with 2 bedrooms and a fully fitted kitchen with an ...\nthis charming rural hotel is located in 20 minutes’ drive from santiago - pontones in the cazorla segura y las villas natural reserve. it offers a free wi - fi zone, indoor and outdoor pools and a hot ...\na perfect relaxing break. we were very impressed with the restaurant. lovely home cooking and very reasonable prices .\ncasas rurales casa inocente is situated in la toba. the country house offers a barbecue. there is a garden at this property and guests can go hiking nearby .\nthese rural houses are set in the cazorla segura y las villas natural reserve, on the border of the andalusia and castille la mancha .\nwith mountain views, cabanas el nogueral is situated in gontar and has a restaurant, a 24 - hour front desk, bar, garden, outdoor pool and barbecue .\nholiday home paraje cueva de la paz - 2 is set in alcantarilla. this holiday home also has free wifi. the holiday home includes 3 bedrooms, a bathroom, a seating area, and a kitchen. a tv is provided... .\nholiday home paraje cueva de la paz is set in alcantarilla. guests staying at this holiday home have access to a fully equipped kitchen .\nfeaturing an outdoor swimming pool and private terraces, apartamentos río madera is located in the hamlet of prados de la mesta inside the cazorla segura y las villas nature reserve .\ncasa rural\nlos casares\nprovides accommodation with a kitchen, located in nerpio. an oven and coffee machine are also featured .\nyou' re subscribed! your welcome email will arrive in your inbox soon .\nurltoken b. v. is based in amsterdam in the netherlands, and is supported internationally by 198 offices in 70 countries .\nurltoken is part of booking holdings inc. , the world leader in online travel and related services .\nwe have more than 70 million property reviews, and they' re all from real, verified guests .\nthe only way to leave a review is to first make a booking. that' s how we know our reviews come from real guests who have stayed at the property .\nwhen guests stay at the property they check out how quiet the room is, how friendly the staff are and more .\nafter their trip, guests tell us about their stay. we check for naughty words and verify the authenticity of all guest reviews before adding them to our site .\nif you booked through us and want to leave a review, please sign in first .\nshortly, you will receive news about top - rated hotels, irresistible deals and exciting destinations .\na text message with a 6 - digit verification code was just sent to the phone associated with this account .\ncasa tere is located in miller and offers barbecue facilities. this property has a terrace. the apartment has 2 bedrooms and a fully equipped kitchen with an oven. a tv is available .\ncasas rurales casa inocente is located in la toba. the country house has a grill. there' s a garden at this property and guests can go hiking nearby .\nwith mountain views, cabanas el nogueral is located in gontar and has a restaurant, a 24 - hour front desk, bar, garden, outdoor pool and grill .\nlocated in alcantarilla, this vacation home and is 15 miles from riópar. the kitchen is equipped with an oven. a tv is provided. there is a private bathroom with a bathtub .\nholiday home paraje cueva de la paz is a vacation home with a barbecue, located in alcantarilla. the kitchen is equipped with an oven, a microwave and a toaster, as well as a coffee machine .\nwith mountain views, casa rural\nlos casares\nhas accommodations with a kitchen located in nerpio. an oven and coffee machine are also featured .\nwhen guests stay at the property, they check out how quiet the room is, how friendly the staff is, and more .\nby creating an account, you agree to our terms and conditions and privacy statement .\na text message with a 6 - digit verification code was just sent to the phone number associated with this account .\nthe website you are about to visit is progenealogists ®, operated by tgn services, llc, a subsidiary of ancestry .\nto get better results, add more information such as birth info, death info or location —even a guess will help. edit your search or learn more .\nname: ricardo% ehl% juan rafael hernandez% ehl% gamboaevent type: birth registrationevent place: alajuela ...\nnovia es hija de don peyo y tìa quinta novio es hijo de don galo y doña elvira .\nricardo% ehl% murio de viruela a los 31 de edad y lo enterraron en el cementerio del barrio cerca de ...\nname: ricardo% ehl% hernández% ehl% gamboa event type: marriage event date: 12 jan 1924 event place: ...\nname: juán rafael ricardo% ehl% hernandez% ehl% gamboaevent type: baptismevent date: 27 jul 1902event place: san ...\nbirth of ricardo% ehl% hernandez% ehl% on 10 apr 1913 at 6am to everardo hernandez% ehl% (age 31 merchant) ...\ntenia 23 cuando se caso y duro 8 porque murio a los 31 por viruela. testigo: marcelino fonseca .\nla lista que se casaron en la parroquia de san fernando en toa alta." ]

{ "text": [ "marchena is a genus of the jumping spiders only found in the united states .", "its only described species , m. minuta , dwells on the barks of conifers along the west coast , especially california , washington and nevada .", "marchena is the only north american species of heliophaninae .", "it forms a monophyletic group with the genera afraflacilla , pseudicius and festucula . " ], "topic": [ 27, 8, 26, 26 ] }

[ "marchena is a genus of the jumping spiders only found in the united states. its only described species, m. minuta, dwells on the barks of conifers along the west coast, especially california, washington and nevada. marchena is the only north american species of heliophaninae. it forms a monophyletic group with the genera afraflacilla, pseudicius and festucula." ]

[ "a carposina simulator in prince george' s co. , maryland (8 / 24 / 2010). photo by bob patterson. (mbp list )\ncarposina poliosticha turner, 1947; proc. r. soc. qd 57: 65; tl: queensland, burleigh\ncarposina olbiodora turner, 1947; proc. r. soc. qd 57: 66; tl: queensland, toowoomba\ncarposina ceramophanes turner, 1947; proc. r. soc. qd 57: 67; tl: queensland, toowoomba\ncarposina trigonogramma turner, 1947; proc. r. soc. qd 57: 65; tl: queensland, bunya mts\ncarposina sysciodes turner, 1947; proc. r. soc. qd 57: 66; tl: west australia, denmark\ncarposina loxolopha turner, 1947; proc. r. soc. qd 57: 67; tl: west australia, denmark\ncarposina dascioptera turner, 1947; proc. r. soc. qd 57: 67; tl: west australia, perth\ncarposina epomiana philpotti dugdale, 1971; pacif. ins. monogr. 27: 75; tl: carnley hrbr, auckland i .\ncarposina tanaoptera turner, 1947; proc. r. soc. qd 57: 66; tl: tasmania, mt wellington, 2500ft\ncarposina hyperlopha turner, 1947; proc. r. soc. qd 57: 65; tl: queensland, burleigh (tweed hds. )\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\nuse of images featured on maryland biodiversity project is only permitted with express permission of the photographer .\nturner, 1947 contributions to our knowledge of australian microlepidoptera proc. r. soc. qd 57: 65 - 74\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\na taxon identifier is composed of name, author, year and attribute, all separated by a blank. these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication. the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words (genus and species) separated by a blank .\nthe author' s name is made up of a string of letters, with no blanks, and multiple authors' names are separated by a comma. spelling of author' s name is based on the original publication. if there are more than three authors, only the names of the first two authors are shown, followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets. this is rarely needed, but to differentiate homo - identifiers, this will contain the page, line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks, hyphens, and apostrophes are eliminated, thus only the following characters are used: a to z, a to z, 0 to 9, blank, comma, and opening and closing square brackets. although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition, it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions (contact information) with supporting references, possibly with pdf or hard copy .\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more" ]

{ "text": [ "carposina simulator is a moth in the carposinidae family .", "it was described by davis in 1969 .", "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from arkansas . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20 ] }

[ "carposina simulator is a moth in the carposinidae family. it was described by davis in 1969. it is found in north america, where it has been recorded from arkansas." ]

[ "bigger ch, dishaw lj, olano ct. immune defenses of the gorgonian coral\nworks cited anonymous. gorgonians. urltoken website. 2008. url: < urltoken > castro, peter and michael e. huber. marine biology 5th ed. boston: mcgraw hill, 2005. itis report. gorgonacea. url: < urltoken > perun, blane. blueberry gorgonian. urltoken website. url: < http: / / www. urltoken / gorgonian / blueberry _ gorgonian. htm > perun, blane. encrusting gorgonian. urltoken website. url: < http: / / www. urltoken / gorgonian / encrusting _ gorgonian. htm > perun, blane. purple gorgonian. urltoken website. url: < http: / / www. urltoken / gorgonian / purple _ gorgonian. htm > perun, blane. red gorgonian. urltoken website. url: < http: / / www. urltoken / gorgonian / red _ gorgonian. htm > shimek, ronald l. marine invertebrates. neptune city: t. f. h publications, 2004 .\ngorgonian species range from those that grow several feet high to small, encrusting species .\ngrigg rw (1977) population dynamics of two gorgonian corals. ecology 58: 278–290\ncorticocyte – cell that produces gorgonin and forms the axis in a gorgonian. (tidball 1982 )\nkingsley rj, watabe n. analysis of proteinaceous components of the organic matrices of spicules from the gorgonian\n‘several ‘fingers' of rock, each densely covered in gorgonian fans, projected out into the blue. ’\nmiami, fl: florida international university; 1993. cellular aspects of alloimmunity and other responses in the gorgonian\nred gorgonian polyps. the red gorgonian is a colonial organism composed of thousands of tiny polyps. each polyp secretes calcium which accumulates to form the structure of the colony. the fan - shaped gorgonian is oriented perpendicular to prevailing ocean currents to better enable to filter - feeding polyps to capture passing plankton and detritus passing by. image id: 03480 species: red gorgonian, lophogorgia chilensis location: san clemente island, california, usa\nideally place your gorgonian in a part of the aquarium where it can move freely with the current without touching anything but water. placing it where it will hit corals, anemones and similar can cause injury to the gorgonian .\nhave you kept gorgonians? add to our knowledge in the comments below (keep to gorgonian information only, please) .\nand animals in this order are commonly referred to as gorgonians. we will continue to use ‘gorgonian’. the genus was renamed\nspecies of gorgonian octocorals. studies in natural products chemistry. 2000, 23: 153 - 184. full _ text .\nbrazeau da, lasker h (1989) the reproductive cycle and spawning in a caribbean gorgonian. biol bull 176: 1–7\nthis study provides the first evidence linking the induction of specific cyp transcript expression and corresponding enzymatic activity in a marine consumer to differences in gorgonian prey and, by inference, to specific differences in gorgonian chemical profiles. the diet of the generalist c. gibbosum includes a variety of gorgonian families with structurally diverse allelochemical profiles. only snails feeding on the gorgonian plexaura homomalla displayed both a significant induction (2. 7 - to 5. 1 - fold) of cyp4bk and cyp4bl transcripts and a corresponding increase in the metabolism of the diagnostic eicosanoid ltb 4 in comparison to individuals feeding on a control diet devoid of gorgonian allelochemicals. our results are consistent with the possibility that allelochemicals in p. homomalla induce cyphoma cyp4 enzymes that may serve to detoxify the gorgonian allelochemicals .\ngorgonian corals are the dominant benthic fauna on many caribbean reefs, and yet studies on the makeup of the host, or their dinoflagellate symbionts, symbiodinium spp. , are scarce. we investigated the biochemical composition and symbiont parameters in eight gorgonian coral species. skeletal material, comprised of sclerites and refractory material, was the largest component of gorgonian branches. relative amounts of sclerites and refractory material varied between species and may explain species level differences in branch flexibility. in gorgonian branches, proteins, present in refractory and cellular material, made up the largest component of organic matter, followed by lipids, while carbohydrates were a minor component. the lipid content in gorgonian organic matter was significantly correlated with symbiodinium density. in addition, symbiont density in gorgonian branches was probably influenced by the availability of host cells. knowledge about biochemical parameters of gorgonian corals at ambient environmental conditions will assist in understanding the abundant benthic fauna of many caribbean coral reefs .\n‘the coral and sponge growth was again lush, but with far healthier gorgonian colonies away from the sometimes violent swells of diamond rock. ’\nwhat made you want to look up gorgonian? please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible) .\nyellow coral gorgonian (gorgonia sp .) * filter feeder * requires strong non lateral flow * does not require special lighting * is non photosynthetic\n: implications for detoxification of gorgonian allelochemicals. marine ecology progress series. 1992, 88: 237 - 246. 10. 3354 / meps088237 .\nonly known to occur on gorgonian corals of the genus muricella, with up to 28 pairs on a single gorgonian. the tubercles and truncated snout of this species match the color and shape of the polyps of the host gorgonian, while its body matches the gorgonian stem. so extreme is this camouflage that the original specimens were only noticed after their host gorgonian had been collected and observed in an aquarium. post - pelagic young settle on various hosts, but to breed, they appear to prefer the red polyp muricella spp. that usually grow in depths over 20 m (ref. 48635). ovoviviparous (ref. 205). the male carries the eggs in a brood pouch which is found under the tail (ref. 205) .\njust like its relative the sea anemone the gorgonian is a filter feeder. each polyp is equipped with eight tentacles which are used to catch planktons and other types of organic matter that is brought to it by the currents. to make the process more efficient, the “fan” of the gorgonian will be oriented across the prevailing current .\n‘on the north west slope of chevalier rock is an enormous field of gorgonian seafans in varying shades of orange, all regimentally standing in rows perpendicular to the wall. ’\n. to ensure representation of gorgonian chemotypes, if they exist, a minimum of ten colonies were used in the feeding assays. gorgonian colonies were cut into 2 - 3 inch pieces and introduced into the feeding assays less than 12 hours after field collection. the control diet consisted of alginic acid and freeze - dried squid powder prepared as described in [\nresembling a domino. the domino was then placed into a 0. 25 m calcium chloride solution allowing the squid - alginate paste to harden. both control and gorgonian diets were replaced every 24 hours for four days, and feeding activity was monitored by the presence of feeding scars on their gorgonian prey and empty wells on control dominos (see additional file\nmany different kinds of gorgonians make their way into captivity, so be sure to confirm with your supplier that the gorgonian you buy is photosynthetic and a good candidate for aquarium care .\nthe gorgonian will produce slime to remove algae, bryozoans and other malevolent organisms from it self. if the gorgonian is disturbed, the slime production can increase and prompt really powerful filtration in the aquarium. without proper filtration, the slime can be fatal to other creatures, especially if the aquarium is small. in some cases, acute siphoning will be required .\nthe red gorgonian is a filter feeder, which enjoys non lateral flow. due to the fact that it is non photosynthetic, it is an excellent choice for the underside of a rock ledge. the presence of light or lack thereof, is a non essential for the gorgonian, however you will need to supplement your tank with zooplankton or phytoplankton on a regular basis .\na gorgonian colony is supported by an internal central skeleton but the exact structure of a gorgonian colony varies a lot between the various species. many species grow erect with a flat and branched growth pattern that makes them resemble fans, but there are many species that come in other shapes and you can for instance find encrusting gorgonians, bushy gorgonians and whip - shaped gorgonians .\nadditional file 13: results of a two - way manova investigating differences in digestive gland cyp4 gene expression in c. gibbosum feeding on control versus gorgonian diets. (pdf 93 kb )\n‘this dive is better in the deeper section, where large gorgonian seafans stretch out into the current, surrounded by large numbers of fish, corals, invertebrates, and some huge barrel sponges. ’\non a particular reef at the time of collection. the remaining snails were maintained on their respective diet (gorgonian or control) for a total of four days, reflecting the mean residence time of\ngorgonians are home to a wide range of marine creatures, including brittle stars, bryozoa and hydrozoa. the pygmy seahorse (hippocampus bargibanti) is so adapted to a life among certain species of gorgonians that it is hard to see where the gorgonian ends and the sea horse begins. specimens that live on the gorgonian muricella plectana are grey with red tubercles, while the specimens found on muricella paraplectana are yellow with orange tubercles. the body of the sea horse is almost identical in appearance to the stem of the gorgonian, while the tubercles and truncated snout have the same shape and colour as the polyps .\ngorgonians typically live in shallow tropical waters, though non - photosynthetic gorgonians have been found thousands of feet below sea level and some occur in coldwater. there are more than 500 gorgonian species known to science .\nthe blueberry gorgonian is a filter feeder which requires strong non lateral flow and phytoplankton / zooplankton to be fed to the tank at least once per week. due to the fact it is non ...\n]. this overlap between the diverse pool of cyp4 substrates and the major structural classes of gorgonian natural products make the cyp4 family an appropriate target for further investigation with respect to allelochemical detoxification in molluscan consumers .\ncite this article as: elias - piera f, rossi s, gili jm, orejas c (2013) trophic ecology of seven antarctic gorgonian species. mar ecol prog ser 477: 93 - 106. urltoken\n]; this diet mirrored the average nutritional quality and consistency of gorgonian tissue. the squid - alginate paste was pressed into sixteen 3 - mm deep wells drilled into a 3\n× 1\npiece of formica\nrodriguez ad: the natural products chemistry of west indian gorgonian octocorals. tetrahedron. 1995, 51 (16): 4571 - 4618. 10. 1016 / 0040 - 4020 (95) 00216 - u .\nadditional file 14: results of anova comparisons (univariate f - tests) of diet - and reef - specific mean cyp4 gene expression in c. gibbosum feeding on control vs. gorgonian diets. (pdf 101 kb )\nanother similarity between gorgonians and sea anemones is that fact that both groups contain species that enter symbiotic relationships with algae to gain access to a more reliable food source. the algae will carry out photosynthesis and the gorgonian will therefore get energy as well as oxygen (a bi - product of photosynthesis) from the inhabitant. the upside for the algae is that is provided with a stable home in a well lit spot instead of drifting with the currents and risk being swept away to a spot where there isn’t enough light to keep it alive. generally speaking, a gorgonian inhabited by algae will have brownish polyps while a gorgonian that relays on filter feeding will be more brightly coloured .\no' neal w, pawlik jr: a reappraisal of the chemical and physical defenses of caribbean gorgonian corals against predatory fishes. marine ecology progress series. 2002, 240: 117 - 126. 10. 3354 / meps240117 .\nsome reef keepers are experimenting with tanks providing strong laminar (one - way) flow for non - photosynethetic gorgonians but turbulence is better for the shallow water photosynthetic gorgonians. put your gorgonian in the most turbulent area of the tank !\nmost gorgonians can capture small food particles in their polyps, and you may see these extended when you feed your fish. a few gorgonian species seem to eat nothing in captivity, though they may absorb nutrition through some other method .\nthese example sentences are selected automatically from various online news sources to reflect current usage of the word' gorgonian.' views expressed in the examples do not represent the opinion of merriam - webster or its editors. send us feedback .\ndesmocyte – anchoring cell of the calicodermis * (scleractinian) or axis epithelium (gorgonian), characterized by unique apical and basal modifications for attachment to skeletal surfaces and mesoglea respectively. (chapman 1974; goldberg 2001b; muscatine et al. 1997 )\nloculus (plural loculi) – calcified area or fiber - filled space within an axis (the axial skeleton of a gorgonian) or a space within the gastrovascular cavity between septa (interseptal loculus). (bayer et al. 1983; fautin 2005 )\njust like colony building corals the polyps of a gorgonian colony will be connected to each other by an internal layer of germs (gastrodermis) and mesoglea. this makes it possible for one part of the colony to use its caught nutrients to feed another part .\n]. prostaglandins are potent signaling molecules, known as regulators of fever, inflammation, and pain response in human biology. in marine systems, prostaglandins function as feeding deterrents and can comprise up to 8% of the wet weight of some gorgonian species (reviewed by [\nmelanin – high molecular weight polymer of indole quinone produced by animals, this pigment can be black, brown, yellow, red, or violet. it is produced by gorgonian cells (corticocytes) to encapsulate infectious agents. (petes et al. 2003; pharma 2006 )\npawlik jr, burch mt, fenical w: patterns of chemical defense among caribbean gorgonian corals: a preliminary survey. journal of experimental marine biology and ecology. 1987, 108: 55 - 66. 10. 1016 / 0022 - 0981 (87) 90130 - 4 .\na gorgonian colony can be several feet high and several feet across without being more than a few inches thick. (1 foot = 30. 5 centimetres. 1 inch = 2. 5 centimetres .) some species are vividly coloured in shades of yellow, red or purple .\n. this design allowed for a common water source to feed each tank but prevented mixing between tanks. snails collected from the same reefs were housed separately in the same raceways and randomly assigned to one of nine groups - - one of seven gorgonian diets, a control diet, or a time - zero group - - at the start of the feeding assays (figure\nas mentioned above, it can be hard to find healthy gorgonians in the aquarium trade. carefully examine each gorgonian before you make a purchase and do not by gorgonians from smelly aquariums. unhealthy gorgonians tend to make the water smell bad, so this is a clear warning sign. also avoid gorgonians with injured skin because it is really tricky to nurse such a specimen back to health. go for gorgonians that are strong enough to keep them selves fairly upright in the aquarium and ideally purchase specimens with tick stems and large polyps. the gorgonian should have at least a small part of its original substrate left to hold on to. even though most gorgonians are night feeders, healthy specimens will normally have some polyps open during the day .\nfor a filter feed that cannot hunt for food or remove its on waste products, a reliable current is naturally a must in the wild as well as in the aquarium. continuous water movements are also necessary to keep the oxygen levels high enough. try to mimic the habitat of the wild gorgonian by anchoring it where it will be exposed to a direct current .\nmany gorgonians prefer to feed when the aquarium is dark and it can also be a good idea to turn off or at least turn down filters and skimmers to prevent the food particles from being filtered out of the water. ideally start by serving a small portion of food to make the gorgonian open its polyps and serve a second larger portion when you known that the animal is ready to eat .\nthe order gorgonacea is divided into two suborders: holaxonia and scleraxonia. in the suborder holaxonia, the internal skeleton consists of a horny and flexible substance called gorgonin. gorgonin is a complex protein known to contain bromine, iodine and tyrosine. in the suborder scleraxonia, the gorgonian is instead supported by a skeleton consisting of tightly grouped calcareous spicules (i. e. needle - like skeletal parts) .\nlighting is important, and can be slightly tricky. gorgonians don’t need the brightest light, which is handy since they grow so tall. but they do require strong lighting: sufficient high - output t5 flourescents or indirect metal halide lighting. if keeping directly under metal halides, your best bet is to start the gorgonian in a darker area of the tank and move it towards the light over a period of days .\ndorsal spines (total): 0; dorsal soft rays (total): 13 - 15. description based on 4 specimens: adult height, less than 2. 0 cm. rings, 11 - 12 + 31 - 34. snout length is greater than 4. 0 in head length. dorsal fin rays, 13 - 15 covering 1 + 1 rings. pectoral fin rays, 10. coronet, a rounded knob. spine, as irregular bulbous tubercles scattered over body and tail; a single prominent rounded eye spine; a single low rounded cheek spine. other distinctive characters: head and body very fleshy, mostly without recognizable body rings; ventral portion of trunk segments incomplete; snout extremely short. color pattern: two color morphs are known: (a) pale grey or purple with pink or red tubercles (found on gorgonian coral muricella plectana) and (b) yellow with orange tubercles (found on gorgonian coral muricella paraplectana) .\nabstract: the trophic ecology of antarctic anthozoans and their role in benthic - pelagic coupling processes is poorly understood. we studied 7 gorgonian species (primnoisis sp. , fannyella nodosa, ainigmaptilon antarcticum, notisis sp. , primnoella sp. , dasystenella sp. and thouarella sp .) in 2 antarctic regions: the eastern weddell sea and the bransfield strait (antarctic peninsula) in austral autumn 2000, a period in which primary productivity drastically decreases. we aimed at finding the main food sources for these gorgonians and to elucidate the strategies of the 7 species in this season, relating the obtained data with their biology and ecology. stable isotope data of the 7 gorgonian species was virtually the same as that measured in the phytodetritus of the so called ‘green carpets’ and in microzooplankton (δ 13 c from - 27. 7 to - 24. 8‰; δ 15 n from 4. 1 to 7. 5‰). a large proportion of the gorgonian’s diet seems to be based on sedimented and resuspended material, which supports the hypothesis that some suspension feeders deal successfully with the antarctic winter by consuming phytoplankton sedimented in the ‘green carpets’. while stable isotope analysis suggested similar food sources for 7 species, the biochemical balance indicated different energy storage as lipid values (mean ±sd) ranged from 105. 1 ± 99 to 776. 4 ± 354. 1 µg lipids mg - 1 organic matter depending on the species. our results contribute to a better understanding of the trophic ecology of benthic antarctic gorgonians and their strategies for coping with autumn conditions in this polar environment .\nafter dietary exposure to several gorgonian species with varying allelochemical profiles (n = 6 to 33 snails examined per diet; 141 snails in total). expression of cyp4 transcripts in digestive gland tissues was measured using general - cyp4v, general - cyp4bk, and general - cyp4bl primers. attempts were made to design gene - specific primers for individual cyp4bl sequences; however, because of the high degree of sequence similarity this was not possible. instead, two additional primer pairs specific for a subset of cyp4bl sequences, designated cyp4bl\nfeeding assay experimental design for snails collected for rna isolation. snails were randomly placed into one of nine groups, time zero group (t o), a control group (c 1, c 2, c 3), or one of seven gorgonian diet groups (a, briareum asbestinum; b, eunicea mammosa; c, gorgonia ventalina; d, pseudopterogoria acerosa; e, pseudopterogoria americana; f, pseudopterogoria elisabethae; g, plexaura homomalla). digestive glands collected after completion of this feeding assay were used for rna isolation and mrna expression analysis .\n). these results demonstrate that gene expression is highly variable among snails collected from different reefs, possibility reflecting the variability of gorgonian diets at each reef location. if one considers the time - zero group as a proxy for the natural variation of gene expression in individuals on different reefs, then four days feeding on a control diet is sufficient to allow gene expression to return to some basal level, no matter the reef of origin, once the allelochemical stimulus is removed. therefore, these results support the use of control - fed snails as the true baseline, representing the non - allelochemically induced state of cyp4 gene expression in\nhistological descriptions of gorgonian tissues and cell types are limited. the most appropriate descriptions are those of pseudoplaxaura crassa (properly known as pseudoplexaura porosa) by chester (1913), of plexaura homomalla by bayer (1974), and of plexaura flexuosa in a study on regeneration by silveira and van’t hof (1977). even the ultrastructural studies by kawaguti (1966, 1969) only discuss polyps, while the reports involving leptogorgia virgulata (kingsley and watabe, 1982a, b, 1983) focus on the axial skeleton or sclerite formation and composition. however, none of these studies examined the coenenchyme in detail, nor was electron microscopy utilized to study the coenenchyme organization .\nin summary, we provide several lines of evidence that implicate inducible cyphoma cyp4s in the mechanism of adaptation to gorgonian allelochemicals. the corresponding pattern of transcriptional responsiveness and eicosanoid hydroxylase activity in the digestive gland of snails feeding on p. homomalla coupled with similarity between transcriptionally - active cyp4s and well - characterized fatty acid hydroxylases strongly indicates a role for the cyphoma cyp4s in mediating the metabolism of dietary eicosanoids. this work demonstrates the utility of incorporating a pharmacological approach in ecological studies in order to better understand the biochemical innovations that allow marine consumers to tolerate allelochemically - defended prey. moreover, identifying the molecular underpinnings of organismal physiological response has broad implications for understanding the role of the environment in determining gene function in a co - evolutionary context .\nfor the intrepid aquarist, or rather, the very attentive aquarist, gorgonians can be quite rewarding. they are truly unusual looking animals, with great coloration and strange morphology. however, what i find most attractive is the challenge, or at least the perception of challenge. as an aquarist, i think it is beneficial to step out of your comfort zone and try to ramp it up a notch. what i like even better is that there are a number of suitable aquarium species which will not stretch your abilities to the breaking point. in fact, there is reason to believe that past difficulties caring for these animals is due, in large part, to poor collection and holding practices. when seeking out a gorgonian for purchase, look for the following good choices :\ncolonies of the gorgonian s. exserta were obtained from dr. henry feddern (tavernier, fl, usa), who collected them off the coast of southeast florida by scuba diving at depths of approximately 20–30 m. both whole colonies and experimental tissues were maintained in 113 or 2080 l closed - system aquaria with artificial sea salts (e. g. , instant ocean, red sea, or reef crystals) adjusted to 37 ppt salinity. water quality was minimally conditioned via sub - gravel filters, activated charcoal filters, and protein skimmers. care was taken to avoid contact between the colonies. the animals were fed 1–2 - day old artemia nauplii (san francisco bay brand, newark, ca, usa) three times a week. water temperatures ranged from 19 to 23 °c .\nin the 1980s, certain areas in the caribbean experienced mass mortalities of sea fans (gorgonia flabellum). these areas included the coasts of costa rica (guzman and cortez 1984), panama (garzon - ferreira and zea 1992; diaz et al. 1995), and trinidad (laydoo 1983). laydoo (1983) suggested that the cause may be due to a species - specific pathogen, but microbiological studies were not performed. although limited mortalities of gorgonian colonies were previously observed due to fish grazing (kinzie 1973), cyphoma sp. grazing (harvell and suchanek 1987), fouling and overgrowth (wahle 1985) and tumors (morse et al. 1977, 1981), the 1980’s outbreak showed signs of an epizootic which had spread from the southwestern to the southeastern caribbean .\nhere, we investigated the diversity, transcriptional response, and enzymatic activity of cyps possibly involved in allelochemical detoxification in the generalist gastropod cyphoma gibbosum, which feeds exclusively on chemically defended gorgonians. twelve new genes in cyp family 4 were identified from the digestive gland of c. gibbosum. laboratory - based feeding studies demonstrated a 2. 7 - to 5. 1 - fold induction of cyphoma cyp4bk and cyp4bl transcripts following dietary exposure to the gorgonian plexaura homomalla, which contains high concentrations of anti - predatory prostaglandins. phylogenetic analysis revealed that c. gibbosum cyp4bk and cyp4bl were most closely related to vertebrate cyp4a and cyp4f, which metabolize pathophysiologically important fatty acids, including prostaglandins. experiments involving heterologous expression of selected allelochemically - responsive c. gibbosum cyp4s indicated a possible role of one or more cyp4bl forms in eicosanoid metabolism. sequence analysis further demonstrated that cyphoma cyp4bk / 4bl and vertebrate cyp4a / 4f forms share identical amino acid residues at key positions within fatty acid substrate recognition sites .\nthe annual gonad development of a shallow (20 m depth) population of the mediterranean gorgonian eunicella singularis was found to be closely synchronized with that of a deep (60 m depth) population, but differences were observed in the gonadal output, with the shallow population producing more and larger sexual products. lipid content in the shallow population showed a marked seasonality, peaking during summer. in contrast, lipid content remained persistently lower in the deep population. fatty acids as well as c / n composition were also seasonal in the shallow population and more constant in the deep one. the isotopic composition (δ 15 n and δ 13 c) of the shallow colonies was similar to values observed for passive suspension feeders with symbiotic algae, whereas the deep colonies exhibited values similar to those of aposymbiotic passive suspension feeders that primarily feed on microzooplankton and particulate organic matter. these results highlight the importance of considering the depth - related variability among populations in order to achieve a better understanding of the ecology of sessile benthic suspension feeders .\nin the present report on s. exserta we will illustrate for the first time the structure, basic cell types, and tissue organization of an azooxanthellate gorgonian. this is part of a longterm organized study of the cellular / immunological defense responses of s. exserta, a model organism from a phylum that diverged prior to the deuterostome–protostome split, including histological studies of the auto - and allo - graft reactions and phagocytic cells (e. g. , olano, 1993; bigger and olano, 1994; olano and bigger, 2000; bigger et al. , 2000), on - going studies at the protein and cellular level (e. g. , menzel and bigger, 2013a, b; menzel, 2013), and molecular studies to discover an ancient homolog to the complement protein c3 (dishaw et al. , 2005), which plays a pivotal role in activating the immune system. to understand the cellular responses, such as tissue fusion or rejection, response to injury, and foreign body responses, it is truly necessary to first understand the animal’s normal anatomical and cellular condition and structure .\noctocorallia corals are divided into three systematic orders: helioporacea (blue coral), alcyonacea (soft corals and sea fans), and pennatulacea (sea pens) [ 23 ]. order alcyonacea is divided into five suborders: protoalcyonaria, alcyoniina, scleraxonia, holaxonia, and calcaxonia. these suborders are delineated by the contents of their axial structure; suborders protoalcyonaria and alcyoniina have no axial skeleton; suborder scleraxonia has axes with free axial sclerites; suborder holaxonia has continuous solid axes without free axial sclerites with a hollow cross - chambered central core; suborder calcaxonia has solid axes without free axial sclerites and without a central core [ 23, 24 ]. there are some exceptions: keroeididae with an axial sclerite despite belonging to suborder holaxonia [ 25 ], and keratoisdinae (isididae) with a hollow central core despite belonging to suborder calcaxonia [ 26 ]. family coralliidae belongs to order alcyonacea, suborder scleraxonia [ 23 ]. muzik and wainwright [ 27 ] showed diagrammatic sections of some specimens of alcyonacea octocorals, including two sclerxonian species, subergorgia suberosa (pallas, 1766) and melithaea ochracea (linnaeus, 1758). as well, the caribbean holaxonian species plexaura homomalla (esper, 1794) has had its anatomy and histology studied in detail, with 62 beautiful, exquisite drawings [ 28 ]. these works by muzik and wainwright [ 27 ] and by bayer [ 28 ] are good for comparisons with the present study. a few publications have described the details of general gorgonian anatomy and include detailed drawings of diagrammatic sections (e. g. , [ 29, 30 ]) .\n) were used in combination with adaptor - specific primers to obtain full - length cyp sequences by 5' - and 3' - race - pcr. digestive gland total rna from seven snails collected during the january 2006 feeding assays was purified and dnase treated using the rneasy maxi kit and rnase - free dnase kit (qiagen, valencia, ca) following the manufacturer' s instructions. poly (a) + rna was isolated using the micropoly (a) purist mrna purification kit according to the manufacturer' s instructions and equal amounts of poly (a) + rna from each of the seven snails feeding either on a control diet or one of six gorgonian species (0. 14 μg poly (a) + rna / individual) was pooled to ensure representation of all cyps expressed under various dietary conditions. one microgram of pooled poly (a) + rna was primed with modified oligo (dt) primers and used to create an adaptor - ligated double - stranded cdna library synthesized using the marathon cdna amplification kit (bd biosciences, palo alto, ca) according to the manufacturer' s instructions. amplification of pcr products was carried out according to the advantage 2 pcr enzyme kit (clontech, mountain view, ca) and cycling parameters were as follows: 94°c for 30 sec; 5 cycles of 94°c for 5 sec, 72°c for 2. 5 min; 5 cycles of 94°c for 5 sec, 70°c for 2. 5 min; 25 cycles of 94°c for 5 sec, 68°c for 2. 5 min; 68°c for 5 min with the following specific primer pairs (race _ 1 _ f / cyp4 _ a12 _ r; race _ 1 _ f / cyp4 _ d09 _ f; race _ 1 _ f / cyp4 _ f11 _ r; race _ 1 _ f / cyp4 _ f1; and ap1 / cyp4 - 3 _ r1). once the initiation and termination codons had been identified, primers were designed to amplify the full - length cyp4 cdnas using pfuultra™ fusion hs dna polymerase (stratagene, la jolla, ca) with the following cycling parameters: 95°c for 1 min; 40 cycles of 95°c for 20 sec, 63°c for 20 sec, 72°c for 1 min; 72°c for 3 min with specific primers pairs (cyp4 - 3 _ f3 / cyp4 - 3 _ r6, and cyp4 - 2 _ f1 / cyp4 - 2 _ r1). all pcr products were clones and sequenced as described in additional file\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhe gorgonians bring a totally unique dimension to our reef tanks. they come in many different varieties; with their branched, whip - like or fanned bodies that sway in the current they are unlike any other corals .\ngorgonians are known in the aquarium trade by names such as sea fans, sea whips and sea plumes, which all aptly reflect their appearance .\nthis article concerns photosynthetic gorgonians – that is, gorgonians that can utilize light as an energy source. non - photosynthetic gorgonians need lots of food and are much harder to keep healthy in captivity .\ngorgonians are found in reef systems across the world. they are particularly prevalent in the caribbean, where there is apparently less competition from the soft corals that dominate reefs of the indo - pacific .\nin good conditions the kinds usually kept successfully in aquariums – such as the various eunicea, pterogorgia and muricea species – grow about as tall as your aquarium will allow them to. their branches range from cocktail stick to pencil - width in thickness .\nif you have a fully - fledged reef tank and you obtain a healthy and suitable specimen, yes .\nall gorgonians require strong water currents – for feeding, and to shed the waxy film which helps protect them against invasion by algae and other small life forms. their bodies will flex as the water moves back and forth, so ideally use a wavemaker or other device to change the direction of tank currents and to create turbulence .\nwarning: gorgonians produce sweeper tentacles that will sting other corals. keep them a safe distance from other tankmates, and consider fragging or cutting back large specimens if you see the scars of aggression on their neighbors .\ngood lighting and the by - products of feeding the fish is enough to sustain commonly - kept photosynthetic gorgonians. if you want to experiment further, try live zooplankton or frozen cyclopeeze .\nestablished gorgonians are easily fragged. simply snip branches off a healthy specimen with scissors, strip away a little of the covering tissue from the base to expose the skeleton, and stick it to a piece of live rock using aquarium epoxy .\nfragmentation mimics the storm damage and reattachment that has allowed gorgonians to spread across the caribbean .\nget our latest articles direct by email. type in your address and submit :\nabe: i find sad to think about killing any fish just because they are eating to live. . but in a case like this ...\nmary leonard: does anyone carbonate their water daily using a fizz giz? if you siphon off a 16. 9oz (1 / 2 liter) bottle ...\nvince: controlling algae should not be too difficult. you just need to know the causes and avoiding it. however, ...\ngreek, ippos = horse + greek, kampe = curvature (ref. 45335 )\nmarine; reef - associated; non - migratory; depth range 16 - 40 m (ref. 30915). tropical; 3°n - 23°s\nindo - west pacific: japan to queensland, australia eastward to vanuatu. conservation status: data deficient (ref. 30915). international trade is monitored through a licensing system (cites ii, since 5. 15. 04) .\nmaturity: l m 1. 3 range? -? cm max length: 2. 4 cm ot male / unsexed; (ref. 31803 )\npossibly monogamous in the wild (ref. 30915). male carries the eggs in a brood pouch (ref. 205) .\nlourie, s. a. , a. c. j. vincent and h. j. hall, 1999. seahorses: an identification guide to the world' s species and their conservation. project seahorse, london. 214 p. (ref. 30915 )\n): 25. 9 - 29, mean 27. 7 (based on 134 cells) .\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 5000 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 00427 (0. 00164 - 0. 01111), b = 3. 00 (2. 78 - 3. 22), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this (sub) family - body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 4 ±0. 5 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience (ref. 69278): high, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (fec = 34) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low vulnerability (10 of 100) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\ncordeiro, r. ; van ofwegen, l. ; williams, g. (2018). world list of octocorallia. gorgonacea. accessed through: world register of marine species at: urltoken; = 1366 on 2018 - 07 - 10\nhayward, p. j. ; ryland, j. s. (ed .). (1990). the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe: 1. introduction and protozoans to arthropods. clarendon press: oxford, uk. isbn 0 - 19 - 857356 - 1. 627 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ]\nbayer, f. m. (1981). key to the genera of octocorallia exclusive of pennatulacea (coelenterata: anthozoa), with diagnoses of new tax. proc. biol. soc. wash. 94 (3): 902 - 947. (look up in imis) [ details ]\nmedin. (2011). uk checklist of marine species derived from the applications marine recorder and unicorn. version 1. 0. [ details ]\nyou do not have javascript enabled. please enable javascript to access the full features of the site or access our non - javascript page .\nif you are not the author of this article and you wish to reproduce material from it in a third party non - rsc publication you must formally request permission using rightslink. go to our instructions for using rightslink page for details .\nauthors contributing to rsc publications (journal articles, books or book chapters) do not need to formally request permission to reproduce material contained in this article provided that the correct acknowledgement is given with the reproduced material .\nfor reproduction of material from njc: reproduced from ref. xx with permission from the centre national de la recherche scientifique (cnrs) and the royal society of chemistry .\nfor reproduction of material from pccp: reproduced from ref. xx with permission from the pccp owner societies .\nfor reproduction of material from pps: reproduced from ref. xx with permission from the european society for photobiology, the european photochemistry association, and the royal society of chemistry .\nfor reproduction of material from all other rsc journals and books: reproduced from ref. xx with permission from the royal society of chemistry .\nif the material has been adapted instead of reproduced from the original rsc publication\nreproduced from\ncan be substituted with\nadapted from\n.\nin all cases the ref. xx is the xxth reference in the list of references .\nif you are the author of this article you do not need to formally request permission to reproduce figures, diagrams etc. contained in this article in third party publications or in a thesis or dissertation provided that the correct acknowledgement is given with the reproduced material .\nif you are the author of this article you still need to obtain permission to reproduce the whole article in a third party publication with the exception of reproduction of the whole article in a thesis or dissertation .\ninformation about reproducing material from rsc articles with different licences is available on our permission requests page .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncairns, stephen d. , dale r. calder, anita brinckmann - voss, clovis b. castro, daphne g. fautin, ...\nfull author list: cairns, stephen d. , dale r. calder, anita brinckmann - voss, clovis b. castro, daphne g. fautin, philip r. pugh, claudia e. mills, walter c. jaap, mary n. arai, stephen h. d. haddock, and dennis m. opresko\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nlooking at the patterns of sessile, or immobile, species like corals, macroalgae, sponges, and gorgonians —a type of coral that includes sea fans—the team found that animals living in deeper waters were likely to have longer lives .\nthe story of an imaginary word that managed to sneak past our editors and enter the dictionary .\ntake this quiz and discover 12 words for things you didn' t know had words .\nthis page was last edited on 5 february 2018, at 23: 15 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license; additional terms may apply. by using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\nany of numerous alcyonarian corals of the order gorgonacea, having a usually branching, horny or calcareous skeleton .\nurltoken unabridged based on the random house unabridged dictionary, © random house, inc. 2018\ncollins english dictionary - complete & unabridged 2012 digital edition © william collins sons & co. ltd. 1979, 1986 © harpercollins publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012\nwhether you' re a student, an educator, or a lifelong learner, urltoken can put you on the path to systematic vocabulary improvement .\ndon' t have an account yet? sign up. it' s free and takes five seconds .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website. this website uses cookies that provide targeted advertising and which track your use of this website. by clicking ‘continue’ or by continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to our use of cookies. you can change your cookie settings at any time .\na colonial coral of an order distinguished by having a horny treelike skeleton, including the sea fans and precious red coral .\n‘there are many small creatures to photograph among the soft corals, gorgonians, hard corals and sponges. ’\n‘i descended a little way off the reef and saw a dazzling concentration of corals, every millimetre covered in table, brain, encrusting and staghorn corals and draped in whip corals and gorgonians. ’\n‘so i used the last dive of the day to shoot several reef scenes of crinoids sitting among soft corals and gorgonians, and a pair of yellow ghost pipefish. ’\n‘soft corals and gorgonians reach out from the overhanging sides, while shoals of fish swirl in the shade. ’\n‘scrubby bushes of black coral and huge gorgonians reach out towards the sky. ’\nmid 19th century: from modern latin gorgonia, from latin gorgo (see gorgon), with reference to its petrifaction, + - an .\nstay up to date with our latest news and receive new words updates, blog posts, and more .\nin this article we explore how to impress employers with a spot - on cv .\narchaic words have a charm that never fades away, from french sounding to wondrously mysterious ones .\nany of various colonial corals of the order gorgonacea (or alcyonacea), having a usually branched skeleton of horny material and polyps with eight tentacles, and including the sea fans, sea feathers, and red corals .\n1. any colonial coral of the order gorgonacea, as the sea fan, forming a branching axial skeleton .\nterror guards the ford, and of it self the water flies all taste of living wight, as once it fled the lip of tantalus .\ncorals and other invertebrates living up to 4700 m depth, at 2 - 4 [ degrees ] c; atmospheric precipitations (rain drops, snow, hailstone) .\n, to which she wanted to pay homage with the medium of her own sui generis weather book .\nsoft coral pseudopterogorgia elisabethae, which is native to the waters of the caribbean sea, central bahamas, bermuda, the west indies, and the florida keys .\nextract, which is said to sooth and heal skin and melatonin to strengthen it .\ncorals and to some typical elements of the anthropogenic marinescape such as plastic bags and buckets, glass bottles and automobile tires .\nellisella quadrilin - eata at linnet reef, great barrier reef; and b .\ncorals: a preliminary survey ,\njournal of experimental marine biology and ecology, vol .\nall content on this website, including dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography, and other reference data is for informational purposes only. this information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional .\nthe green star polyps coral (pachyclavularia sp .) are a popular genera of coral. not only because it’s so enjoyable to watch their little polyps sway as the water flows, are easy to propagate ...\nlive copepods for sale & amphipods make great fish and coral food * * * * * * please note - this item does not ship free by itself. you must purchase a package that comes with free ...\nthe feather duster is a wonderful & fun filled addition to the reef aquarium. as the crown (radiole) which can range in a variety of colors unfurls both to feed and breathe, it appears to almost ...\nour candy apple zoanthids coral comes in a visually eclectic blend of rainbow colors. it sports a gorgeous blue eye surrounded by a piercing orange and sporting a rich lime and purple skirt ...\nthe saltwater peppermint shrimp (lysmata wurdemanni) is also known as veined shrimp and caribbean cleaner shrimp. it is a natural predator of the nuisance anemone - aiptasia, while some peppermint ...\nthe red tree sponge requires a strong water current, moderate lighting and supplemental feeding. do not expose sponges to the air. common name: red tree sponge scientific name: ...\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncheck for parasites, and do a 1 - minute freshwater dip if necessary, along with manual pest removal .\nhusbandry needs vary dramatically according to species, so be familiar with your animal .\nyou may not duplicate, copy, or reuse any portion of the photos / html / css or visual design elements without our express written permission. any redistribution or reproduction of part or all of the contents in any form is prohibited .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 1 / / en\nurltoken\nfor information on how this glossary was put together, please view the background .\naboral – region of polyp directly opposed to, away from, or remote from the mouth; the terms basal or proximal can also be used to describe this region. (dorland 2006 )\nacrosphere – globular tip of scleractinian tentacle, containing numerous nematocytes. (fautin 2005 )\nactinopharynx (preferred term; synonyms – stomodaeum, pharynx) – invagination of the epidermis to form a short muscular tubular passageway between the mouth and gastric cavity in a polyp, mostly lined with flagellated supporting cells. (fautin 2005; peters 2001 )\nacute – exposure to a pathogen or a health effect that is brief, intense, short - term, or severe. the terms acute and subacute as they refer to pathology in coral are not currently precise enough to apply to cellular / microscopic changes and these terms as they are used in the current document will refer only to colony - level (gross) observations. (stedman 1995 )" ]

{ "text": [ "alcyonacea is an order of sessile colonial cnidarians found throughout the oceans of the world , especially in the tropics and subtropics .", "the name \" gorgonacea \" is no longer considered valid and alcyonacea is now the accepted name for the order .", "gorgonians are also known as sea whips and sea fans and are similar to the sea pen , a soft coral .", "gorgonians are closely related to coral .", "individual tiny polyps form colonies that are normally erect , flattened , branching , and reminiscent of a fan .", "others may be whiplike , bushy , or even encrusting .", "a colony can be several feet high and across but only a few inches thick .", "they may be brightly coloured , often purple , red , or yellow .", "photosynthetic gorgonians can be successfully kept in captive reef aquariums .", "gorgonians are classified in the phylum cnidaria , class anthozoa , alongside the orders alcyonacea ( soft corals ) and pennatulacea ( sea pens ) .", "there are about 500 different species of gorgonians found in the oceans of the world , but they are particularly abundant in the shallow waters of the western atlantic , including florida , bermuda , and the west indies . " ], "topic": [ 4, 25, 22, 22, 25, 25, 16, 1, 15, 26, 20 ] }

[ "alcyonacea is an order of sessile colonial cnidarians found throughout the oceans of the world, especially in the tropics and subtropics. the name \" gorgonacea \" is no longer considered valid and alcyonacea is now the accepted name for the order. gorgonians are also known as sea whips and sea fans and are similar to the sea pen, a soft coral. gorgonians are closely related to coral. individual tiny polyps form colonies that are normally erect, flattened, branching, and reminiscent of a fan. others may be whiplike, bushy, or even encrusting. a colony can be several feet high and across but only a few inches thick. they may be brightly coloured, often purple, red, or yellow. photosynthetic gorgonians can be successfully kept in captive reef aquariums. gorgonians are classified in the phylum cnidaria, class anthozoa, alongside the orders alcyonacea (soft corals) and pennatulacea (sea pens). there are about 500 different species of gorgonians found in the oceans of the world, but they are particularly abundant in the shallow waters of the western atlantic, including florida, bermuda, and the west indies." ]

[ "periploca juniperi hodges, 1978; moths amer. n of mexico 6. 1: 109, pl. 5, f. 14; tl: 6 mi nw newcastle, wyoming\nperiploca braun, 1919; ent. news 30 (9): 261; ts: periploca purpuriella braun\nperiploca laeta hodges, 1962; pan - pacific ent. 38: 92; tl: monticello, florida\nperiploca nigra hodges, 1962; pan - pacific ent. 38: 94; tl: sacramento, california\nperiploca cata hodges, 1962; pan - pacific ent. 38: 93; tl: putnam co. , illinois\nperiploca opinatrix hodges, 1969; smithsonian contr. zool. 18: 4; tl: 6 mi nw newcastle, wyoming\nperiploca aedilis; hodges, 1997, proc. ent. soc. wash. 99 (2): 276 (list )\nperiploca basichlora; hodges, 1997, proc. ent. soc. wash. 99 (2): 276 (list )\nperiploca chloropis; hodges, 1997, proc. ent. soc. wash. 99 (2): 276 (list )\nperiploca euclina; hodges, 1997, proc. ent. soc. wash. 99 (2): 276 (list )\nperiploca obstructa; hodges, 1997, proc. ent. soc. wash. 99 (2): 276 (list )\nperiploca orphnopa; hodges, 1997, proc. ent. soc. wash. 99 (2): 276 (list )\nperiploca orthobasis; hodges, 1997, proc. ent. soc. wash. 99 (2): 276 (list )\nperiploca prasophanes; hodges, 1997, proc. ent. soc. wash. 99 (2): 276 (list )\nperiploca semialbata; hodges, 1997, proc. ent. soc. wash. 99 (2): 276 (list )\nperiploca fessa hodges, 1962; pan - pacific ent. 38: 95; tl: siesta key, sarasota co. , florida\nperiploca dentella hodges, 1978; moths amer. n of mexico 6. 1: 111; tl: yosemite national park, california\nperiploca longipennis landry, 2001; revue suisse zool. 108 (3): 533; tl: galapágos, isabel, tagus cove\nperiploca darwini landry, 2001; revue suisse zool. 108 (3): 535; tl: galapágos, isabela, volcan darwin, 1000m\nperiploca hostiata hodges, 1969; smithsonian contr. zool. 18: 4, f. 7; tl: fort simcoe, yakima co. , washington\nperiploca hortatrix hodges, 1969; smithsonian contr. zool. 18: 4; tl: devil' s den state park, washington co. , arkansas\nperiploca atrata hodges, 1962; pan - pacific ent. 38: 90; tl: madera canyon, 4880', santa rita mts, santa cruz co. , arizona\nperiploca mimula hodges, 1962; pan - pacific ent. 38: 92; tl: madera canyon, 4880', santa rita mts, santa cruz co. , arizona\nperiploca gulosa hodges, 1962; pan - pacific ent. 38: 95; tl: madera canyon, 4880', santa rita mts, santa cruz co. , arizona\nperiploca facula hodges, 1962; pan - pacific ent. 38: 96; tl: madera canyon, 4880', santa rita mts, santa cruz co. , arizona\nperiploca funebris hodges, 1962; pan - pacific ent. 38: 96; tl: madera canyon, 4880', santa rita mts, santa cruz co. , arizona\nperiploca dipapha hodges, 1969; smithsonian contr. zool. 18: 6; tl: madera canyon, 4880', santa rita mts, santa cruz co. , arizona\nperiploca devia hodges, 1969; smithsonian contr. zool. 18: 5; tl: fort valley, 7350', 7. 5 mi nw flagstaff, coconino co. , arizona\nperiploca tridens hodges, 1978; moths amer. n of mexico 6. 1: 105, pl. 6, f. 20; tl: twain harte, tuolumme co. , california\nperiploca labes hodges, 1969; smithsonian contr. zool. 18: 6; tl: vail lake road, 6500', 9. 5 mi se flagstaff, coconino co. , arizona\nperiploca arsa hodges, 1978; moths amer. n of mexico 6. 1: 103, pl. 6, f. 16; tl: key largo key, monroe co. , florida\nperiploca teres hodges, 1978; moths amer. n of mexico 6. 1: 105, pl. 6, f. 18; tl: rustler park, 8500', chiricahua mts, arizona\nperiploca intermedia hodges, 1978; moths amer. n of mexico 6. 1: 104, pl. 4, f. 46; tl: devil' s den state park, washington co. , arkansas\nperiploca serrulata hodges, 1978; moths amer. n of mexico 6. 1: 110, pl. 6, f. 23; tl: johnson' s pass, 5 mi w clover, tooele co. , utah\nperiploca repanda hodges, 1978; moths amer. n of mexico 6. 1: 104, pl. 6, f. 17; tl: nugent mt, chisos mts, big bend national park, brewster co. , texas\nperiploca laeta; hodges, 1978, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 1: 107, pl. 5, f. 6; [ nacl ], # 1573; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nperiploca gulosa; hodges, 1978, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 1: 109, pl. 5, f. 13; [ nacl ], # 1579; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nperiploca funebris; hodges, 1978, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 1: 110, pl. 5, f. 15; [ nacl ], # 1582; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nperiploca dipapha; hodges, 1978, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 1: 111, pl. 5, f. 16; [ nacl ], # 1585; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nperiploca soror hodges, 1978; moths amer. n of mexico 6. 1: 108, pl. 6, f. 21; tl: green gulch, 5500', chisos mts, big bend national park, brewster co. , texas\nperiploca (chrysopeleiinae); hodges, 1978, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 1: 100, 16; [ nacl ], 18; hodges, 1997, proc. ent. soc. wash. 99 (2): 276 (list); [ richard brown ]\nperiploca orichalcella; hodges, 1969, smithsonian contr. zool. 18: 3; hodges, 1978, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 1: 103, pl. 5, f. 1; [ nacl ], # 1560; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nperiploca ceanothiella; hodges, 1969, smithsonian contr. zool. 18: 3; hodges, 1978, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 1: 103, pl. 4, f. 45; [ nacl ], # 1562; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nperiploca gleditschiaeella; hodges, 1969, smithsonian contr. zool. 18: 3; hodges, 1978, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 1: 104, pl. 4, f. 47; [ nacl ], # 1563; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nperiploca atrata; hodges, 1969, smithsonian contr. zool. 18: 5; hodges, 1978, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 1: 106, pl. 4, f. 48; [ nacl ], # 1571; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nperiploca mimula; hodges, 1969, smithsonian contr. zool. 18: 5; hodges, 1978, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 1: 107, pl. 1, f. 62; [ nacl ], # 1572; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nperiploca fessa; hodges, 1969, smithsonian contr. zool. 18: 6; hodges, 1978, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 1: 109, pl. 5, f. 12; [ nacl ], # 1578; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nperiploca facula; hodges, 1969, smithsonian contr. zool. 18: 6; hodges, 1978, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 1: 109, pl. 6, f. 22; [ nacl ], # 1580; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nperiploca hostiata; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 70; hodges, 1978, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 1: 105, pl. 5, f. 2; [ nacl ], # 1566; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nperiploca hortatrix; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 69; hodges, 1978, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 1: 106, pl. 5, f. 3; [ nacl ], # 1569; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nperiploca opinatrix; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 103; hodges, 1978, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 1: 106, pl. 5, f. 4; [ nacl ], # 1570; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nperiploca cata; hodges, 1969, smithsonian contr. zool. 18: 5; hodges, 1978, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 1: 107, pl. 5, f. 7 - 8; [ nacl ], # 1574; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nperiploca devia; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 45; hodges, 1978, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 1: 108, pl. 5, f. 9; [ nacl ], # 1575; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nperiploca labes; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 77; hodges, 1978, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 1: 111, pl. 5, f. 17; [ nacl ], # 1586; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nperiploca nigra; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 98; hodges, 1969, smithsonian contr. zool. 18: 6; hodges, 1978, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 1: 108, pl. 5, f. 10 - 11; [ nacl ], # 1577; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhodges, r. w. , 1978. moths of america north of mexico, fascicle 6. 1, p. 109; pl. 5. 14. order\n=; hodges, 1969, smithsonian contr. zool. 18: 3; hodges, 1978, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 1: 103; [ nacl ], # 1560; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ns. ontario, new york, south dakota, n. arizona, s. oregon, california. see [ maps ]\nstagmatophora ceanothiella cosens, 1908; can. ent. 40 (3): 107; tl: toronto, canada\nlarva on ceanothus americanus hodges, 1978, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 1: 104\nlaverna (?) (anybia ?) gleditschiaeella chambers, 1876; can. ent. 8 (7): 135; tl: kentucky\nlarva on gleditschia triacanthos hodges, 1978, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 1: 104\nlarva on juniperus pachyphloea, j. californica hodges, 1978, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 1: 107\narizona, tennessee, arkansas, washington, texas, new mexico. see [ maps ]\nlarva on juniperus chinensis var. keteleeri hodges, 1978, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 1: 107\nlarva on juniperus hodges, 1978, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 1: 107\nlarva on (in galls on juniperus) gymnosporangium hodges, 1978, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 1: 108\nlarva on juniperus chinensis, j. horizontalis, j. sabina, j. virginiana hodges, 1978, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 1: 108\nlarva on (galls on juniperus) gymnosporangium hodges, 1978, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 1: 110\nlarva on juniperus monosperma hodges, 1978, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 1: 110\nlarva on libocedrus decurrens hodges, 1978, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 1: 111\nprochola aedilis meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (11): 331; tl: british guiana, bartica, mallali\nprochola basichlora meyrick, 1922; exotic microlep. 2 (19): 582; tl: brazil, para\nprochola chloropis meyrick, 1922; exotic microlep. 2 (19): 580; tl: brazil, para, santarem, parintins, manaos, teffe\nprochola euclina meyrick, 1922; exotic microlep. 2 (19): 583; tl: peru, jurimaguas\nprochola obstructa meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (11): 332; tl: ecuador, huigra, 4500ft\nprochola orphnopa meyrick, 1922; exotic microlep. 2 (19): 582; tl: brazil, teffé\nprochola orthobasis meyrick, 1922; exotic microlep. 2 (19): 582; tl: brazil, santarem, teffé\nprochola prasophanes meyrick, 1922; exotic microlep. 2 (19): 581; tl: brazil, par\nprochola semialbata meyrick, 1922; exotic microlep. 2 (19): 581; tl: brazil, manaos\nsangmi lee, richard brown & sibyl bucheli. gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\nthe moths of america north of mexico including greenland. fascicle 6. 2. gelechioidea, cosmopterigidae\nwalsingham, 1909 lepidoptera, heterocera. tineina, pterophorina, orenodina and pyralidina and hepialidina (part) biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 1 - 482, pl. 1 - 10\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\na taxon identifier is composed of name, author, year and attribute, all separated by a blank. these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication. the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words (genus and species) separated by a blank .\nthe author' s name is made up of a string of letters, with no blanks, and multiple authors' names are separated by a comma. spelling of author' s name is based on the original publication. if there are more than three authors, only the names of the first two authors are shown, followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets. this is rarely needed, but to differentiate homo - identifiers, this will contain the page, line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks, hyphens, and apostrophes are eliminated, thus only the following characters are used: a to z, a to z, 0 to 9, blank, comma, and opening and closing square brackets. although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition, it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions (contact information) with supporting references, possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1. 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more" ]

{ "text": [ "periploca juniperi is a moth in the cosmopterigidae family .", "it was described by hodges in 1978 .", "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from wyoming and california .", "adults have been recorded on wing from june to august and in december .", "the larvae feed within gymnosporangium-galls on juniperus species . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 8, 8 ] }

[ "periploca juniperi is a moth in the cosmopterigidae family. it was described by hodges in 1978. it is found in north america, where it has been recorded from wyoming and california. adults have been recorded on wing from june to august and in december. the larvae feed within gymnosporangium-galls on juniperus species." ]

[ "this is the place for russograptis definition. you find here russograptis meaning, synonyms of russograptis and images for russograptis copyright 2017 © urltoken\nrussograptis solaris is a species of moth of the tortricidae family. it is found in nigeria .\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word russograptis. also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word russograptis and, of course, russograptis synonyms and on the right images related to the word russograptis .\nincluded type - species: cornesia ormoperla razowski, 1981: 332. heterograptis sectatrix razowski, 1981: 327. nephograptis necropina razowski, 1981: 330. plinthograptis rhytisma razowski, 1981: 325. rubidograptis regulus razowski, 1981: 324. rubrograptis recrudescentia razowski, 1981: 328. russograptis solaris razowski, 1981: 322. rutilograptis cornesi razowski, 1981: 321. sanguinograptis obtrectator razowski, 1981: 331, figs 15, 35, 36. sanguinograptis obtrectator razowski, 1981: .\nincluded genera: anaphelia razowski, 1981: 343 [ key ], 366. cornesia razowski, 1981: 332. heterograptis razowski, 1981: 326. histura razowski, 1981: 310. lypothora razowski, 1981: 310. nephograptis razowski, 1981: 330. plinthograptis razowski, 1981: 324. polythora razowski, 1981: 312. rubidograptis razowski, 1981: 324. rubrograptis razowski, 1981: 328. russograptis razowski, 1981: 322. rutilograptis razowski, 1981: 321. sa | nguinograptis razowski, 1981: 330. sacaphelia razowski, 1981: 343 [ key ], 368. sanguinograptis razowski, 1981: 330 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwalker f. 1864b. list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum. part xxx. – tineites. - — 30: i–iv, 837–1096 .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote: you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments. please, create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet. you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc. .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site. view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\na - razowski. vp: corelventura 7. 0 - institute of systematics and ...\nmaintaining research integrity: a systematic review of... - hsr & d\nsystematic monitoring of education for all - institut de statistique de l ...\nyou have already flagged this document. thank you, for helping us keep this platform clean. the editors will have a look at it as soon as possible .\nmagazine: a - razowski. vp: corelventura 7. 0 - institute of systematics and..." ]

{ "text": [ "russograptis solaris is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .", "it is found in nigeria .", "the length of the forewings is about 7 mm .", "the ground colour of the forewings is cream-grey , darkening towards the base and with an indistinct bluish hue .", "the costa is cream-orange , the dorsum brown to one-third .", "there are brown spots along the costa and a subapical marking , as well as an elongate brown fascia extending from beyond the middle of the termen and the terminal blotch .", "the latter is situated in a large cream field .", "there is a red pattern which is similar to that of rutilograptis cornesi , but the median fascia is curved and the two postmedial streaks are smaller , shorter and more oblique .", "the basal markings consist of three proximal elements followed by an elongate blotch and three similar streaks .", "the hindwings are yellow-orange , bot brownish anally and more cream towards the base . " ], "topic": [ 3, 20, 9, 1, 1, 1, 14, 1, 1, 1 ] }

[ "russograptis solaris is a species of moth of the tortricidae family. it is found in nigeria. the length of the forewings is about 7 mm. the ground colour of the forewings is cream-grey, darkening towards the base and with an indistinct bluish hue. the costa is cream-orange, the dorsum brown to one-third. there are brown spots along the costa and a subapical marking, as well as an elongate brown fascia extending from beyond the middle of the termen and the terminal blotch. the latter is situated in a large cream field. there is a red pattern which is similar to that of rutilograptis cornesi, but the median fascia is curved and the two postmedial streaks are smaller, shorter and more oblique. the basal markings consist of three proximal elements followed by an elongate blotch and three similar streaks. the hindwings are yellow-orange, bot brownish anally and more cream towards the base." ]

[ "from bar - necked cuckoo - dove to timor cuckoo - dove with splits of tanimbar cuckoo - dove and flores sea cuckoo - dove (ng et al. 2016). bar - necked cuckoo - dove is more appropriate for the entire species complex (\na baby brown cuckoo - dove, sometimes... - blue mountains mystery tours | facebook\ndove information... index of dove species... photos of the different dove species for identification\nthe large size and graduated tail distinguishes the brown cuckoo - dove from any other pigeon in the region .\nbrown cuckoo - dove: macropygia amboinensis 40 cm * in australia the brown cuckoo - dove is an abundant resident of rainforests. * it is most numerous around forest edges, where shrubby pioneer trees provide reliable food sources. more\nto banggai fruit dove with splits of oberholser' s fruit dove and sula fruit dove (rheindt et al. 2011 )\nthe brown cuckoo - dove, macropygia phasianella, is a dove in the genus macropygia. it is also known by the names of\nbrown pigeon\n,\npheasant pigeon\nand\ncockoo dove... en. wikipedia. more\nbrown cuckoo - dove on nest. brown cuckoo - dove on nest. photo: norman chaffer estate © australian museum distribution map of macropygia amboinensis distribution map of macropygia amboinensis map © birds australia birdata did you know? the very long graduated tail helps the brown cuckoo - dove to balance as it hangs from branches and moves in the canopy, searching for fruit. more\nthe overall plumage of these cuckoo - dove species is shades of brown. the head and the nape are rusty brown to chestnut. the chin and throat are a little paler rufous. the hinderneck is reddish brown .\nlateral view of a juvenile brown cuckoo - dove (photo courtesy of c. hayne) [ raleigh, nsw, may 2013 ]\npicture of the brown cuckoo - dove has been licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike. original source: markaharper1 author: markaharper1\nthe bill is dark brown. the irises are dark. the feet are dark brown. the andaman cuckoo - dove call is a repeated cooing\nkoo. . koo\nsound .\nof forests, the brown cuckoo - dove is around 40 - 43 cm in length and feeds on a selection of small rainforest fruits. possessing a rusty body and lengthy tail, the brown cuckoo - dove (also referred to as the brown pigeon and pheasant pigeon) calls with a sharp\nwhoop whoop\nsound. more\nthe very long graduated tail helps the brown cuckoo - dove to balance as it hangs from branches and moves in the canopy, searching for fruit .\na brown cuckoo - dove, race\nphasianella\n, was first spotted by us 5 km east of gloucester, nsw, in june 2009 .\nbrown cuckoo - dove - macropygia amboinensis the songs of the brown cuckoo - dove are a plaintive rhythmic cooing. although they have a gentle timbre, they are very powerful vocalizations that travel a long distance through the rainforest. like most dove vocalizations, the frequency range of the brown cuckoo - dove’s song is very low, from 500 to 1000 hz. the song consists of two short syllables, followed by a louder, rising terminal syllable, which is the only syllable audible from a distance. more\nbrown cuckoo - doves are tall, slender doves. while most doves and pigeons have stout shapes, the brown cuckoo - dove is much slimmer, similar to a cuckoo - hence the name. their plumage is dimorphic, i. e. males and females are different, although the differences are minimal. male brown cuckoo - doves have an all brown plumage, where the wings, back and tail are darker brown than the head, neck and front. female brown cuckoo - doves have some mottling around the throat and chest and a darker - brown crown, but are otherwise very similar to males. juvenile and immature brown cuckoo - doves are similar to females, with fine black barring on the neck and upper chest and darker, mottled wings .\nfrontal view of a male brown cuckoo - dove; note the purple hue (photo courtesy of m. eaton) [ cooroy, qld, december 2017 ]\nbrown cuckoo - dove (macropygia phasianella) filmed at samsonvale, se qld may 1995 using canon ex1 hi8 & sigma 400mm lens. birding southern queensland: tom tarrant\nthe brown cuckoo - dove is classified as least concern. does not qualify for a more at risk category. widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category .\nlateral view of an immature brown cuckoo - dove taking a fruit (photo courtesy of c. charles) [ near coolum, sunshine coast, qld, january 2013 ]\nrescued juvenile brown cuckoo - dove after an accidental run - in with farm machinery (photo courtesy of r. oakes) [ sunshine coast hinterland, qld, september 2015 ]\nthe brown cuckoo - dove, macropygia phasianella, are found in eastern australia from weipa and aurukun in the north to bega in the south and most inland at atherton and toowoomba .\nthe andaman cuckoo - doves are endemic to the andaman and nicobar islands, india. these cuckoo - dove species have become rare and the iucn has listed them as\nnear threatened\n. these cuckoo - doves are monotypic species .\nthe brown cuckoo - dove inhabits rainforest, scrubs and rainforest regrowth areas. they can generally be found in open places of low vegetation. they are usually seen in pairs or groups .\nbrown cuckoo - doves are usually found in and around rainforest, but are also known to go into more open forest .\nthese andaman cuckoo - dove species has high forest dependence. these species normally occur in altitudes from 0 to 100 meters .\ndickinson 2003, ng et al. 2016). retain english name philippine cuckoo - dove to avoid confusion with historical name of\nthe brown cuckoo - dove is a bird in the genus macropygia. it is also known by the names of\nbrown pigeon\n,\npheasant pigeon\nand\ncockoo dove\n. the name\ncuckoo dove\nrefers to the shape of the animal' s elegant, long tailed shape. physical description the pigeon ranges from 16 to 17. 2 in. in length. its feathers are a rich rusty - brown color. there is a pale streak below the blue - grey eye and a red eye - ring. more\nlateral view of an immature brown cuckoo - dove (photo courtesy of a. ross - taylor) [ o' reilly' s plateau, lamington np, gold coast, qld, november 2013 ]\nbrown cuckoo - doves are an australasian species, with a range extending from eastern indonesia and papua new guinea to south - east australia .\nb. hensen reports finding brown cuckoo - doves, race\nphasianella\n, at st. albans, nsw, in march 2018 .\nnear - lateral view of an immature brown cuckoo - dove (photo courtesy of a. ross - taylor) [ o' reilly' s plateau, lamington np, gold coast, qld, november 2013 ]\nnear - dorsal view of an immature brown cuckoo - dove (photo courtesy of a. ross - taylor) [ o' reilly' s plateau, lamington np, gold coast, qld, november 2013 ]\nthe brown cuckoo - dove, macropygia phasianella, is a dove in the genus macropygia. it is also known by the names of\nbrown pigeon\n,\npheasant pigeon\nand\ncockoo dove\n. they located in eastern australia from weipa and aurukun in the north to bega in the south and most inland at atherton and toowoomba. the pigeon is from 40 to 43 centimetres (16 to 17. 2 inches) in length. its feathers are of a rich rusty - brown colour. more\nthese cuckoo - dove species are endemic to india and distributed in the andaman and nicobar islands. the populations in nicobar islands are comparatively rarer .\nbrown cuckoo - doves may benefit from disturbance to habitat by logging and track - making. they appear to be spreading south down the east coast .\nhere some brown cuckoo - dove tlc, with the male on the left and the female on the right (photo courtesy of l. scott) [ roseberry creek valley, near toonumbar np, northern nsw, september 2016 ]\nreferable to domestic barbary dove, relative to wild african collared dove unsettled. (cf iczn opinion 2215). taxonomy follows h & m 4: 56 .\nthe diet of andaman cuckoo - dove consists mainly of fruits. various types of fruits and berries are their primary food. notably they feed on berries of\n30–37 cm. rich reddish brown overall coloration; breast purplish brown with inconspicuous black barring; neck and breast with pink iridescence; iris has pale bluish ...\ntwo male brown cuckoo - doves sparring (photo courtesy of l. scott) [ roseberry creek valley, near toonumbar np, northern nsw, september 2016 ]\nhybrid pigeon. father: collared doves x laughing dove cock. mother: racing pigeon hen\nthe brown cuckoo - dove is a large brown pigeon of rainforests, with a very long, tapering tail. there is a pale streak below the blue - grey eye and a red eye - ring. the female has a brighter chestnut cap and a scaly pattern on the breast. the legs and feet are red. their flight is strong and graceful, usually low among the trees. this species is also known as the brown, pheasant or large - tailed pigeon .\nthroughout its range this cuckoo - dove species is reported to be rare to uncommon. the generation length is 5. 2 years. its distribution size is about 66, 500 sq. km .\nidentification: the brown cuckoo - dove has a rich rusty - brown body, very long tail and short wings. call / song: makes a penetrating whoop - a whoop as a contact call. sound: dave stewart - used with permission located across eastern australia. habitat: lives in rainforest, scrubs and rainforest regrowth areas. feeding: eats berries from both native plants and introduced weed species. more\nthe important bird and biodiversity areas (iba) of these cuckoo - dove species in nicobar islands are car nicobar, great nicobar, little nicobar, tillangchong, camorta, katchal, nancowry and trinkat .\nsplit from banded fruit dove as by h & m4 and others (see christidis & boles 2008) .\nthe brown cuckoo - dove species complex has a complex, unresolved taxonomic history (see summary in christidis & boles 2008). ng et al. 2015 proposed a revision, largely followed here, based on analyses of vocalizations. this first step towards an improved classification awaits refinement with molecular analyses. change english name of\nthis is a pigeon of rainforests and wet sclerophyll forest, particularly at the forest edges, along creeks and rivers. brown cuckoo - doves are often found in regrowth along roads, in clearings and in weedy areas like lantana .\nthe breeding season of the andaman cuckoo - dove species is probably from february to april. males with enlarged testes had been collected during the months february, march and april. the nesting sites, nests and eggs are undescribed .\nthe brown cuckoo - dove is found throughout north - eastern and eastern queensland, including off - shore islands, and eastern coastal areas of new south wales. its range is expanding down the coast of new south wales. this species is also found from the philippines, south through borneo to sumatra, through the moluccas and sulawesi to new guinea .\nidentification: the brown cuckoo - dove has a rich rusty - brown body, very long tail and short wings. call / song: makes a penetrating whoop - a whoop as a contact call. distribution: found in all rainforest in lamington. it is often found feeding on wild tobacco thickets when in seed. it is common around both o' reillys guesthouse and binna burra lodge. located across eastern australia. habitat: lives in rainforest, scrubs and rainforest regrowth areas. more\nthere are three races of brown cuckoo - doves in australia, two of which (\nphasianella\nand\nquinkan\n) are endemic. all three together inhabit a strip along the east coast of australia, from the tip of cape york peninsula in the north to about the nsw / vic border in the south. their range extends into the hills of the great dividing range, but not into the interior of the continent. there are no brown cuckoo - doves in tasmania either .\n; accept bou choice of classic\nrock dove\nfor this species native to british isles. feral pigeon is available for worldwide introduced populations\ndorsal view of a pair of brown cuckoo - doves, with the male on the right and the female on the left; the male is clearly going through a tail moult (photo courtesy of b. hensen) [ st. albans, nsw, march 2018 ]\nthe iucn (international union for conservation of nature) has categorized and evaluated the species and has listed it as\nnear threatened\n. the cites (convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora) status is ‘not evaluated’ for andaman cuckoo - dove (\ndorsal view of a pair of brown cuckoo - doves, with the male on the right and the female on the left; the female lacks the purple hues visible in the male' s plumage (photo courtesy of b. hensen) [ st. albans, nsw, march 2018 ]\nbrown cuckoo - doves nest in rainforest trees, shrubs and the tops of vines and ferns, with the nest being a scanty collection of twigs and sticks placed sideways on a branch. the young are covered with long thick down when first hatched. both parents share the incubation and care of the young .\nthe iba of these cuckoo - dove species in andaman islands are austin strait, barangtang - rafters creek, chainpur and hanspuri, interview island wildlife sanctuary, jarawa reserve, kadakachang, little andaman, wandoor national park, mount harriet national park, north and south sentinel, rani jhansi marine national park and rani jhansi marine national park .\nbaptista, l. f. , trail, p. w. , horblit, h. m. & boesman, p. (2018). brown cuckoo - dove (macropygia phasianella). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 10 july 2018) .\nbrown cuckoo - doves feed on fruit, berries and seeds from a variety of rainforest trees, shrubs and vines. they usually feed in the trees in the early morning and the late afternoon, often hanging upside down to reach fruit. they come to the ground to drink and to eat grit. they can digest very hard seeds .\n39–45 cm; 150–240 g. head, neck and underparts rufous brown, greyer on crown and nape; chin and narrow streak below eye cream - coloured; hindneck, sides of neck ...\nbrown cuckoo - doves, race\nphasianella\n, are quite common along the australian east coast, where we and contributors have seen them regularly, e. g. at dorrigo np, nsw, bongil bongil np, nsw, raleigh, nsw, on the maroochy river, near coolum, qld, and at o' reilly' s plateau, lamington np, gold coast, qld .\nbe told, i was a little surprised to see two brown cuckoo - doves at south durras. sure, they would make it this far south regularly, but they are surely not excessively common down there. oh well, certainly pleased to see them, a very beautiful, elegant bird. to take full advantage of flickr, you should use a javascript - enabled browser and install the latest version of the macromedia flash player. more\nof the three races of brown cuckoo - doves, race\nphasianella\n, is found from about the nsw / vic border, on the south - east coast, to roughly yeppoon, qld. further north, race\nquinkan\nis found, up to a line connecting cooktown, qld, and edward river, qld. beyond that line, on parts of the tip of cape york peninsula, race\nrobinsoni\nis found .\nthe pigeon is from 40 to 43 centimetres in length. its feathers are of a rich rusty - brown colour. the male will tend to have a slight rose / green colouration on their necks. it has a very long tail and short wings .\nbaptista, l. f. , trail, p. w. , horblit, h. m. & boesman, p. (2018). ruddy cuckoo - dove (macropygia emiliana). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 10 july 2018) .\nbaptista, l. f. , trail, p. w. , horblit, h. m. , kirwan, g. m. & garcia, e. f. j. (2018). amethyst brown - dove (phapitreron amethystinus). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 10 july 2018) .\nthis pigeon averages 40 to 43 cm (16 to 17. 2 inches) in length. its feathers are of a rich rusty - brown color. the male will tend to have a slight rose / green coloration on their necks. it has a very long tail and short wings .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo, j. , collar, n. j. , christie, d. a. , elliott, a. and fishpool, l. d. c. 2014. hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world. volume 1: non - passerines. lynx edicions birdlife international, barcelona, spain and cambridge, uk .\nfollowing christidis and boles (1994). prior to that, the two taxa had been split following sibley and monroe (1990, 1993) .\njustification: this species has an extremely large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). the population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified, but the species is described as frequent to common (gibbs et al. 2001). trend justification: the population is suspected to be stable; it adapts readily to secondary forest and appears little affected by fragmentation (del hoyo et al. 1997) .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nioc _ names _ file _ plus - 8. 2g: 8. 2\npigeons (columbiformes) are the sister group to an old world clade consisting of sandgrouse (pterocliformes) and the mesites (mesitornithiformes). together they form the clade columbimorphae at or near the base of neoaves (hackett et al. 2008, jarvis et al. 2014, prum et al. 2015) .\nsinai pen. (egypt) to syria, w and s arabian pen .\nogasawara (bonin is .) and iwo is. (volcano is. )\nbanggai, sulas, kai, moluccas to new guinea and the solomon is .\nhellmayr & conover, 1942. de schauensee, 1964, baptista et al, 1997 .\nwhich is recognized in dickinson & remsen, 2013. baptista et al, 1997 .\n( ng et al. 2016) .\nsultan' s\nis proposed as a fitting name with a historic connection for a range of new splits from the northern moluccan archipelago, which has historically been known best as the seat of the powerful sultanate of ternate (to the present day) (eaton & rheindt) .\nare a potential split with unique white forecrowns (ng et al. 2016, rheindt comments )\n( ng et al. 2016). an endemic species restricted to the west sumatran island chain, once called the barusan island chain .\n( sibley & monroe 1990, baptista et al. 1997, hbw, ng et al. 2016, but see christidis & boles 2008, h & m4) .\nadmiralty, st. matthias and new britain is. , karkar i. , solomon is .\nw papuan islands, new guinea, yapen i. (off nw new guinea )\ngreat inagua i. (s bahamas) and mona i. (puerto rico )\npuerto rico (except mona i .), virgin is. (except st. croix )\nfollows johnson & weckstein (2011), banks et al. (2013), nacc 2014 - c - 3, sacc 640\n( gibbs 2001, ridgely & greenfield 2001, donegan and salaman 2012; sacc 105, 566) .\nn yucatán, mujeres, holbox and cozumel is. (mexico), ambergris caye (belize) islands off honduras\n, considered a dark morph of this subspecies. ridgely & greenfield, 2001; restall et al, 2006\nrestored contra baptista et al, 1997, gibbs et al, 2001, based on mlikovský, 2016 .\nbonaparte 1855 based on hellmayr & conover, 1942, h & m 4: 63 .\nlawrence, 1885 to which this form was formerly assigned. h & m 4: 63, hellmayr & conover, 1942 .\nbertoni, w, 1901 to which this form was formerly assigned. h & m 4: 63. hellmayr & conover, 1942 .\nn yucatán pen. , cozumel, holbox and mujeres is. (mexico )\nandaman and nicobar is. , malay arch. to new guinea, philippines and solomon is .\nalso known as\nliverpool pigeon\nafter the museum in which the only extant specimen is housed. spotted green pigeion is the english name given to this species by its first describer, john latham, and is the name used by the liverpool museum itself .\nfor members of the pacific radiation (jønsson et al. 2011, moyle et al. 2013 )\nbut that name permanently suppressed by the iczn. redescribed by forshaw, 2015 based on a contemporary illustration by john hunter .\nfrom pompadour green pigeon to sri lanka green pigeon, with split of multiple species .\nleti, moa, luang, sermata and teun is. (lesser sundas )\n. not considered valid subspecies. gibbs et al, 2001. diamond & lecroy, 1978 .\nnot considered valid subspecies. gibbs et al, 2001. diamond & lecroy, 1978 .\nmoluccas, new guinea, bismarck arch. , solomon is. and ne australia\nbanda, kai, damar, sermata, babar, tanimbar and aru is .\nto red - moustached, as used in other world lists. the bird' s most distinguishing feature is its red moustache .\nmoluccas, islands of west papua, aru is. and islands of geelvink bay\nadmiralty is. , st. matthias group, new hanover (bismarck arch. )\ntalaud is. , sangihe i. (sulawesi) and doi i. (n moluccas )\njava, bali to alor, matasiri i. and kangean is. , s sulawesi is .\n. original spelling. h & m 4, zoonomen (note). treat species as monotypic. includes\nn india and nepal to s china to thailand, indochina and andaman is .\nlouisiade arch. to solomons, samoa, tonga, niue and cook is .\n( inskipp et al. 1996, bli); change english name to silver - tipped imperial pigeon\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml + rdfa 1. 0 / / en\nurltoken\nthe call is a haunting and distinctive' coo - cu - woot' rising at the end. sounds like:' did you walk?'\nno large - scale seasonal movement, but move locally in search of fruit .\nhandbook of australian, new zealand and antarctic birds, volume 3 (snipe to pigeons) .\nclosely related to m. rufipennis, m. emiliana, m. tenuirostris, m. magna and m. amboinensis, and all six sometimes considered conspecific; various other combinations proposed with present species normally considered to be closest to m. magna and m. amboinensis; species limits poorly understood. despite recent trend to unite present species with m. amboinensis # r # r # r, the split is maintained here on basis of significant differences in size, plumage and apparently voice; further study required on degree of convergence in n australia (race quinkan) and of vocal distinctiveness of many subspecies within complex; whole complex may be in need of extensive revision. three subspecies tentatively recognized .\nschodde, 1989 – ne australia (cape york peninsula s to stewart r) .\nmathews, 1912 – cooktown s to basin of fitzroy r (ce queensland) .\n( temminck, 1821) – basin of fitzroy r s to s new south wales .\nadvertising call consists of a repeated two - note phrase, the first note short and faint, the second ...\nrain forest and wet sclerophyll forest, particularly at edges, in clearings and in early secondary ...\nfeeds on fruit and seeds; important food plant families include araliaceae, solanaceae, rutaceae, dillenaceae, and euphorbiaceae. in a ...\nextended breeding season, with apparent peak in local spring and early summer: of 26 nests with eggs in n new south wales, 23 were found in ...\nappears to be locally nomadic. regular changes in local numbers have been noted in response to food ...\nnot globally threatened. remains common in areas where patches of rain forest remain, but also adapts readily to secondary forest, and not so seriously affected by habitat ...\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography. login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments. to make the most of all of hbw' s features, discover our subscriptions now !\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts, family texts, plates, audiovisual links, updates and related resources .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 55. 90 € (instead of 59. 90 €) 3 - year subscription package: 82 € (instead of 89. 85 € )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information, tracking references to their source (when available on the internet) .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 82. 5 € (instead of 89. 9 €) 3 - year subscription package: 122. 5 € (instead of 134. 85 € )\nthere is a registration fee of 20€. this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive. you won’t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution, click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding (anonymously); markers do not indicate precise localities .\na presumed male came in to my whistled imitation, this was one of the two who came in .\nsonogram images © xeno - canto foundation. sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists, and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12, 000 regional checklists in avibase, offered in 9 different taxonomies, including synonyms more than 175 languages. each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community, and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page, such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details. to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263, 338, 400 times since 24 june 2003. © denis lepage | privacy policy\naust birds bird names news 1 - 26 habitats key plants glossary plumage nests tips thumbnails gen. info sponsors photos for sale\nthe overall distribution of this species can be assessed based on sighting reports submitted by birdwatchers to urltoken .\nthere, the species has now been split in two and the definition of races is not consistent with those used by pizzey & knight, the definition which is adopted here .\nthey can also be found farther inland, in the great dividing range, e. g. in the sunshine coast hinterland, qld, at bunya mountains np, qld, in ravensbourne np, qld, and in various national parks in the qld / nsw border region .\nfor this species we have recorded the following call (s) / song. the interpretation of their meaning is our own; comments and suggestions for improvement are welcome .\nthese pages are largely based on our own observations and those of our contributors. the structure of these bird pages is explained here. for more salient facts on any bird species please refer to a field guide .\nwould you like to contribute photos or sound recordings to this site? if interested, please click here. credits to contributors are given here .\ndisclaimer: comments are always welcome. we give no guarantee that the information presented on these pages is always correct or up - to - date. external links are marked as such and we take no responsibility for the contents of external pages. all images on this site are protected by copyright & used by permission of the respective owners. if you wish to reproduce them or any of the material presented on this web site, please contact us: last updated: tue, 8 may 2018, 16: 29 - 05: 00\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n* * direct email link protected by javascript. enable javascript or email' ian' (at symbol)' urltoken'. * *\naperture: f7. 1 shutter speed: 1 / 800 sec focal length: 500. 0 mm\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nwe noticed that you' re using an unsupported browser. the tripadvisor website may not display properly. we support the following browsers :\nbirdwatching tropical australia provides full day birding and bird photography tours exploring the coastal areas around port douglas, rainforest areas around julatten and mt lewis and the dry savannah to the west of the mountain range. small group size - 1 to 4 persons. transport is in a comfortable air - conditioned 4wd. lunch and morning tea are included. binoculars for beginners are available .\nhaving spent years travelling and twitching around australia with a variety of guides, birders and twitchers - i was absolutely blown away by my experience with mr. doug herrington. local expert is a title that doesn' t quite cut it - for his knowledge of the bird life and surrounding lands is truly astounding. in a single day out, we recorded ...\nthanks for a great review james. i blush at your high praise! i shall never forget the grey goshawk swooping out of the trees just above our heads along the forest track. this is what memories are made of .\n* tripadvisor llc is not a booking agent and does not charge any service fees to users of our site... (\ntripadvisor llc is not responsible for content on external web sites. taxes, fees not included for deals content .\nwhat do (1) and (2) mean? learn more about the scoring system .\nbonaparte, 1857 – n, e & se philippines: luzon, polillo, alabat, catanduanes, samar, biliran, leyte, bohol, panaon, dinagat and mindanao .\n, with slightly longer bill; also darker, with iridescence of neck violet - blue and purple; ...\nadvertising call a well - spaced series of soft, deep, hollow, hooting notes, “hooot, hooot, hoot ...\ninhabits forest interior, occupying humid forest and dense secondary growth, within an altitudinal ...\ndiet comprises fruit and seeds; further details lacking. recorded feeding on the inflorescence of a\nboth sexes collected in breeding condition in feb, may–jul, with fledglings observed in apr (luzon), and jun–jul (mindanao); one bird ...\nnot globally threatened. very few data on status and no population estimates available. species generally considered uncommon to rare throughout its range. however, reported ...\n) is a medium - sized bird, measuring 39 to 40 cm in length and weighing 230 to 290 grams .\nthe throat, breast, belly and back have fine darker striations. the lower belly and vent region are paler. the tail is long and graduated on the underside .\nthe natural ecosystems of these species include dense evergreen forests, broadleaved primary forests, secondary evergreen forests, secondary growths, gardens and clearings .\npost breeding, the juveniles may disperse and establish in new locations within the range. they may make local movements for feeding and breeding within their range .\n) has not been quantified. the overall population trend of these species is reported to be decreasing .\nhabitat degradation and fragmentation and hunting are the main threats that may endanger the survival of these species .\n) is approaching the thresholds for being vulnerable under the range size criterion, under the population trend criterion and under the population size criterion .\nthey can be nomadic, depending on availability of food. some have been seen in papua new guinea, indonesia and philippines .\nthey tend to fly short distances and low to the ground with great strength .\nbreeding takes place in spring and summer. their platform nest is made out of sticks and vines, and situated either in a fork of a tree or on top of a low tree .\nfor updates please follow beautyofbirds on google + (google. com / + avianweb )\nthe articles or images on this page are the sole property of the authors or photographers .\n; however, mistakes do happen. if you would like to correct or update any of the information, please\nthroughout history, crows, ravens and other black birds were feared as symbols of evil or death. …\nplease note: any content published on this site is commentary or opinion, and is protected under free speech. it is only provided for educational and entertainment purposes, and is in no way intended as a substitute for professional advice. avianweb / beautyofbirds or any of their authors / publishers assume no responsibility for the use or misuse of any of the published material. your use of this website indicates your agreement to these terms .\nclosely related to m. rufipennis, m. tenuirostris, m. magna, m. amboinensis and m. phasianella, and all six sometimes considered conspecific; various other combinations proposed, and present species has been listed as belonging within m. phasianella; species limits of group poorly understood, and further study required in order to clarify precise relationships within this whole complex. vocal and morphological differences within present species, as constituted herein, suggest that more than one species may be involved. race cinnamomea has been considered a full species, but this treatment requires full evaluation of all taxa within the currently arranged species, a task currently rendered problematic by very small sample sizes in both specimen and (to date) acoustic material. seven subspecies recognized .\noberholser, 1912 – mentawai is of siberut, sipura and pagai is (w of sumatra) .\nadvertising call consists of a repeated overslurred whistle, usually combined with one or two ...\nprimary forest, tall secondary forest, glades and small openings in forests; occurs in lowlands up ...\nno data on food items, but known to forage in the midstorey and lower canopy in lesser sundas .\nlittle information. nesting apparently occurs all year round in java and bali; apr–jul on flores. builds a simple twig nest in a ...\nnot globally threatened. locally common in hill forests of borneo, java, bali and flores. said to be not uncommon on islands off w sumatra, although limited information ...\nall ranks domain kingdom subkingdom phylum subphylum superclass class subclass infraclass superorder order suborder infraorder superfamily family subfamily tribe subtribe genus subgenus species subspecies variety group (polytypic) group (monotypic) species split life sp. ssp. intra - specific hybrid interspecific hybrid intergeneric hybrid species pair\nall records (accepted, rejected, pending). to filter / search please enter a phrase. e. g. to filter rejected records, type rejected into the search box, all columns can be filtered .\nhave you seen something interesting? click submit to share your rare bird sightings via our simple form .\n© 2018 birdguides, warners group publications plc. all rights reserved. company registered in england no. 2572212 | vat registration no. gb 638 3492 15\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia, please upload using the upload tools .\nschodde, r. in schodde, r. & mason, i. j. 1997 ,\naves (columbidae to coraciidae )\n, ed. houston, w. w. k. & wells, a. (eds), zoological catalogue of australia, vol. 37. 2, csiro publishing, australia, melbourne\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: cddaf788 - a035 - 4176 - ae71 - e1fed37e29ee\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: d6494dd0 - 988c - 4e41 - a608 - 7fd1c17896bf\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 466082\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment. find records and model species distributions. export reports, maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area, or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something? photograph something? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities. we honour and celebrate the spiritual, cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country." ]

{ "text": [ "the brown cuckoo-dove ( macropygia phasianella ) is a dove in the genus macropygia found in australia from weipa and aurukun in the north to bega in the south , and most inland at atherton and toowoomba .", "it is sometimes called \" brown pigeon \" or \" pheasant pigeon \" , but both terms are best avoided , as they can lead to confusion with the brown doves and the true pheasant pigeon .", "it was one of three new species defined when the slender-billed cuckoo-dove was split up in 2016 . " ], "topic": [ 26, 19, 26 ] }

[ "the brown cuckoo-dove (macropygia phasianella) is a dove in the genus macropygia found in australia from weipa and aurukun in the north to bega in the south, and most inland at atherton and toowoomba. it is sometimes called \" brown pigeon \" or \" pheasant pigeon \", but both terms are best avoided, as they can lead to confusion with the brown doves and the true pheasant pigeon. it was one of three new species defined when the slender-billed cuckoo-dove was split up in 2016." ]

[ "this is the place for syncrypta definition. you find here syncrypta meaning, synonyms of syncrypta and images for syncrypta copyright 2017 © urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word syncrypta. also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word syncrypta and, of course, syncrypta synonyms and on the right images related to the word syncrypta .\nhypatima syncrypta; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 41\nchelaria syncrypta meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (19): 580; tl: maskeliya, ceylon\nhypatima antsianakella viette, 1956; nat. malgache 8 (2): 209\nhypatima issikiana; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 39\nhypatima manjakatompo viette, 1956; nat. malgache 8 (2): 211\nhypatima perinetella viette, 1956; nat. malgache 8 (2): 210\nhypatima venefica; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 41\nhave a fact about hypatima fuscella? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for hypatima fuscella? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a fact about hypatima ovata? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for hypatima ovata? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhypatima anguinea; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 37\nhypatima antiastis; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 38\nhypatima apparitrix; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 38\nhypatima aridella; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 38\nhypatima caryodora; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 38\nhypatima cirrhospila; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 38\nhypatima corynetis; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 38\nhypatima ericta; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 38\nhypatima indica; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 39\nhypatima instaurata; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 39\nhypatima isopogon; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 39\nhypatima isoptila; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 39\nhypatima isotricha; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 39\nhypatima lactifera; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 39\nhypatima melanocharis; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 39\nhypatima nodifera; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 40\nhypatima orthomochla; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 40\nhypatima parichniota; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 40\nhypatima particulata; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 40\nhypatima phacelota; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 40\nhypatima pilosella; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 40\nhypatima rhicnota; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 40\nhypatima silvestris; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 41\nhypatima tephroptila; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 41\nhypatima tonsa; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 41\nhypatima verticosa; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 41\nhypatima xerophanta; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 41\nhypatima xylotechna; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 41\nhypatima acicula park & ponomarenko, 1999; species diversity 4: 326; tl: s. thailand, khaoyai\nhypatima stenosa park & ponomarenko, 1999; species diversity 4: 331; tl: s. thailand, khaoyai\nhypatima mangiferae satter, 1989; bull. ent. res. 79 (3): 412; tl: kenya\nhypatima disetosella park, 1995; tropical lepid. 6 (1): 75; tl: nantou co. , taiwan\nhypatima issikiana park, 1995; tropical lepid. 6 (1): 77; tl: pingtung co. , taiwan\nhypatima nigro - grisea [ = nigrogrisea ] janse, 1949; moths s. afr. 5 (1): 47\nhypatima rhomboidella; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 40; [ fe ]\nhypatima spathota; [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 41\nhypatima excellentella ponomarenko, 1991; ent. obozr. 70 (3): 617; tl: barabash - levada, primorskii krai\nhypatima venefica ponomarenko, 1991; ent. obozr. 70 (3): 616; tl: barbash - levada, primorskii krai\nhypatima disetosella; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 47; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 38\nhypatima pentagonia park & ponomarenko, 1999; species diversity 4: 325; tl: nw. thailand, chiang mai, doi suthep - pui np, 1380m\nhypatima arignota; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 38; park & ponomarenko, 1999, species diversity 4: 330\nhypatima haligramma; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 39; park & ponomarenko, 1999, species diversity 4: 332\nhypatima iophana; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 29; park & ponomarenko, 1999, species diversity 4: 322\nhypatima teramotoi ueda, 2012; trans. lepid. soc. japan 62 (2): 81; tl: japan, honshu, osaka pref. , sakai city\nhypatima acris park, 1995; tropical lepid. 6 (1): 83; tl: taiwan, tainan co. , 2 - 3km s kwantzuling, ca. 350m\nhypatima excellentella; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 38; bae, lee & park, 2014, ent. res. 44: 19 (list )\nhypatima (chelariini); ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 37; [ sangmi lee ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 29; [ fe ]\n=; sattler, 1973, bull. br. mus. nat. hist. (ent .) 28 (4): 182; [ nacl ], 24; [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 37; [ sangmi lee ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 29; [ afromoths ]\n=; sattler, 1973, bull. br. mus. nat. hist. (ent .) 28 (4): 166; [ nacl ], 24; [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 37; [ sangmi lee ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 29; [ afromoths ]\n=; sattler, 1973, bull. br. mus. nat. hist. (ent .) 28 (4): 189; [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 37; [ sangmi lee ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 29; [ afromoths ]\n=; sattler, 1973, bull. br. mus. nat. hist. (ent .) 28 (4): 192; [ nacl ], 24; [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]; [ sangmi lee ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 29; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 37; [ afromoths ]\n=; sattler, 1973, bull. br. mus. nat. hist. (ent .) 28 (4): 249; [ nacl ], 24; [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 37; [ sangmi lee ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 29; [ afromoths ]\n=; sattler, 1973, bull. br. mus. nat. hist. (ent .) 28 (4): 167; [ nacl ], 24; [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 37; [ sangmi lee ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 29; [ afromoths ]\n=; sattler, 1973, bull. br. mus. nat. hist. (ent .) 28 (4): 198; [ nacl ], 24; [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 37; [ sangmi lee ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 29; [ afromoths ]\nchelaria agriogramma meyrick, 1926; sarawak mus. j. 3: 153; tl: mt murud, 4500ft\nchelaria albo - grisea [ = albogrisea ] walsingham, 1881; trans. ent. soc. 1881 (2): 264, pl. 12, f. 34; tl: spring vale\nchelaria ammonura meyrick, 1921; exotic microlep. 2 (14): 430; tl: queensland, brisbane\nchelaria anguinea meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 161; tl: khasi hills, assam\nanthotypa (meyrick, 1939) (chelaria); trans. r. ent. soc. lond. 89 (4): 54\nchelaria antiastis meyrick, 1929; exot. microlep. 3 (17): 514; tl: andamans, port blair\nchelaria apparitrix meyrick, 1921; zool. meded. leyden 6: 164; tl: java, preanger, 5000ft\nchelaria aridella walker, 1864; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 29: 639; tl: sarawak, borneo\nartochroma diakonoff, 1954; verh. k. akad. wet. amst. (2) 50 (1): 20\nchelaria attenuata meyrick, 1920; exotic microlep. 2 (10): 300; tl: new south wales, sydney\nchelaria baliodes lower, 1920; trans. proc. r. soc. s. aust. 44: 66; tl: warra, s. queensland\nchelaria binummulata meyrick, 1929; exot. microlep. 3 (17): 513; tl: natal, weenen\nchelaria brachyrrhiza meyrick, 1921; exotic microlep. 2 (14): 431; tl: fiji, lautoka\nchelaria caryodora meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 164; tl: khasi hills, assam\nchelaria cirrhospila meyrick, 1920; exotic microlep. 2 (10): 302; tl: khasi hills, assam\nchelaria corynetis meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 162; tl: maskeliya, ceylon\ncryptopluta diakonoff, 1954; verh. k. akad. wet. amst. (2) 50 (1): 21\nnothris cyrtopleura turner, 1919; proc. r. soc. qd 31 (10): 165; tl: n. australia, port darwin; n. queensland, kuranda\nchelaria demonstrata meyrick, 1920; exotic microlep. 2 (10): 303; tl: new guinea, kei is .\nchelaria dermatica meyrick, 1921; exotic microlep. 2 (14): 432; tl: queensland, brisbane\ntaiwan, thailand, philippines, ceylon, andaman is. , borneo, sulawesi, queensland. see [ maps ]\ntituacea [ sic ] deviella; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 43\nchelaria discissa meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (19): 581; tl: queensland, cairns\ndisposita (meyrick, 1931) (chelaria); exotic microlep. 4 (2 - 4): 71\nnothris dissidens meyrick, 1913; ann. transv. mus. 3 (4): 301; tl: waterval onder\nephippias (meyrick, 1937) (chelaria); exotic microlep. 5 (3): 95\nchelaria ericta meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 162; tl: maskeliya, ceylon\nchelaria euchorda meyrick, 1923; exot. microlep. 3 (1 - 2): 31; tl: brazil, para, parintins\ncymatomorpha euplecta meyrick, 1904; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. 29 (2): 412; tl: brisbane, queensland; sydney, new south wales; gisborne, victoria; quorn, south australia\nlarva on quercus mongolica ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 39\nchelaria formidolosa meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (19): 581; tl: natal, pinetown\nchelaria haligramma meyrick, 1926; exot. microlep. 3 (12): 382; tl: anakapalli, s. india\nlarva on anacardium occidentale ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 39\nchelaria harpophora meyrick, 1921; exotic microlep. 2 (14): 431; tl: queensland, brisbane\npsoricoptera hora busck, 1914; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 47 (2043): 14; tl: alhajuela, panama\nchelaria improba meyrick, 1913; ann. transv. mus. 3 (4): 297; tl: barberton\ngelechia indica swinhoe, 1885; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1885: 884; tl: bombay, india\nchelaria instaurata meyrick, 1921; zool. meded. leyden 6: 165; tl: java, preangor, 5000ft\nchelaria iophana meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 162; tl: ceylon\nchelaria isopogon meyrick, 1929; exot. microlep. 3 (17): 513; tl: belke, kanara, india\nchelaria isoptila meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 163; tl: kandy, ceylon\nchelaria isotricha meyrick, 1921; zool. meded. leyden 6: 164; tl: java, preangor, 5000ft\nchelaria lactifera meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 161; tl: khasi hills, assam\nchelaria lecticata meyrick, 1926; exot. microlep. 3 (9): 282; tl: transvaal, pilgrims rest\nchelaria loxosaris meyrick, 1918; ann. transv. mus. 6 (2): 21; tl: natal, umkomaas\nchelaria mancipata meyrick, 1913; ann. transv. mus. 3 (4): 297; tl: three sisters\nchelaria melanecta meyrick, 1914; ann. s. afr. mus. 10 (8): 246; tl: transvaal, johannesburg\nchelaria melanocharis meyrick, 1934; exotic microlep. 4 (16 - 17): 511; tl: telawa, java\nchelaria meliptila meyrick, 1926; exot. microlep. 3 (9): 283; tl: new ireland, st. matthias i .\nchelaria metaphorica meyrick, 1921; exotic microlep. 2 (14): 430; tl: queensland, brisbane\nchelaria microgramma meyrick, 1920; exotic microlep. 2 (10): 301; tl: new south wales, sydney\nmycetinopa (meyrick, 1934) (chelaria); exotic microlep. 4 (15): 451\nchelaria nimbigera meyrick, 1926; exot. microlep. 3 (9): 283; tl: new ireland, new hanover i .\nchelaria nodifera meyrick, 1930; ann. soc. ent. fr. 99 (suppl): 724; tl: tonkin\nchelaria orthomochla meyrick, 1932; exotic microlep. 4 (7): 199; tl: java\nchelaria orthostathma meyrick, 1921; exotic microlep. 2 (14): 429; tl: queensland, brisbane\nchelaria parichniota meyrick, 1938; dt. ent. z. iris 52: 4; tl: likiang, china\nchelaria particulata meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 167; tl: maskeliya, ceylon\nchelaria phacelota meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 166; tl: peradeniya, ceylon\ngelechia pilosella walker, 1864; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 29: 640; tl: sarawak, borneo\nchelaria probolaea meyrick, 1913; ann. transv. mus. 3 (4): 298; tl: barberton\nallocota procax meyrick, 1911; trans. linn. soc. lond. (2) 14: 274\nchelaria rhicnota meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (19): 580; tl: shevaroys, s. india\nlarva on mangifera indica ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 40\n=; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 40; [ nhm card ]\n=; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 40; [ nhm card ]\nlarva on betula spp. , alnus spp. , corylus avellana, carpinus betulus, populus spp. ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 41\nchelaria scopulosa meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 165; tl: karwar, kanara\ncymatomorpha scotia turner, 1919; proc. r. soc. qd 31 (10): 160; tl: n. queensland, kuranda\nchelaria silvestris meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 164; tl: khasi hills, assam\nallocota simulacrella meyrick, 1904; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. 29 (2): 420; tl: sydney, new south wales\nchelaria solutrix meyrick, 1911; ann. transv. mus. 3 (1): 69; tl: woodbush village\nsorograpta (meyrick, 1931) (chelaria); exotic microlep. 4 (2 - 4): 70\nchelaria spathota meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 165; tl: konkan, bombay\nlarva on mangifera indica, lannea grandis ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 41\ndeuteroptila sphenophora meyrick, 1904; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. 29 (2): 419; tl: brisbane, queensland\nchelaria stasimodes meyrick, 1931; exotic microlep. 4 (2 - 4): 70\nsubdentata diakonoff, 1954; verh. k. akad. wet. amst. (2) 50 (1): 17\ngelechia sublectella walker, 1864; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 29: 640; tl: sarawak, borneo\nchelaria tenebrosa meyrick, 1920; exotic microlep. 2 (10): 301; tl: south australia, quorn\nchelaria tephroplintha meyrick, 1923; exot. microlep. 3 (1 - 2): 30; tl: fiji, labasa\nchelaria tephroptila meyrick, 1931; exotic microlep. 4 (2 - 4): 70; tl: mahableshwar, bombay\nlarva on quercus acutissima, quercus serrata, q. variabilis, q. glauca, q. phillyraeoides ueda, 2012, trans. lepid. soc. japan 62 (2): 85\nchelaria tessulata meyrick, 1921; exotic microlep. 2 (14): 431; tl: queensland, cairns\nsemodictis tetraptila meyrick, 1909; ann. transv. mus. 2 (1): 16, pl. 5, f. 7; tl: kranspoort, pretoria\nchelaria tonsa meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 164; tl: khasi hills, assam\nepisacta toreuta turner, 1919; proc. r. soc. qd 31 (10): 162; tl: n. queensland, kuranda, near cairns\nchelaria trachyspila meyrick, 1933; exotic microlep. 4 (12): 354\nchelaria triannulata meyrick, 1911; ann. transv. mus. 3 (1): 69; tl: woodbush village\ntricosma (meyrick, 1933) (chelaria); exotic microlep. 4 (12): 355\nlarva on quercus mongolica ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 41\nchelaria verticosa meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 166; tl: n. coorg, 3500ft\nchelaria xerophanta meyrick, 1930; ann. soc. ent. fr. 99 (suppl): 724; tl: tonkin\nchelaria xylotechna meyrick, 1932; exotic microlep. 4 (7): 199; tl: java\nchelaria zesticopa meyrick, 1929; exot. microlep. 3 (17): 514; tl: texas, alpine, fort davis, 5000 - 8000ft; new mexico, bent, 7000ft\n[ afromoths ] de prins, j. & de prins, w. , 2013\nsangmi lee, richard brown & sibyl bucheli. gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\nmicrolepidoptera of new guinea, results of the third archbold expedition (american - netherlands indian expedition 1938 - 1939). part iv\nthe natural history of british insects; explaining them in their several states... with the history of such minute insects as require investigation by the microscope\nlepidoptera britannica, sistens digestimen novam lepidopterorum quae in magna britannica reperiunter... adjunguntur dissertationes variae ad historiam naturalam spectantes\nsystema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum clases, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, symonymis, locis. tomis i. 10th edition\nin gardiner, no. xii. tortricina and tineina. results of the percy sladen trust expedition to the indian ocean in 1905\nwalsingham, 1881 on the tortricidae, tineidae, and pterophoridae of south africa trans. ent. soc. 1881 (2): 219 - 288, pl. 10 - 13\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb: the taxon name search is for single names only. for example, to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren, 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site. view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc. .\nsign in to disable all ads. thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word. leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation." ]

{ "text": [ "hypatima syncrypta is a moth in the gelechiidae family .", "it was described by meyrick in 1916 .", "it is found in sri lanka .", "the wingspan is 15-16 mm .", "the forewings are white , irregularly sprinkled with grey , and strewn throughout with small cloudy dark grey spots arranged in transverse series , those of the median area suffused together with purplish-grey and irrorated with dark fuscous , forming an undefined dark transverse band occupying more than one-third of the wing .", "the hindwings are pale grey . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 9, 1, 1 ] }

[ "hypatima syncrypta is a moth in the gelechiidae family. it was described by meyrick in 1916. it is found in sri lanka. the wingspan is 15-16 mm. the forewings are white, irregularly sprinkled with grey, and strewn throughout with small cloudy dark grey spots arranged in transverse series, those of the median area suffused together with purplish-grey and irrorated with dark fuscous, forming an undefined dark transverse band occupying more than one-third of the wing. the hindwings are pale grey." ]

[ "the ocean sunfish, mola mola, plankton + fish the ocean sunfish is also known as ocean sunfish. sunfish skeletal structure ocean sunfish huge ocean sunfish (mola mola) ocean sunfish - naming and taxonomy, description, range and behavior, human interaction, references ,\nthe giant ocean sunfish, fish or ocean sun fish is the awkward ocean sunfish, ocean sunfish (mola mola). 0: 19. ocean sunfish (mola mola) 2006 09 27 ~ 10 01 bali urltoken stage6. divx. com. fishes, ocean sunfish ocean sunfish mola - mola ocean sunfish ocean sunfish - naming and taxonomy, description, range and behavior, human interaction, references, ocean sunfish (mola mola) the ocean sunfish, mola mola mola mola (ocean sunfish), bali indonesia. 4: 41. ocean sunfish spotted at the dive site called batu abah, east nusa penida, bali indonesia. google ocean sunfish fry yahoo ocean sunfish fry mages images\nthe ocean sunfish takes its name from being a fish that lives in the ocean .\npotter i, howell w. vertical movement and behavior of the ocean sunfish ,\nwe had an ocean sunfish off pentire head on the 8th september 2001. it was\nthe lifespan of ocean sunfish is currently unknown. a member of the same family ,\nbut the mola mola, or ocean sunfish, is no stranger to the oceans .\nan ocean sunfish estimated to weigh 25 kg was spotted off the north coast of jersey .\nfact: ocean sunfish may be brown, gray, white, or spotted in color .\nnakatsubo t, kawachi m, mano n, hirose h. spawning period of ocean sunfish\nas gigantic as the ocean sunfish can be, it still seems like only half a fish .\nin some areas, the ocean sunfish is a commercial species that is caught for human consumption .\n2. 7 mm larval ocean sunfish view full size photographer: g. david johnson © usnm\nheidi dewar (left) and tierney thys ready a tracking device for use on an ocean sunfish .\nthe ocean sunfish swims by moving its dorsal and anal fins back and forth. both fins are moved in the same direction at the same time. view an ocean sunfish swimming in the video below .\nthus, it is presumed that parasite removal is very beneficial for ocean sunfish. without the help of cleaners, parasite like pennella could give serious damage on the skin and tissue of ocean sunfish. basking ocean sunfish surrounded by six black - footed albatrosses (on july 30, 2005, at 40°45′n, 165°00′e ;\nit’s — not — a shark. so why are ocean sunfish causing beach closures? - the boston globe\ngigadb dataset - doi 10. 5524 / 100214 - genome of the ocean sunfish (mola mola) .\nhays gc, farquhar mr, luschi p, teo slh, thys tm. vertical niche overlap by two ocean giants with similar diets: ocean sunfish and leatherback turtles .\nmalcolm lee has given me some observations from a local fisherman. these included the sighting of five ocean sunfish (\nthe largest ocean sunfish ever measured was over 10 feet across, and weighed close to 5, 000 pounds. on average, ocean sunfish weigh about 2, 000 pounds. this makes them the largest bony fish species .\nthe ocean sunfish, in - game yclept simply as sun fish, is a species of fish in abyssrium .\nthe hoodwinker sunfish is the first new addition to the sunfish genus for almost 130 years .\nthe uk' s heatwave has been attracting some rather unusual fans - giant ocean sunfish, so called because of their habit of' sunbathing' on the surface of the ocean .\nthe body of water between africa, europe, the southern ocean (above 60 degrees south latitude), and the western hemisphere. it is the second largest ocean in the world after the pacific ocean .\nocean sunfish is one of the species named in an updated red list of species at risk of extinction. | kyodo\nresembling a big floating blob, the ocean sunfish, or mola, is the world' s largest bony fish .\nmy wife and i saw an ocean sunfish on the morning of 13 september 2002 off the pembrokeshire coast near abercastle .\na new species of ocean sunfish has been discovered in australian and new zealand waters by a team of international researchers .\n). sunfish - specific genes are the genes in gene families that exist only in sunfish .\nidentification of the genomic changes that underlie the ocean sunfish’s unusual body shape, size and skeleton using this reference genome could facilitate future studies into the ocean sunfish and the genetic basis of its difference from other fishes, according to the researchers .\nthe “parasite elimination” by fishes or birds near the sea surface may be beneficial to ocean sunfish with many parasites. 14 - 16 in the near - shore region, it has been observed that small fishes act as cleaners of ocean sunfish. 14, 16 there is some documentation that sea birds picked parasites off ocean sunfish, 15, 17 although direct evidence has not yet been found. the reason for “basking, ” the typical behavior of ocean sunfish, has been under discussion .\ncartamil, d. , c. lowe. 2004. diel movement patterns of ocean sunfish mola mola off southern california .\na parasitic copepod attached to an ocean sunfish, probably some kind of vague allegory for the american government parasitizing its citizens .\nthe genome of the largest bony fish, ocean sunfish (mola mola), provides insights into its fast growth rate .\nthe ocean sunfish belongs to the family molidae and is one of three species recorded from new south wales waters. the other two are the southern ocean sunfish, mola ramsayi, and the slender sunfish, ranzania laevis. the fourth australian species is the sharptail sunfish, masturus lanceolatus. it occurs in southern waters of south australia and western australia .\nthis species may also be called the common sunfish, as there are other species of sunfish that live in the ocean - - three to be exact. these include the slender mola (ranzania laevis), sharp - tailed mola (masterus lanceolutus) and southern ocean sunfish (mola ramsayi) .\nnakatsubo t, hirose h. growth of captive ocean sunfish, mola mola. suisan zoshoku. 2007; 55: 403–7 .\nthere’s even one incident in which humpbacks apparently tried to save a pair of ocean sunfish from becoming orca hors d' oeuvres .\nvenkatesh, who led the project from a * star, said: “pufferfish and ocean sunfish belong to the same order but differ dramatically in morphology. at the early stages of development, ocean sunfish larvae look similar to pufferfish larvae with spines sticking out. we thought ocean sunfish would be a useful species to identify the genetic basis of morphological innovations. so we were keen to sequence the ocean sunfish genome and compare with the pufferfish genome, to identify genetic changes that have occurred in the sunfish lineage and that might give clues to the highly derived phenotype. ”\nocean sunfish have not been evaluated by the iucn, us federal list, or cites. they are often caught as bycatch by drift gillnet fisheries. in southern california, ocean sunfish compromised 29% of the catch in drift gillnet fisheries targeting swordfish (cartamil and lowe, 2004). in the mediterranean between 1992 and 1994, ocean sunfish had a bycatch rate of 70 to 93% . in south africa, the bycatch rate of ocean sunfish is estimated at 17% (liu et al. , 2009) .\nit is possible that parasite elimination is not only a significant event for ocean sunfish, but also a good food source for larger sea birds in open ocean. the symbiotic cleaning associations we have reported may be occurring on a more regular base in wide world ocean surfaces than previously thought .\nit is clear that infection by pennella sp. can cause tissue damage to the host ocean sunfish, just as other parasites infections .\nanalyte type: dna life stage: adult description: ocean sunfish (mola mola) fin clip sam... ...\nocean sunfish live in tropical and temperate waters, and they may be found in the atlantic, pacific, mediterranean, and indian oceans. to see an ocean sunfish, you' ll likely have to find one in the wild, though, because they are difficult to keep in captivity. the monterey bay aquarium is the only aquarium in the u. s. to have live ocean sunfish, and ocean sunfish are kept at only a few other aquaria, such as the lisbon oceanarium in portugal and the kaiyukan aquarium in japan .\nat 2 mm long, ocean sunfish larva have a broad body shape. at this small size the ocean sunfish has a primordial tail fin, large pectoral fins and body spines. the spines are proportionally large up until a body length of at least 10 mm. at this size, an ocean sunfish looks less like the adult fish and more like the pufferfishes and boxfishes to which it is related .\nthe fish is almost certainly an ocean sunfish, or a common mola — a large weirdly shaped thingy that' s not totally uncommon in the atlantic ocean. don' t worry — they mostly eat just jellyfish .\nthe word mola comes from latin and means millstone–in reference to these fishes’ roundish shape. the common name\nocean sunfish\ncomes from the mola mola’s habit of lying atop the surface of the ocean appearing to sunbathe .\nsims, d. , e. southall. 2002. occurrence of ocean sunfish, mola mola near fronts in the western english channel .\npan h, yu h, ravi v, li c, lee ap, lian mm, et al. genome of the ocean sunfish\nrecently, researchers published the first genome sequence of the ocean sunfish. the results rendered insights into the fish' s incredible growth rate .\n[ w ] e were keen to sequence the ocean sunfish genome and compare it with the pufferfish genome, to identify genetic changes that have occurred in the ocean sunfish lineage and that might give clues to the highly derived phenotype of the ocean sunfish ,\nco - senior author byrappa venkatesh, a comparative genomics researcher at a * star' s institute of molecular and cell biology, said in a statement .\nocean sunfish, wikipedia - another great resource, this article has been featured as one of the best articles produced by the wikipedia community .\nadult ocean sunfish are found in temperate and tropical oceans across the globe. they prefer the open ocean but occasionally venture into kelp beds and deep coral reefs in order to be cleaned of parasites by fishes such as wrasses (\nthe ocean sunfish' s scientific name is mola mola. the word\nmola\nis latin for millstone, which is a large, heavy round stone used to grind grain. so, the ocean sunfish' s scientific name is a reference to the fish' s disc - like shape. because of their scientific name, ocean sunfish are often referred to as\nmola molas ,\nor simply, molas .\nit goes through some juvenile stages on different hosts, and then finally only the adult females become embedded on marine mammals and large fishes, such as the ocean sunfish. the pennella sp. we observed on ocean sunfish bodies were certainly mature with long line - like egg strings (\nwe still have a lot to learn from the ocean sunfish genome assembly ,\nvenkatesh noted .\none way to pinpoint more genetic changes specific to ocean sunfish would be to sequence more closely related species such as porcupine fish, box fish, triggerfish, and triplespines .\nthe mission of the nonprofit monterey bay aquarium is to inspire conservation of the ocean .\n( k. raskoff, monterey peninsula college, hidden ocean 2005, noaa. )\noften ocean sunfish are seen sunning themselves on the ocean surface, most often during calm weather. at times, the ocean sunfish may go down to a depth of about 650 ft (200 m). the sunfish is most often seen singly or in pairs, but at certain times of the year they may come together in schools of a dozen or more. basking in the sun by sunfish has often been disputed. some believe that sunfish seen at or near the surface must either be dead or dying. a biologist has investigated this phenomenon and concluded that ocean sunfish in this position are, for the most part, sick or dying. other underwater investigations have shown that the ocean sunfish, when at rest, goes to a darker color and when it begins to swim the color changes to a very light shade .\nthe grey family were fishing off the coast of pembrokeshire when the ocean sunfish - weighing around 30kg - landed on top of their son byron .\nocean sunfish are considered a delicacy in some asian countries. they are also used in traditional chinese medicines (humann and deloach, 2002) .\nocean sunfish are often caught as bycatch in commercial fishing nets, which can be a great inconvenience (liu et al. , 2009) .\nthe genome of the largest bony fish, ocean sunfish (mola mola), provides insights into its fast growth rate. - pubmed - ncbi\nocean sunfish are occasionally captured in net fisheries targeting other species. this species has not been assessed by conservationists, but it is likely naturally rare and may be depleted in some areas. further monitoring of ocean sunfish populations and research into their life history are important to understand this interesting species .\nthe iucn said it suspected a global decline in the population of ocean sunfish, due mainly to bycatch in fisheries using long lines and midwater trawls .\nreports an ocean sunfish in st ives bay, cornwall. it was about a metre long, and think it is the first for the year .\ncomb jellies live throughout the world' s ocean, although most species prefer warmer water .\nrecorded seven ocean sunfish in st ives bay, cornwall, from the west coming in on the rising tide, returning westward on the falling tide. .\nnear the base of the sampled ocean sunfish dorsal fin. it seemed that this location is a favorite position at which to embed for pennella sp. as\npope ec, hays gc, thys tm, doyle tk, sims dw, queiroz n, et al. the biology and ecology of the ocean sunfish\nbasking at the sea surface is a well known, but peculiar behavior of ocean sunfish (mola mola). one of hypotheses for this behavior is parasite elimination. however, in oceanic regions, very little direct evidence exists for this form of interspecific communication. in pelagic waters of the north pacific ocean, we observed a school of 57 ocean sunfish, that were heavily infested around the base of their dorsal fins with the ecto - parasite pennella sp. we photographed a laysan albatross (phoebastria immutabilis) nearby that picked a pennella sp. from one of ocean sunfish and ate it. we hypothesize that ocean sunfish did “bask” to look for skin cleaning and that this symbiotic cleaning behavior by the albatrosses may be a common feature of the biology of the ocean sunfish. here we provide more photographs to show heavy parasite infections and scars after parasite removal by “cleaners, ” and discuss how important a symbiotic cleaning relationship could be in the open ocean ecosystem .\nthe reproductive behaviors of ocean sunfish are not well known, but they reproduce via broadcast spawning, where females release eggs and males release sperm into the water column at the same time. this behavior increases the likelihood that eggs will become fertilized and that fertilized eggs will not be eaten by egg predators. however, scientists are not sure if ocean sunfish reproduce in groups or in pairs. female ocean sunfish produce more eggs than any other vertebrate. they can release as many as 300 million eggs at a time and spawn several times throughout their lifetimes. newly hatched ocean sunfish weigh less than a gram, and this species is noted for one of the most impressive transformations in size in the animal kingdom. the biggest adult ocean sunfish are 60 million times larger than when they hatched .\nocean sunfish have disc - shaped bodies and can grow over 3 meters long and weigh over 2 metric tons. they are found throughout warm and temperate oceans .\nsims dw, queiroz n, doyle tk, houghton dr, hays gc. satellite tracking of the world' s largest bony fish, the ocean sunfish (\nnakae m, sasaki k. peripheral nervous system of the ocean sunfish mola mola (tetraodontiformes: molidae). ichthyol res. 2009; 53: 233–46 .\na new species of enormous ocean sunfish was discovered after an intensive search, making it the first species of this type of fish to be identified in 130 years .\nfigure 4. next to black - footed albatrosses phoebastria immutabilis, the large ocean sunfish was laying and showing its body (photographed by k. s .) .\nin our recent paper, 18 we presented evidence for the symbiotic cleaning association between ocean sunfish and albatrosses with clear field photographs in the open ocean. on 2 july 2010, we observed from the t / s oshoro maru, (1, 792 gross tonnage; belonging to hokkaido university, hakodate, japan) in the western north pacific (40°46. 8′n, 165°01. 7′e) that this school of 57 basking ocean sunfish actively followed a resting laysan albatross phoebastria immutabilis and presented themselves to the birds. the ocean sunfish in school were heavily infected by ecto - parasite pennella sp. a total of four laysan and black - footed albatrosses phoebastria nigripes initiated cleaning behavior, picking these ecto - parasites pennella sp. off the skin of the ocean sunfish .\nfraser - brunner a. the ocean sunfishes (family molidae), vol. 1. 1951 .\n) caught predominantly large individuals and observed a significant decline in ocean sunfish catch rates between 2000 to 2003, with other bycatch species remaining comparatively stable (petersen and mcdonell 2007). bycatch estimates from the californian swordfish fishery suggest ocean sunfish make up 29% of all bycatch; far outnumbering the target species (cartamil and lowe 2004) .\nincidentally it is called an' ocean' sunfish to distinguish it from the perch - like freshwater sunfishes of north america. we do have another marine species, called the\n( cartamil and lowe, 2004). they may dive below the thermocline to avoid predators (cartamil and lowe, 2004). ocean sunfish are also occassionally hunted by\nan ocean sunfish' s color can vary from brown to gray or silvery, or even almost white. they may also have spots, like the fish shown here .\nabe t, sekiguchi k, onishi h, muramatsu k, kamito t. observations on a school of ocean sunfish and evidence for a symbiotic cleaning association with albatrosses .\nwatanabe y, sato k. functional dorsoventral symmetry in relation to lift - based swimming in the ocean sunfish mola mola. plos one. 2008; 3: e3446 .\nthere is still work to be done when it comes to unspooling the mysteries of the ocean sunfish. venkatesh believes the key to solving these mysteries comes from sequencing other species closely related to the sunfish, such as the porcupine fish, box fish, and triggerfish. perhaps these investigations will serve as a roadmap for researchers who have only begun to navigate their way through the mysterious genome of the ocean sunfish .\nvenkatesh and colleagues used the illumina hiseq 2000 to do paired - end sequencing on eight ocean sunfish dna libraries. they put the resulting reads together into a 642 million base assembly. the full sunfish genome has been estimated at 730 million bases .\nocean sunfish like to eat jellyfish and siphonophores (relatives of jellyfish). they will also eat salps, small fish, plankton, algae, mollusks, and brittle stars .\nthe two oceans aquarium assists international researchers of sunfish with the collection of dna samples when aquarium staff members come across a sunfish in cape town waters. click here to read more about our conservation work with sunfish .\nthere are plenty of funky looking creatures in the sea, and the ocean sunfish is certainly one of them. learn more about these huge - - and fascinating - - creatures .\nthe ocean sunfish (mola mola), also called the headfish, is so named because of its unique shape: it looks as if it is all head and no body .\nnakamura, i. & sato, k. ontogenetic shift in foraging habit of ocean sunfish mola mola from dietary and behavioral studies. mar biol 161, 1263–1273 (2014) .\nmelissa here. when you think of fish that are swimming around in the ocean, most people think of clownfish and damsels swimming around through the tentacles of anemones with corals and live - rock creating the backdrop of that picture perfect image. ever wonder what is out beyond the reef? there are many awesome creatures that lurk around in the middle of nowhere, far away from the beautiful reef. one of these awesome fish is the ocean sunfish, or mola mola. ocean sunfish are the largest known bony fish, weighing in on average 2, 000 lbs for an adult. one of the largest ocean sunfish ever recorded weighed nearly 5, 000 lbs !\nwe were puzzled by what we had seen and after searching the internet last week, having seen our first photo of one, we both agreed it was without doubt an ocean sunfish .\na mobile game called survive! mola mola! has more than 6 million downloads in japan. it revolves around nurturing an ocean sunfish, like tamagotchi for weird - shaped marine life .\ndewar h, thys t, teo slh, farwell c, o’sullivan j, tobayama t, et al. satellite tracking the world' s largest jelly predator, the ocean sunfish ,\nyamanoue y, mabuchi k, sawai e, sakai y, hashimoto h, nishida m. multiplex pcr - based genotyping of mitochondrial dna from two species of ocean sunfish from the genus\nfrom 2005 to 2008, scientists tagged 31 ocean sunfish in the north atlantic in the first study of its kind. this study made many interesting discoveries about ocean sunfish. the tagged sunfish spent more time at the ocean surface during the night than during the day and spent even more time at depth when they were in warmer water, such as when they were in the gulf stream or the gulf of mexico. the researchers proposed that this might be because of spending more time spending more time at depth looking for food when the fish were in relatively warmer water .\nthe ocean sunfish is a very large species that lives in tropical and temperate waters. the ocean sunfish has a flattened, oval body that may measure 11 ft (3. 5 m) in length and weigh as much as 2, 000 lb (1, 000 kg). in contrast to its huge size, it has a vertebrae column of only 0. 5 in (12 mm) in length. the body is oval and has a thick leathery skin. most ocean sunfish are gray, olive brown, sometimes nearly black, with light undersides .\nthe international union for conservation of nature unveiled an updated red list of species at risk of extinction on thursday that includes the ocean sunfish, which are popular in aquariums in japan and elsewhere .\nthe switzerland - based body classified ocean sunfish as “vulnerable, ” the lowest of three levels within its threatened category, meaning the species is facing a high risk of extinction in the wild .\nnakatsubo, t. , m. kawachi, n. mano, h. hirose. 2007. spawning period of ocean sunfish mola mola in water of the eastern kanto region, japan .\nwhen the interest in sunfish took off in europe in the 16th century, marianne told australian geographic that the number of species of sunfish started to grow .\nthe common name\nsunfish\nis used to describe the marine family, molidae, as well as the freshwater family, centrarchidae. the common names\nocean sunfish\nand\nmola\nrefer only to the family molidae and can be applied all three molidae species .\nsunfish appear to reproduce in whichever ocean they are currently residing. female sunfish can produce up to 300 million eggs. these eggs are released into the water and externally fertilized by sperm. the eggs become fry and multiply in size rapidly. the sunfish stay in schools to protect themselves from predators. once they are large enough, they isolate themselves .\nbody of water between the southern ocean (above 60 degrees south latitude), australia, asia, and the western hemisphere. this is the world' s largest ocean, covering about 28% of the world' s surface .\nthis ancestry is betrayed by the ocean sunfish’s tiny larvae, which develop the pufferfish’s characteristic spines before resorbing them as they mature, said thys. these barbs help reduce predation — with an emphasis on reduce. thys has found tuna with their stomachs packed full of sunfish larvae .\ni saw two young sunfish jumping around last year ,\nshe said .\nwe searched for genes responsible for bone differentiation in the sunfish genome. we identified\ntyler, james c. , alexandre f. bannikov. 1992 .\nnew genus of primitive ocean sunfish with seperate premaxillae from the eocene of southwest russia .\ncopeia. 1992 (4) .\nbass, a. , h. dewar, t. thys, j. streelman, s. karl. 2005. evolutionary divergence among lineages of the ocean sunfish family, molidae (tetraodontiformes) .\nrange / habitat: sunfish like temperate and tropical waters of 50°f or more. they are present in both the atlantic and pacific oceans. there are some differences between each ocean but not between hemispheres .\nsousa, l. l. et al. dna barcoding identifies a cosmopolitan diet in the ocean sunfish. sci. rep 6, 28762, doi: 10. 1038 / srep28762 (2016) .\nnakamura, i. , goto, y. & sato, k. ocean sunfish rewarm at the surface after deep excursions to forage for siphonophores. j anim ecol 84, 590–603 (2015) .\nocean sunfish are usually found in oceanic waters, but occasionally come inshore. sunfishes in general are often seen at the surface where they may be mistaken for sharks, because of the large dorsal fin .\nthe sunfish’s colossal shape allows it to maintain body temperature when it dives deep into the ocean to feed. the size also helps make it buoyant, so it can quickly return to the surface of the ocean to warm up. (read about a car - sized stingray that could be the world’s largest freshwater fish. )\n“ocean sunfish are the heaviest known bony fish in the world, ” says senior aquarist kevin spiby. they are also known for being covered in skin parasites. to counter this, sunfish employ a number of tactics: cleaner wrasse and other reef fish often help out, and by basking on its side at the surface, sunfish allow seabirds to feed on parasites .\nan aquatic biome consisting of the open ocean, far from land, does not include sea bottom (benthic zone) .\nsign our petition to tell grubhub to take shark fin off the menu now – before the ocean’s most iconic predators disappear .\nbrenner and his colleagues are no amateurs when it comes to sequencing the genomes of intriguing fish, having sequenced the genome of the pufferfish in 2002. the pufferfish and ocean sunfish belong to the same order, and so the decision to sequence the sunfish’s genome seemed to be an easy on to make. brenner believes the sunfish to be the end of an evolutionary line .\nocean sunfish are considered to have strategic top - down control of jellyfish populations. they may also have a direct influence on the incidence and occurrence of jellyfish blooms (liu et al. , 2009) .\nhoughton, j. , t. doyle, j. davenport, g. hays. 2006. the ocean sunfish mola mola: insights into distribution, abundance and behaviour in the irish and celtic seas .\nthe ocean sunfish (mola mola) is a largest, and most widely distributed oceanic bony fish 1, 2 with its maximum reported size is 2. 3 t and 2. 7 m in total length (tl). 3, 4 its bizarre appearance and strange basking behavior has been receiving much curiosity. ocean sunfish are also known for their heavy parasite loads, both inside and outside of its body. 5 - 7 love and moser 8 listed 54 species of parasites in this species. early studies hypothesized that basking ocean sunfish might be sick and / or dying because of heavy parasite infection. 1, 7\nthe monterey bay aquarium in california is the only aquarium in the united states that exhibits ocean sunfish. globe - trotters can also see them at the kaiyukan aquarium in japan and the lisbon oceanarium in portugal .\nbyrappa venkatesh said: “vertebrates exhibit a wide diversity in their morphology, physiology and behaviour. understanding the genetic basis of this diversity is a major goal of evolutionary biology. we still have a lot to learn from the ocean sunfish genome assembly. one way to pinpoint more genetic changes specific to ocean sunfish would be to sequence more closely related species such as porcupine fish, box fish, triggerfish, and triplespines. ”\nsunfish are believed to be mostly solitary and feed mainly on jellyfish, so scientists were interested to find so many together. younger sunfish are more likely to form groups .\nfact: sunfish may look like they' re playing dead when you see them .\nbecame nonfunctional in the sunfish lineage after it split from the pufferfish lineage (fig .\ndr. natasha phillips from queens university in belfast n. ireland used thousands of sightings including thousands collected on this website (wooohooo! !) to compile a global view of ocean sunfish distribution patterns. read more\nit is possible to see ocean sunfish in the wild, though, especially if you' re out on a boat. they are a frequent sighting on whale watches in the gulf of maine, for example .\nfigure 3. an ocean sunfish with half - removed pennella sp. (pointed by white and black arrows) and heavily damaged skin (pointed by black arrow) (photographed by t. a .) .\nnakatsubo, t. , kawacxt, m. , marro, n. & hirose, h. estimation of maturation in wild and captive ocean sunfish mola mola. aquac sci 55, 259–264 (2007) .\nour analyses provide insights into the molecular basis of the fast growth rate and large size of the ocean sunfish. the high - quality genome assembly generated in this study should facilitate further studies of this ‘natural mutant’ .\ncovering 72 percent of the earth and supplying half its oxygen, the ocean is our planet' s life support system—and it’s in danger. watch this video to learn why a healthier ocean means a healthier planet, and find out how you can help .\nseptember 16, 2016 | it’s fairly easy to be dwarfed by the ocean sunfish (mola mola). weighing on average 2. 3 tons and measuring at length of 2. 7m, this bony fish is one of the most unusual creatures in the ocean. what has researchers fascinated by the mammoth of a fish, however, is the staggering rate at which it grows. while other fish grow at a rate of about. 02 -. 5 kilograms a day, the ocean sunfish grows at the astonishingly fast rate of 1 kilogram a day .\nscpp genes in the ocean sunfish. upper panel: comparison of the sunfish sparcl1 locus with those of zebrafish and fugu showing the missing scpp genes in sunfish (fa93e10, scpp7 and scpp4). the scpp4 pseudogene in the ocean sunfish is shown as a dotted arrow. lower panel: alignment of sunfish, fugu and medaka scpp4 sequences showing the single base insertion in exon 2 of this gene in sunfish resulting in a premature termination codon followed by a frameshift in the rest of the open reading frame. this insertion was confirmed by pcr and sequencing of genomic dna from two other specimens (genbank accession numbers kf737069 and kf737070). the termination codon in sunfish is underlined in red. the accession numbers for fugu and medaka scpp4 genes used in the alignment are dq066525. 1 and xm _ 004065875. 2, respectively. chr, chromosome; scaf, scaffold\nwhen you look at an ocean sunfish, you might notice that it appears that its back end is missing. these fish don' t really have a normal - looking tail. instead, they have an appendage called a fact: , which is a result of the fusion of dorsal and anal fin rays. despite their lack of a powerful tail, ocean sunfish are capable of breaching (leaping) clear of the water !\nin order to steer its way through the ocean, the ocean sunfish waves both the anal and dorsal fins in unison from side to side. these fins add a twisting motion as they wave. the small, continuously flapping, pectoral fins are thought to only act as stabilizers, having no effect on the propulsion or steering of the animal. the tail is used as a rudder. steering is accomplished by the use of the gills. the sunfish steers itself by squirting a strong jet of water out of one gill opening or the other, or out of its mouth. the food of the ocean sunfish consists of plankton, jellyfish, shellfish, crustaceans, squid, and small fish, so speed is not essential. the life of ocean sunfish is very simple and does not require much intelligence, and its brain is smaller than its spinal cord .\nthe ocean sunfish has a snout which protrudes out beyond a small mouth, which consists of both an upper and lower jaw. the jaws are toothed and are joined to form a single, sharp - edged beak .\npope, e. c. et al. the biology and ecology of the ocean sunfish mola mola: a review of current knowledge and future research perspectives. rev fish biol fish 20, 471–487 (2010) .\npotter, i. f. , galuardi, b. & howell, w. h. horizontal movement of ocean sunfish, mola mola, in the northwest atlantic. mar biol 158, 531–540 (2011) .\nfrom eggs set adrift in the open ocean, a larvae, almost impossibly small considering the adults they will grow into, will hatch. the larvae of a sunfish are less than 2. 5 mm in size .\nthe new species, dubbed the' hoodwinker sunfish' (mola tecta) after its elusive nature, is the first new addition to the sunfish genus for almost 130 years .\nthe sample of ocean sunfish blood was delivered to brenner shortly after the death of the fish. returning to singapore with frozen blood sample tucked away in his hand luggage, brenner began the process of genome sequencing. the process from brenner’s acquiring the sample to the sunfish’s genome being sequenced would take 20 years .\nby 35 mm in length, the body spines are much less prominent, the body is deeper and more compressed, and the beak - like teeth and clavus have developed. the adult ocean sunfish has no visible spines .\nour analyses provide insights into the molecular basis of the fast growth rate and large size of the ocean sunfish. the high - quality genome assembly generated in this study should facilitate further studies of this' natural mutant' .\nnew york (genomeweb) – an international team led by investigators at bgi - shenzhen and a * star in singapore has sequenced the genome of the ocean sunfish, mola mola, the largest known living bony fish species .\na typical view of a sunfish off st. david' s head south - west wales\nlargemouth bass, smallmouth bass, rock bass, and black bass are all members of the sunfish family. bass generally eat the smaller members of the sunfish family, like bluegills .\n( recent sunfish development: check out this giant one caught on camera off portugal. )\njellies are more numerous than nutritious, so the sunfish spends most of its time feeding .\n] and mapped onto the sunfish genome using tblastn (v2. 2. 19) [\nthe ocean sunfish is the heaviest bony fish in the world; it can grow more than 10 feet long and pack on a whopping 5, 000 pounds, and yet its flat body has no real tail to speak of .\nit' s on the surface, though, where the ocean sunfish puts on a show that gives it its name — the “sunfish” bit, not the\nocean\npart. curiously, it will turn on its side and bask. it’s a measure to remove parasites, of which mola mola hosts some 40 genera. by laying on its side, the sunfish presents a buffet to seagulls that pick parasites off its skin. “and then whenever you' re in the ocean and you come across anything floating, it attracts little fishes underneath it, ” said thys. “so by casting this shadow it could also attract little cleaner fishes to come up and eat parasites off them. ”\nconducting a comparative analysis of the sunfish and seven other ray - finned fish, which focused on nearly 1, 700 ray - finned fish gene orthologues, the researchers considered relationships and divergence times for the fish. for example, they estimated that the ocean sunfish lineage split from the pufferfish lineage roughly 68 million years ago .\n]. therefore, we hypothesized that loss of hox genes could contribute to phenotypic evolution. to determine whether sunfish has uniquely lost any hox gene (s), we analyzed the hox gene complement in the sunfish. the sunfish possesses seven hox gene clusters similar to fugu but contains more hox genes (47 genes in sunfish compared with 45 in fugu) (additional file\nthe sunfish is a wanderer of the high seas, drifting at the mercy of the ocean currents; those that are seen are at the surface (see following for an exception); how deep they may descend is not known .\nlittle is known about the breeding behaviors of ocean sunfish. off the coast of japan, spawning is thought to occur between august and october (nakatsubo et al. , 2007). female ocean sunfish can produce over 300 million eggs each breeding season, making them the most fecund extant vertebrate (bass et al. , 2005). their eggs are very small, with an average diameter of 0. 13 cm (pope et al. , 2010) .\nperhaps the ocean sunfish could use a pr blitz with its own animated film. we can call it finding the perpetually surprised saw blade fish with dragon intestines. it' ll test great with carpenters. and gastroenterologists, i suppose .\nnakamura, i. , goto, y. & k. sato. 2015. ocean sunfish rewarm at the surface after deep excursions to forage for siphonophores. journal of animal ecology. 84 (3): 590 - 603 .\nstatus: the number of sunfish is unknown but the numbers appear to be decreasing due to the by - catch of commercial fisherman and to the increased popularity of sunfish as a food. boating incidents can be harmful to the sunfish or damaging to the boat depending on the size of the fish. one other harm would be plastic bags in the ocean. the sunfish sees these as jellyfish and tries to eat them. the bag can become stuck in their throats or their stomachs which can prevent them from eating .\nsunfish. at 10 feet long and 5, 000 pounds, it' s the biggest bony fish on earth. also, it looks like a swimming face. the sunfish is actually related to the pufferfish, but its ancestors long ago headed out into the open ocean because who are you to say they couldn' t .\nthe ocean sunfish (mola mola) which can grow up to a length of 2. 7 m and weigh 2. 3 tons is the world’s largest bony fish. it exhibits an extremely fast growth rate and possesses an endoskeleton made up largely of cartilage. another unique feature of the sunfish is the loss of caudal fin which is replaced by a broad and stiff lobe resulting in the characteristic truncated appearance of the fish. to get an insight into the genomic bases of these derived phenotypes, we sequenced the ocean sunfish genome and performed comparative analysis with other teleost genomes. several ocean sunfish genes involved in the gh / igf1 axis signaling pathway were found to be under positive selection or accelerated evolution, which might explain its fast growth rate and large body size. a number of genes associated with the extracellular matrix, some of which are involved in the regulation of bone and cartilage development, have also undergone positive selection or accelerated evolution. the ocean sunfish contains seven hox clusters similar to fugu but contains more hox genes than fugu. thus, it appears that the caudal fin loss in ocean sunfish is not associated with the loss of any specific hox gene. our analyses provide insights into the molecular basis of the fast growth rate and large size of the sunfish. the high - quality genome assembly generated in this study should facilitate further studies of this ‘natural mutant’ .\nthe genome of the ocean sunfish (mola mola), the world’s largest bony fish, has been sequenced for the first time by researchers from china national genebank at bgi - shenzhen and a * star, singapore. the researchers, who include nobel laureate sydney brenner, publish their results in the open access journal gigascience. the ocean sunfish genome revealed several altered genes that may explain the fast growth rate and large size of the fish as well as its unusual endoskeleton .\nthe german term for a sunfish is schwimmender kopf, meaning “swimming head, ” a pretty apt description of their appearance. the polish name for sunfish is samogłów, or “head alone. ”\nin sunfish is somehow related to its unusual fin morphology. in addition to the complete loss of\nis 0. 2255, 0. 2425 for sunfish and medaka, and 0. 3244 for\nnevertheless, over a three year period marianne and her team collected data from 27 hoodwinker sunfish .\nchris mcclelland: hello, i have had success raising green sunfish in an aquari ...\nthe ocean sunfish' s immense size has earned it the title of\nworld' s largest bony fish .\nas you might imagine, getting that bulky takes some serious growing. researchers recorded a captive sunfish ballooning 880 pounds in fifteen months, an average of 1. 8 pounds per day. that' s far, far above other ray - finned fish, even ones that are similar in size to the sunfish .\nhundreds of tissue samples have been analyzed from mola populations spanning the globe. some striking differences between certain populations are emerging. we may even have two new species of giant ocean sunfish. so stay tuned on the genetics front as well .\nwe have already protected over 3. 5 million square miles of ocean and inumerable sea life - but there is still more to be done .\na hammerhead shark locates a stingray hiding beneath the ocean floor. unnerved, the stingray makes a dash for freedom but is it too late ?\nthe ocean sunfish is the biggest of all known bony fish. they' re carnivorous and feed mainly on jellyfish. they' re very docile and slow making them easy victims to larger predators. despite that, ocean sunfish are still a danger to humans due the chances of them leaping onto boats. they' re very rare in captivity due their unique and demanding requirements of care. there are few ocean sunfish in captivity; only in the kaiyukan aquarium in japan, lisbon oceanarium in portugal, valencia oceanogràfic in spain, and nordsøen oceanarium in denmark. the largest ocean sunfish in captivity lived in monterey bay aquarium and arrived at 1986. it grew to an enormous size. because sunfish had not been kept in captivity on a large scale before, the staff at monterey bay was forced to innovate and create their own methods for capture, feeding, and parasite control. by 1998, these issues were overcome, and the aquarium was able to hold a specimen for more than a year, later releasing it after its weight increased by more than 14 times .\nthe ocean sunfish is an unusual looking fish. it doesn' t have a caudal fin, instead it has a clavus, which is formed by extensions of the dorsal and anal fin rays, often making it as tall as it is long .\nsunfish generally hang out at depths of 160 to 650 feet, but they can dive much deeper on occasion. in one study, scientists recorded a sunfish diving more than 2600 feet below the surface .\na sunfish caught in 1910, with an estimated weight of 3500 lbs. image via wiki commons .\nannotation methods, we predicted 19, 605 protein - coding genes in the sunfish assembly (fig .\npresence / absence of bone formation - related genes in the sunfish genome. (xlsx 14 kb )\nthe ocean sunfish has frustrated harpooners for many years. when pierced by a harpoon, a sunfish makes no attempt to take evasive action, but rather makes sounds described as sighing, groaning, or grunting. these sounds are made by grinding their throat teeth together and may or may not indicate distress. no evasive action is necessary because the ocean sunfish has about 2 - 3 in (5 - 7. 5 cm) of gristle under its tough skin. harpooners have been known to try dozens of times before piercing this skin. indeed, it has even been said to be bullet - proof .\nrussian fishermen pulled a 1, 100 kg ocean sunfish which got stuck in their net in the waters near iturup island, according to sakhalin info. also known as moonfish and mola, the bizarre - looking creature is the heaviest bony fish on earth .\nocean sunfish are foraging predators that will eat a variety of food, but their preferred prey are jellyfishes. jellyfishes are almost exclusively made up of water and are low in calories / nutrients, so a fish with a body as large as the ocean sunfish’s has to eat a whole lot of jellyfishes to support its weight. they have a surprisingly high growth rate and can gain hundreds of pounds in a year, so these jellyfish specialists are always on the hunt. adults are too large to be threatened by any but the absolute largest potential predators, but medium - sized individuals are eaten by sea lions, killer whales, and large sharks. california sea lions are known to bite the fins off of small ocean sunfish and then play with them like frisbees." ]

{ "text": [ "the ocean sunfish or common mola ( mola mola ) is the heaviest known bony fish in the world .", "adults typically weigh between 247 and 1,000 kg ( 545 – 2,205 lb ) .", "the species is native to tropical and temperate waters around the globe .", "it resembles a fish head with a tail , and its main body is flattened laterally .", "sunfish can be as tall as they are long when their dorsal and ventral fins are extended .", "sunfish live on a diet consisting mainly of jellyfish , but because this diet is nutritionally poor , they consume large amounts to develop and maintain their great bulk .", "females of the species can produce more eggs than any other known vertebrate , up to 300,000,000 at a time .", "sunfish fry resemble miniature pufferfish , with large pectoral fins , a tail fin , and body spines uncharacteristic of adult sunfish .", "adult sunfish are vulnerable to few natural predators , but sea lions , killer whales , and sharks will consume them .", "among humans , sunfish are considered a delicacy in some parts of the world , including japan , korea , and taiwan .", "in the eu , regulations ban the sale of fish and fishery products derived from the family molidae .", "sunfish are frequently caught in gillnets .", "a member of the order tetraodontiformes , which also includes pufferfish , porcupinefish , and filefish , the sunfish shares many traits common to members of this order .", "the ocean sunfish , mola mola , is the type species of the genus . " ], "topic": [ 6, 0, 13, 23, 23, 8, 28, 23, 19, 20, 15, 15, 26, 26 ] }

[ "the ocean sunfish or common mola (mola mola) is the heaviest known bony fish in the world. adults typically weigh between 247 and 1,000 kg (545 – 2,205 lb). the species is native to tropical and temperate waters around the globe. it resembles a fish head with a tail, and its main body is flattened laterally. sunfish can be as tall as they are long when their dorsal and ventral fins are extended. sunfish live on a diet consisting mainly of jellyfish, but because this diet is nutritionally poor, they consume large amounts to develop and maintain their great bulk. females of the species can produce more eggs than any other known vertebrate, up to 300,000,000 at a time. sunfish fry resemble miniature pufferfish, with large pectoral fins, a tail fin, and body spines uncharacteristic of adult sunfish. adult sunfish are vulnerable to few natural predators, but sea lions, killer whales, and sharks will consume them. among humans, sunfish are considered a delicacy in some parts of the world, including japan, korea, and taiwan. in the eu, regulations ban the sale of fish and fishery products derived from the family molidae. sunfish are frequently caught in gillnets. a member of the order tetraodontiformes, which also includes pufferfish, porcupinefish, and filefish, the sunfish shares many traits common to members of this order. the ocean sunfish, mola mola, is the type species of the genus." ]

[ "scleronema angustirostris (devincenzi 1942). trichomycteridae. distribution: argentina and uruguay .\nfernández & osinaga 2006. trichomycteridae. distribution: aguarague national park, bolivia .\n( eigenmann 1928). trichomycteridae. distribution: western drainages in central chile .\n( eigenmann 1917). trichomycteridae. distribution: calima river basin, colombia .\n( berg 1897). trichomycteridae. distribution: la rioja range, argentina .\nwosiacki 2004. trichomycteridae. distribution: riacho andrequicé, minas gerais, brazil .\n( eigenmann 1918). trichomycteridae. distribution: são paulo state, brazil .\n( steindachner 1915). trichomycteridae. distribution: western andean cordillera, colombia .\neremophilus mutisii humboldt 1805. trichomycteridae. distribution: bogotá r. basin, colombia .\nhenonemus triacanthopomus donascimiento & provenzano 2006. trichomycteridae. distribution: orinoco delta, venezuela .\nhomodiaetus banguela koch 2002. trichomycteridae. distribution: são joão r. , brazil .\npareiodon microps kner 1855. trichomycteridae. distribution: amazon r. basin, brazil .\npygidianops eigenmanni myers 1944. trichomycteridae. distribution: negro r. basin, brazil .\nstegophilus septentrionalis myers 1927. trichomycteridae. distribution: orinoco r. basin, venezuela .\n( eigenmann 1912). trichomycteridae. distribution: river drainages in colombia and venezuela .\n( tortonese 1942). trichomycteridae. distribution: bomboiza r. basin, ecuador .\n( eigenmann 1912). trichomycteridae. distribution: boquia r. basin, colombia .\ncosta 1992. trichomycteridae. distribution: upper são francisco r. basin, brazil .\n( eigenmann 1912). trichomycteridae. distribution: river drainages in guyana and venezuela .\n( schultz 1944). trichomycteridae. distribution: chama r. basin, venezuela .\n( steindachner 1915). trichomycteridae. distribution: songo r. basin, bolivia .\ntrichomycterus itacambirussu triques & vono 2004. trichomycteridae. distribution: minas gerais, brazil .\ntrichomycterus jequitinhonhae triques & vono 2004. trichomycteridae. distribution: minas gerais, brazil .\n( schultz 1945). trichomycteridae. distribution: tuy r. basin, venezuela .\nvalenciennes 1832. trichomycteridae. distribution: coatal drainages in santa catarina state, brazil .\n( eigenmann 1922). trichomycteridae. distribution: piura r. basin, peru .\n( fowler 1941). trichomycteridae. distribution: honda r. basin, colombia .\n( fowler 1945). trichomycteridae. distribution: ucayali r. basin, peru .\ntridensimilis venezuelae schultz 1944. trichomycteridae. distribution: orinoco r. basin, venezuela .\n, a new catfish species from the rio iguaçu drainage: the largest head in trichomycteridae (siluriformes: trichomycteridae). neotrop ichthyol. 2008; 6 (1): 17–23 .\nituglanis macunaima datovo & landim 2005. trichomycteridae. distribution: rio araguaia basin, brazil .\nrhizosomichthys totae (miles 1942). trichomycteridae. distribution: lake tota basin, colombia .\nstegophilus insidiosus reinhardt 1859. trichomycteridae. distribution: são francisco r. basin, brazil .\ntyphlobelus ternetzi myers 1944. trichomycteridae. distribution: upper negro r. basin, brazil .\n( eigenmann 1917). trichomycteridae. distribution: river drainages in villavicencio countries, colombia .\n( myers 1926). trichomycteridae. distribution: upper negro r. basin, brazil .\ntrichomycterus itatiayae miranda ribeiro 1906. trichomycteridae. distribution: river in itatiaia mountains, brazil .\nalencar & costa 2004. trichomycteridae. distribution: rio da prata, se. brazil .\nfernández 2000. trichomycteridae. distribution: laguna blanca basin, catamarca prov. , argentina .\n( eigenmann 1917). trichomycteridae. distribution: san juan r. basin, colombia .\n( steindachner 1915). trichomycteridae. distribution: combeima r. basin, central andes .\n( regan 1913). trichomycteridae. distribution: san juan r. basin, colombia .\ntridentopsis tocantinsi la monte 1939. trichomycteridae. distribution: tocantins r. basin, brazil .\nhenonemus macrops (steindachner 1882). trichomycteridae. distribution: amazon r. basin, brazil .\nhenonemus taxistigmus (fowler 1914). trichomycteridae. distribution: rupununi r. basin, guyana .\nmalacoglanis gelatinosus myers & weitzman 1966. trichomycteridae. distribution: caquetá r. basin, colombia .\nmiuroglanis platycephalus eigenmann & eigenmann 1889. trichomycteridae. distribution: solimões r. basin, brazil .\nparacanthopoma parva giltay 1935. trichomycteridae. distribution: amazon and essequibo r. basins, brazil .\nplectrochilus wieneri (pellegrin 1909). trichomycteridae. distribution: napo r. basin, ecuador .\npseudostegophilus haemomyzon (myers 1942). trichomycteridae. distribution: orinoco r. basin, venezuela .\nvalenciennes 1846. trichomycteridae. distribution: western slopes in central chile; (?) argentina .\n( fernández - yépez 1972). trichomycteridae. distribution: uaracuy r, basin, venezuela .\ntrichomycterus caliense (eigenmann 1912). trichomycteridae. distribution: calima r. basin, colombia .\narratia & menu - marque 1984. trichomycteridae. distribution: tupiza r. basin, bolivia .\ntrichomycterus heterodontus (eigenmann 1917). trichomycteridae. distribution: mendoza r. basin, argentina .\n( eigenmann 1917). trichomycteridae. distribution: upper são francisco r. basin, brazil .\n( regan 1913). trichomycteridae. distribution: sipi and tamana r. basins, colombia .\ntridens melanops eigenmann & eigenmann 1889. trichomycteridae. distribution: amazon r. basin, brazil .\n( eigenmann & eigenmann 1889). trichomycteridae. distribution: amazon r. basin, brazil .\nfrom eastern brazil (siluriformes, trichomycteridae). revue fr. aquariol. 23: 85–90 .\nsp. (siluriformes, loricariidae, trichomycteridae). mém. biospéol. 21: 151–159 .\nochmacanthus flabelliferus eigenmann 1912. trichomycteridae. distribution: rivers in guyana and venezuela. trichomycterus goeldii boulenger 1896. trichomycteridae. distribution: mountain ranges of coastal basins of rio de janeiro state, brazil .\nmultilocus analysis of the catfish family trichomycteridae (teleostei: ostariophysi: siluriformes) supporting a monophyletic trichomycterinae .\nituglanis parkoi (miranda ribeiro 1944). trichomycteridae. distribution: amazon r. basin, brazil .\nplectrochilus machadoi miranda ribeiro 1917. trichomycteridae. distribution: amazon r. basin: brazil and peru .\nsarcoglanis simplex myers & weitzman 1966. trichomycteridae. distribution: upper negro r. basin, brazil .\nstegophilus panzeri (ahl 1931). trichomycteridae. distribution: lower amazon r. basin, brazil .\nfernández & vari 2000. trichomycteridae. distribution: laguna blanca basin, catamarca prov. , argentina .\nfernández & vari 2004. trichomycteridae. distribution: prov. de la rioja, w. argentina .\narratia & menu - marque 1984. trichomycteridae. distribution: pastos chicos r. basin, argentina .\ntrichomycterus spegazzinii (berg 1897). trichomycteridae. distribution: provinces of salta and catamarca, argentina .\nwosiacki & oyakawa 2005. trichomycteridae. distribution: tributaries of rio ribeira de iguape, southeastern brazil .\ntridentopsis pearsoni myers 1925. trichomycteridae. distribution: upper amazon r. basin: argentina and bolivia .\n( eigenmann, 1909) from venezuela (pisces, siluriformes, trichomycteridae). pp. 211–217 .\nbaskin jn. structure and relationship of the trichomycteridae. city university of new york, new york; 1973\n( siluriformes: trichomycteridae) from an offshore island of colombia. copeia. 2005: 2005: 68–76 .\nfrom the andean cordillera of argentina (siluriformes: trichomycteridae). copeia. 2009; 2009: 195–202 .\n( siluriformes: trichomycteridae), du brésil oriental. rev fr d’aquariol. 1992; 18: 101–110 .\napomatoceros alleni eigenmann 1922. trichomycteridae. distribution: río morona, upper amazon r. system, peru .\nglanapteryx anguilla myers 1927. trichomycteridae. distribution: negro and orinoco r. basins: brazil and venezuela .\nhaemomaster venezuelae myers 1927. trichomycteridae. distribution: amazon and orinoco r. basins: brazil and venezuela .\nhenonemus intermedius (eigenmann & eigenmann 1889). trichomycteridae. distribution: araguaia r. basin, brazil .\nituglanis nebulosus de pinna & keith 2003. trichomycteridae. distribution: approuague r. basin, french guiana .\nituglanis proops (miranda ribeiro 1908). trichomycteridae. distribution: ribeira de iguape r. basin, brazil\nochmacanthus orinoco myers 1927. trichomycteridae. distribution: negro and orinoco r. basins: brazil and venezuela .\nparastegophilus paulensis (miranda ribeiro 1918). trichomycteridae. distribution: upper paraná r. basin, brazil .\nparavandellia phaneronema (miles 1943). trichomycteridae. distribution: magdalena and cauca r. basins, colombia .\nplectrochilus diabolicus (myers 1927). trichomycteridae. distribution: amazon r. basin: brazil and peru .\npseudostegophilus nemurus (günther 1869). trichomycteridae. distribution: amazon r. basin: brazil and peru .\nschultzichthys gracilis dahl 1960. trichomycteridae. distribution: cuayabero r. , orinoco r. basin, colombia .\nstenolicmus sarmientoi de pinna & starnes 1990. trichomycteridae. distribution: upper apere r. basin, bolivia .\nboulenger 1896. trichomycteridae. distribution: mountain ranges of coastal basins of rio de janeiro state, brazil .\ntrichomycterus johnsoni (fowler 1932). trichomycteridae. distribution: paraná r. basin: argentina and brazil .\nwosiacki & garavello 2004. trichomycteridae. distribution: río iguaçu, río paraná basin, s. brazil .\ncosta 1992. trichomycteridae. distribution: benefica r. , paraíba do sul r. basin, brazil .\ncosta 1992. trichomycteridae. distribution: preto r. , paraíba do sul r. basin, brazil .\n( eigenmann 1917). trichomycteridae. distribution: paraná r. basin in são paulo state, brazil .\nfernández & schaefer 2003. trichomycteridae. distribution: arroyao aguas calientes, prov. de catamarca, argentina .\nacanthopoma annectens lütken 1892. trichomycteridae. distribution: upper and middle amazon r. basin: brazil and peru .\nituglanis amazonicus (steindachner 1882). trichomycteridae. distribution: amazon r. basin: brazil and french guiana .\nlistrura camposi (miranda ribeiro 1957). trichomycteridae. distribution: são paulo and santa catarina states, brazil .\nparastegophilus maculatus (steindachner 1879). trichomycteridae. distribution: lower paraná and uruguay r. basins: argentina .\nstauroglanis gouldingi de pinna 1989. trichomycteridae. distribution: daraá r. , negro r. basin, brazil .\n( miranda ribeiro 1949). trichomycteridae. distribution: grande r. basin, minas gerais state, brazil .\n( dahl 1960). trichomycteridae. distribution: guayabero r. , orinoco r. basin, colombia. habitat\n( eigenmann 1918). trichomycteridae. distribution: coastal rivers between santa catarina and são paulo states, brazil .\n( siluriformes: trichomycteridae) representing a new body shape for the family. copeia. 2008; 2008: 273–278 .\nglanapteryx niobium de pinna 1998. trichomycteridae. distribution: negro r, basin; morro dos seis lagos, brazil .\nhenonemus punctatus (boulenger 1887). trichomycteridae. distribution: amazon r. basin: brazil, ecuador and peru .\nituglanis epikarsticus bichuette & trajano 2004. trichomycteridae. distribution: rimstone dams in são mateus cave, goiás, brazil .\nituglanis ramiroi bichuette & trajano 2004. trichomycteridae. distribution: são bernardo cave, são domingos, goiás, brazil .\nparavandellia oxyptera miranda ribeiro 1912. trichomycteridae. distribution: paraná - paraguay - uruguay basin, se. south america .\ntrichogenes longipinnis britski & ortega 1983. trichomycteridae. distribution: coastal drainages in n. são paulo state, brazil .\n( eigenmann 1911). trichomycteridae. distribution: beni r. basin, bolivia; argentina: argentina and bolivia .\nalencar & costa 2004. trichomycteridae. distribution: upper rio itabapoana basin, serra do caparaó, se. brazil .\nlima & costa 2004. trichomycteridae. distribution: upper rio guandu basin, serra do mendanha, se. brazil .\ntrichomycterus hasemani (eigenmann 1914). trichomycteridae. distribution: amazon r. basin: bolivia, brazil and peru .\nbockmann & sazima 2004. trichomycteridae. distribution: tributary of the rio pardo system, upper rio paraná, brazil .\n( eigenmann 1918). trichomycteridae. distribution: preto r. , paraíba do sul r. basin, brazil .\n( eigenmann 1917). trichomycteridae. distribution: paraíba do sul r. basin, minas gerais state, brazil .\ntyphlobelus lundbergi schaefer, provenzano, de pinna & baskin 2005. trichomycteridae. distribution: lower río orinoco, venezuela .\ntyphlobelus macromycterus costa & bockmann 1994. trichomycteridae. distribution: tocantins r. near tucuruí, para state, brazil .\ntaxonomic review of the genus trichomycterus valenciennes (siluriformes: trichomycteridae) from the laguna dos patos system, southern brazil .\nde pinna mcc, wosiacki w. trichomycteridae in: reis re, kullander so, ferraris cj (org) .\na new species of trichomycterus (siluriformes: trichomycteridae) from south brazil and redescription of t. iheringi (eigenmann )\nde pinna mcc, wosiacki w. trichomycteridae. in: reis re, kullander so, ferraris cj (org) .\nmultilocus analysis of the catfish family trichomycteridae (teleostei: ostariophysi: siluriformes) supporting a monophyletic trichomycterinae. - pubmed - ncbi\nammoglanis diaphanus costa 1994. trichomycteridae. distribution: stream tributary to javaés r. , araguaia r. basin, brazil .\ncopionodon orthiocarinatus de pinna 1992. trichomycteridae. distribution: mucujê r. , trib. to paraguaçu r. , brazil .\ncopionodon pecten de pinna 1992. trichomycteridae. distribution: mucujê r. , trib. to paraguaçu r. , brazil .\nglaphyropoma rodriguesi de pinna 1992. trichomycteridae. distribution: mucujê r. , trib. to paraguaçu r. , brazil .\nituglanis guayaberensis (dahl 1960). trichomycteridae. distribution: guayabero r. basin, orinoco r. drainage, colombia .\nituglanis herberti (miranda ribeiro 1940). trichomycteridae. distribution: bodoquena r. in paraguay r. basin, brazil .\nituglanis parahybae (eigenmann 1918). trichomycteridae. distribution: paraíba do sul and são jaão r. basins, brazil .\nituglanis passensis fernández & bichuette 2002. trichomycteridae. distribution: passa três cave system in são domingos, goiás, brazil .\nmicrocambeva ribeirae costa, lima & bizerril 2004. trichomycteridae. distribution: rio ribeira de iguape basin, se. brazil .\nparavandellia oxyptera miranda ribeiro 1912. trichomycteridae. distribution: paraná, paraguay and uruguay r. basins: brazil and paraguay .\npygidianops cuao schaefer, provenzano, de pinna & baskin 2005. trichomycteridae. distribution: río cuao drainage basin, venezuela .\nboulenger 1897. trichomycteridae. distribution: salta catamarca and mendoza in argentina, and aguairenda in bolivia: argentina and bolivia .\ntrichomycterus iheringi (eigenmann 1917). trichomycteridae. distribution: ribeira de iguape r. basin and paraná basin, brazil .\n( schultz 1944). trichomycteridae. distribution: san juan r. , motatán drainage, lake maracaibo basin, venezuela .\n( miranda ribeiro 1943). trichomycteridae. distribution: paquequer r. , paraíba do sul r. basin, brazil .\nsarmento - soares, martins - pinheiro, aranda & chamon 2005. trichomycteridae. distribution: bahia, se. brazil .\nvalenciennes 1846. trichomycteridae. distribution: high altitude lakes and streams in central andean range: bolivia, chile and peru .\ndonascimiento, villarreal & provenzano 2001. trichomycteridae. distribution: punto fijo cave, upper guasare r. basin, venezuela .\ntyphlobelus guacamaya schaefer, provenzano, de pinna & baskin 2005. trichomycteridae. distribution: río cuao drainage basin, venezuela .\n, a cave catfish from eastern brazil (siluriformes, trichomycteridae). env. biol. fish. 50: 357–369 .\n( siluriformes: trichomycteridae) from the amazon basin, brazil. neotrop ichthyol. 2012; 10 (2): 225–231 .\nhatcheria macraei (girard 1855). trichomycteridae. distribution: cis - andean rivers between 29° and 45°30' s, argentina .\npygidianops magoi schaefer, provenzano, de pinna & baskin 2005. trichomycteridae. distribution: lower río orinoco r. , venezuela .\nschultzichthys bondi (myers 1942). trichomycteridae. distribution: amazon and orinoco r. basins: brazil, peru and venezuela .\ntrichomycterus albinotatus costa 1992. trichomycteridae. distribution: preto r. , trib. of paraíba do sul r. , brazil .\n( nichols 1956). trichomycteridae. distribution: grande r. basin, argentina; carumbé, paraguay: argentina and paraguay .\nbarbosa & costa 2003. trichomycteridae. distribution: coastal basins between mangaratiba and itaguaí, rio de janeiro, se. brazil .\nvandellia cirrhosa valenciennes 1846. trichomycteridae. distribution: amazon r. basin: bolivia, brazil, colombia, ecuador and peru .\nvandellia sanguinea eigenmann 1917. trichomycteridae. distribution: amazon, orinoco and essequibo r. basins: brazil, guyana and venezuela .\nabout bullockia gen. nov. , trichomycterus mendozensis n. sp. and revision of the family trichomycteridae (pisces, siluriformes )\nseven new species of the catfish genus trichomycterus (teleostei: siluriformes: trichomycteridae) from southeastern brazil and redescription of t. brasiliensis\ntrajano & pinna 1996, cave catfish from southeastern brazil (trichomycteridae). j fish biol. 50 (in press) .\nhomodiaetus graciosa koch 2002. trichomycteridae. distribution: coastal basins of se. brazil in states of paraná and são paulo, brazil .\nituglanis eichorniarum (miranda ribeiro 1912). trichomycteridae. distribution: rio paraná and upper paraguay r. basin: argentina and brazil .\nlistrura boticario de pinna & wosiacki 2002. trichomycteridae. distribution: da figueira and guaraqueçaba r. basins, paraná state, brazil .\nmicrocambeva barbata costa & bockmann 1994. trichomycteridae. distribution: coastal drainages in states of rio de janeiro and espírito santo, brazil .\nochmacanthus batrachostomus (miranda ribeiro 1912). trichomycteridae. distribution: paraná r. and paraguay r. basin: argentina and brazil .\nsilvinichthys bortayro fernández & de pinna 2005. trichomycteridae. distribution: artifical wells at san luis, andian cordillera of salta, argentina .\ncosta 1992. trichomycteridae. distribution: trib. stream of ribeirão caveira, una r. basin in state of bahia, brazil .\nvandellia beccarii di caporiacco 1935. trichomycteridae. distribution: orinoco r. basin and rivers of guyana: colombia, guyana and venezuela .\nammoglanis pulex de pinna & winemiller 2000. trichomycteridae. distribution: paria grande r. , pamoni r. and caño garrapata, venezuela .\nhomodiaetus anisitsi eigenmann & ward 1907. trichomycteridae. distribution: paraná - paraguay r. basin: argentina, brazil, paraguay and uruguay .\nituglanis bambui bichuette & trajano 2004. trichomycteridae. distribution: upper tributaries of the main stream in the angélica cave, goiás, brazil .\nlistrura tetraradiata landim & costa 2002. trichomycteridae. distribution: ibicuíba r. , araruama lagoon system, rio de janeiro state, brazil .\nsilvinichthys mendozensis (arratia, chang, menu - marque & rojas 1978). trichomycteridae. distribution: mendoza r. basin, argentina .\ntrichomycterus guianense (eigenmann 1909). trichomycteridae. distribution: river drainages in the guianas and venezuela: french guiana, guyana and venezuela .\ntrichomycterus immaculatus (eigenmann & eigenmann 1889). trichomycteridae. distribution: paraíbuna r. , paraíba do sul r. basin, brazil .\n( ostariophysi, siluroidei, trichomycteridae) da gruta olhos d' água, mg. espeleo - tema, são paulo 15: 53–64 .\nhomodiaetus passarellii (miranda ribeiro 1944). trichomycteridae. distribution: coastal basins of se. brazil in state of rio de janeiro, brazil .\nmegalocentor echthrus de pinna & britski 1991. trichomycteridae. distribution: amazon and orinoco r. basins: bolivia, brazil, peru and venezuela .\n. ochmacanthus reinhardtii (steindachner 1882). trichomycteridae. distribution: amazon r. basin and drainages in french guiana: brazil and french guiana .\n( eigenmann 1917). trichomycteridae. distribution: coastal river basins in rio de janeiro, minas gerais, and espírito santo states, brazil .\ncosta 1992. trichomycteridae. distribution: marimbondo r. , trib. of preto r. , paraíba do sul r. basin, brazil .\n( haseman 1911). trichomycteridae. distribution: upper paraná r. and iguaçu and ribeira de iguape r. basins: argentina and brazil .\n( trichomycteridae), of lago de tota, colombia, and aspects of cranial osteology revealed by microtomography. copeia. 2009; 2009: 510–522 .\nvalenciennes (siluriformes: trichomycteridae) from the laguna dos patos system, southern brazil. neotrop ichthyol. 2013; 11 (2): 217–246 .\nlistrura nematopteryx de pinna 1988. trichomycteridae. distribution: estrela r. basin in rio de janeiro state and picinguaba, são paulo state, brazil .\nscleronema minutum (boulenger 1891). trichomycteridae. distribution: paraná r. basin and rio grande do sul state, brazil: argentina and brazil .\nscleronema operculatum eigenmann 1917. trichomycteridae. distribution: rio grande do sul state, brazil; corrientes and entre rios, argentina: argentina and brazil .\nlütken 1874. trichomycteridae. distribution: upper são francisco r. basin in state of minas gerais and in smaller adjoining basins in se. brazil .\ntrichomycterus maracaya, a new catfish from the upper río paraná, southeastern brazil (siluriformes: trichomycteridae), with notes on the t. brasiliensis species–complex\npopulation biology of trichomycterus sp. (siluriformes, trichomycteridae) in passa cinco stream, corumbataí river sub - basin, são paulo state, southeastern brazil\n( schultz 1944). trichomycteridae. distribution: san juan r. , trib. to motatán r. , lake maracaibo r. basin, venezuela .\ntrichomycterus anhanga, a new species of miniature catfish related to t. hasemani and t. johnsoni (siluriformes: trichomycteridae) from the amazon basin, brazil\nn. sp. and revision of the family trichomycteridae (pisces, siluriformes). stud neotrop fauna environ. 1978; 13 (3–4): 157–194 .\ncopionodon lianae campanario & de pinna 2000. trichomycteridae. distribution: grisante r. , trib. to mucujê r. , parauaçu r. basin, brazil .\nbizerril, crsf. , 1994. descrição de uma nova espécie de trichomycterus (siluroidei, trichomycteridae) do estado de santa catarina, com uma sinopse da composição da família trichomycteridae no leste brasileiro. arquivos de biologia e tecnologia, vol. 37, no. 3, p. 617 - 628. [ links ]\n( siluriformes: loricarioidea: trichomycteridae): a new catfish from the rio guandu basin, southeastern brazil. zootaxa. 2004; 761 (1), 1–6 .\nfrom the la plata river basin, southern brazil, with comments on its putative phylogenetic position (siluriformes: trichomycteridae). zootaxa. 2012; 3327: 33–44 .\n< i > ituglanis compactus < / i >, a new species of catfish (siluriformes: trichomycteridae) from the rio jari drainage, lower amazon, brazil .\nbiologia populacional de trichomycterus sp. (siluriformes, trichomycteridae) no rio passa cinco, sub - bacia do rio corumbataí, estado de são paulo, sudeste do brasil\n( siluriformes: trichomycteridae), with comments about troglomorphism and the phylogeny of the genus. j morphol. 2016; 278 (1): 4–28. pmid: 27770455\nbaskin, j. n. (1973) structure and relationship of the trichomycteridae. unpublished ph. d. dissertation, city university of new york, new york .\n( siluriformes: trichomycteridae) from the río orinoco versant of páramo de cruz verde, eastern cordillera of colombia. neotrop ichthyol. 2014; 12 (4): 717–728 .\n( marini, nichols & la monte 1933). trichomycteridae. distribution: humahuaca (jujuy), los sauces r. and valle guanchis (la rioja), argentina .\ncosta wjem, bockmann fa. un nouveau genre néotropical de la famille des trichomycteridae (siluriformes: loricarioidei). rev fr aquariol. 1993; 20 (2): 43–46 .\narratia, g. (1983) the caudal skeleton of ostariophysan fishes (teleostei): intraspecific variation in trichomycteridae (siluriformes). journal of morphology, 177, 213–229. urltoken\n< i > ituglanis compactus < / i >, a new species of catfish (siluriformes: trichomycteridae) from the rio jari drainage, lower amazon, brazil. - pubmed - ncbi\ntrajano, e. & p. gerhard. 1997. light reaction in brazilian cave fishes (siluriformes: pimelodidae, trichomycteridae, loricariidae). mém. biospéol. 24: 127–138 .\n( teleostei: siluriformes: trichomycteridae), a new species of catfish from the paraíba do sul river basin, southeastern brazil. vertebr zool. 2012; 62 (1): 79–82 .\narratia, g. 1983. preferencias de hábitat de peces siluriformes de aguas continentales de chile (fam. diplomystidae y trichomycteridae). stud. neotrop. fauna environm. 18: 217–237 .\n( siluriformes: trichomycteridae) from aguarague national park of the bolivian preandean region, with comments on relationships within of the genus. environ biol fishes. 2006; 75 (4), 385–393 .\ndonascimiento c. morphological evidence for the monophyly of the subfamily of parasitic catfishes stegophilinae (siluriformes, trichomycteridae) and phylogenetic diagnoses of its genera. copeia. 2015; 103 (4): 933–960 .\nbarbosa ma, costa wjem. description of a new species of catfish from the upper rio paraíba do sul basin, south - eastern brazil (teleostei: siluriformes: trichomycteridae) and re - description of\nde pinna mcc. a new sarcoglanidine catfish, phylogeny of its subfamily, and an appraisal of the phyletic status of the trichomycterinae (teleostei, trichomycteridae). am mus novit. 1989; 2950: 1–39 .\ndatovo a, bockmann fa. dorsolateral head muscles of the catfish families nematogenyidae and trichomycteridae (siluriformes: loricarioidei): comparative anatomy and phylogenetic analysis. neotrop ichthyol. 2010; 8 (2): 193–246 .\ndatovo, a. & landim, m. i. (2005) ituglanis macunaima, a new catfish from the rio araguaia basin, brazil (siluriformes: trichomycteridae). neotropical ichthyology, 3, 455–464 .\narratia, g. and s. menu - marque. 1981. revision of the freshwater catfishes of the genus hatcheria (siluriformes, trichomycteridae) with commentaries on ecology and biogeography. zoologisches anzelger 207: 88–111 .\nmiranda ribeiro, a. (1912) loricariidae, callichthyidae, doradidae e trichomycteridae. in: commissão de linhas telegraphicas estrategicas de matto - grosso ao amazonas, annexo no. 5, pp. 1–31, 1 pl .\ncosta, w. j. e. m. 1992. description de huit nouvelles espèces du genre trichomycterus (siluriformes: trichomycteridae), du brésil oriental. revue française d’aquariologie et herpetologie, 18: 101 - 110 .\ndatovo, a. & bockmann, f. a. (2010) dorsolateral head muscles of the catfish families nematogenyidae and trichomycteridae (siluriformes: loricarioidei): comparative anatomy and phylogenetic analysis. neotropical ichthyology, 8, 193–246 .\narratia, g. 1983. preferencias de habitat de peces siluriformes de aguas continentales de chile (fam. diplomystidae y trichomycteridae). studies neotropical fauna environmental 18 (4): 217–237. doi: 10. 1080 / 01650528309360637\nfernández, l. & bichuette, m. e. (2002) a new cave dwelling species of ituglanis from the são domingos karst, central brazil (siluriformes: trichomycteridae). ichthyological exploration of freshwaters, 13, 273–278 .\nrizzato, p. p. & bichuette, m. e. (2014) ituglanis boticario, a new troglomorphic catfish (teleostei: siluriformes: trichomycteridae) from mambaí karst area, central brazil. zoologia, 31, 577–598 .\ncosta, w. j. e. m. & bockmann, f. a. (1993) um nouveau genre néotropical de la famille des trichomycteridae (siluriformes: loricariodea). revue française d' aquariologie, 20, 43–46 .\nlandim, m. i. & costa, w. j. e. m. (2002) listrura tetraradiata (siluriformes: trichomycteridae): a new glanapterygine catfish from the southeastern brazilian coastal plains. copeia, 2002, 152–156 .\nwosiacki, w. b. (2002) estudo das relações filogenéticas de trichomycterinae (teleostei, siluriformes, trichomycteridae) com uma proposta de classificação. tese de doutorado não publicada, universidade de são paulo, são paulo, 324 pp .\narratia, g. , 1983. preferencias de hábitat de peces siluriformes de aguas continentales de chile (família diplomystidae y trichomycteridae). studies on neotropical fauna and environment, vol. 18, p. 217 - 237. [ links ]\ngarcia - melo lj, villa - navarro fa, donascimiento c. a new species of trichomycterus (siluriformes: trichomycteridae) from the upper río magdalena basin, colombia. zootaxa. 2016. 4117 (2), 226. pmid: 27395171\nbichuette, m. e. & trajano, e. (2008) ituglanis mambai, a new subterranean catfish from a karst area of central brazil, rio tocantins basin (siluriformes: trichomycteridae). neotropical ichthyology, 6, 9–15. urltoken\nde pinna, m. c. c. (1989) a new sarcoglanidine catfish, phylogeny of its subfamily, and an appraisal of the phyletic status of the trichomycterinae (teleostei, trichomycteridae). american museum novitates, 2950, 1–39 .\nalencar, a. r. & costa, w. j. e. m. 2004. description of two new species of the catfish genus trichomycterus from southeastern brazil (siluriformes: trichomycteridae). zootaxa, 744: 1 - 8 .\nwosiacki, wb. , 2004. new species of the catfisf genus trichomycterus (siluriformes, trichomycteridae) from the headwaters of the rio são francisco basin, brazil. zootaxa, vol. 592, p. 1 - 12. [ links ]\n_ _ _ _ _ _, 2005. a new species of trichomycterus (siluriformes: trichomycteridae) from south brazil and redescription of t. iheringi (eigenmann). zootaxa, vol. 1040, p. 49 - 64. [ links ]\ncosta, w. j. e. m. (1994) a new genus and species of sarcoglanidinae (siluriformes: trichomycteridae) from the araguaia basin, central brazil, with notes on subfamilial phylogeny. ichthyological exploration of freshwaters, 5, 207–216 .\ndatovo, a. (2014) a new species of ituglanis from the rio xingu basin, brazil, and the evolution of pelvic fin loss in trichomycterid catfishes (teleostei: siluriformes: trichomycteridae). zootaxa, 3790 (3), 466–476. urltoken\nde pinna, m. c. c. & keith, p. (2003) a new species of the catfish genus ituglanis from french guyana (osteichthyes: siluriformes: trichomycteridae). proceedings of the biological society of washington, 116, 873–882 .\nlima, s. m. q. & costa, w. j. e. m. 2004. trichomycterus giganteus (siluriformes: loricarioidea: trichomycteridae) a new catfish from rio guandu basin, southeasternbrazil. zootaxa, 761: 1 - 6 .\nfernandez, l. and r. p. vari. 2004. new species of trichomycterus from midelevation localities of northwestern argentina (siluriformes: trichomycteridae). copeia 2004 (4): 876–882. doi: 10. 1643 / ci - 40 - 094r1\nfernandez, l. and r. p. vari. 2009. new species of trichomycterus from the andean cordillera of argentina (siluriformes: trichomycteridae). copeia 2009 (1): 195–202. doi: 10. 1643 / ci - 08 - 083\nde pinna, m. c. c. (1992) a new subfamily of trichomycteridae (teleostei, siluriformes), lower loricarioid relationships and a discussion on the impact of additional taxa for phylogenetic analysis. zoological journal of the linnean society, 106, 175–229 .\nde pinna, m. c. c. & wosiacki, w. b. (2002) a new interstitial catfish of the genus listrura from southern brazil (siluriformes: trichomycteridae: glanapteryginae). proceedings of the biological society of washington, 115, 720–726 .\nituglanis cahyensis saramento - soares, martins - pinheiro, aranda & chamon 2006. cahyensis saramento - soares, martins - pinheiro, aranda & chamon 2006. trichomycteridae. distribution: rio palmares, a trib. of rio cahy, se. bahia state, brazil .\nbarbosa, m. a. & costa, w. j. e. m. 2003b. validade, relações filogenéticas e redescrição de eremophilus candidus (ribeiro, 1949) (siluriformes: trichomycteridae). arquivos do museu nacional, 61: 179 - 188 .\nfernández, l. and vari, rp. , 2000. new species of trichomycterus (teleostei: siluriformes: trichomycteridae) lacking a pelvic fin and girdle from the andes of argentina. copeia, no. 4, p. 990 - 996. [ links ]\nwosiacki, w. b. , coutinho, d. p. & montag, l. f. a. (2011) description of a new species of sand - dwelling catfish of the genus stenolicmus (siluriformes; trichomycteridae). zootaxa, 2752, 62–68 .\nfernández, l. and schaeferr, s. , 2003. trichomycterus yuska, a new species from high elevations of argentina (siluriformes: trichomycteridae). ichthyological exploration of freshwaters, vol. 14, no. 4, p. 353 - 360. [ links ]\ndatovo, a. & de pinna, m. c. c. (2014) a new species of ituglanis representing the southernmost record of the genus, with comments on phylogenetic relationships (teleostei: siluriformes: trichomycteridae). journal of fish biology, 84, 1–14 .\nwosiacki, w. b. , dutra, g. m. & mendonça, m. b. (2012) description of a new species of ituglanis (siluriformes: trichomycteridae) from serra dos carajás, rio tocantins basin. neotropical ichthyology, 10, 547–554. urltoken\ncampos - paiva, r. m. & costa, w. j. e. m. (2007) ituglanis paraguassuensis sp. n. (teleostei: siluriformes: trichomycteridae): a new catfish from the rio paraguaçu, northeastern brazil. zootaxa, 1471, 53–59 .\ncitation: terán ge, ferrer j, benitez m, alonso f, aguilera g, mirande jm (2017) living in the waterfalls: a new species of trichomycterus (siluriformes: trichomycteridae) from tabay stream, misiones, argentina. plos one 12 (6): e0179594. urltoken\nlima, s. m. q. , neves, c. p. & campos - paiva, r. m. (2013) ituglanis agreste, a new catfish from the rio de contas basin, northeastern brazil (siluriformes: trichomycteridae). neotropical ichthyology, 11, 513–524 .\nferrer, j. , donin, l. m. & malabarba, l. r. (2015) a new species of ituglanis costa & bockmann, 1993 (siluriformes: trichomycteridae) endemic to the tramandaí - mampituba ecoregion, southern brazil. zootaxa, 4020 (2), 375–389 .\nwosiacki, wb. and oyakawa, ot. , 2005. two new species of the catfish genus trichomycterus (siluriformes: trichomycteridae) from the rio ribeira de iguape basin, southeastern brazil. neotropical ichthyology, vol. 3, no. 4, p. 465 - 472. [ links ]\nsarmento - soares, l. m. , martins - pinheiro, r. f. , aranda, a. t. & chamon, c. c. (2006) ituglanis cahyensis, a new catfish from bahia, brazil (siluriformes: trichomycteridae). neotropical ichthyology, 4, 309–318. urltoken\nhabit, e. , victoriano, p. and campos, h. , 2005. ecología trófica y aspectos reproductivos de trichomycterus areolatus (pisces, trichomycteridae) en ambientes lóticos artificiales. revista de biologia tropical, vol. 53, no. 1 - 2, p. 195 - 210. [ links ]\ndatovo, a. , aquino, p. p. u. & langeani, f. (2016) a new species of ituglanis (siluriformes: trichomycteridae) from the tocantins and paranaíba river basins, central brazil, with remarks on the systematics of the genus. zootaxa, 4171 (3), 439–458 .\nbockmann, fa. and sazima, i. , 2004. trichomycterus maracaya, a new catfish from the upper rio paraná, southeastern brazil siluriformes: trichomycteridae, with notes on the t. brasiliensis species - complex. neotropical ichthyology, vol. 2, no. 2, p. 61 - 74. [ links ]\ndutra, g. m. , wosiacki, w. b. & de pinna, m. c. c. (2012) trichomycterus anhanga, a new species of miniature catfish related to t. hasemani and t. johnsoni (siluriformes: trichomycteridae) from the amazon basin, brazil. neotropical ichthyology, 10, 225–231 .\nde pinna, mc. and wosiacki, wb. , 2003. family trichomycteridae. in: reis, re. , kullander, so. and ferraris, c. j. (org). check list of freshwater fishes of south and central america. porto alegre: edipucrs. p. 270 - 290. [ links ]\narratia, g. , a. chang, s. menu - marque and s. menu - marque. 1978. about bullockia gen. nov. , trichomycterus mendozensis n. sp. and revision of the family trichomycteridae (pisces: siluriformes). studies neotropical fauna environmental 13 (3–4): 157–194. doi: 10. 1080 / 01650527809360539\ncosta, w. j. e. m. , lima, s. m. q. & bizerril, c. r. s. f. (2004) microcambeva ribeirae sp. n. (teleostei: siluriformes: trichomycteridae): a new sarcoglanidine catfish from the rio ribeira do iguape basin, southeastern brazil. zootaxa, 563 (1), 1–10. urltoken\nde pinna, m. c. c. & wosiacki, w. b. (2003) family trichomycteridae (pencil or parasitic catfishes). in: reis, r. e. , kullander, s. o. & ferraris, c. j. (eds .), check list of the freshwater fishes of south and central america. edipucrs, porto alegre, pp. 270–290 .\ntrichomycteridae catfish comprise approximately 226 species (de pinna and wosiacki, 2003) of small - sized fishes (de pinna, 1998) which in general, inhabit small water courses with rocky river beds, strong currents and clear waters (arratia, 1983; de pinna 1998), which results in a high degree of endemism within the family (costa, 1992; de pinna, 1992; bizerril, 1994) .\nty - jour ti - trichomycterus payaya, new catfish (siluriformes: trichomycteridae) from headwaters of rio itapicuru, bahia, brazil t2 - neotropical ichthyology ur - urltoken py - 2011 - 06 - 01 au - sarmento - soares, luisa m. au - zanata, angela m. au - martins - pinheiro, ronaldo f. kw - freshwater fish kw - new species kw - northern bahia kw - taxonomy er -\n@ article { bhlpart109696, title = { trichomycterus payaya, new catfish (siluriformes: trichomycteridae) from headwaters of rio itapicuru, bahia, brazil }, journal = { neotropical ichthyology }, url = urltoken publisher = { }, author = { sarmento - soares, luisa m. and zanata, angela m. and martins - pinheiro, ronaldo f. }, year = { 2011 - 06 - 01 }, keywords = { freshwater fish | new species | northern bahia | taxonomy | }, }\ntrichomycteridae is a monophyletic group comprising seven monophyletic subfamilies (copionodontinae, glanapteryginae, sarcoglanidinae, stegophilinae, trichogeninae, tridentinae, and vandelliinae) and the recognized non–monophyletic subfamily trichomycterinae as presently conceived [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ]. among the eight genera of trichomycterinae, bullockia arratia, chang, menu - marque & rojas, eremophilus humboldt, hatcheria eigenmann, and rhizosomichthys miles, are monotypic based on autapomorphies; scleronema eigenmann is a monophyletic group including three psamophyly species; ituglanis costa & bockmann and silvinichthys arratia were proposed to allocate species previously included in trichomycterus valenciennes; and lastly, trichomycterus lacks any diagnostic character being demonstrably non - monophyletic assemblage of species [ 2, 3, 4, 5 ] .\n< mods xmlns: xlink =\nurltoken\nversion =\n3. 0\nxmlns: xsi =\nurltoken\nxmlns =\nurltoken\nxsi: schemalocation =\nurltoken urltoken\n> < titleinfo > < title > trichomycterus payaya, new catfish (siluriformes: trichomycteridae) from headwaters of rio itapicuru, bahia, brazil < / title > < / titleinfo > < name > < namepart > sarmento - soares, luisa m. < / namepart > < / name > < name > < namepart > zanata, angela m. < / namepart > < / name > < name > < namepart > martins - pinheiro, ronaldo f. < / namepart > < / name > < typeofresource > text < / typeofresource > < genre authority =\nmarcgt\n> < / genre > < subject > < topic > freshwater fish < / topic > < / subject > < subject > < topic > new species < / topic > < / subject > < subject > < topic > northern bahia < / topic > < / subject > < subject > < topic > taxonomy < / topic > < / subject > < relateditem type =\nhost\n> < titleinfo > < title > neotropical ichthyology < / title > < / titleinfo > < part > < date > 2011 - 06 - 01 < / date > < / part > < / relateditem > < identifier type =\nuri\n> urltoken < / identifier > < / mods >\nthe traditional products, local breeds, and know - how collected by the ark of taste belong to the communities that have preserved them over time. they have been shared and described here thanks to the efforts of the network that that slow food has developed around the world, with the objective of preserving them and raising awareness. the text from these descriptions may be used, without modifications and citing the source, for non - commercial purposes in line with the slow food philosophy .\nstudents of the gastronomic sciences at pollenzo are collaborating with slow food to fill the ark .\nthe traditional products, local breeds, and know - how collected by the ark of taste belong to the communities that have preserved them over time. they have been shared and described here thanks to the efforts of the network that slow food has developed around the world, with the objective of preserving them and raising awareness. the text from these descriptions may be used, without modifications and citing the source, for non - commercial purposes in line with the slow food philosophy .\nslow food gratefully acknowledges funding support from european union. all content and options expressed on this page are solely those of slow food .\nutilizziamo i cookie per essere sicuri che tu possa avere la migliore esperienza sul nostro sito. se continui ad utilizzare questo sito noi assumiamo che tu ne sia felice .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndistribution: costa rica, panama and south america. naked and elongate body. usually 2 pairs of barbels on maxilla, lacking on chin. adipose fin absent. opercle often with spines. pelvic fins have been lost in at least 3 lineages - eremophilus, miuroglanis, and glanapteryginae. a number of genera are parasitic, attacking gill tissue of larger fishes. vandellia is known to enter the urethra of humans, causing serious harm. the family is prohibited from importation into parts of the usa (ref. 4537) .\ngreek, thrix, - ikos = hair + greek, mykter, - eros = nose (ref. 45335) .\nthe list below must not be used as an authority reference synonymy list like those found in scientific published revisions, which must be the source to be used and cited eventually when they exist .\nrather, it reflects the current content of fishbase, and the progress with respect to synchronization with the catalog of fishes. however, we think it can be useful for users to assess the quality of information in fishbase, to start new work on the family, or to cross - check with other lists .\nbut we appreciate to be cited in publications when this list has been of any working value. in particular, for published scientific, we suggest then to cite it in the material and method section as a useful tool to conduct the research, but again, not as a taxonomic or nomenclatural authority reference .\nunless it is explicitly precised, the list is not complete, please search all original names published for the family in the catalog of fishes (genera, species), including those with uncertain or unknown status, that are not included in fishbase when they are not attached to a valid species .\nthis list uses some data from catalog of fishes (not shown but used to sort names) .\nin the column coff, the digit indicates the status of synchronization with coff: 0: not checked; 1: same status; 2: different status; 3: other combination; 4: synonym in coff; 5: species / subspecies issue; 6: synonym of another species in coff; 7: not in coff; 8: should not be in coff. the coff version currently used is the one published on 23 - 07 - 2014 (ref. 97102) .\nwhen subfamilies are recognized, nominotypical subfamily first then other subfamilies by alphabetical order .\ntype genus of the family first (or of subfamily when subfamilies are recognized) then other genera by chronological order of description (and alphabetical order) .\ntype species of the genus first by chronological order (and alphabetical order), with last listed misapplied names in a light gray font .\nsilvinichthys mendozensis (arratia, chang g. , menu - marque & rojas m. , 1978 )\ntrichomycterus mendozensis arratia, chang g. , menu - marque & rojas m. , 1978\ndiscover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal. plos one promises fair, rigorous peer review, broad scope, and wide readership – a perfect fit for your research every time .\na new species assigned to the genus trichomycterus from the area of the waterfalls of tabay stream, paraná river basin, misiones, argentina, is described. trichomycterus ytororo sp. nov. is distinguished from all other species in the genus by the presence of 31–35 dorsal procurrent caudal - fin rays and the combination of some external characters such as: coloration, number of pectoral–fin rays and pores of the laterosensory canals. the new taxon belongs to a presumably monophyletic group of species composed of t. crassicaudatus, t. igobi, and t. stawiarski based on the presence of 24 or more thickly ossified and rigid procurrent caudal - fin rays with a slender distal tip extending along the tips of at least ten neural spines .\ncopyright: © 2017 terán et al. this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited .\ndata availability: all relevant data are within the paper and its supporting information files .\nfunding: this work was supported by fondo para la investigación científica y técnica (pict–2011–0992 to jmm), urltoken; consejo nacional de investigaciones científicas y técnicas (pip–11420110100301 to jmm), urltoken; and conselho nacional de desenvolvimento científico e tecnológico (proc. 152354 / 2016 - 6 to jf), urltoken. the funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript .\nduring recent samplings in northeastern argentina we collected specimens of a remarkable new species of trichomycterus from waterfalls in the paraná river basin, which are described herein as a new species. the new taxon exhibits conspicuous characters that indicate a close relationship with t. crassicaudatus wosiacki & de pinna, t. igobi wosiacki & de pinna, and t. stawiarski (miranda ribeiro) .\nthe electronic edition of this work follows with the requirements of the international code of zoological nomenclature, and hence the new names contained herein are available under that code from the electronic edition of this article. this published work and the nomenclatural acts it contains have been registered in zoobank, the online registration system for the iczn. the zoobank lsids (life science identifiers) can be resolved and the associated information viewed through any standard web browser by appending the lsid to the prefix “ urltoken ”. the lsid for this publication is: urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: d4b81e7d - 0d04 - 4907 - 852b - a36931736cbe\nurn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: d4b81e7d - 0d04 - 4907 - 852b - a36931736cbe\n, holotype, ci–fml 7240, 94. 2 mm sl; argentina, misiones province, jardín américa, tabay stream, paraná river basin .\n, live specimens (a). holotype ci–fml 7241, 94. 2 mm. (b–d). paratype ci–fml 7241, 60. 9 mm sl .\nparatype c & s specimen, ci–fml 7241, 67. 3 mm sl. abbreviations: dpr: dorsal procurrent caudal - fin rays, ph + h1 + 2 = lower caudal plate comprised by co - ossification of parhypural and hypurals 1 and 2; h4 + 5 = plate comprised by co - ossification of hypurals 4 and 5; pu1 + u1 = preural centrum 1 and ural centrum 1, pu2 = preural centrum 2; ps: pleurostile, vpr: ventral procurrent caudal - fin rays .\nci–fml 7240 (rd), 94. 2 mm sl, argentina, misiones, jardín america, tabay waterfalls, paraná river basin, 27°00’00”s 55°10’44”w, november 2016, g. e. terán, m. benitez, f. alonso, g. aguilera & j. m. mirande .\nall collected with holotype. ci–fml 7241, 67. 3–103. 8 mm sl, (8 rd, 1 c & s). lgep 542, 4, 64. 6–107. 3 mm sl, (2 rd, 1 c & s, 1ms). ibigeo - i 354, 3, 60. 9–79. 2 mm sl, (3 rd) .\ntrichomycterus ytororo is distinguishable from all congeners by the presence of 31–35 dorsal caudal procurrent rays (fig 3; vs. 29 or less). in addition, trichomycterus ytororo exhibits two characters shared only by three congeners (table 1; t. crassicaudatus, t. igobi, and t. stawiarski): the procurrent caudal - fin rays thickly ossified and rigid with a slender distal tip and the dorsal procurrent caudal - fin rays extending along the tips of 10–13 neural spines (fig 3; vs. procurrent caudal - fin rays thin and flexible with the dorsal ones extending for less than eight neural spines tips). trichomycterus ytororo can be further distinguished from t. crassicaudatus, t. igobi, and t. stawiarski by the number of branchiostegal rays (9 vs. 10–11). trichomycterus ytororo can be further distinguished from t. igobi by the smaller head length (19. 7–22. 5% vs. 23. 8–26. 8% of sl), longest caudal peduncle (20. 3–23. 4% vs. 15. 4–19. 7% of sl) and 4–7 pores in the trunk canal of the laterosensory system (vs. two pores); from t. crassicaudatus by the caudal - fin distal margin rounded in adults (vs. forked), higher number of vertebrae (37–38 vs. 35–36), lower number of ventral procurrent caudal - fin rays (13 vs. 17–18), and the dorsal procurrent caudal - fin rays extending over the tips of 13 neural spines (vs. dorsal procurrent caudal - fin rays extending over the tips of 12 neural spines); and from t. stawiarski by the lower number of ventral procurrent caudal - fin rays (13 vs. 17), the higher number of pectoral - fin rays (i, 7 vs. i, 6), and lower number of vertebrae (37–38 vs. 39) .\nmorphometric data of holotype and paratypes in table 2. holotype and paratypes illustrated in figs 1 – 3 .\nbody relative short, approximately rounded in transverse section at pectoral - fin level and laterally compressed towards tail. dorsal profile from anterior margin of snout to dorsal - fin origin slightly convex; approximately straight from caudal peduncle to last caudal - fin rays. ventral profile from tip of snout to pelvic fin slightly convex; straight from this point to last caudal - fin rays. head relatively small, almost as long as wide, depressed from lateral view and trapezoidal from dorsal view. snout broad, distal margin slightly convex from dorsal view. dorsal and ventral profile of head slightly convex .\neyes dorsally located on head but also visible from lateral view, anteroposteriorly elliptical, covered by thin and transparent skin. anterior nostril smaller than eye, surrounded by fleshy flap of integument posterolaterally continuous with nasal barbel; distance between anterior nostrils slightly shorter than interorbital distance. posterior nostril smaller than anterior one, partially surrounded anteriorly, laterally, and medially by thin flap of skin. posterior nostrils more closely positioned to each other than anterior ones .\nall barbels wider at bases and gradually narrowing towards tips. nasal barbel extending to eye, not surpassing its posterior margin. origin of nasal barbel on posterolateral margin of integument flap of anterior nostril. maxillary and rictal barbels extending along cheek to vertical through eye, not reaching interopercular patch of odontodes. origin of maxillary and rictal barbels on edge of lower and upper lips. mouth wide, subterminal. upper and lower lips fleshy, with similar size and bearing large and conspicuous papillae. lower lip with lateral rounded fleshy lobes. mental region with small papillae. gill membranes united to isthmus anteriorly. nine branchiostegal rays not visible through thick skin. opercular and interopercular patches of odontodes with 17–19 and 30–34 conic and irregularly arranged odontodes, respectively. odontodes surrounded by thick integument making smaller ones not visible through skin .\nlaterosensory canals with simple (non - dendritic) tubes ending in single pores. nasal and frontal canals of supraorbital line fused to each other, with three pores (s1, s3, and s6); one paratype with extra pores between pores s3 and s6 on both sides and one paratype with four pores between pores s3 and s6 on left side. posterior segment of frontal, sphenotic, and otic canals fused to each other. antorbital segment of infraorbital line absent. sphenotic canal with two pores (i10 and i11). otic, postotic and scapular canals with preoperculo - mandibular and pterotic branches short, each one with one associated pore. trunk canal with 4–7 pores; fourth pore located at vertical through mid - length of pectoral fin .\npectoral fin with i, 7 rays (i, 7) and rounded distal margin; third branched ray longest; first one not prolonged as filament. dorsal fin located posteriorly to mid - length of body and inserted in a conspicuous concavity of dorsal surface of body. dorsal fin with two or three unsegmented rays; ii, 7 (ii, 7) with distal margin rounded; first branched ray longest. dorsal - fin pterygiophores eight, first one inserting anterior to neural spine of 16 th or 17 th vertebra (16 th). anal fin smaller in size than dorsal fin; anterior insertion located slightly posterior to dorsal - fin base. anal fin with two unsegmented rays; i, 5 rays (i, 5) with distal margin rounded; first branched ray longest. anal - fin pterygiophores six, first one inserting anterior to haemal spine of 21 st or 22 st vertebra (21 st). pelvic fin inserted anterior to vertical through dorsal - fin origin, not covering urogenital opening. pelvic - fin rays i, 4 (i, 4); third and fourth rays longest; contralateral medial rays not overlapping in relaxed fins. caudal fin with i, 5 rays on upper hypural plate and i, 6–7 rays on lower hypural plate (fig 3) (i, 6) with distal margin straight to slightly rounded. smaller specimens (less than 67. 3 mm sl) with anteriormost three caudal - fin rays of upper hypural plate slightly longer. upper caudal plate with hypurals 4 and 5 fused together and hypural 3 autogenous; lower caudal plate with parahypural, hypurals 1 and 2 fused (fig 3). procurrent caudal - fin rays thickly ossified and rigid; 31–35 dorsally (holotype 34) and 13 ventrally (13) (fig 3). dorsal procurrent caudal - fin rays extending over tips of thirteen neural spines (13) and ventral procurrent caudal - fin rays extending dorsal to tips of five to six hemal spines (fig 3) (holotype six). vertebrae 37–38 (38). ribs 11–12 pairs (11); first to sixth rib thicker .\nsides and dorsal surface of body and head with marbeled color pattern composed of black blotches irregular in shape and size, overlapped by superficial layer of small and less pigmented spots over pale yellow background, forming marbled color pattern (fig 1). blotches of dorsal surface of body and head larger, becoming smaller towards to ventrolateral region. ventral surface of head and anteriormost portion of trunk pale yellow. ventral surface of caudal peduncle region with inconspicuous and faint black blotches. barbels with scattered black blotches dorsally and pale yellow ventrally. opercular and interopercular patches of odontodes pale yellow. pectoral, dorsal and anal fins with black blotches in proximal portion and whitish band distally. pelvic fin hyaline with few inconspicuous black blotches. caudal fin with black blotches in proximal portion becoming inconspicuous towards distal margin." ]

{ "text": [ "the trichomycteridae are a family of catfishes ( order siluriformes ) commonly known as the pencil or parasitic catfishes .", "this family includes the infamous candiru fish , feared by some people for its alleged habit of entering into the urethra of humans .", "another species is the life monsefuano , which was important to the moche culture and still an important part of peruvian cuisine .", "this family is prohibited from being imported into various parts of the usa . " ], "topic": [ 27, 27, 0, 2 ] }

[ "the trichomycteridae are a family of catfishes (order siluriformes) commonly known as the pencil or parasitic catfishes. this family includes the infamous candiru fish, feared by some people for its alleged habit of entering into the urethra of humans. another species is the life monsefuano, which was important to the moche culture and still an important part of peruvian cuisine. this family is prohibited from being imported into various parts of the usa." ]

[ "the harvester ant gets its common name from its behavior of collecting seeds. there are 22 species of harvester ants found in the united states. the most common types of harvester ants are the california harvester ant, florida harvester ant, red harvester ant, black harvester ant and the western harvester ant. all are limited to west of the mississippi river except the florida harvester ant .\nthe regulation of foraging activity in red harvester ant colonies. - pubmed - ncbi\nbrood production and lineage discrimination in the red harvester ant (pogonomyrmex barbatus) .\nin the world of harvester ants there are some twenty - six different species; however, the two most commonly known species of harvester ants are the western harvester ant (commonly referred to as the red harvester ant) and the texas harvester ant. of these two species the red harvester ant is the most well - known species .\nthere are hundreds of different ‘harvester ant’ species found world wide. pogonomyrmex barbatus (features) is commonly known as the ‘red harvester ant’ .\ninformation on the red harvester ant is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nthe red harvester ant is most recognized by myrmecologists, or ant lovers, as the ant most recommended to live in ant farms; however, red harvester ants can also be found in the wild as well. red harvester ants are known for the red orange color, hence the name “red harvester ant” and are predominantly found in the southwestern united states. red harvester ants are easily recognized as being a much larger ant species than other commonly seen ants, measuring between ¼ to ½ an inch long as worker ants and their habitats are particularly recognizable as well .\nbrood production and lineage discrimination in the red harvester ant (pogonomyrmex barbatus). - pubmed - ncbi\nthe facts cited below about red harvester ant colonies are mostly from deborah gordon’s book, ants at work .\nguides and guests alike mistakenly call the red harvester ant a fire ant, however, they are distinctly different species. the infamous\nin the wild red harvester ant populations seem to be on the decline. many biologists believe that the red harvester ants are being pushed out of their territory by imported red fire ants and argentine ants. these two varieties of ant are not native to the areas where the red harvest ant lives; however, they are particularly invasive and are providing a lot of competition for the red harvester ants when it comes to feeding. with more competition for their food supplies the population of red harvester ants is dwindling .\nthe sting of the texas red harvester ant is painful and can cause severe allergic reactions in certain individuals. colonies of the texas red harvester ant also can infest rangelands and pastures heavily, resulting in a decreased yield .\nthe texas red harvester ant is the primary food source of the texas horned lizard, which is a protected species .\ngordon dm (2002) the regulation of foraging activity in red harvester ant colonies. am nat 159: 509–518 .\ngordon dm (2002) the regulation of foraging activity in red harvester ant colonies. american naturalist 159: 509–518 .\nin the united states alone, there are several species of harvester ants. many of these harvester ant species are found in texas, especially around the far western areas of texas. of all the harvester ant species in texas, the texas red harvester ant is the most noticeable — typically in open areas. texas red harvester ants are the most common ants sold to hobbyists who maintain ant farms .\nif texas red harvester ants are causing problems, contact a local pest management professional for assistance .\nas part of investigating nestmate discrimination, i decided to test if comanche can distinguish other ant species. so i ran behavioral trials between the comanche harvester ant (pogonomyrmex comanche) and the barbatus harvester ant (or harvester ants or big red ants, pogonomyrmex barbatus) and: !\nred harvester ant mating swarms occur annually in warm environments and at elevated heights. red harvester ants are most active in warm temperatures, and mating swarms typically occur in the afternoon after rainfall or heavy storms. although mating swarms occur between june and october, they are most common in the months of august and september. red harvester ant mating swarms take place within a single day .\ngordon, d. m. : the regulation of foraging activity in red harvester ant colonies. american naturalist 159, 509–518 (2002 )\nwhile red harvester ants are known to dwell primarily outdoors, winged ants can accidently invade homes during swarming periods .\nsanders nj, gordon dm. the interactive effects of climate and interspecific neighbours on mortality of red harvester ants .\nphoto of a red harvester ant and a black harvester ant in their winged alate form, near tucson, az during summer monsoon mating season. photo by charles hedgcock, charles hedgcock photograpy, tucson, az, wikimedia commons\nlike many other species of ants the red harvester ant does not take likely to any intruder to their colony, whether this intruder is the foot of a human or another ant. even if an intruding ant is another red harvester ant it will not be accepted in to the mound by the colony. ants that hail from one colony carry a distinct scent that is unique to their colony and ants that come from a different colony carry a different scent. upon moving in to another ant’s colony the individual intruder will be attacked just as any other creature stepping in to the red harvester ant mound would be attacked. red harvester ants, however, are not believed to be cannibalistic even though they do feed on other dead insect carcasses it is believed that at least within their own colony dead red harvester ants will be taken to the “trash pile. ” what is ultimately done with invading red harvester ants from other colonies is unknown as they would surely not make it out of the foreign red harvester ant colony alive .\nsmith c, smith cd, robertson hm, helmkampf m, zimin a, et al. (2011) draft genome of the red harvester ant\ngordon dm. how colony growth affects forager intrusion in neighboring harvester ant colonies .\ncharacterization and distribution of pogonomyrmex harvester ant lineages with genetic caste determin ...\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - red harvester ant (pogonomyrmex barbatus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - red harvester ant (pogonomyrmex barbatus )\ntitle =\narkive species - red harvester ant (pogonomyrmex barbatus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\ngordon dm, chu j, lillie a, tissot m, pinter n. variation in the transition from inside to outside work in the red harvester ant\nworkers of the texas red harvester ant colonies have long bodies and range in color from red to dark brown. they have square heads and no spines on their bodies. winged males and female swarmers are larger than worker ants .\nsome venom from species of the red harvester ant has been used for hallucinogenic and therapeutic purposes among some native american tribes and in some areas of latin america .\nthe red harvester ant, at one of dorn' s test sites, was one of several ant species found to enhance the natural carbon dioxide absorption in rock by up to 335 times .\nlocations of comanche harvester ant colonies in the southwest nature preserve. note the colonies in green were located this year and are isolated from the main population in red .\nthe red harvester ants can be aggressive. they deliver a painful sting. sometimes, the stings of harvester ants can cause allergic reactions, especially to those sensitive to their venom. aside from their powerful stings, harvester ants also bite viciously .\nle moli, f. and s. parmigiani, 1982. intraspecific combat in the red wood ant (formica\nc. r. smith, c. d. smith, h. m. robertson et al. , “draft genome of the red harvester ant pogonomyrmex barbatus, ”\nfire ants out compete and kill harvester ants. the harvester ant is the main diet of the horned lizard (or horny toads). in areas\nworkers harvester ants are polymorphic with both major and minor workers. they are typically 5 - 7mm and are red and orange in colour .\ntexas horned lizard with radio transmitter glued to its back (photo by b. m. drees). see videos of texas horned lizard feeding on a red harvester ant .\nthe western harvester ant is found in the west at high elevations. this is a red colored ant that can be 6. 5 to 10 mm long. galleries have been found to go over 600 cm deep .\nwhen you head out on a grand canyon raft adventure with arizona raft adventures, you will meet the red harvester ant within hours of your departure. the red harvester ant, pogonomyrmex californicus, is one of the most numerous and common insects you spot at lunch stops, hikes and at camps along the river. they are very interesting creatures! learn a few fascinating facts about the ant. then, read up on how to co - exist harmoniously with red ants on your raft adventure .\ningram kk, pilko a, heer j, gordon dm (2013) colony life history and lifetime reproductive success of red harvester ant colonies. journal of animal ecology, in press .\nthe hierarchy of the red harvester ant colony begins, like many other insect hierarchies, with the queen. the queen is a winged alate (an ant capable of mating) that has been fertilized by a male alate. the males generally die after mating and the queens leave to begin their own colony. the queen red harvester ant is the source of the worker ants within her colony and throughout her lifetime she will continue to produce worker ants. a queen red harvester ant can live anywhere from one year up until approximately twenty years, all the while producing worker ants to populate her colony .\nharvester ant lineages with genetic caste determination. mol ecol. 2007, 16: 367 - 387 .\nthe red harvester ant queen lives 20 - 30 years and stores sperm from her first mating in the spring of her first year. she uses the sperm to continually produce offspring for a lifetime .\ntexas red harvester ants feed primarily on seeds, including wild sunflowers, johnson grass, burr clovers, alfalfa seeds and small beans. they also consume insects .\nthe external nest of a comanche harvester ant. the ants remove any plants from this nest yard area .\nfigure 2. harvester ant worker, pogonomyrmex badius (latreille). drawing by division of plant industry .\ngordon, d. m. , 1992. how colony growth affects forager intrusion between neighboring harvester ant colonies .\nduring red harvester ant mating swarms, winged males and females emerge from their colonies. they are attracted to each other by pheromones. after mating, the mated females shed their wings and establish new nesting sites .\n2013. sturgis, s. j. and d. m. gordon. aggression is task - dependent in the red harvester ant (pogonomyrmex barbatus). behavioral ecology 24 (2): 532 - 539\nthe swarming behavior of red harvester ants is commonly synchronized with nearby colonies. for this reason, it is common to witness large numbers of winged ants appearing in one area. red harvester ants participate in “hill - topping, ” gathering around prominent points within a landscape — such as tall trees, chimneys and towers — while searching for mates .\nthe red arrow indicates the cone or pyramid on dorymyrmex. this structure is diagnostic for the genus .\ngreene mj, gordon dm (2007) interaction rate informs harvester ant task decisions. behav ecol 18: 451–455 .\ngreene mj, gordon dm (2007) interaction rate informs harvester ant task decisions. behavioral ecology 18: 451–455 .\ncrist to, macmahon ja. harvester ant foraging and shrub steppe seeds – interactions of seed resources and seed use .\nred harvest ants are particularly aggressive in defending their colony and their sting is particularly painful and can sometimes cause allergic reactions in both animals and humans that are prone to allergies to other insects. once they begin biting and stinging it can be rather difficult to shake off a red harvest ant colony but it is advisable to shake off the ants and move away from the colony’s mound as quickly as possible. while the bite and sting of a red harvester ant can be particularly painful and even life threatening to those with allergies, red harvester ants will generally not bite or sting unless they are forced to do so in defense of their colony. it is not advised that you handle red harvester ants, however, because the slightest inkling of threat will cause these insects to treat you as an intruder to the colony .\nit is not only other species of ants that are affecting the populations of red harvester ants either, these insects, although not a particularly pleasant encounter for humans, make the perfect meal for horned lizards that have a particularly tough and scaly skin which is impermeable by the fire ant’s sting or bite. these horned lizards feed almost exclusively on red harvest ants and in areas where the horned lizards have become a protected species the red harvest ant population is lower. that said, however, these two species are dependent upon each other and in areas where the red harvest ants have been eliminated by competing ant species the horned lizards are also endangered because of the lack of red harvest ants for them to feed upon .\nconsiderable economic importance has been attached to this genus not only because of the stinging characteristics but also because some of these harvesters may procure seeds in abundance from cultivated crops and may also damage range lands when their nests are numerous. in the united states four species are so outstanding in these respects that the entomological society of america has approved common names for them. these are: the western harvester ant (pogonomyrmex occidentalis), the red harvester ant (pogonomyrmex barbatus), the california harvester ant (pogonomyrmex californicus), and the florida harvester ant (pogonomyrmex badius) .\nharvest ant queens typically reach around 15 - 17mm length. they are dark red and orange. they monogyn ants (one queen per colony) .\nmeer rk, nation jl, vogt jt. identification and action of juvenile hormone iii from sexually mature alate females of the red imported fire ant ,\ncole bj, smit aa, huber zj, wiernasz d. the structure of foraging activity in colonies of the harvester ant\ngordon dm, kulig a. founding, foraging and fighting: colony size and the spatial distribution of harvester ant nests .\nwiernasz dc, hines j, parker d, cole bj. mating for variety increases colony activity in the harvester ant ,\nthe potential for gene flow in a dependent lineage system of a harvester ant: fair meiosis in the f1 ...\nharvester ant mounds are moderate to large in size depending on the species. typically, large areas surrounding the mound are stripped of vegetation to prevent shading, as harvester ants usually remain within the nest during the hottest part of the day. most harvester ant species will periodically move their nest in response to a change in microclimate caused by shading of overhead vegetation. for example, the florida harvester ant will move its nest on average once every 234 days .\ngreene mj, gordon dm. how patrollers set foraging direction in harvester ants .\nthe three common species of harvester ants — the red, western and california harvester ants — each have unique behaviors, castes and tasks, feeding, nesting patterns and defense mechanisms. the harvester ant behavior differs between each species, seen through their feeding and nesting habits. in addition, unlike many other ants that infest indoor structures, all species of harvester ants prefer not to invade houses and buildings, but will establish their nests around gardens or yards, often destroying vegetation .\nintraspecific competition through food robbing in the harvester ant, messor aciculatus (fr. smith), and its consequences on colony survival\ngordon dm, kulig aw. founding, foraging, and fighting: colony size and the spatial distribution of harvester ant nests .\nscorpions and spiders: red imported fire ant can prey on scorpions if they cannot escape attack. they can also feed on spider eggs laid in egg cases .\nno, harvester ant colonies should never be eliminated if at all possible. harvester ants are much more docile than imported red fire ants (s. invicta) and are actually slow to sting, although the sting is painful. harvester ants do compete with the invasive fire ants and elimination of the harvester ants may make invasion by the imported fire ants more likely. harvester ants are the primary natural diet of the horned lizard, which are species of concern or threatened in most states, and horned lizards have always disappeared from any areas where harvester ants, their main food, dies out. always leave the harvester ants there, whether you see horned lizards around or not. they may actually still be in the habitat, and they will never come back, this is for sure, if the harvester ants are eliminated .\nalthough red harvester ants are utilized in many ant farm businesses the ants that are shipped to individuals wishing to begin their own ant colony are only worker ants and therefore the colony will eventually die out. it is illegal within the united states to ship a queen red harvester ant because if she escaped and began a colony in a non - native area it could become quite a problem for the new area she inhabits. while ant farms can survive for months at a time without a queen they will not survive indefinitely due to the lack of reproduction within the all female colony of worker ants .\ngordon dm (1992) how colony growth affects forager intrusion between neighboring harvester ant colonies. behavioral ecology and sociobiology 31: 417–427 .\nwilby a, shachak m. harvester ant response to spatial and temporal heterogeneity in seed availability: pattern in the process of granivory .\nblaine j. cole, and diane c. wiernasz, “recruitment limitation and population density in the harvester ant, pogonomyrmex occidentalis, ”\nphylogeography of pogonomyrmex barbatus and p. rugosus harvester ants with genetic and environmental caste determination\nlanan mc, bronstein jl. an ant’s - eye view of an ant - plant protection mutualism .\nmunger jc (1984) long - term yield from harvester ant colonies - implications for horned lizard foraging strategy. ecology 65: 1077–1086 .\nintraspecific competition through food robbing in the harvester ant, messor aciculatus (fr. smith), and its consequences on colony survival | springerlink\nare harvester ants poisonous? the answer to this question is yes, harvester ants are poisonous. in general, the harvester ants in the genus pogonomyrmex are aggressive biters that inject potent and painful venom with their stingers. like most stinging insects, their level of aggression and venom potency differs between species within the genus. for example, the florida harvester ant, pogonomyrmex badius, is not considered an aggressive ant, but its venomous sting is very painful .\nthis is an important agricultural pest in many areas. the feeding habits of red harvester ants can be seen as they leave their nests and travel to their food sources, leaving a distinct scent throughout their paths .\n, workers obtain information on the needs of the colony by changes in their encounter patterns with members of various task specialist groups. for example, red harvester ant foragers are more likely to leave the nest to forage when they encounter greater numbers of successful returning foragers .\nand finally, i mention a 10 minute digital recording i made of the comanche harvester ant “remodeling” a ground bee nest that was too close to the ant nest. here is a the video :\nharvester ants establish their nests around gardens or yards, destroying vegetation one at a time .\ngordon, d. m. , 1989a. dynamics of task switching in harvester ants .\nkeller l, ross k: selfish genes: a green beard in the red fire ant. nature. 1998, 394: 573 - 575. 10. 1038 / 29064 .\nfigure 1. major worker of the florida harvester ant, pogonomyrmex badius (latreille). photograph by lyle j. buss, university of florida .\nfigure 3. colony entrance of the florida harvester ant, pogonomyrmex badius (latreille). photograph by lyle j. buss, university of florida .\n2013. ingram, k. k. , pilko a. , heer j. , and d. m. gordon. colony life history and lifetime reproductive success of red harvester ant colonies. journal of animal ecology. doi: 10. 1111 / 1365 - 2656. 12036\nflat, open and sparsely shaded lawns give harvester ants room to build their mounds, plus these ants generally prefer to build their nests in sandy soil. since seeds are a major part of the harvester ant diet, gardens or bird feeders may also attract these insects. harvester ants tend to avoid indoor areas, but sometimes enter homes by accident through cracks and gaps around windows or doors. harvester ants are very large and robust .\nred harvester ant colonies can be found over most of the land around the casitas. the largest colonies and oldest colonies, however, are found in bear creek canyon, scattered at intervals over and along the first and second terraces above the floodplain, where vegetation tends to be more abundant and dependable from year to year than on the hillsides or on the flats surrounding the casitas. below is a photo essay of representative red harvester colonies from the largest and oldest to smaller and younger colonies at the casitas .\nthe red harvester ant colony is something of a machine and while they often make themselves unwanted by virtue of their mound placement they are creatures that prove the true miracle that is nature. each individual red harvester ant may not amount to much but within a colony where each ant has its own specific job and knows nothing about the entire machine within which it works, the individuals come together to work as one well oiled machine. with a duty for each ant and a hard - working ant for each duty the red harvester ant colonies are a clear example of what it means to live as one. with just one group of their colony removed a mound of ants would be unable to function and perform the duties necessary to its survival but through an elegantly adapted means of communication the entire ant colony is able to work together and create a safe and secure life for every member of the colony. they may not appear to be much on the outside but in the grand scheme of things these little insects are a sign of what truly miraculous creatures walk the planet earth .\nschafer rj, holmes s, gordon dm. forager activation and food availability in harvester ants .\nrissing, s. w. , 1981. foraging specializations of individual seed - harvester ants .\nscientific classification: ants make up the family formicidae of the order hymenoptera. the red harvester ant is classified as pogonomyrmex barbatus. the ants of the southeastern united states and tropical america that cultivate a fungus in their nests belong to the genus atta. honeypot ants are classified in the genus myrmecocystus. the pharaoh ant is classified as monomorium pharaonis, the amazon ant as polyergus breviceps, the red imported fire ant as solenopsis invicta, and the little black ant as monomorium minimum. the carpenter ant of the northern united states is campanotus pennsylvannicus, the pavement ant is tetramorium caespitum, and the most widely known of the american army ants is eciton burchelli. the african driver ants that carry out swarm raids are classified in the genus dorylus. bulldog ants are in the genus myrmecia, and the bullet ant is paraponera clavata .\ngordon, d. m. : how colony growth affects foreigner intrusion in neighboring harvester ant colonies. behavioral ecology and sociobiology 31, 417–427 (1992 )\nflanagan t, letendre k, burnside w, fricke g, moses me. quantifying the effect of colony size and food distribution on harvester ant foraging .\ni have seen many nests poisoned simply because they were seen. preservation of the ant will enhance preservation of the horned lizard. do you poison the harvester ant and then say i never see horned lizards anymore ?\nalthough the florida harvester ant, pogonomyrmex badius (latreille), occurs throughout most of florida it is limited by its ecological requirements. where it does occur, the ant nest is readily visible as a large cleared area with a number of slow moving individuals on the surface near the nest. harvester ants in the genus pogonomyrmex received this name due to their practice of gathering seeds for food. while there are 22 species of harvester ants found in the united states, only the florida harvester ant occurs east of the mississippi river (smith and whitman 1992) .\nthe red harvester feed predominantly on seeds which they locate locally to their mound. while the red harvester ants will feed on a variety of seeds as well as grasses and even dead insects they tend to prefer to keep their diet homogenous until no more of that food is available to the colony when they will begin to eat a different food staple. the ants in the colony obtain food by traveling out from the nest as far as 31 miles in search of seeds and other food supplies. looking at the top of a red harvester ant mound will sometimes reveal trails leading out from the colony. trails can be as few as three or as many as eight and are used by the ants to go out to seek food and bring that food back to the colony .\nwhile the horned lizards have a particularly tough exterior that can hold up to the sting and bite of a red harvest ant, humans and many other creatures that inadvertently wander in the direction of the colony, are not so well protected. when the red harvest ant’s colony is disturbed ants will come out of the mound in full force ready to attack whatever disturbed the mound whether it is a human or an animal they don’t discriminate. the red harvest ant will defend its colony by “ biting ” with their mandibles as well as stinging them with their stingers which are located on their abdomens .\nthat makes what the horned lizard is capable of doing amazing in its own right. the lizards are so well adapted to their environment, that they have armored themselves to be able to live through even the most severe red harvester attacks .\ngordon dm, kulig aw (1996) founding, foraging and fighting: colony size and the spatial distribution of harvester ant nests. ecol 77: 2393–2409 .\ngordon dm, kulig aw (1996) founding, foraging and fighting: colony size and the spatial distribution of harvester ant nests. ecology 77: 2393–2409 .\ngordon dm. group - level dynamics in harvester ants: young colonies and the role of patrolling .\nthe comanche harvester ant (pogonomyrmex comanche) was the only species to show strict preference for soil type. exactly what this species’ preference or requirement is remains unresolved .\njust 12 stings from a harvester ant can kill a 4. 4 lb rat. while that’s a big rat, 350 stings could kill a 150 lb human .\npinter - wollman n, gordon dm, holmes s (2012) nest site and weather affect the personality of harvester ant colonies. behavioral ecology 23: 1022–1029 .\nf. lópez, f. j. acosta, and j. m. serrano, “responses of the trunk routes of a harvester ant to plant density, ”\ngordon dm (1993) the spatial scale of seed collection by harvester ants. oecologia 95: 479–487 .\ngordon dm, holmes s, nacu s. the short - term regulation of foraging in harvester ants .\nharvester ant workers can be found collecting seeds as far as 50 - 60 km from their nest, they use their chemical scent trails to navigate back to the nest .\n2013. gordon, d. m. the rewards of restraint in the collective regulation of foraging by harvester ant colonies. nature. doi: 10. 1038 / nature12137\nwray dl. notes on the southern harvester ant (pogonomyrmex badius latr .) in north carolina. annals of the entomological society of america 31: 196 - 201 .\nacosta fj, lopez f, serrano jm. dispersed versus central - place foraging – intracolonial and intercolonial competition in the strategy of trunk trail arrangement of a harvester ant .\nlike other ant species, red harvester ants are divided into castes within their colonies. worker ants are sterile females who forage for food and perform routine colony maintenance as their primary responsibilities. male ants exist for the sole purpose of reproduction and die soon after mating. the fertilized females establish new colonies and become queens .\nafter watching this foraging frenzy of the red harvester ants at the casa bird feeding station for a while, the humble naturalist decided to trace the foraging trail back to the studio. about half way back, a lone forager ant was spotted carrying a very different, and seemingly much heavier, load than the other foragers. it was carrying a whole sunflower seed. now the adult red harvester foraging ant averages about 9 mm (1 / 3 inch), but the seed that this ant was carrying was longer than it was, measuring 10. 4 mm (4 / 10 inch) long. the measured weight of an average sunflower seed in the wild bird seed is 0. 3g (0. 01oz), whereas the average weight of a red harvester worker ant is 5. 5 mg (. 0002oz) 2. thus, this lone forager ant was transporting a seed roughly 50x its own weight. in comparison with humans, this would be the equivalent of a 160 lb human transporting 8, 000 lbs or 4 tons of sunflower seeds. now the distance from the casa bird feeding station to the entrance of the studio colony nest is 110 feet. since a 6 - foot human is 1800 mm and the length of an average red harvester ant is 9 mm, the human is roughly 200x longer than the ant. thus, to equal the 110 feet traveled by the ant, the human would have to transport that 4 tons of sunflower seed some 22, 000 feet or 4. 2 miles .\na. t. showler, r. m. knaus, and t. e. reagan, “studies of the territorial dynamics of the red imported fire ant (solenopsis invicta buren, hymenoptera: formicidae), ”\nrobert l. schooley, and john a. wiens, “spatial patterns, density dependence, and demography in the harvester ant, pogonomyrmex rugosus in semi - arid grasslands, ”\nunlike non - native fire ants, red harvester ants (pogonomyrmex barbatus) provide many benefits to texas habitat and wildlife, including serving as the main food item for the texas horned lizard. for more information on wildlife in texas, visit our wildlife diversity website urltoken\nants are the most intelligent insect in the animal kingdom, when comparing number of brain cells to size. ants are the developers of the insect order and on top of having the most brain cells, each species of family formicidae have the unique capability of mastering and modifying habitats. additional unique habits allow the ants to establish themselves in a plethora of different ecosystems. each species has derived a new line of ant special to its own habitat such as ant carpenters, ant dairymen, ant soldiers, ant seed collectors, ant fungus growers, ant thieves, ant beggars, and even ant enslavers .\ninitially the nest mound patrollers are red. the early trail patrollers are orange. the late trail patrollers are blue. when late trail patrollers find food they become part of the food claimers breed, which is light orange. foragers are red, or orange if they have food and are returning to the nest .\ntodd island (ti - 1) site at the fort worth nature center, fort worth, texas. note the comanche harvester ant nest in the bare area, lower left .\nreptiles and amphibians: reportedly, fire ants will attack all stages of development of snakes, lizards, turtles and crocodiles. these animals are most vulnerable during and shortly after hatching. red imported fire ants are thought to have dramatically reduced population levels of the texas horned lizard either through direct predation of hatching lizards or eliminating the lizard' s major food source - the red harvester ant. alternately, insecticides used to treat for fire ants may have eliminated the red harvester ants. other factors, such as elimination of horned lizard habitat by land use (subdividing ecosystems into smaller parcels of land with multiple uses), cultivation, urbanization and introduced predators (cats and dogs) are other possible factors in the declining horned lizard population levels (in east texas and elsewhere) .\nsolenopsis invicta: this is the invasive, red imported fire ant. note the antennae have a two - part club at the end and altogether there are 10 segments on each antennae. these features are diagnostic for the genus .\nfor over 50 years, workers of this species have been sold as pets (via an ant coupon system) with many ant habitats that are bought in n. america, including ®ant farm and ®antworks .\nthe florida harvester ant is found from florida to north carolina (haack and granovsky 1990) and west into mississippi (creighton 1950) and louisiana (cole 1968). the ant is the only eastern representative of the genus pogonomyrmex (cole 1968) .\naside from the ants themselves, the large mounds, almost 53 inches across in some cases, and denuded vegetation near to the nest are the most visible signs of harvester ant activity .\ndiet harvester ants mostly feed on the ‘bread’ they make from grass seeds, however they may eat other insects too .\nwhere the invasion of non - native fire ants is evident, harvester ants and horned lizards are in serious decline because the fire ants out compete the harvester ants. in grand canyon, horned lizards are only found at lees ferry. however, the desert spiny lizard which is found in the grand canyon, is also known to eat harvester ants .\ncole ac jr. 1968. pogonomyrmex harvester ants. university of tennessee press. knoxville, tenn. 222 p .\nwe could probably learn a great deal from studying the red harvester ant and their colonies. they are masters of utilizing natural resources and maintaining an orderly society that works together to live, thrive, and survive. i find it incredible that there is still so much we do not know about them and how they live the way that they do .\nand the biplot of data: messy, messy, messy. the red are the species, the triangles with the s followed by a number are the soils .\n... regulation of worker activity has been reported to societies other than wasps. for example, in red harvester ant colonies, patrollers seem to stimulate foraging activity (gordon, 2004). in bumble bees, successful foragers distribute a tergal gland pheromone in the nest that promotes higher foraging activity (dornhaus and chittka, 2004)... .\nbucy, a. m. and breed, m. d. 2006. thermoregulatory trade - offs result from vegetation removal by a harvester ant. ecological entomology 31: 423 – 429 .\nthis page is dedicated to providing helpful tips on ant care. we have included instructions for feeding, watering, and general care for ants so that they live longer and happier in your ant farm or ant habitat .\n2009. suni, s. and d. m. gordon. fine - scale genetic structure and dispersal distance in the harvester ant pogonomyrmex barbatus. heredity 104 (2): 168 - 173\ncitation: gordon dm, dektar kn, pinter - wollman n (2013) harvester ant colony variation in foraging activity and response to humidity. plos one 8 (5): e63363. urltoken\nthe harvester ant sting is a two part process. first, it bites with its mandible’s. then it holds on tight and stings as many times as they can while attached. consequently, removing the ant quickly is a must to reduce the amount of venom injected .\ntexas red harvester ants mate after rainy days. males die soon after mating, while females shed their wings and begin new colonies by digging a burrow and laying eggs within it. these eggs eventually become worker ants, which care for other developing ants, build the nest and forage for food .\nin addition to posing property threats in urban settings, harvester ants are also known to sting when their nest is disturbed. harvester ant stings can cause painful sores and possible allergic reactions in people. some species have a stinger with reverse barbs, so it actually breaks off in the wound, like that of a honeybee .\ngordon, d. m. , kulig, a. w. : founding, foraging and fighting: colony size and the spatial distribution of harvester ant nests. ecology 77, 2393–2409 (1996 )\nmorehead, s. a. , feener jr. , d. h. : foraging behavior and morphology: seed selection in the harvester ant genus, pogonomyrmex. oecologica 114, 548–555 (1998 )\nsome of these results were made possible by extensive manual annotation efforts in previous studies like the original publication of the genome of the red harvester ant pogonomyrmex barbatus. for example, comparisons with other ant species revealed repeated expansions and contractions (that is, genes were gained or lost by mutation) in gene families implicated in chemical communication, olfaction and plant detoxification. further annotation of these focal genes could shine additional light on the hypothesis that this pattern reflect changes in social organization, chemical communication, habitat and diet during ant evolution .\na few horned lizard species feed almost exclusively on harvester ants. they have adapted ways to survive the ants stings and attacks. in some areas harvester ants are being invaded by argentine ants, as a result the horned lizards have become an endangered species .\nthe thing i think i find the most amazing about the red harvester ant colony is the fact that literally thousands and thousands of ants all come from the same queen. furthermore, that queen can live up to twenty years, meaning it is more likely that tens of thousands of ants all came from her eggs. it makes me wonder how nature came up with their genetic design .\nin respect to an ant’s size and weight, if a man was to run as fast as an ant he would be as fast as a racehorse .\nhomeowners should consider working with a licensed pest professional to employ a preventative pest management plan. if a harvester ant infestation is suspected, look for the nest, which is often found in bare soil areas .\ntschinkel wr. (1998) sociometry and sociogenesis of colonies of the harvester ant, pogonomyrmex badius: worker characteristics in relation to colony size and season. insectes sociaux. urltoken (17 june 2003) .\ngreene mj, pinter - wollman n, gordon dm (2013) interactions with combined chemical cues inform harvester ant foragers' decisions to leave the nest in search of food. plos one 8: e52219 .\nj. m. blanco - moreno, p. r. westerman, v. atanackovic, and j. torra, “the spatial distribution of nests of the harvester ant messor barbarus in dryland cereals, ”\nfigure 4. foraging florida harvester ants, pogonomyrmex badius (latreille). photograph by lyle j. buss, university of florida .\nred harvester ants seal their nests up every night with pebbles to protect the nest from predators and the cold. the ants that do not make it home before the nest closes, or the ants with the assignment to seal the nest, have to stay outside all night. they die if it is too cold .\ncorona m, libbrecht r, wurm y, riba - grognuz o, studer ra, keller l: vitellogenin underwent subfunctionalization to acquire caste and behavioral specific expression in the harvester ant pogonomyrmex barbatus. plos genet .\na few yards south of the middle - aged colony a young colony is found. lacking a peripheral cleared area and an obvious central mound, only the concentrated deposits of the telltale coarse sand and granule sand and rock material surrounding the inconspicuous entrance to the nest identify this as a red harvester ant nest. age of this colony is less than 5 years, perhaps 2 or 3 years old .\nfoitzik s, heinze j. nest site limitation and colony takeover in the ant\ni got a large winged ant with my worker ants. what is it ?\nbeshers sn, traniello jfa. the adaptiveness of worker demography in the attine ant\nhölldobler, b. , 1976a. tournaments and slavery in a desert ant .\nthe resource occurs as a small unit that one ant can retrieve without help .\nberghoff sm, maschwitz u, linsenmair ke. influence of the hypogaeic army ant\ndetrain c, verheggen fj, diez l, wathelet b, haubruge e. aphid - ant mutualism: how honeydew sugars influence the behaviour of ant scouts .\ndevigne c, detrain c. how does food distance influence foraging in the ant\nfranks nr, fletcher cr. spatial patterns in army ant foraging and migration –\ngrüter c, czaczkes tj, ratnieks flw. decision making in ant foragers (\nliefke c, hölldobler b, maschwitz u. recruitment behavior in the ant genus\nmciver jd, torgersen tr, cimon nj. a supercolony of the thatch ant\nplowes njr, johnson ra, hölldobler b. foraging behavior in the ant genus\nrobert a. johnson, 2002, semi - claustral colony founding in the seed - harvester ant pogonomyrmex californicus: a comparative analysis of colony founding strategies, oecologia, 132: 60 - 67. springer - verlag .\nwe found that harvester ant colonies differ in the way that foraging activity responds to current conditions. first, some colonies are more likely than others to send out foragers. for example, the spread of points on the\nto continue foraging for the same resource, apparently because the quick unloading signals to them that they have brought something of high value back to the colony. in contrast, foragers that experience a significant time delay before being unloaded respond by changing their behavior, perhaps shifting to the collection of another resource. the nutritional status of a fire ant colony strongly influences the behavior of its foragers, with the relevant information transferred during social feeding. in colonies of the desert - dwelling red harvester ant ,\nschafer rj, holmes s, gordon dm (2006) forager activation and food availability in harvester ants. anim behav 71: 815–822 .\nschafer rj, holmes s, gordon dm (2006) forager activation and food availability in harvester ants. animal behaviour 71: 815–822 .\nants are so hardworking and so cool. red harvester ants, and just ants in general, are really amazing creatures. it is a shame that there is a problem with their decline in population as they really are a miraculous creature and societal animal to observe. this article did a really good job of putting that into context .\nnoa pinter - wollman, deborah m. gordon, susan holmes; nest site and weather affect the personality of harvester ant colonies, behavioral ecology, volume 23, issue 5, 1 september 2012, pages 1022–1029, urltoken\na personal account of a sting episode by wray (1938) is as follows :\nseveral ants stung me on the wrist, and after a few minutes an intense fiery pain began in this area which was about two inches in diameter. it turned deep red in color and immediately a watery, sticky secretion came out of the skin. this area became hot and feverish and the excruciating pain lasted all day and up into the night .\nat least one death, a child in oklahoma, has been credited to stings by the red harvester ant, p. barbatus (haack and granovsky 1990) .\ndejected beyond belief that its beyond - the - call - of - duty, extreme foraging effort is not appreciated, forager ant drags the sunflower seed a short distance away, stops, pauses for a few seconds, and then turns and makes a second attempt at taking it to the nest entrance. again, and in no uncertain terms, forager ant is stopped by the ever - alert nest maintenance ant and told once more to take the seed away. with dejection now having turned to hardly concealed anger, forager ant starts to haul the sunflower seed away, but instead, overcome with rage, throws it against a big pebble, and stalks away in a totally uncharacteristic and unheard of state of rebellious, non - collective red harvester ant colony consciousness, emitting faint ant obscenities and obnoxious pheromones as it disappears into the weeds .\na nest made of entirely of ants, primarily found in the army ant species .\nbernasconi g, strassmann je. cooperation among unrelated individuals: the ant foundress case .\nkobayashi k, hasegawa e, ohkawara k. clonal reproduction by males of the ant\nvásquez gm, silverman j. intraspecific aggression and colony fusion in the argentine ant .\nfigure 4: ant activity over time for all anthills. (click to enlarge )\nif you have a gel ant habitat you will not need to feed the ants .\nbeckers r, deneubourg jl, goss s. modulation of trail laying in the ant\nthomas m, elgar ma. colony size affects division of labour in the ponerine ant\n). most generalist ant species will also take dead insects when they encounter them .\ndejean a, beugnon g. persistent intercolonial trunkroute - marking in the african weaver ant\ndejean a, lachaud jp. ecology and behavior of the seed - eating ponerine ant\nlanan mc, dornhaus a, bronstein jl. the function of polydomy: the ant\ntanaka ho, yamane s, itioka t. effects of a ferndwelling ant species," ]

{ "text": [ "pogonomyrmex barbatus is a species of harvester ant from the genus pogonomyrmex .", "its common names include red ant and red harvester ant .", "these large ( 5 – to 7-mm ) ants prefer arid chaparral habitats and are native to the southwestern united states .", "nests are made underground ( up to 2.5 m deep ) in exposed areas .", "their diets consist primarily of seeds , and they consequently participate in myrmecochory , an ant-plant interaction through which the ants gain nutrients and the plants benefit through seed dispersal .", "red harvester ants are often mistaken for fire ants , but are not closely related to any fire ant species , native or introduced . " ], "topic": [ 3, 25, 24, 28, 8, 25 ] }

[ "pogonomyrmex barbatus is a species of harvester ant from the genus pogonomyrmex. its common names include red ant and red harvester ant. these large (5 – to 7-mm) ants prefer arid chaparral habitats and are native to the southwestern united states. nests are made underground (up to 2.5 m deep) in exposed areas. their diets consist primarily of seeds, and they consequently participate in myrmecochory, an ant-plant interaction through which the ants gain nutrients and the plants benefit through seed dispersal. red harvester ants are often mistaken for fire ants, but are not closely related to any fire ant species, native or introduced." ]

[ "remarks: ricinus vaderi n. sp. is the second ricinus species found on larks (alaudidae) .\nricinus vaderi valan n. sp. (figs. 1c; 2a – 2e )\nricinus vaderi valan, 2016 is a species of chewing lice which parasitises the calandra lark (melanocorypha calandra) in azerbaijan .\nthe dark side’s new weapon: ricinus vaderi originally appeared on the gadgeteer on march 4, 2016 at 7: 39 am .\nscientists in russia have discovered a new species of chewing lice. the lice has been named ricinus vaderi after star wars villain darth vader. the ricinus genus of chewing lice parasitize birds in the order passeriformes .\nprice et al. [ 19 ] listed 65 species of the genus ricinus parasitizing 271 different hosts in 32 families and created 299 host - louse associations. in the years thereafter, ricinus facetus mey, 2007, ricinus gutheili mey, 2007, ricinus nhillensis mey, 2007, ricinus ornatulus mey, 2007, ricinus ptilotulae mey, 2007 [ 16 ] and ricinus ruficapillus oniki, mey, willis, 2004 [ 18 ] were described. new host - louse associations have been reported for ricinus arcuatus (kellogg and mann, 1912), ricinus diffusus (kellogg, 1896), ricinus fringillae de geer, 1778, ricinus invadens (kellogg, 1899), ricinus marginatus (children, 1836), ricinus meinertzhageni rheinwald, 1968, ricinus mugimaki (uchida, 1915) and ricinus pessimalis eichler, 1956, [ 7, 9, 11, 22 – 25 ] and these bring the total number of species to 71 and host - louse associations to 315 .\n( a) lectotype female of ricinus ivanovi blagoveshtchensky, 1951. (b) lectotype female of r. tugarinovi blagoveshtchensky, 1951. (c) holotype female of r. vaderi n. sp. scale bar: 1 mm .\nwe consider the genus ricinus in a restricted sense, parasitizing only passeriformes despite the recent study by rheinwald [ 21 ] who synonymized trochiliphagus with ricinus. in his revision of the genus trochiliphagus, he declared that all 12 known species of the genus trochiliphagus should be one single species ricinus jimenezi .\nnous avons révisé une collection de mallophages déposée à l’institut de zoologie de l’académie des sciences de russie, saint - pétersbourg, russie. nous avons examiné 60 lames avec 107 spécimens de dix espèces du genre ricinus (de geer, 1778). la collection contient des spécimens lectotypes de ricinus ivanovi blagoveshtchensky, 1951 et de ricinus tugarinovi blagoveshtchensky, 1951. nous avons enregistré ricinus elongatus olfers, 1816 ex turdus ruficollis, r. ivanovi ex leucosticte tephrocotis et ricinus serratus (durrant, 1906) ex calandrella acutirostris et calandrella cheleensis qui avaient été omis dans la liste mondiale de price. les nouvelles mentions pour la russie sont r. elongatus ex turdus ruficollis; ricinus fringillae de geer, 1778 ex emberiza aureola, emberiza leucocephalos, emberiza rustica, passer montanus et prunella modularis; ricinus rubeculae de geer, 1778 ex erithacus rubecula et luscinia svecica; ricinus serratus (durrant, 1906) ex alauda arvensis. une nouvelle mention pour le tadjikistan est r. serratus ex calandrella acutirostris. la nouvelle espèce ricinus vaderi valan n. sp. est décrite avec l’alouette calandre melanocorypha calandra, d’azerbaidjan, comme hôte - type .\ndiagnosis: our specimens of r. vaderi have ornamented ovoid sclerites, present only in the diffusus, serratus and subangulatus species groups. ricinus vaderi cannot be placed into any of these groups. in the subangulatus species group, the frontal margin is continuous with that of marginal carinae, but not in r. vaderi n. sp. or the diffusus and serratus species groups. ricinus vaderi n. sp. has a characteristic head shape with broadly concave lateral head margins; the head is wider than the length (hi = 86–87); setae along the antennal lappets are reduced with diastoma; the setal pattern on the terminal tergite iiiii × iiiii. in the diffusus species group, the lateral margin is almost straight; hi is 100–110, with the exception of r. thoracicus (hi = 93); there is no reduction or diastoma along the antennal lappets and the pattern on terminal tergite iiiim × miiii (where “m” means moderately long seta). ricinus serratus, the only member of its group, has serrated pleural nodi, the head has a postfrontal constriction, the gular plate has no posterior extensions, the a1 setae are long and there is one tactile seta on coxa i .\na list of chewing lice of the genus ricinus deposited at the zoological institute of the russian academy of sciences, saint petersburg, russia .\netymology: this species name is derived from darth vader, a fictional character in the star wars trilogy. the first author’s fiancée noticed a similarity between the head of the r. vaderi and darth vader’s helmet .\nchewing lice of genus ricinus (phthiraptera, ricinidae) deposited at the zoological institute of the russian academy of sciences, saint petersburg, ... - pubmed - ncbi\nchewing lice of genus ricinus (phthiraptera, ricinidae) deposited at the zoological institute of the russian academy of sciences, saint petersburg, russia, with description of a new species .\nin total, we examined 107 specimens of the genus ricinus mounted on 60 slides and no samples in fixatives were found. the majority of these specimens (78) are females, with only 7 males and 22 nymphs. specimens had been collected from various locations and by several collectors. specimens from tajikistan had mostly been examined and data presented by blagoveshtchensky [ 3 ]. studies of lice obtained in azerbaijan have also been published [ 2 ], with the exception of ricinus sp. from melanocorypha calandra. as expected, the sex ratio is unbalanced (1–11. 14) and our results correspond with nelson [ 17 ] and literature cited therein, thus showing that females of ricinus are approximately 10 times more abundant than males .\nblagoveshtchensky [ 3 ] described ricinus ivanovi blagoveshtchensky, 1951 and ricinus tugarinovi blagoveshtchensky, 1951; he also mentioned additional records of this genus in the former ussr. although he noted that calandrella acutirostris acutirostris hume, 1873 (passeriformes: alaudidae) was a host of ricinus serratus (durrant, 1906), this was not cited by price et al. [ 19 ]. price et al. [ 19 ] included only reliable sources, but because r. serratus is already known from several alaudid hosts, this prompted us to inspect material acquired by blagoveshtchensky. these specimens are deposited at the zoological institute of the russian academy of sciences, saint petersburg (zisp) and are part of a larger collection, mainly assembled by him during the 1930s through the 1970s .\nremarks: the condition of these specimens is poor and we were not able to identify them. these two specimens differ from r. serratus, the only known ricinus from this host species, in not having a laterally positioned, serrated structure on the pleurites .\nremarks: ricinidae are parasites of songbirds (passeriformes) and hummingbirds (apodiformes: trochilidae); hence, ricinus spp. 3 and 4, whose specimens differ considerably from each other probably represent two different species. they are considered as contaminants (stragglers) .\nthe scientists say in their report that darth vader' s name was used because of a similarity between the head of the lice and darth vader' s helmet. the author' s write ,\nthis species name is derived from darth vader, a fictional character in the star wars trilogy. the first author' s fiancee noticed a similarity between the head of the r. vaderi and darth vader' s helmet .\nremarks: these specimens are not identified to species level because of their poor condition, but they are not r. ivanovi, a known ricinus from this host species. in contrast to r. ivanovi, the heads of these nymphs are wider than the length and have broadly concave lateral margins .\ncite this article as: valan m, sychra o & literak i: chewing lice of genus ricinus (phthiraptera, ricinidae) deposited at the zoological institute of the russian academy of sciences, saint petersburg, russia, with description of a new species. parasite, 2016, 23, 7 .\nrheinwald based his study on investigation of only two trochiliphagus specimens from the same host, and did not examine any of the type material. this leaves some open questions: 1. is there indeed only one species of trochiliphagus / ricinus parasitizing hummingbirds or more, regardless of the correct genus? 2. is the status of the genus trochiliphagus valid or is it indeed part of the genus ricinus? 3. perhaps the genus ricinus occurring on passeriformes could also be divided into several genera since some species groups of this genus (dolichocephalus species group) are more similar to those of trochiliphagus from hummingbirds than to other species groups from passerine birds (for example, arcuatus group). as rheinwald noted, application of modern enzymatic and dna techniques may provide the answers. therefore, until proper dna studies are performed or at least morphological investigations of more specimens from different hummingbird species and of course of type material for the genus trochiliphagus, we consider rheinwald’s hypothesis is insufficiently supported and suggest resurrection of the name trochiliphagus .\nricinus de geer, 1778 (phthiraptera: amblycera) is the largest genus of chewing lice found parasitizing passeriformes [ 17 ]. whereas chewing lice mainly feed on feathers, these lice also feed on blood and have an unbalanced sex ratio with approximately 1 male to 10 females [ 17 ]. the distribution of many chewing lice is characterized by high host specificity and wide host distribution is therefore relatively rare [ 19 ]. hopkins [ 10 ] noted that ricinus has an anomalous distribution and occurs on approximately one - third of the 70 families of passeriformes. major revisions of this genus were done separately for old world [ 20 ] and new world species [ 17 ] and comprise the majority of known species .\nremarks: chewing lice on c. a. acutirostris and g. cristata in tajikistan have been recorded [ 3 ]. the record of r. serratus ex c. a. acutirostris was not provided in the checklist by price et al. [ 19 ]. ricinus serratus is known from 14 species of birds from three families of which nine species belong to the family alaudidae [ 19 ]. the world checklist [ 19 ] included two hosts from the genus calandrella and besides c. a. acutirostris, the records for calandrella cheleensis (swinhoe, 1871) recorded by mey [ 15 ] were missed. mey had found only two nymphs [ 15 ] and that could possibly be the reason for excluding the record from the checklist. nevertheless, even juvenile instars of r. serratus are easily distinguishable from other ricinus species by the presence of unique serrated pleural nodi. we suggest c. a. acutirostris and c. cheleensis be considered as valid hosts of r. serratus .\nremarks: blagoveshtchensky [ 3 ] based his description of r. tugarinovi on 2♀, but he did not provide a slide number for the type specimen. subsequently, rheinwald [ 20 ], in his revision of the old world species of ricinus, re - described r. tugarinovi without examining the type material. since the specimen examined in this study shares notes about locality and date with two specimens examined by blagoveshtchensky [ 3 ], and inasmuch as we lack information on where the other specimen is deposited, the remaining specimen mounted on slide no. 153 is designated as a lectotype .\nterminal segments of abdomen as in figures 2c and 2e. chaetotaxy in segments ii through vii follow ricinus pattern, two setae with inner less than half the length of the outer. one pair of long setae on sternite viii and one vulval seta. setae in anal fringe: adf, 41–42; avf, 42–43. ventral pleural chaetotaxy as in figures 2c and 2e: ii, sss; iii, sss; iv, sis; v, iii; vi, iii; vii, iii and viii, iii. terminal setae as in figure 2c with small outer pair of setae, followed by two long setae, and two pairs of small inner setae. pleural nodi unique (fig. 2e) .\nricinus vaderi n. sp. ♀ from melanocorypha calandra. (a) head, dorsoventral view: df, dorsal setae of the frons; f, ventral setae on the frons; a, setae on the temples dorsally; d, setae on the dorsum of the head; t, setae positioned dorsolaterally on temples; m, setae dorsoventrally on the marginal carinae; po, postocular setae; pa, paraantennal setae; preant. , preantennal setae; ment. , mental setae; pm, paramental setae; max. palp. , maxillary palpi; max. , maxillary setae; pal. scl. , pallete sclerite; lun. n. , lunar nodi; tent. n. , tentorial nodi; ant. n. , antennal nodi. (b) thorax, ventrodorsal view: l, lateral prothoracic setae; pr, dorsal prothoracic setae; prst. pl. , prosternal plate; prst. s. , prosternal plate setae; q, setae ventrally and submarginally on the pterothorax; st. s. , sternal setae; c, four pairs of setae dorsally on the pterothorax; w, series of lateral setae on the pterothorax; b, dorsal setae on the posterior margin. (c) abdomen terminus. term. s. , terminal setae of tergite ix; vps, ventral pleural setae; i, long pilose seta; i, short pilose seta; s, large spine; s, small spine (spines are on pleurites ii–iv); adf, dorsal anal fringe; avf, ventral anal fringe. (d) mandibles and ornamented ovoid sclerite of the nymph: ov. scl. , ovoid sclerite. (e) abdomen, dorsoventral: sen. , sensilla; spir. , spiracle; dps, dorsal pleural setae; ps. s. , postspiracular setae; vi–viii, tergites; sc, sternal central setae; sl, sternal lateral setae. scale bar is 0. 2 mm for all figures .\nfollowing host nomenclature according to clements et al. [ 5 ], lice of the genus ricinus infest more than one - third of the families of passeriformes (45 of 122), still in accordance with hopkins [ 10 ] statement. for example, r. fringillae de geer, 1778 is known from 48 bird species from 9 families [ 11, 19 ]. there is no doubt that descriptions of new species and new host - louse records are expected. consequently, examining museum collections and revision of material deposited worldwide are necessary to obtain more data concerning geographical distribution, biodiversity and host associations of chewing lice. furthermore, for some of the species, blagoveshtchensky reported more specimens than we have found in his collection. we hope that with our article, these lost samples will be found in the future .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurn: lsid: zoobank. org: pub: edc87ff9 - 2c01 - 42e4 - a1b7 - a5f0377a0ddf\ndepartment of biology and wildlife diseases, faculty of veterinary hygiene and ecology, university of veterinary and pharmaceutical sciences, palackeho tr. 1 / 3, 612 42 brno, czech republic\nmiroslav valan – urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: 1dba4e7f - 9cf1 - 464b - bcf4 - a7d7cfe26e00\noldrich sychra – urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: d28ceafb - 0f34 - 4937 - a66e - 6ac8ba90e325\nivan literak – urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: 1a328ac3 - 67a8 - 4f79 - 86db - 81e3db0661c8\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license (urltoken), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited .\nspecies concept, morphological characters and system of chaetotaxy follow nelson [ 17 ] (see fig. 2). all measurements are in millimeters and were taken using quickphoto micro 3. 0. in order to achieve high quality, drawings were made as vectors using adobe illustrator c6 .\ntype host: oriolus oriolus (l. , 1758) – eurasian golden oriole (oriolidae) .\nremarks: according to literature to which we had access, this is the first record of r. dolichocephalus in russia .\ntype host: turdus viscivorus (l. , 1758) – mistle thrush (turdidae) .\npallas, 1776 (passeriformes: turdidae), red - throated thrush. r\n. okr. turukhanska: 3♀, 1♂, 1n (slide no. mv02), 30. v. 1902, ostrovskikh p. coll. ; tomskaya gub. elizavetinsk. zav. : 1♀ (slide no. mv03), 5. vii. 1903; no specific location: 1♀ (slide no. mv04), 1907, haritonov coll .\ntype host: regulus regulus (l. , 1758) – goldcrest (regulidae) .\n. zap. tigrovaya balka: 1♀ (slide no. 134), 21. xii. 1939; 1♀ (slide no. 135), 3. i. 1940; 3♀ (slide no. 136), 10. i. 1947, ivanov a. coll. , det. blagoveshtchensky .\nloudon, 1911 (passeriformes: regulidae), goldcrest (caucasian). a\n. lenkoranskiy r - n d. alekseevka: 3♀, 10–14. iii. 1934 (slides no. 130–132), shtrom zh. coll. , det. blagoveshtchensky; sari island (caspian sea): 2♀ (slide no. 133), 14. iii. 1937, det. blagoveshtchensky .\nremarks: specimens were examined and notes were given by blagoveshtchensky [ 2, 3 ] .\ntype host: emberiza citrinella l. , 1758 – yellowhammer (emberizidae) .\n1♀, 4n (slide no. 2410) ex carduelis flammea (l. , 1758) (passeriformes: fringillidae), common redpoll. 17. i. 1929 .\npallas, 1773 (passeriformes: emberizidae), yellow - breasted bunting. r\n. okr. n - tambovska na amure: 4. viii. 1939, blagoveshtchensky coll .\n( l. , 1758) (passeriformes: emberizidae), reed bunting. a\n15♀, 1♂, 2n, ex fringilla coelebs l. , 1758 (passeriformes: fringillidae), common chaffinch .\n. petrodvorec: 3♀ (slides no. mv08–10), vi. 1952, karakasheva coll; tver’ okr. : 1n (slide no. 139), 18. iv. 1907, det. blagoveshtchensky; and 1♀, 1♂ (slide no. 137), 13. ix. 1907, plotnikov v. coll. , det. blagoveshtchensky .\n. naryn: 1♀ (slide no. mv011), the most likely iii. 1913 .\n. k. tazhni: 3♀ (slide no. 138), 25. ii. 1947, ivanov a. coll. , det. blagoveshtchensky .\nlocality: 6♀, 1n (slide no. 2575) ex f. coeleb s (passeriformes: fringillidae), common chaffinch. tsikhis - dzhivari: 1935 .\n( l. , 1758) (passeriformes: passeridae), eurasian tree sparrow. r\n( scopoli, 1769) (passeriformes: prunellidae), alpine accentor. t\n. gissarskiy khrebet pereval anzob: viii. 1945, ivanov a. coll. , det. blagoveshtchensky .\n( l. , 1758) (passeriformes: prunellidae), dunnock. r\nremarks: according to literature to which we had access, new host records for r. fringillae in russia are emberiza aureola, e. leucocephalos, e. rustica, p. montanus and p. modularis .\ntype host: leucosticte brandti bonaparte, 1851 – black - headed mountain - finch (fringillidae) .\n. gissarskiy khrebet pereval anzob: 19. viii. 1945, ivanov a. coll. , det. blagoveshtchensky .\nremarks: blagoveshtchensky [ 3 ] based his description of r. ivanovi on 1♀. unfortunately, blagoveshtchensky did not provide a slide number. neither rheinwald [ 20 ] nor nelson [ 17 ] examined the type specimen. the specimen examined in this study has the same notes about locality and date as given in the original description. accordingly, this specimen is designated a lectotype specimen of r. ivanovi. nelson [ 17 ] examined 8♀ and 3♂ of r. ivanovi ex leucosticte tephrocotis (swainson, 1832) and none from l. brandti. nelson’s record was included by emerson [ 6 ] in a chewing lice checklist of north america. nevertheless, this was probably missed accidentally by price et al. [ 19 ] .\ntype host: erithacus rubecula (l. , 1758) – european robin (muscicapidae) .\n( l. , 1758) (passeriformes: muscicapidae), bluethroat. r\nremarks: according to literature to which we had access, this is the first record of r. rubeculae in russia .\ntype host: eremophila alpestris (l. , 1758) – horned or przewalski’s lark (alaudidae) .\n( l. , 1758) (passeriformes: alaudidae), sky lark. r\n( l. , 1758) (passeriformes: alaudidae), crested lark. t\n. zap. tigrovaya balka: 1n (slide no. 143), 29. iv. 1934, and 13♀, 2♂, 4n (slides no. 140–142, 144–148), 9. ii. 1941, sosnina e. coll. , det. blagoveshtchensky; kirovobad: 1♀, 1♂ (slide no. 150), 29. vi. 1932, shtrom zh. coll. , det. blagoveshtchensky; saray - kamar: 1♀ (slide no. 149), 29. vi. 1932, pospelova m. coll. , det. blagoveshtchensky .\ntype host: spizella passerina (bechstein, 1798) – chipping sparrow (emberizidae) .\ntype locality: hopland field station, mendocino co. , california, usa .\n. chukot. p - ov, lavrentiya: 28. vii. 1948, ljobin coll .\nremarks: although this species infests members of the family emberizidae, we have found no previous records of it infesting birds of the genus emberiza. having just one specimen and doubtful collection techniques in the past, we suggest that r. subdiffusus not be considered as a parasite of emberiza at this time .\ntype host: plectrophenax nivalis (l. , 1758) – snow bunting (emberizidae) .\n. o - v vrangelya b. rodzhersa: 7. v. 1939, portenko coll. , det. blagoveshtchensky, slide no. 157 .\ntype host: terpsiphone paradisi (l. , 1758) – asian paradise - flycatcher (monarchidae) .\nurn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: f18ff85a - 2a81 - 4ce1 - 8a47 - 4ce5e4816708\ntype host: melanocorypha calandra (l. , 1766) – calandra lark (alaudidae) .\ntype material: holotype ♀ (slide no. mv21) and paratype ♀ with 1n (slide no. mv22 )\nauthorship: note that the authors of the new taxon are different from the authors of this paper; article 50. 1 and recommendation 50a of the international code of zoological nomenclature [ 12 ] .\nthorax (fig. 2b). setae l3 and l4 slightly pilose, one l6 seta and small seta l9. prosternal plate without nodi, pear - shaped; prosternal setae narrowly separated (0. 04 mm). two tactile setae on coxa i. q2–q4 large and spinose, q4 sometimes absent; w series composed of four setae with anterior two spinose and twice as large as posterior two pilose setae; c1 spinose and larger than c2; c2–c4 pilose. sternal plate as in figure 2b bearing one moderately long posterior seta and two or three short anterior setae .\ndimensions as follows: total length = 3. 73–3. 82; total width = 1. 11; head length = 0. 72–0. 73; head width = 0. 83; hi = 86–87 (head index = ratio of head length to head width × 100); labrum width = 0. 36–0. 37; prothorax length = 0. 39–0. 40; prothorax width = 0. 73–0. 75; distance between prosternal setae = 0. 039–0. 040 .\n( pontoppidan, 1763) (falconiformes, accipitridae), rough - legged hawk. r\n( zarudny, 1911) (strigiformes, strigidae), tawny owl (turkestan). r\nwe thank alexandr stekolnikov for support and assistance during a research stay of the first author at the zoological institute of the russian academy of sciences, saint petersburg. we also thank oleg tolstenkov, who provided the literature in russian. the authors acknowledge the recommendations of the three anonymous reviewers and the editor for their valuable comments which helped to improve the manuscript .\nde geer 1778 (mallophaga). biologicky sbornik slovenskej akademie vied a umeni, 7, 155–170 (in czech) .\nblagoveshtchensky di. 1940. mallophaga s ptits tal’isha. parazitologicheskij zbornik, 8, 25–90 (in russian) .\nblagoveshtchensky di. 1951. mallophaga of tajikistan. parazitologicheskij zbornik, 13, 272–327 (in russian) .\nblagoveshtchensky di. 1958. mallophaga and anoplura from animals of the wrangel island. entomologicheskoe obozrenie, 37, 374–379 (in russian) .\nclements fj, schulenberg ts, iliff mj, roberson d, fredericks ta, sullivan bl, wood cl. 2014. the ebird / clements checklist of birds of the world: version 6. 9. available at\nemerson kc. 1972. checklist of the mallophaga of north america (north of mexico). part ii. suborder amblycera. deseret test center: dugway, utah .\nenout amj, lobato dnc, diniz fc, antonini y. 2012. chewing lice (insecta, phthiraptera) and feather mites (acari, astigmata) associated with birds of the cerrado in central brazil. parasitology research, 111, 1731–1742 .\ngrube ae. 1856. beschreibung der auf a. th. v. middendorff’s sibirischer reise gesammelten parasiten. buchdruckerei der kaiserlichen akademie der wissenschaften: st. petersburg .\nhalajian a, sychra o, luus - powell w, engelbrecht d, papousek i. 2014. an annotated checklist of amblyceran chewing lice (phthiraptera: amblycera) from wild passerine birds (passeriformes) in south africa. african entomology, 22, 762–778 .\nhopkins ghe. 1942. the mallophaga as an aid to the classification of birds. ibis, 84, 94–106 .\nilieva mn. 2005. new data on chewing lice (insecta: phthiraptera) from wild birds in bulgaria. acta zoologica bulgarica, 57, 37–48 .\ninternational commission on zoological nomenclature. 1999. international code of zoological nomenclature, fourth edition, international trust for zoological nomenclature: london, i–xxix + 1–306 .\nkravtsova nt. 1998. paraziticheskie chlenistonogie osnovnykh sinantropnykh ptits g. bishkek i ego okrestnostey. (parasitic arthropods of main synanthropic species of birds of bishkek city and its suburbs). summary of ph. d. thesis, kyrgyz state agricultural university, bishkek, kyrgyzstan, 18 pp. (in russian and english) .\nlyakhova om, kotti bc. 2011. chewing lice (mallophaga: insecta) of birds in the central ciscaucasia. entomological review, 91, 367–376 .\nmey e. 1982. mongolische mallophagen i. ergebnisse der mongolischen gemeinschaftsreise von ornithologen aus der ddr 1979. ix, zugleich ergebnisse der mongolisch - deutschen biologischen expedition seit 1962, nr. 107. mitteilungen aus dem zoologischen museum in berlin, 58, 155–195 .\n- arten (insecta, phthiraptera, amblycera) aus dem naturhistorischen museum in rudolstadt (thüringen). rudolstädter naturhistorische schriften, 14, 27–42 .\n( mallophaga) occurring on passeriformes (aves). university of california press: berkeley .\n( aves, passeriformes, furnariidae). rudolstädter naturhistorische schriften, 12, 129–132 .\nprice rd, hellenthal ra, palma rl. 2003. world checklist of chewing lice with host associations and keys to families and genera, in the chewing lice: world checklist and biological overview. price rd, hellenthal ra, palma rl, johnson kp, clayton dh, editors. illinois natural history survey: champaign. p. 1–448 .\nde geer, 1778. revision der ausseramerikanischen arten. mitteilungen aus dem hamburg zoologischen museum und institut, 65, 181–326 .\ncarriker within the ricinidae (insecta: phthiraptera). bonner zoologische beiträge, 55, 37–46 .\nsychra o, halajian a, luus - powell w, engelbrecht d, symes c, papousek i. 2014. amblyceran chewing lice (phthiraptera: amblycera) from wild passerines (passeriformes) in south africa, with a note to their phylogenetic relationships and with the description of a new species in the genus\nsychra o, literak i, capek m, havlicek m. 2007. chewing lice (phthiraptera) from buntings, cardinals and tanagers (passeriformes: emberizidae, cardinalidae, thraupidae) from costa rica, with descriptions of two new species of the genus\nsychra o, najer t, kounek f, capek m, literak i. 2010. chewing lice (phthiraptera) on manakins (passeriformes: pipridae) from costa rica, with description of a new species of the genus\nvalim mp, lambrecht fm, vianna ées. 2009. new records of chewing lice (insecta, phthiraptera) from birds of southern brazil, with description of a new species. iheringia série zoologia, 99, 249–258 .\ncurrent usage metrics show cumulative count of article views (full - text article views including html views, pdf and epub downloads, according to the available data) and abstracts views on vision4press platform .\ndata correspond to usage on the plateform after 2015. the current usage metrics is available 48 - 96 hours after online publication and is updated daily on week days .\nenter your email address to subscribe to entomology today. you' ll receive notifications of new posts by email .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\ndepartment of biology and wildlife diseases, faculty of veterinary hygiene and ecology, university of veterinary and pharmaceutical sciences, palackeho tr. 1 / 3, 612 42 brno, czech republic .\npmid: 26902646 pmcid: pmc4763114 doi: 10. 1051 / parasite / 2016007\nthe gadgeteer may receive a commission on purchases made from affiliate links on our posts .\nkathleen has always enjoyed technology and the sciences (biology and entomology). she' s worked as a research technician and an end user services tech before becoming a stay - at - home mom and home educator. her continued interest in technology led her to join the gadgeteer team in 2014 .\nsave my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time i comment .\ndon' t subscribe all replies to my comments notify me of followup comments via e - mail. you can also subscribe without commenting .\nwhat do you do if you want to go digital for your notes, but just can' t give up the feel of writing on paper with a pen? one solution might be the rowrite smart writing pad from royole. the rowrite is a specially designed writing surface that when paired with the rowrite pen, digitizes your text and drawings written on regular paper. you can read more about the rowrite on royole' s site and stay tuned for my full review coming soon. (posted on 6 / 27 )\nthe scientists studied 107 specimens of 10 different chewing lice species on 60 different slides at the zoological institute of the russian academy of sciences in saint petersburg, russia .\nsays these specimens are part of a bigger collection that was assembled from 1930 to 1970 .\nurltoken copyright © 2005 - 2017 by writers write, inc. all rights reserved. terms of service | privacy policy\nwe' ve detected that javascript is disabled in your browser. would you like to proceed to legacy twitter ?\nparasite: an international open - access, peer - reviewed, online journal publishing parasitology. tweets from editor, jean - lou justine. if: 2. 545\nyou can add location information to your tweets, such as your city or precise location, from the web and via third - party applications. you always have the option to delete your tweet location history. learn more\nhere' s the url for this tweet. copy it to easily share with friends .\nby embedding twitter content in your website or app, you are agreeing to the twitter developer agreement and developer policy .\nnot on twitter? sign up, tune into the things you care about, and get updates as they happen .\nthis timeline is where you’ll spend most of your time, getting instant updates about what matters to you .\nhover over the profile pic and click the following button to unfollow any account .\nwhen you see a tweet you love, tap the heart — it lets the person who wrote it know you shared the love .\nthe fastest way to share someone else’s tweet with your followers is with a retweet. tap the icon to send it instantly .\nadd your thoughts about any tweet with a reply. find a topic you’re passionate about, and jump right in .\n@ parasitejournal @ byontae bringing by - product of imagination into vivid reality... ?\ntwitter may be over capacity or experiencing a momentary hiccup. try again or visit twitter status for more information .\nforest pathologist at @ inra _ nancy, interested in ecology, epidemiology and population biology of forest fungal pathogens. views are mine .\n@ pascal _ frey @ myrtleviolet @ darthvader also dracunculus (aroid plant & e. g. guinea worm nematode), pieris (plant & white butterfly) etc. 2\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more\n“you don’t know the power of the dark side. ” apparently, a new species of chewing louse didn’t know either and thus succumbed to the temptation. scientists miroslav valan, oldrich sychra and ivan literak, while revising “a collection of chewing lice deposited at the zoological institute of the russian academy of sciences, saint petersburg, russia” (from [ … ]\nnote: if you are subscribed to this feed through feedburner, please switch to our native feed url urltoken in order to ensure continuous delivery .\nthe letters and numbers you entered did not match the image. please try again .\nas a final step before posting your comment, enter the letters and numbers you see in the image below. this prevents automated programs from posting comments .\nname and email address are required. email address will not be displayed with the comment .\nthis weblog only allows comments from registered typekey users. to comment, please enable javascript so you can sign into typekey .\nfoldio360 – a smart turntable for 360º photos foldio360 – a smart turntable for 360º photos it’s difficult. we see high quality photographs of small objects all the time in tv and print ads. but when we try to use our smartphone to take a picture that looks like that it doesn’t work. we’re trying to get something ...\nwatching a log cabin hand built from scratch will make you want to live in a forest watching a log cabin hand built from scratch will make you want to live in a forest technology has made many aspects of our lives easier, but at the same time incredibly chaotic with non - stop emails, social media posts, and electronic alerts. if you’ve ever thought about walking away from ...\nits an a magic speaker. i found a hand free l ...\nyou can find a more in depth and up to date rev..." ]

{ "text": [ "ricinus vaderi is a species of chewing lice which parasitises the calandra lark ( melanocorypha calandra ) in azerbaijan .", "it is a member of ricinus , the largest genus of chewing lice found parasitizing passeriformes .", "the species name is derived from darth vader , a fictional character in the star wars series .", "according to miroslav valan , oldrich sychra and ivan literak , the first author ’s fiancée noticed a similarity between the head of the r. vaderi and darth vader ’s helmet . " ], "topic": [ 6, 26, 25, 6 ] }

[ "ricinus vaderi is a species of chewing lice which parasitises the calandra lark (melanocorypha calandra) in azerbaijan. it is a member of ricinus, the largest genus of chewing lice found parasitizing passeriformes. the species name is derived from darth vader, a fictional character in the star wars series. according to miroslav valan, oldrich sychra and ivan literak, the first author ’s fiancée noticed a similarity between the head of the r. vaderi and darth vader ’s helmet." ]

[ "dynastes satanas moser, 1909 – satanas beetle (bolivia. male: 50–115 mm; female: 30–55 mm )\ndynastes satanas moser: nouvelle decouverte et description des pieces genitales du male (col. , dynastidae )\ndynastes satanas is a species of beetle, described from bolivian specimens by the entomologist julius moser in 1909 .\ndynastes satanas moser: nouvelle decouverte et description des pieces genitales du male (col. , dynastidae )\ndynastes satanas moser: nouvelle decouverte et description des pieces genitales du male (col. , dynastidae) [ 1981 ]\nsimilar species: six species of dynastes are found in the new world, three of which are found in the u. s. and mexico. dynastes granti horn, 1870 - arizona dynastes tityus (linnaeus, 1758) - eastern north america dynastes hyllus chevrolat, 1843 - occurs as far north as tamaulipas, mexico .\nthe most closely related species is probably dynastes satanas which is smaller than the neptune beetle and is endemic to a restricted area of the yungas in the andes of bolivia. list of dynastes species (after móron, 2009): dynastes tityus - eastern united statesdynastes granti - southwestern united statesdynastes hyllus - mexico and guatemaladynastes maya - mexico, guatemala and hondurasdynastes moroni - mexicodynastes hercules - southern mexico to bolivia, eastern brazil and the lesser antillesdynastes neptunus - andes of venezuela, colombia, ecuador and perudynastes satanas - yungas of bolivia\nthere are several similar species in the genus dynastes, but only the hercules beetle, dynastes hercules is of a similar size (reaching 18 cm). d. hercules has :\nhardy, 2003 - description of a new species of dynastes kirby, besoiro, nr. 9\nreid, 1995 - une nouvelle sous - espèce de dynastes hercules, besoiro, nr. 1\nweblinks: dynastes tityus (linnaeus, 1763) - university of nebraska state museum eastern hercules beetle (dynastes tityus) - texas a & m dynastes tityus, the rhinoceros beetle - jay comeaux captive breeding manual for beetles of the family scarabaeidae - c. campbell rearing the hercules beetle. dynastes tityus - university of kentucky misc: was featured on a u. s. stamp in october 1999, drawn by steve buchanan\nthis is a very interesting report, which was written by my friend kay the guru. it deals with the breeding of dynastes hercules hercules .\ndynastes maya hardy, 2003 maya white beetle [ 7 ] – (mexico, guatemala. male: 50–90 mm; female: 40–50 mm )\ndynastes satanas is found only in moist forest areas in bolivia, at between 900 and 2000 metres and is confined to the moist forests in the departments of la paz and cochabamba. even here, it is restricted to altitudes between 900 and 2000 metres, where the rainfall is between 1500 to 6000mm a year, and the temperature goes no lower than 7 degrees and no higher than 24ºc .\ndynastes hyllus chevrolat, 1843 – (mexico, belize, el salvador, honduras, guatemala, nicaragua. male: 35–70 mm; female: 30–45 mm )\nhuang, j. parapatric genetic introgression and phenotypic assimiation: testing conditions for introgression between hercules beetles (dynastes, dynastinae). molecular ecology, vol. 25, 2016, 13p .\n1) dynastes hercules (hercules of guadeloupe: max. 180 mm ?); 2) dynastes neptunus (max. 158 mm); 3) megasoma mars (max. 140 mm ?); 4) megasoma elephas (elephas: max. 136 mm ?); 5) megasoma actaeon (max. 135 mm ?); 6) chalcosoma chiron (janssensi of sumatra is. : max. 133 mm); 7) megasoma janus (janus: max. 120 mm); 8) megasoma gyas (gyas of brazil: max. 116 mm); 9) dynastes satanas (bolivia: max. 115 mm); 10) megasoma occidentalis (mexico: max. 112 mm); 11) chalcosoma moellenkampi (kalimantan is. : max. 112 mm); and 12) chalcosoma atlas (hesperus of mindanao is. : max. 108 mm )\nthe satanas beetle is a spectacular member of the dynastinae, the rhinoceros beetles, which grow to up to 115mm long. the male beetle has large horns, and commands high prices from collectors. because of collecting and habitat loss it is protected in its home country, bolivia, and has recently been placed on\nhinton, h. e. , jarman, g. m. physiological colour change in the elytra of the hercules beetle, dynastes hercules. journal of insect physiology, vol. 19, 1973, 16p .\netymology: dynastes tityus (linnaeus, 1763) dyn, - am, - amo, - ast (g). be able; power, energy titan, - o (g my). gigantic; chalk\nreferences: dechambre, r. - p. 1981. diagnose de la femelle et désignation du néallotype de dynastes satanus moser (coleoptera: dynastidae). bulletin de la société entomologique de france 86: 247 - 248. endrödi, s. 1985. the dynastinae of the world. series entomologica, volume 28, w. junk, dordrecht. 800 pp. , 46 plates. lachaume, g. 1985. dynastini 1: dynastes - megasoma - golofa. les coleopteres du monde 5. sciences nat, venette, france. 85 pp. , 29 plates. larrouy, g. 1981. dynastes satanus moser: nouvelle découverte et description des pièces génitales du mâle (coleoptera: dynastidae). bulletin de la société entomologique de france 86: 244 - 246. moser, j. 1909. eine neue dynastes - art. (col .). deutsche entomologische zeitschrift 1909: 112 - 113 .\nmy particular concerns are the breeding / rearing of giant beetles, the maximum length of whose males exceeds 100 mm in nature (see the following list: giant rhinoceros beetles). among them, dynastes hercules hercules is my most favorite\nrassart, m. , colomer, j. f. , tabarrant, t. , vigneron, j. p. diffractive hygrochromic effect in the cuticle of the hercules beetle dynastes hercules. new journal of physics, vol. 10, 2008, 14p .\nthe following pages present the breeding / rearing of dynastes hercules hercules. discussion on the breeding / rearing follows natural history of the insect, which is thought useful for breeding / rearing. although the classification of the species may vary among taxonomists, there are 13 varieties (s. nagai) :\nsatanas beetles take 2 years to mature. females lay 25 - 40 eggs, which hatch after approximately two months. after hatching, there are 3 larval stages that last 1. 5 - - 2 years, then a pupal stage which lasts about 2 months before the adult emerges. the adult can live approximately 9 months in captivity, but it is not known how long they live in the wild. the larvae feed on dead tree trunks acting as decomposers, while the adults probably feed on sap, nectar or fruit .\nbiological data: dynastes satanus is infrequently seen and a limited number of specimens have been collected since d. satanus was described by moser (1909). biological and ecological information on this species is non - existent. however, in order to supply the highly coveted specimens for collections around the world, japanese beetle enthusiasts are rearing d. satanus in captivity .\ndynastes is a genus of large beetles belonging to the family scarabaeidae. they occur in the nearctic ecozone and in the neotropical ecozone, from the united states to brazil; [ 1 ] [ 2 ] four north american species (including mexico), three with distributions extending from central america either north or south, and two species endemic to south america. [ 2 ]\nthere is no legislation protecting dynastes neptunus and it is not considered a seriously threatened species. however, because deforestation is a serious problem through much of the species’ range, there should be concern about the shrinking areas of suitable forest still remaining, particularly on the western andean slopes which are most threatened by human activities. the species is very popular with insect breeders and collectors, but such activities are of minor importance to its survival compared to habitat loss .\nalthough there are numerous species under the genus dynastes, some are able to produce viable offspring with one another. [ 2 ] this has been observed in captivity, but it is unclear if wild beetles will engage in acts of hybridization. [ 2 ] certain species such as d. grantii and d. hyllus are believed to be sister species, while d. tityus is thought to be a sister taxon to the central american\nwhite hercules\nlineage. [ 2 ] the intermediate species that bridges the\nwhite hercules\nand the\ngiant hercules\nlineages is thought to be d. maya. [ 2 ]\ndynastes neptunus occurs in the andes mountains of northwest south america, in venezuela, colombia, ecuador and peru. its habitat is the lush and humid montane tropical forest, sometimes called ‘cloudforest’. little is known about its distribution but it occurs most often above 700 m elevation, up to at least 2500 m in suitable areas. the species is apparently present on both the western and the eastern slopes of the andes. the larvae of the beetle develop in the decomposing wood of large trees, especially standing dead trees. therefore the survival of the species is entirely dependent on the availability of such trees which are only found in primary or mature secondary forest areas that have not been deforested .\nthe larval stage of dynastes hercules will last one to two years, with the larva growing up to 4. 5 inches (11 cm) in length and weighing more than 100 grams. much of the life of the larva is spent tunneling through rotting wood. after the larval period, transformation into a pupa, and moulting, the beetle then emerges as an adult. adults of most species can live from two to ten months [ 9 ] and some can even live one or two years. eastern hercules beetles, d. tityus, can live six to twenty - three months in captivity with a hibernation period. [ 9 ] western hercules beetles, d. grantii, tend to have a shorter adult lifespan in the wild (two to four months), but in captivity they live for about the same amount of time as the eastern species. [ 9 ] it has also been noted that captive longevity is possible without a hibernation period. [ 9 ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\ndistribution: localized in the bolivian yungas, la paz, and cochabamba province (lachaume 1985) .\ndescription: pronotal horn in males without tubercles or small horns either side of large horn. pronotal horn with dense pubescence extending from venter of pronotal horn over anterior face of pronotum. protarsomere 5 thickened in males, venter of protarsomere 5 with stout spinules in both sexes. pronotum and elytra black in both sexes. clypeus in females narrowly rounded at apex .\nauthor: matthew r. moore generated on: 30 / jun / 2006. last modified: 6 / jul / 2006 university of nebraska state museum - division of entomology\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml + rdfa 1. 0 / / en\nurltoken\ncites is an international agreement between governments, aimed to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 322c1faa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 322c25e1 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 322c277b - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 322ce1a0 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 322d0cd4 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 3259f71f - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 37a325a7 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nschoolmeesters p. (2018). scarabs: world scarabaeidae database (version apr 2018). in: roskov y. , abucay l. , orrell t. , nicolson d. , bailly n. , kirk p. m. , bourgoin t. , dewalt r. e. , decock w. , de wever a. , nieukerken e. van, zarucchi j. , penev l. , eds. (2018). species 2000 & itis catalogue of life, 30th june 2018. digital resource at urltoken species 2000: naturalis, leiden, the netherlands. issn 2405 - 8858 .\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 7b117a83 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\n. if you continue to use the site we will assume that you agree with this .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation, e. g. an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature, an orthologous protein, a record from another database, etc. < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more... < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages, faqs, uniprotkb manual, documents, news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website. please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins, you can use the ‘basket’ to save them, so that you can back to find or analyse them later. < p > < a href =' / help / basket' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more. . < / a > < / p >\nwe' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation (gdpr) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nyou' re currently viewing our forum as a guest. this means you are limited to certain areas of the board and there are some features you can' t use. if you join our community, you' ll be able to access member - only sections, and use many member - only features such as customizing your profile and voting in polls. registration is simple, fast, and completely free .\nbecause of collecting and habitat loss it is protected in its home country, bolivia, and has recently been placed on appendix ii of cites, the convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora .\nadult males are black and glossy and their elytra are very finely pitted. their most dramatic feature is a large “horn” arising from the pronotum, the underside of which is thickly covered in thick yellow - gold hairs. another horn arises from the head, and males use these horns in combat over females. in contrast females do not have a thoracic horn and are much less shiny .\nterms and conditions privacy policies about us contact us 2015 insect collector' s shop. all rights reserved\nthis translation tool is powered by google. fao is not responsible for the accuracy of translations .\n, 1843) – (mexico, belize, el salvador, honduras, guatemala, nicaragua. male: 35–70\nspecies of this genus may have greenish - gray or black elytra, often mottled with dark dots. the males bear two long horns forming a plier. in males the pronotum has a long horn with reddish setae beneath. this pronotal horn lacks in females .\nlachaume (g .), 1985 - the beetles of the world, volume 5, dynastini 1. (dynastidae )\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 6 / 10 / 2016. the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\njust add any shot to one of your shotlists and order a free playout for the full list of shots .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1. 1 / / en\niczn is supported by the lee kong chian natural history museum, national university of singapore (company registration no. 200604346e). iczn is an associate participant to the global biodiversity information facility (gbif) & a scientific member of the international union of biological science (iubs). correspondence to the iczn should be directed to the secretary (iczn @ urltoken / + 65 6518 8364) .\nexcept where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nbidding has ended on this item. the seller has relisted this item or one like this .\nthis item will be sent through the global shipping programme and includes international tracking. learn more - 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opens in a new window or tab. delivery times may vary, especially during peak periods .\nwill usually dispatch within 2 working days of receiving cleared payment - opens in a new window or tab .\ncopyright © 1995 - 2018 ebay inc. all rights reserved. user agreement, privacy, cookies and adchoice\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\nfor allowing me to present this valuable information on my website. i am certain that many beetle hobbyists will benefit greatly from the techniques discussed in this presentation .\nto start, i would like to give you a brief history of a rather new fad, beetle rearing, in my country. year 1986 became a milestone for beetle business in japan. that year ,\n, the then most popular stag beetle that was sold at rather high prices. by then, because of their high commercial values, they had been over collected here and thus became rather rare in nature. and yet, much of their life cycle had been veiled with mysteries .\n’s article shed a light on their life cycle and their breeding / rearing. in the following years, a variety of beetle breeding / rearing articles (substrates, foods, containers, etc .) were developed for the purpose of mass - producing the beetles. soon, the species were reproduced in a large quantity and the new pet business - beetle breeding / rearing - had begun. moreover, in 1999, ninety - nine living exotic beetle species became importable to japan which include\n, etc. , and more species have been added to the import list from time to time. over the course of time, some of the species have been reared to a point where they exceed the maximum length that they attain in nature. it is said that there are about 3 million beetle hobbyists in japan. now, living beetles from around the world are readily available at supermarkets and pet shops throughout the country. there are even ‘beetle’ shops here\n. discussion on the breeding / rearing follows natural history of the insect, which is thought useful for breeding / rearing. although the classification of the species may vary among taxonomists, there are 13 varieties\n, first introducing its natural history and then emphasizing its breeding / rearing method to win good results. however, this breeding / rearing method can be applied to many other dynastinae .\n: male 46 - 180? mm including horns; female 50 - 80 mm. dull black on prothorax and yellowish - brown on fore wings. male' s horns have several small teeth along inner edge, and are slightly bent inwardly at tip. head of a large male reaches to the length of its prothorax and abdomen combined\n. under captive rearing (26 degrees c. in summer; 18 degrees c. in winter) using an artificial substrate, however, the author has experienced the following :\nphotographs and other illustrations (where indicated) are © c. campbell' s natural worlds .\nhello friends! my name is kay and i am a beetle breeding / rearing hobbyist from japan .\n1) hercules linneaeus, 1758 (max. 180mm? ; guadeloupe and dominica); 2) ecuatorianus ohaus, 1913 (max. 165 mm; colombia, ecuador, peru, brazil and bolivia); 3) baudrii pinchon, 1976 (max. 100 mm; martinique); 4) reidi chalmeau, 1977 (max. 105 mm; st. lucia); 5) lichyi lachaume, 1985 (max. 172 mm; venezuela, colombia, ecuador, peru and bolivia); 6) occidentalis lachaum, 1985 (max. 145 mm; panama, colombia and ecuador); 7) septentrionalis lachaume, 1985 (max. 140 mm; central america); 8) paschoali grossi et arnaud, 1993 (max. 145 mm; brazil); 9) tuxtlaensis moro’n, 1993 (max. 110 mm; mexico); 10) bleuzeni silvestre et dechambre, 1995 (max. 151 mm; venezuela); 11) trinidadensis chalumeau et reid, 1995 (max. 137 mm; trinidad and tobago); 12) morishimai nagai, 2002 (max. 120 mm; bolivia); and 13) takakuwai nagai, 2002 (max. 130 mm; brazil )\nmale 46 - 180? mm including horns; female 50 - 80 mm. dull black on prothorax and yellowish - brown on fore wings. male’s horns have several small teeth along inner edge, and are slightly bent inwardly at tip. head of a large male reaches to the length of its prothorax and abdomen combined .\n2. 3 range: ssp. hercules is confined to guadeloupe and dominica .\n2. 4 food: imago saps tree juice and larva seems to feed rotten hardwood tree .\n2. 5 life cycle: the insect life is said to be largely unknown in a natural setting. under captive rearing (26 degrees c. in summer; 18 degrees c. in winter) using an artificial substrate, however, the author has experienced the following :\n1. duration of larva: male: 12 - 18 months (l1: 1 month; l2: 2 months; and l3: 9 - 15 months); and female: 12 months (l1: 1 month; l2: 2 months; and l3: 9 months) 2. alias of pupa: 2 - 3 months\nif you live in a country where this beetle is sold, please obtain an imago pair (or several larvae). in choosing which individuals to buy, the following criteria are useful :\na) wild - caught individuals: make sure: – when were they collected? : avoid older individuals. – are they healthy - looking? : check if there is no scar, injury or missing part .\nmake sure: – when did they emerge? : avoid individuals of 8 months or older .\nnote that these two criteria are for imagoes. for choosing larvae, you can skip steps: – when were they collected? and – when did they emerge ?\n2) oviposition (egg laying) requires some space; e. g. a large container with a capacity of 45 - 60 liters (an example is a fish tank and a lid is a must to stop the beetles from escaping). get one and fill it with substrate (see 4. a breeding / rearing substrate) .\n– put substrate into the container up to 20 cm high from the bottom, and press it hard by hand or any other means. then, another 10 cm depth of substrate should be added softly to the top of the layer. often times, female concerns depth and lays eggs in the hard - pressed bottom layer .\n– it would be better to place several small tree branches or wood sticks on the surface of the substrate. by holding them, beetles can easily get up in case turning upside down on their back .\n– then, let a pair of beetles into the container. feed them regularly (for food, see 3) ) .\n– keep temperature at 20 - 26 degrees c. and moisten the substrate adequately .\n3) for maintaining imagoes, you need to feed them with a pealed banana. it is better to place its pieces or slices on a small tray instead of applying them directly on the substrate, which causes them spoiling faster or prompts an occurrence of fruit flies or ticks. i hear that a pealed apple or a peach also serves as a suitable food .\none or two months after you let the imago pair into the breeding container, look into the substrate if larvae have already hatched. if so, take the imagoes out of the container, and keep the larvae in the container until they become second - instar (l2) *. to win better results of larval growth, keep males separated from females at l2 stage and transfer the males singly into a large rearing container, preferably of a 45 - 60 liter capacity. however, if you do not expect males to grow to the maximum, you can rear them together in a fairly large container or put them singly into a container of a smaller capacity (e. g. 5 - 6 liters). for females, you can rear them together in a large container. but, the less in number, the larger they seem to grow. but again, if you also expect females to grow to the maximum, you should put them singly into a container of 5 - 6 liters in capacity .\nif you wish to obtain more eggs, let the imago pair into another breeding container. repeat this\nthere is a breeding technique on this species. when larvae are singly reared, the female tend to emerge much earlier than the male. although the imago of this species has a rather long life (8 - 12 months), it occasionally makes you difficult to mate them for the following generations. to avoid this, i suggest you to prepare for at least one large container where you would put both male and female larvae together until their emergence. by so doing, the female and male would emerge around the same time and it makes you easier to mate them. h. kojima points out that the female larvae of this species might emit some sort of pheromone to prompt the male counterparts in the surroundings to undergo pupation in aggregation. this rearing method, however, would not promise you to bring out a growing potential of the male (or female) larva to the maximum. in another word, if you want to rear large male (or female) imagoes, they should be reared singly in a container of a large capacity. there may be exceptional cases, but that is the safest bet .\nfigure 3. 3 a tiny dent may be visible on the 9th abdominal segment of the ventral side of male larva after its mid - l2 stage. no dent on female larva. besides, an l3 male often exceeds 100 grams in weight when it is fully grown. whereas the female remains up to 80 grams .\nafter larvae turn noticeably yellowish in colour, stop changing rearing substrates. some time soon, the larvae make a pupal cell under the substrate and undergo pupation in it. the best advice i give you at this point is patience: wait until imagoes emerge from the substrate. it may take several months. 3. 5 breeding\ngo to a garden center / shop nearest you and get them. make sure that you should get the ones with no chemicals (the organic ones). after the two are mixed well, it is ready to serve. you can also use this substrate for breeding and rearing flower beetles and some stag beetles (e. g. genus odontolabis and lucanus )\nmy special thanks are indebted to the following organizations and individuals: ‘the beetle ring’ (urltoken) by cameron campbell, the administrator of ‘the natural worlds’ (urltoken); ‘the kanagawa stag beetle club, ’ a local chapter of japan’s largest beetle hobbyist club, ‘the stag beetle fools’ (urltoken), and its members including hiroshi kojima; benjamin harink for sharing this wonderful hobby together and allowing me to contribute this article to his great beetle website; my father who has inspired me to pursue this interest; and my mother who has been patient enough for this unusual hobby of mine .\ni can be reached at urltoken. please feel free to visit my beetle website .\nps the following pictures are a male hercules pupa and the imago, respectively. it was reared by the author to be 150 mm in length .\nfigure 5. 1 shown in this picture is a male pupa of about 165 mm in length. note that the maximum length of the pupal cell is about 190 mm. for the captive rearing of this individual, the author used a 60 liter container (see figure 3. 1. 2), which was filled with hardened black dirt up to 10 cm high from the bottom and with rearing substrate (see 4. a breeding / rearing substrate) softly added on it for 20 cm high. the hardened bottom layer of black dirt helped the larva make this solid pupal cell .\nfigure 5. 2 shown in the picture is a 150 mm long male imago which emerged on march the 3rd in 2005 from the pupa shown in figure 5. 1. captive reared by the author .\nhi, i’m stag beetle breeder in south korea. i found this during search for some useful information of breeding beetles and i think this is really, super good. can i share this report in my blog, with some translation? this is really good information for me, and my friends. thank you ~ ^ ^\nthanks on behalf of kay. this is indeed a very good breeding report. i think you have to check with him if you can use this article for your blog .\noh, i really appreciate to your response and your favor. and i also agree with your opinion again. (this is indeed a very good breeding report. )\nthank you and good luck with your beetle rearing. may i ask you, what lucanidae are you breeding at the moment ?\nnow i breeding two species, dorcus titanus castanicolor and prosopocoilus inclinatus. these are korean native species. dorcus titanus castanicolor looks like dorcus titanus palawanicus. if you look this, maybe you’ll think this is small size of palawanicus and prosopocoilus inclinatus looks like hexarthrius mandibularis but not very simmilar. they don’t have big size of body, so not popular in world. but, i love my beetle. thank you! ^ ^\ni have been breeding p. inclinatus from japan, and they are not so small. i do like them a lot. same for dorcus titanus castanicolor, it also is a beautiful species. only thing i dislike in dorcus is that they are always hsy and hidden, and that it is difficult to see them .\nanyhow, good luck with your breedings. korea also has a nice lucanus maculifemoratus dybowskii and mayn small species that are very interesting .\noh, it’s like me, i also dislike species those are always hidden. and i agree with your words, little beetles are very interesting because of their brisk character. they always move. and i also wonder that whit kinds of beetles you rearing. may i ask you, what beetles (include rhinoceros) are you breeding at the moment ?\nsince i just moved to a new country, i do not have any beetles at the moment .\njust a few weeks back, i was keeping and rearing megasoma anubis, dorcus brevis, dorcus curivdens binodulosus ‘red eyes’, prosopocoilus hasterti moinieri, mesotopus tarandus, taeniodera egregia, lamprima adolphinae and some more .\ni do miss beetle breeding already, and hope that i can start soon again .\nyou reating various and attractive species. i just envy to you. dorcus curivdens binodulosus ‘red eyes’ is also korean native species and i will rearing that kind of specie soon .\nyes, these are nice. unfortunately, i cannot raise and keep any exotic species over here. so, i will concentrate on us local species for some time now .\ndorcus curvidens is easy to breed and quite beautiful. i only do not like that they are very shy, and you never really see them in the breeding box. the good thing though, is that they live for a very long time .\nby the way, do you know of a list or source of korean beetles? i only know very few species from korea, but there must be more .\nlife cycle the hatched larvae of most species bore through tree or shrub roots, forming distinctive flattened tunnels. their fleshy bodies are also… | pinteres…\nthere are eight species currently recognized in the genus, not counting putative subspecies of d. hercules :\nlachaume (g .), 1985 - the beetles of the world, volume 5, dynastini 1. (dynastidae) [ 2 ]\njae hyun, k. , jun hyuk, m. , seung - yop, l. , jungyul, p. biologically inspirsed humidity sensor based on three - dimensional photonic crystals. applied physics letters, vol. 97, 2010, 3p .\nkrell, f. , krell, v. longevity of the western hercules beetle, d. grantii horn (coleoptera: scarabaeidae: dynastinae). the coleopterists bulletin, vol. 69, 2015, 1p .\nthis page is based on a wikipedia article written by authors (here). text is available under the cc by - sa 3. 0 license; additional terms may apply. images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses .\nrange: occurs from illinois east to new york, south to the gulf coast, west to central texas .\nabundance: usually uncommon, but has been recoded in great congregations on ash trees (fraxinus spp. , oleaceae) by manee (1915) and cartwright (1976) .\ndescription: adult 40 to 60 mm long (including the\nhorns\nof the male) and 20 to 27 mm wide. color of adult variable, ranging from yellow - green or gray with mahogany spots to a uniform dark - mahogany color. sometimes with one elytron spotted and the other mahogany colored .\nlife cycle: larvae feed for 12 to 18 months on decaying wood of wild cherry, black locust, oak, pine, willow, and other trees. pupation occurs in late summer. adults hibernate for two to three months in their pupal cells in decaying wood. adult emerge from their pupal cells a few weeks after completing pupation, but remain underground for some time. adults feed on the sap of ash trees at scars made in the bark; they are also attracted to rotting fruit. during the summer up to 40 eggs are laid over a one month period which hatch in about 30 days (per lab studies). large larvae overwinter leading to a two year life cycle. adults typically live three to six months, rarely up to a year plus (per lab studies) .\nall pictures and content © philippe bourdon | log in | site map | rss 2. 0 | designed and powered by webshake\njavascript is currently disabled, this site works much better if you enable javascript in your browser .\nfor manuscript submission, check or review login please go to submission websites list .\nfor the academic login, please select your organization on the next page. you will be redirected to verify your credentials .\ncytogenet genome res 2013; 141: 37 - 42 (doi: 10. 1159 / 000351210 )\n( l .) (coleoptera, hydrophilidae) by banded chromosome analysis. syst entomol 7: 265 - 281 (1982) .\nf. (coleoptera: hydrophilidae) revealed by chromosome analysis and hybridisation experiments. aquat insect 10: 171 - 183 (1988) .\nangus rb, wilson cj, mann dj: a chromosomal analysis of 15 species of gymnopleurini, scarabaeini and coprini (coleoptera: scarabaeidae). tijdschrift entomol 150: 201 - 211 (2007) .\n( coleoptera: scarabaeidae): evidence of sex - autosome fusion and diploid number reduction prior to species dispersion. j genet 88: 177 - 182 (2009) .\nbione e, moura rc, carvalho r, souza mj: karyotype, c - and fluorescence banding pattern, nor location and fish study of five scarabaeidae (coleoptera) species. genet mol biol 26: 376 - 381 (2005) .\ncouturier j, dutrillaux b: replication studies and demonstration of position effect in rearrangements involving the human x chromosome, in sandberg a (ed): cytogenetics of the mammalian x chromosome. part a, basic mechanisms of x chromosome behaviour, pp 375 - 403 (alan r. liss, new york 1983) .\ndutrillaux am, dutrillaux b: sex chromosome rearrangements in polyphaga beetles. sex dev 3: 43 - 54 (2009) .\ndutrillaux am, dutrillaux b: chromosome analysis of 82 species of scarabaeoidea (coleoptera), with special focus on nor localization. cytogenet genome res 136: 208 - 219 (2012) .\ndutrillaux am, moulin s, dutrillaux b: use of meiotic pachytene stage of spermatocytes for karyotypic studies in insects. chromosome res 14: 549 - 557 (2006) .\nfrom guadeloupe: chromosome comparison with some other species of dynastinae (coleoptera: scarabaeidae). cytogenet genome res 119: 248 - 254 (2007b) .\nendrödi s: the dynastinae of the world. series entomologica, vol 28 (dr w. junk publishers, dordrecht 1985) .\ngiannoulis t, dutrillaux am, mamuris z, montreuil o, stamatis c, dutrillaux b: evolution of european cockchafers (melolonthinae: scarabaeidae: coleoptera): a morphological, molecular and chromosomal study of intra - and interspecific variations. bull entomol res 101: 345 - 452 (2011) .\nhowell wm, black da: controlled silver staining of nucleolus organizer regions with a protective colloidal developer: a 1 - step method. experientia 36: 1014 - 1015 (1980) .\njuan c, petitpierre e: chromosome numbers and sex - determining systems in tenebrionidae (coleoptera), in zunino m, bellès x, blas m (eds): advances in coleopterology, pp 167 - 176 (aec, barcelona 1991) .\nrumpler y, dutrillaux b: chromosomal evolution and speciation in primates. revis biol celular 23: 1 - 112 (1990) .\nsmith sg, virkki n: animal cytogenetics, vol 3, insecta 5, coleoptera (gebrüder borntraeger, berlin 1978) .\nwilson cj, angus rb: a chromosomal analysis of 21 species of oniticellini and onthophagini (coleoptera: scarabaeidae). tijdschrift entomol 148: 63 - 76 (2005) .\nyadav js, pillai rk, karamjeet: chromosome numbers of scarabaeidae (polyphaga: coleoptera). coleopterist bull 33: 309 - 318 (1979) .\nthat is why, we would like to ask you to participate in our survey. to show our appreciation for your participation, we are offering a number of attractive prizes such as the unique vesalius: the fabric of the human body (value chf 1, 500) or amazon vouchers (value chf 200)." ]

{ "text": [ "dynastes satanas , the satanas beetle , is a species of beetle belonging to the family scarabaeidae ; the name is sometimes misspelled as \" satanus \" ( e.g. ) .", "because of collecting and habitat loss this rare species is protected and included in the list of insects regulated by the convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora ( cites ) . " ], "topic": [ 27, 17 ] }

[ "dynastes satanas, the satanas beetle, is a species of beetle belonging to the family scarabaeidae; the name is sometimes misspelled as \" satanus \" (e.g.). because of collecting and habitat loss this rare species is protected and included in the list of insects regulated by the convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora (cites)." ]

[ "of pseudotyrannochthonius: chthonius (chthonius) silvestrii ellingsen, 1905e, by original designation. of tubbichthonius: tubbichthonius solitarius hoff, 1951 by original designation. of spelaeochthonius: spelaeochthonius kubotai morikawa, 1954b, by original designation .\npseudotyrannochthonius silvestrii (ellingsen): beier, 1930d: 208, fig. 14; beier, 1932a: 70 - 71, fig. 85; roewer, 1937: 241; beier, 1964b: 316; cekalovic, 1984: 11; harvey, 1991a: 200 .\npseudotyrannochthonius beier, 1930d: 207 - 208; beier, 1932a: 70; beier, 1966a: 285; muchmore, 1967c: 134; harvey, 1991a: 198 .\npseudotyrannochthonius beier, 1930d: 207 - 208; beier, 1932a: 70; beier, 1966a: 285; muchmore, 1967c: 134; harvey, 1991a: ...\nthe family pseudotyrannochthoniidae are a distinct group of chthonioid pseudoscorpions found in many disparate regions of the world, including ...\ntubbichthonius hoff, 1951: 10 - 11 (synonymised by beier, 1966a: 285) .\nspelaeochthonius morikawa, 1954b: 83 - 84 (synonymised by muchmore, 1967c: 134) .\nevi, an amazon company, was founded in 2005 under the name true knowledge. the team started out with a mission to make it possible to access the world' s knowledge simply by asking for information using natural language .\nwe’re part of the amazon alexa team based in amazon' s innovative cambridge development centre, alongside other amazon teams including prime air, core machine learning, amazon devices and amazon web services." ]

{ "text": [ "pseudotyrannochthonius silvestrii is a species of chilean pseudoscorpions of the family chthoniidae .", "it was described in 1905 by edvard ellingsen , with a type locality of santiago , chile . " ], "topic": [ 25, 29 ] }

[ "pseudotyrannochthonius silvestrii is a species of chilean pseudoscorpions of the family chthoniidae. it was described in 1905 by edvard ellingsen, with a type locality of santiago, chile." ]

[ "select an image: 1. white - throated bulbul 2. white - throated bulbul 3. white - throated bulbul 4. white - throated bulbul 5. white - throated bulbul 6. white - throated bulbul 7. white - throated bulbul 8. white - throated bulbul 9. white - throated bulbul 10. white - throated bulbul > > feeding 11. white - throated bulbul 12. white - throated bulbul 13. white - throated bulbul 14. white - throated bulbul 15. white - throated bulbul 16. white - throated bulbul 17. white - throated bulbul 18. white - throated bulbul 19. white - throated bulbul 20. white - throated bulbul 21. white - throated bulbul 22. white - throated bulbul 23. white - throated bulbul > > sun bathing 24. white - throated bulbul 25. white - throated bulbul 26. white - throated bulbul 27. white - throated bulbul 28. white - throated bulbul 29. white - throated bulbul 30. white - throated bulbul 31. white - throated bulbul 32. white - throated bulbul 33. white - throated bulbul 34. white - throated bulbul 35. white - throated bulbul 36. white - throated bulbul 37. white - throated bulbul 38. white - throated bulbul > > adult 39. white - throated bulbul 40. white - throated bulbul 41. white - throated bulbul 42. white - throated bulbul > > adult 43. white - throated bulbul 44. white - throated bulbul > > adult 45. white - throated bulbul 46. white - throated bulbul 47. white - throated bulbul 48. white - throated bulbul 49. white - throated bulbul 50. white - throated bulbul 51. white - throated bulbul 52. white - throated bulbul 53. white - throated bulbul 54. white - throated bulbul\nthe white - throated bulbul has olive upperparts; yellow underparts; puffy white throa. similar to: puff - throated bulbul. puff - throated bulbul has duller underparts than white - throated bulbul .\nthe puff - throated bulbul has olive upperparts; yellow underparts; puffy white throat; brown bill, eyes; black feet. similar to: white - throated bulbul. puff - throated bulbul has duller underparts than white - throated bulbul .\nwhite - throated bulbul (alophoixus flaveolus) is a species of bird in the pycnonotidae family .\nthe white - browed bulbul has olive - gray upperparts; whitish underparts; white supercilium; white crescent below eye .\nenglish: yellow - vented bulbul, dark - capped bulbul, black - eyed bulbul, white - eared bulbul, garden bulbul; french: bulbul commun, bulbul des jardins; german: graubülbül; spanish: bulbul naranjero .\nthe male black - and - white bulbul has mainly brownish - black plumage; white wing patch. female has less bright white .\nenglish: madagascar bulbul, madagascar black bulbul, comoro bulbul, comoro black bulbul; french: bulbul malgache, bulbul des comores; german: madagaskarfluchtvogel, rotschnabel - fluchtvogel; spanish: bulbul negro .\nenglish: ashy bulbul, brown - eared bulbul, chestnut bulbul; french: bulbul à ailes vertes; german: braunohrbülbül; spanish: bulbul ahumado .\nthe white - eared bulbul hasblack head with large white ear patch; pale bare eye - ring; orange vent .\nthe light - vented bulbul can be identified via large white patch on nape; white throat; rest of head black .\nenglish: joyful bulbul; french: bulbul joyeux; german: dotterbülbül; spanish: bulbul feliz .\nthe taiwan bulbul has black crown; white around eyes; black moustachial stripe .\nenglish: crested bulbul, red - eared bulbul; french: bulbul orphée; german: rotohrbülbül; spanish: bulbul de bigotes rojos .\nenglish: lesser icterine bulbul; french: bulbul ictérin; german: zeisigbülbül; spanish: bulbul icterino .\nthe gray - throated bulbul was once considered a sub - species of the gray - cheeked bulbu l .\nthe red - vented bulbul has mainly dark brown plumage; head darker or black; white rump; red vent; black tail tipped white .\nenglish: straw - crowned bulbul; french: bulbul á tête jaune; german: gelbscheitelbülbül; spanish: bulbul bigotudo .\nthe white - throated bulbul (alophoixus flaveolus) is a bulbul found in bangladesh, bhutan, china, india, burma, nepal, and thailand. this bird species inhabits subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests .\nfrench: bulbul à ventre rouge; german: russbülbül; spanish: bulbul ventrirrojo .\nenglish: shelley' s bulbul; french: bulbul des monts masukus; german: shelleybülbül; spanish: bulbul de shelley .\nthe himalayan bulbul has brown upperparts; black head with white ear - coverts; pale yellow underparts .\nthe yellow - throated bulbul has olive - gray upperparts; yellowish - olive head; yellow throat; pale gray underparts .\nenglish: yellow - whiskered bulbul; french: bulbul à moustaches jaunes; german: gelbbartbülbül; spanish: bulbul de bigotes amarillos .\nenglish: red - tailed bulbul; french: bulbul à barbe blanche; german: swainsonbülbül; spanish: bulbul de cola roja .\nenglish: ashy - fronted bearded bulbul; french: bulbul flavéole; german: weisskehlbülbül; spanish: bulbul barbudo de frente ahumado .\nthe flame - throated bulbul has green upperparts; greenish - yellow underparts; black head. similar to: black - capped bulbul. the flame - throated bulbul has more black on head than black - capped bulbul. their ranges do not overlap. used to be considered the same species. similar to: black - crested bulbu l. the black - crested bulbul has a crest; flame - throated bulbu does not. used to be considered the same species .\nfrench: bulbul d' arabie; german: gelbsteißbülbül; spanish: bulbul capirotado; .\nfrench: bulbul crinon oriental; german: haarbülbül; spanish: bulbul de lomo verde .\nthe black - capped bulbul has green upperparts; greenish - yellow underparts; black cap. similar to: black - crested bulbul. the black - crested bulbul has a crest; black - capped bulbul does not. their ranges do not overlap. used to be considered the same species. similar to: flame - throated bulbul. the flame - throated bulbul has more black on head than black - capped bulbul. their ranges do not overlap. used to be considered the same species .\nfrench: bulbul à collier noir; german: rüttelbülbül; spanish: bulbul de collar negro .\nfrench: bulbul à gorge jaune; german: gelbkehlnicator; spanish: bulbul de garganta amarilla .\nthe black - crested bulbul has green upperparts; greenish - yellow underparts; black head with black crest. similar to: black - capped bulbul. the black - crested bulbul has a crest; black - capped bulbul does not their ranges do not overlap. used to be considered the same species. similar to: flame - throated bulbul. the black - crested bulbul has a crest; flame - throated bulbu does not. used to be considered the same species .\ngray - brown white - eye zosterops cinereus is split into two species, following hayes et al. (2016): pohnpei white - eye zosterops ponapensis, and kosrae white - eye zosterops cinereus .\nhypsipetes flavala blyth, 1845. some authors consider races of chestnut bulbul (hemixos castanonotus) as races of the ashy bulbul .\nsimilar to: bare - faced bulbul. ranges of bare - faced bulbul and hairy - backed bulbu l do not overlap .\nthe bare - faced bulbul has olive upperparts; bare pink face; bluish skin around eyes; off - white throat; pale fawn - gray underparts. similar to: bare - faced bulbul. ranges of bare - faced bulbul and hairy - backed bulbu l do not overlap .\nenglish: finch - billed bulbul; french: bulbul á gros bec; german: fimkenbülbül; spanish: pico de pinzón copetón .\n7. 8 in (20 cm). distinctive bird, black crest and mask, brown cheeks and white throat. back, chest, and tail gray, white belly ,\nstreak - eared bulbul pycnonotus blanfordi is split into two monotypic species, ayeyarwady bulbul pycnonotus blanfordi, and streak - eared bulbul pycnonotus conradi (garg et al. 2016). note that the english name “streak - eared bulbul” now is applied to a different scientific name (conradi, not blanfordi) .\nolive bulbul contains three subspecies: viridescens, and two subspecies that previously were classified under gray - eyed bulbul (iole propinqua), lekhakuni and cinnamomeoventris .\nwhite - browed gnatcatcher, polioptila bilineata, including daguae, bilineata, cinericia, brodkorbi, and superciliaris .\nbrownish black edged with gray, appearing scalelike. rump white, tail brownish black with white tip, undertail (\nvent\n) crimson. sexes alike. juvenile resembles adult, but paler; undertail pinkish .\nfrom\nblack - crested bulbul\nto\nblack - capped bulbul, with split of multiple species. (rasmussen & anderton 2005, fishpool & tobias 2005 )\nalso consider a subspecies of golden bulbul, in which case it would be mystacalis .\nthe yellow - browed bulbul has olive upperparts; mainly yellow underparts; yellow supercilium .\nthe brown - eared bulbul has grayish - brown plumage; brown cheeks (ears) .\nolive bulbul iole virescens is split into two species, following manawatthana et al. (2017): a monotypic cachar bulbul iole cacharensis; and olive bulbul iole viridescens. revise the range of cachar bulbul from “northeastern india (assam); population in eastern bangladesh possibly also this subspecies (or is nominate virescens ?) ” to “northeastern india (assam) and eastern bangladesh” .\nalso consider a subspecies of golden bulbul, in which case it would be alophoixus affinis chloris .\nalso consider a subspecies of golden bulbul, in which case it would be alophoixus affinis lucasi .\nalso consider a subspecies of golden bulbul, in which case it would be alophoixus affinis platenae .\nalso consider a subspecies of golden bulbul, in which case it would be alophoixus affinis affinis .\nalso consider a subspecies of golden bulbul, in which case it would be alophoixus affini longirostris .\nthe andaman bulbul has mainly olive - yellow plumage; olive head; yellow - tipped tail .\nthe ashy - fronted bulbul is also considered a subspecies of the olive - winged bulbu l .\nthe ashy - fronted bulbu l is also considered a subspecies of the olive - winged bulbul .\nwithin southern emerald - toucanet, change the names of the monotypic group emerald toucanet (santa marta) aulacorhynchus prasinus lautus to southern emerald - toucanet (santa marta) aulacorhynchus albivitta lautus. change the names of the monotypic group emerald toucanet (gray - throated) aulacorhynchus prasinus griseigularis to southern emerald - toucanet (gray - throated) aulacorhynchus albivitta griseigularis. change the names of the polytypic group emerald toucanet (andean) aulacorhynchus prasinus albivitta / phaeolaemus to southern emerald - toucanet (andean) aulacorhynchus albivitta albivitta / phaeolaemus. change the names of the polytypic group emerald toucanet (black - throated) aulacorhynchus prasinus [ atrogularis group ] to southern emerald - toucanet (black - throated) aulacorhynchus albivitta [ atrogularis group ] .\nfishpool, l. & tobias, j. (2018). white - throated bulbul (alophoixus flaveolus). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 10 july 2018) .\n7. 4 in (19 cm), 1. 2–1. 6 oz (35–46 g). black head with white eye - ring. brownish underparts, white in center of belly. conspicuous yellow undertail (vent). sexes alike. juvenile resembles adult, but head brown .\nearlier changes earlier versions of the ebird taxonomy had other differences from what most of our current fieldguides show. please see this article on the bird count india website for a description of these changes, which affected many common and widespread species including great tit, golden oriole, common stonechat, house swift, plaintive cuckoo, black bulbul, white - throated fantail, yellow - cheeked tit, scarlet minivet, hill myna, chestnut - tailed starling, and several more !\nenglish: leaflove; french: bulbul à queue rousse; german: uferbülbül; spanish: amante de hojas .\nthe black - headed bulbul has mainly olive - yellow plumage; glossy bluish - black head; blue eyes .\nthe status of norfolk ground - dove alopecoenas norfolkensis formerly was confused (peters 1937), but this species now is widely accepted as valid (goodwin 1970, gill et al. 2010, forshaw 2015). insert this species, with range “formerly norfolk island (australia). extinct since ca 1800”, immediately following white - throated ground - dove alopecoenas xanthonurus .\nislam, k. , and r. n. williams .\nred - vented bulbul (pycnonotus cafer), red - whiskered bulbul (pycnonotus jocosus) .\nin the birds of north america. 520 (2000) .\n11. 5 in (29 cm). large bulbul with orange - yellow crown and cheek, white throat lined with black on top, and large bill. whitish belly and orange rump, olive - green back and wings. sexes alike. juvenile duller with brownish head .\npycnonotus cafer linnaeus, 1766. nine subspecies recognized, extensive hybridization between races. forms superspecies with six other bulbuls: common p. barbatus, black - fronted p. nigricans, cape p. capensis, white - speckled p. xanthopygos, white - eared p. leucotis, and himalayan and sooty - headed p. aurigaster .\n6. 6–9 in (17–23 cm), 0. 8–1. 0 oz (24–31 g). sooty black crown and erect pointed crest. white chick patch encircled with black line. brown upperparts, white underparts. glossy crimson feathers behind eye (\nwhiskers\n). sexes alike. juvenile lacks whiskers and crest; head is brown .\ncriniger is a genus of songbirds in the bulbul family, pycnonotidae. the species of criniger are found in western and central africa .\n3. 6–4. 2 in (93–107 mm), 0. 8–2. 1 oz (23–60 g). thrush - sized with dark, slightly crested head, dark eye - ring and black bill. grayish brown upperparts and breast, white belly and white or yellow undertail. sexes alike, female slightly smaller. juvenile duller than adult with rusty tones .\nthe rare blue - wattled bulbul may be a hybrid (williams 2002), but more evidence needed (dickinson and dekker 2002) .\nthe square - tailed bulbul was previously considered a subspecies of the black bulbu l plumage. it has no black streak behind the eye .\nshortwings: based on kyriazis et al. (2018) and the hbw - checklist (del hoyo and collar, 2016), i' ve split the white - browed shortwing into :\nwithin northern emerald - toucanet, change the english name of the monotypic group aulacorhynchus prasinus wagleri from emerald toucanet (wagler’s) to northern emerald - toucanet (wagler’s). change the english name of the polytypic group aulacorhynchus prasinus [ prasinus group ] from emerald toucanet (emerald) to northern emerald - toucanet (emerald). subspecies stenorhabdus, with range “subtropical s mexico to w guatemala and n el salvador”, and subspecies chiapensis, with range “mts. of extreme s mexico (mt. ovando, chiapas) ”, both are considered to be junior synonyms of virescens (peters 1948, monroe 1968), and are deleted. revise the range description of virescens from “se mexico (chiapas) to honduras and nicaragua” to “southeastern mexico, guatemala, belize, western el salvador, honduras, and northern nicaragua”. change the english name of the polytypic group aulacorhynchus prasinus caeruleogularis / maxillaris from emerald toucanet (blue - throated) to northern emerald - toucanet (blue - throated). change the english name of the monotypic group aulacorhynchus prasinus cognatus from emerald toucanet (violet - throated) to northern emerald - toucanet (violet - throated) .\nbulbuls can be quite aggressive towards members of their own species, and other species as well. some, such as the puff - throated bulbul (criniger pallidus) and the mountain bulbul (hypsipetes mcclellandii) will aggressively mob birds of prey. if the face - off is against a bulbul of the same species, the threat display may be different than against other birds. among pycnonotus, there are roughly three to seven threat displays. these include tail - flicking, tail - spreading, crest - raising, undertail - covert spreading, wing - flicking - and - spreading, and crouch display (the latter may also be an appeasement display). the red - vented bulbul has been observed attacking birds by poking with its bill. the red - tailed greenbul (criniger calurus) and other criniger bulbuls will puff out their fluffy beard - like throat feathers, both as a preening gesture and as an aggressive display .\n7. 5–8. 3 in (19–21 cm); 1. 3–1. 5 oz (38–45 g). large bulbul; breast and head gray, few black bristles on hindneck and mantle. mantle, rump, and wings yellow - green olive. tail bright rust - maroon. chin and throat white, appears puffy and beard - like, creamy belly. sexes alike. juvenile resembles adult .\n21·5–22 cm; male 38–54 g, female 38–48 g. bulky, brash, conspicuous bulbul with fairly stout bill, adult with spindly, pointed crest (sometimes ...\nthe gray - headed bulbul has mainly olive - green plumage; gray crown, nape, throat; yellow - green forehead; greenish and graybill; pinkidh - yellow legs .\nwhite - tailed rubythroat calliope pectoralis is split into two species, based on liu et al. (2016): a polytypic himalayan rubythroat calliope pectoralis, including subspecies pectoralis, confusa, and ballioni; and a monotypic chinese rubythroat calliope tschebaiewi .\ngnatcatchers: the gnatcatchers have been restructured based on smith et al. (2018). the yucatan gnatcatcher, polioptila albiventris, has been split from the white - lored gnatcatcher, polioptila albiloris. the tropical gnatcatcher, polioptila plumbea has been split into :\nbuff - vented bulbul has been listed as a monotypic species, iole olivacea, since subspecies were introduced to the ebird / clements checklist (clements checklist fifth edition, 2000). the species name is charlottae (dickinson and christidis 2014), not olivacea, however, and the species should have been considered to be polytypic, with subspecies crypta and charlottae (rand and deignan 1960, dickinson and christidis 2014). manawatthana et al. (2017) now demonstrate that crypta and charlottae each should be recognized as a separate species. the english name buff - vented bulbul remains with iole crypta. revise the range description of buff - vented bulbul from “malay peninsula, sumatra, borneo and adjacent islands” to “thai - malay peninsula, sumatra, bangka and belitung, anambas islands, and natuna”. the english name of iole charlottae is charlotte’s bulbul. revise the range description of charlotte’s bulbul from “malay peninsula, sumatra, borneo and adjacent islands” to “borneo” .\n8. 6 in (22 cm). brownish crest, back olive - brown, lemon - yellow breast and belly, white fluffy throat. wings and tail have rusty tinge. sexes alike. juvenile resembles adult but crest not as prominent and browner belly .\nalthough most bulbuls prefer areas with lots of green vegetation, a small number are found in drier scrub habitats, especially pycnonotus. the african red - eyed bulbul (pycnonotus nigricans) occupies drier areas, including savanna, semiarid scrub, and bushy hillsides. the northern brownbul (phyllastrephus strepitans) also prefers scrub, and is often the only bulbul present in the driest parts of its range .\n7. 8 in (20 cm). black, with slight crest and forked tail. bright red legs and feet. some races have white head, western races have grayer plumage. sexes alike. juvenile has less prominent crest, whitish throat and grayish brown plumage .\nthe monotypic group blue - throated flycatcher (chinese) cyornis rubeculoides glaucicomans is elevated to species rank as chinese blue flycatcher cyornis glaucicomans (zhang et al. 2015). revise the range description from “s china (sichuan, guizhou, w hubei and shaanxi) ” to “breeds southern china (southern shaanxi and western hubei to sichuan and guizhou); winters southwestern thailand and the thai - malay peninsula” .\nsadly, the species with the most celebrated song, the straw - headed bulbul (pycnonotus zeylanicus) is now threatened as a result of being highly prized and traded for its voice. described as\na prolonged series of magnificently warbled notes, richer and more powerful by far than the songs of such celebrated performers as the nightingale and the blackbird ,\nthe song of the straw - headed bulbul is by no means typical of the pycnonotidae .\ntypically found singly or in pairs, may forage in larger groups. unusually silent for a bulbul, has soft song of\nchip, wa - da - tee, chee - tu, ti - wew .\nnonmigratory .\nin accord with aos - nacc (chesser et al. 2017), prevost’s ground - sparrow melozone biarcuata is split into two species: white - faced ground - sparrow melozone biarcuata, and cabanis’s ground - sparrow melozone cabanisi. this action is based on sandoval et al. (2014), who documented vocal differences between these two populations; furthermore, the plumage differences between them are commensurate with differences between other closely related species in the family. following sandoval et al. (2014), we also consider subspecies hartwegi, with range “highlands of s mexico (chiapas) ”, to be a junior synomym of nominate biarcuat a, and this subspecies is deleted. white - faced ground - sparrow thus becomes monotypic. revise the range description of white - faced ground - sparrow from “highlands of guatemala, el salvador and w honduras” to “highlands of southern mexico (chiapas) guatemala, el salvador, and western honduras” .\nthis bulbul is found in broad - leaved forests, cultivation and gardens mainly in hilly areas, but himalayan populations are known to sometimes descend into the adjoining plains in winter. the western ghats birds may make movements related to rain .\ndowsett, r. j. , s. l. olson, m. s. roy, and f. dowsett - lemaire .\nsystematic status of the black - collared bulbul neolestes torquatus .\nibis 141 (1999): 22–28 .\n7. 1 in (18 cm); 0. 7–1. 2 oz (22–35 g). head and hindneck olive brown, long black bristles on hindneck. bright yellow under - parts contrast with olive flanks. white conspicuous\nbeard ,\noften puffed out. sexes alike. juvenile resembles adult but is dull cinnamon on wings .\nmost of the bulbuls are dressed in somber browns, olive tones, or grays, and are often heard before they are seen. however, several species have distinctive face markings with a bright splash of red, yellow, orange, or white plumage. the plumage of pycnonotus tends to be more variable than other genera, and these birds usually have are a red, yellow, orange, or white\nvent\nwhich contrasts with the rest of their underparts. many species, especially among the pycnonotus, criniger, and some hypsipetes, have long crown feathers that form a prominent head crest; the crest is absent in andropadus. almost all have at least a few bristles on the nape of their short necks and a small area without feathers, such that a bulbul with its neck stretched out shows a small bare patch between the nape and upper back. the tail can be fairly long, usually with a round tip, although it is slightly forked in some species .\n6. 3 in (16 cm), 0. 7–1 oz (19–27 g). distinctive, forehead to hindneck gray, black mask continues down neck to form a broad black band across the white breast. back and tail olive - greenish brown, wings with yellow stripe. sexes alike. juvenile resembles adult but duller, crown and neck greenish .\nseveral bulbuls show a preference for water and are found alongside rivers and forest streams. the gray - olive bulbul (phyllastrephus cerviniventris) is one such bird. infrequently entering the forest, this smallish bulbul frequently inhabits streamside thickets. primarily an insect eater in zambia, it is especially fond of feeding on logs that have fallen across streams or ravines. the swamp greenbul (thescelocichla leucopleura) and the leaf - love (pyrrhurus scandens) are also partial to water, both prefer swampy areas with luxuriant vegetation and palm trees, especially raphia and the oil palm elaeis .\n8. 6 in (22 cm). large, olive - green bulbul with prominent blackish crest and stout, pale - yellow, finchlike bill. gray fore - head, blackish throat, broad blackish green tail. sexes alike. juvenile resembles adult, but browner head and throat .\n5. 9 in (15 cm); 1. 1–1. 9 oz (33–53 g). gray head, back gray - olive, bright, rusty tail, feathers of tail and rump fluffy. some black bristles on nape of neck and near bill. belly creamy whitish yellow. sexes alike. juvenile mostly olive - gray with rusty wash, chin and underparts white, undertail pale rust .\nliu, y. , g. chen, q. huang, c. jia, g. carey, p. leader, y. li, f. zou, x. yang, u. olsson, and p. alström. 2016. species delimitation of the white - tailed rubythroat calliope pectoralis complex (aves, muscicapidae) using an integrative taxonomic approach. journal of avian biology 47: 899 - 910 .\nbulbuls (p. cafer), were introduced to the hawaiian island of o' ahu in the late 1960s. populations of both birds have dramatically increased. red - vented bulbuls are now found across the island, while the red - whiskered bulbul is found throughout southeastern areas. these birds are considered serious pests and threats to native bird populations .\ni have carved up xolmis. to do this, i moved the black - and - white monjita, now heteroxolmis dominicanus, to heteroxolmis and the fire - eyed diucon, now pyrope pyrope, to pyrope. i' ve also moved the black - crowned monjita, neoxolmis coronatus, rusty - backed monjita, neoxolmis rubetra, and salinas monjita, neoxolmis salinarum, to neoxolmis from xolmis. finally, the gray monjita, now taenioptera cinerea, has been placed in taenioptera .\ngray - crowned palm - tanager (phaenicophilus poliocephalus), white - winged warbler (xenoligea montana), and green - tailed warbler (microligea palustris). aos - nacc also revised the linear sequence of families in the nine - primaried oscines (chesser et al. 2017), but we defer completely following the new sequence until our next release (august 2018). in the interim, position phaenicophilidae to follow emberizidae (old world buntings) and calyptophilidae (chat - tanagers) .\nfruit - eating a threat to nurseries and agricultural orchards, 75% of some orchid plantations destroyed in hawaii because of bud and flower damage. blamed for drastic reduction in populations of native hawaiian white - eyes (zosterops spp .) on mauritius i. management taken in hawaii to prevent spread. when southern california populations increased so dramatically that they became a threat to citrus crops, the california department of agriculture initiated an eradication program that has been partially successful. also problematic out of range as it disperses noxious weed seeds .\nthe straw - headed bulbul (pycnonotus zeylanicus) is now threatened as a result of being highly prized for its voice and hence traded as a caged bird. listed on appendix ii of cites, some measures have been taken to protect this bird, but it is still widely traded, and captive - breeding programs are subject to theft. habitat protection might also help as long as areas are guarded .\nforest, open woodland, gardens, and cultivated areas all constitute bulbul habitat. essentially arboreal birds, the majority of pycnonotids live in or next to forested areas, but many are well adapted to human - made habitats. many bulbuls show a preference for a particular level of the forest canopy. so as long as there is enough fruit and insects, a relatively small area of forest may support a large number of birds .\nthe taxonomy is complex with this and several other currently recognized species earlier treated as subspecies of hypsipetes madagascariensis. within asia, h. ganeesa has often been listed as a subspecies of h. leucocephalus, but is increasingly treated as a separate species restricted to the western ghats (south of somewhere near bombay) and sri lanka, the square - tailed black bulbul. the subspecies from sri lanka humii is then placed under this species .\nthe black bulbul is 24–25 cm in length, with a long tail. the body plumage ranges from slate grey to shimmering black, depending on the race. the beak, legs, and feet are all red and the head has a black fluffy crest. sexes are similar in plumage, but young birds lack the crest, have whitish underparts with a grey breast band, and have a brown tint to the upperparts. they have a black streak behind the eye and on the ear coverts .\nalso controversial is the placement of two of the endemic african genera neolestes and nicator. the striking plumage of the black - collared bulbul (neolestes torquatus) allies it with the shrikes (malaconotidae, laniidae, or prionopidae), dna data ally it with other bulbuls. similarly, nicator has also been allied with the shrikes, but feather protein and dna evidence suggest the birds are bulbuls. because the three nicator species and neolestes lack a thin sheet of nostril - covering bone that is present in the rest of the bulbuls, they are sometimes placed elsewhere .\nthe bulbul diet spans the range of fruits and berries to insects and other arthropods, as well as small vertebrates such as frogs, snakes, and lizards. a few eat nectar and pollen. the jaw apparatus of pycnonotids is rather generalized compared to other passeriform birds, and while some pycnonotids eat mainly fruit or insects, most can and do have a mixed diet. this flexibility may be critical during the dry season: since most bulbuls are non - migratory, they must take advantage of the food sources available within in their range, which can mean shifting to feeding on more plant matter when insects are not as abundant .\n“steppe”, “heuglin’s”, and “mongolian” gulls: our coasts had two types of large white - headed gulls, the darker backed heuglins and slightly lighter backed steppe gull. the taxonomy of these and related gulls is very unclear. heuglins (larus fuscus heuglini) was considered a subspecies of lesser black - backed gull; steppe (formerly larus cachinnans barabensis) was considered a subspecies of caspian. with this update, both heuglins (same scientific name as earlier) and steppe (now larus fuscus barabensis) are made subspecies of lesser black - backed gull, while caspian has only one race (monotype) and is a rare vagrant to our coasts. if you are reporting caspian gull (larus cachinnans), please make sure you add lots of detail! if you are in the eastern coast, you may rarely come across “mongolian” gull (larus argentatus mongolicus), which was formerly also placed under caspian but is now considered a subspecies of herring gull .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nioc _ names _ file _ plus - 8. 2g: 8. 2\nis a recently described species (woxvold et al. 2009). it is sister to\nis in prevailing usage. based on\nturdoïde de gourdin\nof homblon & jacquinot, 1844 referenced in gray, 1847. see mayr & greenway, 1960 (peters checklist, ix )\nnigeria to s sudan, w kenya. s drcongo, nw zambia and n angola\nnow considered to be a plumage variant of icterine greenbul (collinson et al. 2017 )\nrwenzori mts, itombwe and mt. kabobo (e drcongo), w uganda, w rwanda and n burundi\nmontane tiny greenbul is split from { lowland ] tiny greenbul [ fuchs et al. 2011a ]\nbased on genetic studies. but genetic divergence may support species status. manawatthana et al. 2017\nas a junior synonym. fishpool & tobias, 2005. the population from sabah is vocally and genetically distinct and likely represents an unnamed taxon. the subspecies epithet\n( type speciemen from e kalimantan) has been erroneously applied to this population. eaton et al 2016, rheindt in. litt. (see manawatthana et al. 2017) .\nkuroda, 1922 as a synonym. permanently invalid. dickinson & christidis, 2014 .\ndalupiri, calayan and fuga is. (n of luzon in n philippines )\nis a member of the afrotropical clade of bulbuls (pycnonotidae (johansson et al. 2008, zuccon & ericson 2010 )\ncheke & hume 2008, bli. conspecific with the extinct reunion form whose scientific name has priority .\nmanchurian bush warbler is restricted to borealis; ssp canturians is treated here as a subspecies of h. diphone. an alternative treatment would be to lump borealis with diphone until relationships of the members of this complex are sorted out genetically (alström et al. 2011b). see rasmussen & anderton 2005, bli re original split of cettia canturians, including borealis from c. diphone .\niczn opinion 2215. bulletin of zoological nomenclature 65: 327 - 328, 2008 .\ncorrect gender agreement; original specific epithet albicapillus is invariable. (n david, h & m corrigenda 2. 1 )\ngenetically embedded in monticola; move before m. rupestris (zuccon & ericson 2010a )\nfrith and frith 1998, christidis and boles 2008, slikas unpub. , t. pratt comm .\nfrith and frith 1998, christidis and boles 2008, slikas unpub. , t. pratt comm .\nrestore inland plover to peltohyas; relative of wrybill and red - kneed dotterel; resequence following lapwings, their sister group (baker et al. 2007; fjeldsa comm )\nfuchs et al 2008; correct error in v2. 5; correct gender agreement\ncorrect gender agreement; “we are speaking here of hydrornis blyth 1843 in jasb 12 (2): 960, indeed masculine. in turdus guajanus by statius müller, guajanus is adjectival (much [ too ] long to explain); thus hydrornis guayanus is ok. ” (n. david 7 / 9 / 2010 )\nchlorophoneus viridis, c. dohertyi, c. quadricolor form a separate clade with telophorus, rhodophoneus, all merged into telophorus (fuchs et al 2004, fjeldsa comm )\nmalcorus belongs with hypergerus and eminia in cisticolidae (johansson et al. 2008, tif, fjeldsa comm )\n“ lopesi ” is an unjustified emmendation. fide alan peterson, peter ryan (hbw 11 )\npnoepyga wren - babblers are not babblers and elevated to their own family (gelang et al. 2009 )\ncorrect spreadsheet re 2. 0 change of genus (p. kovalik 7 / 2010 )\nnew family includes melocichla, sphenoeacus, achaetops, macrosphenus, sylvietta, cryptillas, and possibly graueria and hemitesia (johansson et al. 2007, 2008, tif). move up in sequence as old branch of sylvioid passerines .\nmove dohm’s thrush - babbler to sylviidae as sister to pseudoalcippe [ abyssinica ] (voelker et al. 2009 )\nbush blackcap is a member of the sylviidae closer to pseudoalcippe than to sylvia (johansson et al. 2008, tif )\nseparate fulvetta species from alcippe fulvettas and move to sylviidae (pasquet et al. 2006, collar & robson 2007, gelang et al. 2009 )\nmove yuhina species to zosteropidae from timaliidae (cibois et al 2003, moyle et al 2009); recognition of subclades under review .\nrichmond (1917), fide alan peterson. ichthyophaga is an unjustified emendation of original spelling .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo, j. , collar, n. j. , christie, d. a. , elliott, a. , fishpool, l. d. c. , boesman, p. and kirwan, g. m. 2016. hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world. volume 2: passerines. lynx edicions and birdlife international, barcelona, spain and cambridge, uk .\njustification: this species has a very large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). the population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified, but the species is described as generally common throughout its range, although rare in southern china (del hoyo et al. 2005). trend justification: the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes, voice, habitat, food and feeding, breeding, movements, status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up. please select a player to play flash videos .\n5 - 6 individuals foraging along with lesser - necklaced laughingthrushes, two greater racket - tailed drongos and a green magpie .\npaul van giersbergen, frédéric pelsy, ivijayanand, desmond allen, tanakorn, manakincarmelo, markus lilje .\nforms a well - supported clade with a. griseiceps, a. pallidus and a. ochraceus # r. putative races described from assam, viridulus (lushai hills) and aureolus (naga hills), appear indistinguishable from nominate. two subspecies recognized .\n( gould, 1836) – himalayan foothills from c nepal e to bhutan, ne india (arunachal pradesh, and s assam hills including meghalaya, tripura and lushai hills), se tibet, ne & se bangladesh (sylhet, chittagong) and nw & ne myanmar (chindwin, arakan) .\n( oates, 1889) – s china (w yunnan), se myanmar (karen hills, southern shan states, tenasserim) and w thailand .\nnoisy, heard more often than seen. wide variety of calls, all short and nasal, with no identifiable ...\noccurs in understorey or middle storey of primary and secondary evergreen forest, usually at 600 ...\nbreeds apr–jul. nest reportedly built by both sexes, outer layer constructed of dead leaves and bamboo leaves, fairly loosely ...\nresident; tends to move downslope in some regions during non - breeding season .\nnot globally threatened. generally common throughout range; rare in s china. very local in bangladesh, but fairly common at a few sites in nepal, and very common in suitable ...\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography. login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments. to make the most of all of hbw' s features, discover our subscriptions now !\noften merged into african criniger, but molecular study # r indicates that african and asian members of this family are only distantly related. phylogeographical study # r reveals apparent presence of a ring species complex in indomalayan region, and this is supported by analytical study # r .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts, family texts, plates, audiovisual links, updates and related resources .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 55. 90 € (instead of 59. 90 €) 3 - year subscription package: 82 € (instead of 89. 85 € )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information, tracking references to their source (when available on the internet) .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 82. 5 € (instead of 89. 9 €) 3 - year subscription package: 122. 5 € (instead of 134. 85 € )\nthere is a registration fee of 20€. this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive. you won’t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution, click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding (anonymously); markers do not indicate precise localities .\nsonogram images © xeno - canto foundation. sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nthis species has a very large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). the population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international (2018) species factsheet: alophoixus flaveolus. downloaded from urltoken on 10 / 07 / 2018. recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: birdlife international (2018) iucn red list for birds. downloaded from urltoken on 10 / 07 / 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists, and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12, 000 regional checklists in avibase, offered in 9 different taxonomies, including synonyms more than 175 languages. each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community, and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page, such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition (incl. corrigenda vol. 1 - 2) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details. to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263, 328, 873 times since 24 june 2003. © denis lepage | privacy policy\nour search server encountered a problem during your search. please copy this error code { { spperror _ message } }\nmore in { { topic. val } } ({ { topic. numarticles - topic. articles. length } } )\nthe cornell lab will send you updates about birds, birding, and opportunities to help bird conservation. you can unsubscribe at any time. we will never sell or give your email address to others .\nthe articles or images on this page are the sole property of the authors or photographers .\n; however, mistakes do happen. if you would like to correct or update any of the information, please\nthroughout history, crows, ravens and other black birds were feared as symbols of evil or death. …\nplease note: any content published on this site is commentary or opinion, and is protected under free speech. it is only provided for educational and entertainment purposes, and is in no way intended as a substitute for professional advice. avianweb / beautyofbirds or any of their authors / publishers assume no responsibility for the use or misuse of any of the published material. your use of this website indicates your agreement to these terms .\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more\nblack bulbuls feed mainly on seeds and insects, and they are often seen in small groups, either roosting or flying about in search of food. they are particularly fond of berries. they are known to feed on a wide range of berries including celtis, rosa, melia and ehretia in the himalayas. the feed on the nectar of salmalia, erythrina, rhododendron and other species. they make aerial sallies for insects. they can be quite noisy, making various loud cheeping, mewing and grating calls. the himalayan form has been reported to make a call resembling a goat kid, throwing back its neck when calling .\nit builds its nest in a tree or bush; the nest is a cup placed in a fork and made from grasses, dry leaves, mosses, lichens and cobwebs. the lining is made up of ferns, rootlets and other soft material. both sexes participate in nest construction. two or three eggs form the usual clutch. in southern india, nesting activity begins from february and rises to a peak in may. the eggs hatch after an incubation period of 12 to 13 days and the chicks fledge after about 11 or 12 days. nest predators include birds of prey (black - winged kite), snakes (ptyas mucosus). adults of h. ganeesa have been known to be preyed on by the crested goshawk .\nthis article uses material from the wikipedia released under the creative commons attribution - share - alike licence 3. 0. please see license details for photos in photo by - lines .\nplease note that this non - official list is not complete nor necessarily accurate. this list is a summary of checklists from other websites, blogs, publications, photo / videos published on various websites or our own findings. we appreciate your contributions with photo proof .\nimportant note; our range maps are generated automatically based on very limited data we have about the protected sites, the data is not necessarily accurate. please help us to improve our range maps by sharing your findings / knowledge .\n© thai national parks, 2018 | t. a. t. license: 12 / 02497, license issued for gibbonwoot (managing company )\none of the painful things about being a birdwatcher is periodically having to get used to new names for species. this is not something most of us enjoy (in fact it can provoke strong reactions in some !), but these changes are inevitable as new techniques and better understanding of taxonomy cause a rearrangement — even in a relatively well - studied group of creatures like birds .\nthe ebird taxonomy is updated every year in august, and this year’s update brings its share of changes. in this article, we describe the main changes that affect us in india. if you are interested in exploring more, ebird central gives a comprehensive listing of changes, including more details on the basis on which the changes were made .\nfirst, a new feature. the ebird taxonomy is synchronized with the clements checklist of birds of the world. but of course ebird / clements is not the only naming system available. until now, it has not been possible for us to seamlessly translate between the ebird naming system and any of the other systems. but as of this month, you can choose to view species information on ebird in the naming system devised by the international ornithological committee — this is called the ioc world bird list. to do this, go to your account preferences and choose to display names in “english (ioc) ”. if you play with this, please do remember to change back to “english (india) ”. we strongly recommend that all birders in india use the “english (india) ” setting, as those names are adjusted according to what we in india are accustomed to. if you want to look at how different species are treated differently across the major global naming systems, please do explore the wonderful resources provided by avibase .\npurple swamphen in india is now grey - headed swamphen: this widespread and easily recognizable species had a huge geographic range: from europe and africa to asia and australasia. for a relatively sedentary species with clearly recognizable subspecies it was perhaps inevitably due for some reorganizing. now, the erstwhile purple swamphen is split into 6 species, the one found in india being called grey - headed swamphen porphyrio poliocephalus (poliocephalus meaning literally ‘grey - headed’). the “english (india) ” name for this new species is grey - headed swamphen (purple swamphen), so if your ebird preferences are set this way, you can continue to find species with its old name .\nasian paradise - flycatcher is now indian paradise - flycatcher: this species, cherished by us all, has also been split — into three new species. the species in south asia (afghanistan to bangladesh, including sri lanka) is now called indian paradise - flycatcher with the same scientific name (terpsiphone paradisi) as the parent species. note that the subspecies found in the nicobars is now under a different species: blyth’s paradise - flycatcher (terpsiphone affinis nicobarica) .\ncommon buzzard is now confusing in india: common buzzard (buteo buteo) had a subspecies in the himalayas (buteo buteo burmanicus); this is now split into a separate species: himalayan buzzard (buteo refectus). the confusion arises because we also get wintering common buzzard (buteo buteo) in india !\nscaly thrush is now multiple species: scaly thrush (zoothera dauma) has been split into four species. two of the new species are found in india: the nilgiri thrush (zoothera neilgherriensis) of the western ghats and the scaly thrush (zoothera dauma) of central, northern and northeastern india. a close neighbour is the sri lanka thrush (zoothera imbricata) endemic to sri lanka .\nthere are a few other changes for indian species; most are minor changes in existing names. please see the full description of the taxonomic update here .\nchanges to english (india) names as described above, the ‘english (india) ’ setting exists so that we can more easily find species under the names that we are accustomed to. this year, some further customizations been made to the ‘english (india) ’ names, with further parenthetical additions, including: pale sand martin (pale martin), malabar starling (blyth’s starling), vernal hanging - parrot (indian lorikeet), and crimson - backed sunbird (small sunbird), among others .\nlist of indian species for your reference, here is a link to an excel sheet (350 kb) that contains a link to all “non - rare” species in india, together with a mapping across two other major naming systems: the ioc list and the birdlife international list. we hope you find this useful!" ]

{ "text": [ "the white-throated bulbul ( alophoixus flaveolus ) is a species of songbird in the bulbul family , pycnonotidae .", "it is found in south-eastern asia from the eastern himalayas to myanmar and western thailand .", "its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests . " ], "topic": [ 27, 20, 24 ] }

[ "the white-throated bulbul (alophoixus flaveolus) is a species of songbird in the bulbul family, pycnonotidae. it is found in south-eastern asia from the eastern himalayas to myanmar and western thailand. its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests." ]

[ "moscow flyer, the 2003 champion, has now won all 18 races he has finished .\nformer champion chase winner moscow flyer has died aged 22, the national stud has announced .\nmoscow flyer spent the latter half of his retirement at the irish national stud in county kildare .\ndual champion chase winner moscow flyer has died aged 22, the irish national stud has announced .\ndual champion chase winner moscow flyer has died aged 22, the irish national stud has announced .\n2005: moscow flyer (queen mother champion chase); kicking king (cheltenham gold cup) .\nmoscow flyer and jockey barry geraghty pictured winning at punchestown in 2005. photograph: haydn west / pa\nlike harrington, geraghty feels moscow flyer' s tingle creek victory of 12 years ago was the highlight .\nowned by brian kearney, moscow flyer proved a high class hurdler in his early career. however the switch to chasing and his partnership with barry geraghty saw moscow flyer cement his place amongst the greatest of greats .\nthe dual champion chase winner moscow flyer has died aged 22. trained by jessica harrington, moscow flyer won 26 of 44 starts including 10 grade one events over fences and three wins at the highest level over hurdles .\nthe two - time champion chase winner moscow flyer has died at the age of 22 after suffering from colic .\nthe racehorse moscow flyer, most associated with drumree jockey barry geraghty, has died at the age of 22 .\ntrained by jessica harrington, moscow flyer won 26 of his 44 starts, including ten grade ones over fences .\n“owned by brian kearney and trained by jessica harrington, moscow flyer proved a high class hurdler in his early career. however the switch to chasing and his partnership with barry geraghty saw moscow flyer cement his place amongst the greatest of greats .\nowned by brian kearney and trained by jessica harrington, moscow flyer proved a high class hurdler in his early career. however the switch to chasing and his partnership with barry geraghty saw moscow flyer cement his place amongst the greatest of greats .\nmoscow flyer beat off rivals well chief and azertyuiop to land the queen mother champion chase at the cheltenham festival on wednesday .\nmoscow flyer, who spent his retirement at the irish national stud, won two editions of the champion chase. more on\nmoscow flyer, who spent his retirement at the irish national stud, won two editions of the champion chase. more on urltoken\nmoscow flyer received a superb reception in the winners' enclosure from the large irish contingent at the course who welcomed home their hero .\nmoscow flyer in a playful mood with irish national stud groom fiona doggett at the horse' s 20th birthday celebrations in 2014. photo\nmoscow flyer was owned by brian kearney and trained by jessica harrington. jockey barry geraghty was on board for most of his career .\nmoscow flyer, who spent his retirement at the irish national stud, won two editions of the champion chase. more on - urltoken\nit is with great sadness that the irish national stud must announce the passing of the legendary moscow flyer at the great age of 22 .\nover this period, about 100, 000 passengers and over 350 tons of cargo were transported on the moscow - tchelyabinsk - moscow route .\n“moscow flyer will be sorely missed by all at the irish national stud. our thoughts go out to all connections and to his adoring fans. ”\nmy horse ran no race. on form he should have been dividing well chief and moscow flyer, but he was never going ,\nsaid walsh .\n“in 2006, moscow flyer was retired from racing, boasting a race record to be envied by all including two queen mother champion chases and two tingle creek victories .\na statement on urltoken read: “it is with great sadness the irish national stud must announce the passing of the legendary moscow flyer at the great age of 22. ”\n“in 2012, moscow flyer was relocated to the irish national stud where he joined our ‘living legends’ team alongside greats such as kicking king, beef or salmon and hardy eustace .\ntrained by jessica harrington during his racing days, moscow flyer won 26 of 44 starts including 10 grade one events over fences and three wins at the highest level over hurdles .\n1, 857 flyer template stock photos, vectors, and illustrations are available royalty - free .\ntrained by jessica harrington during his racing days, moscow flyer won 26 of 44 starts, including ten grade one events over fences and three wins at the highest level over hurdles .\na statement on urltoken read :\nit is with great sadness that the irish national stud must announce the passing of the legendary moscow flyer at the great age of 22 .\na statement on urltoken read :\nit is with great sadness that the irish national stud must announce the passing of the legendary moscow flyer at the great age of 22 .\nit is with great sadness that the irish national stud must announce the passing of the legendary moscow flyer at the great age of 22 ,\nthe irish national stud said .\nso sad to announce the passing of moscow flyer. he was a total legend and a horse of a lifetime. thank you for all the memories ,\nharrington tweeted .\nthrough the lens of the irish infatuation, barich celebrates the moment when the likes of moscow flyer\ntake flight and leave the earth, [ and ] hang for a half - second in a cloud of uncertainty before they know what the future will bring .\nin moscow flyer' s confident leaps here yesterday, the\nuncertainty\nwas done away with .\n“a four length victory in the 2002 arkle highlighted moscow’s ability, and 12 months later he returned to cheltenham to win the queen mother champion chase by an impressive 7 lengths. moscow flyer continued to dominate the division for a further two years, winning all completed starts .\na four length victory in the 2002 arkle highlighted moscow’s ability, and 12 months later he returned to cheltenham to win the queen mother champion chase by an impressive 7 lengths. moscow flyer continued to dominate the division for a further two years, winning all completed starts .\nfoaled in 1994, moscow flyer would be one the stars of the racing world just after the turn of the century at a time when the champions chase division in particular, was one of the hottest in the sport. moscow flyer went toe - to - toe with the likes of well chief and azertyuiop during his career and proved himself the best on the biggest stage .\nbarry geraghty steered moscow flyer to all but one of his 26 career victories, including in each of his 13 top - level triumphs, and will be forever indebted to the legendary chaser .\n“it is with great sadness that the irish national stud must announce the passing of the legendary moscow flyer at the great age of 22, ” reads a statement from the irish national stud .\n2005 - uefa super cup final programme - liverpool v cska moscow - v. g condition\nin 2006, moscow flyer was retired from racing, boasting a race record to be envied by all including two queen mother champion chases and two tingle creek victories. in 2007, whilst in retirement, moscow flyer, added another victory to his 26 wins under rules when kate harrington rode the legendary chaser to a comfortable victory in the punchestown festival charity flat race. this saw moscow welcomed by a rousing reception to his rightful place in the winners’ enclosure for one last time .\non december 15 aeroflot carried out technical testing of an automatic system for full passenger service with e - tickets on the moscow - los angeles - moscow, moscow - delhi - moscow routes. the tests showed that aeroflot was technically ready to introduce e - tickets. the company satisfied the requirement of the international aviation transportation association regarding the transition to e - ticketing by 2007 .\n2003: youlneverwalkalone (william hill trophy); inching closer (pertemps hurdle); moscow flyer (queen mother champion chase); spectroscope (triumph hurdle); spirit leader (county hurdle) .\njessica harrington’s moscow flyer was already a festival winner, having landed the arkle and champion chase in 2002 / 2003, and had unseated in the tingle creek prior to his win in the champion chase .\nmoscow flyer started his career as a top class hurdler but missed out on an attempt to win the champion hurdle when the cheltenham festival was called off in 2001 thanks to the foot and mouth outbreak. that would have been a disappointment for his connections but it was always assumed that moscow flyer would flourish over fences and although he would eventually prove that, his first chasing start was a less than auspicious one .\nthe jessica harrington trained moscow flyer remains one of the most popular horses of modern times as well as one of the most talented which ensures that his place in our cheltenham festival hall of fame is richly deserved. he was a hero among irish racing fans during his career and with three wins to his name at the cheltenham festival, moscow flyer proved to be a horse of a lifetime for those connected with him .\nmoscow flyer, who was brian kearney - owned and trained by jessica harrington, had 26 wins from 44 starts and ten grade one victories — including the cheltenham champion chase with barry geraghty in 2003 and 2005 .\n“in 2007, whilst in retirement, moscow flyer, added another victory to his 26 wins under rules when kate harrington rode the legendary chaser to a comfortable victory in the punchestown festival charity flat race. this saw moscow welcomed by a rousing reception to his rightful place in the winners’ enclosure for one last time .\ntourists sitting on red square in moscow, russia. saint basil' s cathedral in the background .\na four length victory in the 2002 arkle highlighted moscow’s ability, and 12 months later he returned to cheltenham to win the queen mother champion chase by an impressive seven lengths. moscow flyer continued to dominate the division for a further two years, winning all completed starts. in 2006, moscow flyer was retired from racing, boasting a race record to be envied by all including two queen mother champion chases and two tingle creek victories. in 2007, whilst in retirement, moscow flyer, added another victory to his 26 wins under rules when kate harrington rode the legendary chaser to a comfortable victory in the punchestown festival charity flat race. this saw moscow welcomed by a rousing reception to his rightful place in the winners’ enclosure for one last time. in 2012, moscow flyer was relocated to the irish national stud where he joined other ‘living legends’ team alongside greats such as kicking king, beef or salmon and hardy eustace. he has enjoyed a happy retirement and has been able to meet his legions of adoring fans who have come from far and wide to see the great chaser. moscow flyer was also the irish horse welfare trust equine ambassador and made public appearances for the equine welfare charity promoting the work they do. moscow flyer will be forever immortalised through his fearless jumping, those historic battles against titans of the sport azertyuiop, flagship uberalles & well chief. he epitomised national hunt racing at its finest with the highs and lows, the thrills and spills and the gladiatorial nature of a great sport .\nset of abstract backgrounds. ideal for brochure & flyer cover design. minimal vector covers design. future poster template .\nthe three horses returned to cheltenham for the champion chase and in one of the most memorable races in the history of the festival, it was moscow flyer who held off well chief in a now famous finish. azertyuiop was the horse who made the jumping mistake that day and was never involved in the finish as the day belonged to moscow flyer who regained the champion chase title to thousands of cheers. that 2005 success would be the last win at cheltenham for moscow flyer as father time caught up with him in his attempt to win the champion chase in 2006 but he had already done enough to secure his legacy as one of the greatest of all time .\nmore than that though, moscow flyer was a horse for the people and a real irish sporting legend. punters from the emerald isle flooded prestbury park during the hay day of moscow flyer and even in retirement, the horse remains something of a celebrity. moscow picked up no less than 15 grade 1 wins during his career on both sides of the irish sea but it was those famous victories at the cheltenham festival that will live longest in the memory for the majority of those who were lucky enough to witness the great horse at his best .\ntingle creek betting: ladbrokes - 7 - 4 moscow flyer, 3 - 1 azertyuiop, 9 - 2 cenkos, le roi miguel, 6 - 1 flagship uberalles, 10 - 1 seebald, 40 - 1 eskleybrook .\non march 15 a code - sharing agreement was signed between pjsc aeroflot russian airlines and korean air on the joint operation of the moscow - seoul route. joint flights will be served by both carriers on the moscow - seoul - moscow route from six to ten times a week, subject to the season and demand .\nleaving the nhl, markov moved onto play for hc dynamo moscow of the russian superleague. playing with former flyer dmitry afanasenkov, markov had four assists in 29 games before scoring two goals with an assist in nine postseason games .\nmoscow flyer bowed out of racing after finishing fifth in the 2006 champion chase at cheltenham – a race he won in 2003 and 2005 – and spent the latter half of his retirement at the irish national stud in county kildare .\nharrington said moscow flyer had been suffering with colic. the county kildare handler added he was a “horse of lifetime” and nominated his victory in the 2004 tingle creek at sandown over old rivals azertyuiop and well chief as her particular highlight .\nin 2012, moscow flyer was relocated to the irish national stud where he joined our ‘living legends’ team alongside greats such as kicking king, beef or salmon and hardy eustace. he has enjoyed a happy retirement and has been able to meet his legions of adoring fans who have come from far and wide to see the great chaser. moscow flyer was also the irish horse welfare trust equine ambassador and made public appearances for the equine welfare charity promoting the work they do .\nmoscow flyer bowed out of racing action after finishing fifth in the 2006 champion chase at cheltenham - a race he won in 2003 and 2005 - and spent the latter half of his retirement at the irish national stud, in co kildare .\nthe fabulous moscow flyer and geraghty captured a number of hurdle and chase events, notably the queen mother champion chase (2003, 2005), the arkle challenge trophy (2002) and the tingle creek chase (2003, 2004) .\nin recent seasons, jessica harrington has established herself as one of the leading national hunt trainers in the country. she will forever be associated with the great moscow flyer but over the years she has consistently had classy performers in her care .\nmoscow flyer bowed out of racing action after finishing fifth in the 2006 champion chase at cheltenham - a race he won in 2003 and 2005 - and spent the latter half of his retirement at the irish national stud, in county kildare .\non october 4 in accordance with the order of the federal service for transport supervision regarding flight permission for il - 96 - 300 aircraft, pjsc aeroflot - russian airlines from october 4 renewed operations on the moscow - shanghai, moscow - delhi and night - time moscow - khabarovsk routes. all six aircraft were modified to ensure high safety .\nmartin luther king day flyer, banner or poster. mlk background with silhouette of martin luther king and waving us flag. vector illustration\nthey are sprinter sacre in 2012 - 2013, moscow flyer who did it twice in 2003 - 2004 and again in 2004 - 2005 and of course kauto star who outdid them all in becoming the champion in all three distance categories in 2006 - 2007 .\nabstract new year 2016 card. multicolor holiday greeting card. creative flat design, concept for banner, poster, flyer design, night party\non june 7 it was five years since aeroflot russian airlines began regular flights to perm. over this period about 180, 000 passengers and 600 tons of cargo were transported on the moscow - perm - moscow route on flight su823 / 824 .\non december 1 it was five years since aeroflot russian airlines began regular flights to mineralniye vodi. over this period about 160, 000 passengers and 190 tons of cargoes were transported on the moscow - mineralniye vodi - moscow route by flight su785 / 786 .\non december 16 it was ten years since aeroflot russian airlines began serving regular flights to novosibirsk. over this period about 11, 000 passenger and cargo flights were served, and over 850, 000 passengers were transported on the moscow - novosibirsk - moscow route .\n* brendan powell is the only jockey to have ridden more than one tripleprint winner - pegwell bay (1988) and dublin flyer (1994) .\nhowever, he would unseat jockey barry geraghty four out when still travelling strongly to allow azertyuiop to gain revenge for his tingle creek defeat. moscow flyer would make amends by winning at aintree in the melling chase, and also in the punchestown champion chase to round off his season .\nthe 2004 tingle creek chase was an immensely hyped contest as it saw the third clash of moscow flyer and azertyuiop as well as the introduction of the previous seasons arkle chase winner, well chief, into the mix. the race lived up to all expectations with the three big guns holding every chance in the closing stages before moscow flyer forged clear for a memorable 1½l success. that race set the stage for a mouth watering rematch between the main protagonists in the queen mother champion chase the following march. however on that occasion it was the turn of azertyuiop to make a vital jumping error which effectively ended his bid, allowing moscow flyer and well chief to fight out the finish with the former grinding out a two lengths success. that win was followed up by an imperious performance in the melling chase at aintree where he cruised home by 16 lengths. to suggest that moscow flyer would never win another race after what was one of the most impressive performances of his career would have been considered ridiculous at the time, but that day in aintree would prove to be the last time the great horse would enter the winner’s enclosure .\n“moscow flyer will be forever immortalised through his fearless jumping, those historic battles against titans of the sport azertyuiop, flagship uberalles & well chief. he epitomised national hunt racing at its finest with the highs and lows, the thrills and spills and the gladiatorial nature of our great sport .\nsome bookmakers now make moscow flyer 2 - 1 favourite to win his third champion chase next year - even though no 12 - year - old has succeeded in this fast, exacting test since skymas 28 years ago. the will to fight again is strong. a curious fact about moscow flyer is that he has won all 18 races he has completed over fences. the only horse who can beat him is himself. on his hurdling debut he ran into a dolled - off flight. on his chasing bow he hit the deck. if he stays upright he wins .\nmoscow flyer will be forever immortalised through his fearless jumping, those historic battles against titans of the sport azertyuiop, flagship uberalles & well chief. he epitomised national hunt racing at its finest with the highs and lows, the thrills and spills and the gladiatorial nature of our great sport .\nlike harrington, geraghty feels moscow flyer’s tingle creek victory of 12 years ago was the highlight. “he gave me my first festival winner in the arkle and there were the two champion chases, but, for me, his win in the tingle creek was the race of races. ”\nhe has enjoyed a happy retirement and has been able to meet his legions of adoring fans who have come from far and wide to see the great chaser. moscow flyer was also the irish horse welfare trust equine ambassador and made public appearances for the equine welfare charity promoting the work they do .\nit was 2002 when cheltenham’s hordes discovered how the young co meath jockey’s attitude had evolved. “pressure is for tyres, ” geraghty once memorably remarked and there was an assurance to the way he steered moscow flyer to arkle glory that confirmed the presence of a major new talent in the jockeys room .\nborn in 1863 in moscow, russia, constantin stanislavski started working in theater as a teen, going on to become an acclaimed thespian and director of stage productions. he co - founded the moscow art theatre in 1897 and developed a performance process known as method acting, allowing actors to use their personal histories to express authentic emotion and create rich characters. continually honing his theories throughout his career, he died in moscow in 1938 .\nwith the talented six - year - old, well chief, staking his own claim, and tomorrow' s gold cup falling apart through injuries and an equine death (farmer jack), yesterday' s rematch was widely billed as the best contest of the festival. moscow flyer vs azertyuiop turned out not to be ali - frazier. a bad mistake by moscow flyer' s english rival at the water jump sucked the momentum out of the defending champion. pity, but there was no shortage of dramatic resonance in the leader' s charge up the cheltenham hill as well chief chased him home. seniority stamped its authority .\nthere is no doubt that moscow flyer’s retirement has left a big hole in harrington’s yard, but with such talented horses as gazza’s girl, cork all star, glenrock leader, knight legend and personal column in the yard, success will continue to come her way in the immediate future and for many years to come .\nthe following season was to be even better for fans of moscow flyer as he embarked on a campaign that would eventually lead him back to cheltenham and the queen mother champion chase. he was unluckily brought down in the tingle creek but was unbeaten apart from that which meant that his price of 7 / 4f looked like a fair one as he returned back to cheltenham for the two mile championship contest. the race went perfectly to script as moscow flyer won the 2003 queen mother champion chase with the minimum of fuss as he cruised up the hill to win by seven lengths and in the process mark himself out as a real superstar of the game .\nin a new book on horses and the emerald isle, the american author bill barich meditates :\nwhile the english are fond of their racing, i soon discovered the irish can' t live without it .\nthis neatly explains the euphoria that swept over the cheltenham festival when moscow flyer won the queen mother champion chase .\nin more recent seasons, the harrington yard has sent out many significant winners including studmaster in the 2006 pierse hurdle, hide the evidence in the 2006 royal bond novice hurdle and cork all star in the 2007 cheltenham champion bumper. but the two flag bearers for the yard have unquestionably been macs joy and the incomparable moscow flyer .\nmoscow flyer' s first win came in october 1999 when he won the shamrock maiden hurdle at punchestown, the first of three successive wins, including the royal bond hurdle, over timber. he went on to enjoy success in the hatton' s grace hurdle and the festival hurdle before he was sent over the larger obstacles .\nvector illustration on the theme of surf and surf club florida grunge background. vintage design. typography; t - shirt graphics; print; poster; banner; flyer; postcard\nthe 2004 / 5 season will go down as one of the greatest in history when racing fans talk about the two mile division with the three top class horses doing battle. moscow flyer and azertyuiop were to meet in the tingle creek at sandown for the first time since their cheltenham duel but this time there was a third rival as arkle winner, well chief, joined the party. the three of them came to the last together and with every chance of winning but to the delight of the crowd it was moscow flyer who pulled clear of his rivals to win the contest and land the first blow on the way to the 2005 queen mother champion chase .\n“people, not politics! ” said the russian toronto maple leafs fan we met in moscow, slapping my husband on the back. it was more proof that almost everything we’d heard about moscow was wrong, as in, there’s not much to see, people don’t speak english and they aren’t partial to westerners .\n“moscow flyer will be forever immortalised through his fearless jumping, those historic battles against titans of the sport azertyuiop, flagship uberalles & well chief. he epitomised national hunt racing at its finest with the highs and lows, the thrills and spills and the gladiatorial nature of our great sport, ” said the irish national stud in a statement today, friday .\nundoubtedly the most talented horse that harrington has ever had in her care is the great moscow flyer. he is best remembered for his exploits over fences, but many people forget the fact that he mixed it with the very best of his generation over hurdles as well. he twice won at grade 1 level as a novice hurdler but it was during his second season over the smaller obstacles that he really shot to prominence. he ran a total of seven times during the 2000 / 2001 season, winning the morgiana hurdle, the december festival hurdle and the shell champion hurdle. the two latter wins were unquestionably overshadowed by the falls of istabraq, but the following season moscow flyer would prove that he was up there with the very best when he was sent over the larger obstacles .\nthe champion returned to cheltenham twelve months later in 2004 to defend his queen mother crown in an eagerly awaited match with azertyuiop who had brilliantly won the arkle the previous season. it was moscow flyer who rightly started as the favourite but the race failed to materialise after the defending champ un - shipped barry geraghty at the fourth last following a mistake which lead to the paul nicholls horse taking the win .\non december 12 on the moscow - tokyo - moscow route, aeroflot passengers were served by both russian and japanese stewards. as a result of a competition in tokyo, 10 people were selected for aeroflot: nine women and one man. aviation knowledge, a university degree in english, experience in other air companies, as well as appearance, were taken into account during the contest .\nseebald started as the favourite that day but he was no match for moscow flyer who put together a great round of jumping to pull well clear of the field and win by four lengths. that was his first success at prestbury park and was the first sign that we were witnessing the start of a potentially great career with the irish fans in particular cheering him up the hill on day one of the meeting .\npaul nicholls’ charge remained a regular in the tingle creek, being foiled in his bid for a fourth straight win by cenkos and won only once more in his career when claiming the bmw chase at the punchestown festival. he would have one last crack at the tingle creek the following season, coming home in third behind moscow flyer abd e was retured after finishing well beaten behind fota islandin the grand annual in 2005 .\nmoscow offers a huge range of restaurants and choices – every type of international cuisine (french, italian, asian). we used the foursquare app to find restaurants and it worked very well .\nmoscow flyer began the 2003 / 2004 season as a strong favourite to retain his champion chase crown the following march and he consolidated his position at the head of the market with a victory over the young pretender to his crown, azertyuiop, in the tingle creek chase. an easy win at leopardstown’s christmas meeting followed and he was once again sent off the red - hot favourite for the champion chase. however, his occasional jumping frailties were exposed as he blundered at the fourth last fence and unseated barry geraghty, allowing azertyuiop to gallop to an impressive nice lengths success. that would prove to be the only time that azertyuiop would get the better of jessie harrington’s charge during the course of their careers. electric wins at aintree and punchestown followed for moscow flyer and his supporters were adamant that he would avenge his champion chase defeat the following season .\ni really did want him to regain his crown - and he did that in style ,\ngulped his trainer, jessica harrington, referring to her horse' s mishap in this race last year. moscow flyer had won the arkle chase in 2002 and the queen mother a season later. but the title was ripped out of his grasp 12 months ago when geraghty was unseated and azertyuiop stepped in to fill the void .\nover the ensuing two decades, jessie has established herself as the leading woman trainer in ireland. her stables at commonstown stud, moone, co. kildare, are responsible for several iconic horses, headed up by the inestimable moscow flyer, winner of the arkle and the queen mother champion chase at successive cheltenham festivals, as well as such high - class performers as space trucker, dance beat, spirit leader and mac’s joy .\nmoscow was a brilliant horse in his day. i remember seeing someone once ask barry geraghty if he could choose between moscow and sprinter sacre which would it be, and he skirted round the issue and wouldn' t say who he thought was better. we also lost another great this week - rough quest who was 30. he won the grand national and was runner up in the gold cup in 1996 .\nthere he was, wayne gretzky, just a 17 - year - old kid, sitting in the dressing room beside gordie howe, preparing to play in the wha all - star game in edmonton against moscow dynamo .\nthe other joint - favourite for the festival, meanwhile, is moscow flyer, the current champion, and jessica harrington' s runner is the narrow favourite for the tingle creek in the early betting. last year, his challenge for the same race ended on the back straight when he was baulked by flagship uberalles, who won the tingle creek three years running between 1999 and 2001, though the 2000 running took place at cheltenham when the original card was abandoned .\nget acquainted with the metro; moscow’s mode of transport for more than 9 million people a day. for less than a dollar you can transfer between spectacular stops that will completely change the way you look at public transit .\nstand to be corrected but i think he got an rpr of 179 for beating vpu in his second tc. not sure of his timeform 2m rating. not too shabby. moscow in my top 3 favourite horses ever .\nmoscow, the largest, coldest, northernmost city in europe, wrapped us up in a big friendly bear hug. people went out of their way to point us in the right direction when we were bewildered by russian signage .\nthe chasing career of moscow flyer began somewhat inauspiciously with a fall at fairyhouse, but he won his next three starts in great style including the grade 1 denny gold medal novice chase, before once again hitting the deck in the grade 1 bailey’s irish arkle. however, he more than compensated his connections for that mishap when winning the arkle chase at the cheltenham festival. six weeks later he supplemented that win with an easy success in the grade 1 swordlestown cup novice chase at the punchestown festival .\non march 23 aeroflot made the switch to an automatic reservation system and sale of sabre tickets. the sabresonic inventory system, sabre acsi dispatch management system, support system of often flying passenger sabre traverse frequent - flyer system, and the mysabre agency sales system were introduced .\nthere have been 18 more festival victories since that arkle: a minimum of one a year, every year. every major pot has fallen to the wryly amiable rider at least once: a gold cup, a champion hurdle, a world hurdle and three champion chases. the first of them, moscow flyer in 2003, presaged a hot - streak that included an aintree national and even an rté sports personality of the year award for the young turk who was always good for a quote and a quip .\nplenty of horses have won the queen mother champion chase twice but very few have managed to regain the race, having lost it, which was something that moscow flyer did in 2005. couple that stat with his arkle victory as a novice and you have one of the great cheltenham festival career' s of modern times. the context of his victories is also important to state with the two mile chase division a particularly hot one at the time which makes his two victories in the queen mother all the more impressive .\nwhen night falls, head to the bend in the moskva river where tour boats cluster at the foot of the radisson royal hotel moscow. this neoclassical post - war skyscraper is one of a series commissioned by stalin and nicknamed the seven sisters .\non august 1 aeroflot russian airlines resumed regular flights to dnepropetrovsk once a week on mondays on tu - 134 aircraft. the flight schedule is convenient for aeroflot’s international and federal flights from moscow to europe, north america, sea and russian cities .\nif only time would stand still in the irish fields where moscow flyer leaves his hoof marks between events. only badsworth boy (1983 - 85) has won three champion chases - though yesterday' s winner already joins a multitude of distinguished double - winners. now that he has conquered his concentration deficit, it seems unjust that age will threaten his pre - eminence .\nwe' re all attached to him, we' ve had him for six years and he has been an amazing horse ,\nharrington said .\nhaving fallen on his first start over fences, the son of moscow society won his next three starts. he developed a reputation for falling or unseating in every fourth race but between october 2001 and april 2005 he won every race he stood up in .\non june 22 aeroflot granted further discounts to gold and silver medalists from secondary schools from across the russian regions planning to enter university in moscow. a 50% discount for economy class tickets was granted to all school - leavers in 2005 with medals from provincial schools .\non november 17 it was ten years since aeroflot - russian airlines began regular flights to khabarovsk. about 300, 000 passengers and more than 4. 5 tons of cargo have been transported on the moscow - khabarovsk - moscow during this period route. the introduction of il - 9 aircraft brought about some improvements in the technological processes at khabarovsk airport. an automatic check - in system was introduced, equipment for loading on - board food and for handling containers was installed since 2005 restaurant - style service has been used on “aeroflot” flights .\na short - head defeat at the hands of his old rival rathgar beau in his next start at the punchestown festival was the first indication that his powers were waning and on his seasonal reappearance the following november he suffered a much more comprehensive defeat at the hands of central house in the fortria chase, before again meeting with defeat in the paddy power dial - a - bet chase at leopardstown. harrington decided to allow moscow flyer to take his chance at the cheltenham festival and despite a number of his main rivals failing to complete the course, he could only finish fifth to newmill. it was after this effort that the decision was taken to retire the great horse. in total, he won 26 of the 44 starts including 13 wins at grade 1 level and just under €1, 750, 000 in prize money. however, that wasn’t the end of the moscow flyer story and he was brought out of retirement to contest the charity race at the 2007 punchestown festival and with jessica’s daughter, kate, in the saddle, the old warrior rolled back the years to gain a thrilling victory that received one of the biggest receptions of the week .\nand yes, moscow has a nightlife – there are lots of clubs and cocktail bars, including karaoke spots but we were too beat after walking for hours every day to search them out. i had planned to, however, they tend to get started late, just like here .\nthe following season, markov ended up playing in 42 regular season games. with the increase in games played, markov was able to score more goals and register more assists. he' d have five goals and nine assists before being held scoreless in three postseason games for hc dynamo moscow .\n* four other horses have won both handicap chases but in different years. dublin flyer took the thomas pink in 1995 and the tripleprint the year before, while another coral (tp 1991, t 1992), beau ranger (tp 1987, t 1984) and fifty dollars more (tp 1982, t 1983) also achieved double glory .\nat the beginning of the 2002 / 2003 season, many people considered moscow flyer to be the heir apparent to the queen mother champion chase crown and his 20 lengths win on his seasonal reappearance at down royal did little to discourage this train of thought. he unluckily unseated his rider in the tingle creek chase on his next start before recording two easy successes at long odds - on back in ireland and then his sights were once again set firmly on prestbury park. he was sent off the strongly backed 7 / 4 favourite and he cruised clear in the straight to record an easy seven lengths success before being greeted in rapturous fashion by the cheltenham crowd .\nover the following decades, the moscow art theatre developed a stellar domestic and international reputation with works like the petty bourgeois, an enemy of the people and the blue bird. stanislavski co - directed productions with nemirovich - danchenko and had prominent roles in several works, including the cherry orchard and the lower depths .\nradivojevic is currently with moscow spartak in the khl. his former slovakian teammate in belleville, six - foot - five, 246 - pound defenceman branislav mezei, was a first - round pick of the new york islanders (10th overall) at the 1999 nhl draft and now plays in the czech elite league .\nin 1888, stanislavski founded the society of art and literature, with which he performed and directed productions for almost a decade. then, in june 1897, he and playwright / director vladimir nemirovich - danchenko decided to open the moscow art theatre, which would be an alternative to standard theatrical aesthetics of the day .\non february 24 valeriy okulov, general director of pjsc aeroflot russian airlines, won the “person of the year” award in the category “for personal contribution to ensuring competitiveness of an airline company in the international market and high financial results”. valeriy okulov received the order of “slava rossii” in the patriarchal palace of the moscow kremlin .\nafter the 1917 russian revolution, stanislavski faced some criticism for not producing communist works, yet he was able to maintain his company & apos; s unique perspective and not contend with an imposed artistic vision. during a performance to commemorate the moscow art theatre & apos; s 30th anniversary, stanislavski suffered a heart attack .\n< blockquote class =\ntwitter - tweet\nlang =\nen\n> < p > a peak sprinter sacre tops our list of two - mile chasers this century. which one of these greats is your favourite? < a href =\nurltoken\n> urltoken < / a > < / p > & mdash; timeform (@ timeform1948) < a href =\nurltoken\n> february 26, 2015 < / a > < / blockquote > < script async src =\n/ / urltoken\ncharset =\nutf - 8\n> < / script > moscow flyer, absolute class act. incredible the roar he got when holding well chief at bay to win his second champion chase .\nconstantin stanislavski was born konstantin sergeyevich alekseyev in moscow, russia, in january 1863. (sources offer varying information on the exact day of his birth .) he was part of a wealthy clan who loved theater: his maternal grandmother was a french actress and his father constructed a stage on the family & apos; s estate .\nas hc dynamo moscow became part of the khl, markov remained on the roster while alexei zhitnik and denis tolpeko joined him. playing in five less regular season games than the prior season, markov scored three goals and had just as many assists. in his 10 postseason games with the club, markov had a goal and four assists .\ncruise by the rolls royce dealership in the lobby and head to the piano bar where you’ll find an artificial sun, rising and setting every few minutes over a diorama of central moscow as it looked in 1977 at 1: 75 scale. slip on the headphones to hear the english commentary. it’s free and open to the public 24 hours a day .\non may 12 pjsc aeroflot russian airlines and alitalia signed a code - sharing agreement on the joint operation of the moscow - milan route. the agreement allowed aeroflot to increase its presence on the air carriage market and use alitalia flights more efficiently, offering additional opportunities for its passengers. the partnership agreement with alitalia was one more step towards aeroflot’s membership of the international skyteam alliance .\ndanny markov scored 31 goals in his nhl career, three of which came in his 52 games with the philadelphia flyers. two of those goals were notable achievements for the flyers. since scoring his last nhl playoff goal with the flyers in the 2004 playoffs, markov played two more seasons in the nhl before playing in russia. let' s take a look at markov' s work with the five teams after his days as a flyer .\nget oriented and crush your jet lag with a walking tour. every morning moscow free tour takes english speaking travelers on a pay - what - you - like, two - and - a - half - hour tour. our guide, ksenia terenteva, began with a visit to one of the oldest churches in the city, the church of all saints in kulishki, founded in 1380 .\ngalway galway hurdle (oh so grumpy, 1994) gowran park 3 x champion chase (ferbet junior, 1999; slaney native, 2000; knight legend, 2008) 1 x trial hurdle (macs joy, 2006) curragh 1 x vincent o' brien national stakes 2010 (pathfork) 2 x solonaway stakes (jumbajukiba, 2007, 2008) 1 x c. l. weld park stakes (jazz princess, 2004) 1 x beresford stakes (curtain call 2007) 1 x gladness stakes (jumbajukiba 2008) 1 x ballygallon stakes (long lashes 2009) sandown park 1 x tingle creek chase (moscow flyer, 2003, 2004). 1 x william hill handicap hurdle (spirit leader, 2002) down royal ulster derby (fantouche, 2008). uttoxeter 2 x midlands grand national (intelligent 2003; miss orchestra, 1998) .\nmoscow went to fairyhouse for his first run over fences but failed to finish the race after taking a fall and it would be those rare jumping mistakes that in the end would make him such an exciting horse to follow. the rest of that season was a much better one though and his first run at the the cheltenham festival would be in the arkle chase of 2002 as an 11 / 2 shot .\nit’s summer in moscow 2005. american annie has returned to mother russia to lose her accent and make some business contacts, but her encounters with monstrous bears, axe wielding prostitutes, and an old terrifying witch might just cost annie her life. in true folkloric fashion, the fairytale lives of russian girls reminds us all that a girl’s journey through life is laden with traps, especially in post - soviet russia .\non december 12 the first self - reservation kiosk was opened at aeroflot’s office on petrovka str. , 21, moscow. the service allows passengers to check the flight schedule, choose destinations and departure dates, make reservations. the system prints out a receipt confirming the reservation that is handed over with the customer’s passport to the cashier to issue a ticket. the introduction of the new reservation system reduced waiting time and facilitated the process of buying tickets .\nold arbat street stays lively late into the night. strolling along the historic pedestrian mall you can shop for matryoshka nesting dolls, fur hats and putin t - shirts at dozens of souvenir stores. take in the public art exhibits or drop in for sushi, burgers or pasta at one of the many casual restaurants. there’s even a newly opened canadian pizza company serving pies like the ottawa and gretzky’s favourite goal. break away and enjoy a slice of moscow without politics." ]

{ "text": [ "moscow flyer ( 10 may 1994 – 21 october 2016 ) was a top-class national hunt horse over distances between 2 miles and 2 ½ miles ( 3.2 – 4 km ) .", "he won the queen mother champion chase in 2003 and 2005 , the tingle creek chase in 2003 and 2004 and the arkle challenge trophy in 2002 . " ], "topic": [ 14, 14 ] }

[ "moscow flyer (10 may 1994 – 21 october 2016) was a top-class national hunt horse over distances between 2 miles and 2 ½ miles (3.2 – 4 km). he won the queen mother champion chase in 2003 and 2005, the tingle creek chase in 2003 and 2004 and the arkle challenge trophy in 2002." ]

[ "butterfly colias aurorina (female) (underside) butterfly colias aurorina (female) (underside) butterfly colias aurorina (female) clouded yellow butterfly (colias croceus). pop art colias butterfly clouded yellow butterfly (colias croceus). berger 's clouded yellow butterfly, colias alfacariensis butterfly colias crocea (female) (underside) male of clouded yellow, colias croceus butterfly\nfirst record of the greek clouded yellow (colias aurorina herrich - schäffer, 1850) for albania .\njennifer hammock split the classifications by mcz resource from colias aurorina herrich - schäffer, [ 1850 ] to their own page .\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\nisokeltaperhonen\nto\ncolias aurorina herrich - schäffer, [ 1850 ]\n.\nhabitat: colias aurorina inhabits mountain slopes and dry grasslands and pastures on limestone between 500 and 2000m asl, provided the host plants occur .\nremarks: colias aurorina occurs in greece in the mountains of the northwestern mainland. it may be also found in southern albania. besides colias aurorina is observed in asia minor, in the caucasus mountains and those of the near and middle east (from lebanon to iran) .\nmeanwhile i' ve found a name. . here: urltoken below\naurorina\nalba rühl [ 1895 ] it is true i' ve found it at aurorina. but this always changes, that the greek subspecies heldreichi is libanotica or aurorina. . this name will be good, i think ...\ncolias libanotica ssp. heldreichi f. alba rühl [ 1895 ]\n. any other opinion? lamion\ncolias elis strecker, 1885 (often included in c. meadii; paraphyletic? )\nform colias erate erate f. hyaleoides groum - grshimailo, 1890 - eastern pale clouded yellow\njoseph t. verhulst (english translation r. leestmans, editing e. benton and r. leestmans), 2000 les colias du globe translation monograph of the genus colias keltern, germany: goecke & evers isbn 9783931374150\nlucien a berger, 1986 systématique du genre colias f: lepidoptera - pieridae bruxelles: imprimerie des sciences, 1986 .\nbjorn petersen, 1963. the male genitalia of some colias species. journal of research on the lepidoptera 1: 135 - 156. [ 1 ]\njosef grieshuber & gerardo lamas (2007) .\na synonymic list of the genus colias fabricius, 1807 (lepidoptera: pieridae )\n( pdf). mitteilungen der münchner entomologischen gesellschaft 97: 131–171 .\nin recent years, further new species have been added by beshkov (1995) and abadijev and beshkov (1996): muschampia proto (ochsenheimer, 1808), hipparchia senthes (fruhstorfer, 1908) and hipparchia volgensis (mazochin - porshnjakov, 1952). during the authors’ survey in south - eastern albania in july 2012, three more species were discovered: colias aurorina herrich - schäffer, 1850, pieris balcana lorković, 1970 and apatura iris (linnaeus, 1758) (verovnik and popović 2013) .\nif you know the species, please, click on the picture and write the species name in comments section. also, you can go to the gallery page with all photos of colias sp. (large size) .\nrecords from this far south in the balkan peninsula are doubtful, and possibly refer to colias alfacariensis. nevertheless, the species does occur in central serbia (popović and đurić 2011), and due to its migratory habit could potentially reach the northern part of albania .\nas adam says, form names are infrasubspecific and unavailable, therefore they are little more than useful handles. in fact there is no alba rühl, 1895. there is an available name alba rühl, 1893 which is a senior subjective synonym of alfacariensis ribbe, 1905 but we had the commission rule that alfacariensis should take precedence to preserve stability (opinion 2180 (iczn 2007) ). it is a singularly inappropriate name to use for a subspecies given its widespread use for white females in the genus, but alba rühl, 1895 would be available as the iranian subspecies of alfacariensis, however, we synonymised all alfacariensis subspecies with the nominotypical one in grieshuber, worthy & lamas (2012). as we argued in the above book, heldreichi staudinger, 1862 and libanotica lederer, 1858 should both be considered to be subspecies of colias aurorina herrich - schäffer, 1850. the oldest infrasubspecific (and therefore unavailable) name that was applied specifically to the white female of ssp. heldreichi is\nalba\nverity, 1908. the oldest name for the white female of nominotypical aurorina is\nalba\nheyne, 1895. bob\ncolias are usually some shade of yellow, orange, or white. their upper sides feature black borders (usually solid in males, often with pale spots in females). they always perch with wings closed, but upper side pattern may be seen faintly through the wing, or glimpsed in flight .\nunlike the more familiar wide ranging strong flying species of colias, these were weaker fliers and show little tendency to wander far from the colony. they feed avidly on low growing flowers where they\nhop\nfrom clump to clump by beating their wings but not actually flying. this way i managed the upperside photographs which would otherwise have been impossible .\nchristopher w. wheat & ward b. watt (2008) .\na mitochondrial - dna - based phylogeny for some evolutionary - genetic model species of colias butterflies (lepidoptera, pieridae )\n. molecular phylogenetics and evolution 47 (3): 893–902. doi: 10. 1016 / j. ympev. 2008. 03. 013. pmid 18442929 .\nrobert b. srygley & joel g. kingsolver (1998) .\nred - wing blackbird reproductive behaviour and the palatability, flight performance, and morphology of temperate pierid butterflies (colias, pieris, and pontia )\n. biological journal of the linnean society 64 (1): 41–55. doi: 10. 1111 / j. 1095 - 8312. 1998. tb01532. x .\narmenia, georgia, azerbaijan, northern iran, turkey, turkmenistan. armenia is inhabited by subspecies\nhave been recorded. the species inhabits tragacanth mountain steppes, sometimes penetrating into arid woodlands. elevation range occupied by the species is from about 900 m at the south - eastern armenia up to 2300 m a. s. l. flight period of the species strongly depend on elevation: thus at the lower part of its range the first butterflies are recorded as early as mid may, while the last butterflies at the upper part of the species' distribution fly until late july .\nthe species is rather uncommon within typical habitat. current population trend is relatively stable, with some fluctuations. the species demonstrates slight vertical expansion of its distribution range occupying sub - alpine zone and also penetrating into degraded forests, where open areas become inhabited by various\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nin europe, confined to the higher mountains of mainland greece. it can be common where found. the males are spectacular with lovely violet refraction patterns on the rich red orange uppersides .\nit is a spectacular butterfly. the males are somewhat greenish on the underside and a fiery rich red orange with violet refraction on the upperside. this flashing of green and rich red is highly distinctive in the field. â\njune / july. common in the pelopennsos in june and at the very end of its flight in week 3 july further north in the pindos mountains .\nwhen feeding they would flick their wings open occasionally. the video camera caught these moments, sometimes .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhost plants: the larva feeds on thorny dwarf shrubs of astragalus, e. g. astragalus creticus rumelicus or a. cyllenea in greece .\nstatus. a rare species. according to iucn criteria categorized as vulnerable vu b1b (iii) + b2b (iii) .\nbrief description. a mediuim - sized butterfly, the length of the forewing of males is 25–35 mm, in the females 35–40 mm. the ground color of the wings of males is ocherous, often with strong purple iridescence, the females are white or orange, the apex of the forewings and the outer margin of the hindwings and the discal spots are black. the underside of the wings of males is mainly yellow, that of the females is yellowish - green .\ndistribution in armenia. a widespread species. recorded in the gegharkunik (sevan town, shorzha village), tavush (dilijan town), kotayk (arzakan, jrvezh, geghadir, garni, meghradzor villages), vayotz dzor (gnishik), syunik (lichk, shvanidzor, gudemnis villages, vank and kaler abandoned villages) provinces, mts. aragats and arailer, khosrov forest reserve .\nhabitats. arid and steppe areas along the timberline and tragacanths with the intrusion of tragacanth communities .\nbiological traits. flies in a single from the end of may / july. the eggs - laying on astragalus microcephalus (fabaceae) on which larvae develop. third / fourth instar larvae overwinter .\npopulation size and its trends. numbers are quite high, with perceptible alterations in different years .\nmajor threats. burning of tragacanth communities for arable lands, tillage of steppes .\nconservation measures. protected in khosrov forest reserve and sevan and arevik national parks .\nsuggested conservation measures. incorporation of species habitats to planned gnishik national park and establishment of a protected area on the mt. arailer .\ntaxa believed likely to move into the endangered category in the near future if the causal factors continue operating. superseded by new iucn categories in 1994, so no longer in use .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site. view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nvan swaay, c. , wynhoff, i. , verovnik, r. , wiemers, m. , lópez munguira, m. , maes, d. , sasic, m. , verstrael, t. , warren, m. & settele, j .\nvan swaay, c. & cuttelod, a. (iucn red list unit )\njustification: this species is listed as least concern, as it has been evaluated against all the iucn criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e. g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat .\nthis species occurs scattered in western and central greece. 550 - 2, 000 m, above 1, 100 m in the peloponnesus. it is furthermore present through turkey to syria, northwestern iran and the caucasus. the global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside europe .\nthe greek clouded yellow is found on dry grasslands with scattered bushes and in open coniferous woodland. the female lays its eggs on the leaves of its larval foodplant, astracantha rumelica and the milk - vetch astragalus parnassi, that are often abundant in the habitats. this species has one generation a year and hibernates as a young caterpillar, finishing its growth and pupating in spring. habitats: coniferous woodland (20 %), alpine and subalpine grasslands (20 %), dry siliceous grasslands (20 %), sclerophyllous scrub (20 %), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (20 %) .\nvan swaay, c. , wynhoff, i. , verovnik, r. , wiemers, m. , lópez munguira, m. , maes, d. , sasic, m. , verstrael, t. , warren, m. & settele, j. 2010 .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\nplease note: we may still be awaiting delivery of some of these new arrivals, also some sell very quickly. prices subject to change\nrobert westphal theinsectcollector avenida playa cristall 43, casa 2 (urb. pino alto) 43892 miami playa (tarragona) spain\nthe area (about 1979 ha) is located at the eastern slopes of zangezur mountain ridge at elevations from 1841 to 3757 m above sea level. the average steepness of slopes is from 20˚ to 35˚. the area includes tragacanth mountain steppe, meadows, broad - leafed forest and alpine grasslands. dominant vegetation among herbs are various grasses (\n). the area is characterized by relatively humid climate with numerous precipitations; higher elevations have long (eight to nine months) winter .\nnumber of butterfly species in the area – 103 (44% of total number of species in armenia). two of the species included in iucn red list, 7 species included in european red list, 4 species included in national red data book. the species of national and international concern are :\nof special concern as it occupies around 0. 5 ha, and this is a third known population of this endemic species around the world .\nto secure conservation of the area it is important to strengthen the protection regime and to manage grazing on a sustainable level. since it potentially can have an influence on livelihood of local inhabitants, it is important to provide alternative pasturelands and support development of ecotourism in the area. during 2014 negotiations with the staff of national park arevik (now zangezur biosphere complex) have been conducted on management of the area. the personnel of the national park was trained in species identification and trail guiding .\nan almost cosmopolitan genus, ranging from patagonia to the arctic, to africa, china and india. larvae feed on vetches and other legumes .\nthe names of species currently viewed as valid and generic synonymies are those presented in the checklist of grieshuber and lamas (2007) .\nor other noxious compounds from their food plants. they are therefore a well - loved prey item of\nnotable lepidopterologists who did many studies on this genus included julius röber, j. malcolm fawcett, george b. johnson, and henry rowland - brown .\nrather than (or in addition to) interbreeding seems to be the cause. for example, the\n) could warrant recognition as a species; hybridization between north american and asian populations seems to have played a role in their evolution, but as a whole they appear to be a rather old and distinct lineage .\nm. l. lim & d. li (2005) .\nextreme ultraviolet sexual dimorphism in jumping spiders (araneae: salticidae )\n. biological journal of the linnean society 89 (3): 397–406. doi: 10. 1111 / j. 1095 - 8312. 2006. 00704. x .\npaul c. hammond, 1990 patterns of geographic variation and evolution in polytypic butterflies journal of research on the lepidoptera 29 (1 - 2): 54 - 76. [ 2 ]\nbrock, j. p. & kaufman, k. kaufman field guide to butterflies of north america. houghton mifflin, 2003, p. 60 .\nvladimir lukhtanov & alexander g. lukhtanov, 1994 die tagfalter nordwestasiens: (lepidoptera, diurna) v. eitschberger isbn 9783923807024\nguppy, crispin s. and shepard, jon h. butterflies of british columbia (2001 )\njames, david g. and nunnallee, david life histories of cascadia butterflies (2011 )\nthe nilgiri clouded yellow is a small butterfly native to southern india. it belongs to the family pieridae, wherein it is a member of the\nyellows and sulfurs\nsubfamily coliadinae .\n. (2nd ed), bombay natural history society, mumbai, india .\nbutterflies of the western ghats, india (including sri lanka) - a biodiversity assessment of a threatened mountain system .\ncentre for ecological sciences, iisc, bangalore, india & natural history museum, london, uk .\n, thomas; kehimkar, isaac & punetha, j. c. (1992) :\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nsci vie is powered by eprints 3 which is developed by the school of electronics and computer science at the university of southampton. more information and software credits .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n. from turkey across asia minor to the caucasus, iran and kopet - dagh .\nverhulst, 1994 in the caucasus major (daghestan and the mt. elbrus area); the\n. a resident species of xerophilous habitats at 800 - 1, 500 m a. s. l. with thorny astragals (astracantha caucasica, a. denudata), the host plants (nekrutenko, 1990). flight period: may - july .\nphoto and text: guide to the butterflies of russia and adjacent territories volume 1. pensoft, sofia - moscow. 1997\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\ncorresponding author: rudi verovnik (is. jl - inu. fb @ kinvorev. idur )\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license 3. 0 (cc - by), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited .\nas in other european countries, the butterflies of albania have been studied in more detail than other insect groups. however, there is a considerable disparity between the number of species that have been recorded. many of these differences can be attributed to doubtful and undocumented records, along with changes in taxonomy and nomenclature. the number of species recorded from albania varies from 167 (rebel and zerny 1931) to 180 (misja and kurrizi 1984). these differences are also demonstrated in the most recent lists of species compiled by fauna europaea (2012) and the red data book of european butterflies (van swaay and warren 1999) .\nas a result of this confusion, and with the prospect of new surveys, we present a revised checklist of butterflies for albania, compiled from available literature and personal records. an updated list is essential for further faunistic studies, and provides a foundation for butterfly conservation in albania. we discuss the species we have excluded but mentioned in previous lists and provide, where necessary, annotations for some species we have included .\nif we include all published and unconfirmed records, the total number of butterfly species for albania amounts to 208. this provides a starting point for revision .\nafter a systematic revision of the butterflies recorded for albania, and having included all recent taxonomic changes, the checklist contains a total of 196 butterflies. the nomenclature follows van swaay et al. (2010) and fauna europaea (2012). species marked with an asterisk are discussed in annotations which follow the list .\nthe status of the following species is clarified. they are numbered according to their order in the checklist :\nrebel and zerny (1931) listed pyrgus bellieri oberthür, 1910 for albania. this is a western mediterranean species whose presence in the balkan peninsula is highly doubtful. alberti (1965) noted that the record is confirmed by dissection of the genitalia, thus it would be important to check its presence at mt. beshtriq (mt. pashtrik). at present most of the pasthrik mountain is situated in kosovo, not in albania .\nspialia sertorius (hoffmannsegg, 1804) was listed for albania by misja and kurrizi (1984). the red data book of european butterflies (van swaay and warren 1999) lists both spialia sertorius and spialia orbifer for albania. the south - eastern limit of spialia sertorius in europe is the northern adriatic coast and krk island in croatia (jakšić 1988, habeler 2003), thus its presence in albania is highly unlikely .\nthe species is listed for albania only by murraj (1972), and confirmation of this record is needed. it is known to occur in neighbouring northern greece (pamperis 2009) and from the republic of macedonia (schaider and jakšić 1989); therefore, its presence in the south - eastern part of albania is possible .\nthe species is listed for albania only by murraj (1972) and requires confirmation. it is known from southern serbia (popović and đurić 2011) and was recently discovered in macedonia (verovnik and micevski 2008), thus its presence in the mountains of northern albania is plausible .\nthe species is listed for albania only by murraj (1972), and confirmation of the record is required. it is known to occur in the northern part of montenegro (sijarić et al. 1984) and in all probability is present in the mountainous parts of north - west albania .\nits sister species pontia daplidice (linnaeus, 1758) is mentioned in several recent and historical lists (rebel and zerny 1931, murraj 1972, misja and kurrizi 1984). the separate species status of pontia edusa, which occurs in eastern europe, was not widely accepted until recently. pontia daplidice is now credited as only flying in western part of europe, not reaching the balkan peninsula. however, recent records from cyprus indicate the possibility of a much wider distribution of pontia daplidice in europe (john et al. 2013) .\nthis species is listed for albania only in fauna europaea (2012). however, the historical records for lycaena hippothoe made by earlier authors (rebel and zerny 1931, murraj 1972, misja and kurrizi 1984) should, in all probability, be referred to as lycaena candens. it is highly unlikely that lycaena hippothoe is found in albania, as the closest confirmed records are from northern bosnia (lorković and mihljević 1988) and north - western serbia (popović and đurić 2011) .\napart from its inclusion in fauna europaea (2012), the presence of this species in albania has not appeared in any published record. during our surveys, we found the species on the north - western slopes of mt. grammos in 2012, confirming its presence in albania .\nonly the subspecies polyommatus eros eroides (frivaldszky, 1835) is known to occur in albania. the nominate subspecies could potentially be found in the calcareous high mountains on the border with montenegro, where it is known from the durmitor mts. (sijarić et al. 1984). based on molecular studies, polyommatus eroides has recently been downgraded to subspecies rank, due to a lack of genetic differentiation from polyommatus eros (vodolazhsky and stradomsky 2008, wiemers et al. 2010) .\nthe species is mentioned for albania only by murraj (1972), and confirmation of the record is required. it has recently been found in the republic of macedonia (micevski et al. 2009), also near the albanian border on mt. galičica (krpač et al. 2011). its presence in albania is very probable .\nalthough mentioned as a separate species by rebel and zerny (1931), the taxon was incorrectly listed as hipparchia alcyone (murraj 1972, misja and kurrizi 1984) or hipparchia hermione in subsequent lists (van swaay and warren 1999). gaskin (1990) and beshkov (1995) correctly identified hipparchia syriaca (staudinger, 1871) as the species from this taxon group present in albania .\nthe exact distribution of this species in the southern and eastern part of the balkan peninsula is unknown, and the presence of two additional morphologically, almost indistinguishable, species, hipparchia volgensis and hipparchia senthes, makes identification difficult. both these species have been recorded for albania (beshkov 1995, abadijev and beshkov 1996). the presence of hipparchia semele in the mountains of the north - western part of the country is likely, and needs to be checked by future surveys .\nalthough its status as a species is questionable, we follow the decision taken by van swaay et al. (2010), to treat it as a separate species. its presence in southern albania was recently reported by eckweiler (2012). however, it was first reported from albania as pseudochazara mamurra by misja and kurrizi (1984) .\nbased on external morphology and genitalia, the taxon pseudochazara tisiphone (brown, 1980) from northern greece and albania is considered to be conspecific with pseudochazara mniszechii (hesselbarth et al. 1995). it was originally described by brown (1980) as a subspecies of pseudochazara cingovskii (gross, 1973) from greece, and is listed as such for albania by van swaay and warren (1999). the first detailed records for albania are mentioned in tshikolovets (2011) from the environs of korçë and kolonjë .\ncoenonympha tullia (muller, 1764) is listed for albania by early authors (rebel and zerny 1931, murraj 1972, misja and kurrizi 1984), who did not consider coenonympha rhodopensis as a separate species. coenonympha rhodopensis was also observed during our survey on mt. grammos in 2012 .\nthe authors are deeply thankful to stoyan beshkov for providing valuable missing literature. we wish to express our thanks to milan đurić, dirk maes, bosse van swaay, chris van swaay, irma wynhoff, arthur van dijk, and martina šašić for their companionship during our surveys in albania. we thank martin gascoigne - pees and david withrington for improving the english of the final version of the text .\ngonepteryx farinosa (zeller, 1847) and pieris krueperi staudinger, 1860 confirmed for albania, with a list of species observed in june 1995 (lepidoptera: papilionoidea) .\nergebnisse der albanien - expedition 1961 des deutschen entomologischen institutes. 34. beitrag. lepidoptera: hesperiidae .\nfirst record of cacyreus marshalli in greece, and comments on the potential occurrence of zizeeria karsandra on the greek island of crete (lepidoptera: lycaenidae) .\ncontribution to the knowledge of the lepidoptera fauna of albania 2. some findings of a collecting trip in september 1993 (lepidoptera, macrolepidoptera) .\ncuttelod a, garcía n, abdul malak d, temple h, katariya v. (2008 )\nin: vié jc, hilton - taylor c, stuart sn. (eds )\nthe distribution, ecology and conservation status of the spinose skipper mushampia cribrellum (eversmann, 1841) at the western limit of its range in europe (hesperiidae) .\nnew discoveries of pseudochazara mamurra amymone brown, 1976 (lepidoptera: nymphalidae, satyrinae) .\njohn e, wiemers m, makris c, russell p. (2013 )\nthe pontia daplidice (linnaeus, 1758) / pontia edusa (fabricius, 1777) complex (lepidoptera: pieridae): confirmation of the presence of pontia daplidice in cyprus, and of cleome iberica dc. as a new host - plant for this species in the levant .\nfirst record of caycreus marshalli (lepidoptera: lycaenidae) from the balkan peninsula .\nkrpač v, darcemont c, krpač m, lemonnier - darcemont m. (2011 )\nfauna of butterflies (papilionoidea) in the national park galičica, republic of macedonia .\nprvi nalazi vrste lycaena hippothoe linnaeus 1761 u bosni i hercegovini i otkriće simpatrije sa l. candens leonhardi fruhstorfer 1917 (lepidoptera, lycaenidae) .\npremières observations de danaus chrysippus (l .) en albanie (lepidoptera nymphalidae) .\nthe identification of apatura metis & apatura ilia and their distribution in greece and turkey .\nmarka j, papp b, erzberger p, colacino c, sabovljević m. (2012 )\nmelitaea aurelia nickerl 1850 (nymphalidae, lepidoptera), a new species for the republic of macedonia .\nresultats des recherche des papillons diurnes (rhopalocera, grypocera) de notre pays .\nergebnisse der albanien - expedition 1961 des “deutschen entomologischen institutes”. 82. beitrag. lepidoptera: satyridae i (genus erebia dalman) .\npopović m, đurić m, franeta f, van deijk j, vermeer r. (in press )\nfirst records of lycaena helle butterfly for the balkans (lepidoptera, lycaenidae). shilap .\nradford ea, catullo g, de montmollin b (eds .) (2011 )\nimportant plant areas of the south and east mediterranean region: priority sites for conservation .\ngland, switzerland and malaga, spain: iucn, viii + 108 pp .\nsijarić r, lorković z, carnelutti j, jakšić p. (1984 )\ncrnogorska akademija nauka i umjetnosti. posebna izdanja, knjiga 13, odjeljenje prirodnih nauka, titograd\nred data book of european butterflies (rhopalocera). nature and environment, no. 99\nvan swaay c, cuttelod a, collins s, maes d, lópez munguira m, šašić m, settele j, verovnik r, verstrael t, warren m, wiemers m, wynhoff i. (2010 )\nverovnik r, micevski b, đurić m, jakšić p, keymeulen a, van swaay c, veling k. (2010 )\ncontribution to the knowledge of the butterfly fauna of the republic of macedonia (lepidoptera: papilionoidea & hesperioidea) .\nchequered skipper (carterocephalus palaemon) new species for the fauna of the republic of macedonia (lepidoptera: hesperiidae) .\nphylogenetic analysis of subgenus polyommatus (s. str) latreille, 1804 (lepidoptera: lycaenidae) based on mtdna markers. part i .\na molecular phylogeny of polyommatus s. str. and plebicula based on mitochondrial coi and nuclear its2 sequences (lepidoptera: lycaenidae) .\nsorry, preview is currently unavailable. you can download the paper by clicking the button above .\nenter the email address you signed up with and we' ll email you a reset link .\nby creating an account, i agree to shutterstock' s website terms, privacy policy, and licensing terms .\n© 2003 - 2018 shutterstock, inc. all rights reserved. made in nyc .\nsmall (s) has the shortest download time and is suitable for digital use .\nlarge (l) is suitable for large prints as well as digital use. it is the original image provided by the contributor .\nyou can redownload your image for free at any time, in any size .\neditorial content, such as news and celebrity images, are not cleared for commercial use. learn more on our support center .\nsign up to browse over million images, video clips, and music tracks. plus, get free weekly content and more .\n( we only support jpg and png images under 5mb and no larger than 4000px on either side at this time. )\nto provide you with additional information about how we collect and use your personal data, we' ve recently updated our privacy policy and terms of service. please review these pages now, as they apply to your continued use of our website .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation, e. g. an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature, an orthologous protein, a record from another database, etc. < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more... < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages, faqs, uniprotkb manual, documents, news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website. please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins, you can use the ‘basket’ to save them, so that you can back to find or analyse them later. < p > < a href =' / help / basket' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more. . < / a > < / p >\nwe' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation (gdpr) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nhi, i have one specimen from the white form of c. libanotica heldreichi and i would like to give to it a right scientific name. i' ve found an\nf. alba\nname on the urltoken website, but i don' t know, who was the author of this name, and the year of description? could somebody help me? thx, and happy new year! l\ninfrasubspecific form names are not recognised as scientifically valid and are unavailable according to the iczn code, so i really think you don' t need to worry much about author and year for such a name. however, since you' ve found one you may as well use that. with regard to the ssp name it was described under, it doesn' t matter much as long as it' s the same species, and even then it' s really up to you if you want to call it alba or nigra; -) adam .\nyes - yes, this or anything such i' ve also known. i think the code is wrong in this point of view. but it was necessary, because at certain taxa really a lot of infrasubspecific name\navailable\n. i hate, when i see a f. name or ab. name, but i don' t see author and year. what you said, is already not valid for the subspecific rank taxa, is it true? so, between subspecies already there is the principle of priority, and so on, right? lamion\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc. .\n( hübner, 1826) aetherie fritillary description: in spain, the aetherie fritillary is found in clearings in disturbed holm oak (quercus ilex) woodlands, where its food plants, thistles (cirsium spp .) and knapweeds (centaurea spp .), such as star thistle (centaurea calcitrapa), brown knapweed (c. jacea), and c. carratracensis grow. in sicily, it is found in open, warm, dry places whith cardoon (cynara cardunculus), which is probably the food plant here. the female lays her eggs in batches on the food plants. the aetherie fritillary has one brood a year, and hibernates as a caterpillar. the subspecies that occurs on sicily may have two broods a year. habitat: evergreen woodland similar species: melitaea phoebe" ]

{ "text": [ "colias aurorina , the greek clouded butterfly or dawn clouded yellow , is a butterfly in the family pieridae .", "it is found in central greece , the near east and the caucasus area .", "it is rare in former yugoslavia . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 0 ] }

[ "colias aurorina, the greek clouded butterfly or dawn clouded yellow, is a butterfly in the family pieridae. it is found in central greece, the near east and the caucasus area. it is rare in former yugoslavia." ]

[ "effects of onthophagus gazella f (coleoptera: scarabaeidae) on free - living strongyloids of equids .\neffects of onthophagus gazella f (coleoptera: scarabaeidae) on free - living strongyloids of equids. - pubmed - ncbi\nthis species could be confused with the similarly colored, medium - sized (more than 10 mm) species: onthophagus nigriventris and onthophagus sagittarius .\ndigitonthophagus gazella male genitalia, lateral view; photo by e. l. engasser\nfincher, g. t. , t. b. stewart & j. s. hunter iii. 1983. the 1981 distribution of onthophagus gazella fabricius from releases in texas and onthophagus taurus schreber from an unknown release in florida (coleoptera: scarabaeidae). the coleopterists bulletin, 37: 159 - 163 .\na method for mass - rearing onthophagus gazella (f .), an afro - asian dung - beetle useful in suppression of dung - breeding diptera and in recycling of manure on pastures, is described. the developmental period (egg to adult) averaged 29. 8 days and average total production of progeny was ca. 90 per female .\neffects on the recently introduced dung - burying beetle, onthophagus gazella f, on free - living stages of equine strongyles were determined on a texas pasture. two populations of o gazella (22 and 44 pairs) were exposed to 1 - kg deposits of equine dung containing 545, 000 strongyle eggs for 31 days near the end of the beetle' s activity season. weekly dung and pasture samples were taken from these plots and from control plots from which beetles were excluded to recover developing larvae. significant differences did not occur among the 3 treatments (p less than 0. 05) .\nmajor males are readily separated by examining the head armature (d. gazella with 2 short, upward curving horns versus o. nigriventris lacking horns, o. sagittarius with 2 tusk - like horns) .\nminor males and females are separated by examining the base of the head (d. gazella with straight, transverse ridge versus o. nigriventris with a sinuate ridge, o. sagittarius with single horn) .\nbrood ball size and weight, manure burial rate, and offspring size of onthophagus gazella (f .) were demonstrated to increase as the size of the parent beetles increased. adult size, in turn, reflected the quantity of provisions in the brood ball in which a beetle developed, regardless of the size of its parents. also, under present experimental conditions, the sizes of the offspring from extremely large and small parents differed significantly from parental sizes, indicating a trend toward a medium size. the role of beetle size in dung ecology is discussed .\nnoriega, j. a. , f. g. horgan, t. h. larsen & g. valencia. 2010. records of an invasive dung beetle species, digitonthophagus gazella (fabricius, 1787) (coleoptera: scarabaeidae), in peru. acta zoológica mexicana (n. s .) 26 (2): 451 - 456. full pdf\ntotal body length 10. 0–13. 0 mm (0. 39–0. 51 in). body shape oval; may be caked in dung. color brown to dark - brown; margin of pronotum tan. medium - sized onthophagus - like dung beetle, more than 10 mm. clypeal apex weakly sinuate; not strongly produced in either sex. head of male with 2 short, upward curving horns at base; minor male with horns reduced or absent; female lacking horns, instead with transverse ridge. ocular canthus completely dividing eye. pronotum with anterior angle rounded. pronotum lacking horns; male with weak hump - like process; minor male and female with weak bi - lobed process. tibia of male elongated, gracile; female tibia comparatively stout. scutellum absent .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nof indoafrican origin, intentionally introduced into texas for dung control in the 1970, and it' s now, perhaps, the most widespread dung beetle in tropical and subtropical pastures. (noriega et al. 2010 )\nscarab beetles (coleoptera: scarabaeidae) of south carolina phillip j. harpootlian. 2001. clemson university public service .\ncontributed by cotinis on 25 august, 2004 - 11: 34pm additional contributions by beatriz moisset, phillip harpootlian, chuck entz, mike quinn, robert h. biagi last updated 4 april, 2017 - 9: 05am\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\nam j vet res. 1984 mar; 45 (3): 572 - 4 .\nfrom both sexes were analyzed by electrophoresis for an investigation of esterase isozymes using alpha - naphthyl propionate and methylumbelliferyl propionate as substrates. only one of the esterases (est. 6) reacted with one of the substrates (alpha - naphthyl propionate). six areas of activity were found, two of them being polymorphic (est. 3 and est. 4). for presence of est. 3, 337 individuals were analyzed, including descendants of 32 controlled crossings: two alleles were identified, whose frequencies are est. 3a = 0. 447 and est. 3b = 0. 553. the population is in equilibrium for this locus (qui - square = 4. 18; 0. 2 > p > 0. 1). for est. 4, 338 individuals, descendants of 32 controlled crossings, were analysed. in this case, three alleles were identified whose frequencies are :\n= 0. 062. the population is not in equilibrium for this locus (qui - square = 40. 259; p < 0. 001). two esterases were detected only in the pupal stage and another one in larvae. of the 23 loci analyzed in these insects up to now, 3 are polymorphic (13 %), which indicates very low variability in the population here studied .\npor eletroforese, para investigação de isozimas de esterases, utilizando como substratos alfa - naftil propionato e metil umbeliferil propionato. somente uma das esterases (est. 6) reagiu apenas com um dos substratos (alfa - naftil propionato). foram encontradas seis regiões de atividades diferentes, sendo duas polimórficas (est. 3 e est. 4). na região de est. 3, foram analisados 337 indivíduos, incluindo descendentes de 32 cruzamentos controlados, e identificados 2 alelos, cujas freqüências são: est. 3a = 0, 447 e est. 3b = 0, 553. a população está em equilíbrio para esse loco (qui - quadrado = 4, 18; 0, 2 > p > 0, 1). na região de est. 4, foram analisados 338 indivíduos, incluindo descendentes de 32 cruzamentos controlados, e identificados 3 alelos, cujas freqüências são: est. 4a = 0, 277; est. 4b = 0, 661; e est. 4c = 0, 062. a população não está em equilíbrio para esse loco (qui - quadrado = 40, 259; p < 0, 001). foram detectadas duas regiões de esterases características da fase de pupa e uma região que aparece somente na larva. do total de 23 locos amostrados até o momento nesses insetos, 3 são polimórficos (13 %), o que indica variabilidade genética muito baixa na população estudada .\nelectrophoretic techniques for isozyme separation have produced genetic markers for various practical applications (wagner & selander, 1974; hartl & clark, 1989) .\nsome enzymatic loci are frequently polymorphic, while others are rarely present as two or more alleles. esterases, many of which present little specificity to substracts, are enzymes with large variability among insects and other organisms. healy\nbased on two - dimensional electrophoretic analysis, substrate specificities, and esterase inhibitors. the results led to a genetic map of 15 different genes of this specie, 12 of them found in two chromosomic sites. more than twelve alleles were identified in esterase loci of local populations of several species of lepidoptera (lima & contel, 1990) and diptera (tsakas & krimbas, 1970). in populations of the cricket\n, 24 non - silent alleles were detected in an esterase locus (wagner & selander, 1974). this great variability of esterases was also found in bees (frohlich\nmaintained in terraria, and in the population that colonized the pastures of the getúlio vargas experimental farm of uberaba (mg). martins & contel (1998) previously analyzed the presence of malic enzyme (me), isocitrate dehydrogenase (idh), glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase (gpdh), and leucine - aminopeptidase (lap) in\nwere grown and bred as previously described (martins & contel, 1997). in order to carry out genetic studies with controlled crossing, a couple of insects were maintained in a terrarium. newborn males and females were transfered and fed in two separated (independent) terraria for seven days, after which the insects were submitted to experimental cross - breeding. eggs, larvae, and pupae were collected from the\npears\nof the terraria. young adult forms were transfered to a new terrarium and fed before being collected. different samples were harvested in small glass flasks or vials and stored froozen at –20ºc for further analysis .\nindividual beetle samples of the controlled crossing were ground in 0. 5 ml of distilled water. the extracts were clarified by centrifugation. aliquots of the different supernatants were loaded on starch gel and submitted to electrophoresis analysis. after the run, the gel was sliced in two parts in order to be stained and reacted with two different substrates. electrophoretic conditions and reaction color development were done according to dinardo - miranda (1994) .\n, controlled crossings of males and females were performed in terraria. the parents and descendants were harvested at different developmental stages and enzymatic activity tests were done to analyze esterease expression at the protein level. total protein extracts were prepared and submitted to electrophoresis in tris - acetate buffer at ph 7. 2 and 7. 6. the gels were stained in the presence of alpha - naphthyl and methylumbelliferyl propionate. under these conditions, six different esterase areas could be characterized, with both alpha - naphthyl (\nest. 1: shown as fastest, narrow, clear, and without variation area; est. 2: shown as a large band, strongly stained, also seemingly invariable in mobility; est. 3: characterized by moderate mobility, as one or two areas indicating three genotypes, according to the hypothesis of a locus with two alleles; est. 4: appears as the expression of three codominant alleles of a locus; est. 5 and est. 6: esterases that can be observed, independently of age and of sex, when migration exceeds 5 hours or electric current of larger intensity is used. in these conditions, est. 1 and est. 2 cannot be visualized and est. 3 band is barely seen. est. 6 does not appear with methylumbelliferyl propionate (\n, two phenotypes were observed, revealed as either one or two activity areas .\nobserving the descendants of 32 controlled crossings, the presence of a locus with two codominant alleles (est. 3a and est. 3b) was verified. the 6 possible types of crossings were found: out of 64 total individuals used in the matings, 37 had their genotypes determined and 26 deduced (\nbased on the electrophoretic profiles obtained of 337 animals, the allele frequencies calculated were 0. 447 for est. 3a and 0. 553 for est. 3b .\nthe qui - square test showed that the studied population is in genetic equilibrium (qui - square = 4. 18; 0. 2 > p > 0. 1). we did not observe any difference in segregation between the sexes, meaning numbers are approximately similar for males and females .\nin regard to the locus est. 4, six different phenotypes were detected which, in agreement with the proposed hypothesis, would be a result of the expression of 3 codominant alleles (est. 4a, est. 4b and est. 4c). the homozygotes are shown by one activity area and the heterozygotes are shown by two. for this locus, 32 controlled crossings were also used, of which 15 depended on analyzes of parents and progeny; 6, on a single parent and progeny analyzes, and 11 on progeny analyzes. ten out of 21 types of possible crossings were detected, which was expected, considering that the est. c allele is rare (\nallele frequencies for est. 4 locus were estimated based on 338 individual analyzes: est. 4a = 0. 277; est. 4b = 0. 661; and est. 4c = 0. 062. the genetic equilibrium test led to a highly significant qui - square one (40. 259; p < 0. 001). this value may possibly be due to the low number of experimental crosses realized. an increase in the sample number could provide better frequencies for these alleles .\nsome differences were observed in the esterase electrophoretic profiles performed during the developmental phases: the esterase activity was absent in eggs while in larva a characteristic area, which migrates between adult est. 2 and est. 3 was verified. the pre - pupae and the pupae possess their own esterases, of moderate mobilities, i. e. , between adult est. 4 and est. 5, and characterized by two strong areas. if we consider every esterase observed in the several developmental phases of\n, a total of at least 9 different loci would be involved in their syntheses, where 6 remain active in adult forms, 1 in the larvae, and 2 in the pupae .\npopulation of uberaba, mg, began in 1991, starting with 30 couples, as registered in the files of getúlio vargas experimental farm. descendants of this group have colonized the pastures of the farm and possibly due to that there was a drastic decrease in population size. only after aproximately 32 generations, insects used in the present work could be isolated in order to carry out the genetic studies described in this work .\namong the 23 loci sampled by electrophoresis (martins & contel, 1998; present paper), three presented more than one allele which means 1. 217 alleles for locus [ calculation according to nei (1985) ] and a proportion of polymorphic loci (swofford & selander, 1981) of 0. 13 .\n( 58% to 71 %) as described by ayala & powell (1972) and even for mammals (0. 15), which were considered by hartl & clark (1989), as being those with least variability reported for allozymes .\namong the isozymes, the esterases showed larger variability. different eletrophoretic profiles were found, according to the development phase, indicating genes whose activities are related to specific ages. similar facts have already been reported for other insects, such as bees (bitondi & mestriner, 1983; frohlich\n( 1993), as carboxyl - esterases since they preferentially react with methylumbelliferyl and alpha - naphthyl propionates .\nshowed lack of specificity for the methylumbelliferyl propionate substrate although another two areas can be visualized in some individuals with this substrate .\nwhen est. 3 detection was done on two progenies of controlled crossing, the phenotype est. 3a / est. 3a was not detected. in the first crossing, five individuals were expected with this phenotype (of the ten analyzed) and in the second crossing, phenotypes est. 3a / est. 3a and est. 3a / est. 3b were expected respectively in the 2. 25 and 4. 5 individuals .\nabsence of the phenotypes might be due either to the small number of insects analyzed or to a chance event or that the parents genotypes were not correctly or incorrect determination of the parent genotypes determined. the same crossings, however, supplied consistent data in relationship to locus est. 4 indicating that these were well controlled .\ngenetic equilibrium tests were done on est. 3 and est. 4 loci. the results suggested that est. 3 locus remains in equilibrium, indicating that the population of\nwhich we studied has already reached stability with respect to some loci. on the other hand, the two other loci, est. 4 in the present work and me (martins & contel, 1998), might be going through a selective process because they strayed from the expected in the collected data, considering that the number of insects analyzed is representative .\ncan now be considered as an exotic species that colonizes the brazilian cerrado. from the original specimens maintained in uberaba (mg), beetles were supplied to farms in three major areas of minas gerais and southern goiás. from campo grande (ms), couples of these insects were supplied to several brazilian states. in goiânia (go), they are in the adaptation phase since 1992 (lima & godoi, 1994) .\nof uberaba (mg) presents low genetic variability and is not in equilibrium in 2 of the 23 loci we studied. the estimated variability of esterase expression reported in our studies is possibly one of the lowest found in organisms reproducing sexually. a comparison of the\npopulation with some others, brazilian or not, will clarify if this species is really so homogeneous. further analyzes should be done to elucidate this point because\nthis is an initial stage of the biological study of these coleopterons. we intend to analyze characteristics of populations of different areas. since the species is now cosmopolitan, our studies will allow selection of populations of larger economic interest and evaluation of biological control programs that include use of this species .\n— we are thankful to the managing managers of the getúlio vargas experimental farm, belonging to epamig, on behalf of zootecnists reginério soares de faria and leonardo de oliveira fernandes for having guaranteed conditions for the creation of the beetles; and to prof. doctor roseli aparecida silva gomes for having facilitated the accomplishment of part of the electrophoresis in her laboratory. this work was accomplished with the financial suport of capes and cnpq .\ndinardo - miranda, l. l. & contel, e. p. b. , 1996, enzymatic variability in natural populations of\n. 2. ed. sinauer associates, inc. , usa, 682p .\nfabricius (scarabaeidae) em terrários na fazenda experimental getúlio vargas de uberaba, mg .\nfabricius (scarabaeidae): enzima málica (me), glicerol fosfato desidrogenase (gpdh), isocitrato desidrogenase (idh) e leucina - aminopeptidase (lap) .\nnei, m. , 1985, human evolution at the molecular level. in: t. ohta & k. aoki (eds .) ,\n. 1. ed. japan scientific societies press, tokyo, pp. 41 - 64 .\noakeshott, j. g. , van papenrecht, e. a. , boyce, t. m. , healy, m. j. & russell, r. j. , 1993, evolutionary genetics of\nprabhakaran, s. k. & kamble, s. t. , 1994, subcellular distribution and characterization of esterase isozymes from insecticide - resistant and susceptible strains of german cockroach (dictyoptera: blattelidae) .\nsantos, j. m. m. , contel, e. p. b. & kerr, w. e. , 1985, biology of amazonian mosquitoes. iii. esterase isozymes in\nsantos, j. m. m. d. , tadei, w. p. & contel, e. p. b. , 1992, biologia de anofelinos amazônicos. xiv. isoenzimas de esterase em\nswofford, d. l. & selander, r. b. , 1981, byosis - 1: a fortran program for the comprehensive analysis of electrophoretic data in population genetics and systematics .\nwagner, r. p. & selander, r. k. , 1974, isozymes in insects and their significance. ann. rev. of entomol. , 19: 117 - 138. [ links ]\nr. bento carlos, 750 13560 - 660 são carlos sp - brasil tel. e fax: (55 16) 3362 - 5400 bjb @ urltoken\n( huerta et al. , 2010): grub c - shaped, hump - backed, cylindrical, and cream - colored. maxilla with galea and lacinia distinctly separate. lacinia with 2–6 dorsobasal setae. labium hypopharynx glossa with 9–15 latero - posterior setae; 13–32 setae on lateral lobe. epipharynx with tormae united mesally, anterior phoba present. chaetoparia with 10 setae. antennae 4 - segmented, distal segment much reduced. legs 2 - segmented. prothoracic shield without anteriorly projecting processes. third abdominal segment bearing a prominent conical, dorsal gibbosity covered with numerous short, stout setae .\nafrica. this dung beetle is native to hot, arid, and semi - arid areas of sub - saharan africa (tyndale - biscoe, 1990). this species was introduced to texas in 1970 and has spread (sometimes with deliberate human intervention) throughout much of the southern half of the u. s. , southward to uruguay and argentina (noriega et al. , 2010). it was introduced to australia (tyndale - biscoe, 1990) .\nnone. this species feeds on dung as both an adult and larva. there are no records of this beetle feeding on live plant tissues .\n( tyndale - biscoe, 1990): adults of this species live about 2 months, flying from sunrise to sunset in search of dung. in areas of moist, loose soil, females construct a burrow 20–25 cm (7. 87–9. 84 in) under or near a dung source. the burrow is provisioned with dung formed into oval - shaped brood balls. each brood ball is impregnated with a single egg. development from egg to adult can take as little as 3–5 weeks under optimal conditions. development often takes much longer when the conditions are less favorable. there are multiple generations per year .\nnone. this species recycles dung and is beneficial for ranching and farming in hawaii. primarily being a dung feeder, this species has never been recorded damaging crop or ornamental plants. additionally, this species is not a threat to native dung beetles because none occur in hawaii or guam .\nestablished. in hawaii, this species was introduced to oahu in 1957 (davis, 1960) and on big island in 1973 at parker ranch (nakao et al. , 1975). further introductions occurred on kauai and maui, though it is unclear if those introductions took place in 1957 or 1973 (markin and yoshioka, 1998). in much of hawaii, this species is usually most abundant at lower elevations. it is one of the most common dung beetles on oahu (harris et al. , 1982), kauai, and maui (markin and yoshioka, 1998) .\nnot established or recorded. there are no records of this species from guam .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsmith, a. b. t. 2009. checklist and nomenclatural authority file of the scarabaeoidea of the nearctic realm. version 4. electronically published, ottawa, canada. 97 pp. , available online at urltoken\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nella mai – boo' d up (remix) ft. nicki minaj & quavo\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website. by continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to our use of cookies. you can change your cookie settings at any time .\nyou could not be signed in. please check your email address / username and password and try again .\nmost users should sign in with their email address. if you originally registered with a username please use that to sign in .\nto purchase short term access, please sign in to your oxford academic account above .\nlandscape effects on solenopsis invicta (hymenoptera: formicidae) and geocoris spp. (hemiptera: geocoridae), two important omnivorous arthropod taxa in field crops\noxford university press is a department of the university of oxford. it furthers the university' s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide\nfor full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription .\nveterinary toxicology and entomology research laboratory, agric. res. serv. , usda, college station, tx 77840" ]

{ "text": [ "onthophagus gazella ( common names : gazella scarab , brown dung beetle ) is a species of scarab beetle .", "it belongs to the subgenus digitonthophagus , which may also be treated as a genus .", "there has been some confusion regarding the application of the name .", "its native distribution is afro-asian .", "it has been introduced to many other parts of the world in order to help remove cattle dung from pastures , with some introductions leading to naturalized populations . " ], "topic": [ 8, 26, 6, 21, 4 ] }

[ "onthophagus gazella (common names: gazella scarab, brown dung beetle) is a species of scarab beetle. it belongs to the subgenus digitonthophagus, which may also be treated as a genus. there has been some confusion regarding the application of the name. its native distribution is afro-asian. it has been introduced to many other parts of the world in order to help remove cattle dung from pastures, with some introductions leading to naturalized populations." ]

[ "dactyloceras lucina moth 1, and common silverspot butterfly, aphnaeus orcas, upper ...\ndactyloceras lucina is only known from sierra leone and ghana but it probably occurs over most of the west african forest belt .\nthe genus dactyloceras comprises of 5 known species: barnsi, bramarbas, lucina, vandeweghei and weidenmanni, all of which are afrotropical in distribution .\nit is a member of dactyloceras genus (brahmaeidae)... maybe nebulosa ?\ndactyloceras lucina moth 1, and common silverspot butterfly, aphnaeus orcas, upper side 2, under side 3. handcoloured lithograph from john o. westwood' s new edition of dru drury' s illustrations of exotic entomology, bohn, london, 1837 .\nspecies: dactyloceras lucina native origin: cameroon insect color: brown / tan common name: drury’s owl moth interesting trait: intricate and unusual markings frame size: 9. 5″ x 8″ frame color: black wood frame: finest handmade museum quality sealed shadowbox display. glass: 99% uv blocking museum grade conservation glass to prevent insect fading. background: insect name & origin printed on old world style parchment backing. materials: this beautiful giant african silkmoth from cameroon is commonly known as the drury’s owl moth. these moths are hard to get .\nbrosch, ulrich, stefan naumann, & frank meister (2002 [ january 21 ]): some notes on the african genus dactyloceras (lepidoptera: brahmaeidae). — galathea. berichte des kreises nürnberger entomologen ev (nürnberg); band 17, heft 4, 2001: pp. 189–197; 4 figs. phot. col .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\na junior subjective synonym of acrojana scutaea strand, 1909, synonymized by gaede (1927) .\nstrand e. 1910f. verzeichnis der von herrn oberleutnant f. reuter an der dume - mündung in kamerun gesammelten und dem kgl. zool. museum in berlin geschenkten lepidopteren. - wiener entomologische monatschrift 29: 29–35 .\nthe subfamily brahmaeinae is elevated in rank to a full family by some authorities. it comprises of 7 genera and about 40 species. it has representatives in south america, africa, europe, the oriental region and temperate asia .\nthe adults are nocturnal, and probably rest during the daytime on tree trunks where their markings would provide them with excellent camouflage. the specimen illustrated above was attracted to a mercury vapour lamp .\nall photographs, artwork, text & website design are the property of adrian hoskins (unless otherwise stated) and are protected by copyright. photographs or text on this website must not be reproduced in part or in whole or published elsewhere without prior written consent of adrian hoskins / urltoken\nterms and conditions privacy policies about us contact us 2015 insect collector' s shop. all rights reserved\naureus butterflies & insects jens jakusch ringstraße 12 54329 konz germany phone. de: 06501 / 8098362 internatonal: + 49 6501 8098362 business hours: mo - fr 11. 00 - 18. 00 e - mail: aureus - butterflies @ urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n[ 85 ] urltoken (insecta. pro previous version / cтарая версия insecta. pro )\nnote: you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments. please, create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc. .\nthe lowest - priced brand - new, unused, unopened, undamaged item in its original packaging (where packaging is applicable) .\npackaging should be the same as what is found in a retail store, unless the item is handmade or was packaged by the manufacturer in non - retail packaging, such as an unprinted box or plastic bag .\ncopyright © 1995 - 2018 ebay inc. all rights reserved. accessibility, user agreement, privacy, cookies and adchoice\nyou’ll never have to worry about your butterfly or moth fading. all of our displays are made with a uv blocking glass. read more…\nquestions? want to contact us… flat rate shipping is $ 35. 00 for all orders up to $ 2, 500. 00 shipping information\nreal framed butterflies, moths, beetles, insects, bats, birds, reptiles plus the museum collection & oceanic sea life. real museum quality taxidermy displays framed in solid wood & glass shadow box frames .\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\nnaumann, stefan, ulrich brosch, & wolfgang a. nässig (2005): entomologische notiz. nomenklatorische anmerkungen zur bildung von namen der artgruppe innerhalb der gattung\n( neue folge) (frankfurt am main); jahrgang 26, heft 1 / 2, august 2005: p. 30 .\nholotype male: cameroon, yaóunde environment, june 1997, local people leg. , trader’s material; genitalia prep. no. cbh - 0167; the type will be donated to the museum für naturkunde, humboldt - universität zu berlin .\nthe type - specimen is figured in colour: fig. 1 < dorsal view >, fig. 2 < ventral view >. length of left forewing 86. 5 mm, length of left antenna 17 mm; dorsal and ventral ground colour grayish ochreous brown with black and white markings similiar to\nalways clearly shows the wavy lines in dorsal and ventral view, and even if some specimens exhibit them somewhat reduced in parts of the wing, no complete or major reduction was found. in\n. typical is a deeply bifid uncus with a lot of bristles, the transtilla is enlarged to a prominent lobe which is bifid dorsally. the sacculus of the valva is prominent, the internal ventral process has two small spines on its top, the dorsal lobe again with a lot of bristles. the aedeagus is long, tall, with the vesica emerging dorsally which has a small sclerotization medially. for comparision genitalic dissections from different localities were made of\nare the less deep furcation of the uncus and the slightly more slender dorsal parts of the valva in this species. due to the genitalia morphology\nhas some totally different characters in male genitalia, such as the two longer processi of the uncus, the small transtilla with two lateral dentated processi, only one spine on the internal ventral process of the valva, a shorter aedeagus, and the generally smaller size .\n] n. sp. only is known from a male singleton; the female remains unknown. for comparison we have examined more than 340 specimens of the highly variable\nfrom different localities in cameroon, sierra leone, ghana, and central african republic kept in colls. u. brosch, hille; ph. darge, clénay; f. meister, prenzlau; w. a. nässig in senckenberg - museum, frankfurt am main; s. naumann, berlin; & zoologisches museum der humboldt - universität, berlin. after examination of most of the type - material and basic specimens for infrasubspecific names within the last years (done by u. brosch & s. naumann) we came to the result that\netymology: the new species is named for its vapid phenotype; nebulosa [ recte nebulosum ] is based on the latin term ” nebulosus ” = foggy or misty .\nby ulrich & anita brosch, mühlenstraße 22, 32479 hille & dr. stefan naumann, hochkirchstraße 11, 10829 berlin (deutschland / germany) originally designed for netscape communicator 4. xx (trademark of netscape communications corporation) established: february 19, 2002 / last update: february 24, 2006. nebulosa. htm\ndiese seite verwendet cookies. durch die nutzung unserer seite erklären sie sich damit einverstanden, dass wir cookies setzen. weitere informationen\nin ihrem webbrowser ist javascript deaktiviert. um alle funktionen dieser website nutzen zu können, muss javascript aktiviert sein .\nständig neue angebote von eiern und kokons / puppen tropischer schmetterlinge. darüber hinaus werden qualitativ hochwertige zucht - und flugkästen angeboten .\ndieser beitrag wurde bereits 1 mal editiert, zuletzt von kwant (30. november 2016, 14: 38 )" ]

{ "text": [ "dactyloceras lucina is a species of very large moth of the family brahmaeidae .", "it is found in central and west africa , where it has been recorded from equatorial guinea , ghana , ivory coast , kenya , sierra leone , uganda and zambia . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20 ] }

[ "dactyloceras lucina is a species of very large moth of the family brahmaeidae. it is found in central and west africa, where it has been recorded from equatorial guinea, ghana, ivory coast, kenya, sierra leone, uganda and zambia." ]

[ "btw, so they are ectillaenus benignensis and not ectillaenus cf. benignensis, right ?\nhere is a\nvalongo trilobite\nof the species ectillaenus giganteus with both cheeks on a nice matrix. ectillaenus giganteus is relative rarely been found with both librigena .\nhello guys. do you think this one can be another ectillaenus cf. benignensis ?\nthis is a large and inflated ectillaenus trilobite from the ordovician deposits in the dra valley of morocco .\nboth can be used. i applied cf. to the first one because the pygidium is more elongate compared to other examples of ectillaenus benignensis. if you want to be more conservative, then ectillaenus sp. would also be appropriate for the first specimen .\ni wanted you to have a list of all the species reported from morocco. according to the most recent paper you cited, they are all classified as ectillaenus benignensis .\nfamily: trilobite species: ectillaenus katzeri geological age: ordovician period, llanvrinian series, 466 to 461 million years ago. location: rokycany drahouš, barrandian area, czech republic .\ni think ràbano et al (2014) answered already to my previous question :\nillaenid trilobites were relatively scarce in south - polar peri - gondwanan areas during the ordovician, with all their african occurrences restricted to the middle and upper ordovician of morocco. at a specific level, only the bohemian form ectillaenus benignensis (novak) has been positively identified from the middle ordovician of that region\n.\na, meniscopsia beebei, weeks formation (utah), middle cambrian, bpm 1017, enigmatic structure under the left pleural field of the pygidium, specimen immersed in alcohol. b, phacops rana, ledyard shale formation (new york), middle devonian, smf 92660, pygidium displaying two pairs of ovoid structures protruding from the above lying, locally eroded cuticle. c, d, ectillaenus sp. , exact locality unknown (morocco), ordovician. c, smf 87908, internal mould of pygidium showing two large pits. d, smf 87911, internal mould of pygidium showing two large pits. scale bars: 1 cm for (c, d) and 1 mm for (a, b) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site. please turn it on before proceeding .\n' s large relational database assembled by hundreds of paleontologists from around the world. the two websites and their predecessors have been used by professional researchers, students, and the public since 1998. the fossilworks copy is refreshed daily. the data are owned by the contributors and the website and software were created by\nthe paleodb maintains a list of official publications. researchers ask to add entries to the list when they have used the site to download data or conduct analyses. large projects that involve documenting the taxonomic classification of an entire group are called online systematics archives .\nparent taxon: illaenidae according to p. a. jell and j. m. adrain 2003\nabereiddian stage (ordovician period) (460. 5 – 465. 5 ma b. p. )\nsalter 1875. quarterly journal of the geological society of london vol. xxxi (1): p. 184 pl. ix fig. 7\nwhittard, w. f. 1940 b. annals and magazine of natural history ser. (11) vol. vi (3): p. 144 pl. vii fig. 4\nwhittard, w. f. 1961. the ordovician trilobites of the shelve inlier, west shropshire palaeontographical society monographs vol. 17 (4): p. 214 pl. xxx fig. 3\nwoods, h. 1891. catalogue of the type fossils in the woodwardian museum, cambridge. henry woods with preface by t. mckenny hughes cup. 180 + xiv spl: ii. 16 (2): p. 146\nview these images in your web browser using our jpeg2000 viewer. zoom in and out and pan around in high resolution. requires javascript to be enabled .\ndownload these images as high resolution jpeg2000 files. you may need to use image - editing software to view these files .\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial - sharealike 3. 0 unported license .\nthis site is hosted by the british geological survey and copyright on the website is with the jisc gb3d type fossils online project partners. responsibility for the content of the site lies with the jisc gb3d type fossils online project partners, not with the bgs. photographs and 3d models are made available under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial - sharealike licence. terms of use are here .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site. we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\ncopyright © 1995 - 2018 ebay inc. all rights reserved. user agreement, privacy, cookies and adchoice\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nid cf. / help for corynexochida species from morocco. - fossil id - the fossil forum\nneltner, l. (1938) études géologiques dans le sud marocain (haut atlas et anti - atlas). notes et mémoires du service des mines et de la carte géologique du maroc, 42: 1 - 298\ndestombes, j. , hollard, h. , & willefert, s. (1985) lower palaeozoic rocks of morocco. pp. 91 - 336 in: holland, c. h. (ed. )\nlower palaeozoic rocks of the world. vol. 4. lower palaeozoic of north - western and west - central africa. john wiley & sons ltd. publishing, 512 pp .\nsign up for a new account in our community. it' s easy !\nthe museum is open daily from 10 am to 5: 45 pm except on thanksgiving and christmas .\nall text on the trilobite website is copyright property of andy secher and / or martin shugar unless otherwise noted. to learn more, please click here .\njavascript seems to be disabled in your browser. you must have javascript enabled in your browser to utilize the functionality of this website .\nuse spaces to separate tags. use single quotes (') for phrases .\n© 2016 geology superstore. all rights reserved. geology superstore and urltoken are trading names of northern geological supplies ltd. registered office: 66 gas street, bolton, united kingdom, bl1 4tg | company registration no: 4969405 vat registration no: 572 - 3610 - 51 | tel: 0800 112 3115\nmainpage register newest messages informative posts general forum locations forum identification forum trade forum trilobites group members member rules website help search in community activity agenda the collection of ...\ncopyright © 2005 - 2018 by trifoss - trilobites and more fossils alle rechte vorbehalten. alle preise verstehen sich inklusive der gesetzlichen mehrwertsteuer und zzgl. der versandkosten. alle angebote sind freibleibend .\nfourteen new species of moth from the middle jurassic jiulongshan formation of inner mongolia. | paleontology | pinterest | mongolia, moth and fossils\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\nrudy lerosey - aubril, 1, * thomas a. hegna, 2, 3 carlo kier, 4 enrico bonino, 4 jörg habersetzer, 5 and matthieu carré 6\nconceived and designed the experiments: rl - a tah jh mc. performed the experiments: rl - a tah jh mc. analyzed the data: rl - a tah jh mc ck eb. contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools: rl - a jh ck eb. wrote the paper: rl - a tah .\nthis is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are properly credited .\nthe house range of central utah is home to three cambrian konservat - lagerstätten: the marjum formation, the weeks formation, and the wheeler shale. the weeks formation has received the least scientific attention of the three while paradoxically being well - known to amateur palaeontologists for its well - preserved and complete trilobites. the unit is a 300 m thick sequence of thin - bedded lime mudstones, locally enriched in siliciclastic sediments\n. it is interpreted as a shallowing - upward sequence, transitional between the outer - shelf shale and lime mudstones of the underlying marjum formation and the shallow subtidal carbonates of the overlying big horse limestone member of the orr formation. boundaries between the three units are conformable. a guzhangian age (cambrian, series 3) can be proposed for most, if not the entirety of the weeks formation\n, which likely explains the important similarities of their faunas. in this regard, the weeks formation may be of particular interest, since it probably represents a shallower palaeoenvironment. however, the most remarkable feature of the weeks formation lagerstätte is the quality of arthropod digestive system preservation. digestive structures belonging to diverse arthropods are preserved in three dimensions (\nall specimens are complete and preserved dorsal side up, with head to top of image. a–e, meniscopsia beebei. a, bpm 1017. b, bpm 1000. c, bpm 1001. d, bpm 1020. e, bpm 1018. f, coosella kieri, bpm 1002. g, geneviella granulatus, uu 11071. 01. h, undetermined arthropod, bpm 1019. scale bars: 5 mm .\n) have revealed that the ds are composed predominantly of c, o, ca, p and si (with minor amounts of mg, fe, and al). f has also been repeatedly detected, but not in all the samples (\nhereafter for simplicity), along with calcium carbonate and silica. in both the cuticle and the surrounding matrix, neither p nor f could be detected with confidence using edx. however, mass spectrometry analyses of the matrix surrounding one specimen has revealed p at an extremely low concentration (< 300 ppm ;\nprecipitated within the digestive lumen, with no evidence of phosphatised digestive tissues. the phosphatic material exhibits a spongy texture in surface owing to the presence of tiny (\n), represented by a single specimen in this study, there are a few crystalline inclusions of about 500 µm that are chiefly composed of si and o (with minor amounts of ca, p, and br), as revealed by edx analyses. we therefore interpret them as clastic grains similar to those observed in the matrix, albeit rarely. in addition to ds, one specimen of\n). their microscopic appearance suggests the same mode of preservation as the ds (i. e. phosphatisation) .\na, meniscopsia beebei, bpm 1017; dark stain behind the posterior tip of pygidial axis may represent material exuded from the anus after the death. b, m. beebei, bpm 1000. c, coosella kieri, bpm 1002. d, geneviella granulatus, uu 11071. 01. pairs of digestive caeca are numbered from front to rear. scale bars: 5 mm .\na–d, g, meniscopsia beebei, bpm 1017. a, anterior half of the digestive system, specimen in alcohol. b, same as (a), microradiograph. c, detail of the anterior portion of digestive system, microradiograph; ventral structures interpreted as the oesophagus (oe .) surrounded posteriorly by material exuded (e. m .) from mouth (m .) after death. d, cephalic portion of digestive system, specimen coated with mgo. g, posterior tip of pygidial axis, specimen in alcohol. e, m. beebei, bpm 1018, posterior tip of pygidial axis, specimen in alcohol. f, m. beebei, bpm 1020, posterior tip of pygidial axis, specimen in alcohol. h, coosella kieri, bpm 1002, large portion of digestive system, specimen in alcohol. i–m, o, geneviella granulatus, uu 11071. 01. i, anterior, mostly cephalic portion of digestive system, specimen in alcohol. j, same as (i), microradiograph. k, anteriormost portion of digestive system, specimen in alcohol. l, two silica grains within phosphatised digestive tract, scanning electron microscope (sem) image. q, same as (p), specimen immersed in alcohol. o, detail of the surface of phosphatic material, sem image. n, m. beebei, bpm 1000, textures of phosphatised digestive caeca (left) and neighbouring cuticle (right), sem image. scale bars: 2 mm for (h), 1 mm for (a–g, i–k), 0. 5 mm for (l, m), 50 µm for (n), and 10 µm for (o) .\n. 25% of the maximum width of the glabella [ transverse, tr. ]) beneath the glabella, it tapers posteriorly until the seventh thoracic segment (\n). the paired dc are similar in shape but decrease in size posteriorly. their insertions occur dorso - laterally on the digestive tract and they are wide (exsagittally, exs .), especially those of the first four pairs (\n). the anterior halves (exs .) of the dc project abaxially and slightly anteriorly for a distance equal to half the width (tr .) of the tract. the best - preserved specimen (bpm 1017) displays a shallow sagittal furrow dorsally along the caeca - bearing portion of the tract (\n), which might have hosted the dorsal heart. on the posterior portion of the tract (e. g. bpm 1000), fine, grossly transversal furrows are visible. three specimens exhibit a dark stain behind the posterior tip of the pygidial axis (\n), which may represent material exuded from the anus after death. in addition, one specimen (bpm 1017) possesses a pair of rounded structures under the pygidial pleurae (\n). these are tentatively interpreted as the oesophagus and posteriorly - facing mouth, with the surrounding material probably exuded from the mouth after death. this observation confirms the presence of a j - shaped gut in trilobites. the mouth is just in front of the first of pair of dc, which corresponds to a short distance behind the anterior wings of the hypostome, which are visible in\na, digestive system of the trilobite meniscopsia beebei in dorsal, right lateral, and ventral views (from left to right). b, digestive system of the remipedian speleonectes gironensis in dorsal, right lateral, and ventral views (from left to right; reconstruction based on [ 65 ], [ 66 ]). in both reconstructions, the foregut and hindgut are in bright pink, the midgut tract in blue - violet, and the midgut caeca / glands in lavender. scale bars: 5 mm for (a) and 1 mm for (b) .\n). three pairs of dc are visible, strongly decreasing in size posteriorly. they are similar to the dc of\nin gross morphology, size, and orientation. only the dc of the first pair differs slightly from those of\nby having particularly large bases (exs .) and projecting laterally with a strong posterior curve (\nunder the posterior third (sagittally, sag .) of the glabella and the anterior half (sag .) of the thorax (\n). they are broken (tr .) at the third thoracic axial ring, which allows recognition of an anterior portion and a posterior portion with four and six pairs of dc respectively. the posterior portion has apparently contracted along the antero - posterior axis, as suggested by the slight posterior displacement of the dc under the third and fourth thoracic axial rings and the presence of two pairs of dc under the fifth and sixth thoracic axial rings. as in\n, the dc arise dorso - laterally from the tract, but they differ from all other known trilobite dc by projecting postero - laterally .\nthe preservation of portions of the trilobite digestive system is particularly rare. as recently reviewed by lerosey - aubril\n, purported remains of digestive structures have been described and / or figured in about twenty species of trilobites, but usually from one, rarely more specimens. in most cases, this preservation is limited to some structures (e. g. dc\ndigestive tract) and is incomplete. the morphology of the cephalic digestive structures remains completely unknown in most species and poorly understood in the others\n. in addition, different modes of preservation can be involved (e. g. dark markings on the exoskeleton / internal mould, mineral infillings, cavities / external moulds), making the comparisons between different specimens even more difficult. however, from all these data has emerged the hypothesis that two, possibly three general types of digestive systems existed in trilobites\n. one consists of a simple, posteriorly - tapered tract, which was flanked laterally by metamerically - paired digestive caeca in the head and anterior part of the thorax. a second type, consisting of a crop (\n, some agnostids might have possessed a digestive system in which some digestive caeca were modified into large and ramified diverticulae. the digestive systems described herein are all of the first type. their delicate, 3d preservation allows unprecedently detailed observations to be made. this, in turn, offers a good opportunity to test different hypotheses concerning critical aspects of trilobite digestive system organisation. for instance, specimens of\nconfirm that in this type of digestive system (i. e. type 1 described above), there is no abrupt enlargement (tr .) of the anterior portion of the digestive tract evocative of the differentiation of a crop\n. indeed, although notably wider (tr .) anteriorly than posteriorly, the digestive tract gradually tapers rearwards. specimens of\n, which are generally considered close to trilobites both phylogenetically and ecologically. however, only three pairs of cephalic digestive caeca occur in\n. chelicerates possess a greater number of digestive glands compared to most crustaceans, making them a more attractive comparison for trilobites. however, these glands are large and complex structures, which frequently have different functions and exhibit different shapes depending on their location within the body (e. g .\n). therefore, it does not seem appropriate to compare this morphologically and functionally complex digestive system of modern chelicerates to the simple structures observed in trilobites (not to mention the well - differentiated sucking - stomach possessed by many chelicerates). in contrast, with its posteriorly - tapered tract bearing numerous small, homonymous, and metamerically - paired outpocketings (‘digestive glands’ )\n). this apparent ‘primitive’ nature of the remipedian gut makes this comparison all the more interesting. the remipedian digestive system has a simple foregut\n; both observations demonstrate that it is far less complex than the digestive systems of other crustaceans. predation by remipedians on other crustaceans or even small fish has been repeatedly recorded\n. this indicates that the gross organisation of the gut of remipedians and of the trilobites described herein is not unambiguously correlated with predatory habits. for instance, deposit feeding\n. however, the absence of such grains in the gut of other specimens and the significant texture and composition differences between the gut filling and matrix indicate that direct sediment ingestion was not a major part of its feeding strategy. in our opinion, the grains are better interpreted as having been incidentally ingested in the course of normal feeding. in summary, the morphology of the digestive structures of trilobites does not provide clear indications about their feeding habits, but future investigations on the functioning of the digestive system of remipedians could prove critical in this regard .\nthe unique preservation of the digestive structures of the trilobites from the weeks formation gives new insights into trilobite biology. phosphatisation is a well - known mode of preservation for soft tissues [ 25 ] – [ 31 ], but its role in the fossilisation of invertebrate gut contents has rarely been investigated (see [ 4 ] for an exception to this). partial phosphatisation of the gut has been observed in arthropod decay experiments [ 32 ], [ 33 ], but neither the nature of the mineralised material (gut tissue vs. gut content), nor controlling factors (e. g. p content of diet, stage of moult cycle) were examined .\nwere confined to the closed chemical system of the gut after death. normally in marine environments, the precipitation of calcium carbonate (caco\nfavoured in acidic environments. the presence of a small quantity of material exuded from the anus in several specimens (or possibly the mouth in bpm 1017 ;\n) demonstrates that exchange with the external environment occurred, but was limited, probably due to oral and anal sphincters. the isolation of this microenvironment after death could only have lasted until the gut lost its integrity. experiments on modern crustaceans have shown that the gut is particularly prone to decay in most circumstances\nin the trilobite gut likely occurred soon after death. in addition, the digestive lumen was almost certainly acidic\n. lastly, the extensive phosphatisation of the trilobite ds required a relatively large amount of p to be present in the gut. the extremely low p content in the surrounding sediment (\n) and the closed - system nature of the gut argue strongly for an internal origin for this element. we identified two potentially important internal sources of p: the digestive tissues and the gut contents .\nin many arthropods, the epithelial cells of the midgut or the midgut glands contain mineral concretions (‘spherites’) that are especially rich in ca and p (e. g. in chelicerates\n). these spherites are thought to be involved in various vital processes (e. g. excretion\n. similar spherites have also been observed in the midgut tissues of non - arthropod ecdysozoans (e. g. tardigrades\n); consequently, it seems highly probable that they occurred in primitive arthropods like trilobites. the storage of capo\n, released in their lumen and transiently stored in the posterior portion of the tract (e. g. in\n). how the ions of these spherites were transferred from the gut epithelium and mobilised after death for the phosphatisation of the gut contents is difficult to ascertain. we can only speculate that the mechanism involved might have been similar to that recently proposed to explain the phosphatisation of the mid - dermis of fossil frogs, as it implies the recruitment of p and ca ions initially stored as granules\n). this has no equivalent in other cambrian arthropods, which suggests that trilobites might have had some biological or ecological particularities. one possibility is that the ca and p - rich spherites might have been stored in the tissues of the entire midgut (not only the dc), thus providing a more substantial and widespread source of p. in few modern arthropods, spherites have been observed in the epithelium of the midgut tract\n, and it is therefore possible that in trilobites, spherite storage was not restricted to the dc. alternatively, trilobites might have merely stored a greater volume of spherites in the epithelium of their dc. such an increase in storage capacity would not be surprising given that midgut capo\nand that trilobites had probably a great need for ca due to their heavily calcified dorsal exoskeleton. this exoskeleton was shed and replaced many times during their life\n, to facilitate a rapid hardening of the new cuticle after each moult. ion storage in the digestive glands of modern crustaceans is at its peak immediately prior to moulting\nand therefore, gut phosphatisation may have only occurred in trilobites that died at this point in their moult cycle. in this regard, it is noteworthy that all the specimens with fossilized digestive structures investigated herein exhibit unusually thin dorsal exoskeletons, as if they had been affected by a partial resorption of the ions they contained (especially ca). if this interpretation is correct, these specimens would indeed represent individuals which died just prior moulting. this relationship between moult cycle and time of death may explain the rarity of preserved trilobite guts not only in the weeks formation, but also in other exceptionally preserved biotas .\n), suggesting they might have had comparable internal conditions at the time of death. some modern arthropods possess paired structures in the posterior region of their body that are known to be sites of storage for capo\nspherites. these modern examples include the malpighian tubules of some insects (e. g .\n). they are even separated from one another, preventing comparisons with other paired organs (e. g. reproductive organs) that at least in some arthropods could have had a similar position in the body. also, we do not see any obvious equivalents in modern arthropods and we can only speculate that these structures might have represented transient storage centres for ca (and p), like the sternal plates of extant terrestrial isopods\nconfirm that similar pygidial organs may have occurred in various trilobites. the unexpected discovery of such structures suggests that the internal anatomy of trilobites was probably more complex than generally appreciated .\nnine trilobites and five undetermined arthropods from the weeks formation, each with phosphatised digestive structures, were available for study. in addition, we figure herein three specimens exhibiting remains of pygidial organs. these specimens are housed in the palaeontological collections of the back to the past museum (bpm), the senckenberg research institute (smf), and the university of utah (uu). the single specimen from the collections of the university of utah was given on loan for study to rl - a by the curator of this collection, quintin sahratian. m. sahratian gave his authorization for all the analyses performed on this specimen (sem, edx, x - ray) and his permission to illustrate the specimen in our contribution .\nenergy dispersive x - ray (edx) analyses of the digestive structures, cuticle, and matrix in four trilobite specimens from the middle cambrian weeks formation. meniscopsia beebei (bpm 1000, bpm 1018, bpm 1020) and coosella kieri (bpm 1002). composition is expressed in atomic percentage (%) and the analysed area in square micrometres (µm 2). some elements were not detectable on spectra and therefore were not considered (nc) in the composition estimations. though recognized on spectra, other elements had estimated proportions below the equipment' s lower limit of reliability (0. 3 %). the digestive structures are characterized by the abundance of p and significantly higher proportion of ca. the cuticle exhibits the highest proportion of mg, which is possibly linked to its original composition. the matrix is distinguished from the other two materials by its higher concentration of al and (to a lesser extent) fe, as well as the presence of k just above the reliability threshold. the presence of si in all three materials is probably linked to secondary silicification of the cuticle and (to a lesser extent) the digestive structures, whereas the presence of si in the matrix is likely the result of aluminosilicate minerals .\nmass spectrometry analyses of the matrix of bpm 1001 (meniscopsia beebei) from the middle cambrian weeks formation. concentrations are expressed in parts per million (ppm). note the extremely low value for p .\nwe thank f. fernandez and c. franz for assistance with the sem, d. e. g. briggs and m. e. mcnamara for useful discussions, a. weug for donation of one specimen (smf 92660), and q. sahratian for making specimen uu 11071. 01 available for study .\nfunding: this work was financially supported by the senckenberg research institute, the back to the past museum, yale university, and the university of montpellier ii (isem). the funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript .\ndunne ja, williams rj, martinez nd, wood ra, erwin dh. compilation and network analyses of cambrian food webs .\nvannier j, chen j–y. digestive system and feeding mode in cambrian naraoiid arthropods .\nhagadorn jw. burgess shale - type localities: the global picture. in: bottjer dj, etter w, hagadorn jw, tang cm, editors .\nguts and the interpretation of three - dimensional structures in burgess shale - type fossils .\nbeebe ma. unpublished ph. d. thesis. lawrence: university of kansas; 1990. trilobite faunas and depositional environments of the weeks formation (cambrian), utah. 111\nrobison ra, babcock le. systematics, paleobiology, and taphonomy of some exceptionally preserved trilobites from cambrian lagerstätten of utah .\nwalcott cd. cambrian geology and paleontology iii, no. 5, cambrian trilobites .\nlerosey - aubril r, hegna ta, olive s. inferring internal anatomy from the trilobite exoskeleton: the relationship between frontal auxiliary impressions and the digestive system .\nchatterton bde, johanson z, sutherland g. form of the trilobite digestive system: alimentary structures in\nbruton dl, haas w. functional morphology of phacopinae (trilobita) and the mechanics of enrolment .\nshu d, geyer g, chen l, zhang x. redlichiaceans trilobites with preserved soft - parts from the lower cambrian chengjiang fauna (south china) .\nbabcock le, peel js. palaeobiology, taphonomy and stratigraphic significance of the trilobite\nfahrenbach wh. merostomata. in: harrison fw, foelix rf, editors .\nvolume 8a. chelicerate arthropoda. new york: wiley - liss; 1999. pp. 21–115 .\nklann ae, alberti g. histological and ultrastructural characterization of the alimentary system of solifuges (arachnida, solifugae) .\nfelgenhauer be, abele lg, felder dl. remipedia. in: harrison fw, humes ag, editors .\nvolume 9, crustacea. new york: wiley - liss; 1992. pp. 225–247 .\nkoenemann s, iliffe tm. class remipedia. in: forest j, von vaupel klein jc, editors .\ntreatise on zoology, volume 5; new english edition of traité de zoologie .\n( remipedia, speleonectidae) from surface water of an anchialine cave on san salvador island, bahamas .\nkoenemann s, schram fr, iliffe tm, hinderstein lm, bloechl a. behavior of remipedia in the laboratory, with supporting field observations .\nbriggs deg. the role of decay and mineralization in the preservation of soft - bodied fossils .\nbriggs deg, kear aj, martill dm, wilby pr. phosphatization of soft - tissue in experiments and fossils .\nbriggs deg, wilby pr. the role of the calcium carbonate - calcium phosphate switch in the mineralization of softbodied fossil .\nushatinskaya gt. preservation of living organic structures in unicellular and multicellular organisms in the fossil state .\nwilby pr. the role of organic matrices in post - mortem phosphatization of soft - tissues .\nwilby pr, briggs deg. taxonomic trends in the resolution of detail preserved in fossil phosphatized soft tissues .\nhof chj, briggs deg. decay and mineralization of mantis shrimp (stomatopoda: crustacea) –a key to their fossil record .\nmcnamara me, orr pj, kearns sl, alcalá l, anadón p, et al. soft - tissue preservation in miocene frogs from libros, spain: insights into the genesis of decay microenvironments .\nzhu my, vannier j, van iten h, zhao yl. direct evidence for predation on trilobites in the cambrian .\nmartill dm, wilby pr. lithified prokaryotes associated with fossil soft - tissues from the santana formation (cretaceous) of brazil .\nfahrenbach wh, arango cp. microscopic anatomy of pycnogonida: ii. digestive system. iii. excretory system .\nludwig m, alberti g. mineral congregations ,\nspherites\nin the midgut gland of\nbecker gl, chen c–h, greenawalt jw, lehninger al. calcium phosphate granules in the hepatopancreas of the blue crab\ncorrêa junior jd, allodi s, amado - filho gm, farina m. zinc accumulation in phosphate granules of\n( crustacea decapoda) hepatopancreas: structure and elemental composition of electron - dense granules .\nlee ap, klinowski j, taylor mg, simkiss k. x - ray diffraction and multinuclear solid - state nmr studies of hepatopancreal granules from helix aspersa and carcinus maenas .\nthomas g, stender - seidel s, böckeler w. investigation of different ontogenetic stages of\ngouranton j. composition, structure et mode de formation des concrétions minérales dans l' intestin moyen des homoptères cercopides .\nturbeck bo. a study of the concentrically laminated concretions, ‘spherites’, in the regenerative cells of the midgut of lepidopterous larvae .\nhopkin sp. critical concentrations, pathways of detoxification and cellular ecotoxicology of metals in terrestrial arthropods .\nthomas g, böckeler w. investigation of the intestinal spherocrystals of different cephalobaenida (pentastomida) .\n( arthropoda, arachnomorpha) from the middle cambrian burgess shale, british columbia, canada .\ngarcía - bellido dc, vannier j, collins d. soft - part preservation in two species of the arthropod\ngarcía - bellido dc, paterson jr, edgecombe gd, jago jb, gehling jg, et al. the bivalved arthropods\nwith soft - part preservation from the lower cambrian emu bay shale lagerstätte (kangaroo island, australia) .\nbruton dl. the arthropod sidneyia inexpectans, middle cambrian, burgess shale, british columbia .\nchatterton bde, speyer se. ontogeny. in: kaessler rl, editor .\nboulder and lawrence: geological society of america and university of kansas press; 1997. pp. 173–247 .\nroer r, dillaman r. the structure and calcification of the crustacean cuticle .\nwilby pr, briggs deg, bernier p, gaillard c. role of microbial mats in the fossilization of soft - tissues .\nsohal rs, peters pd, hall t–a. fine structure and x - ray microanalysis of mineralized concretions in the malpighian tubules of the housefly ,\ngraf f, meyran jc. calcium reabsorption in the posterior caeca of the midgut in a terrestrial crustacean ,\nneues f, hild s, epple m, marti o, ziegler a. amorphous and crystalline calcium carbonate distribution in the tergite cuticle of moulting\nharrington hj, leanza af. lawrence: university of kansas press; 1957. ordovician trilobites of argentina. 276\n, new species (remipedia: speleonectidae) from anchialine caves in cuba, with remarks on biogeography and ecology .\nfanenbruck m. unpublished ph. d. thesis. bochum: ruhr - universität; 2003. die anatomie des kopfes und des cephalen skelett - muskelsystems der crustacea, myriapoda und hexapoda: ein beitrag zum phylogenetischen system der mandibulata und zur kenntnis der herkunft der remipedia und tracheata. 425\nthese nektobenthic carnivores lived in the ordovician period, from 478. 6 to 449. 5 ma .\nfossils of this genus have been found in the ordovician sediments of czech republic, france, morocco, portugal, spain and united kingdom, as well as in the arenig of the united kingdom .\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, states, usa, television, ... more\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more\nstratigraphic distribution of early to middle cambrian echinoderms. | deep time - cambrian 2 (early 521 - 509 mya) | pinterest\nwe use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings .\nthis article has been cited by the following publications. this list is generated based on data provided by crossref .\nowen, alan w. 2007. trilobite diversity in avalonia prior to the end ordovician extinction — the peak before the trough. palaeogeography, palaeoclimatology, palaeoecology, vol. 245, issue. 1 - 2, p. 264 .\ndepartment of palaeontology, national museum, václavské nám. 68, praha 1, 115 79, czech republic. e - mail: jana. bruthansova @ urltoken\nthis present revision of bohemian ordovician illaenid trilobites of the prague basin (czech republic) follows the recent evaluation of their systematic position. this revision contains redescriptions and illustrations of the type species of several illaenid genera, the most up - to - date references for those genera, and an assessment of their variability and also of the palaeobiogeographic distribution of some illaenid genera. bohemian illaenids in several cases include the type species of globally distributed taxa, whose distinction has often been uncertain and controversial. the validity of the genera\nemail your librarian or administrator to recommend adding this journal to your organisation' s collection .\nfull text views reflects the number of pdf downloads, pdfs sent to google drive, dropbox and kindle and html full text views .\n* views captured on cambridge core between september 2016 - 10th july 2018. this data will be updated every 24 hours .\nthis volume is intended to provide a useful reference source and a picture of the present status of the chemistry, geochemistry and mineralogy of redox - reactive materials. although in this volume some progress has been made in this direction, the aim is by no means achieved, especially with this extremely broad, diverse and vibrant area of research .\nthis site uses cookies. by continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to our privacy policy." ]

{ "text": [ "ectillaenus is a genus of trilobites in the order corynexochida .", "these nektobenthic carnivores lived in the ordovician period , from 478.6 to 449.5 ma . " ], "topic": [ 26, 13 ] }

[ "ectillaenus is a genus of trilobites in the order corynexochida. these nektobenthic carnivores lived in the ordovician period, from 478.6 to 449.5 ma." ]

[ "the mongolian toad, piebald toad, siberian toad is classified as least concern. does not qualify for a more at risk category. widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category .\namphibians and reptiles of mongolian people' s republic: general problems. amphibians. .\nmongolian toads are hardy animals that very rarely get ill. average life span in captivity is 10 years .\nmongolian toads eat ants, beetles, butterflies, caterpillars, spiders and centipedes. young toads eat mostly mites and aphids. tadpoles eat algae or detritus .\nin some suitable habitats the mongolian toad is a common amphibian. in amurland, its population density reaches 400 specimens per square kilometer. the daily activity pattern is similar to that of other green toads, with diurnal activity on warm sunny days. hibernation occurs from approximately september - october to april - may, on land. at the northern margin the toad spends winter in very deep, to 1 - 2 m holes. group hibernation is typical. reproduction occurs from march to july, depending on the geographic location. amplexus is pectoral. the clutch contains 1070 - 6000 eggs, deposited in two strings of 3 - 6 m length. just after hatching, the tadpoles hang on the strings of spawn for a short time. afterwards they concentrate near the pond shore forming aggregations near the bottom .\nmongolian toads need an aquatic horizontal tank 60x30x40 cm for 3 - 4 specimens. for substrate you can use a mixture of potting soil and sand or sand rock. you will have to clean the tank every second or third week with mild disinfectant agents. if the temperature in the tank goes below 15 degrees, you will need to use heating. for light you can use fluorescent lamps. you can put in the tank pieces of bark, stones and plants (real or artificial). your toad will need some shelters .\nmongolian toads are native to the south of eastern siberia (baikal, chita, buryatya regions) and to the far east of russia (amur, khabarovsk, prymorye), as well as to korea, mongolia and the south of china. it is often found in dry areas; these toads prefer sandy soil .\nmongolian toads love woodland and steppes, river valleys and basins between mountains; they prefer open lowlands. sometimes they occur in mountains up to 3800 m above the sea level; at times as far as 1. 5 - 2 km from the nearest water body. they can often be found in villages or towns .\nthe toads have a clear light stripe that stretches along the back. their backs can be beige, light brown, light gray or golden colored with dark (brown or dark olive) spots. sometimes the spots cover almost whole back of the toad. the belly is grayish or yellowish. on average the color of these toads can vary from light sandy color to dark olive one, depending on their condition and the terrain .\nmongolian toads have flattened bodies with rounded head. paratoid glands are oval and elongate. the hind legs are short, toes are thin. the skin is covered with numerous warts (they are smooth in females and have spikes in males). the coloration varies greatly. the spots have different shapes and color; they form a complicated pattern which is particularly clear in adult females .\nmongolia is a landlocked country in east asia bordering china to the south and russia to the north. the mongol ethnic group makes up 96% of the national population. the country experiences freezing winters where temperatures reach - 30 degrees celsius and relatively warmer summers. forests cover 12% of the nation. mongolia is widely known for its history in conserving animals. notable amphibians found in the region include the japanese tree frog, mongolia toad, khabarovsk frog, asiatic grass frog, and siberian salamander .\ninhabits the edges of coniferous and deciduous forests, groves, bushlands, different types of meadows, forest steppes and steppes with sandy, rocky and alluvial soils. the species is abundant in many settlements, some cities and in agricultural landscapes. it occurs both in wet and in dry habitats. even in the steppe zone, it can occur not only near water bodies (rivers, ponds, lakes etc .), but at a considerable distance from water. however, in dry and continental desert areas the toad is tied to lakes and other permanent water sources. such populations often are isolated from other populations by vast areas unavailable for amphibians. spawning occurs in lakes and ponds with stagnant water .\nthe dorsal skin is light olive with large dark spots. the belly is light gray with few dark spots. males are relatively larger as compared to females and have a guttural resonator used for storing air while calling. they have a horizontal eye pupil. the toads are commonly found in china, korea, russia, and mongolia. mongolian toads hibernate in groups from october to may. during the winter the hibernation occurs in very deep holes. the female lays up to 6000 eggs in strings of around six meters in length. if reproduction is done in shallow waters, high mortality of tadpoles occurs .\nthis small toad ranges from 40 - 89 mm snout - vent length. the parotoid glands behind the eyes are prominent. the pupil of the eye is horizontal. the tympanic membrane is not visible. males have a guttural resonator and can be identified by stretched - looking skin on their throats. the internal edge of the tarsus contains a longitudinal skin fold. toes have singular subarticular tubercles. the tip of the 4th finger does not reach the 1st articulation of the 3rd finger. the dorsal skin is light - olive, greenish - gray or gray with large dark spots and light narrow middorsal line, sometimes with a few red points. the belly is light - gray with few dark spots. males differ from females by having a guttural resonator (or stretched skin on the neck, used for storing air when calling). the males also have nuptial pads on the 1st finger, a smaller body size, and smaller body proportions .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nfrost, d. r. 2014. amphibian species of the world: an online reference. version 6. 0 (7 july 2014). electronic database. american museum of natural history, new york, usa. available at: urltoken .\njustification: listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a broad range of habitats, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .\nthis species is known from north and northeast china and the democratic people' s republic of korea, the whole of mongolia and eastern russia (baikal area and the far east). presumed to occur in republic of korea, but this requires verification. altitudinal range is between 600 and 2, 700m asl .\nthe species inhabits the edges of coniferous and deciduous forests, groves, bush lands, meadows, forest steppes, steppes with sandy, rocky and alluvial soils, semi - desert, oases in dry steppes and the gobi desert of mongolia. it is abundant around and in many human settlements, some cities and in agricultural landscapes. although b. raddei is an opportunistic species, it prefers areas with soft, sandy and alluvial soils. it breeds in stagnant waterbodies such as ditches, pools and paddy fields .\nthere are no major threats to this species. it is locally impacted by high road mortality, and might possibly be threatened by over - collecting for traditional chinese medicine .\nthe range of this species includes many protected areas. it is listed in the red data books of buryatia and irkutskaya province (russia) .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nthe species is widespread in china (jiangsu, anhui, qinghai, gansu, shaanxi, shanxi, henan, shandong, hebei, liaoning, jilin and heilongjiang provinces, as well as inner mongolia, ninxia - hui and xinjiang - uigur autonomous regions), mongolia, korea and russian east siberia (baikal lake area: buryatia, chita province and irjutsk province - goloustnaya river delta, maloe more bay and olkhon island at about 53on, 107o30' e - the northernmost locality; the far east: the amur and ussuri rivers and their tributaries) .\nmetamorphosis occurs in june - august. reproduction in shallow waters leads to high tadpole mortality in the drying wetlands. otherwise, in some cases, tadpoles overwinter and complete their transformation the following summer .\ntadpoles eat mainly algae and detritus. recently metamorphosed juveniles mainly eat mites and small insects, particularly collembola. adults prey upon spiders, caterpillars, beetles (carabidae, curculionidae, tenebrionidae etc .) and, especially, ants. the latter represent an especially important component in dry habitats .\nthe abundance is generally lower in semidesert and desert regions, where isolated small populations live in oasises. in the far east, the overall abundance decreases northwards .\nnegative influences of anthropogenic factors are poorly known. the species does not avoid human neighborhoods and readily settles in agricultural fields, villages, settlements and even cities .\nbannikov, a. g. , darevsky, i. s. and rustamov, a. k. (1971) .\nbannikov, a. g. , darevsky, i. s. , ishchenko, v. g. , rustamov, a. k. , and szczerbak, n. n. (1977) .\nopredelitel zemnovodnykh i presmykayushchikhsya fauny sssr [ guide to amphibians and reptiles of the ussr fauna ] .\nfauna of russia and adjacent countries: amphibians (english translation of nikolsky, 1918, faune de la russie et des pays limitrophes. amphibiens. académie russe des sciences, petrograd, ussr) .\nterent' ev, p. v. and chernov, s. a (1965) .\nvorobyeva, e. i. and darevsky, i. s. (eds .) (1988) .\nye, c. , fei, l. , and hu, s. q. (1993) .\nsergius l. kuzmin (ipe51 at yahoo. com), institute of ecology and evolution, russian academy of sciences, moscow\n> university of california, berkeley, ca, usa. accessed jul 10, 2018 .\n> university of california, berkeley, ca, usa. accessed 10 jul 2018 .\nduring the mating season toads are active at daytime and otherwise they got out at dusk. for shelters they use crevices in the ground, grass and shrubs, tree roots and burrows; sometimes they bury themselves in sand. if they live near people, they gather in lit places at night and hunt insects there. they hibernate from october to april in rodents’ burrows, under stubs or in basements .\ndon’t forget that these toads are passively poisonous, and the toxin from their skin can cause bad irritation or even poisoning if it gets on your mucous (eyes or mouth) .\nthe mating season occurs immediately after hibernation: between march and july, depending on the local climate; eggs are typically laid in shallow puddles .\nclassification from species 2000 & itis catalogue of life: april 2013 selected by c. michael hogan - see more .\nc. michael hogan marked the classification from\nspecies 2000 & itis catalogue of life: april 2013\nas preferred for\npseudepidalea raddei (strauch, 1876 )\n.\nc. michael hogan marked\ndistribution and habitat\nas visible on the\npseudepidalea raddei\npage .\nc. michael hogan marked\ndistribution and habitat\nas hidden on the\npseudepidalea raddei\npage .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation, e. g. an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature, an orthologous protein, a record from another database, etc. < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more... < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages, faqs, uniprotkb manual, documents, news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website. please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins, you can use the ‘basket’ to save them, so that you can back to find or analyse them later. < p > < a href =' / help / basket' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more. . < / a > < / p >\nwe' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation (gdpr) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\nformat full report (text) gene table (text) summary (text) tabular (text) asn. 1 xml ui list\nchromosome: mt; nc _ 028424. 1 (2882. . 2954 )\nthe scientific name is hyla japonica and this frog is mostly found in rice paddies and on broad leaves, especially rice leaves, during the daytime. it differs from the common tree frog as the japanese frog has a dark spot on the upper lip and has slightly shorter hind legs. it has a granular ventral skin and smooth dorsal skin. the tips of fingers and toes have round adhesive discs with the forelimb webbing being poorly developed. the species are found in japan, korea < mongolia, and russia. hibernation takes place from october to may on land. individual frogs take refuge in leaf litters, holes in trees and under the rocks. reproduction occurs in warm water in may - august. the males get into the water before the females and make a mating call which happens both day and night. the females lay up to 1500 eggs in water. the average lifespan is eight years .\nthe siberian salamander is bluish - brown in color with a purple stripe running along the back. it has a longer tail than its body. this salamander has a body which is highly adapted to long freezing temperatures with an example of one which survived for years at temperatures below - 45 degrees celsius and eventually walked off upon thawing. however, sudden frost has proven to be problematic since it needs time to produce “anti - freezing “chemicals that replace water from cells to protect them from damage by sharp ice crystals. the exact mechanism that the salamander uses is not known. the amphibian lives in diverse habitats from aquatic, terrestrial, forest, grassland, and wetlands. on average, the female lays 240 eggs in a season with four weeks incubation period. scientists are conducting research to make antifreeze for food, medical supplies and also adventure seekers caught up in frost from the antifreeze capability of the siberian salamander .\nthe scientific name is rana chensinensis, and it is classified under the ranidae family. its natural habitats include temperate forests, rivers, intermittent rivers, swamps, freshwater lakes, arable land, pastureland and irrigated land. it is commonly found in china and mongolia. it is threatened by habitat loss. the chinese breed these frogs for their excellent performance on preying pests. qinyuan county in china in the year 1982 found that breeding the frogs reduced both the use of pesticides and the pollution in the environment. locals hunt the frogs for making hasma, a dessert, and traditional medicine. it is made from the fatty tissue found close to the frog’s fallopian tubes .\nthe khabarovsk frog is unable to survive in areas with elevations exceeding 2, 000 feet. it is also not resistant to habitat disturbances. on top of that, russians have been known town to hunt the frog actively and thus faces a serious threat of habitat loss. however, on a global scale, it is not considered as threatened. the frog favors’ beetles and eats only 0. 0055 pounds of food per day. it has a lifespan of three years on average .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken" ]

{ "text": [ "the mongolian toad ( pseudepidalea raddei ) , also known as the piebald toad or siberian sand toad , is a species of toad found in east asia .", "it ranges through much of china , mongolia , and the russian far east , and is also found in the northern korean peninsula .", "according to kuzmin et al. , it is not definitely known to be present in south korea .", "it is particularly common in the amur river basin of china and russia .", "the mongolian toad is relatively small , with adults not exceeding 9 cm in length .", "it ranges through a wide range of habitats is often found in dry regions , preferring sandy soil ; it was first described based on specimens from the alashan desert .", "the species does not occur above 2700 m , or below 600 m .", "the northernmost population is found on olkhon island in russia 's lake baikal .", "the mating season occurs between march and july , depending on the local climate ; eggs are typically laid in shallow puddles , leading to the death of many tadpoles as the puddles dry up .", "mongolian toads hibernate in the ground , usually in groups , in holes up to 2 metres deep .", "adult toads favour ants as food , particularly in arid regions ; they also eat spiders and beetles .", "the mongolian toad was classed as bufo raddei prior to the 2006 definition of the genus pseudepidalea .", "other closely related species include the european green toad , pseudepidale viridis . " ], "topic": [ 22, 20, 17, 6, 0, 13, 13, 20, 13, 28, 13, 26, 25 ] }

[ "the mongolian toad (pseudepidalea raddei), also known as the piebald toad or siberian sand toad, is a species of toad found in east asia. it ranges through much of china, mongolia, and the russian far east, and is also found in the northern korean peninsula. according to kuzmin et al., it is not definitely known to be present in south korea. it is particularly common in the amur river basin of china and russia. the mongolian toad is relatively small, with adults not exceeding 9 cm in length. it ranges through a wide range of habitats is often found in dry regions, preferring sandy soil; it was first described based on specimens from the alashan desert. the species does not occur above 2700 m, or below 600 m. the northernmost population is found on olkhon island in russia's lake baikal. the mating season occurs between march and july, depending on the local climate; eggs are typically laid in shallow puddles, leading to the death of many tadpoles as the puddles dry up. mongolian toads hibernate in the ground, usually in groups, in holes up to 2 metres deep. adult toads favour ants as food, particularly in arid regions; they also eat spiders and beetles. the mongolian toad was classed as bufo raddei prior to the 2006 definition of the genus pseudepidalea. other closely related species include the european green toad, pseudepidale viridis." ]

[ "asian reed warbler, common reed warbler, common reed - warbler, european reed warbler, european reed - warbler, marsh warbler, reed warbler, reed - warbler .\nthe eurasian reed warbler has not been the target of any known conservation measures .\nthe eurasian reed warbler is classified as least concern (lc) on the iucn red list (1) .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - eurasian reed - warbler (acrocephalus scirpaceus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - eurasian reed - warbler (acrocephalus scirpaceus )\ntitle =\narkive species - eurasian reed - warbler (acrocephalus scirpaceus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nhardly any reedbed is too small for the eurasian reed warbler. it is very well adapted to life in this uniform habitat and nimbly climbs through the vegetation with its slim body. the eurasian reed warbler has a habit of sliding up and down a reed stem and hopping from stalk to stalk. in dense reedbeds, a real chorus can be heard at dawn and dusk .\nthe eurasian reed warbler is a common victim of the european cuckoo (cuculus canorus), a brood parasite that lays its eggs in the nests of other species. the cuckoo deposits a single egg in the eurasian reed warbler’s nest and the cuckoo chick hatches first, so that it can remove the other eggs from the nest. the adult eurasian reed warblers feed the cuckoo chick at the same rate at which they would feed their brood of three or four, such that the cuckoo rapidly grows and soon dwarfs its unwitting foster parents. this parasitism can reach such high levels that eurasian reed warbler populations begin to decline, meaning the european cuckoo must switch to another host species (6) .\nthe eurasian reed warbler is robustly built, with bluntly pointed wings, a large bill and large feet that allow it to clamber about reeds with ease and confidence (6), even enabling it to grip vertically onto reed stems whilst looking for insects (3) .\na rather opportunistic species, the eurasian reed warbler feeds on a varied diet that consists primarily of a diversity of insects, but also includes fruits, seeds and flowers. it mainly catches its prey on reed stems and blades, in bushes and on the ground (2) .\nin 2010 springwatch followed a panicle of reed warblers who had built their nest in a reed bed on the scrape in pensthorpe .\n[ eurasian ] reed warbler (acrocephalus scirpaceus) / teichrohrsänger 19. 07. 2014 phoenix - see, dortmund camera: panasonic lumix gh4 lens / objektiv: panasonic lumix g vario 100 - 300mm o. i. s .\na migratory species, the eurasian reed warbler breeds from western europe across to western russia, the caspian area, iran, southeast kazakhstan and extreme northwest china, and travels to sub - saharan africa before the onset of winter (2) (7) .\nwith an extremely large range and a large population, the eurasian reed warbler is not currently considered at risk of extinction (8). there are no known major threats to this species, and most populations in europe, which comprises over half of its breeding range, are thought to be stable or slightly increasing (9). in some parts of its range, the eurasian reed warbler has benefited from the eutrophication or rivers, which increases the growth of reed beds. however, in other parts of its range it has been adversely affected by the reclamation of marshes (2) .\nthe following habitats are found across the reed warbler distribution range. find out more about these environments, what it takes to live there and what else inhabits them .\nthe eye colour of the eurasian reed warbler changes with age and the iris is charcoal coloured in their first year, but olive - brown when maturity is reached. young birds also have spots on their tongues, which presumably helps guide feeding parents to the young’s mouth (5) .\nas its common name implies, the eurasian reed warbler primarily breeds in mature reed beds along the shores of lakes, fish ponds, ditches and rivers, although it also breeds in other vegetation in drier habitats, such as scrub. in its wintering grounds it occurs in thickets and tall grass, as well as bushes, forest edges and garden hedges (2) .\nthe eurasian reed warbler (acrocephalus scirpaceus) is a rather indistinct, plain, un - streaked warbler (2) (3). there is little to distinguish this bird from other warblers (4), the upperparts being dull olive - brown, with a darker patch on the crown, a cream eye stripe and a dusky patch between the eyes and the bill. there is a faint rusty tinge to the back of the head, wings and tail and the whitish underparts are suffused with pale buff on the breast and darker buff on the flanks. the juvenile eurasian reed warbler is brighter and rustier than the adult, with an orange suffusion on the upperparts and duskier underparts (2) .\nthe reed warbler is a plain unstreaked warbler. it is warm brown above and buff coloured underneath. it is a summer visitor to breed in the uk, with the largest concentrations in east anglia and along the south coast - there are relatively few breeding in scotland and ireland. it winters in africa .\nthe reed warbler can be found in a number of locations including: africa, asia, europe, united kingdom, wales, ynys - hir nature reserve. find out more about these places and what else lives there .\nin europe the eurasian reed warbler breeds between may and august, with monogamous pairs constructing their nest in loose colonies. it is the female that mainly builds the deep, cup - shaped nest by neatly weaving split reed blades, flowers, grass stems and plant down. three to five eggs are laid and then incubated by both adults for 8 to 13 days. the chicks are fed by both parents and fledge from the nest after 10 to 12 days, becoming independent 10 to 14 days later (2) .\nreed warblers are expert at gripping on to vertical reed stems whilst looking for insects. parents home in on the spots on the tongues of their chicks to guide this nutrious food to its destination. there is little to distinguish these plain brown birds from other warblers - even the sexes are almost identical. this doesn' t seem to pose a problem for cuckoos, who seem all too able to identify their most common victims. reed warblers are summer vistors to the uk, breeding in southern and central reedbeds before heading south to spend the winter in africa .\nin the summer, reed warblers can be looked for in reedbeds in lowland central and southern england and wales - it is rarer elsewhere. sings from within the reedbed rather than from a perch, so often heard rather than seen .\nthis species breeds mainly in mature beds of reed (phragmites) on the shores of lakes and fish ponds, and along rivers and ditches and locally, breeds in willow bushes in marshland, in reeds on edges of brackish lakes, exceptionally in corn fields. it also forages in adjacent herbaceous vegetation, scrub and low trees, such as willows (salix). on the non - breeding grounds and on migration it uses reeds, thickets and tall grass, often along river courses and near lakeshores but also away from water in secondary bush, acacia (acacia) and lantana scrub, forest edge and garden hedges. in western and central europe, breeding occurs from may to july or august, and in north - west africa it breeds in april - july. the nest is a deep cup neatly woven from split reed blades, reed inflorescences, plant down and grass stems and lined with finer material. it is suspended from two to eight vertical reed stems, usually 15–200 cm over shallow water. clutches can be three to five eggs but are most commonly four. the diet is mainly insects and their larvae, spiders (araneae) and occasionally fruit, seeds and flowers. the species is entirely migratory, wintering in africa south of the sahara (dyrcz et al. 2015) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\naerc tac. 2003. aerc tac checklist of bird taxa occurring in western palearctic region, 15th draft. available at: urltoken _ the _ wp15. xls # .\njustification: this species has an extremely large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km 2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). the population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size is extremely large, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nin europe, the breeding population is estimated to number 2, 120, 000 - 3, 880, 000 pairs, which equates to 4, 240, 000 - 7, 760, 000 mature individuals (birdlife international 2015). europe forms c. 35% of the global range, so a very preliminary estimate of the global population size is 12, 100, 000 - 22, 200, 000 mature individuals, although further validation of this estimate is needed. trend justification: in europe the overall trend from 1980 - 2013 was stable (ebcc 2015) .\nthe species has declined in some areas due to habitat destruction and the phenomenon of reedbed die - back, caused partly by eutrophication (hagemeijer and blair 1997). reclamation of marshland has contributed to local declines (dyrcz et al. 2015) .\nconservation actions underway cms appendix ii. bern convention appendix ii. there are currently no known conservation measures for this species within europe. conservation actions proposed although this species is not currently threatened it would benefit from the conservation and maintenance of wetlands .\nmap updated: changed nw africa (subsp ambiguus) from seasonality code 2 to 1 (resident); shaded n coast of spain; shaded subespecie ammon (lybia / egypt border) and added new breeding areas of subspecie avicenniae in egypt (sinai, hamata) and w arabia. eoo updated .\n( amended version of 2017 assessment). the iucn red list of threatened species 2017: e. t22714722a118738083 .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert, and will be updated as soon as possible. if you are able to help please contact: arkive @ urltoken\nbrood parasite an animal that lays its eggs in the nests of members of its own or other species; the host then raises the young as its own. eutrophication a process in which a water body is enriched with excessive nutrients (such as nitrogen and phosphorus) resulting in the excessive growth of aquatic plants and the depletion of oxygen, creating unfavourable conditions for other organisms, such as fish. incubate to keep eggs warm so that development is possible. monogamous having only one mate during a breeding season, or throughout the breeding life of a pair. parasitism interaction in which one organism derives its food from, and lives in or on, another living organism (the host) at the host' s expense .\ndel hoyo, j. , elliott, a. and sargatal, j. (2006) handbook of the birds of the world. volume 11: old world flycatchers to old world warblers. lynx edicions, barcelona .\nperrins, c. (2009) the encyclopedia of birds. oxford university press, oxford .\nburfield, i. and van bommel, f. (2004) birds in europe: population estimates, trends and conservation status. birdlife international, cambridge, uk .\nnature picture library 5a great george street bristol bs1 5rr united kingdom tel: + 44 (0) 117 911 4675 fax: + 44 (0) 117 911 4699 info @ urltoken http: / / www. urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive' s online content for private, scientific, conservation or educational purposes only. it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members, allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild, an elite squadron of science superheroes, needs your help! your mission: protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no. 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 (c) (3) non - profit organisation in the usa\nvisitors to manchester city centre have just two weeks left to get up close to the cities’ popular pair of peregrine falcons .\nthe rspb wants to bring back the colour to the roadsides of east riding by returning verges to their former glory .\nfind out how you can help the birds in your garden in this summer heat .\na small, dark goose - the same size as a mallard. it has a black head and neck and grey - brown back .\na nocturnal bird that can be seen hawking for food at dusk and dawn .\nmale ring ouzels are particularly distinctive with their black plumage with a pale wing panel and striking white breast band .\nthere' s so much to see and hear at minsmere, from rare birds and otters to stunning woodland and coastal scenery .\nthis is a delightful oak woodland to walk through – especially in spring and early summer .\nnature is an adventure waiting to be had. get out, get busy and get wild !\nexplore the little pools of amazing sea life that are left by the tide on the rocks around our coast .\n* this map is intended as a guide. it shows general distribution rather than detailed, localised populations .\nbreeding populations of long - distance, trans - saharan migrant birds have declined sharply since the 1970s .\ngive birds a safe and reliable way to find fresh water – essential in both cold and hot weather .\nbecome a recovering lost habitats pioneer in order to help find new methods to bring life back to the uk’s farmland .\nthe rspb is a member of birdlife international. find out more about the partnership\n© the royal society for the protection of birds (rspb) is a registered charity: england and wales no. 207076, scotland no. sc037654\nwe use cookies on our website to help give you the best online experience. tell me more\nthe bar on the top line indicates during which seasons the species can be observed regularly in switzerland. there can be great seasonal fluctuations of numbers. the middle bar indicates the typical migration seasons of a species. the bottom bar indicates the period during which the species normally breeds. as a rule it spans the period from egg - laying to fledging of the young .\nquerytime: 0. 0654 s, querycount: 811, parsetime: 0. 7109 s, totaltime: 0. 7763 s, source: database\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml + rdfa 1. 0 / / en\nurltoken\nin order to see this content you need to have an up - to - date version of flash installed and javascript turned on .\ncuckoos no match for local birds there is a limit to how convincingly the common cuckoo can mimic other birds, according to new research .\nscientists shed light on mob rules (planetearth. nerc. ac. uk )\ncombined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). the population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size is extremely large, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international (2018) species factsheet: acrocephalus scirpaceus. downloaded from urltoken on 10 / 07 / 2018. recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: birdlife international (2018) iucn red list for birds. downloaded from urltoken on 10 / 07 / 2018 .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes, voice, habitat, food and feeding, breeding, movements, status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up. please select a player to play flash videos .\njuan sanabria, jeremiusz trzaska, josep del hoyo, desmond allen, greg baker, keith blomerley, ruslan mazuryk, e. pelayo, yoël jimenez, julien rochefort, daniêl jimenez, marti08, éric roualet, christian wiesmann, david caro, pere sugranyes, wout van den brink, wim ten have, pascal vagner, javier ortas, ferran vaquero, juancho carrancho, christian boix hinzen, dario salemi, carlos fabregat, dave jackson, thomas voekler .\nandrew emmerson, sergey shursha, nottsexminer, marco valentini, mario caffi, holger teichmann, éric roualet, juan gonzalez valdivieso, markus lilje, stanislav harvančík, lankhorst, ken havard, rafael merchante, fred klootwijk, mascarallot, aleix comas, cristiano crolle, alangbt5, fran trabalon, jacqueserard, marti08, josé frade, j. barreda, ruben gaasenbeek, martin hale, christos barboutis, simon steiger, conrado requena aznar, jmdebruyn, mikko pyhälä, didier collin, lad, aurélien audevard, michaelp, arthur grosset, hanna sztwiertnia, cetin ceki, w. h. schulenburg, georges olioso, paul cools, tolanger, alexanderlees, raniero massoli - novelli, marc fasol, lior kislev, christian michael mortensen, tomica rubinić, smoghead, josep del hoyo, rob. belterman, james kashangaki, david graham, juan josé bazán hiraldo, paul van giersbergen, henrik bringsøe, tomas grim, lutz duerselen, gunnar pettersson, frédéric pelsy, lars petersson, rémi bigonneau, juanjaimemg, bent. ronsholdt, bjørn - tore rekve seim, iain wilkinson, alberto soria .\njoe klaiber, stuart fisher, didier collin, marco pesente, éric roualet, simon colenutt, charles hesse, nick talbot." ]

{ "text": [ "the eurasian reed warbler , or just reed warbler ( acrocephalus scirpaceus ) is an old world warbler in the genus acrocephalus .", "it breeds across europe into temperate western asia .", "it is migratory , wintering in sub-saharan africa .", "the genus name acrocephalus is from ancient greek akros , \" highest \" , and kephale , \" head \" .", "it is possible that naumann and naumann thought akros meant \" sharp-pointed \" .", "the specific scirpaceus is from latin and means \" reed \" .", "this small passerine bird is a species found almost exclusively in reed beds , usually with some bushes .", "the 3 – 5 eggs are laid in a basket nest in reeds .", "the chicks fledge after 10 or 11 days .", "this species is usually monogamous .", "the eurasian reed warbler looks similar to the great reed warbler , but the great reed warbler is larger in size and has a stronger supercilium .", "the eurasian reed warbler is one of the species that are brood parasitised by the common cuckoo .", "this is a medium-sized warbler , 12.5 – 14 cm in length .", "the adult has an unstreaked brown back and buff underparts .", "the forehead is flattened , and the bill is strong and pointed .", "the sexes are identical , as with most warblers , but young birds are richer buff below .", "like most warblers , it is insectivorous , but will take other small food items , including berries .", "the song is a slow , chattering jit-jit-jit with typically acrocephaline whistles and mimicry added . " ], "topic": [ 28, 22, 14, 25, 25, 25, 12, 28, 28, 2, 28, 28, 0, 23, 23, 23, 15, 15 ] }

[ "the eurasian reed warbler, or just reed warbler (acrocephalus scirpaceus) is an old world warbler in the genus acrocephalus. it breeds across europe into temperate western asia. it is migratory, wintering in sub-saharan africa. the genus name acrocephalus is from ancient greek akros, \" highest \", and kephale, \" head \". it is possible that naumann and naumann thought akros meant \" sharp-pointed \". the specific scirpaceus is from latin and means \" reed \". this small passerine bird is a species found almost exclusively in reed beds, usually with some bushes. the 3 – 5 eggs are laid in a basket nest in reeds. the chicks fledge after 10 or 11 days. this species is usually monogamous. the eurasian reed warbler looks similar to the great reed warbler, but the great reed warbler is larger in size and has a stronger supercilium. the eurasian reed warbler is one of the species that are brood parasitised by the common cuckoo. this is a medium-sized warbler, 12.5 – 14 cm in length. the adult has an unstreaked brown back and buff underparts. the forehead is flattened, and the bill is strong and pointed. the sexes are identical, as with most warblers, but young birds are richer buff below. like most warblers, it is insectivorous, but will take other small food items, including berries. the song is a slow, chattering jit-jit-jit with typically acrocephaline whistles and mimicry added." ]

[ "what type of species is elysia lobata? below, you will find the taxonomic groups the elysia lobata species belongs to .\nwhich photographers have photos of elysia lobata species? below, you will find the list of underwater photographers and their photos of the marine species elysia lobata .\nelysia lobata & e. tokarensis from: cynthia trowbridge, january 29, 2007\nbob bolland has just changed the identification of an elysia he had on his website from elysia rufescens to elysia lobata. see: urltoken .\nhow to identify elysia lobata marine species? below, you will find the list of main identification criteria and physical characteristics of marine species elysia lobata. for each identification criteria, the corresponding physical characteristics of marine species elysia lobata are marked in green .\nwhere is elysia lobata found in the world? below, you will find the list and a world map of the geographic distribution where the marine species elysia lobata can be found .\nelysia bedeckta macfarland, 1966: synonym of elysia hedgpethi er. marcus, 1961\nelysia lobata from hekili point, maui, hawaii, 2006 (urltoken). photographer: pittman, cory. publisher: vendetti, jann .\nelysia cauze scops ev. marcus & er. marcus, 1967: synonym of elysia scops ev. marcus & er. marcus, 1967\ndear bill. i saw your message about elysia lobata. as i had previously only sent one photo of this animal i tried to look for another one. while looking through my photos i found a slight difference in colour in different photos of the same individual .\nelysia picta a. e. verrill, 1901: synonym of thuridilla picta (a. e. verrill, 1901 )\nthis solves an identification problem i had with a photo sent by jun imamoto from kerama ids, japan. although the angle of the photo does not show the trilobed parapodia, the colour pattern is identical to bob bolland' s photos. both cory pitman and terry gosliner have identified bob' s species as elysia lobata (gould, 1852). i have further discussed the identification history of this species at the top of the page .\nthe three - lobed parapodia are clearly visible in gould' s illustration. a much fuller description and clearer illustration was published by ostergaard (1955) where he described it as a new species, e. elsieae, noting the resmblance to e. lobata but suggesting gould' s description was inadequate. kay (1969) identifies this species with gould' s name and this has apprently been accepted by workers fanmilar with the hawaiian fauna .\nchlerogella elysia is superficially similar to c. terpsichore but differs most notably in the absence of amber on the clypeus, the shorter malar space, presence of distinct fluorescence on the mesosoma and head, and male sterna and terminalia .\ndear jun, thanks for these photos. the appearance of the white pustules is quite interesting. i have often suspected that in species of elysia, such as elysia ornata, the white pustules which are sometimes present in the parapodia, are either glands, or storage sacs for the white defensive secretions that sacoglossans often exude when disturbed. as i have discussed elswhere on the forum, these secretions are almost certainly derived from defensive chemicals produced by the plants they feed on .\n“ elysia cf. marginata sp. 4\n, nick - named\nwhite lines\n, is one of 4 cryptic species in the elysia marginata complex recently documented from the indo - pacific using a combination of molecular, morphological, and developmental characters. found on the green algal genus bryopsis, species in this complex are sometimes termed\ne. ornata\n, which is a distinct caribbean species, or\ne. grandifolia\n, an indo - pacific taxon with no definitive characteristics .\n“ elysia cf. marginata sp. 3\n, nick - named\ndark pigment\n, is one of 4 cryptic species in the elysia marginata complex recently documented from the indo - pacific using a combination of molecular, morphological, and developmental characters. found on the green algal genus bryopsis, the species in this complex are sometimes termed\ne. ornata\n, which is a distinct caribbean species, or\ne. grandifolia\n, an indo - pacific taxon with no definitive characteristics .\n“ elysia cf. marginata sp. 2\n, nick - named\nred tips\n, is one of 4 cryptic species in the elysia marginata complex recently documented from the indo - pacific using a combination of molecular, morphological, and developmental characters. found on the green algal genus bryopsis, the species in this complex are sometimes termed\ne. ornata\n, which is a distinct caribbean species, or\ne. grandifolia\n, an indo - pacific taxon with no definitive characteristics .\n“ elysia cf. marginata sp. 1\n, nick - named\n3 siphons\n, is one of 4 cryptic species in the elysia marginata complex recently documented from the indo - pacific using a combination of molecular, morphological, and developmental characters. found on the green algal genus bryopsis, the species in this complex are sometimes termed\ne. ornata\n, which is a distinct caribbean species, or\ne. grandifolia\n, an indo - pacific taxon with no definitive characteristics .\nbouchet, p. ; gofas, s. (2010). elysia risso, 1818. in: bouchet, p. ; gofas, s. ; rosenberg, g. (2010) world marine mollusca database. accessed through: world register of marine species at urltoken on 2010 - 12 - 14\none of 4 cryptic species in the elysia marginata complex, all found on bryopsis spp. intra - specific mtdna clades can be up to 6% divergent at the coi barcoding locus in this complex, whereas morphologically and developmentally distinct species are > 8% divergent (krug. et al. , in press) .\nmembers of the elysia marginata complex and the related species e. rufescens are sources of anti - cancer compounds called kahalalides, depsipeptides derived from the algal diet of the slug; unrecognized cryptic species in this complex introduce confusion into drug discovery work by obscuring the source of new kahalalides. clarifying taxonomic uncertainty is thus important for natural products chemistry and bioprospecting for novel chemotherapeutic agents .\nwagele, h. , stemmer, k. , burghardt, i. , & handeler, k. (2010) .\ntwo new sacoglossan sea slug species (opisthobranchia, gastropoda): ercolania annelyleorum sp. nov. (limapontioidea) and elysia asbecki sp. nov. (plakobranchoidea), with notes on anatomy, histology and biology .\nzootaxa 2676 (2010): 1 - 28 .\nit would not be that difficult to test. if you find some of these animals, or elysia ornata, which also sometimes has white spots, take a photo and then gently irritate the animal by touching or poking it with a stick and see what happens. if it has white spots when you start it might secrete a sticky white mucus and lose the spots. if it doesn' t have spots when you start it might develop white spots as the secretions aggregate into pustules before being released. either way it would be an interesting little experiment .\n“ elysia cf. marginata sp. 4\n: parapodial edges smooth, with three successive colored bands: (1) black marginal band; (2) orange submarginal band; (3) very thick, white submarginal band, farthest from the edge. sides of parapodia dotted by large black spots and larger white patches. tail tapering to end of body but not pointed or elongated. proximal two - thirds of rhinophores red, distal third black; white spot on head extending up each rhinophore. rounded pericardium tapers to a point; white with black spots .\n“ elysia cf. marginata sp. 2”: parapodia with black marginal band and red submarginal band; edges may form one siphonal opening. body covered with tiny discrete black and white spots. pointed, elongated tail with red submarginal band running to tip. proximal half of rhinophores white, distal half red - orange, with white spot at tip. rounded pericardium, solid white, no spots. four pairs of branching vessels exit renopericardium, longest pair running posteriorly towards tail with anasthomosing side branches. egg masses contain regularly spaced blobs of bright yellow extra - capsular yolk; planktotrophic development .\nfrom prof. brattström, bergen, i received one specimen from the bahamas (39 - 67 - c) taken in 1967. it is similar to the present one of patina, but without the marginal papillae and with different eyes and dorsal vessels (figs. 59, 60). it measures 4. 5 by 4 mm preserved. i do not want to give a name to this second species, but with more material the species with two gametolytic vesicles should be separated from the large genus elysia, together with e. ornata (swainson) (fig. 3) and e. grandifolia kelaart (fig. 5) .\nelysia cf. marginata sp. 1\n: parapodia may be high or low; undulating edges form 3 wide siphonal openings. siphons lined with orange edges but otherwise there no continuous marginal or submarginal band of color. body covered with regularly spaced white spots and scattered black spots, dense along parapodial margin. rhinophores with black spots on green background, white tips. no extended tail; body squared off posteriorly. oval pericardium, posterior half white with black spots; 3 - 4 pairs of wide, bifurcating and anasthomosing dorsal vessels. egg masses contain a continuous string of black extra - capsular yolk fading into grey - white streaks; planktotrophic development .\n“ elysia cf. marginata sp. 3\n: overall darker coloration than other members of the marginata - grandifolia complex. parapodial edges ruffled, with three successive colored bands: (1) continuous, thick, black marginal band; (2) bright white submarginal band; (3) dull orange - red submarginal band, farthest from the edge. sides of parapodia dotted by brown - black spots of uneven size, with white patches forming zig - zags along body. squared - off tail with orange and black marginal bands running along edge. rhinophores white - tipped with distal orange band and white streaks along distal half. renopericardium longer and more elongate than in other marginata complex members; white with black spots .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nzamami, kerama ids, 10m, off okinawa, july 13 - 21, length: 10mm. photo: jun imamoto\nreported to be common in hawaii, where it was originally described in a brief account by gould :\nanimal slug - like, greenish, dotted with black, and bordered with yellow; edge of mantle expanded in to a three lobed lateral wing. head small with very large and long tentacles, tipped with sky - blue; ... .\nthe main characters would appear to be the trilobed parapodia, the lobes gradually diminshing in size from the front ot the back. the rhinophores have a brownish - pink band midway along their length and a bluish tip. the background colour of the body and parapodia ranges from translucent clear to greenish, probably dependent on the stage of the feeding cycle and the parapodia have scattered black and white spots. at the parapodial edge there is a broad translucent pinkish marginal band which has regularly spaced deeper pink patches. at the inside edge of this band is a narrow band of milky yellow, and below this there can be a band of dark green specks. can grow to 15mm long .\nreferences: • gould, aa (1852): mollusca & shells. united states exploring expedition during the years 1838 - 1842. 12: 1 - 510. [ with atlas of plates, 1856 ] • kay, e. a. 1979. hawaiian marine shells, reef and shore fauna of hawaii, 4: mollusca. bernice p. bishop museum special publication 64 (4), xviii + 653 pp. • suzuki, k. 2000. opisthobranchs of izu peninsula. tbs - britannica & co. , ltd. , japan. 178pp. • ostergaard, j. m. (1955) some opisthobranchiate mollusca from hawaii. pacific science, 9 (2): 110 - 136. (pls. 1 - 2 )\nin one photo you can see a pattern of white spots while in the other photo the white spots are not there although the photos are of the same animal .\ni was surprised to find such a change of color in such a short time. i think that the observation of sea slugs is very pleasant .\nplace: zamami kerama ids, japan, july 13, 2001. depth: 10m; size: about 10mm water temperature: 28c degrees .\ni am glad you are finding the study of these animals so interesting. i must say i am also finding your messages and photos extremely interesting. best wishes, bill rudman\ngould a. (1852). mollusca and shells [ in ]: united states exploring expeditions, 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842 under the command of charles wilkes, u. s. n. . philadelphia, c. sherman & son: vol. 12, xv + 510 pp. , available online at urltoken page (s): 308 [ details ]\njensen, k. r. (2007). biogeography of the sacoglossa (mollusca, opisthobranchia). bonner zoologische beiträge. 55: 255–281. [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nthis species has a greenish - brown body densely frosted with minute white flecks. low, widely spaced conical papillae cover its surface but vary in development from\nbarely noticeable\nto\nprominent .\nthe parapodia form two or three broad chimneys and have widely scattered black and white spots, the latter usually on the papillae. there is a translucent pink marginal band punctuated with darker pink blotches and a narrow yellow submarginal line. most animals have a narrow yellow - brown line below the yellow one. the rhinophores have dark, irregular medial bands and steel blue tips but one or both features may be absent .\nis a moderately common plakobranchid found on shallow rocky bottoms. it occurs in moderately protected to moderately exposed locations at depths of 1 - 2 m (3 - 6 ft). mature animals are diurnally active and contract their parapodia rhythmically while crawling. a 7 mm animal laid a light cream egg mass of three whorls. it was 3 mm in diameter and the ribbon was somewhat irregular in width .\nmaui, oahu and kauai: also known from japan and the marshall islands .\nostergaard, 1955 is a synonym. (kay, 1979) it is also listed as\ncp: 8 mm: hekili point, maui; march 30, 2006 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\ncp: 2 mm: hekili point, maui; march 21, 2005 .\nthe background colour of the body and parapodia ranges from translucent clear to greenish (one specimen ic completely decolorated) speckled and the parapodia have scattered black and white spots .\nthe background colour of the body and parapodia ranges from translucent clear to greenish, probably dependent on the stage of the feeding cycle .\nin: gosliner, t. m. ; behrens, d. w. ; valdés, a (2008) indo - pacific nudibranchs and seaslugs a field guide to the world' s most diverse fauna\nif you have taken a photo of this species in madagascar, mauritius or mayotte islands, please contact us ...\nuncommon on green algae and under stones in shallow water. opaque green with black dots, pink & yellow margins, rhinophores tipped with blue. attains 1 / 2 inch. hawaii, marshall islands & japan .\nlocation: horseshoe cliffs, okinawa (26° 30. 0' n, 127° 50. 9' e) [ horseshoe, popeye' s ]\nis considered to be very rare on okinawa as i have seen and collected only two individuals (11mm & 8mm). the nearest match i can make to this attractive little okinawan plakobranchid, from the published literature, is one found in suzuki (2000, p. 46, # 56), who identifies it as\nand appears to be very similar to the okinawan material. the suzuki image is possibly misidentified and is likely\nto date; an 8mm animal from 5ft, collected near the southern end of the main island of okinawa .\nkay, e. a. 1979. hawaiian marine shells, reef and shore fauna of hawaii, section 4: mollusca. bernice p. bishop museum special publication 64 (4), xviii + 653 pp .\nkeiu, s. 2000. opisthobranchs of izu peninsula. tbs - britannica & co. , ltd. , japan. 178pp .\ndepth range based on 217 specimens in 33 taxa. water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 149 samples. environmental ranges depth range (m): 0 - 17. 8 temperature range (°c): 11. 646 - 29. 212 nitrate (umol / l): 0. 033 - 6. 151 salinity (pps): 33. 594 - 36. 130 oxygen (ml / l): 4. 346 - 6. 213 phosphate (umol / l): 0. 074 - 0. 425 silicate (umol / l): 1. 110 - 5. 231 graphical representation depth range (m): 0 - 17. 8 temperature range (°c): 11. 646 - 29. 212 nitrate (umol / l): 0. 033 - 6. 151 salinity (pps): 33. 594 - 36. 130 oxygen (ml / l): 4. 346 - 6. 213 phosphate (umol / l): 0. 074 - 0. 425 silicate (umol / l): 1. 110 - 5. 231 note: this information has not been validated. check this * note *. your feedback is most welcome .\ndepth range based on 1 specimen in 1 taxon. environmental ranges depth range (m): 0. 5 - 0. 5 note: this information has not been validated. check this * note *. your feedback is most welcome .\ndepth range based on 1 specimen in 1 taxon. water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 1 sample. environmental ranges depth range (m): 0 - 0 temperature range (°c): 25. 150 - 25. 150 nitrate (umol / l): 5. 501 - 5. 501 salinity (pps): 34. 690 - 34. 690 oxygen (ml / l): 4. 680 - 4. 680 phosphate (umol / l): 0. 622 - 0. 622 silicate (umol / l): 4. 171 - 4. 171 note: this information has not been validated. check this * note *. your feedback is most welcome .\ndepth range based on 3 specimens in 1 taxon. environmental ranges depth range (m): 1 - 16 graphical representation depth range (m): 1 - 16 note: this information has not been validated. check this * note *. your feedback is most welcome .\nthe following is a representative barcode sequence, the centroid of all available sequences for this species. there is 1 barcode sequence available from bold and genbank .\nbelow is the sequence of the barcode region cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (coi or cox1) from a member of the species .\nthe following is a representative barcode sequence, the centroid of all available sequences for this species. there are 10 barcode sequences available from bold and genbank .\nbelow is a sequence of the barcode region cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (coi or cox1) from a member of the species .\nkrug, p. j. , vendetti, j. e. , retana, j. , rodriguez, a. , hirano, y. , and trowbridge, c. d. 2013. dna barcoding of mitochondrial and nuclear loci reveals rampant cryptic speciation among sea slugs studied for drug discovery, plastid symbiosis and biological control. molecular phylogenetics and evolution, in press .\nhijack the chloroplasts for themselves. the chloroplasts end up lining the slug’s digestive tract, enabling the slugs to survive solely by photosynthesis for several months at a time. this association is crucial for the development and maturing of the slug. exactly how the slugs use the chloroplasts is unclear, as many of the proteins used are encoded in the genome of the host cell. these proteins, numbering in the hundreds, are manufactured in the cell’s nucleus, and then moved into the chloroplast, enabling it to survive .\nthis genus was previously sometimes considered to be in the family stiligeridae, and was also previously placed in the family elysiiidae .\nhändeler k. , grzymbowski y. p. , krug p. j. & wägele h. (2009 )\nfunctional chloroplasts in metazoan cells - a unique evolutionary strategy in animal life\n. frontiers in zoology 6: 28. doi: 10. 1186 / 1742 - 9994 - 6 - 28 pmid 19951407 .\njensen k. r. (2007) biogeography of the sacoglossa (mollusca, opisthobranchia). bonner zoologische beiträge 55: 255–281\nhändeler k. & wägele h. (2007) preliminary study on molecular phylogeny of sacoglossa and a compilation of their food organisms. bonner zoologische beiträge 55: 231 - 254 .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1. 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nthough the living animal was not observed, the branching of the dorsal vessels is so far different from all other known atlantic species, that it is easily recognized as a new species. also the papillate margin of the parapodia is a good character .\nin the meantime i obtained one more specimen from florida, a juvenile, without the paired gametolytic vesicles and without marginal papillae. its dorsal vessels are like those in brattström' s animal\n( marcus, 1980) .\nlike all sacoglossans, this species is a simultaneous hermaphrodite. copulation occurs by hypodermic insemination and the secondary copulation bursae (gametolytic vesicles) connect to the “fertilization region” (jensen, 1999)." ]

{ "text": [ "elysia lobata is a species of sea slug , a marine gastropod mollusc in the family plakobranchidae .", "this sea slug resembles a nudibranch , but it is not closely related to that order of gastropods , instead it is a sacoglossan . " ], "topic": [ 2, 2 ] }

[ "elysia lobata is a species of sea slug, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family plakobranchidae. this sea slug resembles a nudibranch, but it is not closely related to that order of gastropods, instead it is a sacoglossan." ]

[ "bistolida erythraeensis (g. b. sowerby i, 1837) | bistolida spp. (cypraeidae) | pinterest | shell\nexplore what eol knows about bistolida erythraeensis (g. b. sowerby i, 1837) .\ncypraeidae » bistolida erythraeensis, id: 173233, shell detail « shell encyclopedia, conchology, inc .\nbistolida erythraeensis (g. b. sowerby i, 1837) | schelpen cowrie | pinterest | shell\nworms - world register of marine species - bistolida erythraeensis (g. b. sowerby i, 1837 )\nred sea cowry - bistolida erythraeensis (g. b. sowerby i, 1837) - overview - encyclopedia of life\nbistolida stolida stolida stolida (linnaeus 1758) stolida clavicola (lorenz 1998) stolida brianoi (lorenz 2002) stolida uvongoensis nov. sp. (massier 2004) bistolida diauges (melvill 1888) bistolida erythraeensis (sowerby 1837) bistolida hirundo hirundo (linnaeus 1758) hirundo francisca (schilder & schilder 1938) bistolida kieneri kieneri (hidalgo 1906) bistolida owenii owenii (sowerby 1837) owenii vasta (schilder & schilder 1938 )\ncypraea erythraeensis sowerby, 1837. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 5 june 2010 .\nbistolida owenii (g. b. sowerby i, 1837) - overview - encyclopedia of life\nexplore what eol knows about bistolida owenii (g. b. sowerby i, 1837) .\nspecies bistolida owenii (j. e. gray in g. b. sowerby i, 1832 )\ncypraea (bistolida) ursellus f. amoeba (schilder 1938) cypraea ursellus amoeba little bear cowrie range: melanesia and western polynesia\nsome three decades ago in 1977, c. m. burgess (1977) questioned the validity of some bistolida sp. on the grounds of conchological similarities or apparent integrades (such as hirundo and owenii; brevidentata and stolida; erythraeensis and stolida; hirundo and neglecta). much water has flowed under the bridge since then. one of the bistolida sp. has since been split: stolida diauges gave rise to the sp. diauges and the ssp. stolida clavicola. two new bistolida ssp. were described: stolida brianoi and stolida uvongoensis .\ncypraea (bistolida) hirundo rouxi f. korolevu (steadman & cotton 1943) cypraea hirundo rouxi korolevu roux' s cowrie range: western polynesia\nto barcode of life (2 barcodes) to biodiversity heritage library (2 publications) to biodiversity heritage library (9 publications) (from synonym cypraea erythraeensis g. b. sowerby i, 1837) to encyclopedia of life to genbank (3 nucleotides; 2 proteins) to usnm invertebrate zoology mollusca collection (from synonym cypraea erythraeensis g. b. sowerby i, 1837 )\nlorenz (1992) found fossil eryhthraeensis from the pleistocene in the hills behind magawish village in hurghada in egypt. these include erythraeensis which are identical with living representatives and the ssp. erythraeensis cepaformis (lorenz 1992). the latter has thin but rostrated extremities, a rather curved aperture, shorter teeth which extend only slightly towards the base and rounded, callous margins which are bent up. the dorsum is irregularily blotched with faint and scarce marginal spotting .\nintroduction this study document reviews the bistolida - complex with specific reference to the sp. and ssp. along the north - eastern, eastern and southern coastlines of africa and the adjacent islands .\n( of cypraea erythraeensis g. b. sowerby i, 1837) burgess, c. m. (1970). the living cowries. as barnes and co, ltd. cranbury, new jersey. (look up in imis) [ details ]\nconcluding comments the distribution ranges of the bistolida sp. and ssp. in the western indo - pacific region in some cases far exceed the descriptions by their authors. the original descriptions of the habitats have also been supplemented with new information .\n( of cypraea erythraeensis g. b. sowerby i, 1837) petit, r. e. (2009). george brettingham sowerby, i, ii & iii: their conchological publications and molluscan taxa. zootaxa. 2189: 1–218. , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nspecial mention must be made of the kind and unstinting assistance of harriet wood, collections manager (mollusca) at the national museums and galleries of wales, for providing research material on the bistolida diauges, gelasima and moniontha syntypes in the melvill - tomlin collection .\nstolida brianoi (lorenz 2002) though strongly reminescent of brevidentata deceptor (iredale 1935) in size, shape, colour and the character of marginal spotting but because of its geographic proximity to s. clavicola, dr. lorenz has provisionally assigned s. brianoi to the bistolida. it is the conchologial intermediate between stolida and brevidentata .\nstolida clavicola (lorenz 1998) despite the similarities of the animals, the differences in the shells offered sufficient justification for lorenz & hubert (2000) to split diauges to create a new bistolida ssp. alongside it: stolida clavicola. the ssp. is the conchological link between the east african diauges and s. stolida from the philippine islands .\nthe base is slightly convex and ranges from white to grey with many red - brown to orange - brown spots. the margins are high but not callused and finely spotted with blotches on the tips. the right margin is slightly angled and visible from the dorsum. there is a complete absence of the marginal blotches associated with other bistolida sp. and ssp .\nthe debate about the sympatric occurrence of bistolida ssp. and sp. , e. g. s. clavicola and diauges in tanzania, continues and has to be resolved. is there room within the definition of what constitutes a valid sp. and ssp. , specifically as regards locality, to accommodate sympatric occurrence even if the justification is based only on different habitats within the same locality ?\nas regards the bistolida of africa and its adjacent islands, several new localities have been identified which extend the peviously known distribution ranges. possible integrades, forms and variants of the sp. and ssp. are now available for illustration and study. the status of the indian ocean' s far north - western stolida specimens as true stolida stolida or as a ssp. or form of it, could be debated .\ntables of differences sources: lorenz. , f. & hubert, a. , 2000: a guide to worldwide cowries - 2nd revised and enlarged edition - conchbooks, p. 167 - 168, 170, 172, 174 & massier, w. , 2004: description of a new subspecies of bistolida stolida (linnaeus 1758) (gastropoda: cypraeidae) schriften zur malakozoologie, xxi, cismar, pp. 35 - 38\ntables of differences sources: lorenz. , f. & hubert, a. , 2000: a guide to worldwide cowries – 2nd revised and enlarged edition – conchbooks, p. 167 - 168, 170, 172, 174 & massier, w. , 2004: description of a new subspecies of bistolida stolida (linnaeus 1758) (gastropoda: cypraeidae) schriften zur malakozoologie, xxi, cismar, pp. 35 - 38\nstolida uvongoensis (massier 2004) massier (2004) has described a new bistolida ssp. unique to the kwazulunatal coast of south africa, known specifically from the mouth of the tugela river in the northern part of the province to the central transkei region in the eastern cape province. uvongo / shelly beach is the locus typicus. beach specimens have been collected at mtwalumi, aliwal shoal and durban bay by rina matthee and at richards bay (the furthest northern locality) by prof. douw steyn. live specimens were found off pumula and scottburgh by valda fraser and martin wallace .\nbistolida (cossmann 1920) shape: short - cylindrical to elongate - oval. teeth: rather strong, often numerous, often extending across the base. sides: usually finely spotted. dorsum: nearly always with a bluish tint and irreglar blotches, patches or banding. range: red sea and indo - pacific. animal: the mantle is whitish, densely covered with dendritic, short, class 4 papillae. the siphon extremity is fringed. the protoconch with 3 - 4 whorls indicate a planctotrophic larval development. radula is of the\nstolida\ntype. the bursa copulatrix is present. the teeth extend onto the base. the fossula is marked and grooved .\nbistolida (cossmann 1920) shape: short - cylindrical to elongate - oval. teeth: rather strong, often numerous, often extending across the base. sides: usually finely spotted. dorsum: nearly always with a bluish tint and irreglar blotches, patches or banding. range: red sea and indo - pacific. animal: the mantle is whitish, densely covered with dendritic, short, class 4 papillae. the siphon extremity is fringed. the protoconch with 3 – 4 whorls indicate a planctotrophic larval development. radula is of the\nstolida\ntype. the bursa copulatrix is present. the teeth extend onto the base. the fossula is marked and grooved .\na third bistolida description by melvill is stolida var. moniontha (melvill 1888) and he introduces it as\na common form, almost a sub - species\nand an\n… intermediate between the type [ stolida ] and c. brevidentata\n. [ plate 23 ] no locality data was provided for the syntypes but one may assume the specimens were collected in an indian ocean region where diauges does occur. his description is of a shell that is not humped but has a rounded dorsal surface. specimens have a single rounded blotch that is occasionally absent. the sides are streaked and speckled and the teeth are not prolonged and white. the length of the largest specimen studied by melvill is 3. 175 cm .\napparent integrades of diauges and s. clavicola in somalia, diauges occur along with s. clavicola but it is not clear from the available collection data whether the sp. and ssp. share the exact localities. the same lack of collection data of shared localities applies to south africa where the three bistolida sp. and ssp. (diauges, s. clavicola and s. uvongoensis) occur. specimes that show apparent integrades have been collected from somalia and south africa. [ plate 24 ] the shell shape is intermediate between the sp. and spp. but in colour and markings, more reminescent of diauges. in the two illustrated specimens from somalia, the columellar teeth show the abrupt shortening on the posterior side that is associated with s. clavicola .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43. 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed. my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology, inc. in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only, as we handle very few foreign shells in general. as time goes, the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\n© 1996 - 2018 guido t. poppe & philippe poppe - conchology, inc. (0. 002 seconds. )\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nin continuing your browsing of this site, you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics. learn more about cookies .\nwarning: the data available reflects the progression status of knowledge or the availability of the inventories. it should never be considered as comprehensive .\nnational inventory of natural heritage, website: https: / / inpn. mnhn. fr .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site. please turn it on before proceeding .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\nformat summary genbank genbank (full) fasta asn. 1 xml insdseq xml tinyseq xml feature table accession list gi list gff3\nfinds sub - sequences or patterns in the sequence and highlights the matching regions. the tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match prosite patterns in protein sequences. more ...\nfinds sub - sequence or patterns in the sequence and highlights the matching region. the tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match prosite patterns in protein sequences. more ...\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation, e. g. an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature, an orthologous protein, a record from another database, etc. < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more... < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages, faqs, uniprotkb manual, documents, news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website. please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins, you can use the ‘basket’ to save them, so that you can back to find or analyse them later. < p > < a href =' / help / basket' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more. . < / a > < / p >\nwe' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation (gdpr) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nmerci de saisir vos informations de connexions. vous pouvez demander la création d' un compte directement en cliquant ici\nmot de passe oublié? saisissez votre adresse email ci - dessous. si vous ne retrouvez pas l' adresse email correspondant à votre compte merci de nous contacter directement\nthis shell has been added to your booking list. show my booking list continue browsing shell\nyou have to be logged to be able to book and buy shells. click here to log in or create an account .\nthe author invites comments from readers. send e - mail to: clumber @ urltoken (the following text was adapted from the original publication in xenophora, october 2005 )\nthe range was originally given by lorenz & hubert (2000) as the indo - pacific but lorenz subsequently restricted it to the western and central pacific. more recently he referred to the\nrange of the pacific stolida and the western clavicola\nas being interrupted by stolida rubiginosa (gmelin 1791) in the north - eastern indian ocean .\nthe habitat of s. stolida is the intertidal zone up to 25 m depth. the habitat appears to be invariably a hard reef with stone and coral heads. saltzgaver studied the s. stolida of guam and found deep - water specimens in a habitat of dome - shaped flat - bottom coral heads on a gently sloping bottom or in piles of smooth round rocks on a hard sloping surface. the bottom cover is usually short algal growth. in shallow - water he found specimens in protected areas such as bays and harbours, usually beneath slabs of dead coral, the bottoms of which are covered with sponge growths and other material .\na photo of a live specimen in new caledonia shows the animal has a pale yellow mantle. in guam it shows a thin mantle of light tan to grey colour that reveals the shell. there is a big variation in colour of the animal itself: lemon to tan (manilla), grey (subic bay in the philippine islands), lemon - pulp yellow (dampier archipelago), whitish - grey (northern queensland) and red - brown (kwajalein). burgess describes the papillae as closely spaced, some spike - like with rose - thorn type branches. the siphon is fringed with long fingerlike processes and the tentacles are dull yellow - orange .\nthe shell of s. stolida is oval to cylindrical, with a flattened dorsal dome and rather callous and ranges in length from 15 - 36 mm. the teeth are strong. the columellar teeth are long, pale to brownish in colour. the dorsum is bluish and the base is yellowish. as for markings, the margins and tips are spotted with 4 blotches on either side. the marginal blotches usually connect with the compact, dark dorsal blotch .\nby comparison, the s. stolida and stolida var. of the indian ocean might or might not have marginal blotches and when present, these blotches frequently do not connect with the dorsal blotch. the immaculata pattern variation with an absence of dorsal and marginal blotches have been collected in the seychelles and oman. in some specimens the teeth are distinctly short and thick. the shape is sometimes quite angular (reminescent of s. crossei) and sometimes pyriform like that of diauges .\namongst the specimens that have been collected in the maldives and eritrea [ plate 4 ] are some with red - stained teeth and dorsum patterns resembling s. rubiginosa. these are not the true s. rubiginosa. similar s. rubiginosa - look - alikes, specifically as regards the red - stained teeth, can be found amongst s. stolida populations in the philippine islands and guam .\nthe indian ocean specimens deserve further study to determine whether they are merely interesting forms or variations of s. stolida (as has been recorded elsewhere, e. g. those resembling s. crossei amongst the s. stolida population of the philippine islands) or could be acknowledged as a ssp. of s. stolida. it would also be of interest to compare specimens taken in shallow water with specimes from deeper water (10 m +) to note whether differences in size and shape of shells could be related to water depth and bottom conditions as saltzgaver (1974) suggests. these indian ocean shells are not commonly found and to gather a sufficient number from the region for a detailed study, will be difficult .\nthe shell ranges in length from 22. 8 - 34. 9 mm, is oval and callous with a rounded dorsal dome. the teeth are not tinted and abruptly shorten on the anterior columellar side. the base is plain white. the dorsal blotch appears perforated and is seldom connected with the marginal blotches. the marginal blotches can be substantial, stretching far along the margins. when the dorsal and marginal blotches do connect, the dorsal pattern is inevitably bold and dramatic. an immaculata form specimen has been collected in south africa. [ see specimen # 2475 on plate 8 ]\none diver reports that when a live specimen is taken, the colouration on the posterior of the dorsum is so deep that it will obscure the blotch. out of water, the colour fades rapidly to reveal the dorsal marking .\nthe locus typicus is nungwi village in the north of zanzibar, tanzania. specimens were subsequently reported from western mauritius, mombasa in kenya, nosy be in madagascar, massawa in eritrea and mogadishu in somalia. specimens were also taken off the coast of the kwazulunatal province of south africa on the aliwal shoal (off park rynie) and off pumula. [ plate 5 ] [ plate 6 ] [ plate 7 ] [ plate 8 ] [ plate 9 ] [ plate 10 ]\nthe preferential habitat is narrow crevices in exposed, shallow reef areas formed by colonies of the scleractinian coral pavona clavus. in the seychelles, jarret (2000) observed that s. clavicola favour sandy areas, usually under pieces of coral on sandy parts of reef. along the coast of south africa, specimens have been found 2 km off the shore at 20 m and as deep as 44 m on a low profile reef. on aliwal shoal the ssp. has been found along with scurra scurra (gmelin 1791) .\nlittle has been published on the animal. jarret (2000) describes the mantle as being extremely thin and pale fawn - grey in colour with the foot having a similar colour. smith observed the mantle to be near translucent. a live specimen was photographed at kosi bay by dr. dai herbert, head of the department of mollusca at the natal museum, pietermaritzburg. [ plate 11 ] the herbert specimen (natal museum nmsa s1748) was found on a coral reef at a depth of 20 - 24 m. the photo shows a mantle that is fawn - grey and it is densely covered with thin, short papillae. the foot is pale yellow. the tentacles are yellow, tapered from base to tip. the siphon is fawn - grey and appears to have fine brown speck and is fringed with short, thick processes .\nthe shell is oval and lengths of 22. 2 - 27. 9 mm have been recorded. the extremities are slightly rostrate with the posterior extremity elegantly margined and solid and the anterior extremity fragile, margined on both sides and pointed. the margins are white and reveal numerous, very small and distant brown spots. each margin has two stripes and these divide the shell into three equal proportons. the labral margin is low and rounded whereas the columellar margin is callused and bent up. the narrow aperture is curved and equally wide throughout. the teeth are pronounced on both side. on the columellar side the teeth are sligtly finer and restricted to the aperture. the labral teeth extend across the middle of the lip. the plain white base is callused and convex. the tips show pale brown terminal spots. the dorsum is a greenish - cream colour with a square - shaped brown blotch. [ plate 12 ]\nthe animal has not been studied and described. a very limited number of shells, usually found dead, have been collected from south - eastern madagascar. the habitat is probably the upper sublittoral zone. it is not known if s. brianoi occurs sympatric with s. clavicola and diauges found in western madagascar .\nthough only 16 specimens (only one of them taken live) were available to massier for study, the material presented a shell that differs significantly from its relatives s. clavicola, s. brianoi and diauges. more beached specimens, a few fresh - dead specimens and only three known to be live - taken, have since been identified. because of restrictions on taking any live specimens along the coast of the kwazulunatal province, it is highly unlikely that many fresh specimens of the ssp. showing full gloss and markings, will become available to collectors .\nin s. uvongoensis the shell is elongate - cylindrical with the dorsum gently and evenly curved, showing no dorsal plateau. the lengths of the holotype and paratypes vary between 22. 8 - 29. 6 mm. the beige to brown anterior and posterior terminals are well margined on both sides and slightly rostrate. [ plate 13 ]\nthe labral margin is bent up along the entire length and visible when the shell is viewed dorsally. the columellar margin is not well produced and is rounded. the umbilicus which is partly covered by a brown blotch, is deep and completely covered with callous. the aperture is almost straight, gently curved towards the posterior end and of the same width throughout. the base has a white to off - white colour and is covered with callous in adult specimens .\nthe columellar teeth are a distinctive feature. they are short along the entire length of the aperture and continue only a few mm onto the base. they also continue into the aperture, covering the well produced fossula. the labral teeth are stronger than the columellar teeth and slightly cover more than half of the labrum. a few teeth towards the posterior terminal reach the margin. the teeth are not stained .\nanother distinctive feature is the marginal spotting. the spots are extremely small and densely set. the spotting continues onto the dorsum but does not reach the centre. the dark colour of the spots gives the margins, especially the labral margin, a much darker appearance than any of the other ssp .\nthe shell colour is unique greenish - beige with a very large, dark brown, center blotch. the two labral blotches are very small and are positioned at one third and two thirds of the margin and these do not connect with the dorsal blotch .\na live specimen was photographed in 2004 by fraser. [ plate 14 ] the photo shows a mantle that is fawn - grey with numerous dendritic papillae. the foot is of the same colour, somewhat transparent. the tentacles are lemon - yellowish, tapered from base to tip. the photos do not reveal the siphon nor the animal .\nthe fraser specimen was found under a loose stone in an area of scattered reef 5 km off shore at a depth of 28 m. another live specimen was seen by fraser and her diving partner wallace along a ridge quite close to shore at the same depth. the second specimen was under a piece of broken smooth - horned type coral. fraser and wallace observed that other cypraeidae found in the same localities included chinensis violacea (rous 1905), ziczac misella (perry 1811), cribraria comma (perry 1811) and owenii vasta .\ndiauges (melvill 1888) the shell is distinctively elongate pyriform with rather long, untinted teeth throughout. the colour of the dorsum is light blue to grey to greenish with fine brown spots. two pale bands are revealed. the dorsal blotch is compact. the marginal blotches are greatly reduced and rarely connect with the dorsal blotch. the base colour is yellow - ish. [ plate 15 ] [ plate 16 ] [ plate 17 ] [ plate 18 ] [ plate 19 ]\nthe east african habitat is intertidally in muddy water with seaweed. in south africa it occurs in deeper water. woodcock collected live specimens at mafamete island in mozambique at a depth of 1 m under large, dead coral slabs at the edge of a minor reef. lorenz (2002) reports the sympatric occurrence of s. clavicola and diauges at pemba island off zanzibar and the mainland tanzania coast .\nno detailed notes on the animal have been published. lorenz says it has a grey, fluffy mantle and a white foot with a black line on top. woodcock reports short, small, dense papillae on a closed mantle with pale, dull, lemon - coloured tentacles. he also reports that the animal does not appear tmid in the least. after harvesting the very dark shell soon fades to the typical specimen colour .\nthe distribution of diauges ranges from the southern red sea to the western indian ocean. the figured syntype in melvill' s description and the other syntypes in the melvill - tomlin collection of the national museums and galleries of wales, most certainly all identifiable as diauges, are said to have originated in mauritius. [ plate 20 ] this is confusing because no specimens are known from mauritius. the accuracy of melvill' s typicus locus must hence be considered suspect. the attribution by allan (1956) of natal (south africa) as typicus locus for diauges is also not accurate. the sp. is known to occur on the kwazulunatal coast of south africa but finds of specimens are rare. the description by lorenz & hubert' s (2000) of the typicus locus as extending from deep water in south africa to the (southern) red sea, is accurate .\nspecimens with no dorsal blotch and marginal blotches are frequently collected in tanzania. [ plate 21 ] they merely show the fine brown spotting on the dorsum. some specimens reveal a vestige of the marginal blotches on the base of the shell. this is the immaculata form of diauges. in the past this form of diauges was described as s. fluctuans (iredale 1935) because of the supposed similarity with the australian brevidentata in shape, colour and dentition. (lorenz & hunert (2000) maintain these similarities consitute a link between the pacific ocean sp. and indian ocean ssp. woltz and belcher (undated) noted that the shell is slightly more ovate than in diauges, has a length range of 17. 8 - 25. 4 mm and has a rare occurrence at tiles and fungu mkadya in tanzania. this form has also been reported from diani beach in kenya. the fluctuans description should be restricted to the brevidentata. the correct description of these african coast specimens is diauges form immaculata .\nmelvill also described stolida var. gelasima (melvill 1888) with typicus locus ceylon (sri lanka). [ plate 22 ] he mentions the delicate pale brown spotting, absence of the dorsal blotch and pale fawn extremities which are known features amongst the immaculata forms of both diauges and s. clavicola. melvill notes that the teeth of gelasima are as in diauges but the dorsum is flattened and that the pale olive green dorsum of gelasima matches the colour description of diauges .\nmelvill' s notes which detail important similarities with diauges in conjunction with photographs of the figured syntype of gelasima, can leave no doubt that gelasima is nothing other than a specimen of diauges form immaculata. melvill' s typicus locus of sri lanka is improbable. no diauges has been recorded to have been collected there. the above justifies that gelasima be a synonym of diauges rather than s. stolida .\nfrom a study of photos of the figured syntype of moniontha, no evidence can be found that it differs significantly from diauges. the shape of the shell, the structure of the teeth and the description of the dorsal and labral markings match those of diauges. it must therefore be considered a synonym of diauges and not of brevidentata .\nthe teeth extend far onto the base. the labral teeth are well developed. the dental interstices are stained and this is especially visible in fresh specimens. the columellar teeth resemble plications (folds) and reach more than halfway across the base and are never shorter in the anterior part (as is the case with s. clavicola). heiman notes that the southern red sea population (as studied by m. schilder, 1967) differs in the number of columellar teeth from the siani population .\nin length the shell varies from 10 - 29 mm. gigantism, with shells reaching a length of more than 32 mm, occurs .\nthe typical red sea habitat, according to o' malley (1971), is in calmer water, under rock slabs amidst a short, seaweed type of plant growth. an alternative habitat noted by him is on the hard reef, under the base of a type of finger coral. the northern red sea populations are found in very shallow water of about 1 m. the southern populations prefer a depth of 5 - 15 m .\no' malley also described the animal characteristics in great detail: mantle: transparent gray - white with numerous white papillae. eyes: black. area around eyes also black, fading to light gray a few mm from the stalks. tentacles: light orange - red, tapered from base to tip. proboscis: light orange - red, with rounded end. siphon: transparent gray - white bordered with small white filaments about 2 - 5 mm long. body: light creamy - white .\nsupplementary to the above, yaron (1978) observed in his study of five living specimens collected at na' ama (marsa el et) in the sinai region of the red sea :\nthe mantle is thin and the shell dorsal pattern clearly shows through it… the foot and the serrated siphon are also grayish white, while the crawling surface of the foot is somewhat lighter in colour. the tentacles are a bright orange - yellow, and strongly contrast with the general grayish - white tones of the animal .\nthe north - eastern border of its distribution is the northern red sea. specimens have been collected on the red sea coastlines of israel and jordan; at safaga in egypt, jeddah in saudi arabia, sharm el - shaik on the sinai peninsula, the dahlak archipelago off eritrea, aden in yemen, along most of the coastline of djibouti, the gulf of tadjoura off djibouti and the tiran straits. burgess (1985) is of the opinion that the dahlak archipelago is probably the centre of the population. [ plate 25 ]\nthe most southern locality is zanzibar, tanzania where finds have been scarce. lorenz (1998) documented three specimens from zanzibar and a fourth is in the collection of the author. these have an absence of dark dorsal markings and the interstices of the teeth are not stained dark. the accuracy of records of two specimens from the northern coast of madagascar and one specimen from park rynie on the kwazulunatal coast of south africa, cannot be verified. [ plate 26 ]\nhirundo hirundo (linnaeus) 1758 the sp. occurs over a vast range in the indo - pacific. there is a claim that the most northern range is eilat in the gulf of aqaba. this is a doubtful locality according to mienis (1974) and heiman (2002) also questions the presence in the sinai region from where no specimens were found found during the past 30 years. tanzania appears to be the furthest southern range. it is known to occur in the maldives, mauritius, seychelles and massier has a specimen from reunion .\nthe shell is oval to cylindrical with often pronounced extremities with all four corners of the extremities marked with a dark blotch. the teeth are fine and extend over most of the base. the dorsum has three blue to grey zones and is spotted with brown and often blotched. the margins are finely spotted. the length varies from 8 - 22mm. the habitat is in coral reefs, intertidally to 10 m. [ plate 27 ] in the seychelles, h. hirundo and k. kieneri have been recorded to share same habitat near the reef under small coral fragments with brown algae on top at a depth of 0. 5 m .\nburgess (1985) describes the animal as lemon - pulp yellow. papillae are either short, thick and white to bright yellow in colour or long, dendritic and pure white. the tentacles are coloured a bright, deep orange. the fringed siphon is speckled with black. the foot is lemon yellow and discretely studded with black specks .\nhirundo francisca (schilder & schilder 1938) this ssp. is rare throughout its distribution region that extends from the east coast of africa to mauritius, seychelles and maldives. cailliez (1981) reported a find of five specimens with big brown blotches similar to saulae saulae (gaskoin 1843), at bird island, north of the seychelles, in 1981. massier has a specimen from barros island in the amirantes archipelago, west of seychelles .\nthe shell, ranging from 10 - 21 mm in lengt, is narrow, oval - cylindrical. the teeth are fine and long. allan notes that the labral side is distinctly margined and the fossula is concave. the absence of the blue colour component is specific to this ssp. and the dorsum reveals an orange colour. [ plate 28 ] (specimens from the maldives do show a blueish dorsum. )\nit is possible that the mainland specimens could differ from those from the seychelles which is the locus typicus. lorenz (1998) noted differences when examining a 22. 5 mm specimen from nungwi, zanzibar, tanzania and a 20 mm specimen from mombassa in kenya. the specimens showed relatively short extremities, reduced marginal spotting and a complete absence of the typical darker colour zones of hirundo hirundo. lorenz lacked a sufficient number of these specimens to come to any conclusion that there is a consistent difference between the mainland and seychelles specimens .\nthe animal of seychelles h. francisca specimens differ from the mainland h. hirundo populations. jarret (2000) describes it as being white nearly al over. the mantle is very thin, pure white and transparent with fairly numerous branching papillae of a fine white colour. the siphon and the foot (ventral and dorsal) are white. the tentacles and proboscis are bright yellow. jarret' s description, however, could also apply to h. hirundo found on seychelles because he discusses colour and pattern variations of both the sp. and ssp. under the same heading of h. francisca. to this description woodcock adds that the colour of the mantle is milky white rather than pure white, that the small papillae appeared very slightly longer than usual for a shell of this size and the orange tentacles had dark eyes at the tips. from observations in the seychelles, woodcock says that h. francisca group together and that the animals were very timid .\nkieneri kieneri (hidalgo 1906) the sp. resembles hirundo hirundo but can easily be separated from the former by the markedly attenuated columellar teeth .\nit is found over much of the indo - pacific. along the coast of africa, it has a documented presence in kenya, tanzania, mozambique and south africa and it is known from the seychelles (praslin, curieuse and la digue islands), madagascar, mauritius and). bosch et al (1995) recorded its presence in southern oman .\nthe sp. has a length that ranges from 8 - 24 mm. the shell is elongate - oval. the extremities are marked with a dark blotch on each side. the teeth are rather coarse and markedly attenuated on the anterior columella. the base is white and the margins are densely and darkly spotted. the dorsum reveals three blueish - green zones. [ plate 29 ] a variation from the indian ocean islands (locus typicus seychelles) have more numerous teeth and wide, yellow dorsal zones. these are sometimes named\nform reductesignata\nafter schilder 1924 .\nfrom the description of a specimen from american samoa the animal is known to be pearl grey with a mantle so thin that the dorsal pattern of the sell can be clearly seen. some of the tufted papillae are black and cone - shaped while others are white and dendritic. the long tentacles range in colour from lemon - peel yellow to orange - yellow and are tipped with the same but darker colour. the siphon is white and smoothly scalloped. the foot is lemon - pulp yellow, mottled with cream and covered with fine, evenly distributed, black specks. the description by jarret (2000) of specimens from seychelles has some similarities as regards the foot (tinged with yellow, covered with numerous black and white spots) and tentacles (yellow) but he refers to a transparent yellow mantle and cream and yellow papillae. david touitou too confirms a yellow animal in the seychelles .\nthe habitat is shallow water under algae and dead coral slabs in muddy areas or under stones and in coral on a hard reef and have even been found completely exposed out of the water at low tide .\nowenii owenii (sowerby 1837) the distribution is largely restricted to the comoros and the mascarene islands. southern indian ocean islands of mauritius and reunion. specimens are also known from madagascar. mainland specimens have been collected at merca south of mogadishu in somalia, mombassa in kenya, zanzibar, tanzania and coffee bay in the transkei region of south africa .\nin size it ranges from 8 - 20 mm. the shell is rounded and depressed. the strong teeth reach onto the base. the margins are callous and very densely spotted. the colour of the dorsum is blueish with small brown spots and larger black blotches. others show no blotches but only mottling. in some, colour zones can be distinguished. [ plate 30 ]\nthe habitat is in coral reefs from the intertidal fringe to aproximately 100 m. at diego suarez it was found in coral rubble at 25 m .\nthe animal is said to resemble that of diauges (a grey, fluffy mantle and a white foot with a black line on top) .\nowenii vasta (schilder & schilder 1938) this is listed as a ssp. by lorenz & hubert (2000) but the authors were of the opinion that it could be a valid species .\nthe distribution range is south - east africa with specimens recorded from tanzania, mozambique, madagascar and south africa. most specimens are ex pisce from 50 m and deeper. fraser and wallace found live specimens on low profile sandstone reefs with coral, seaweed and algae at a depth of 15 to 30 m .\nshells range from 12 - 27 mm in length. the shape of the shell is oval - rhomboidal. the margins are bent up. the dorsum has small blotches or no blotches but only confluent mottling. colour zones can be distinguished. the columellar teeth are rather thick and dense. [ plate 31 ]\nlorenz (1998) described the animal. the mantle of the animal is yellow, somewhat transparent and densely covered with 1 mm long papillae. (fraser, wallace and smith describe the papillae of specimens seen off kwazulunatal as sparse, short and raised .) the very long foot is transparent white with noticeable black longitudinal stripes. the proboscis is yellow - orange with a dark ring arund the mouth opening and the syphon is finely frayed. the tentacles are black at the base and red at the tips .\nthe animal is extremely shy and at the slightest disturbance withdraws into the shell. the mantle is extremely fraile. lorenz postulates that the animal is capable of autotomy. lorenz has not observed autotomy in live specimens of owenii vasta, but have noted amongst dead specimens the separation of part of the foot at a specific locus .\nowenii vasta southern form callussed specimens of owenii vasta such as those from madagascar, mozambique (pemba) and the kwazulunatal province of south africa (richards bay, durban, pumula and park rynie) have been dubbed the\nsouthern form\nby lorenz. specimens have been taken live (intertidal and dived at 30 + m), beached, trawled (at 80 - 120 m) and ex pisce (at 40 - 60 m). [ plate 32 ]\nthe distinguishing features are that the shells have depressed dorsums, both margins are heavily callussed and the marginal spotting is intense, dark and confluent. the four blotches of the extremities are very dark. in every respect other than the dorsal spotting and blotch, the features of owenii vasta are exagerated in owenii vasta southern form .\nthe southern form specimens share the same locality but perhaps not the same habitat with owenii vasta. to eliminate confusion arising from their presence in the same (southern) region, a more descriptive form name is merited .\nspecimens from the extremes of the distribution ranges, often show differing features that may not be sufficient to justify conchological differentiation or at most may justify a form name, e. g. owenii vasta southern form .\naccess to previously unexplored localities or the process of reviewing specimens in collections, offer the chance to discover and describe new ssp. , e. g. the recently named s. uvongoensis. this might also apply to the s. stolida - like specimens from the sinai penninsula, masirah island, eritrea and the maldives but many more specimens of these shells shells, studies of their live animals and detailed locality data must be forthcoming to justify this .\ndealers, collectors and divers alike must be encouraged to record comprehensive data on specimens. data on the exact locality, descriptions of the habitats and especially notes on the animals will add to our knowledge and benefit all .\nthe specimens for the accompanying plates, except where indicated otherwise, were photographed by stephan veldsman. val fraser and dr. dai herbert (south africa) respectively photographed the live spcimens of stolida uvongoensis and stolida clavicola. james turner, biological photographer (mollusca) at the national museums and galleries of wales photographed the melvill syntypes .\nthe author invites comments. you may contact ronnie watt by e - mail at: clumber @ urltoken\n( of stolida jousseaume, 1884) jousseaume, f. (1884). division des cypraeidae. le naturaliste. 6 (52): 414 - 415. , available online at urltoken page (s): 414 [ details ]\n( of derstolida iredale, 1935) iredale t. (1935). australian cowries. the australian zoologist. 8 (2): 96 - 135, pls 8 - 9. , available online at urltoken page (s): 114 [ details ]\nla conchiglia, vol. 10 (108 - 109) « conchological megadatabase iconographic overview on mollusks | conchbooks\nif you do not have an account yet, you can register here first .\ne - mail conchbooks office if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\ndepth range based on 439 specimens in 87 taxa. water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 291 samples. environmental ranges depth range (m): - 5 - 640 temperature range (°c): 8. 535 - 28. 496 nitrate (umol / l): 0. 033 - 29. 396 salinity (pps): 33. 721 - 37. 252 oxygen (ml / l): 2. 960 - 4. 961 phosphate (umol / l): 0. 071 - 1. 842 silicate (umol / l): 0. 777 - 17. 593 graphical representation depth range (m): - 5 - 640 temperature range (°c): 8. 535 - 28. 496 nitrate (umol / l): 0. 033 - 29. 396 salinity (pps): 33. 721 - 37. 252 oxygen (ml / l): 2. 960 - 4. 961 phosphate (umol / l): 0. 071 - 1. 842 silicate (umol / l): 0. 777 - 17. 593 note: this information has not been validated. check this * note *. your feedback is most welcome .\ndepth range based on 2 specimens in 1 taxon. water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 1 sample. environmental ranges depth range (m): 22. 7118 - 78. 0121 temperature range (°c): 23. 864 - 23. 864 nitrate (umol / l): 1. 690 - 1. 690 salinity (pps): 35. 439 - 35. 439 oxygen (ml / l): 4. 350 - 4. 350 phosphate (umol / l): 0. 239 - 0. 239 silicate (umol / l): 1. 228 - 1. 228 graphical representation depth range (m): 22. 7118 - 78. 0121 note: this information has not been validated. check this * note *. your feedback is most welcome .\ndepth range based on 16 specimens in 1 taxon. water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 16 samples. environmental ranges depth range (m): 7. 5 - 64 temperature range (°c): 23. 011 - 28. 496 nitrate (umol / l): 0. 046 - 1. 048 salinity (pps): 34. 301 - 34. 986 oxygen (ml / l): 4. 272 - 4. 820 phosphate (umol / l): 0. 082 - 0. 324 silicate (umol / l): 1. 089 - 4. 145 graphical representation depth range (m): 7. 5 - 64 temperature range (°c): 23. 011 - 28. 496 nitrate (umol / l): 0. 046 - 1. 048 salinity (pps): 34. 301 - 34. 986 oxygen (ml / l): 4. 272 - 4. 820 phosphate (umol / l): 0. 082 - 0. 324 silicate (umol / l): 1. 089 - 4. 145 note: this information has not been validated. check this * note *. your feedback is most welcome .\nstocks, k. 2009. seamounts online: an online information system for seamount biology. version 2009 - 1. world wide web electronic publication .\nthe following is a representative barcode sequence, the centroid of all available sequences for this species. no available public dna sequences. download fasta file\nalmost all species previously belonging to cypraea have been reassigned to other genera within the family cypraeidae .\ncypraea costispunctata g. b. sowerby ii, 1870: synonym of pusula costispunctata (g. b. sowerby ii, 1870 )\ncypraea pediculus var. cimex g. b. sowerby ii, 1870: synonym of pusula cimex (g. b. sowerby ii, 1870 )\ncypraea solandri g. b. sowerby i, 1832: synonym of pusula solandri (g. b. sowerby i, 1832 )\ncypraea linnaeus, 1758. worms (2010). cypraea linnaeus, 1758. in: bouchet, p. ; gofas, s. ; rosenberg, g. (2010) world marine mollusca database. accessed through: world register of marine species at urltoken on 9 june 2011." ]

{ "text": [ "bistolida erythraeensis , common name : the red sea cowry , is a species of sea snail , a cowry , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae , the cowries . " ], "topic": [ 2 ] }

[ "bistolida erythraeensis, common name: the red sea cowry, is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries." ]

[ "for further information about this species, see 21215170 _ bombus _ steindachneri. pdf .\ntaxonomic status: b. medius and b. steindachneri have been regarded both as separate species (milliron, 1973 a; labougle, 1990) and as conspecific (g. chavarría, pers. com .) .\nbombus (th .) bahiensis santos - junior et al. bahiensis santos - junior, santos & silveira, 2015: 12 1 name\nlabougle (1990) reports that' although the chromatic differences between b. medius and b. steindachneri are conspicuous, the male genitalia are extremely similar'. labougle listed four character differences from the male genitalia and i can confirm two of these: (1) that the head of the penis valve of b. steindachneri has fewer fine teeth or serrations; and (2) that the interior process of the volsella (misinterpreted as the preapical tooth of the' gonostylus'; for discussion of homologies see williams, 1991 [ pdf ]) of b. steindacheri is narrower. however, i have examined only a few males and these characters might be expected to vary among other individuals. labougle (1990) continued:' the lack of chromatic and morphological intermediates supports the idea of two different species' .\nbombus (th .) hedini bischoff unicolor friese, 1905: 514 examined not of kriechbaumer, 1870: 159 (= b. maxillosus klug) hedini bischoff, 1936: 15 2 names\nbombus (th .) imitator pittioni imitator pittioni, 1949: 251, examined flavescens pittioni, 1949: 254, not of smith, 1852 a: 45 (= b. flavescens smith) 3 names\nbombus (th .) dahlbomii guérin - méneville dahlbomii guérin - méneville, [ 1835, see cowan, 1971: 29 ]: pl. 75 nigripes haliday in curtis et al. , 1836: 321 4 names\nin fact, whatever the interpretation of the code, pragmatically it matters little which spelling of fervidus is used unless either of the spellings were to be published as the name of another taxon in bombus. see the comments on the spelling of b. pensylvanicus .\nbombus (th .) fervidus (fabricius) feruida [ fervida ] (fabricius, 1798: 274 [ apis ])? californicus smith, 1854: 400, examined dumoucheli radoszkowski, 1884: 78 sonomæ [ sonomae ] howard, 1902: pl. ii, examined 13 names\nbombus (th .) bellicosus smith thoracicus sichel, 1862: 121, not of spinola, 1806: 30 (= b. pascuorum (scopoli) ) bellicosus smith, 1879: 131, examined emiliae dalla torre, 1890: 139, replacement name for thoracicus sichel, 1862: 121 7 names\nbombus (th .) inexspectatus (tkalcu) lutescens krüger, 1939: 105, not of pérez, 1890: 154 (= b. flavidus eversmann) inexspectatus (tkalcu, 1963: 187 [ agrobombus ]) [ inexpectatus (reinig, 1981: 161 [ megabombus ]) incorrect subsequent spelling ] 3 names\nbombus (th .) trinominatus dalla torre modestus smith, 1861: 153, examined, not of eversmann, 1852: 134 (= b. modestus eversmann) trinominatus dalla torre, 1890: 139, replacement name for modestus smith, 1861: 153 xelajuensis asperen de boer, 1992 b: 162 3 names\nbombus (th .) pauloensis friese? azurea (christ, 1791: 129 [ apis ]) atratus franklin, 1913: 118, examined, not of friese, 1911: 572 (= b. mucidus gerstaecker) nigriventris friese, 1913: 87 pauloënsis [ pauloensis ] friese, 1913: 87 16 names\nbombus (th .) humilis illiger? fulvefcens [ fulvescens ] (schrank, 1802: 367 [ apis ]) humilis illiger, 1806: 171, examined tristis seidl, 1837: 69 variabilis schmiedeknecht, 1878: 424, not of cresson, 1872: 284 (= b. variabilis (cresson) ) subbaicalensis vogt, 1911: 42, 54, examined 100 names\nbombus (th .) deuteronymus schulz senilis smith, 1879: 131, examined, not of fabricius, 1775: 382 (= b. pascuorum (scopoli) ) deuteronymus schulz, 1906: 267, replacement name for senilis smith, 1879: 131 [ superequester (skorikov, 1914 c: 405 [ agrobombus ]) infrasubspecific ] superequester (skorikov, 1926: 116 [ agrobombus ]) bureschi pittioni, 1939 b: 1, examined 13 names\nbombus (th .) exil (skorikov) exiln. nov. (skorikov, [ 1923 ]: 150 [ mucidobombus ]) [ not a replacement name ] [ exul (skorikov, 1931: 216 [ mucidobombus ]) incorrect subsequent spelling ] exil (milliron, 1961: 56 [ megabombus ]) justified emendation [ exilis richards, 1968: 254, incorrect subsequent spelling ] exul (tkalcu, 1974 a: 42 [ megabombus ]) unjustified emendation 5 names\nbombus (th .) mlokosievitzii radoszkowski mlokosievitzii radoszkowski, 1877 a: viii mlokassewiczi radoszkowski, 1877 b: 212, redescribed pérezi [ perezi ] vogt, 1911: 55, not of schulthess - rechberg, 1886: 275 (= b. perezi (schulthess - rechberg) ) vogtiellus (tkalcu, 1977: 224 [ megabombus ]) replacement name for perezi vogt, 1911: 55 [ mlokossowiczi (reinig, 1981: 161 [ megabombus ]) incorrect subsequent spelling ] 15 names\nin fact, whatever the interpretation of the code, pragmatically it matters little which spelling of pensylvanicus is used unless either of the spellings were to be published as the name for another taxon in bombus. no doubt many will prefer to use b. pennsylvanicus, although the name does appear as b. pensylvanicus in the recent checklist by poole (1996) (and by analogy, the similar spelling of vespula pensylvanica (saussure) has been accepted, e. g. by akre et al. , 1980; edwards, 1980) .\nbombus (th .) persicus radoszkowski calidus eversmann, 1852: 133, examined, not of erichson in middendorff, 1851: 65 (= b. hypnorum (linnaeus) ) persicus radoszkowski, 1881: v, examined persicus radoszkowski, 1883: 214, redescribed eversmanni friese, 1911: 572, not of skorikov, 1910 c: 581 (= b. modestus eversmann), replacement name for calidus eversmann, 1852: 133 eversmanniellus (skorikov, [ 1923 ]: 149 [ mucidobombus ]) replacement name for eversmanni friese, 1911: 572 10 names\nbombus (th .) pascuorum (scopoli) pafcuorum [ pascuorum ] (scopoli, 1763: 306 [ apis ]) fenilis [ senilis ] (fabricius, 1775: 382 [ apis ]) agrorum (fabricius, 1787: 301 [ apis ]) not of schrank, 1781: 397 (= b. mesomelas gerstaecker) thoracicus spinola, 1806: 30 arcticus dahlbom, 1832: 50, not of quenzel in acerbi, 1802: 253 (= b. hyperboreus schönherr) cognatus stephens, 1846: 17, examined smithianus white, 1851: 158 112 names\necosur (el colegio de la frontera sur) compiled a database of 26, 211 bumblebee records to assess the status and extinction risk of the mesoamerican bombus sp. fauna. to our knowledge there are no recent studies of bumblebee decline in mesoamerica, including mexico and central american countries. our database consists of 12, 210 records of what we consider historic data (1867 - 2004), obtained from insect collections in the americas and europe. the database also contains 14, 001 recent bumble bee records (2005 - 2014), mainly obtained through collaborative sampling efforts conducted by the university san carlos in guatemala and el colegio de la frontera sur in mexico .\ncomment: on the grounds of its peculiar morphology, this species was suggested by yarrow (1970) to be an obligate' workerless' social parasite in colonies of other bombus species, most probably of b. ruderarius. b. inexspectatus has since been found in a nest of b. ruderarius (müller, 2006), although detailed observations of behaviour are still needed. yarrow (1970) interpreted two worker - sized individuals of b. inexspectatus from switzerland and italy as likely to be over - wintered' runt females'. he also described another two worker - sized females he collected in may or early june from france and spain (in the nhm collection), although he argued that these too are dwarf over - wintered females (in the sense of gynes). see the comments on the subgenus psithyrus and on b. hyperboreus .\nin the original description of b. niger, franklin stated that' atratus is possibly the male of niger' (p. 121), whereas in the original description of b. atratus he stated both that' niger may represent the females of this species' (p. 118) and that' this may be the true male of kohli' (p. 119). b. niger was described from a syntype series of four queens and four workers, of which one queen in the smithsonian collection carries, amongst others, a red label' lectotype / bombus / niger franklin / h. e. milliron' 59' and a label' boquete / chiriqui'. in my opinion, this lectotype of b. niger is conspecific with b. pullatus (as suggested by labougle, 1990, see also milliron, 1962) .\nbombus (th .) muscorum (linnaeus) mufcorum [ muscorum ] (linnaeus, 1758: 579 [ apis ]) examined pallidus evans, 1901: 47, not of cresson, 1863: 92 (= b. pensylvanicus (degeer) ) [ fulvofasciatus friese, 1905: 520, infrasubspecific ] laevis vogt, 1909: 63? nigripes pérez, 1909: 158, not of haliday in curtis et al. , 1837: 321 (= b. dahlbomii guérin - méneville) pereziellus (skorikov, [ 1923 ]: 150 [ agrobombus ]) replacement name for nigripes pérez, 1909: 158? bannitus (skorikov in popov, 1930: 98 [ agrobombus ])? liepetterseni løken, 1973: 152 celticus yarrow, 1978: 15, replacement name for pallidus evans, 1901: 47 agricolae baker, 1996 a: 14, 19 17 names\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\npineda diez de bonilla, e. , vandame, r. v. & martínez lópez, o. g .\njustification: the average decline is calculated as 79. 54% , due in particular to a current relative abundance relative to historic values of only 5. 40% , and the current range size relative to historic range of 13. 98% . this leads to a en category, which is justified considering the strong decline calculated, and is congruent with our field knowledge. however a factor should be considered for the possibility to bias the assessment. the recent samplings performed by ecosur in mexico were done preferentially at an elevation higher than 2000 m, and therefore could underestimate the distribution of this species, historically found preferentially at lower elevations. this bias could be relatively important and could possibly lead to an overestimation of the decline, and therefore should be discarded by samplings performed at lower elevations .\nthis species is native to mexico, where it is known from the eje volcanico transversal, sierra madre occidental, and sierra madre del sur of mexico. it has been recorded from chihuahua, sonora, durango, sinaloa, nayarit, jalisco, michoacán, estado de méxico, morelos, puebla, guerrero and oaxaca. the altitudinal distribution in the pacific coast (jalisco, nayarit, sinaloa and sonora) ranges from sea level to 2, 600 m asl, and in the central part of méxico from 1, 000 to 1, 900 m asl. labougle (1990) suggested the presence at lower altitudes in the rio balsas .\nit can be found in pine - oak forest, thorn forest, and tropical dry forest (rezedowski 1978). specimens of both sexes and the two female castes can be found in every month of the year .\nthere is a need to protect the native flora, for instance creating habitat along field margins to benefit bumblebees and other pollinators, and to protect the habitat for species nesting below ground. the proposed measures may include changes in agricultural practices to preserve the nests on the ground, controlled fire management practices and good stewardship and sustainable use of insecticides (ayala et al. 1996) .\npineda diez de bonilla, e. , vandame, r. v. & martínez lópez, o. g. 2015 .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nyou can copy this taxon into another guide. if you are one of the editors of this guide it should copy everything, but if you' re not, it will only copy the licensed content .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote: you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments. please, create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet. you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc. .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n/\nnumber of species in equal - area (611, 000 km²) grid cells with an equal - interval blue scale .\nhabitat: open grassland, mountain meadow, semi - desert, and tropical montane and lowland forest, less often in temperate forests. thoracobombus includes the only species of bumblebees occurring in lowland tropical wet forest .\nfood - plants: medium to long tongue - length bumblebees visiting medium to deep flowers .\nnesting behaviour: nests on the surface or sometimes underground. pocket - makers, although sometimes only early in colony development, or sometimes non - pocket makers. nests may be underground but are often on the surface in balls of grass or leaves collected by the bees (hence the name' carder' bees used for some of the species; sladen, 1912). colonies of some neotropical species may be large and particularly aggressive. some of the neotropical tropical lowland forest species have colonies that persist for more than one year, with large nests on the surface of the ground. one species, b. inexspectatus, is believed to be an obligate parasite in colonies of other species (müller, 2006) .\nmate - searching behaviour: males patrol circuits of scent marks. males of some species congregate at the entrances of nests to pursue emerging queens .\ntaxonomic status: for a discussion of why several former subgenera have been synonymised within this subgenus see williams et al. (2008 [ pdf ]) .\npart of the bumblebee phylogenetic tree including available thoracobombus species from an analysis of dna sequence data for five genes (cameron et al. 2007 [ pdf ]). values above branches are bayesian posterior probabilities, values below branches are parsimony bootstrap values. alternative resolution from parsimony analysis is shown with dotted lines .\nnomenclature: cowan (1971), considering guérin - méneville' s insect volume, states that' it is quite certain that valid publication [ of the insectes text ] under the international code of nomenclature did not take place until august or september 1844.' however, he lists plate 75, on which b. dahlbomii appears as figure 3 together with a legend containing the name, as having been published in livraison 39 in june 1835. this meets the criteria for valid publication (iczn, 1999: article 8). therefore b. dahlbomii is the oldest available name for this species .\ndistribution: palaearctic region. b. pomorum has been recorded from britain (last recorded in 1864), but possibly only as a rare immigrant (alford, 1975) (see also declines in british bumble bees) .\nnomenclature: the orthography of linnaeus (1790) employs a long' s' (similar to' f' or' f'), a common practice of the period. this convention has since changed and recent authors have consistently used' s' .\nwarncke (1986) listed b. agrorum (schrank) as questionably conspecific with b. distinguendus, presumably following benson et al. (1937). although i know of no extant type specimens, schrank' s (1781) description of his b. agrorum of' habitat ruri' from austria appears to me to be almost certainly of the same species as b. mesomelas, because the head is described as black and the pale hairs of the thorax and of gastral tergum i are described as grey, with the remainder of the gaster rusty or tawny - yellow (the head and the pale pubescence of the thorax and gaster are more uniformly dull yellowish for b. distinguendus). see the comments on b. distinguendus .\nalthough b. agrorum (schrank) is the oldest available name for the present interpretation of this species, i know of no publications since 1950 using this name. in contrast, the name b. mesomelas has remained in common use (e. g. tkalcu, 1969, 1975; delmas, 1976; reinig, 1974, 1981; özbek, 1983; rasmont, 1983; ornosa, 1986 a, b; rasmont et al. 1987, 1995). this follows the recommendation of benson et al. (1937) that the name b. agrorum (fabricius), which had been in widespread use for a species of the subgenus thoracobombus, should not be replaced. benson et al. (1937: 94) had expressed their intention to make an application to iczn to use its plenary power to suppress the unused senior synonym, b. agrorum (schrank), but it was never pursued. o. w. richards must subsequently have changed his opinion, because he went on to use the name b. pascuorum for the species of the subgenus thoracobombus (richards, 1968). it is suggested that, in the interests of stability (iczn, 1999: article 23), prevailing usage be maintained (in prep .) .\ntaxonomic status: panfilov (1956) regarded b. laesus, b. mocsaryi, b. maculidorsis and b. tianschanicus as separate species, differing particularly in: (1) the colour of the pubescence on the thoracic dorsum; (2) the number of large punctures on the clypeus; (3) the strength of the median keel on gastral sternum vi; and (4) the length of the hair of the dorsum. however, from the material i have examined (collections in london, moscow, beijing), these character states do not appear to be either discreet or strongly associated. until more evidence to the contrary is available from critical studies of patterns of variation, i shall treat them as parts of a single variable species .\ntaxonomic status: the taxon bannitus in the broad sense (= b. smithianus of authors, a misidentification (= b. pascuorum) ), including agricolae for the british forms from the outer scottish isles and shetland, has been regarded as a separate species by some authors (e. g. richards, 1935; tkalcu, 1987; rasmont & adamski, 1995) on the basis of its semi - melanic colour pattern and more coarsely sculptured surface of gastral terga iv - v. however, løken (1973: fig. 81) found no difference between these taxa in a morphometric study (other authors reporting no clear morphological differences include richards, 1935; alford, 1975; pekkarinen, 1979; rasmont, 1982; baker, 1996 a) and i have collected many specimens with a range of intermediate colour patterns on the isle of skye in western scotland. until more evidence to the contrary is available from critical studies of patterns of variation, i shall treat them as parts of a single variable species .\nthe taxon pereziellus has also been regarded as a separate species by rasmont & adamski (1995), because of its dark colour pattern (even darker than the taxon bannitus, pereziellus has the thoracic dorsum black rather than red - brown, and has more black hairs on gastral tergum ii, whereas these black hairs tend to be more frequent on tergum i for bannitus) and because it is endemic to the island of corsica. morphologically the taxon pereziellus was considered by rasmont (1982) to show no perceptible differences from b. muscorum or bannitus. furthermore, a male with a colour pattern apparently intermediate between b. muscorum and pereziellus is mentioned by delmas (1976: 271). depending on the species concept embraced, some differences might be expected for a peripheral population such as this even if it were conspecific. a more recent study of the taxon pereziellus in comparison with b. muscorum in neighbouring europe by lecocq et al. (2014) concluded that pereziellus is an endemic corsican subspecies .\nnomenclature: the orthography of linnaeus (1758) employs a long' s' (similar to' f' or' f'), a common practice of the period. this convention has since changed and recent authors have consistently used' s' .\nrichards (1935, 1968), yarrow (1968) and løken (1973) recognised that none of the admissable syntypes in the linnean collection agreed with the traditional interpretation of b. muscorum, which is very rare in the parts of sweden where linnaeus collected (richards, 1935; løken, 1973; day, 1979), but took no action. when day (1979) came to fix the application of the name, he had no reason to believe that linnaeus had not described his a. muscorum from the syntype specimen that was subsequently described as lectotype (= b. humilis illiger) .\nto reaffirm the traditional usage of b. muscorum, a case was made to iczn by løken et al. (1994). this sought an opinion from iczn (iczn, 1996) that set aside by use of its plenary power (iczn, 1985: articles 78b, 79) the lectotype designation for a. muscorum by day from application of the code (iczn, 1985) and then designated a neotype (iczn, 1996: 64) to conserve the traditional usage of the name for even the narrowest concept of the taxon (iczn, 1985: article 75) (in prep .) .\ntaxonomic status: recent studies of the secretions of the male cephalic glands by terzo et al. (2005) provide strong support for the interpretation that b. ruderarius and b. montanus are conspecific and a species separate from b. sylvarum .\nnomenclature: the orthography of linnaeus (1761) employs a long' s' (similar to' f' or' f'), a common practice of the period. this convention has since changed and recent authors have consistently used' s' .\nnomenclature: the orthography of schrank (1802) employs a long' s' (similar to' f' or' f'), a common practice of the period. this convention has since changed and recent authors have consistently used' s' .\nwhen day (1979) came to fix the application of a. muscorum linnaeus (see the comments on b. muscorum), he had no reason to believe that linnaeus had not described this taxon from the syntype specimen that was subsequently described as lectotype (= b. humilis illiger). this action brought b. humilis illiger into subjective junior synonymy with b. muscorum (linnaeus) .\nto reaffirm the traditional usage of b. muscorum and b. humilis, a case was made to iczn by løken et al. (1994). this sought an opinion from iczn (iczn, 1996) that set aside by use of its plenary power (iczn, 1985: articles 78b, 79) the lectotype designation for a. muscorum by day from application of the code (iczn, 1985) and then designated a neotype (iczn, 1996: 64) to conserve the traditional usage of b. muscorum and b. humilis (iczn, 1985: article 75) .\nhowever, warncke (1986) recognised b. fulvescens (schrank) as questionably conspecific with b. humilis. i have seen no type specimens, but the description is consistent with this interpretation. b. fulvescens is therefore likely to be the oldest available name for this species .\nalthough b. fulvescens may be the oldest available name for the present interpretation of this species, the name b. humilis has been in common use for the species since 1950 (e. g. case and references in løken et al. , 1994). in contrast, i know of no publications using the name b. fulvescens (schrank) since 1950. warncke (1986: 98) followed the listing of this name with' art. 23b', which is a reference to purpose of the principle of priority (iczn, 1985). i agree that, in the interests of stability (iczn, 1999: article 23), prevailing usage be maintained (see the comments on b. muscorum) (in prep .) .\ntaxonomic status: warncke (1986) listed b. cognatus as a synonym of b. muscorum, possibly following stephens (1846), who wrote of b. cognatus:' closely allied to bo. muscorum, of which the examples i possess may be immature specimens'. pagliano (1995) listed b. cognatus as a species separate from both b. muscorum and b. pascuorum, but without any explanation .\nsaunders (1896: 366 - 367) wrote' i have re - examined the type of cognatus, steph. ,... f. smith placed it in the british museum collection...'. saunders considered this specimen to be conspecific with b. agrorum (fabricius), continuing:' it is certainly not the species known on the continent as cognatus' .\na female in the nhm collection bears the following labels: (1) a red - edged printed' type'; (2)' cognatus.' in handwriting identical to that of f. smith; (3)' = agrorum / i. h. h. y.' in handwriting identical to that of i. yarrow; (4)' b. m. type / hym. / 17b. 1163'. i have examined this specimen and am unaware of any reason (other than minor differences in colour pattern) why it should not be considered the type of b. cognatus and conspecific with b. pascuorum .\nnomenclature: the orthography of scopoli (1763) and fabricius (1775) employs a long' s' (similar to' f' or' f'), a common practice of the period. this convention has since changed and recent authors have consistently used' s' .\nløken (1973) listed b. cognatus stephens, 1846, as a nomen nudum, citing sherborn (1925). however, the reference by sherborn is to stephens (1829), therefore this does not affect the use of the name b. cognatus stephens, 1846 .\ntaxonomic status: b. honshuensis and b. schrencki have allopatric distributions in northern japan (sakagami & ishikawa, 1969; ito & munakata, 1979: fig. 6; ito, 1993), with b. honshuensis being possibly a peripheral population of b. schrencki. the two taxa are closely similar, although despite variation in morphology, apparently consistent differences have been described (tkalcu, 1968 a; sakagami & ishikawa, 1972) .\ndistribution: palaearctic, japanese, oriental regions. this species is reported as spreading westwards in europe (pawlikowski, 1994) .\ntaxonomic status: the white - banded b. potanini is morphologically closely similar to the yellow - banded b. impetuosus. some individuals from sichuan are intermediate in colour pattern in that they have the pale bands of the thorax and gastral tergum i white, and the pale band of tergum ii yellow. there is considerable variation in the male gonostylus, but this variation appears to overlap between the the colour forms and i shall treat them as parts of a single variable species. s. - f. wang and j. yao (in litt .) also believe that the two taxa are conspecific. evidence from comparisons of dna sequences from five genes is consistent with the two taxa being conspecific (cameron et al. , 2007 [ pdf ]). further evidence is awaited .\ncomment: until 1990 this species was known from very few specimens. however, recent collections have shown it to have been overlooked .\nnomenclature: the lectotype female of b. weisi by designation of milliron (1960: 98) was considered conspecific with b. nigrodorsalis by labougle (1990). he then used b. weisi (the oldest available name) as the valid name for this species. however, a case could be made in favour of the use of either name .\nfor labougle' s (1990) use of this previously unused senior synonym to be considered by iczn as a prima facie case of upsetting the use of a long - accepted name in its accustomed meaning (iczn, 1999: article 23), the name b. weisi should not have been used in this sense in the preceding fifty years; and at least 10 authors should have used the junior name, b. nigrodorsalis, in at least 25 publications over at least 10 years (iczn, 1999: article 23. 9. 1. 2). as far as i am aware, no other admissable publications have used b. weisi (williams, 1995, disclaimed any nomenclatural action in a list of names for material examined), although publications using the junior name b. nigrodorsalis franklin for this species since 1950 are more common, including milliron (1961, 1962, 1971, 1973 a), laverty et al. (1984), labougle et al. (1985), williams (1985 b) and asperen de boer (1992 b). other such references may exist, therefore this may be seen as a borderline case .\non the other hand, a change of valid name from b. nigrodorsalis to b. weisi does not appear to be a serious disruption of common usage according to iczn' s criteria, so there is no obvious need for action to retain b. nigrodorsalis and i have continued to use b. weisi .\ntaxonomic status: the description of b. xelajuensis shows that this nominal taxon, known from a single location, diverges only slightly in colour pattern and morphology from the otherwise restricted and uncommon mountain species b. trinominatus. therefore it seems most likely to be conspecific with b. trinominatus, with a slightly different colour pattern. from coi barcodes, these taxa appear likely to be separate species. more evidence is awaited .\ntaxonomic status: b. fervidus and b. californicus have been regarded both as conspecific (e. g. milliron, 1973 a; labougle, 1990) and as separate species (e. g. franklin, 1913; stephen, 1957; thorp et al. , 1983; poole, 1996). however, both franklin (1913: 239) and stephen (1957) also considered the possibility that they are conspecific as quite reasonable (click here for colour variation diagrams for workers) .\nmany specimens from the north west of north america show a reduction in the extent of the yellow bands on the scutellum and gastral terga i - iii and appear to be intermediate or recombinant individuals. indeed, stephen' s (1957: 32) figure 2 shows several patterns that could represent a continuum in variation between the two forms (see also the comments on b. terricola) .\nevidence from comparisons of dna sequences from the 16s gene is consistent with the two taxa being conspecific (cameron et al. , 2007 [ pdf ]), a view supported by evidence from coi barcodes .\nnomenclature: apis feruida is the original spelling in fabricius (1798). the orthography of this publication employs' u' in place of' v' widely, a common practice of the period. this convention has since changed and subsequent authors have consistently used' v' for b. fervidus .\ntaxonomic status: b. rubriventris is known from a single female specimen from' st. domingue'. this specimen has dark brown wings and the pubescence is extensively black, except that most of the hairs of the thorax are grey - tipped, and the hairs of gastral terga ii - iv are bright red .\nthis colour pattern resembles the andean b. excellens, although the pubescence of b. rubriventris is much shorter and more even; the oculo - malar area is nearly square (rather than nearly twice as long as the basal breadth of mandible); and tergum vi is raised subapically. franklin (1913) had not seen b. rubriventris but suggested that it was probably a' freak specimen' of b. carolinus (a misidentification, = b. excellens). milliron (1973 a) had examined b. rubriventris and considered the morphological characters to be very much like those of b. bellicosus. however, b. rubriventris can be distinguished by the much finer punctures in the centre of the clypeus and by an absence of a median ridge on tergum vi. i consider b. rubriventris to be more similar in these characters to b. opifex, although it can be distinguished from that species by a pair of characteristically slightly recessed bands of fine punctures extending anteriorly from the ocello - ocular areas and by a shallow median groove in the subapically raised area of tergum vi .\nthe colour pattern is very distinctive among non - andean bumblebees in south america and does not appear to be the result of abnormal colour development. the specimen has had the gaster glued back into place, although the characters of both the head and gaster appear to be distinctive, so there is no reason to believe that the specimen is a composite and not genuine (williams, 2014) .\nphotograph: only a single specimen is known, in the hope museum collection, oxford .\niucn conservation status: preliminary assessment as presumed extinct (williams & osborne, 2009; williams, 2014) because it is unrecorded (iucn, 2001, 2008) since lepeletier (1835) from the specimen of unknown date .\nuntil more evidence to the contrary is available from critical studies of patterns of variation, i shall treat them as two separate species .\ntaxonomic status: the single known female of b. abditus was described as originating from' rep. de guinée beyla' (equatorial africa). however, it is indistinguishable from b. brevivillus according to sakagami (1976: 427) and probably represents an introduced or mislabelled individual (michener, 1979) .\nthe recently described b. applanatus appears to be morphologically identical to b. brevivillus .\ntaxonomic status: b. pensylvanicus and b. sonorus have been regarded both as conspecific (e. g. milliron, 1973 a; labougle et al. , 1985; labougle, 1990; poole, 1996) and as separate species (e. g. franklin, 1913 [ but see p. 239 ]; stephen, 1957; thorp et al. , 1983; s. cameron in litt .) (click here for colour variation diagrams for workers) .\nnomenclature: apis penfylvanica is the original spelling in degeer (1773). the orthography of this publication employs a long' s' (similar to' f' or' f'), a common practice of the period. this convention has since changed and subsequent authors (e. g. cresson, 1863) have consistently used' s' for b. pensylvanicus .\ntechnically, according to the code (iczn, 1999: article 32), pensylvanicus with just two' n' s is the correct original spelling, to be preserved unaltered unless it is demonstrably incorrect under article 32. 5. article 32. 5. 1 states that clear evidence of an inadvertent error is only admissable if it lies within the original publication, without recourse to any external source of information (degeer, 1773, spelled penfylvanie and penfylvanica consistently in this way). any intentional change to that spelling in a subsequent publication is an unjustified emendation under article 33. 2 .\nintroductions: this species was deliberately introduced into the philippines, but is not known to have persisted (frison, 1925b) .\ntaxonomic status: at least four species of the subgenus thoracobombus from central and south america have many individuals for which the pubescence is almost entirely black. the genitalia of the males are quite distinctive, but association of the conspecific females with these males has caused problems .\ntaxonomic status: this status of this species was confirmed recently from dna data (santos - junior et al. , 2015) .\na possibility is that this variable species is the apis azurea of christ (1791). i know of no type specimens and the type locality was said to be in africa (' ist in afrika am vorgebürg der guten hofnung zu haus'). the description and figure of the colour pattern do not agree with any african bees that i have been able to trace, but do resemble closely the yellow - banded individuals of the south american b. niger, the central american b. medius cresson, and the south american b. transversalis (olivier) (although for the last named species the yellow bands on the thorax are usually broader). among the specimens to hand, the wings do appear slightly more' schwarzblaue' for b. niger, as described for a. azurea, although these grounds seem slim justification from which to establish the application of a name .\nnomenclature: b. azureus is possibly the oldest available name for this species .\nmilliron (1962), without mention of the name b. azureus, first regarded b. atratus and b. niger as conspecific and, following the principle of first reviser (iczn, 1999: article 24), chose b. atratus as the valid name for the species .\nunfortunately, b. atratus franklin, 1913, is a junior primary homonym of b. mucidus var. atratus friese, 1911 (deemed to be subspecific, see iczn, 1999: article 45. 6), therefore b. atratus franklin is invalid (iczn, 1999: article 57. 2) .\nthe name b. azureus has not been used since the original publication. the name b. atratus has been used for this species since 1950 (e. g. moure & sakagami, 1962; sakagami & zucchi, 1965; sakagami et al. , 1967; milliron, 1971, 1973 a; sakagami, 1976; ito, 1985; labougle, 1990; varela, 1992; silveira & cure, 1993). it was suggested that, in the interests of stability (iczn, 1999: article 23), prevailing usage be maintained. this will require an application be made to iczn to use its plenary power to suppress the senior homonym (iczn, 1999: article 78). this would achieve both an unambiguous, valid name for this species (see the comments on b. muscorum) and also help to protect the validity of the names b. medius and b. transversalis from future change (in prep .). however, south american bumblebee specialists have adopted the name b. pauloensis .\nnomenclature: the orthography of olivier (1789) and fabricius (1798) employs a long' s' (similar to' f' or' f'), a common practice of the period. this convention has since changed and recent authors have consistently used' s'." ]

{ "text": [ "bombus steindachneri is a species of bumblebee .", "it is endemic to mexico .", "this bee lives in pine-oak forests , thorn forest , and tropical dry forest habitat .", "it occurs at sea level to elevations around 2600 meters .", "it is active year-round .", "this is an endangered species on the iucn red list .", "threats include habitat loss to agriculture , including cattle ranching , and associated chemical use .", "it is also impacted by urbanization , mining , and loss of the native flora . " ], "topic": [ 22, 0, 24, 18, 15, 17, 17, 17 ] }

[ "bombus steindachneri is a species of bumblebee. it is endemic to mexico. this bee lives in pine-oak forests, thorn forest, and tropical dry forest habitat. it occurs at sea level to elevations around 2600 meters. it is active year-round. this is an endangered species on the iucn red list. threats include habitat loss to agriculture, including cattle ranching, and associated chemical use. it is also impacted by urbanization, mining, and loss of the native flora." ]

[ "the species profile for caecidotea laticaudata (a freshwater isopod) is currently unavailable. it has recently undergone major revisions and is currently being reviewed for public distribution. please check back at a later date .\nlewis, j. j. , and t. e. bowman. 1981. the subterranean asellids (caecidotea) of illinois (crustacea: isopoda: asellidea). smithsonian contributions to zoology, number 335. smithsonian institution press, washington, d. c. 66 pp .\npackard, a. s. (1871) on the crustaceans and insects. pages 744 - 761 in: a. s. packard and f. w. putnam, editors. the mammoth cave and its inhabitants. american naturalist 5 (12): 739 - 761. [ details ]\nboyko, c. b; bruce, n. l. ; hadfield, k. a. ; merrin, k. l. ; ota, y. ; poore, g. c. b. ; taiti, s. ; schotte, m. & wilson, g. d. f. (eds) (2008 onwards). world marine, freshwater and terrestrial isopod crustaceans database .\nschotte, m. , b. f. kensley, and s. shilling. (1995 - 2017). world list of marine, freshwater and terrestrial crustacea isopoda. national museum of natural history smithsonian institution: washington d. c. , usa [ website archived on 2018 - 01 - 25 ]. [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nworld list of marine, freshwater & terrestrial isopoda... 2005, website (version 04 - may - 05 )\ncompiled by brian kensley, marilyn schotte, and steve schilling (oniscidea only), department of invertebrate zoology, national museum of natural history, smithsonian institution. found at urltoken\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\nthis is generally a larger species with a looser, more ‘floppy’, appearance than asellus aquaticus or proasellus meridianus (harding and collis, 2006). the shape of the male first pereopod is diagnostic .\nit is introduced from north america and is only known from bolam lake in northumberland, where it appears to occur at the exclusion of the typically ubiquitous asellus aquaticus .\nit generally occurs in clear water with a substrate of mud or fine gravel and large quantities of decaying leaves from trees and shrubs .\nharding, p. t. & collis, g. m. (2006) asellus communis in northumberland. bulletin of the british myriapod & isopod group 21: 8 - 11\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\ndue to latency between updates made in state, provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer, for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data. please refer to\ndistribution data for u. s. states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks (2008). the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs (see local programs) and other contributors and cooperators (see sources) .\nthe small print: trademark, copyright, citation guidelines, restrictions on use, and information disclaimer .\nnote: all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve' s central databases as of november 2016. note: this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer, the natureserve logo, and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve. any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice: copyright © 2017 natureserve, 4600 n. fairfax dr. , 7th floor, arlington virginia 22203, u. s. a. all rights reserved. each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document. the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve. 2017. natureserve explorer: an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ]. version 7. 1. natureserve, arlington, virginia. available http: / / explorer. natureserve. org. (accessed :\nridgely, r. s. , t. f. allnutt, t. brooks, d. k. mcnicol, d. w. mehlman, b. e. young, and j. r. zook. 2003. digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely, james zook, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson, b. d. , g. ceballos, w. sechrest, m. f. tognelli, t. brooks, l. luna, p. ortega, i. salazar, and b. e. young. 2003. digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson, wes sechrest, marcelo tognelli, gerardo ceballos, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn, conservation international, and natureserve. 2004. global amphibian assessment. iucn, conservation international, and natureserve, washington, dc and arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union, conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used, copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text. any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve. nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication, estoppel, or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve. no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve. except as expressly provided above, nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\nall documents and related graphics provided by this server and any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server are provided\nas is\nwithout warranty as to the currentness, completeness, or accuracy of any specific data. natureserve hereby disclaims all warranties and conditions with regard to any documents provided by this server or any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server, including but not limited to all implied warranties and conditions of merchantibility, fitness for a particular purpose, and non - infringement. natureserve makes no representations about the suitability of the information delivered from this server or any other documents that are referenced to or linked to this server. in no event shall natureserve be liable for any special, indirect, incidental, consequential damages, or for damages of any kind arising out of or in connection with the use or performance of information contained in any documents provided by this server or in any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server, under any theory of liability used. natureserve may update or make changes to the documents provided by this server at any time without notice; however, natureserve makes no commitment to update the information contained herein. since the data in the central databases are continually being updated, it is advisable to refresh data retrieved at least once a year after its receipt. the data provided is for planning, assessment, and informational purposes. site specific projects or activities should be reviewed for potential environmental impacts with appropriate regulatory agencies. if ground - disturbing activities are proposed on a site, the appropriate state natural heritage program (s) or conservation data center can be contacted for a site - specific review of the project area (see visit local programs) .\n). your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\nnot sure how to correct this, but the credit on this should sa ...\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nthe nonindigenous occurrences section of the nas species profiles has a new structure. the section is now dynamically updated from the nas database to ensure that it contains the most current and accurate information. occurrences are summarized in table 1, alphabetically by state, with years of earliest and most recent observations, and the tally and names of drainages where the species was observed. the table contains hyperlinks to collections tables of specimens based on the states, years, and drainages selected. references to specimens that were not obtained through sighting reports and personal communications are found through the hyperlink in the table 1 caption or through the individual specimens linked in the collections tables .\nthe data represented on this site vary in accuracy, scale, completeness, extent of coverage and origin. it is the user' s responsibility to use these data consistent with their intended purpose and within stated limitations. we highly recommend reviewing metadata files prior to interpreting these data .\ncitation information: u. s. geological survey. [ 2018 ]. nonindigenous aquatic species database. gainesville, florida. accessed [ 7 / 10 / 2018 ] .\ncontact us if you are using data from this site for a publication to make sure the data are being used appropriately and for potential co - authorship if warranted. for queries involving fish, please contact pam fuller. for queries involving invertebrates, contact amy benson .\nat the top of the page to post. if you haven' t registered yet, it' s this easy :\ni outfish my daddy! electric blue hendrickson dun. i love buggers. big, green, wooly ones. i outfish my husband! be the trout. eat mayflies .\nurltoken is copyright © 2004 - 2018 jason neuswanger (email jason). see my faq for information about use of my images. privacy policy\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use >." ]

{ "text": [ "caecidotea is a genus of crustacean in the family asellidae .", "it contains the following species : caecidotea acuticarpa mackin & hubricht , 1940 caecidotea adenta ( mackin & hubricht , 1940 ) caecidotea alabamensis ( stafford , 1911 ) caecidotea ancyla ( fleming , 1972 ) caecidotea antricola creaser , 1931 caecidotea attenuata ( richardson , 1900 ) caecidotea barri ( steeves , 1965 ) caecidotea beattyi lewis & bowman , 1981 caecidotea bicrenata ( steeves , 1963 ) caecidotea bilineata lewis & bowman , 1996 caecidotea bowmani lewis , 1980 caecidotea brevicauda ( forbes , 1876 ) caecidotea cannula ( steeves , 1963 ) caecidotea carolinensis lewis & bowman , 1977 caecidotea catachaetus ( fleming & steeves , 1972 ) caecidotea chiapas bowman , 1975 caecidotea circulus ( steeves & holsinger , 1968 ) caecidotea communis ( say , 1818 ) caecidotea cumberlandensis lewis , 2000 caecidotea cyrtorhynchus ( fleming & steeves , 1972 ) caecidotea dauphina modlin , 1986 caecidotea dentadactyla ( mackin & hubricht , 1938 ) caecidotea dimorpha ( mackin & hubricht , 1940 ) caecidotea extensolinguala ( fleming , 1972 ) caecidotea filicispeluncae bowman & hobbs , 1983 caecidotea fonticulus lewis , 1983 caecidotea forbesi ( williams , 1970 ) caecidotea foxi ( fleming , 1972 ) caecidotea franzi ( holsinger & steeves , 1971 ) caecidotea fustis lewis , 1981 caecidotea henroti ( bresson , 1955 ) caecidotea hobbsi ( maloney , 1939 ) caecidotea holsingeri ( steeves , 1963 ) caecidotea holti ( fleming , 1972 ) caecidotea incurva steeves & holsinger , 1968 caecidotea intermedia ( forbes , 1876 ) caecidotea jordani ( eberly , 1966 ) caecidotea kendeighi ( steeves & seidenberg , 1971 ) caecidotea kenki ( bowman , 1967 ) caecidotea laticaudata ( williams , 1970 ) caecidotea lesliei lewis & bowman , 1981 caecidotea mackini lewis , graening , fenolio & bergey , 2006 caecidotea macropropoda chase & blair , 1937 caecidotea metcalfi ( fleming , 1972 ) caecidotea mitchelli argano , 1977 caecidotea montana ( mackin & hubricht , 1938 ) caecidotea nickajackensis packard , 1881 caecidotea nodula ( williams , 1970 ) caecidotea nortoni ( steeves , 1966 ) caecidotea obtusa ( williams , 1970 ) caecidotea occidentalis ( williams , 1970 ) caecidotea oculata mackin & hubricht , 1940 caecidotea packardi mackin & hubricht , 1940 caecidotea pasquinii ( argano , 1972 ) caecidotea paurotrigona ( fleming , 1972 ) caecidotea phreatica lewis & holsinger , 1985 caecidotea pricei levi , 1949 caecidotea puebla ( cole & minckley , 1968 ) caecidotea racovitzai ( williams , 1970 ) caecidotea recurvata ( steeves , 1963 ) caecidotea reddelli ( steeves , 1968 ) caecidotea richardsonae hay , 1901 caecidotea rotunda bowman & lewis , 1984 caecidotea salemensis lewis , 1981 caecidotea scrupulosa ( williams , 1970 ) caecidotea scypha ( steeves & holsinger , 1968 ) caecidotea sequoiae bowman , 1975 caecidotea serrata ( fleming , 1972 ) caecidotea simonini ( bresson , 1955 ) caecidotea simulator lewis , 1999 caecidotea sinuncus ( steeves , 1965 ) caecidotea spatulata mackin & hubricht , 1940 caecidotea steevesi ( fleming , 1972 ) caecidotea stiladactyla mackin & hubricht , 1940 caecidotea stygia packard , 1871 caecidotea teresae lewis , 1982 caecidotea tomalensis ( harford , 1877 ) caecidotea tridentata hungerford , 1922 caecidotea vandeli ( bresson , 1955 ) caecidotea vomeri argano , 1977 caecidotea williamsi escobar-briones & alcocer , 2002 caecidotea zullini argano , 1977" ], "topic": [ 26, 19 ] }

[ "caecidotea is a genus of crustacean in the family asellidae. it contains the following species: caecidotea acuticarpa mackin & hubricht, 1940 caecidotea adenta (mackin & hubricht, 1940) caecidotea alabamensis (stafford, 1911) caecidotea ancyla (fleming, 1972) caecidotea antricola creaser, 1931 caecidotea attenuata (richardson, 1900) caecidotea barri (steeves, 1965) caecidotea beattyi lewis & bowman, 1981 caecidotea bicrenata (steeves, 1963) caecidotea bilineata lewis & bowman, 1996 caecidotea bowmani lewis, 1980 caecidotea brevicauda (forbes, 1876) caecidotea cannula (steeves, 1963) caecidotea carolinensis lewis & bowman, 1977 caecidotea catachaetus (fleming & steeves, 1972) caecidotea chiapas bowman, 1975 caecidotea circulus (steeves & holsinger, 1968) caecidotea communis (say, 1818) caecidotea cumberlandensis lewis, 2000 caecidotea cyrtorhynchus (fleming & steeves, 1972) caecidotea dauphina modlin, 1986 caecidotea dentadactyla (mackin & hubricht, 1938) caecidotea dimorpha (mackin & hubricht, 1940) caecidotea extensolinguala (fleming, 1972) caecidotea filicispeluncae bowman & hobbs, 1983 caecidotea fonticulus lewis, 1983 caecidotea forbesi (williams, 1970) caecidotea foxi (fleming, 1972) caecidotea franzi (holsinger & steeves, 1971) caecidotea fustis lewis, 1981 caecidotea henroti (bresson, 1955) caecidotea hobbsi (maloney, 1939) caecidotea holsingeri (steeves, 1963) caecidotea holti (fleming, 1972) caecidotea incurva steeves & holsinger, 1968 caecidotea intermedia (forbes, 1876) caecidotea jordani (eberly, 1966) caecidotea kendeighi (steeves & seidenberg, 1971) caecidotea kenki (bowman, 1967) caecidotea laticaudata (williams, 1970) caecidotea lesliei lewis & bowman, 1981 caecidotea mackini lewis, graening, fenolio & bergey, 2006 caecidotea macropropoda chase & blair, 1937 caecidotea metcalfi (fleming, 1972) caecidotea mitchelli argano, 1977 caecidotea montana (mackin & hubricht, 1938) caecidotea nickajackensis packard, 1881 caecidotea nodula (williams, 1970) caecidotea nortoni (steeves, 1966) caecidotea obtusa (williams, 1970) caecidotea occidentalis (williams, 1970) caecidotea oculata mackin & hubricht, 1940 caecidotea packardi mackin & hubricht, 1940 caecidotea pasquinii (argano, 1972) caecidotea paurotrigona (fleming, 1972) caecidotea phreatica lewis & holsinger, 1985 caecidotea pricei levi, 1949 caecidotea puebla (cole & minckley, 1968) caecidotea racovitzai (williams, 1970) caecidotea recurvata (steeves, 1963) caecidotea reddelli (steeves, 1968) caecidotea richardsonae hay, 1901 caecidotea rotunda bowman & lewis, 1984 caecidotea salemensis lewis, 1981 caecidotea scrupulosa (williams, 1970) caecidotea scypha (steeves & holsinger, 1968) caecidotea sequoiae bowman, 1975 caecidotea serrata (fleming, 1972) caecidotea simonini (bresson, 1955) caecidotea simulator lewis, 1999 caecidotea sinuncus (steeves, 1965) caecidotea spatulata mackin & hubricht, 1940 caecidotea steevesi (fleming, 1972) caecidotea stiladactyla mackin & hubricht, 1940 caecidotea stygia packard, 1871 caecidotea teresae lewis, 1982 caecidotea tomalensis (harford, 1877) caecidotea tridentata hungerford, 1922 caecidotea vandeli (bresson, 1955) caecidotea vomeri argano, 1977 caecidotea williamsi escobar-briones & alcocer, 2002 caecidotea zullini argano, 1977" ]

[ "this data collection contains all currently published nucleotide (dna / rna) and protein sequences from australian cyana obscura. other information about this group :\nthe identification of species in cyana obscura as australian dwelling organisms has been achieved by accessing the australian plant census (apc) or australian faunal directory (afd) through the atlas of living australia .\ncyana walker, 1854; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 2: 528; ts: cyana detrita walker\nno one has contributed data records for cyana yet. learn how to contribute .\ncyana barisana; [ mob7 ]: 335, pl. 1, f. 129\ncyana conclusa; [ mob7 ]: 333, pl. 1, f. 148\ncyana cruentata; [ mob7 ]: 334, pl. 1, f. 133\ncyana horsfieldi; [ mob7 ]: 337, pl. 1, f. 147\ncyana infantula; [ mob7 ]: 338, pl. 6, f. 144\ncyana barisana roesler & küppers, 1976; ent. zeitschrift 86 (15): 168\ncyana clama bucsek, 2012; malaysia inst. zool. : (1 - 170 )\ncyana gabika bucsek, 2012; malaysia inst. zool. : (1 - 170 )\ncyana? bebas roesler & küppers, 1976; ent. zeitschrift 86 (15): 166\ncyana bianca malayana bucsek, 2012; malaysia inst. zool. : (1 - 170 )\ncyana determinata sausae bucsek, 2012; malaysia inst. zool. : (1 - 170 )\ncyana? garuda roesler & küppers, 1976; ent. zeitschrift 86 (15): 164\ncyana pudens; [ mob7 ]: 336, pl. 6, f. 10i, 143\nthe set of nucleotide (dna / rna) and protein sequences in this collection is not necessarily comprehensive. it contains only nucleotide (dna / rna) and protein sequences that have been published in the european nucleotide archive (ena) and universal protein resource (uniprot). the results have been returned using the exact search term cyana obscura. the current version of the system does not allow for typographical errors or synonyms .\ncyana hecqi karisch & dall' asta, 2010; j. afrotrop. zool. 6: 118\ncyana (volitivulpecula) exprimata karisch, 2013; esperiana 18: 68; tl: n. rhodesia\njennifer hammock split the classifications by bolds resource for species - level taxa from cyana to their own page .\ncyana janinae lourens, 2009; nachr. ent. ver. apollo nf 30 (3): 149\ncyana celebensis roepke, 1946; tijdschr. ent. 87: 32; tl: todjambu, centr. celebes\ncyana costifimbria; [ mob7 ]: 336, pl. 1, f. 131; [ nhm card ]\ncyana piepersi roepke, 1946; tijdschr. ent. 87: 30; tl: djunggo - ardjuno, 1500m\ncyana tettigonioides; [ nhm card ]; [ mob7 ]: 340, pl. 1, f. 139\ncyana ruwenzoriana karisch, 2003; atalanta 34 (1 / 2): 174; tl: mt. ruwenzori\ncyana aurorae lourens, 2011; nachr. ent. ver. apollo nf 32 (1 / 2): 85\ncyana cernyi lourens, 2011; nachr. ent. ver. apollo nf 32 (1 / 2): 76\ncyana consequenta lourens, 2011; nachr. ent. ver. apollo nf 32 (1 / 2): 77\ncyana curioi lourens, 2011; nachr. ent. ver. apollo nf 32 (1 / 2): 80\ncyana distincta; dubatolov, kishida & wang, 2012, tinea 21 (4): 47, f. 36\ncyana ibabaoae lourens, 2011; nachr. ent. ver. apollo nf 32 (1 / 2): 81\ncyana rubrifinis lourens, 2011; nachr. ent. ver. apollo nf 32 (1 / 2): 71\ncyana erythrostigma roepke, 1946; tijdschr. ent. 87: 30; tl: mariotambangan, muriah, c. java\ncyana paramargarethae karisch & dall' asta, 2010; j. afrotrop. zool. 6: 120; tl: rwankwi\ncyana klohsi karisch, 2003; lambillionea 103: 416; tl: zaire, kivu, umgebung goma, ca. 2000m\ncyana molleri; singh, singh & joshi, 2014, rec. zool. survey india. occ. pap 367: 32\ncyana pseudoeffracta; singh, singh & joshi, 2014, rec. zool. survey india. occ. pap 367: 32\ncyana rubristriga katanga karisch & dall' asta, 2010; j. afrotrop. zool. 6: 118; tl: lumumbashi\ncyana (strigivulpecula) lobata karisch, 2013; esperiana 18: 107; tl: madagascar, anjanaharibe s. betsakotsako, 1030m\ncyana luchoana karisch, 2003; atalanta 34 (1 / 2): 170; tl: zaire, irangi, lucho r .\ncyana rafflesiana roepke, 1946; tijdschr. ent. 87: 31; tl: muara, tenam and tandjong sakti, s. sumatra\ndie cyana - spezies von afrika. teil 1: zwei neue arten aus den beständen des naturhistorischen museums in budapest (lepidoptera, arctiidae )\ncyana catorhoda hampson, 1897; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 11 (2): 296; tl: assam, khasis\ncyana dudgeoni hampson, 1895; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1895 (2): 293 (part); tl: sikkim\ncyana khasiana hampson, 1897; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 11 (2): 296; tl: assam, khasis\ncyana nemasisha roesler, 1990; entomofauna 11 (10): 169, f. 4 - 6; tl: tanzania, usa river, 3900ft\ncyana (frankmuelleria) aarviki karisch, 2013; esperiana 18: 55; tl: malawi central region, lilongwe distr. , ntchisis forest reserve, 1560m\ncyana ellipsis karisch & dall' asta, 2010; j. afrotrop. zool. 6: 120; tl: dem. rep. congo, paulis\ncyana pretoriae spectabilis karisch & dall' asta, 2010; j. afrotrop. zool. 6: 123; tl: zaire, lubumbashi (elisabethville )\ncyana rufeola karisch & dall' asta, 2010; j. afrotrop. zool. 6: 123; tl: dem. rep. congo, eala\ncyana pallidilinea karisch, 2003; atalanta 34 (1 / 2): 171; tl: dem. rep. congo, irangi, lucho r .\nagrisius [ = cyana ] griseilinea de joannis, 1930; ann. soc. ent. fr. 99 (suppl): 756; tl: cha pa\ncyana lunulata semper, 1899; reisen archipel. philipp. 2: 499, pl. 59, f. 12; tl: philippines, se. mindanao\ncyana maiae holloway, 2001; [ mob7 ]: 334, pl. 1, f. 128, 138; tl: sarawak, gunong mulu nat. park\ncyana (cornutivulpecula) ochrata karisch, 2013; esperiana 18: 82; tl: tanzania tanga reg. , muheza, kwamgumi for. res. , 170 - 220m\n= cyana javanica sumatrensis druce, 1899; arora, 1983, rec. zool. surv. india, occ. paper 60: 34, pl. 2, f. 11\ncyana (strigivulvepula) fasciata karisch, 2013; esperiana 18: 103; tl: cameroon, adamoaua, ca. 30km ne tignere, 7. 34n, 12. 50e, 1000m\ncyana pseudoeffracta kirti, joshi & singh, 2013; j. chem. biol. and phys. sci. 3 (2): 1302; tl: india, meghalaya, jowai, 1290m\ncyana quentini karisch, 2003; lambillionea 103 (1): 120, f. 1; tl: zaire, kalamba 55 km. s mbandaka, 3 km e ort, 450m (0°25´s 18°19°e )\ncyana inconclusa; [ mob7 ]: 335, pl. 1, f. 132, 136; singh, singh & joshi, 2014, rec. zool. survey india. occ. pap 367: 31\ncyana flammeostrigata karisch, 2003; lambillionea 103 (1): 119, f. 2; tl: equatorial guinea, bioko (fernando póo), ruiché 5 km s luba, nördlicher ortsrand bei 2. schule\ncyana arama; kirti, joshi & singh, 2013, j. chem. biol. and phys. sci. 3 (2): 1309 (list); singh, singh & joshi, 2014, rec. zool. survey india. occ. pap 367: 29\ncyana candida; kirti, joshi & singh, 2013, j. chem. biol. and phys. sci. 3 (2): 1309 (list); singh, singh & joshi, 2014, rec. zool. survey india. occ. pap 367: 30\ncyana catorhoda; kirti, joshi & singh, 2013, j. chem. biol. and phys. sci. 3 (2): 1309 (list); singh, singh & joshi, 2014, rec. zool. survey india. occ. pap 367: 30\ncyana divakara; kirti, joshi & singh, 2013, j. chem. biol. and phys. sci. 3 (2): 1309 (list); singh, singh & joshi, 2014, rec. zool. survey india. occ. pap 367: 30\ncyana dohertyi; kirti, joshi & singh, 2013, j. chem. biol. and phys. sci. 3 (2): 1309 (list); singh, singh & joshi, 2014, rec. zool. survey india. occ. pap 367: 30\ncyana dudgeoni; kirti, joshi & singh, 2013, j. chem. biol. and phys. sci. 3 (2): 1309 (list); singh, singh & joshi, 2014, rec. zool. survey india. occ. pap 367: 31\ncyana flavicincta; kirti, joshi & singh, 2013, j. chem. biol. and phys. sci. 3 (2): 1309 (list); singh, singh & joshi, 2014, rec. zool. survey india. occ. pap 367: 31\ncyana gazella; kirti, joshi & singh, 2013, j. chem. biol. and phys. sci. 3 (2): 1309 (list); singh, singh & joshi, 2014, rec. zool. survey india. occ. pap 367: 31\ncyana hampsoni; kirti, joshi & singh, 2013, j. chem. biol. and phys. sci. 3 (2): 1309 (list); singh, singh & joshi, 2014, rec. zool. survey india. occ. pap 367: 31\ncyana khasiana; kirti, joshi & singh, 2013, j. chem. biol. and phys. sci. 3 (2): 1309 (list); singh, singh & joshi, 2014, rec. zool. survey india. occ. pap 367: 32\ncyana obliquilineata; kirti, joshi & singh, 2013, j. chem. biol. and phys. sci. 3 (2): 1309 (list); singh, singh & joshi, 2014, rec. zool. survey india. occ. pap 367: 32\ncyana peregrina; kirti, joshi & singh, 2013, j. chem. biol. and phys. sci. 3 (2): 1309 (list); singh, singh & joshi, 2014, rec. zool. survey india. occ. pap 367: 32\ncyana puer; kirti, joshi & singh, 2013, j. chem. biol. and phys. sci. 3 (2): 1309 (list); singh, singh & joshi, 2014, rec. zool. survey india. occ. pap 367: 32\ncyana sikkimensis; kirti, joshi & singh, 2013, j. chem. biol. and phys. sci. 3 (2): 1309 (list); singh, singh & joshi, 2014, rec. zool. survey india. occ. pap 367: 33\ncyana gelida; kirti, joshi & singh, 2013, j. chem. biol. and phys. sci. 3 (2): 1309 (list); singh, singh & joshi, 2014, rec. zool. survey india. occ. pap 367: 31\ncyana detrita; kirti, joshi & singh, 2013, j. chem. biol. and phys. sci. 3 (2): 1309 (list); singh, singh & joshi, 2014, rec. zool. survey india. occ. pap 367: 30\ncyana bellissima; singh, singh & joshi, 2014, rec. zool. survey india. occ. pap 367: 30; kirti, joshi & singh, 2013, j. chem. biol. and phys. sci. 3 (2): 1304, 1309 (list )\ncyana quadrinotata; kirti, joshi & singh, 2013, j. chem. biol. and phys. sci. 3 (2): 1303, 1309 (list); singh, singh & joshi, 2014, rec. zool. survey india. occ. pap 367: 32\ncyana puella; kirti, joshi & singh, 2013, j. chem. biol. and phys. sci. 3 (2): 1309 (list); singh, singh & joshi, 2014, rec. zool. survey india. occ. pap 367: 32; [ afromoths ]\ncyana harterti; [ mob7 ], 338 (note); kirti, joshi & singh, 2013, j. chem. biol. and phys. sci. 3 (2): 1303, 1309 (list); singh, singh & joshi, 2014, rec. zool. survey india. occ. pap 367: 31\ncyana alborosea; hampson, 1896, fauna br. india (moths) 4: 492; kirti, joshi & singh, 2013, j. chem. biol. and phys. sci. 3 (2): 1309 (list); singh, singh & joshi, 2014, rec. zool. survey india. occ. pap 367: 29\ncyana javanica; hampson, 1896, fauna br. india (moths) 4: 493; kirti, joshi & singh, 2013, j. chem. biol. and phys. sci. 3 (2): 1309 (list); singh, singh & joshi, 2014, rec. zool. survey india. occ. pap 367: 32\ncyana guttifera; arora, 1983, rec. zool. surv. india, occ. paper 60: 33; kirti, joshi & singh, 2013, j. chem. biol. and phys. sci. 3 (2): 1309 (list); singh, singh & joshi, 2014, rec. zool. survey india. occ. pap 367: 31\ncyana subornata; arora, 1983, rec. zool. surv. india, occ. paper 60: 34; kirti, joshi & singh, 2013, j. chem. biol. and phys. sci. 3 (2): 1309 (list); singh, singh & joshi, 2014, rec. zool. survey india. occ. pap 367: 33\ncyana tripunctata; arora, 1983, rec. zool. surv. india, occ. paper 60: 36; kirti, joshi & singh, 2013, j. chem. biol. and phys. sci. 3 (2): 1309 (list); singh, singh & joshi, 2014, rec. zool. survey india. occ. pap 367: 33\ncyana adita; dubatolov, kishida & wang, 2012, tinea 21 (4): 47, f. 34; kirti, joshi & singh, 2013, j. chem. biol. and phys. sci. 3 (2): 1309 (list); singh, singh & joshi, 2014, rec. zool. survey india. occ. pap 367: 29\ncyana signa; dubatolov, kishida & wang, 2012, tinea 21 (4): 47, f. 35; kirti, joshi & singh, 2013, j. chem. biol. and phys. sci. 3 (2): 1309 (list); singh, singh & joshi, 2014, rec. zool. survey india. occ. pap 367: 33\ncyana bianca; arora, 1983, rec. zool. surv. india, occ. paper 60: 35, pl. 2, f. 12; kirti, joshi & singh, 2013, j. chem. biol. and phys. sci. 3 (2): 1309 (list); singh, singh & joshi, 2014, rec. zool. survey india. occ. pap 367: 30\ncyana amabilis; arora, 1983, rec. zool. surv. india, occ. paper 60: 31, pl. 2, f. 9 - 10; kirti, joshi & singh, 2013, j. chem. biol. and phys. sci. 3 (2): 1309 (list); singh, singh & joshi, 2014, rec. zool. survey india. occ. pap 367: 29\ncyana effracta; inoue, 1988, tyô to ga 39 (2): 113; [ mob7 ]: 339, pl. 1, f. 137, 146; kirti, joshi & singh, 2013, j. chem. biol. and phys. sci. 3 (2): 1309 (list); singh, singh & joshi, 2014, rec. zool. survey india. occ. pap 367: 31\ncyana coccinea; arora, 1983, rec. zool. surv. india, occ. paper 60: 35, pl. 2, f. 13; [ mob7 ], 338; kirti, joshi & singh, 2013, j. chem. biol. and phys. sci. 3 (2): 1309 (list); singh, singh & joshi, 2014, rec. zool. survey india. occ. pap 367: 30\ncyana selangorica; arora, 1983, rec. zool. surv. india, occ. paper 60: 33; [ mob7 ]: 335, pl. 1, f. 130; kirti, joshi & singh, 2013, j. chem. biol. and phys. sci. 3 (2): 1309 (list); singh, singh & joshi, 2014, rec. zool. survey india. occ. pap 367: 33\nthe adult moths of this species have yellow or brown forewings each having five submarginal areas each sometimes delineated by a dark zigzag line, and sometimes containing one or two dark spots. the hindwings are plain pale brown with dark\n. the wingspan of the males is about 2. 5 cms. the wingspan of the females is about 3 cms .\nseries 2, volume 1, part 3 (1886), p. 708 ,\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia, please upload using the upload tools .\nedwards, e. d. 1996 ,\narctiidae\n, ed. nielsen, e. s. , edwards, e. d. & rangsi, t. v. (eds), checklist of the lepidoptera of australia. monographs on australian lepidoptera, vol. 4, pp. pp. 278 - 286, csiro publishing, collingwood\nmeyrick, e. 1886 ,\nrevision of australian lepidoptera. i\n, proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales, ser. 2 - n. s. , vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 687 - 802\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 19b5e245 - ac34 - 4fd2 - 9703 - a9209448ab0c\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: e92260c4 - 3daf - 476f - bf1a - e5264d9cb4fb\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 4d3c7543 - 8336 - 4344 - 9c46 - d72cb6599a51\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 474408\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment. find records and model species distributions. export reports, maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area, or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something? photograph something? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities. we honour and celebrate the spiritual, cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\n=; roesler, 1990, entomofauna 11 (10): 163; [ aucl ]; bendib & minet, 1999, ann. soc. ent. fr. (n. s .) 35 (3 - 4): 257; [ mob7 ], 330\n=; [ aucl ]; bendib & minet, 1999, ann. soc. ent. fr. (n. s .) 35 (3 - 4): 257; [ afromoths ]\n=; roesler, 1990, entomofauna 11 (10): 164; [ aucl ]; bendib & minet, 1999, ann. soc. ent. fr. (n. s .) 35 (3 - 4): 257; [ afromoths ]\nbizone adelina staudinger, 1887; in romanoff, mém. lépid. 3: 191, pl. 10, f. 14; tl: amurland, vladivostok\ntibet, nw. himalayas, sikkim, thailand, vietnam, china (hubei, fujian, sichuan, yunnan, guangdong). see [ maps ]\nchionaema affinis snellen, 1904; tijdschr. ent. 47: 152, pl. 11, f. 1; tl: java, preanger\nchionaema affinis; hampson, 1914, cat. lepid. phalaenae br. mus. (suppl .) 1: 622; [ nhm card ]\nchionaema alba; hampson, 1900, cat. lep. phalaenae br. mus. 2: 328, pl. 27, f. 21; daniel, 1953, bonn. zool. beitr. 3 (3 - 4): 315; [ nhm card ]\nhongkong, sikkim, bhutan, assam, burma, java. see [ maps ]\n= chionaema perigrina; kamaluddin & viqar, 2004, pakistan j. zool. 36 (1): 28\ndoliche alexi cerný, 1993; nachr. ent. ver. apollo, suppl. 12: 81; tl: philippines, mindanao, bukidnon\nbizone amabilis moore, 1877; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1877 (3): 597, pl. 59, f. 2; tl: andamans\ndoliche andromeda cerný, 1993; nachr. ent. ver. apollo, suppl. 12: 54; tl: philippines, mindanao, bukidnon\nbizone ariadne elwes, 1890; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1890: 394; tl: china, changyang\nchionaema ariadne; hampson, 1900, cat. lep. phalaenae br. mus. 2: 312, pl. 27, f. 30; daniel, 1953, bonn. zool. beitr. 3 (3 - 4): 311; [ nhm card ]\nchionaema aroa bethune - baker, 1904; novit. zool. 11 (2): 423; tl: br. n. guinea, up. aroa r .\nchionaema aroa; hampson, 1914, cat. lepid. phalaenae br. mus. (suppl .) 1: 629, f. 192; [ nhm card ]\nchionaema asticta hampson, 1909; ann. mag. nat. hist. (8) 4 (22): 355; tl: queensland, kuranda\nchionaema aurantiipuncta [ = aurantipuncta ] rothschild, 1912; novit. zool. 19 (2): 245; tl: sapit, lombok, 2000ft\nchionaema aurantipuncta; hampson, 1914, cat. lepid. phalaenae br. mus. (suppl .) 1: 618, f. 187; [ nhm card ]\ndoliche aurifinis cerný, 1993; nachr. ent. ver. apollo, suppl. 12: 65; tl: mindanao, bukidnon\naurora (roepke, 1935) (chionaema); misc. zool. sumatr. 99: 2\nchionaema axiologa swinhoe, 1905; ann. mag. nat. hist. (7) 16 (92): 143; tl: nias i .\nchionaema axiologa; hampson, 1914, cat. lepid. phalaenae br. mus. (suppl .) 1: 620, pl. 33, f. 6; [ nhm card ]\nchionaema basialba rothschild, 1913; novit. zool. 20 (1): 192; tl: biagi, mambare r. , br. new guinea, 5000ft\nchionaema basialba; hampson, 1914, cat. lepid. phalaenae br. mus. (suppl .) 1: 629, pl. 23, f. 22; [ nhm card ]\nbasiflava (rothschild, 1936) (chionaema); ann. mag. nat. hist. (10) 17 (100): 486\nbizone bellissima moore, 1878; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1878: 27, pl. 3, f. 13; tl: masuri, nw. hiamalayas\nassam, arunachal, himachal, cachar, burma, penang. see [ maps ]\nbizone bianca walker, 1856; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 7: 1684\nchionaema bicolor rothschild, 1913; novit. zool. 20 (1): 192; tl: german new guinea\nchionaema bicolor; hampson, 1914, cat. lepid. phalaenae br. mus. (suppl .) 1: 635, pl. 33, f. 32; [ nhm card ]\nchionaema boetonensis jurriaanse, 1920; tijdschr. ent. 62: xlix; tl: buton i .\n= chionaema aroa; hampson, 1914, cat. lepid. phalaenae br. mus. (suppl .) 1: 629\nchionaema candida felder, 1874; reise fregatte novara, bd 2 (abth. 2) (4): pl. 103, f. 17\nchionaema cantonensis daniel, 1953; bonn. zool. beitr. 3 (3 - 4): 313, (1 - 2) pl. 2, f. 50; tl: kwangtung, canton\ndoliche carmina cerný, 1993; nachr. ent. ver. apollo, suppl. 12: 38; tl: n. palawan, s. vicente\n= chionaema fumea; hampson, 1914, cat. lepid. phalaenae br. mus. (suppl .) 1: 630; [ nhm card ]\nchionaema nigrescens rothschild, 1913; novit. zool. 20 (1): 193; tl: biagi, mambare r. , br. new guinea, 5000ft\nchionaema nigrescens; hampson, 1914, cat. lepid. phalaenae br. mus. (suppl .) 1: 630, pl. 33, f. 23; [ nhm card ]\nbizone coccinea moore, 1878; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1878: 28, pl. 3, f. 14; tl: sikkim\nbizone conclusa walker, 1862; j. proc. linn. soc. (zool .) 6: 120; tl: sarawak\nborneo, peninsular malaysia, sumatra, nias, java, philippines (palawan, tawi tawi). see [ maps ]\ncrasizona wileman & west, 1928; ann. mag. nat. hist. (10) 2 (8): 218\n? bicolor (hulstaert, 1924); (preocc. rothshcild, 1913 )\nchionaema cruentata talbot, 1926; sarawak mus. j. 3 (2): 135; tl: mt poi, 5900ft\nchionaema determinata; hampson, 1900, cat. lep. phalaenae br. mus. 2: 323, pl. 27, f. 7; [ nhm card ]\nburma, thailand, vietnam, china (fujian, sichuan, yunnan, guangdong). see [ maps ]\nbizone divakara moore, [ 1866 ]; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1865 (3): 798, pl. 43, f. 9; tl: darjeeling\nbizone dohertyi elwes, 1890; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1890: 394, pl. 32, f. 4; tl: mao, naga hills\nnepal, sikkim, burma, taiwan, peninsular malaysia, sumatra, borneo. see [ maps ]\nchionaema euryxantha hampson, 1914; cat. lepid. phalaenae br. mus. (suppl .) 1: 620, pl. 37, f. 5; tl: philippines, manila\nchionaema farquharsoni bethune - baker, 1922; trans. ent. soc. lond. 54: 464; tl: s. nigeria, moor plantation\nchionaema fasciatella rothschild, 1912; novit. zool. 19 (2): 245; tl: celebes, palos bay, dongala\nchionaema fasciatella; hampson, 1914, cat. lepid. phalaenae br. mus. (suppl .) 1: 621, pl. 33, f. 7; [ nhm card ]\nbizone fasciola elwes, 1890; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1890: 391; tl: china, changyang and ichang\nchionaema fasciola; hampson, 1900, cat. lep. phalaenae br. mus. 2: 306, f. 222; daniel, 1953, bonn. zool. beitr. 3 (3 - 4): 306, (1 - 2) pl. 2, f. 42 - 43; [ nhm card ]\nchionaema flavalba rothschild, 1912; novit. zool. 19 (2): 246; tl: penang, government hill, 1000ft\nchionaema flavicincta hampson, 1903; ann. mag. nat. hist. (7) 11 (64): 345; tl: assam, khasis\nflavotincta (draudt, 1914) (chionaema); gross - schmett. erde 10: 174\nchionaema fukiensis daniel, 1953; bonn. zool. beitr. 3 (3 - 4): 307, (1 - 2) pl. 2, f. 44 - 45; tl: fukien, kuangtseh\nchionaema melanochlorus rothschild, 1916; novit. zool. 23 (3): 328; tl: dampier i .\nchionaema fumea; hampson, 1914, cat. lepid. phalaenae br. mus. (suppl .) 1: 630; [ nhm card ]\ndoliche gabriellae cerný, 1993; nachr. ent. ver. apollo, suppl. 12: 47\nbizone gazella moore, 1872; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1872 (2): 572, pl. 33, f. 4; tl: masuri, nw. himalaya\ndoliche geminipuncta cerný, 1993; nachr. ent. ver. apollo, suppl. 12: 56\nchionaema gonypetes prout, 1919; ann. mag. nat. hist. (9) 3 (14): 166; tl: mindanao, philippines\nclerckia securizonis guizonis jordan, 1904; novit. zool. 11: 442; tl: guizo i. , rubiana lagoon, solomon is .\nchionaema guizonis; hampson, 1914, cat. lepid. phalaenae br. mus. (suppl .) 1: 624, pl. 33, f. 13; [ nhm card ]\nnw. himalayas, sikkim, bombay, travancore, andamans. see [ maps ]\nbizone harterti elwes, 1890; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1890: 398; tl: upper assam\nchionaema hönei [ = honei ] daniel, 1953; bonn. zool. beitr. 3 (3 - 4): 312; tl: n. yunnan, li - kiang\nbizone impunctata felder, 1861; s. b. akad. wiss. wien 43 (1): 37; tl: amboina\nchionaema impunctata; hampson, 1900, cat. lep. phalaenae br. mus. 2: 308, pl. 27, f. 23; [ nhm card ]\nchionaema infantula hampson, 1900; cat. lep. phalaenae br. mus. 2: 326, pl. 27, f. 10; tl: borneo, pulo laut\nthailand, vietnam, china (jiangsu, zhejiang, hubei, hunan, fujian, guangxi, hainan, sichuan, shanghai). see [ maps ]\nbizone interrogationis poujade, 1886; bull. soc. ent. fr. (6) 6: cxxv; tl: mou - pin (thibet )\nchionaema interrogationis; hampson, 1900, cat. lep. phalaenae br. mus. 2: 320, pl. 27, f. 4; daniel, 1953, bonn. zool. beitr. 3 (3 - 4): 310; [ nhm card ]; dubatolov, kishida & wang, 2012, tinea 21 (4): 47, f. 37\nchionaema inusitata bethune - baker, 1910; ann. mag. nat. hist. (8) 6 (35): 442; tl: arfak mtns, 4000ft\nchionaema inusitata; hampson, 1914, cat. lepid. phalaenae br. mus. (suppl .) 1: 628, pl. 33, f. 20 ♂, 21 ♀; [ nhm card ]\nburma, singapore, nias, java, bali, sumatra. see [ maps ]\nlarva on muscus hampson, 1900, cat. lep. phalaenae br. mus. 2: 310\nchionaema klapperichi daniel, 1953; bonn. zool. beitr. 3 (3 - 4): 314, (1 - 2) pl. 2, f. 51; tl: fukien, shaowu\nchionaema kosemponica strand, 1917; arch. naturgesch. 82 a (3): 116; tl: kosempo\ndoliche libulae cerný, 1993; nachr. ent. ver. apollo, suppl. 12: 39; tl: philippines, luzon, quezon forest national park\nchionaema likiangensis daniel, 1953; bonn. zool. beitr. 3 (3 - 4): 314, (1 - 2) pl. 2, f. 52; tl: n. yunnan, li - kiang\nchionaema lobbichleri daniel, 1961; veröff. zool. staatssaml. münch. 6 (4): 153, pl. 15, f. 1 - 4\nchionaema lunulata; [ nhm card ]; hampson, 1900, cat. lep. phalaenae br. mus. 2: 561, pl. 35, f. 12\nchionaema lutipes hampson, 1900; cat. lep. phalaenae br. mus. 2: 311, pl. 27, f. 1; tl: philippines\nchionaeama conclusa; holloway, 1976, moths of borneo with special reference to mt. kinabalu: 3\nchionaema malayensis hampson, 1914; cat. lepid. phalaenae br. mus. (suppl .) 1: 622, pl. 33, f. 9; tl: selangor, buket kutu\nchionaema melanoplagia hampson, 1900; cat. lep. phalaenae br. mus. 2: 318, f. 227; tl: sw. new guinea, kapaur\nchionaema metamelas hampson, 1914; cat. lepid. phalaenae br. mus. (suppl .) 1: 625, pl. 33, f. 15; tl: dutch n. guinea, mimika r .\nchionaema nigrilineata hampson, 1900; cat. lep. phalaenae br. mus. 2: 311, pl. 27, f. 2; tl: sumatra\nchionaema nigromarginata rothschild, 1936; ann. mag. nat. hist. (10) 17 (100): 485\nchionaema nigroplagata; hampson, 1914, cat. lepid. phalaenae br. mus. (suppl .) 1: 628, pl. 33, f. 19; [ nhm card ]\nchionaema obliquilineata hampson, 1900; cat. lep. phalaenae br. mus. 2: 299, pl. 26, f. 24; tl: sikkim, 1800ft\nchionaema okinawana matsumura, 1930; insecta matsumurana, 5: 36, pl. 1, f. 3; tl: okinawa\nclerckia omissa rothschild & jordan, 1901; novit. zool. 8 (4): 409; tl: guadalcanar, solomon islands\nchionaema omissa; hampson, 1914, cat. lepid. phalaenae br. mus. (suppl .) 1: 626; [ nhm card ]\nchionaema orcheia rothschild, 1916; novit. zool. 23 (3): 327; tl: dampier i .\nchionaema phaedra; hampson, 1900, cat. lep. phalaenae br. mus. 2: 321; daniel, 1953, bonn. zool. beitr. 3 (3 - 4): 309; [ nhm card ]\nchionaema phaeocraspis; hampson, 1914, cat. lepid. phalaenae br. mus. (suppl .) 1: 637, pl. 32, f. 24; [ nhm card ]\nphycomata wileman & west, 1928; ann. mag. nat. hist. (10) 2 (8): 218\nbizone pitana moore, 1859; in horsfield & moore, cat. lep. ins. mus. nat. east india house 2: 305; tl: java\nchionaema pitana; hampson, 1900, cat. lep. phalaenae br. mus. 2: 322, pl. 27, f. 6; hampson, 1914, cat. lepid. phalaenae br. mus. (suppl .) 1: 632; [ nhm card ]\nchionaema punctifasciata rothschild, 1913; novit. zool. 20 (1): 193; tl: biagi, mambare r. , br. new guinea, 5000ft\nchionaema rubrifasciata; hampson, 1900, cat. lep. phalaenae br. mus. 2: 298; [ nhm card ]\nbizone plateni elwes, 1890; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1890: 391; tl: minhasa, north celebes\nchionaema plateni; hampson, 1900, cat. lep. phalaenae br. mus. 2: 310, pl. 27, f. 13; [ nhm card ]\nbizone pratti elwes, 1890; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1890: 394; tl: china, ningpo\nchionaema pratti; hampson, 1900, cat. lep. phalaenae br. mus. 2: 303, pl. 26, f. 3; daniel, 1953, bonn. zool. beitr. 3 (3 - 4): 310; [ nhm card ]\nchionaema propinqua; hampson, 1914, cat. lepid. phalaenae br. mus. (suppl .) 1: 631, pl. 33, f. 25; [ nhm card ]\npteroleuca roesler & küppers, 1976; ent. zeitschrift 86 (15): 162\nbizone puer elwes, 1890; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1890: 392, pl. 32, f. 8; tl: darjeeling [? ]\nchionaema punctistrigosa rothschild, 1913; novit. zool. 20 (1): 225; tl: br. n. guinea, mt goliath\nchionaema punctistrigosa; hampson, 1914, cat. lepid. phalaenae br. mus. (suppl .) 1: 627, f. 191; [ nhm card ]\nindia (sikkim, assam), vietnam, thailand. see [ maps ]\nchionaema quadripartita; hampson, 1914, cat. lepid. phalaenae br. mus. (suppl .) 1: 633, pl. 33, 27; [ nhm card ]\nchionaema sanguinea; hampson, 1900, cat. lep. phalaenae br. mus. 2: 326; daniel, 1953, bonn. zool. beitr. 3 (3 - 4): 308, (1 - 2) pl. 2, f. 48; [ nhm card ]\nchionaema saulia swinhoe, 1901; ann. mag. nat. hist. (7) 8: 124; tl: borneo, paitan\nscintillans (rothschild, 1936) (chionaema); ann. mag. nat. hist. (10) 17 (100): 486\n=; rothschild & jordan, 1901, novit. zool. 8 (4): 410; [ nhm card ]\nchionaema securizonis; hampson, 1900, cat. lep. phalaenae br. mus. 2: 315; [ nhm card ]\nchionaema selangorica hampson, 1903; ann. mag. nat. hist. (7) 11 (64): 346; tl: selangor, semangho, 2700ft\nbizone sikkimensis elwes, 1890; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1890: 395, pl. 32, f. 6 - 5; tl: tonglo, 10000ft\ntibet, assam, burma, thailand, vietnam, china (fujian, yunnan, guangdong). see [ maps ]\nchionaema straminea hampson, 1914; cat. lepid. phalaenae br. mus. (suppl .) 1: 635, pl. 32, f. 21; tl: formosa, kanshirei\nstressemanni (rothschild, 1936) (chionaema); ann. mag. nat. hist. (10) 17 (100): 489\nchionaema subalba; hampson, 1914, cat. lepid. phalaenae br. mus. (suppl .) 1: 620, pl. 33, f. 4; [ nhm card ]\nchionaema tricolor; hampson, 1900, cat. lep. phalaenae br. mus. 2: 316, pl. 27, f. 14; [ nhm card ]\nchionaema postdivisa; hampson, 1914, cat. lepid. phalaenae br. mus. (suppl .) 1: 625, pl. 33, f. 14; [ nhm card ]\nclerckia thoracica rothschild & jordan, 1901; novit. zool. 8 (4): 410; tl: humboldt bay, dutch new guinea\nchionaema thoracica; hampson, 1914, cat. lepid. phalaenae br. mus. (suppl .) 1: 624; [ nhm card ]\nchionaema tienmushanensis reich, 1937; dt. ent. z. iris 51: 122\nchionaema tienmushanensis; daniel, 1953, bonn. zool. beitr. 3 (3 - 4): 307, (1 - 2) pl. 2, f. 46 - 47; [ nhm card ]\nilema transfasciata rothschild, 1912; novit. zool. 19 (2): 222; tl: dutch n. guinea, oetakwa r. , snow mts\nchionaema transfasciata; hampson, 1914, cat. lepid. phalaenae br. mus. (suppl .) 1: 627, pl. 33, f. 17 ♂, 18 ♀; [ nhm card ]\ndoliche treadawayi cerný, 1993; nachr. ent. ver. apollo, suppl. 12: 66\nchionamea fulvia tricolora; hampson, 1900, cat. lep. phalaenae br. mus. 2: 316\n= chionaema fulvia; hampson, 1914, cat. lepid. phalaenae br. mus. (suppl .) 1: 625; [ nhm card ]\nchionaema dinava [ sic, recte dinawa ]; hampson, 1914, cat. lepid. phalaenae br. mus. (suppl .) 1: 617, pl. 33, f. 2\nchionaema tripunctata rothschild, 1936; ann. mag. nat. hist. (10) 17 (100): 487; tl: andamans, aberdeen\nbizone unipunctata elwes, 1890; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1890: 392; tl: japan, liukiu is .\nchionaema unipunctata; hampson, 1900, cat. lep. phalaenae br. mus. 2: 301, f. 218; [ nhm card ]\ndoliche vespertata cerný, 1993; nachr. ent. ver. apollo, suppl. 12: 49\ndoliche vespertata decolorata cerný, 1993; nachr. ent. ver. apollo, suppl. 12: 50\ndoliche v - nigrum cerný, 1993; nachr. ent. ver. apollo, suppl. 12: 79\ndoliche v - nigrum visaya cerný, 1993; nachr. ent. ver. apollo, suppl. 12: 80\nchionaema yunnanensis hampson, 1903; ann. mag. nat. hist. (7) 11 (64): 346; tl: yunnan, teng yenk\nchionaema yunnanensis; hampson, 1914, cat. lepid. phalaenae br. mus. (suppl .) 1: 624, pl. 33, f. 12; [ nhm card ]\nisine walker, 1854; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 2: 545; ts: isine trigutta walker\nsierra leone, ivory coast, ghana, nigeria, cameroon. see [ maps ]\nbizone rubristriga holland, 1893; psyche 6: 399; tl: w. africa, ogové r .\nchionaema ugandana strand, 1912; archiv naturg. 78 a (7): 189; tl: uganda\nangola, zambia, zimbabwe, south africa, namibia. see [ maps ]\nchionaema marshalli hampson, 1900; cat. lep. phalaenae br. mus. 2: 325, pl. 27, f. 26; tl: natal, malvern\nchionaema rhodostriata hampson, 1914; cat. lepid. phalaenae br. mus. (suppl .) 1: 634, pl. 33, f. 31; tl: natal, maritzburg\nchionaema fulvia laudans hulstaert, 1923; ann. mag. nat. hist. (9) 11: 187; tl: langgoer, little kei\ngnophrioides flaviplaga heylaerts, 1891; c. r. soc. ent. belge 35: ccccxii [ 412 ]; tl: java, preanger\nsphragidium butler, 1887; ann. mag. nat. hist. (5) 19 (111): 218; ts: sphragidium miles butler\n=; hampson, 1914, cat. lepid. phalaenae br. mus. (suppl .) 1: 624; [ nhm, (not f. 10) card ]\nexotrocha meyrick, 1886; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. (2) 1 (3): 691, 693; ts: phalaena liboria stoll [ = clerckia meyricki, rothschild & jordan ]\nclerckia meyricki rothschild & jordan, 1901; novit. zool. 8 (4): 410; tl: brisbane\nexotrocha liboria; meyrick, 1886, proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. (2) 1 (3): 693\ndoliche walker, 1854; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 2: 529; ts: doliche gelida walker\ndoliche gelida walker, 1854; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 2: 529; tl: [ bangladesh ] silhet\nchionaema margarethae kiriakoff, 1958; br. mus. ruwenzori exp. 1 (2): 5; tl: uganda, semliki forest\nbizone saalmuelleri butler, 1882; cistula ent. 3: 3; tl: madagascar, ankafana\nchionaema pauliani toulgoët, 1954; mem. inst. sci. madagascar (e) 5: 194; tl: madagascar, ankaratra\nbizone grandis mabille, 1879; bull. soc. philom. paris (7) 3: 136; tl: madagascar\nchionaema tripuncta toulgoët, 1980; nouv. rev. ent. 10 (4): 344; tl: grande comore, bandalamadji\nchionaema nyasica hampson, 1918; novit. zool. 25: 102; tl: br. c. africa, mt mlanje\nisine heidrunae hoppe, 2004; ent. zs. 114 (3): 106; tl: guinea ecuatorial, isla de bioco\ne. africa - s. africa, uganda, madagascar, sierra leone? , angola? . see [ maps ]\nsetina rejecta walker, 1854; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 2: 521; tl: natal\nbizone pretoriae distant, 1897; ann. mag. nat. hist. (6) 20 (116): 198; tl: pretoria\ntogo, sierra leone, ivory coast, ghana, nigeria, cameroon, c. a. r. , zaire, uganda, burundi. see [ maps ]\nchionaema togoana strand, 1912; archiv naturg. 78 a (7): 189; tl: togo, mismarckburg\nsierra leone, guinea, ivory coast, nigeria, cameroon, gabon, zaire, angola. see [ maps ]\ntanzania, uganda, kenya, rwanda, zambia, zimbabwe, mozambique, south africa. see [ maps ]\nchionamea capensis hampson, 1903; ann. mag. nat. hist. (7) 11 (64): 347; tl: cape colony, grahamtown\nbizone walker, 1854; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 2: 548; ts: bizone perornata walker\nbizone perornata walker, 1854; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 2: 548; tl: [ bangladesh ] silhet\nchionaema rufifrons rothschild, 1912; novit. zool. 19 (2): 246; tl: w. africa, st. thomé is .\nchionaema herrich - schäffer, [ 1855 ]; syst. bearb. schmett. europ. 6 (68): 100 - 101; ts: phalaena puella drury\nnw. hiamalayas, nepal, bombay, nilgiris, ceylon. see [ maps ]\nphalaena puella drury, 1773; illust. nat. hist. exot. insects 2: index & 3, pl. 2, f. 2; tl: madras\nnw. himalayas, sikkim, assam, s. india? . see [ maps ]\ngold coast, sierra leone, ivory coast, ghana. see [ maps ]\nchionaema loloana strand, 1912; archiv naturg. 78 a (7): 190; tl: kamerun, lolodorf\nchionaema rubritermina bethune - baker, 1911; ann. mag. nat. hist. (8) 7 (41): 534; tl: s. nigeria, lagos\n= chionaema rubritermina; hampson, 1914, cat. lepid. phalaenae br. mus. (suppl .) 1: 633; [ afromoths, (?) ]\ncabarda torrida holland, 1893; psyche 6: 399; tl: w. africa, benita\n[ afromoths ] de prins, j. & de prins, w. , 2013\n[ ² ] this may require parentheses or not. i don' t have the necessary information for this taxon .\nlépidoptéres rapportés de la chine et de la mongolie par g. n. potanine in romanoff ,\non the lepidopterous fauna of andaman and nicobar group of islands (india). family arctiidae\nlithosiine main lineages and their possible interrelationships. i. - definition of new or resurrected tribes (lepidoptera: arctiidae )\ndiagnoses de lépidopterères nouveaux, trouvés par mm. tatarinoff et gaschkewitch aux environs de pekin in motschulsky ,\ndescriptions of some new lepidoptera - heterocera in the collection of the hon. walter de rothschild\nbeiträge zur kenntnis der arctiidae ostasiens unter besonderer berücksichtigung der ausbeuten von dr. h. c. h. höne aus diesem gebiet. iii. teil: lithosiinae\nnew records of lichenmoths from the nanling mts. , guangdong, south china, with description of new genera and species (lepidoptera, arctiidae: lithosiinae )\nlepidopterorum amboinensium a dre. l. doleschall annis 1856 - 58 collectorum species novae\nreise der österreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857, 1858, 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b. von wüllerstorf - urbair. zoologischer theil. band 2. abtheilung 2. lepidoptera. rhopalocera\n- 120, (inhalts - verz .) 1 - 9 (pl. 1 - 74), (felder & rogenhofer, 1874), (5): pl .\nlépidoptéres de madagascar. in vinson. voyage a madagascar au couronnement de radama ii. in vinson ,\nthe moths of india. supplementary paper to the volumes in\nthe fauna of british india\n. part i - ii\nsystematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa, zugleich als text, revision und supplement zu j. hübner' s sammlung europäischer schmetterlinge, sechter un letzter band, 1843 - 1856\n( 1): (i) pl. i (1843), (3): (i) i - ii, pl. ii - iv (1844), (6): (i) pl. v (1844), (7): (i) pl. vi (1844), (8): (i) iii - x, pl. vii - viii (1844), (9): (i) pl. ix - xi (1844), (11): (i) pl. xii (1845), (13): (i) xi - xiv, pl. xiii - xiv (1846), (17): (i) pl. xvi (1846), (22): (ii) pl. i - iii (1847), (35): (i) pl. xv (1848), (36): (i) pl. xvii - xix (1848), (37): (i) pl. xx (1849), (? 38): (i) xv - xviii (1849), (38): (i) pl. xxi - xxii (1849), (40): (ii) i - ii - iv, pl. iv - ix (1849), (48): [\n- 36 (1852), (60): (ii) v - viii, pl. x - xiv (iv) 37 - 40 (1853), (65): (iv )\nbijdrage tot de kennis der lepidoptera van z. o. - celebes en omliggende eilanden\nbritish museum (natural history) ruwenzori expedition 1952. arctiidae (except nolinae), thyretidae and notodontidae\nsystema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum clases, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, symonymis, locis. tomis i. 10th edition\non the lepidoptera in the tring museum sent by mr. a. s. meek from the admiralty islands, dampier and vulcan islands\ndie gross - schmetterlinge des palaearktischen faunengebietes. 2. die palaearktischen spinner & schwärmer\ndie schmetterlinge der philippinischen inseln. beitrage zur indo - malayischen lepidopteren - fauna. zweiter band. die nachtfalter. heterocera\nh. sauter' s formosa - ausbeute: lithosiinae, nolinae, noctuidae (p. p .), ratardidae, chalcosiidae, sowie nacträge zu den familien drepanidae, limacodidae, gelechiidae, oecophoriidae und heliodinidae\ncharacters of undescribed lepidoptera in the collection of w. w. saunders, esq\ncatalogue of the heterocerous lepidopterous insects collected at sarawak, in borneo, by mr. a. r. wallace, with descriptions of new species\nwileman & west, 1928 new species of heterocera from formosa and the philippines ann. mag. nat. hist. (10) 2 (8): 215 - 224\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\nsearch is restricted to [ [ filters. class | getlabelfor: class _ choices ] ]\nthis data is freely available to any individual for any purpose. for more information see urltoken\nthe nucleotide (dna / rna) and protein sequences have been sourced through the european nucleotide archive (ena) and universal protein resource (uniprot), databases that contains comprehensive sets of nucleotide (dna / rna) and protein sequences from all organisms that have been published by the international research community .\nthe contents of this collection is dynamic and will change over time as more data is deposited into the european nucleotide archive (ena) and universal protein resource (uniprot) .\ncopy and paste a formatted citation or use one of the links to import into a bibliography manager .\n[ [ item. name | formatfacet ] ] ([ [ item. value ] ] )\n[ [ item. name | formatfacet ] ] ([ [ item. value ] ] )\nto filter your results by a time period enter a year range between [ [ earliest _ year ] ] and [ [ latest _ year ] ] inclusive. open ranges can be specified by leaving one of the fields blank. please note that adding a time period filter to your search will restrict your search to only those records in research data australia which contain temporal information .\n[ [ item. preflabel | totitlecase ] ] ([ [ item. collectionnum ] ] )\nnote: adding a location filter will restrict your search to only records that have location information described .\n[ [ preresult. response. numfound ] ] result (s) found with these filters. hit search\nthe advanced search popout allows you to build / refine complex queries all in a single tabbed popout. from within the advanced search you can construct boolean searches and apply one or more filter categories to your search .\nnote that there is no defined order to the tabs in the advanced search and you can apply the filters in any order you choose. where there are multiple options for a filter category e. g. (subjects) the options & record counts displayed are based on your query. each time you switch tabs the available filter options and record counts are updated to reflect any changes on the previous tab .\nas you build / refine your search in the advanced search popout, you can review the entire search and the number of results which will be returned by selecting the ‘review’ tab. the tab also allows you to modify your search by removing filters .\nthe query constructor provides a way of searching for records using multiple search term combinations and boolean operators .\nthe advanced queries created using the query constructor are comprised of rows. each row consists of a field, condition operator and a value. the value tells the search what to look for, the field tells the search where to look, and the condition operator tells the search whether a record should ‘contain’ or ‘exclude’ the value." ]

{ "text": [ "cyana obscura is a moth of the family erebidae .", "it is found in australia , where it has been recorded from queensland .", "the forewings are brown with a dark brown band near the base .", "the hindwings are plain pale brown . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 1, 1 ] }

[ "cyana obscura is a moth of the family erebidae. it is found in australia, where it has been recorded from queensland. the forewings are brown with a dark brown band near the base. the hindwings are plain pale brown." ]

[ "dromia dehaani rathbun, 1923 dromia rumphii de haan, 1839 lauridromia dehaani mclay 1993 .\ndai, a. - y. & p. k. l. ng, 1997. notes on an unusual specimen of lauridromia dehaani (rathbun, 1923) (decapoda, brachyura, dromiidae) from hong kong. crustaceana, 70 (6): 754 - 757, fig. 1 .\ncitation :\nde haan' s sponge crabs, lauridromia dehaani ~ marinebio. org .\nmarinebio conservation society. web. accessed tuesday, july 10, 2018. < urltoken >. last update: 5 / 29 / 2013 12: 03: 00 am ~ contributor (s): marinebio\neaster island - dromia dehaani - zarenkov, 1990: 224 (st. 1923, seamounts sala y gòmez and south - western part of nazca ridge, 25°40' s - 85°27' w, 162 m). - parin et al. , 1997: 163, tab. 3 (list of decapoda for the nazca and sala y gòmez submarine ridges). - lauridromia dehaani - mclay, 1993: 145 (new combination; distribution of the genus ,\nindian and pacific ocean\n) .\ndistribution & ecology: sala y gomez regional records: easter island - dromia dehaani - zarenkov, 1990: 224 (st. 1923, seamounts sala y g˛mez and south - western part of nazca ridge, 25░40' s - 85░27' w, 162 m). - parin et al. , 1997: 163, tab. 3 (list of decapoda for the nazca and sala y g˛mez submarine ridges). - lauridromia dehaani - mclay, 1993: 145 (new combination; distribution of the genus ,\nindian and pacific ocean\n). depth distribution: 162 - 162 m\nresearch lauridromia dehaani » barcode of life ~ bioone ~ biodiversity heritage library ~ cites ~ cornell macaulay library [ audio / video ] ~ encyclopedia of life (eol) ~ esa online journals ~ fishbase ~ florida museum of natural history ichthyology department ~ gbif ~ google scholar ~ itis ~ iucn redlist (threatened status) ~ marine species identification portal ~ ncbi (pubmed, genbank, etc .) ~ ocean biogeographic information system ~ plos ~ siris ~ tree of life web project ~ unep - wcmc species database ~ worms\n( of dromia dehaani rathbun, 1923) guinot, d. (1967). la faune carcinologique (crustacea brachyura) de l' ocean indien occidental et de la mer rouge. catalogue, remarques bibliographiques et biobliographie. bull. inst. fondamental d' afrique noire (ifan). 237 - 252. [ details ]\nliu j. y. [ ruiyu ] (ed .). (2008). checklist of marine biota of china seas. china science press. 1267 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\ncensus of marine life (2012). syndeep: towards a first global synthesis of biodiversity, biogeography and ecosystem function in the deep sea. unpublished data (datasetid: 59), available online at urltoken [ details ]\nblackmore, g. ; rainbow, p. s. (2000). epibenthic crab (malacostraca: brachyura) assemblages of the southeastern waters of hong kong: the 2002 trawl programme. morton b, editor. proceedings of the tenth international marine biological workshop: the marineauna of hong kong and southern china. the marine flora and fauna of hong kong and southern china v. hong kong university press, hong kong. 517 - 533. [ details ]\n), guangdong, including hainan is. , fujian; taiwan; indonesia - java sea (\n: 96, figs 3a - b, 4a - b, pl. 4. - -\nalcock, a. w. , 1900a. materials for a carcinological fauna of india. no. 5. brachyura primigenia or dromiacea. journal of the asiatic society of bengal, calcutta, 68, part 2 (3): 123 - 169, pls 3 - 5 .\nalcock, a. w. , 1901. catalogue of the indian decapod crustacea in the collection of the indian museum. part i. brachyura. fasc. 1. introduction and dromides or dromiacea (brachyura primigenia). trustees of the indian museum, calcutta, i - viii, 1 - 80, pls a & 1 - 7 .\nbalss, h. , 1922b. ostasiatische decapoden iii. die dromiaceen, oxystomen und parthenopiden. archiv für naturgeschichte, 88a (3): 104 - 140, figs 1 - 9. (in german )\nbarnard, k. h. , 1950. descriptive catalogue of south african decapod crustacea (crabs and shrimps). annals of the south african museum, 38: 1 - 837, figs 1 - 154 .\nborradaile, l. a. , 1903b. marine crustaceans. ix. the sponge - crabs (dromiacea). in: j. s. gardiner (ed .), the fauna and geography of the maldive and laccadive archipelagoes, 2 (1): 574 - 578, pl. 33 .\nborradaile, l. a. , 1903d. on the genera of the dromiidae. annals and magazine of natural history, (7) 11: 297 - 303 .\nchang, c. m. , 1963. a check list of taiwan crabs with descriptions of 19 new records. tunghai journal, taichung, 5 (2): 95 - 118, figs 1 - 10, pls 1 - 2 .\nchhapgar, b. f. , 1957b. marine crabs of bombay state. taraporevala marine biological station, contribution number 1: v + 89 pp. , pls a, b, 1 - 16 .\ndai, a. & s. yang, 1991. crabs of the china seas, i - iv, 1 - 608, figs 1 - 295, pls 1 - 74. china ocean press, beijing and springer - verlag, berlin heidelberg new york tokyo, english edition. (translation from chinese original 1986. )\ndai, a. , s. yang, y. song & g. chen, 1986. crabs of chinese seas, i - iv, 1 - 642, figs 1 - 295, pls 1 - 74. ocean press, beijing. (in chinese. )\nde haan, w. , 1833 - 1849. crustacea. in: ph. f. von siebold, fauna japonica sive descriptio animalium, quae in itinere per japoniam, jussu et auspiciis superiorum, qui summum in india batava imperium tenent, suscepto, annis 1823 - 1830 collegit, notis, observationibus et adumbrationibus illustravit: ix - xvi, i - xxi, vii - xvii, 1 - 243, pls a - j, l - q, 1 - 55, circ. tab. 2. (for dates see sherborn & jentink, 1895 and holthuis, 1953. )\ndoflein, f. , 1902. ostasiatische dekapoden. abhandlungen der königlichen bayerischen akademie der wissenschaften, münchen, (2) 21 (3): 613 - 670, figs 1 - 4, pls 1 - 6 .\ngordon, i. , 1931. brachyura from the coasts of china. journal of the linnean society of london, zoology, 37 (254): 525 - 558, figs 1 - 36 .\nhenderson, j. r. , 1893. a contribution to indian carcinology. the transactions of the linnean society of london, (series 2, zoology) 5 (1): 325 - 458, pls 36 - 40 .\nhilgendorf, f. , 1879. die von herrn w. peters in moçambique gesammelten crustaceen. monatsbericht der königlich preussischen akademie der wissenschaften zu berlin, 1878: 782 - 851, pls 1 - 4 .\nholthuis, l. b. & t. sakai, 1970. ph. f. von siebold and fauna japonica. a history of early japanese zoology. academic press of japan, tokyo, i - xviii, 1 - 323, pls 1 - 32, 7 unnumbered pls, 1 map, frontispiece. (in english and japanese )\nihle, j. e. w. , 1913. die decapoda brachyura der siboga - expedition i. dromiacea. siboga expeditie monografie, 39 (b): 1 - 96, 38 figs, pls 1 - 4 .\nkamita, t. , 1941b. studies of the decapod crustaceans of chosen. pt. i. crabs. the fisheries society of chosen, keijo, 1 - 289, figs 1 - 147, 2 pls, 1 map .\nkim, h. s. & c. y. chang, 1985. the brachyuran crabs of cheju island, korea (crustacea: decapoda). the korean journal of systematic zoology, 1 (1 - 2): 41 - 60, figs 1 - 4 .\nkim, h. s. , 1970. a checklist of the anomura and brachyura (crustacea, decapoda) of korea. seoul university journal, biology and agriculture (series b), 21: 1 - 34, fig. 1, pls 1 - 5 .\nkim, h. s. , 1973. a catalogue of anomura and brachyura from korea. in: illustrated encyclopedia of fauna and flora of korea, samhwa publishing company, 14: 1 - 694, figs 1 - 265, pls 1 - 112, tabls 1 - 2, 1 map. seoul. (in korean with english summary )\nkomai, t. , s. maruyama & k. konishi, 1992. a list of decapod crustaceans from hokkaido, northern japan. researches on crustacea, 21: 189 - 205. (in japanese )\nmclay, c. l. , 1993. crustacea decapoda: the sponge crabs (dromiidae) of new caledonia and the philippines with a review of the genera. in: a. crosnier (ed .), résultats des campagnes musorstom, volume 10. mémoires du muséum national d' histoire naturelle, 156: 111 - 251, figs 1 - 19, tabl. 1 - 8 .\nmilne - edwards, h. , 1837. histoire naturelle des crustacés, comprenant l' anatomie, la physiologie et la classification de ces animaux. libraire encyclopédique de roret, paris, vol. 2: 1 - 532, pls 1 - 2, 7 - 8, 10, 14, 18 - 19, 21, 24. (see holthuis, 1979, for dates of publication. )\nmiyake, s. , k. sakai & s. nishikawa, 1962. a fauna - list of the decapod crustacea from the coasts washed by the tsushima warm current. records of oceanographic works in japan, special no. 6: 121 - 131 .\nmiyake, s. , 1983. japanese crustacean decapods and stomatopods in color. vol. ii. brachyura (crabs), i - viii, 1 - 277, pls 1 - 64. hoikusha, osaka. (in japanese; second edition in 1992 )\nmuraoka, k. , 1998. catalogue of the brachyuran and anomuran crabs donated by prof. dr. tune sakai to the kanagawa prefectural museum. catalogue of the collection in the kanagawa prefectural museum of natural history, 11: 5 - 67, pls 1 - 16 .\nng, p. k. l. , t. - y. chan & c. - h. wang, 2000a. the dromiidae, raninidae and corystidae (crustacea: decapoda: brachyura) of taiwan. in: j. - s. hwang et al. (eds .), proceedings of the international symposium on marine biology in taiwan - crustacea and zooplankton taxonomy, ecology and living resources. taiwan museum special publication series, no. 10 .\nng, p. k. l. , 1998c. crabs. in: k. e. carpenter & n. volker (eds .), fao species identification guide for fishery purposes. the living marine resources of the western central pacific. volume 1. food and agriculture organisation, rome: 1046 - 1155 .\nortmann, a. e. , 1892. die decapoden - krebse des strassburger museums, mit besonderer berücksichtigung der von herrn dr. döderlein bei japan und bei den liu - kiu - inseln gesammelten und z. z. im strassburger museum aufbewahrten formen. theil v. die abtheilungen hippidea, dromiidea und oxystomata. zoologischer jahresbericht (syst .), 6: 532 - 588, pl. 26 .\nparisi, b. , 1915a. i decapodi giapponesi del museo di milano. ii. dromiacea. atti della societa italiana di scienze naturali e del museo civico di storia naturale, milano, 54: 102 - 116, figs 1 - 2, pls 2 - 3 .\nrathbun, m. j. , 1902a. japanese stalk - eyed crustaceans. proceedings of the united states national museum, 26 (1307): 23 - 55, figs 1 - 24 .\nrathbun, m. j. , 1923b. an analysis of dromia dormia (linnaeus). proceedings of the biological society of washington, 36: 65 - 70 .\nsakai, k. , 1999. j. f. w. herbst - collection of decapod crustacea of the berlin zoologica museum, with remarks on certain species. naturalists, publications of tokushima biological laboratory, shikoku university, 6: 1 - 45, pls 1 - 21 .\nsakai, t. , 1934a. brachyura from the coast of kyushu, japan. science reports of the tokyo bunrika daigaku, (b) 1 (25): 281 - 330, figs 1 - 26, pls 17 - 18 (in colour) .\nsakai, t. , 1935a. list of marine animals around shimoda area. biological report of shimoda marine biological station, tokyo university of literature and science, 1: 23 - 85, 3 pls, 2 maps (in japanese )\nsakai, t. , 1936b. crabs of japan: 66 plates in life colours with descriptions. sanseido, tokyo (1935): 1 - 239, figs 1 - 122, 27 pages of bibliography & index, frontispiece (in colour), pls 1 - 66 (colour). (in japanese )\nsakai, t. , 1936c. studies on the crabs of japan. i. dromiacea. science reports of the tokyo bunrika daigaku, (b) 3 (suppl. no. 1): 1 - 66, figs 1 - 13, pls 1 - 9 .\nsakai, t. , 1965b. the crabs of sagami bay, collected by his majesty the emperor of japan, i - xvi, 1 - 206 (english text), figs 1 - 27, pls 1 - 100: 1 - 92 (japanese text): 1 - 26 (references and index in english): 27 - 32 (index in japanese), 1 map. maruzen co. , tokyo .\nsakai, t. , 1976a. crabs of japan and the adjacent seas. (in 3 volumes: (1) english text: i - xxix, 1 - 773, figs 1 - 379, (2) plates volume: 1 - 16, pls 1 - 251, (3) japanese text: 1 - 461, figs 1 - 2, 3 maps .) kodansha ltd, tokyo .\nshen, c. j. & a. y. dai, 1964. illustrations of animals in china (crustacea part ii), peking: 1 - 172, 277 figs .\nshen, c. j. , 1931a. the crabs of hong kong. part 1. hong kong naturalist, 2 (2): 92 - 110, 11 figs, pls 4 - 10 .\nstebbing, t. r. r. , 1905. south african crustacea. part iii. in: marine investigations in south africa, cape town, cape times ltd, 4: 21 - 123, pls 17 - 26 .\nstimpson, w. , 1858d. prodromus descriptionis animalium evertebratorum, quae in expeditione ad oceanum pacificum septentrionalem, a republica federata missa, cadwaladaro ringgold et johanne rodgers ducibus, observavit et descripsit, pars vii. crustacea anomoura. proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia, l0 (4): 225 - 252. (pages 63 - 90 on separate. )\nstimpson, w. , 1907. report on the crustacea (brachyura and anomura) collected by the north pacific exploring expedition, 1853 - 1856. smithsonian miscellaneous collections, washington, 49 (1717): 1 - 240, pls 1 - 26 .\ntargioni tozzetti, a. , 1872a. zoologia del viaggio intorno al globo della r. pirocorvetta magenta, durante gli anni 1865 - 1868. crostacei brachiurie anamouri. publ. r. inst. di studi, super firenze, 1: i - xxix, 1 - 257, pls 1 - 12 .\ntargioni tozzetti, a. , 1877. crostacei brachyuri e anomuri. in: zoologia del viaggio intorno al globo della r. pirocorvetta magenta durante gli anni 1865 - 1868. pubblicazioni del r. istituto di studi superiore pratici e di perfezionamento in firenze. sezione di scienze fisiche e naturali, 1: i - xxix, 1 - 257, pls 1 - 12 .\ntirmizi, n. m. & q. b. kazmi, 1991. marine fauna of pakistan: 4. crustacea: brachyura (dromiacea, archaeobrachyura, oxystomata, oxyrhyncha). univ karachi bcci (bank credit commer int) foundation chair, publication no. 1 (1988): 1 - 244, figs 1 - 65, pls 1 - 4 .\nurita, t. , 1926a. a check - list of brachyura found in kagoshima prefecture, japan. tshingtao times: i - iii, 1 - 41, 1 map .\nyamaguchi, t. & k. baba, 1993. crustacean specimens collected in japan by ph. f. von siebold and h. bürger and held by the nationaal natuurhistorisch museum in leiden and other museums. in: t. yamaguchi (ed .), ph. von siebold and natural history of japan. crustacea. carcinological society of japan: 145 - 570, figs 1 - 200 d + ii a - f + 3 fig. n. n. + iii a - d .\nyamaguchi, t. , m. takeda & k. tokudome, 1976. a list of crabs collected in the vicinity of the aitsu marine biological station and a preliminary report on the cheliped asymmetry of the crabs. calanus, 5: 31 - 46, figs. , pl. , 2 tabs .\nyamaguchi, t. , 1993. a list of species described in the crustacea volume of fauna japonica as belonging to the japanese fauna. in: t. yamaguchi (ed .), ph. von siebold and natural history of japan. crustacea. carcinological society of japan: 571 - 598, figs 1 - 2 .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation, e. g. an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature, an orthologous protein, a record from another database, etc. < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more... < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages, faqs, uniprotkb manual, documents, news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website. please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins, you can use the ‘basket’ to save them, so that you can back to find or analyse them later. < p > < a href =' / help / basket' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more. . < / a > < / p >\nwe' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation (gdpr) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nbijukumar et al. (2007) and dev roy (2013) reported it off kerala coast, india .\nthe contents of this website is licensed under the creative commons attribution - sharealike 4. 0 international license .\nbijukumar, a. and nair, a. s. (eds). 2014. marine biodiversity informatics for kerala. < www. keralamarinelife. in > .\nnick hope added the english common name\nsponge crab\nto\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\ndatabase contains: 10. 643 species (763 with photo), 1. 682 genera, 124 families\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology, inc. in the last 8 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine crabs only, as we handle very few foreign crabs in general. as time goes, the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\n© 1996 - 2018 guido t. poppe & philippe poppe - conchology, inc. (0. 003 seconds. )\ndescription lewinsohn (1977) states that this species is widely distributed in the indo - west pacific .\ndescription lewinsohn (1977) states that this species is widely distributed in the indo - west pacific. [ details ]\nguinot, d. (1967). la faune carcinologique (crustacea brachyura) de l' ocean indien occidental et de la mer rouge. catalogue, remarques bibliographiques et biobliographie. bull. inst. fondamental d' afrique noire (ifan). 237 - 252. [ details ]\nthis home page section for this species is currently being developed and will be completed asap! if you would like to help out or know of a great video, photo or site about this species, let us know and we' ll notify you as soon as it is finished. our current project plan is to have all marine species home pages finished before christmas this year. if you' d like to find out more about our ongoing projects here at marinebio, check out our marinebio projects page .\nstart or join a discussion about this species below or send us an email to report any errors or submit suggestions for this page. we greatly appreciate all feedback !\nhelp us protect and restore marine life by supporting our various online community - centered marine conservation projects that are effectively sharing the wonders of the ocean with millions each year around the world, raising a balanced awareness of the increasingly troubling and often very complex marine conservation issues that affect marine life and ourselves directly, providing support to marine conservation groups on the frontlines that are making real differences today, and the scientists, teachers and students involved in the marine life sciences .\nwith your support, most marine life and their ocean habitats can be protected, if not restored to their former natural levels of biodiversity. we sincerely thank our thousands of members, donors and sponsors, who have decided to get involved and support the marinebio conservation society .\ndeep music digitally imported urltoken proton radio * radio paradise radiotunes somafm wers 88. 9 fm\n~ sharing the wonders of the ocean to inspire conservation, education, research, and a sea ethic ~ marinebio. org, inc. is a u. s. 501 (c) 3 charitable, nonprofit organization. contact: info @ urltoken all marinebio conservation society memberships and donations are tax deductible in the united states. > < (( (( ° > © 1998 - 2017 marinebio copyright & terms of use. privacy policy. > - < °° > - <\nfor all at last returns to the sea — to oceanus, the ocean river, like the everflowing stream of time, the beginning and the end .\n- rachel carson\n: mclay (1993); zarenkov (1990) - indo - west pacific up to seamounts sala y g˛mez and south - western part of nazca ridge, 25░40' s - 85░27' w, 162 m) - littoral to sublittoral (8 - 162 m) .\n: compilation of references cited in poupin (1996, 1998, 2003) and poupin et al. (2009) - pdf 412 ko\nworld distribution mclay (1993); zarenkov (1990) - indo - west pacific up to seamounts sala y gòmez and south - western part of nazca ridge, 25°40' s - 85°27' w, 162 m) - littoral to sublittoral (8 - 162 m). environnement: marine - substrat / association: hard bottom (rock and rubbles) vertical range: deep (more than 100 m) - min - max observed: 162 - 162 m\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site. please turn it on before proceeding .\ncarapace ovoid, circular, or hexagonal, distinctly convex. front narrow, usually entire. eyes distinctly small in comparison to front. third maxillipeds operculiform. chelipeds medium - sized, fingers usually shorter than manus, cutting edges with rounded teeth. walking legs with last two smallest, in the same size, obliquely turned over the carapace, terminally subchelate, used for carrying sponges or truncates. abdomen of both sexes with six movable somites plus telson; small plate - like segment usually between sixth somite and telson. g1 short, stout; g2 long, slender. genital opening of males and females sternal .\nalcock a (1899b) material for a carcinological fauna of india. no. 5: the brachyura primigenia or dromiacea. j asiat soc bengal 68: 123–198\nalcock a (1901) catalogue of the indian decapod crustacea in the collection of the indian museum. part i. brachyura. fasciculus i. introduction and dromides or dromiacea (brachyura primigenia). indian museum, calcutta, pp 1–80, pls. 81–87\napel m (2001) taxonomie und zoogeographie der brachyura, paguridea und porcellanidae (crustacea: decapoda) des persisch - arabischen golfes. fachbereich biologie, frankfurt am main\nbasson pw, burchard ja, hardy jt, price arg (1977) biotopes of the western arabian gulf: marine life and environments of saudi arabia. aramco, department of loss prevention and environmental affairs, dhahran\nde man jg (1888a) bericht über die im indischen archipel von dr. j brock gesammelten decapoden und stomatopoden archiv für naturgeschichte 53: 289–600\ngordon i (1950) crustacea: dromiacea. part i. systematic account of the dromiacea collected by the “john murray” expedition. part ii. the morphology of the spermatheca in certain dromiacea. sci rep john murray exped 1933–34 london br mus nat hist 9: 201–253\nguinot d (1967a) la faune carcinologique (crustacea, brachyura) de l’ocean indien occidental et de la mer rouge. catalogue remarques biogéographiques et bibliographie. mémoires de l’institut fondamental d’afrique noire 77: 235–352\nguinot d, tavares m (2003) a new subfamilial arrangement for the dromiidae de haan, 1833, with diagnoses and descriptions of new genera and species (crustacea, decapoda, brachyura). zoosystema 25: 43–130\nherbst gfw (1782–1804) versuch einer naturgeschichte der krabben und krebse nebst einer systematischen beschreibung ihrer verschiedenen arten. berlin & stralsund: (band i: 1782–1790, 1274 pp. band ii: 1796, 1226 pp. band iii: 1799–1804, 1216 pp )\nhogarth pj (1989) the marine crustacea of dhofar, southern oman. j oman stud 10: 99–124\nkossmann r (1878) kurze notizen über einige neue crustaceen, sowie über neue fundorte einiger bereits beschriebener. archiv für naturgeschichte 44: 251–258\nkossmann r (1880) zoologische ergebnisse einer im auftrage der königlichen akademie der wissenschaften zu berlin ausgeführten reise in die küstengebiete des rothen meeres. iii. malacostraca. 2. theil: anomura. verlag w engelmann, leipzig, pp 67–79\nlewinsohn c (1977) die dromiidae des roten meeres (crustacea, decapoda, brachyura). zoologische verhandelingen 151: 3–41\nmclay cl (1993) crustacea decapoda: the sponge crabs (dromiidae) of new caledonia and the philippines with a review of the genera. in: crosnier a (ed) résultats des campagnes musorstom. mémoires du muséum national d’histoire naturelle, pp 111–252\nnaderloo r, sari a (2007a) subtidal crabs of the iranian coast of the persian gulf: new collections and biogeographic considerations. aquat ecosyst health manage 10: 341–349\nnaderloo r, türkay m (2012) decapod crustaceans of the littoral and shallow sublittoral iranian coast of the persian gulf: faunistics, biodiversity and zoogeography. zootaxa 3374: 1–67\nnaderloo r, türkay m, sari a (2013) intertidal habitats and decapod (crustacea) diversity of qeshm island, a biodiversity hotspot within the persian gulf. mar biodivers 43: 445–462\nnaderloo r, ebrahimnejad s, sari a (2015) annotated checklist of the decapod crustaceans of the gulf of oman, northwestern indian ocean. zootaxa 4028: 397–412\nng pkl, guinot d, davie pjf (2008) systema brachyurorum, part i. an annotated checklist of extant brachyuran crabs of the world. raffles bull zool suppl 17: 1–286\nnobili g (1906a) crustacés décapodes et stomatopodes. in: mission j. bonnier et ch. perèz (golfe persique, 1901). bulletin scientifique de la france et de la belgique 40: 13–159\nnobili g (1906b) faune carcinologique de la mer rouge. décapodes et stomatopodes. annales des sciences naturelles, (zoologie) 9: 1–347\nrüppell e (1830) beschreibung und abbildung von 24 arten kurzschwänzigen krabben, als beitrag zur naturgeschichte des rothen meeres. h. l. brönner, frankfurt a. m .\nstephensen k (1946) the brachyura of the iranian gulf. danish scientific investigations in iran, part iv. e. munksgaard, copenhagen\nstimpson w (1858c) prodromus descriptionis animalium evertebratorum, quae in expeditione ad oceanum pacificum septentrionalem, a republica federata missa, c. ringgold et j. rodgers ducibus, observavit et descripsit. pars vii. proc acad natl sci philadelphia 10: 225–252\nstimpson w (1907) report on the crustacea (brachyura and anomura) collected by the north pacific exploring expedition, 1853–56. smithson misc collections 49: 1–240\ntirmizi nm, kazmi qb (1986) marine fauna of pakistan. 4. crustacea: brachyura (dromiacea, archaebrachyura, oxystomata, oxyrhyncha). center of excellence, university of karachi\ntitgen rh (1982) the systematics and ecology of the decapods of dubai, and their zoogeographic relationships to the arabian gulf and the western indian ocean. d phil thesis, texas a & m university, p 269\nzarenkov na (1971) species composition and ecology of crustacea decapoda of the red sea. in: vodianitzky va (ed) benthos of the continental shelf of the red sea (in russian). editions naukova dumk, kiev, pp 155–203\nnaderloo r. (2017) family dromiidae de haan, 1833 (sponge crabs). in: atlas of crabs of the persian gulf. springer, cham" ]

{ "text": [ "lauridromia dehaani is a species of crab in the family dromiidae .", "it is native to the red sea and the western indo-pacific .", "it often carries a piece of sponge on its carapace by way of camouflage , and if unable to find a suitable piece of sponge , carries an empty bivalve shell , a sprig of seaweed or a piece of debris instead . " ], "topic": [ 2, 0, 11 ] }

[ "lauridromia dehaani is a species of crab in the family dromiidae. it is native to the red sea and the western indo-pacific. it often carries a piece of sponge on its carapace by way of camouflage, and if unable to find a suitable piece of sponge, carries an empty bivalve shell, a sprig of seaweed or a piece of debris instead." ]

[ "species pleuroprucha insulsaria - common tan wave - hodges # 7132 - bugguide. net\n7132 common tan wave, pleuroprucha insulsaria | 19 mm. got 2… | flickr\na corn - feeding geometrid: pleuroprucha insulsaria (guen .) lep. geometridae geo. g. ainslie. 1923. ohio journal of science 23: 2: 89 - 101 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nadult: wings mottled yellowish - brown with finely - toothed inconspicuous lines parallel to outer margin; subterminal line pale, slightly wavy, punctuated by small black dots (a distinctive feature) .\neastern north america: nova scotia to florida, west to texas and colorado, north to ontario .\nadults are most common from march to november; year round in florida, reduced season in the north .\ntracks & sign of insects and other invertebrates charley eiseman & noah charney. 2010. stackpole books .\narthropods of florida and neighboring land areas: lepidoptera of florida j. b. heppner. 2003. florida department of agriculture 17 (1): 1 - 670 .\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\nnß } z\u0017›íã¬9ÿ¢ sè‡6â, þi e [ 7iþfü\u0013xâ (\u0013æyétï\u000e\u0006ä + vfì¹mú£ + ¿' \u0011§qï\u0007iàù\bßz\nšö & ðcp ¬¯ m < úól' xîù4ž×îßµ®¹ = tõ¾n’ chuo @ oä1¸â릫výl± h«0 +  + z [ 0ëuà¨1l' o ‡\u0018ú: wy„ c øñfé\u001b\n­öº / 2) hyߺïó¯ y ] ¢îbdý ] u. ý×gàfoce8ï (ÿ - à\u0000qžvŸ endstream endobj 22 0 obj < < / length 497 / filter / flatedecode > > stream h‰””ïnô0\u0010æŸàïàãv\u00023öøï\u0015©ð\u0000äè% l¼û & »ê\u0006•òô8ñx\u0005k”ä? ¿™ù < »ñŽ7ߙ\u0012. \u0000ož\u0018\btž7 { ¶ãóãº\u0004\u0002\u0000ö? qýf¡qe߃rgöðî + x & 8hŠkp—¸í\u0016kmf¥í |\nëýñ¶ˆ ¾ˆ ´ùòçç ð * âõò¶âç¸ïcå _ öo - t\b + / sî\u0014¾–v ðfs\u0016zÿ»’÷ ûø0äídk > § # ójh\u0005 \\ y\u0014r§ ] ‰ðäbèo¿ø‡oà¥ê _ \u0007– — %) \u0004¹ ô9ž†8o } w— < + â\u0001µg\u0016± / ºs! 4˜k mèì·x×k, q½¦¸åns < Ÿ¦¹æ»b? §kp [: biqd¿\u0018» ~ ¬ø # õ\u0003ð\u0010°ñº¢z _ u { (­ë·d\u0004bõ\u0012aïm­a¦ô‚, µ\u0003k× þüçómüu _ ha’ > åd2ïø\nqh×sêò–! ­ë9£ & ü\u0018»8çièçûã \\ ôü\u000et¯þ¤d # [ x˜ù! 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[ Ÿâ ~ úa, »œ»nuall dæhŸö»i¬½üw\u000e”ç™zfº©% ý¶ (\u0019§Ÿ \u000eqfùˆ! l ] d | ´üýŒí7? pÿu¿z } ¼t\u001aùû\u001ax [ ”ãéˆç\u0013w7 ì ´uh $ Œ¼ \u0018¸ö1§ eï + sñr \u0015úu 3öò { uxáóŸ¼\u0007oß³, ‘í @ íü /  \u0016ï { keòâdåë\ns\u000fè–\u0016 > õ\u0005jŸó‡ºßtíå¸àì¾: \u0016\u0006•p _ } öi\u0019) Ÿ\u0001\u0014¶uûl * z `' ¤ty\u001a $ úû5u¿×\u00162¦ ìq\u0013h\u001a¥\u0003 - “\u000eui\u0017éøf < ¯ '\u001a. ‚åi²g) \u0007±gþú5õiký“ä0©pµµ‚: æ³÷ ] ç첄òätë ] \u0015s) ä÷z3o·! '= h® ræ _ àvdè» ] Ÿaòäç ~ j–x \u0002‡ì¢îü \\ åï²ià—ti\u0003\u0006\u0012’, < 2½ _ ?\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nthe checklists are descriptive documents of the species that are part of a concrete taxonomic group or a group of species that are part of an specific analysis .\nthese documents have a structure that includes a list of the authors, a description of the taxonomic group or subject, and a list of the species that are part of the list .\nthe checklists aren' t updated regularly, since they require revisions from groups of authors before their publication .\na complete set of a checklist include a pdf document and a table in csv format .\ngustavo jiménez - uzcátegui, david a. wiedenfeld, f. hernán vargas, howard l. snell .\nnathalia tirado - sanchez, john mccosker, diego ruiz, angel chiriboga, stuart banks .\nyves finet, nathalia tirado - sanchez, angel chiriboga, diego ruiz, stuart banks .\nfrank bungartz, frauke ziemmeck, alba yánez ayabaca, fredy nugra, andré aptroot .\nanne guézou, susana chamorro, paola pozo, ana mireya guerrero, rachel atkinson, chris buddenhagen, patricia jaramillo díaz, mark gardener .\ngustavo jiménez - uzcátegui, javier zabala, brian milstead, howard l. snell .\nto get up - to - date information about our work, please subscribe to our e - newsletter or follow us on our social media platforms .\nevery single donation we receive, no matter how small, counts as we are completely dependent on the generosity of others to carry out our scientific projects. we need your passion, loyalty and continual support .\nthe “charles darwin foundation for the galapagos islands”, in french “fondation charles darwin pour les îles galapagos”, association international sans but lucratif (“aisbl”), has its registered office located at drève du pieuré 19, 1160 brussels, and is registered under the trade registry of brussels under the number 0409. 359. 103 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhodges, r. w. et al. , eds. 1983. check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico. e. w. classey limited and the wedge entomological research foundation, london. 284 pp .\ndue to latency between updates made in state, provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer, for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data. please refer to\ndistribution data for u. s. states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks (2008). the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs (see local programs) and other contributors and cooperators (see sources) .\nscoble, m. j. (ed .), m. s. parsons, m. r. honey, l. m. pitkin, and b. r. pitkin. 1999. geometrid moths of the world: a catalogue. volumes 1 and 2: 1016 pp. + index 129 pp. csiro publishing, collingwood, victoria, australia .\nthe small print: trademark, copyright, citation guidelines, restrictions on use, and information disclaimer .\nnote: all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve' s central databases as of november 2016. note: this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer, the natureserve logo, and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve. any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice: copyright © 2017 natureserve, 4600 n. fairfax dr. , 7th floor, arlington virginia 22203, u. s. a. all rights reserved. each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document. the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve. 2017. natureserve explorer: an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ]. version 7. 1. natureserve, arlington, virginia. available http: / / explorer. natureserve. org. (accessed :\nridgely, r. s. , t. f. allnutt, t. brooks, d. k. mcnicol, d. w. mehlman, b. e. young, and j. r. zook. 2003. digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely, james zook, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson, b. d. , g. ceballos, w. sechrest, m. f. tognelli, t. brooks, l. luna, p. ortega, i. salazar, and b. e. young. 2003. digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson, wes sechrest, marcelo tognelli, gerardo ceballos, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn, conservation international, and natureserve. 2004. global amphibian assessment. iucn, conservation international, and natureserve, washington, dc and arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union, conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used, copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text. any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve. nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication, estoppel, or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve. no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve. except as expressly provided above, nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\nall documents and related graphics provided by this server and any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server are provided\nas is\nwithout warranty as to the currentness, completeness, or accuracy of any specific data. natureserve hereby disclaims all warranties and conditions with regard to any documents provided by this server or any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server, including but not limited to all implied warranties and conditions of merchantibility, fitness for a particular purpose, and non - infringement. natureserve makes no representations about the suitability of the information delivered from this server or any other documents that are referenced to or linked to this server. in no event shall natureserve be liable for any special, indirect, incidental, consequential damages, or for damages of any kind arising out of or in connection with the use or performance of information contained in any documents provided by this server or in any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server, under any theory of liability used. natureserve may update or make changes to the documents provided by this server at any time without notice; however, natureserve makes no commitment to update the information contained herein. since the data in the central databases are continually being updated, it is advisable to refresh data retrieved at least once a year after its receipt. the data provided is for planning, assessment, and informational purposes. site specific projects or activities should be reviewed for potential environmental impacts with appropriate regulatory agencies. if ground - disturbing activities are proposed on a site, the appropriate state natural heritage program (s) or conservation data center can be contacted for a site - specific review of the project area (see visit local programs) .\n). your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users." ]

{ "text": [ "pleuroprucha insulsaria , the common tan wave moth , is a species of moth of the family geometridae .", "it is found in eastern north america , from nova scotia to florida , west to texas and colorado and north to ontario .", "it ranges south through mexico and central america into south america ( including venezuela ) and has been recorded as far south as the galapagos islands .", "it has also been recorded from the west indies , including jamaica .", "the wingspan is 14-21 mm .", "the wings are mottled yellowish-brown with lines running parallel to the outer margin .", "the subterminal line is pale , slightly wavy and punctuated by small black dots .", "adults are on wing from march or april to october in the southern part of the range .", "in the north , adults have been recorded from june to october .", "the larvae feed on a wide range of plants , including solanum dulcamara , galium , zea mays , solidago , castanea , quercus and salix species . " ], "topic": [ 2, 27, 8, 8, 9, 1, 1, 8, 8, 8 ] }

[ "pleuroprucha insulsaria, the common tan wave moth, is a species of moth of the family geometridae. it is found in eastern north america, from nova scotia to florida, west to texas and colorado and north to ontario. it ranges south through mexico and central america into south america (including venezuela) and has been recorded as far south as the galapagos islands. it has also been recorded from the west indies, including jamaica. the wingspan is 14-21 mm. the wings are mottled yellowish-brown with lines running parallel to the outer margin. the subterminal line is pale, slightly wavy and punctuated by small black dots. adults are on wing from march or april to october in the southern part of the range. in the north, adults have been recorded from june to october. the larvae feed on a wide range of plants, including solanum dulcamara, galium, zea mays, solidago, castanea, quercus and salix species." ]

[ "dunguib will face seven rivals on sunday, including some present, who was second when dunguib won the royal bond novice hurdle at fairyhouse in december .\nbrian o’connell and dunguib back in the winner’s circle. photograph: morgan treacy / inpho\ntrainer philip fenton hopes to get last instalment and dunguib back on a racecourse by christmas .\nphilip fenton is contemplating giving dunguib a comeback run on the flat before putting him over fences .\nphilip fenton expects stan james champion hurdle eighth dunguib to show improved form at the punchestown festival .\ndunguib pleased connections in his final piece of strong work ahead of the stan james champion hurdle .\nthe dunguib camp were given their best confidence boost from the man who transformed national hunt racing .\nphilip fenton says dunguib' s punchestown target will be dictated by the ground. photo: getty images\nmenorah leads get me out of here and dunguib over the final flight. photograph: david jones / pa\ndunguib off in 2 mins, may give a good early points start to a lot of entries. andy\nphilip fenton plans to walk the track before committing dunguib to the deloitte novice hurdle at leopardstown on sunday .\ndunguib' s campaign is to be geared around a crack at the champion hurdle at cheltenham next march .\ndunguib had to work fairly hard to see off luska lad in the red mills trial hurdle at gowran .\nthe philip fenton trained dunguib produced a fine front - running display to land the gain sponsored bumper at punchestown .\nbrian o’connell was again successful aboard dunguib at navan in the ladbrokes boyne hurdle. photograph: morgan treacy / inpho\nchampion bumper winner dunguib won the royal bond hurdle at fairyhouse in impressive fashion to further enhance his cheltenham festival credentials .\nphilip fenton believes that dunguib has a good chance in the stan james champion hurdle at cheltenham a week on tuesday .\nlast year’s star novice dunguib returned to winning ways at gowran today, winning the red mills trial hurdle in workmanlike style .\ndunguib, weatherbys champi ...\nthis video is no longer available due to a copyright claim by racingukcom .\nbookies are braced for a massive payout if dunguib wins the opening race of cheltenham 2010, the supreme novices' hurdle .\ndunguib gave an extraordinary display of class in the deloitte novice hurdle at leopardstown despite some untidy jumping in the grade one contest .\nnot surprisingly though, it’s hard to completely avoid the subject of cheltenham and the sequence of events that led to dunguib’s defeat .\ndunguib beat 5 - 4 favourite favourite zaidpour by six lengths over 2m5f and fenton is excited to lead him back to cheltenham .\ndunguib is set for his first appearance in the best part of three years in the limestone lad hurdle at naas on saturday .\nthe final race of the day, weatherbys champion bumper, was won by brian o’connell on philip fenton’s dunguib (pictured below) .\nthe defeat of odds - on favourite dunguib in the first was a result for ladbrokes and co. they were looking at massive losses if the horse had proved as good as the gamblers reckoned (paddy power alone had a liability of £4 million on dunguib) .\nphilip fenton is readying dunguib for a trip to cheltenham after the former festival winner recorded a first win in almost exactly three years .\nphilip fenton has been dealt a hammer blow with the news that his talented but fragile performer dunguib needs another season on the sidelines .\nphilip fenton has reported that dunguib is progressing steadily along the long road to recovery ahead of returning to action over fences next season .\nin the circumstances, dunguib ran a fine race to finish third to rule the world and jennies jewel under an understandably considerate brian o’connell ride. fenton conjured huge improvement out of last instalment after his first start back and dunguib should certainly strip a lot sharper for that outing .\nalmost three years since his previous victory, the former bumper champion dunguib returned in style to the winner’s enclosure in the ladbrokes boyne hurdle .\ndunguib ridden by brian o' connell wins the paddy power champion flat race during the punchestown racing festival. photograph: julien behal / pa\ndunguib is more likely to contest sunday' s ladbrokes boyne hurdle at navan than the red mills trial hurdle at gowran 24 hours earlier .\ndunguib could step up to three miles at punchestown in may with connections not keen on crossing swords with' special horse' hurricane fly .\nphilip fenton reports dunguib to be in good form after his win at gowran park and expects him to improve plenty for his seasonal debut .\nphilip fenton has been forced to call time on the career of dunguib after he pulled up lame in the coral cup at cheltenham on wednesday .\nfenton has all but ruled out taking on more experienced rivals in the champion hurdle at the festival, with the supreme now firmly on dunguib’s agenda .\ndunguib, trained by philip fenton, may run in one of the handicaps at the cheltenham festival, but has no major entries at the meeting .\n1 dunguib (mr b t o' connell) 30 - 100 fav 2 some present 6 - 1 6 ran. dist: 7, 13\ntrainer philip fenton refused to look too far ahead with dunguib following the 11 - year - old' s return to action at naas on saturday .\nhills make dunguib favourite at 10 - 3 ahead of hurricane fly (7 - 2). the field also includes last year’s winner solwhit and punjabi .\nphilip fenton' s dunguib could be sent chasing next season providing that his recovery from a long - term leg injury continues to go according to plan .\nhis horses on track for cheltenham include former champion bumper winner dunguib and irish hennessy hero last instalment, who is third - favourite for the betfred gold cup .\njockey brian o' connell has been ever - present during dunguib' s career and is excited to be once again getting the leg - up on sunday .\ndunguib is all set for a return to cheltenham after a heartwarming victory in the ladbrokes boyne hurdle at navan almost three years to the day since his last win .\nthe possibility of watering may prevent dunguib missing the festival entirely, but no call has yet been made on whether the star novice will take on senior opponents on friday .\ndunguib recorded a heartwarming victory as he returned to the winner’s enclosure almost three years to the day since his last success with an authoritative triumph in the ladbrokes boyne hurdle at navan .\nbut, despite fears that his jumping might prove his achilles heel, what appeared to cost dunguib most was the decision to hold him up well off a slower than expected pace .\ndunguib' s owners had received some eye - watering bids after he pulverised the opposition at cheltenham last month, but he is now surely worth double whatever they turned down. dunguib coasted through the field approaching the home turn and, on ground so testing that the dour notre pere would run away with the big steeplechase half an hour later, gambolled nine lengths clear .\nthe punchestown plan for cheltenham failure dunguib will be dictated by the ground according to trainer philip fenton who has indicated his stable star might yet take on the leading two - mile hurdlers .\nhe was the supposed banker of the week, if not the year, for many of them but dunguib had to settle for third behind menorah in the meeting' s opening race .\ndunguib is in at the deep end in the rabobank champion hurdle at punchestown today, as he attempts to show his cheltenham festival defeat was more about tactical error than his own shortcomings .\ndunguib recorded a heartwarming victory as he returned to the winner' s enclosure almost three years to the day since his last success with an authoritative triumph in the ladbrokes boyne hurdle at navan .\ndunguib made his long awaited return to racing in the grade 3 limestone lad hurdle at naas today and filled third spot behind the gigginstown house stud owned and world hurdle bound winner rule the world .\nnot surprisingly his instinct was to keep his head down, return to down royal for a morale - boosting double on st patrick’s day and look forward to putting things right on dunguib next time out .\ndunguib, the 2009 weatherbys champion bumper hero and third in last season' s spinal research supreme novices' hurdle at the festival, is a top - priced 20 - 1 for the blue riband .\nthe prospect of dunguib taking his chance in the champion hurdle was ended on wednesday as trainer philip fenton took the decision not to declare his charge, but binocular and solwhit feature among the 17 possibles .\njohn mccririck’s sneering dismissal of o’connell’s performance on the hugely - hyped dunguib provoked o’connell’s senior colleague davy russell into demanding a public apology from the channel 4 pundit just seconds after riding a winner the following day .\nat ascot, an impressive reappearance from patkai yesterday prompted bookmakers to make him favourite for the gold cup back at the royal meeting. but that is only because dunguib has run his last race over level ground .\nlast instalment completed a fairytale comeback result in last weekend’s hennessy gold cup and while such fairytale results are by definition rare, plenty will hope his stable - companion dunguib can perform a similar feat at navan tomorrow .\ndunguib romped to victory in the wetherby' s champion bumper five years ago, before recording a third - place finish in the supreme novices' hurdle and a disappointing eighth in the stan james champion hurdle in 2011 .\nthe hype verged on the “second coming” at times and the pricking of that balloon resulted in long, disappointed bursts of hot air that no doubt will reverse back into pucker mode again if dunguib can win impressively next week .\nbookmakers drew first blood in the annual battle with punters at the festival here as the supposed wonder horse from ireland, dunguib, was put in his place behind menorah and get me out of here in the supreme novice hurdle .\nalthough he was aided by a lacklustre performance from hot favourite zaidpour, who showed little enthusiasm throughout, dunguib jumped past un beau matin about a mile from home and was eased down a long way from home by brian o’connell .\nthe final race of the day the glen dimplex' future champions' flat race grade 2 was won in great style by the philip fenton trained dunguib under brian o' connell in the colours of daniel harnett and mrs e lawlor .\nbuoyed by the decision of dunguib’s owners, lily lawlor and daniel harnett, to maintain the partnership that had looked all but unbeatable before cheltenham, o’connell will get his opportunity next week in either tuesday’s champion novice or friday’s rabobank champion hurdle .\ncrucially, even in his cheltenham bumper and novice hurdles pomp, heavy ground was never a problem for dunguib and it could help him narrow the gap on jennies jewel as well as allow him take advantage of any weaknesses in the opposition .\ndunguib, winner of the champion bumper at cheltenham five years ago and with only two runs under his belt in the last three years, showed he was no back number at navan yesterday when landing grade two ladbrokes boyne hurdle at navan .\nas if getting beaten on dunguib in the festival opener wasn’t bad enough, the 23 - year - old old jockey then had to deal with the aftermath when his riding of ireland’s “banker” turned from a racing story into a general news event .\nthis five - year - old was most impressive at the festival running out a seven length winner – the third biggest margin in over 20 years. only dunguib and cue card have bettered that result in terms of distance in a quarter century .\nthe county hurdle or the coral cup, for which he is quoted at 16 to 1 in some lists, are the options fenton is weighing up for dunguib. these handicap events are a long way from the 2011 champion hurdle in which he competed .\nfrom a long way out dunguib was looking likely to justify his odds of 30 / 100 for the grade 1 bar one racing royal bond novice hurdle and after taking over entering the straight it was plain sailing afterwards for brian o' connell' s mount .\ndunguib of philip fenton' s followed up on his recent cheltenham festival bumper win with an equally impressive performance when he landed the paddy power champion i. n. h flat race under brian o' connell for owners daniel hartnett and mrs e a lawlor .\nformer cheltenham bumper winner dunguib rolled back the years in devastating style with a win to warm the heart at navan today, landing the grade 2 ladbrokes boyne hurdle under regular rider brian o' connell and for his patience - of - a - saint trainer philip fenton .\ndunguib has apparently schooled very competently already, and fenton indicated that he would not be over - raced in his first season over hurdles. he is as short as 3 - 1 with the sponsors for the william hill supreme novices' hurdle back at cheltenham next year .\n5: 30 punchestown dunguib will be hard to beat here after disapointing run at festival, loves it round here has won over course and distance and ground to suite tonight, connections will be after compensation in this one and i feel they will get it. good luck all\ncoral' s simon clare said :\npunters will collect £10m in singles alone on dunguib, then there are the doubles and trebles of which he will be the centrepiece. whoever is in front after the opener, bookmaker or punter, will hold a significant advantage all week .\ndunguib is grand and all has gone very smoothly, no problems thankfully ,\nfenton said .\nhe' ll possibly jump a few flights on thursday morning, before he heads off. we' ve taken him out of the champion hurdle and he goes for the supreme .\nif trainer philip fenton can get dunguib back to winning form it will be a result to rank alongside last instalment’s because the veteran former triple grade one winner was almost three years on the injury sidelines – a year longer than last instalment – before returning to action at naas almost a month ago .\nit seems a ridiculous price, but few horses have the raw ability to canter away from a high - class field as dunguib did here. his potential is immense, and as yet untapped over timber, giving philip ­fenton, his trainer, no end of possibilities to contemplate over the summer .\nthe hope of all racing enthusiasts was for punchestown to get the go ahead, principally to see dunguib strut his stuff again, and the presenting gelding treated his many fans to an exhibition performance when sauntering to a four and a half length win in the ballymaloe country relish hurdle under brian o' connell .\nthe good news for dunguib connections is that, despite the recent dry spell, the going at the track remains soft on all courses, and manager richie galway is going hopeful that it won' t get much quicker before the start of the five - day festival which was officially launched in dublin last night .\ndunguib has a towering reputation on the back of his exploits in bumpers and novice hurdles and had been talked of as a champion hurdle contender. however, fenton has taken the decision to keep his charge in the novice ranks and will line up in the opening race on tuesday - the supreme novices' hurdle .\nwhen there could be horses like that in opposition, you' d be crazy to steam in on an untested favourite. dunguib does not fall into that category, having won a grade one last time, but anyone backing him now at 11 - 8 had better hope that the race lacks its normal strength in depth this year .\nstar bumper horse dunguib is going to take similar high rank over hurdles if his most impressive debut over obstacles in the cctv venue control maiden hurdle is anything to go by. the 1 / 7 shot didn' t need to be asked any questions by his amateur pilot, brian o' connell, to beat an toileanach by four lengths .\nirish trainers have long treated national hunt flat races far more earnestly than their british counterparts, but are amply vindicated by the number of champions to have begun their careers in this way. and none who saw dunguib outclass some perfectly eligible rivals for the paddy power champion bumper could question that this is the most talented bumper horse since florida pearl .\nit’s a different sort of pressure on the rider now. whatever about the rights and wrongs of the arguments about whether dunguib was given too much to do by his jockey, or raced too wide, there seems to be little doubt the horse would still have won the supreme if he was indeed everything the pre - cheltenham hype had him cracked up to be .\ndunguib was a little uneasy in the market before yesterday' s race, perhaps as a result of the going, which was soft to heavy by the off. it did not bother him at all, though, and from the moment he hit the front under brian o' connell the punters who had sent him off at 9–10 knew their money was safe .\nnotre pere was the easy winner of the guinness gold cup, the feature race, here, but it was a horse who did not jump a single obstacle who grabbed most of the attention. dunguib, the champion bumper winner at cheltenham in march, followed up by nine lengths in the irish equivalent and is as short as 3–1 for supreme novice hurdle at cheltenham in nearly 11 months' time .\nmon, 20th dec, 2010 “dunguib is in great form and we' re hoping to run sometime in january. he' s a horse that we could have done without the frost and snow for. i would have liked to get a racecourse gallop into him. he' s ticking over and doing as much as he can on the gallops at home. whether he would make naas there has to be a question mark but we also have leoparstown at the end of the month. ” philip fenton\nthe 4 - 5 favourite had been the foundation stone of the first day for many gamblers but he never looked like getting to grips with the first two. the number of runners, 18, seemed to promise a strong gallop from the start, but the early pace was steadier than expected and that seemed to help menorah, who was booted clear on the home turn by richard johnson and gamely held off get me out of here, ridden by tony mccoy, by a head. dunguib was a further length and three - quarters behind .\nthere are years when the punchestown festival seems more epilogue than climax, but this time it has already been gilded by two of the defining performances of the jumps season. auspiciously, moreover, the authors of both are only just embarking on their respective careers. yesterday, in fact, the horse that raised the sport' s collective pulse was one yet to jump a hurdle in public. but it is a measure of dunguib' s quality that he can stimulate so much excitement merely by dominating that arcane finishing school for young jumping prospects, the\nbumper\n.\nphilip fenton, his trainer, rode plenty of top horses in his day but this one is something else .\nit looks like he' s the real deal, all right ,\nfenton said .\nhe seems to have the whole package. he was in front a little sooner than we wanted, but brian [ o' connell, dunguib' s jockey ] said he took him there with huge ease. he travels so well on the bridle, but when you do squeeze him up, there' s a reserve. by god, he picks up .\nthere may be another talented chase debutant at hexham, where bygones of brid (1. 40) stands out. aware that this is her best horse by some way, karen mclintock has sent him for some pretty big days out. he was well beaten in dunguib' s champion bumper, in reve de sivola' s persian war and in tell massini' s bristol (it' s ok if you' ve never heard of that last one). but he got his own big win in a grade two at kelso in march and he was a highly respectable fourth to peddlers cross at aintree the following month, when the ground lacked the cut that he needs .\nthe coral cup is a fantastic race and as a budding commentator, one i look forward to with the big field and fast pace. there have been some amazing finishes to this in the past, what' s up boys always springs to mind and some big gambles, with son of flicka the biggest landed in recent times. this time around, dunguib heads the weights for phillip fenton, a horse who won the festival bumper so easily in 2009 before going off a 4 / 5 favourite for the 2010 supreme novices, but was beaten by menorah into third. he has only run a handful of times since and is very hard to keep sound but he' d be a fascinating runner nonetheless .\nborn on september 16, 1986, o’connell has followed his father val by embarking on a career as a jockey. val o’connell was a useful jockey and trainer and is now chief inspector of courses for the turf club. after spending his school holidays with jim bolger and aidan o’brien, brian o’connell joined philip fenton after completing his studies and had a first point - to - point victory aged 16. he had a first success under rules when shoot the breeze won a maiden hurdle at down royal on may 2, 2005. he is best known for his association with dunguib, winner of the weatherbys champion bumper at the 2009 cheltenham festival and two grade one novice hurdles. no previous john smith’s grand national rides .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nsky sports news takes you through all of the day' s racing news, plus alex hammond' s tip of the day .\nfollow the latest from the written press with the best gossip and speculation from the papers .\nsky has launched a pub finder for eager fans wanting to find a venue to watch sky sports .\nget a sports star to visit your old secondary school as part of our free schools initiative .\ncheltenham wed, 12th mar, 14 p. u. , 14 / 1, b t o' connell\njockey brian o’connell completed a double on the francis flood trained lascalahall, winner of the c & f; green energy handicap hurdle at gowran today .\nclass won through in the rabobank champion hurdle at punchestown as hurricane fly put an injury interrupted season behind him to record a last gasp success in the grade 1 feature .\nwillie mullins reports hurricane fly to be in fine shape ahead of his long - awaited return to action in the rabobank champion hurdle at punchestown .\nwillie mullins completed a short - priced double in the final two races with the biscuit club landing the thoroughbred trail (pro / am) flat race under patrick to add to the earlier success for the stable with the paul townend ridden quel esprit .\nafter race at navan sun, 16th feb, 2014 (1st) he got a little tired from the last but brian was making him look as impressive as he could but i' d say the choke was out. it was grand and a lovely performance though and it' s great to get a good horse back. he can often be a bit jizzy but he was good throughout the race today and settled well and jumped better today, as he can often be a bit casual. there' s a good chance he' ll go to cheltenham again and we' ll see what the handicapper does but we' ll look at the county or coral hurdle; he got the coral trip well enough today. philip fenton\nafter race at gowran park sat, 19th feb, 2011 (1st) i' m very pleased with that on a number of counts. firstly it was good to get his first run of the season under his belt. secondly, he was an extremely sick horse five or six weeks ago and while he recovered from his infection (which resulted in a bad blood count) each week we were seeing improvement in him. we were lucky today' s race was put back as i' ve been much happier with him in the last ten days. it was great not to have too hard a race today and it was just what he needed. he settled after a few hurdles today and his jumping improved as the pace increased and he was slick over the last three flights. we' ll go straight for the champion hurdle now and today will keep the dream alive for another while! philip fenton\nafter race at leopardstown sun, 7th feb, 2010 (1st) a t least he got the job done but his jumping wasn' t as good as it has been, . he was careless at a lot of them and the last hurdle was his best. he travels with enormous ease but even had me a little worried down the back. even two out he was a bit sloppy but he just seems to cruise. whether it' s good ground or testing he just seems to deal with it. we' ve done plenty of schooling with him and on the whole i' m happy with his jumping. but he was very careless today. today was about getting him relaxed and not tanking. the aim was to get him settled but maybe he was too relaxed and lackadaisical. i' m happy he got an easy race, as he' s not an over robust horse, and the last thing we wanted was a tough race. he' ll have an easy two weeks now. we schooled him during the week over nine hurdles and he was excellent. it wouldn' t do at cheltenham if he jumped like that and he' ll have to improve. philip fenton\nafter race at punchestown sat, 14th nov, 2009 (1st) that was grand. he wasn' t really concentrating over the first two and he learned more today. he jumped with enthusiasm. we' ll find out more two weeks tomorrow in the royal bond. the ground out there was loose rather than tacky which was okay. roll on fairyhouse. philip fenton\nafter race at galway sun, 25th oct, 2009 (1st) that was excellent - a nice intro to hurdles and it' ll be onwards and upwards from here. he' d probably settle better in a quicker run race. he was far from a natural when he started schooling but we schooled him over all sorts. he was schooled as early as after cheltenham. we' ve no immediate plans but the royal bond at fairyhouse next month would be an obvious target or maybe a winners of one somewhere. he has bundles of pace and two miles is probably far enough for him. philip fenton\nafter race at punchestown sat, 15th nov, 2008 (1st)' he is a nice horse and dit it well on ground that was a worry beforehand. there should be plenty of improvement to come from him and i will keep him to bumpers for the rest of the season,' philip fenton\nopen an account with betfair and bet at least €5 at min odds of 1 / 5 on the sportsbook. win or lose betfair match your first bet up to €50. free bet stakes not returned\n© 2018 guardian news and media limited or its affiliated companies. all rights reserved .\nthe winner benefited from an intelligent ride from johnson, who was widely seen as responsible for a surprise defeat that menorah had suffered at ascot on its previous start .\non a couple of days this year, it didn' t work out for him, but today it has done and it' s great to have it ,\nsaid the jockey .\nit was a false - run race [ at ascot ] but i always thought cheltenham would be ideal for him .\nmenorah' s trainer, philip hobbs, said :\nhe could be very good. i couldn' t believe how green he was going to the second - last. it' s a good job richard poached the lead when he did – another 50 yards, he might have been in trouble .\nhobbs indicated that menorah is likely to be trained for next year' s champion hurdle, rather than be asked to go novice chasing, though a final decision will not be made immediately. several firms offer 10 - 1 about the horse' s chances in next year' s champion .\nit is located at 52° 33' 45\nn, 7° 41' 31\nw .\ncopyright | download data | how up - to - date is urltoken | who' s mapping townlands? | townland mapping activity | townland index | help add logainm data to osm | maps | last update: july 10, 2018, 6: 15 a. m .\nas for notre pere, he predictably outstayed his rivals for the guinness gold cup after further deluges overnight. after that runaway welsh national success, he had been caught flat - footed by neptune collonges at leopardstown, but here he was able to pound clear from a long way out. imperial commander closed nicely but that effort soon told and he was eventually pulled up, exhausted, leaving scotsirish to follow the favourite home, beaten 13 lengths .\nin the right conditions, notre pere has developed into a formidable galloper for jim dreaper .\nhe' d have a good chance in a heavy - ground gold cup ,\nthe trainer said .\nbut he' s rated 163, and needs to be in the 170s to beat the kauto stars and denmans .\nnotre pere has had a shred of birch snagged in his leg since chepstow, traced during investigation of the inflammations that interrupted his training schedule in january and march .\nit' s going to be removed on tuesday ,\ndreaper explained .\neverything was bang on today, and the ground came for him .\nthe most interesting race of the third day is the ladbrokes world series hurdle, bringing together two horses that once left cheltenham with the world at their feet. for a long time, nicanor was celebrated as the only horse to have beaten denman, but disappeared for nearly three years before resurfacing in february. he retains plenty of ability, but faces a formidable opponent in fiveforthree, himself a winner at cheltenham in the meantime. he, too, has had problems, off the track until march, but reached a new peak when thwarted only by solwhit in one of the best races ever run over hurdles at aintree. both horses are trying three miles for the first time, and on testing ground it will boil down to which has most stamina .\nthe other grade one race is the cathal ryan memorial swordlestown cup, where forpadydeplasterer aims to confirm himself the season' s leading novice over two miles .\nfollow the independent sport on instagram here, for all of the best images, videos and stories from around the sporting world .\nurltoken uses cookies to give you the best possible experience when using our service; to offer additional functionality, to personalise content and advertising, to analyse our traffic, and to provide social media features. we also share information about your use of our service with our partners. by continuing to use our site we' ll assume that you are happy to receive all cookies on urltoken. please read our\nfor more information on how we use cookies and how you can manage your preferences .\na building energy rating (ber) indicates the energy performance of a property. using a scale of a to g, higher rated homes will have lower energy bills .\nmeticulously maintained bungalow with detached garage standing on a mature landscaped site of approx 1. 7 acres enjoying commanding views of unspoilt open countryside. this ...\nluxury bungalow the property is standing on a fine spacious elevated site. the bungalow is in top class condition, tastefully decorated and requiring no outlay ...\nwe use cookies to personalise content, target and report on ads, to provide social media features and to analyse our traffic .\nphilip fenton has done a wonderful job getting the injury - plagued former champion bumper hero back to the track, and the 11 - year - old showed he retained plenty of ability when third on his comeback at naas last month on what was his first run since the 2011 champion hurdle at cheltenham .\nhe had clearly come forward from that in this grade two assignment, moving powerfully towards the rear of the four - runner field through the early stages before taking closer order passing the stands .\njumping the sixth from home in front, brian o’connell never really had an anxious moment from there, with 5 - 4 favourite zaidpour being cajoled a long way out by ruby walsh .\nthe 11 - 4 chance jumped the last couple of hurdles well in charge and coasted home from zaidpour, who consented to run on late .\nfenton said: “that was lovely, it was a grand performance. he’s not getting any younger, but he looked his old self. we were fairly confident we might be good enough .\n“he was getting a little bit tired from the last, but we’d be hoping he’d improve from it .\n“there’s a good chance he’ll go (to cheltenham). we’ll see what the handicapper does, we could look at the county hurdle or the coral cup, he got the trip (two - mile - five) well enough today .\nfenton has performed similar wonders with last instalment, and reported the irish hennessy winner to be in good form and on track for cheltenham .\n“let’s hope it stays raining. if it was good to soft it would be fine for him. he is a good - actioned horse but because of his history i’d like it on the slow side .\n“any race would be fine for me but i’m sure it will be the gold cup, it looks like the other horse (first lieutenant, also owned by gigginstown house stud) might go in the other direction (ryanair chase). ”\ncommenting on the irish times has changed. to comment you must now be an irish times subscriber .\nthe account details entered are not currently associated with an irish times subscription. please subscribe to sign in to comment .\nyou should receive instructions for resetting your password. when you have reset your password, you can sign in .\nplease choose a screen name. this name will appear beside any comments you post. your screen name should follow the standards set out in our community standards .\nwe reserve the right to remove any content at any time from this community, including without limitation if it violates the community standards. we ask that you report content that you in good faith believe violates the above rules by clicking the flag link next to the offending comment or by filling out this form. new comments are only accepted for 3 days from the date of publication .\nencyclo. co. uk, online since 2007, is a search engine for english meanings and definitions. the website aims to publish all wordlists, big and small, on the internet, making it much easier to find the word you need. follow us on facebook\nfenton is hoping that forecast showers arrive this weekend - - if they don' t, the tipperary trainer could decide to swerve tuesday' s evening herald champion novice hurdle and instead wait for the rains to arrive and run the seven - year - old to run in friday' s rabobank champion hurdle .\nhe' s in great order, but i wouldn' t like to chance it ,\nsaid fenton .\nit may be the forecast decides his target for us. another dry week and it may be too quick on tuesday, so we' d wait for friday and see if the rain comes .\nless than a week ago the track was waterlogged and galway believes the recent sunny spell was\nbadly needed\n, but believes that the rain will return .\nas a result the water table is very high and we' re short on grass, so we badly needed the milder temperatures we' ve got recently. the forecast is relatively good for the remainder of the week, but showers are predicted through the weekend. it is soft now and it is drying, but not much .\nwith big zeb on target for next tuesday' s urltoken champion chase and former gold cup winner denman now confirmed for next wednesday' s gold cup - - in which he could clash with joncol, barbers shop and cooldine - - the stage is set for another hugely successful festival .\nlike ruby walsh, paddy flood will miss the big festival at the kildare track after a tumble at aintree last friday. the jockey broke his collarbone when schindlers hunt suffered a fatal fall in the john smith' s melling chase, causing him to miss the ride on vic venturi in the following day' s grand national .\ncork native brian harding was another jockey in the wars at the weekend and has confirmed he has broken his arm after a fall at kelso on sunday .\nmeanwhile, gordon elliott' s backstage could go to perth next week after making an untimely exit in the english grand national. however, dessie hughes will be putting away both of his aintree runners, black apalachi and vic venturi, who enjoyed contrasting fortunes at aintree .\nblack apalachi went close to giving the kildare trainer victory in the race by finishing second to don' t push it, while vic venturi parted company with roger loughran at the 20th fence .\nthey are fine and have been out in the field this morning ,\nsaid the kildare trainer yesterday .\nurltoken newsdesk willie mullins was officially crowned irish champion jumps trainer for the 12th time on the final day of the punchestown festival .\naisling crowe dick francis or agatha christie may have been capable of writing a plot with as many twists and turns as this year' s 2018 punchestown festival conjured up, but those lacking the imagination and talent for crafting a story would have struggled to devise the screenplay of the climax to this year' s national hunt season .\neamonn sweeney we expected a mighty battle. we got a massacre. the bookies thought half a million euros was a big enough lead for gordon elliott to hold on to during punchestown. it turned out a million ...\nindian nurse at beaumont hospital alleges racial discrimination after she was passed over for ...\ncora staunton and a number of the mayo ladies team have left squad ahead of all ...\n' i thought i' m actually f * * * ed... i didn' t have any money left, a big mortgage, and a family' - ...\n' everybody dies, but not everybody lives' - how' the great ak' became a ...\newan mackenna: infantile, spoiled and indulged - everything wrong with brazil is ...\nengland face croatia in the world cup semi - final on wednesday evening at ...\nwolves boss nuno espirito santo has signed a new contract through to 2021, the premier ...\ncroatia’s current world cup squad contains only one english - based player, but ...\nengland face croatia in the world cup semi - final on wednesday, the first time ...\nan in - depth preview ahead of the france v belgium world cup semi - final in russia on ...\nwatch :\nfootball' s coming home !\n- england fans in russia sing ahead of ...\nwatch fans around the world react to england' s nail - ...\nthe tithe applotment books are one of the records frequently referred to as\ncensus substitutes\n. they help fill in for the lost census records. the purpose of these records was to determine the amount of\ntithes\noccupiers of agricultural property should pay the church of ireland. the people listed are going to be rural residents rather than town people. these records were created between 1823 - 1837 .\nbackground. the names underneath are the townlands included. the townlands may be incomplete in parishes that are donated by tipperary researchers .\ncopyright (c) 2011 ireland genealogy projects, . all rights reserved. design by free css templates .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwelcome to let' s bet! to experience all the features of the forum, please register an account by clicking\njoin now\non the top right. it' s quick, easy and free .\nthere are known knowns. these are things we know that we know. there are known unknowns. that is to say, there are things that we now know we don’t know. but there are also unknown unknowns. these are things we do not know we don’t know\nwhen you' ve lost... your balls and your homeless you can always go to the... pawn shop ...\nfb' s playlist - listen to some tunes the wire -\nworld going one way, people another, yo .\ncommunity - # sixseasonsandamovie\nmeh... save your non - singing jabber for the cheltenham 2010 forum .\nwho sings the main bits? she' s not a bad singer. i normally hate charity songs as the singers are normally shite so at least they only let the jockeys and trainers etc sing in the background .\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more\nsome advance news... full details of the annual contest are due on wed 21 october; competition begins on friday 13 november: urltoken\nonclick =\nwindow. open (this. href); return false; there are 400 hurdlers and chasers from which to select your ten this season. those who need extra help with research, as i do nowadays, may be interested in three of the better guides: racing post jumpers to follow 2009 - 2010 by daniel hill published 12 oct; rrp £10. 99 (£7. 69 through amazon )\nessential guide to all horses in the tote' s highly successful ten to follow competition\ntimeform 50 horses to follow 2009 / 10 jumps published 10 oct; £7. 95 one jump ahead: top nh horses to follow for 2009 / 2010 by mark howard published 4 sept; £7. 99 (amazon £7. 19) and of course there' s peter martin' s free online ttf system suggestions; imminent and eminent: http: / / www. petermartinconsult. supanet. c... / index. htm\nonclick =\nwindow. open (this. href); return false ;\nlink to details of proposed fiso syndicate: topic65968. html\nonclick =\nwindow. open (this. href); return false ;\nfrom the list of 400 horses, select ten to follow in jump races during the competition .\n- plus monthly £10, 000 prizes and a £25, 000 cheltenham festival prize .\nhandy little info - site here - urltoken\nonclick =\nwindow. open (this. href); return false; seems a touch more useful than the tote' s own site - horse list is way better, sortable with last year' s points etc ...\nthe extremely useful peter martin site is compiling its shortlist for this season' s ten to follow nh competition. their system: the competition' s master list of 400 horses is reduced by our team down to 36 horses or fewer. this shortlist is then divided into five smaller subgroups to aid perming and ensure well - structured lines. the system' s rules are integral in the table below, or are linked to from the table. perming instructions are denoted by brown text in column 3 of the table. final shortlist will be posted on 12 nov. for table and notes see: http: / / www. petermartinconsult. supanet. c... urrent. htm\nonclick =\nwindow. open (this. href); return false ;\ncan anyone advise me with an access problem to the ttf site. i' m not able to access the site or even urltoken and when i rang the help line they suggested that there were problems with explorer and advised that i download firefox. did that and the main tote site and ttf tote site remain the only two sites that i cannot access on the whole of the web that i' ve ever tried to access .\nnot sure what you mean by a proxy site. i' ve gone to google and clicked on links that are for ttf as shown by the search. no more luck that typing in the address from scratch or by clicking on the link from the racing post site. what gets me is that i' ve no problem with any other sites at all .\nstriker wrote: can anyone advise me with an access problem to the ttf site. i' m not able to access the site or even urltoken and when i rang the help line they suggested that there were problems with explorer and advised that i download firefox. did that and the main tote site and ttf tote site remain the only two sites that i cannot access on the whole of the web that i' ve ever tried to access .\ni had the same problem before the end of the flat, sent them an emai & received this this reply .\nhi graham, unfortunately there is currently a problem with access from some countries which we are endeavouring to rectify. please accept our apologises for the inconvenience caused. regards, tote ten to follow w: urltoken t: 0800 666 160\ni can get on at the moment. have you tried entering using the rp site duffer put up above .\nthanks gm - i think that that is the answer as i' m in west africa. i wonder why the silly girl on the helpline couldn' t have told me that. so i hope that i can eventually get someone more senior on the help line. in the meantime if anyone has any bright ideas, i' m all for giving them a whirl. n yup no problem with the rp site but clicking the link simply results in a timed out." ]

{ "text": [ "dunguib ( foaled 8 april 2003 ) is an irish thoroughbred racehorse who became the second horse to complete the cheltenham and punchestown double in 2009 for trainer philip fenton and owners daniel harnett and lily lawlor .", "however he was later disqualified from his punchestown champion bumper victory" ], "topic": [ 14, 14 ] }

[ "dunguib (foaled 8 april 2003) is an irish thoroughbred racehorse who became the second horse to complete the cheltenham and punchestown double in 2009 for trainer philip fenton and owners daniel harnett and lily lawlor. however he was later disqualified from his punchestown champion bumper victory" ]

[ "price threadfin salmons are medium - to high - priced finfish. king threadfin fetches a high price, blue threadfin a medium price .\nfrozen fillets of various threadfin species are imported from namibia and asia (notably taiwan), and sometimes mislabelled as king threadfin. true king threadfin only occurs off northern australia and southern new guinea .\nthe average size of king threadfin salmon in the logan has increased in recent years .\nthe king threadfin usually has five long filaments below the pectoral (side) fin, whereas the blue threadfin has only three or four short filaments .\nquality king threadfin salmon are a real option throughout the logan river. many people mistakenly think king threadfin are a northern species, but the truth is that the logan river holds reasonable numbers of this much sought - after species .\nthere are no formal stock assessments for king threadfin stocks in nt or wa, although they are a key species caught in the nt barramundi fishery. the nt monitors the stock health of king threadfin by assessing long - term catch records and the age and length of fish caught over time to ensure these measures remain stable. the wa fishery lands a relatively small volume of king threadfin .\nfillets: 70% from headless blue threadfin (gilled and gutted), king threadfin often have large bony growths along the backbone, which make them difficult to fillet. they are therefore often sold as cutlets for maximum recovery .\nking threadfin between 70 cm and 100 cm fl may be transitional hermaphrodites (they possess mature male and immature female reproductive tissue, and function as males (ref. 28736) ). however, most king threadfin less than 80 cm fl are males and most more than 95 cm fl are females (ref. 28737). transitional king threadfin are most often found in the months of june, july, august and september (ref. 6390). there is little information on the larvae, although nursery areas are known to be inshore, shallow and of low salinity (ref. 6390) .\npolydactylus sheridani, or king threadfin salmon, are well suited to living and feeding in the murky waters of the logan. their ability to use their barbels (whiskers) and large lateral line to sense the vibrations of their prey lets them successfully feed in silty water where the visibility is low .\nking threadfin are reasonably clean fighters but be prepared for a long run before fighting them otherwise you may pull the hooks. don’t bully the fish to the boat as they can sometimes shred the leader if you don’t let them run. with their powerful forked tail they have many good runs in them before they can be netted .\nthe thick, firm fillets of threadfin salmons make them ideal for use as kebabs (cubed) and in soups, curries or casseroles .\nmy best success usually involves using live bait, although you shouldn’t discount large paddle tail plastics. the constant vibration and distress signals are what is needed to get a threadfin’s attention .\ngreatly underrated fishes, the threadfin salmons yield thick, sizeable and essentially boneless fillets. they are often available, have a high recovery rate and can have a good shelf life .\nthreadfin salmons are good eating, flaky, tropical finfish that readily absorb the flavours of other ingredients. wines to match highly flavoured dishes should be light - bodied reds made in the beaujolais style .\nideally suited to citrus flavours, threadfin salmons can be accom - panied by butters flavoured with herbs such as chives, tarragon and parsley. they are also superb baked, served with roasted vine - ripened tomatoes and fresh herbs .\nover time you tend to learn whether threadies are in the area when the water is receding, exposing a mud bank, as bait showers are not uncommon. this lets you know to be prepared for a threadfin’s sizzling run as it closes in on your lure or bait .\nthese average size of the threadfin caught in the river now ranges between 70cm to 1m, so targeting them is well worth it. to allow the population to grow, please take only what you need so the large breeders can do their thing for the future of the fishery .\nthreadfin salmons are excellent eating when cooked in a wide variety of ways. their firm flesh and large flakes make them absolutely ideal for barbecuing or grilling in steaks, cutlets or fillets, depending on size and variety. the flakes can also be carefully separated after grilling to enhance presentation .\ntackle needed to catch these fish is pretty standard: a 6 - 8kg, 7’0” medium tapered rod matched to a 4500 size baitrunner - style reel that can comfortably hold around 200 - 300 yards of 15lb or 20lb line. monofilament is my preferred line as it has some stretch, which is handy with the threadfin’s erratic runs and sudden direction changes .\n( macleay); polynemidae family; also known as threadfin salmon, burnett salmon, cooktown salmon, tassel fish, putty nose it is found from the queensland coast of australia to the gulf of papua. most abundant in the northern territory and northern part of western australia, it is a species of shallow coastal waters, occurring over muddy bottoms and in rivers, bays, and estuaries. its most obvious feature is the long, trailing filaments that extend from the pectoral area (around the throat), and which serve as feelers in the murky, discolored waters with which threadfins typically are ...\nyears ago these fish were smaller, but ten years on these fish are growing, breeding and potentially turning the logan river into a class a fishery. i regularly catch good size specimens in a handful of reliable spots .\nwhen you know the kinds of places these fish frequent, you will be rewarded with consistent captures as these fish often hunt the same areas year after year. the areas to find them in have high tidal flow and also some structure like broken rock on flats with possibly a feeder creek or drain very close by. these flats usually consist of the logan’s standard muddy or silted bottom with the odd rock or submerged log somewhere on the bottom. these conditions provide the necessary food source and environment that threadies like to feed in .\nthese fish prefer the last of the run - out tide when bait is being pushed out of the drains in search of cover and deeper water. their ability to forage in discoloured water makes them the ultimate low water predator. you should also try to coincide low tide with dusk as this seems to be the best time to target them .\nlive bait can consist of large prawns pinned through the tail, a good sized herring or the ever faithful live poddy mullet, the latter being my preferred bait. regular bait changes are a must as your bait needs to swim erratically .\nconnect your line to a coffin - type sinker, as this will hold your bait to the bottom without rolling around. next is a good quality crane swivel rated to around 50lb, then the leader which should be about a rod length of 50lb as these fish tend to inhale the bait. hooks used should be around 4 / 0 to 6 / 0 depending on bait size, and they should have a wide gap between the shank and the barb .\nbaits should be pinned through the nose from the underside of the chin, coming out directly through the top of their mouth, just before the nares (nostrils). this hook positioning allows for maximum penetration when the fish picks it up .\ni fish for these species at anchor so a baitrunner is a must. once the fish has picked up the bait it makes a substantial run which is enough time for it to swallow the bait, so winding the handle to engage the drag will set the hook for you .\narmed with these tips, i’m sure that if you put in the time and effort you will catch one of these special fish that now call the logan river home. put in the hard yards and listen to your reel scream !\ni like to keep only enough fish for a feed, letting the big breeders go to preserve the future of the fishery .\nour site is currently being updated and pages are changing regularly. we thank you for your patience during this transition and hope that you find our new site easy to use .\n80 cm common length, 170 cm estimated maximum fork length (at an estimated total weight of 40 kg) .\n& copy; the state of queensland (department of agriculture and fisheries) 2010–2018. queensland government\ngreek, poly = a lot of + greek, daktylos = finger (ref. 45335 )\nmarine; freshwater; brackish; demersal; catadromous (ref. 51243); depth range 0 - 6 m (ref. 57343). tropical; 5°s - 28°s, 121°e - 154°e (ref. 57343 )\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 170 cm fl male / unsexed; (ref. 6390); common length: 48. 0 cm fl male / unsexed; (ref. 9685); max. published weight: 45. 0 kg (ref. 9685); max. reported age: 20 years (ref. 6390 )\nbody without spots nor stripes. pectoral fin rays unbranched; 4th pectoral filament long, 40 - 53% of sl. second spine of dorsal fin more robust than the rest. posterior margin of maxilla extending considerably beyond level of posterior margin of adipose eyelid. lower tip of 7th proximal pterygiophore of 1st dorsal fin directed backward. lateral squamation on caudal fin unbranched (ref. 40970) .\nfound in shallow, turbid waters coastal waters, estuaries, mangrove creeks, and mangrove - lined rivers (ref. 57343), over sandbanks and mud substrates (ref. 6390). usually forms loose schools, although larger fish are more often observed in pairs or singly (ref. 6390). feeds on prawns and fish. protandrous hermaphrodites .\nmotomura, h. , 2004. threadfins of the world (family polynemidae). an annotated and illustrated catalogue of polynemid species known to date. fao spec. cat. fish. purp. rome: fao. 3: 117 p. (ref. 57343 )\n): 24. 8 - 28. 9, mean 28 (based on 575 cells) .\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 5000 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 4. 0 ±0. 4 se; based on diet studies .\nresilience (ref. 69278): low, minimum population doubling time 4. 5 - 14 years (tmax = 20) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): high to very high vulnerability (67 of 100) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nyour igfa account is your personal portal to member benefits, including world records, videos, photos, and the latest in game fish conservation .\nthe international game fish association is a not - for - profit organization committed to the conservation of game fish and the promotion of responsible, ethical angling practices through science, education, rule making and record keeping .\n© 2015 international game fish association, 300 gulf stream way, dania beach, fl 33004 .\nthreatened species caught in the nt and wa fisheries include crocodiles and sawfish. the nt fishing industry has developed a code of practice that details the best methods to release bycatch alive. given the wide distribution of the protected species caught and the moderate interaction rates recorded previously by independent observers, there are no indications that the fisheries are causing population declines of any protected species .\nthere are extensive areas closed to gillnet fishing in nt waters and recently established marine parks in wa that are likely to confer a degree of protection to endangered species .\nthere has been previous independent observer coverage in nt, where the program is due to begin again in 2018. there is no observer coverage in wa, which is a concern offset by the small scale of this fishery .\nlearn about the following species groups (including their most common members, as well as purchasing, storage and cooking information), or select a specific species from the species list on the right .\nspangled emperor lethrinus nebulosus (greater spangled emperor) lethrinus sp. (lesser spangled emperor )\ntropical rocklobster panulirus ornatus (ornate rocklobster) other panulirus species except p. cygnus\nyabby cherax destructor (yabby) cherax destructor albidus (white yabby) cherax preissii, cherax plebejus (koonac) cherax quinquecarinatus (gilgie) other cherax (except c. quadricarinatus, c. tenuimanus & c. cainii )\navailable wild - caught, it is a bottom - dwelling fish with elongated body and 4 - 5 filaments below the side fin, which it uses to detect food, such as small crabs, prawns and worms in the mud. found mostly in very shallow water along the coast, in muddy bays, estuaries and rivers of tropical australia from fraser island to west of darwin and occasionally in freshwater. caught mainly by gillnets in the gulf of carpentaria, it is an important bycatch of barramundi fishing .\ncommonly 1. 5 - 6kg and 50 - 90cm, but can grow to 30kg and 185cm .\nsold mostly whole (gilled and gutted) or in skinned fillet or cutlet form, though sometimes seen as headless trunks or steaks. it often has large bony growths along the backbone, which make it difficult to fillet, so it is best cut into cutlets or steaks or bought already filleted. in whole fish look for lustrous skin, firm flesh, and a pleasant, fresh sea smell. in cutlets, steaks and fillets, look for white - pale pink, firm, lustrous, moist flesh without any brown markings or oozing water and with a pleasant fresh sea smell .\nmake sure whole fish is scaled, gutted and cleaned thoroughly. wrap whole fish, fillets, cutlets and steaks in plastic wrap or place in an airtight container. refrigerate for up to 3 days or freeze whole fish for up to 6 months, and fillets, cutlets, trunks or steaks for up to 3 months, below - 18ºc .\naverage yield is 55% . has a medium flavour, low oiliness and moist, firm flesh with large flakes and bones that are easily removed. the centre bone of cutlets can be removed and a filling placed in the cavity. cut thick fillets into serving - size portions and score to allow even heat penetration .\ndeep - fry, pan - fry, stir - fry, bake, grill, barbecue. the firm flesh holds together well in soups, curries and casseroles and can be cubed for kebabs .\nasian greens, butter, chilli, citrus, herbs (such as chives, french tarragon, parsley), soy sauce, tomatoes, white wine. good barbecued or baked wrapped in paperbark or banana leaves .\nto use this website, cookies must be enabled in your browser. to enable cookies, follow the instructions for your browser below .\nthere is a specific issue with the facebook in - app browser intermittently making requests to websites without cookies that had previously been set. this appears to be a defect in the browser which should be addressed soon. the simplest approach to avoid this problem is to continue to use the facebook app but not use the in - app browser. this can be done through the following steps :\nbefore the cookie settings change will take effect, safari must restart. to restart safari press and hold the home button (for around five seconds) until the iphone / ipad display goes blank and the home screen appears .\na note about relevant advertising: we collect information about the content (including ads) you use across this site and use it to make both advertising and content more relevant to you on our network and other sites. this is also known as online behavioural advertising. you can find out more about our policy and your choices, including how to opt - out here." ]

{ "text": [ "the king threadfin , polydactylus macrochir , is a threadfin native to tropical waters of northern australia and southern papua new guinea .", "other common names include king threadfin salmon , king salmon , threadfin salmon , burnett river salmon .", "king threadfin are the largest of the seven species of threadfin found in australian waters and also north to south china sea .", "they normally grow to between 50 cm and 90 cm in length , although there have been many cases of it growing to over 130 cm in length from the brisbane river in australia .", "they range in weight from 1 kg to 15 kg with average being 3.5 kg .", "king threadfins are popular recreational species in western australia , northern queensland and increasingly south-east queensland .", "with the species now being found further south down the east coast of australia , many more recreational anglers are targeting them and as a result they have been included as a category in the brisbane river classic fishing competition .", "they are found in coastal estuaries , river mouths and turbid waters generally .", "they mainly eat seasonally abundant prawns , small fish and other small crustaceans .", "spawning in east coast australian populations occurs from october to early march .", "the king threadfin usually have five long filaments below the pectoral ( side ) fin . " ], "topic": [ 13, 25, 13, 0, 0, 26, 15, 13, 12, 13, 23 ] }

[ "the king threadfin, polydactylus macrochir, is a threadfin native to tropical waters of northern australia and southern papua new guinea. other common names include king threadfin salmon, king salmon, threadfin salmon, burnett river salmon. king threadfin are the largest of the seven species of threadfin found in australian waters and also north to south china sea. they normally grow to between 50 cm and 90 cm in length, although there have been many cases of it growing to over 130 cm in length from the brisbane river in australia. they range in weight from 1 kg to 15 kg with average being 3.5 kg. king threadfins are popular recreational species in western australia, northern queensland and increasingly south-east queensland. with the species now being found further south down the east coast of australia, many more recreational anglers are targeting them and as a result they have been included as a category in the brisbane river classic fishing competition. they are found in coastal estuaries, river mouths and turbid waters generally. they mainly eat seasonally abundant prawns, small fish and other small crustaceans. spawning in east coast australian populations occurs from october to early march. the king threadfin usually have five long filaments below the pectoral (side) fin." ]

[ "have a fact about trymalitis optima? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for trymalitis optima? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmadagascar e. , moramanga district, ankasoka, 1130 m, x. 1957, leg. p. griveaud .\nholotype ♂, genitalia slide gaedike 4918♂, mnhn; 2 paratypes, abdomen missing, mnhn .\ngaedike r. 2004a. new genera and species of epermeniid moths from the afrotropical region (lepidoptera: epermeniidae). - annals of the transvaal museum 41: 41–59 .\n, and in the middle of each forewing. the hindwings are plain brown. the\n, melbourne university press, 1990, pl. 7. 17, p. 277 .\nvolume 36, part 2 (1911), pp. 294 - 295 ,\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\nsign in to disable all ads. thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word. leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nnsw border ranges national park forest tops 850 m alt 7 february 1999 ed edwards male wingspan 20. 5 mm anic\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nclick on the thumbnail image to view the details and photo for a specific specimen .\nunless noted, all images on these pages are copyright © 2003 - 14 by todd gilligan. please do not download, copy, print, or otherwise distribute any images from these pages without the permission of the author. contact form." ]

{ "text": [ "trymalitis optima is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .", "it is found in australia ( queensland ) , madagascar , indonesia and new guinea .", "adults have brown forewings , with brown-edged orange spots at the apex , the costa and in the middle .", "the hindwings are plain brown . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 1, 1 ] }

[ "trymalitis optima is a species of moth of the tortricidae family. it is found in australia (queensland), madagascar, indonesia and new guinea. adults have brown forewings, with brown-edged orange spots at the apex, the costa and in the middle. the hindwings are plain brown." ]

[ "synonymy: the integrated taxonomic information lists pinnotheres maculatus as an invalid name for tumidotheres maculates say, 1818 .\nbody size of the endosymbiotic pea crab tumidotheres maculatus: larger\nby karen kane and gregory s. farley\ntumidotheres maculatus; ypm iz 027987; north america; atlantic ocean; usa; florida; barras island; marshall b. bishop; 1938 - 07 - 03\ntumidotheres maculatus; ypm iz 027985; north america; atlantic ocean; gulf of mexico; usa; florida; barras island; marshall b. bishop; 1938 - 07 - 18\ntumidotheres maculatus adults live commensally with mussels. the larvae are very similar to the closely related pea crabs in the genus pinnixa but differences in the abdomen telson are diagnostic. see below .\ntemperature: larval activity of pinnotheres maculatus decreases with decreasing water temperature (welsh 1932) .\ntumidotheres maculatus; ypm iz 042436; north america; atlantic ocean; usa; off continental shelf; u. s. fish comm. stmr. fish hawk; 1882 - 08 - 26\nirl distribution: pinnotheres maculatus occurs in crassostrea virginica and other bivalves in the indian river lagoon .\nid notes: the main difference distinguishing t. maculatus from the related pinnixa species is lack of fleshy lateral lobes on the lower abdomen of tumidotheres. the shapes of the telson are also quite different .\ntumidotheres maculatus; ypm iz 027990; north america; atlantic ocean; gulf of mexico; pine island sound; usa; florida; palmetto key; marshall b. bishop; 1938 - 07 - 01\ncampos, e. (1989b) tumidotheres, a new genus for pinnotheres margarita smith, 1869, and pinnotheres maculatus say, 1818 (brachyura: pinnotheridae). journal of crustacean biology, 9, 672–679. urltoken\ntumidotheres maculatus; ypm iz 027962; north america; atlantic ocean; gulf of mexico; usa; florida; pine island sound; marshall b. bishop; 1938 - 07 - 02 / 1938 - 08 - 07\ntumidotheres maculatus; ypm iz 027976; north america; atlantic ocean; gulf of mexico; pine island sound; usa; florida; lee county; useppa island; marshall b. bishop; 1938 - 07 - 17\nkane, k. and g. s. farley. 2006. body size of the endosymbiotic pea crab tumidotheres maculatus: larger hosts hold larger crabs. gulf and caribbean research 18 (1): 27 - 34. retrieved from urltoken\npearse, j. b. (1969) on reproduction in pinnotheres maculatus (decapoda: pinnotheridae). biological bulletin, 127, 384 .\ncampos, e. & vargas - castillo, r. (2013) pinnotheres orcutti rathbun, 1918 a new member of the genus tumidotheres campos, 1989 in the eastern tropical pacific (crustacea, brachyura, pinnotheridae). zootaxa, 3666 (1), 84–92. urltoken\nspecies description: pinnotheres maculatus is a member of the family pinnotheridae, a group of decapods that live symbiotically within other marine invertebrates (bierbaum and ferson 1986). females are soft shelled living their entire adult life in one host. males move from host to host .\nfélix - pico, e. f. (1992) notas sobre la biología del cangrejo chícharo, tumidotheres margarita (smith, 1869) (decapoda: brachyura: pinnotheridae), en el sistema lagunar de bahía magdalena, baja california sur, méxico. proceedings of the san diego society of natural history, 25, 1–6 .\ntrophic mode: pinnotheres maculatus larvae are planktotrophic and can be reared in the laboratory on artemia nauplii and arbacia eggs (costlow and bookhout 1966). adult females use their chelae to remove food from the gills of the host (bierbaum and ferson 1986) while adult males feed independently of the host (kane and farley 2006) .\nembryology: pinnotheres maculatus larvae have five zoeal stages and one megalopa planktonic stage (costlow and bookhout 1966). the females have 7 development stages and live their entire lives in the host leaving only to participate in a copulatory swarm (pearce 1964, kane and farley 2006). the megalopa molts into the first true crab in mid - september and then leaves the plankton in search of a host (pearce 1964) .\n< mods xmlns: xlink =\nurltoken\nversion =\n3. 0\nxmlns: xsi =\nurltoken\nxmlns =\nurltoken\nxsi: schemalocation =\nurltoken urltoken\n> < titleinfo > < title > ostrea puelchana (d & # 39; orbigny 1842): a new host of tumidotheres maculatus (say, 1818) in northern patagonia, argentina < / title > < / titleinfo > < name > < namepart > doldan, mar & # 237; a del socorro < / namepart > < / name > < name > < namepart > oehrens - kissner, erica m < / namepart > < / name > < name > < namepart > morsan, enrique m < / namepart > < / name > < name > < namepart > zaidman, paula c < / namepart > < / name > < name > < namepart > kroeck, marina a < / namepart > < / name > < typeofresource > text < / typeofresource > < genre authority =\nmarcgt\n> < / genre > < subject > < topic > argentina < / topic > < / subject > < subject > < topic > commensalism < / topic > < / subject > < subject > < topic > oyster < / topic > < / subject > < subject > < topic > pinnotheridae < / topic > < / subject > < subject > < topic > san mat & # 237; as gulf < / topic > < / subject > < relateditem type =\nhost\n> < titleinfo > < title > latin american journal of aquatic research < / title > < / titleinfo > < part > < date > 2012 - 03 - 01 < / date > < / part > < / relateditem > < identifier type =\nuri\n> urltoken < / identifier > < / mods >\ndistribution off martha' s vineyard, mass. , to golfo san matias, argentina\ndistribution off martha' s vineyard, mass. , to golfo san matias, argentina [ details ]\n( of cancer pinnophylax linnaeus, 1767) linnaeus c. (1767). systema naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. ed. 12. 1. , regnum animale. 1 & 2. holmiae, laurentii salvii. holmiae [ stockholm ], laurentii salvii. pp. 1 - 532 [ 1766 ] pp. 533 - 1327 [ 1767 ]. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\npollock, l. w. (1998). a practical guide to the marine animals of northeastern north america. rutgers university press. new brunswick, new jersey & london. 367 pp. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nfelder, d. l. , álvarez. f. , goy, j. w. & lemaitre, r. (2009). decapoda (crustacea) of the gulf of mexico, with comments on the amphionidacea, . felder, d. l. , and camp, d. k. (eds), gulf of mexico - origins, waters, and biota. vol. 1. biodiversity. pp. 1019–1104 (texas a & m; university press: college station, texas). , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nwilliams, a. b. (1984). shrimps, lobsters, and crabs of the atlantic coast of the eastern united states, maine to florida. smithsonian institution press. [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nintegrated taxonomic information system (itis). , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmclaughlin et al. 2005. common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada: crustaceans. american fisheries society special publication 31\nproceedings of the biological society of washington, vol. 116, no. 1\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\ndatabase contains: 10. 643 species (763 with photo), 1. 682 genera, 124 families\njavascript is disabled on your browser. please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\ncopyright © 2018 elsevier b. v. or its licensors or contributors. sciencedirect ® is a registered trademark of elsevier b. v .\n100 m offshore from assateague island, va. in depths of 8 - 10 meters. caught using an epibenthic sled (365 micrometer mesh). summer 2009\nall issues vol. 29, iss. 1 vol. 28, iss. 1 vol. 27, iss. 1 vol. 26, iss. 1 vol. 25, iss. 1 vol. 24, iss. 1 vol. 23, iss. 1 vol. 22, iss. 1 vol. 21, iss. 1 vol. 20, iss. 1 vol. 19, iss. 2 vol. 19, iss. 1 vol. 18, iss. 1 vol. 17, iss. 1 vol. 16, iss. 2 vol. 16, iss. 1 vol. 15, iss. 1 vol. 14, iss. 2 vol. 14, iss. 1 vol. 13, iss. 1 vol. 12, iss. 1 volume 11, supplement 1 vol. 11, iss. 1 vol. 10, iss. 1 vol. 9, iss. 4 vol. 9, iss. 3 vol. 9, iss. 2 vol. 9, iss. 1 vol. 8, iss. 4 vol. 8, iss. 3 vol. 8, iss. 2 vol. 8, iss. 1 volume 7, supplement 1 vol. 7, iss. 4 vol. 7, iss. 3 vol. 7, iss. 2 vol. 7, iss. 1 vol. 6, iss. 4 vol. 6, iss. 3 vol. 6, iss. 2 vol. 6, iss. 1 vol. 5, iss. 2 vol. 5, iss. 1 vol. 4, iss. 3 vol. 4, iss. 2 vol. 4, iss. 1 vol. 3, iss. 2 vol. 3, iss. 1 vol. 2, iss. 4 vol. 2, iss. 3 vol. 2, iss. 2 vol. 2, iss. 1 vol. 1, iss. 6 vol. 1, iss. 5 vol. 1, iss. 4 vol. 1, iss. 3 vol. 1, iss. 2 vol. 1, iss. 1\n: massachusetts to florida, gulf of mexico, the west indies, brazil (alagoas to santa catarina), uruguay and argentina .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nernesto campos facultad de ciencias, universidad autónoma de baja california, km. 103 carretera tijuana - ensenada, ensenada, 22800 baja california, mexico .\nanker, a. , murina, g. v. , lira, c. caripe, j. a. v. , palmer, r. & jeng, m. s. (2005) macrofauna associated with echiuran burrows: a review with new observations of the innkeeper worm, ochetostoma erythrogrammon leuckart and rüppel, in venezuela. zoological studies, 44, 157–190\nanonymous (2012) callo de hacha. in: anonymous. (ed .), carta nacional pesquera (segunda sección). diario oficial de la federación, mexico, pp. 26. available from: urltoken nacional - pesquera / carta - nacional - pesquera - 2012. pdf (accessed 13 august 2016 )\naragón - noriega, e. a. , alcántara - razo, e. , calderón - aguilera, l. e. & sánchez - fourcade, r. (2012) status of geoduck clam fisheries in mexico. journal of shellfish research, 31, 733–738. urltoken\nayón - parente, m. & hendrickx, m. e. (2014) calyptraeotheres sp. nov. (crustacea: decapoda: pinnotheridae), symbiont of the slipper shell crepidula striolata menke, 1851 (mollusca: gastropoda: calyptraeidae) from the gulf of california, mexico. zootaxa, 3872 (1), 89– 94. urltoken\nbrusca, r. c. & wallerstein, b. r. (1979) zoogeographic patterns of idoteid isopods in the northeast pacific, with a review of shallow–water zoogeography for the region. bulletin of the biological society of washington, 3, 67–105 .\ncáceres - martínez, j. & vásquez - yeomans, r. (2008) la patología en moluscos bivalvos: principales problemas y desafíos para la producción de bivalvos en américa latina. in: lovatelli, a. , farías, a. & uriarte, i. (eds .), estado actual del cultivo y manejo de moluscos bivalvos y su proyección futura: factores que afectan su sustentabilidad en américa latina. taller técnico regional de la fao, 20–24 de agosto de 2007, puerto montt, chile. fao, actas de pesca y acuicultura, roma, pp. 327–337\ncalderón aguilera, l. e. , noriega, e. a. a. , hand, c. m. & rivera, v. m. m. (2010) morphometric relationships, age, growth, and mortality of the geoduck clam, panopea generoa, along the pacific coast of baja california, mexico. journal of shellfish research, 29, 319–326. urltoken\ncampos, e. (1989a) comments on taxonomy of the genus orthotheres sakai, 1969 (crustacea, brachyura, pinnotheridae). bulletin of marine science, 44, 1123–1128 .\ncampos, e. (1993) systematics and taxonomic remarks on pinnotheres muliniarum rathbun, 1918 (crustacea: brachyura: pinnotheridae). proceedings of the biological society of washington, 106, 92–101 .\ncampos, e. (1996) partial revision of pinnotherid crab genera with a two–segmented palp on the third maxilliped (decapoda: brachyura). journal of crustacean biology, 16, 556–563. urltoken\ncampos, e. (2002) two new genera of pinnotherid crabs from the tropical eastern pacific (decapoda: brachyura: pinnotheridae). journal of crustacean biology, 22, 328–336. urltoken\ncampos, e. (2004) raytheres, a new name for raymondia campos, 2002 (crustacea: brachyura: pinnotheridae) preoccupied by raymondia frauenfeld, 1855 (hexapoda: diptera: streblidae). journal of crustacean biology, 24, 372–372. urltoken\ncampos, e. (2006) systematics of the genus scleroplax rathbun, 1893 (crustacea: brachyura: pinnotheridae). zootaxa, 1344, 33–41 .\ncampos, e. (2007) key to pinnotheridae. in: cartlon, j. t. (ed .), the light and smith manual. intertidal invertebrates from central california to oregon. university of california press, berkeley, pp. 643–647 .\ncampos, e. (2009) a new species and two new genera of pinnotherid crabs from the northeastern pacific ocean, with a reappraisal of the subfamily pinnotherinae de haan, 1833 (crustacea: brachyura: pinnotheridae). zootaxa, 2022, 29–44 .\ncampos, e. (2013) remarks on the sexual dimorphism and taxonomy of fabia dana, 1851 (crustacea, brachyura, pinnotheridae). zootaxa, 3616 (2), 190–200. urltoken\ncampos, e. & campos, a. r. de (2012) the intertidal brachyuran crabs from estuaries of the west coast baja california, mexico (crustacea: brachyura). marine biodiversity records, marine biological association of the united kingdom, 5 (e117), 1–7. urltoken\ncampos, e. , campos, a. r. de & ramirez, j. (1992) remarks on distribution and hosts for symbiotic crustaceans of the mexican pacific (decapoda and isopoda). proceedings of the biological society of washington, 105, 753–759 .\ncampos, e. , campos, a. r. de & manriquez, i. (2009) intertidal thalassinidean shrimps (thalassinidea, callianassidae and upogebiidae) of the west coast of baja california, mexico: annotated checklist, key for identification, and symbionts. crustaceana, 82, 1249–1263. urltoken\ncampos, e. , díaz, v. & gamboa - contreras, j. a. (1998) notes on distribution and taxonomy of five poorly known species of pinnotherid crabs from the eastern pacific (crustacea: brachyura: pinnotheridae). proceedings of the biological society of washington, 111, 372–381 .\ncampos, e. , félix - pico, e. f. & garcía - dominguez, f. (1995) distribution and host for four symbiotic crustaceans of the mexican pacific (stomatopoda and decapoda). bulletin of the southern california academy of sciences, 94, 176–178 .\ncampos, e. & hernández - ávila, i. (2010) phylogeny of calyptraeotheres campos, 1990 (crustacea, decapoda, brachyura, pinnotheridae) with the description of c. pepeluisi new species from the tropical mexican pacific. zootaxa, 2691, 41–52 .\ncampos, e. & manning, r. b. (1998) pinnotheres malaguena garth, 1948, a new member of the genus fabia dana, 1851 (crustacea: brachyura: pinnotheridae). proceedings of the biological society of washington, 111, 912–915 .\ncampos, e. , peláez - zárate, v. a. & solís - marín, f. a. (2012) rediscovery, hosts and systematics of holothuriophilus trapeziformis nauck, 1880 (crustacea, brachyura, pinnotheridae). zootaxa, 3528, 57–62 .\ncampos, e. & manning, r. b. (2000) the identities of pinnotheres nudus holmes, 1895 and p. nudus sensu weymouth, 1910 (crustacea: decapoda: pinnotheridae). proceedings of the biological society of washington, 113, 799–805 .\ncampos, e. & vargas - castillo, r. (2014) austinotheres angelicus (lockington, 1877): the correct name for the symbiotic crab juxtafabia muliniarum sensu cabrera - peña et al. (2001) (crustacea, brachyura, pinnotheridae). latin american journal of aquatic research, 43, 598–603. urltoken\ncampos, e. & wicksten, m. k. (1997) a new genus for the central american crab pinnixa costaricana wicksten, 1982 (crustacea: brachyura: pinnotheridae). proceedings of the biological society of washington, 110, 69–73 .\ncampos - gonzález, e. (1986) records and new hosts of pea crabs (decapoda, pinnotheridae) for baja california, mexico. veliger, 29, 238–239 .\ncampos - gonzález, e. (1988) new molluscan hosts for two shrimps and two crabs of the coast of baja california, with some remarks on distribution. veliger, 30, 384–386 .\ncampos - gonzález, e. & campoy - favela, j. r. (1987) morfología y distribución de dos cangrejos chícharo del golfo de california (crustacea: pinnotheridae). revista de biología tropical, 35, 221–225 .\ncarlisle, j. g. jr. (1969) invertebrates taken in six year trawl study in santa monica bay. veliger, 29, 238–239 .\ncastro, p. (2015) symbiotic brachyura, in: castro, p. , davie, p. , guinot, d. , schram, f. r. & vaupel klein, j. c. von (eds .), decapoda: brachyura, treatise on zoology — anatomy, taxonomy, biology. vol. 9. part c - i. brill, leiden, pp. 543–581. urltoken\nchristensen, a. m. & mcdermott, j. j. (1958) life - history and biology of the oyster crab, pinnotheres ostreum say. biological bulletin, 114, 146–179. urltoken\ndavidson, e. s. (1968) the pinnotheres concharum complex (crustacea, decapoda, family pinnotheridae). bulletin of the southern california academy of sciences, 67, 85–88 .\nemparanza, e. j. m. , ulloa, r. , montiel - ramos, a. & molina - ocampo, r. (2011) first record of the association of the crab pinnaxodes gigas (decapoda: pinnotheridae) with the geoduck clam panopea globosa (bivalvia: hiatellidae). marine biodiversity records, marine biological association of the united kingdom, 4 (e40), 1–3. urltoken\ngarth, j. s. & abbott, d. p. (1980) brachyura: the true crabs. in: morris, r. h. , abbott, d. p. & haderlie, e. c. (eds .), intertidal invertebrates of california. stanford university press, stanford, pp. 592–630 .\nglassell, s. a. (1933) descriptions of five new species of brachyura collected on the west coast of mexico. transactions of the san diego society of natural history, 7, 331–344 .\nglassell, s. a. (1934) affinities of the brachyuran fauna of the gulf of california. journal of washington academy of sciences, 24, 296–302 .\nglassell, s. a. (1935a) new or little known crabs from the pacific coast of northern mexico. transactions of the san diego society of natural history, 8, 91–106 .\nglassell, s. a. (1935b) three new species of pinnixa from the gulf of california. transactions of the san diego society of natural history, 8, 13–14 .\nglassell, s. a. (1938) new and obscure decapod crustacea from the west american coasts. transactions of the san diego society of natural history, 8, 411–454 .\ngonzález - peláez, s. s. , leyva - valencia, i. , pérez - valencia, s. & lluch - cota, d. b. (2013) distribution limits of the geoduck clams panopea generosa and p. globosa on the pacific coast of mexico. malacologia, 56, 85–94. urltoken\ngreen, t. m. (1985) pinnotheres jamesi synonymized with p. reticulatus (decapoda: brachyura). proceedings of the biological society of washington, 98, 611–614 .\ngreen, t. m. (1992) pinnaxodes gigas, a new species of pinnotherid crab from the gulf of california (decapoda: brachyura: pinnotheridae). proceedings of the biological society of washington, 105, 775–779 .\ngriffith, h. (1987) taxonomy of the genus dissodactylus (crustacea: brachyura: pinnotheridae) with descriptions of three new species. bulletin of marine science, 40, 397–422 .\nhart, j. f. l. (1982) crabs and their relatives of british columbia. british columbia provincial museum. handbook 40. british columbia, victoria, 267 pp .\nhendrickx, m. e. (1990) range extensions and host record for dissodactylus ususfructus griffith, 1987 (crustacea: brachyura: pinnotheridae). proceedings of the biological society of washington, 103, 106–107 .\nhendrickx, m. e. (1995) checklist of brachyuran crabs (crustacea: decapoda) from the eastern tropical pacific. bulletin de l’institut royal des sciences naturelles de belgique, biologie, 65, 125–150 .\nhendrickx, m. e. , brusca, r. c. , cordero, m. & rodríguez - r, g. (2007) marine and brackish - water molluscan biodiversity in the gulf of california, mexico. scientia marina, 71, 637–647. urltoken\nhernández - ávila, i. & campos, e. (2006) calyptraeotheres hernandezi (crustacea: brachyura: pinnotheridae), a new crab symbiont of the west indian cup - and - saucer crucibulum auricula (gmelin) (mollusca: gastropoda: calyptraeidae) off cubagua island, venezuela. proceedings of the biological society of washington, 119, 43–48. urltoken; 2\nholmes, s. j. (1895) notes on west american crustacea. proceedings of the california academy of sciences, series 2, 4, 563–588 .\nholmes, s. j. (1900) synopsis of california stalk - eyed crustacea. occasional papers of the california academy of sciences, 7, 1–262. urltoken\nhopkins, t. s. & scanland, t. b. (1964) the host relations of a pinnotherid crab, opisthopus transversus rathbun (crustacea: decapoda). bulletin of the southern california academy of science, 63, 175–180 .\nlemaitre, r. & álvarez - león, r. (1992) crustáceos decápodos del pacífico colombiano: lista de especies y consideraciones zoogeográficas. anales del instituto de investigaciones marinas de punta de betín, 21, 33–76 .\nmanning, r. b. & felder, d. l. (1989) the pinnixa cristata complex in the western atlantic, with descriptions of two new species (crustacea: decapoda: pinnotheridae). smithsonian contributions to zoology, 473, 1–26. urltoken\npalacios - theil, e. , cuesta, j. a. & felder, d. l. (2016) molecular evidence for non - monophyly of the pinnotheroid crabs (crustaceaa: brachyura: pinnotheroidea), warranting taxonomic reappraisal. invertebrate systematics, 30, 1–27. urltoken\nparedes - ríos, g. a. & balart, e. f. (1999) corroboration of the bivalve, pinna rugosa, as a host of the pacific pearlfish, encheliophis dubius (ophidiiformes: carapidae), in the gulf of california, mexico. copeia, 1999, 521–522. urltoken\npearce, j. b. (1966) the biology of the mussel crab, fabia subquadrata, from the waters of the san. juan archipelago, washington. pacific science, 20, 3–35 .\npohle, g. w. & marques, f. (1995) first zoea of dissodactylus glasselli rioja and new range and host records for species of dissodactylus (brachyura: pinnotheridae), with a discussion of host - symbiont biogeography. proceedings of the biological society of washington, 108, 247–256 .\nrathbun, m. j. (1918) the grapsoid crabs of america. bulletin of the united states national museum, 97, 1–461 .\nrathbun, m. j. (1923) scientific results of the expedition to the gulf of california in charge of c. h. townsend, by the u. s. fisheries steamship ‘albatross, ’ in 1911. commander g. h. burrage, u. s. n. , commanding xiii. the brachyuran crabs collected by the u. s. fisheries steamer ‘albatross’ in 1911, chiefly on the west coast of mexico. bulletin of the american museum of natural history, 48, 619–637 .\nricketts, e. , calvin, j. , hedgepeth, j. & phillips, w. (1985) between pacific tides. stanford university press, stanford, 652 pp .\nsalgado - barragán, j. (2015) a new species of pinnixa (crustacea: brachyura: pinnotheridae) from mazatlan, sinaloa, mexico. revista mexicana de biodiversidad, 86, 629–633. urltoken\nscanland, t. b. & hopkins, t. s. (1978) a supplementary description of pinnixa tomentosa and comparison with the geographically adjacent pinnixa tubicola (brachyura, pinnotheridae). proceedings of the biological society of washington, 91, 636–641 .\nschmitt, w. l. (1921) the marine decapod crustacea of california with special reference to the decapod crustacea collected by the united states bureau of fisheries steamer “albatross” in connection with the biological survey of san francisco bay during the years 1912–1913. university of california publications in zoology, 23, 1–470 .\nschmitt, w. l. , mccain, j. c. & davidson, e. s. (1973) fam. pinnotheridae, brachyura i: decapoda i. i n: gruner, h. - e. & holthuis, l. b. (eds .), cr ustaceorum catalogus. w. junk, den haag, 3, pp. 1–160 .\nvargas - castillo, r. & wehrtmann, i. s. (2009) decapod crustaceans, in: wehrtmann, i. s. & cortés, j. (eds .), marine biodiversity of costa rica, central america. springer verlag, berlin, pp. 1–538. urltoken\nwang, c. & fiedler, p. c. (2006) enso variability and the eastern tropical pacific: a review. progress in oceanography, 69, 239–266. urltoken\nwicksten, m. k. (1983) a monograph on the shallow water caridean shrimps of the gulf of california, mexico. allan hancock monographs in marine biology, 13, 1–59 .\nwicksten, m. k. (1989) a key to the palaemonid shrimp of the eastern pacific region. bulletin of the southern california academy of sciences, 88, 11–20 .\nwicksten, m. k. (2012) decapod crustacea of the californian and oregonian zoogeographic provinces. zootaxa, 3371, 1–307 .\nzmarzly, d. l. (1992) taxonomic review of pea crabs in the genus pinnixa (decapoda: brachyura: pinnotheridae) occurring on the california shelf, with descriptions of two new species. journal of crustacean biology, 12, 677–713 .\neastern and western u. s. , europe, argentina, coast of japan, british columbia .\nthe mantle cavity may contain several crabs thereby reducing market value. infestation prevalances between 54. 3 to 72. 6% were reported for\nfrom an offshore bank near quequén, argentina. numbers are limited by mantle space with no evidence of direct pathology. the crabs feed on food items collected by their hosts. the association of\nhad significantly lower shell length and meat dry weight (tablado and gappa 1995) .\ngross observations: pea crabs are visible to the naked eye within the mantle cavity of their hosts .\nprecautions should be taken to prevent their introduction. note: they can invade other commercially important bivalves such as\ncheng, t. c. 1967. marine molluscs as hosts for symbioses with a review of known parasites of commercially important species. in: f. s. russell (ed .) advances in marine biology. volume 5. academic press inc. , london, p. 315 - 335 .\nhaines, c. m. c. , m. edmunds and a. r. pewsey. 1994 .\n( linnaeus, 1758), in the solent (uk). journal of shellfish research 13: 5 - 10 .\nhart, j. f. l. 1982. crabs and their relations of british columbia. british columbia provincial museum, victoria. 267 pp .\nkubota, s. 1983. studies on life history and systematics of the japanese commensal hydroids living in bivalves, with some reference to their evolution. journal of the faculty of science, hokkaido university, series vi, zoology 23: 296 - 402 (specifically see pages 328 - 329) .\n( decapoda: pinnotheridae). biological bulletin marine biology laboratory woods hole 127: 384 .\n( say), in the southwestern atlantic. journal of shellfish research 14: 417 - 423 .\nbower, s. m. (1996): synopsis of infectious diseases and parasites of commercially exploited shellfish: pea crabs in mussels .\nsorry, preview is currently unavailable. you can download the paper by clicking the button above .\nenter the email address you signed up with and we' ll email you a reset link .\nage, size, lifespan: females are larger with a carapace measuring 8 - 12 mm. the males are\ndwarfs\n, the carapace grows to approximately 6mm. females produce eggs after they reach a minimum carapace size of 6 mm, at an age of at least one year (bierbaum and ferson 1986) .\nis complex, involving both the pea crab and its host. reproduction occurs when females and males reach an anomalous juvenile instar stage at which time they leave their hosts and engage in copulatory swarming in the water column. during this time\njuveniles have a well - calcified hard carapace measuring approximately 3. 3 cm. after the swarm, the female crabs will soon re - enter their host while the males remained in the water column longer. ovigerous females that survive the winter will carry the eggs under their abdomen until they begin to hatch in august (pearce 1964) .\nsalinity: adult pea crabs do not survive well in salinities less than 20 ppt (kruczynski 1973) .\neconomic / ecological importance: as a commensal associate with a variety of species, the ecological importance of thi sspecies may be greater than might be expected .\nreport by: melany p. puglisi, smithsonian marine station submit additional information, photos or comments to: irl _ webmaster @ urltoken page last updated: october 1, 2008\nlike most websites we use cookies. this is to ensure that we give you the best experience possible .\ncontinuing to use urltoken means you agree to our use of cookies. if you would like to, you can learn more about the cookies we use .\ncab direct is the most thorough and extensive source of reference in the applied life sciences, incorporating the leading bibliographic databases cab abstracts and global health. cab direct provides a convenient, single point of access to all of your cabi database subscriptions .\ncopyright © 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons, inc. all rights reserved\nenter your email address below. if your address has been previously registered, you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password. if you don' t receive an email, you should register as a new user\nvolume 498, pages 203 - 215, doi: 10. 3354 / meps10623\naccess to full text articles is controlled by ip number or by user password .\nif you have a user - id and password, please enter them above .\n> stream xúb '` 'b '` ée 'e '\u0010\u0011g\u0010f @ \u0000a \u0018\u001b\u0003 \u0003ç # Š, \u0002®, ¿ëx / m\u0012v\u0012ú\u0007”¬©\u0010 '\\ ºtó) ˆ\u0001\u0015d–‰ª\u0004µé\u0014óz 1÷©ý) } t¼å°ŸfrŠ‚å£êí1: \u0015 > & r4’˜ûôg—: ®‘á9á° tªˆ\u0019â °†´9óz ï. ¼é - óprl’çäq [ åvyˆ - ii p ! laa\u0017\u0017\bcé\u0018 & ‰p\u0005w c\bvt 'ñ\u0010’dàøc\u0004¤\u0015x ¬t›—™ãð —nb\u001a\u000fcò“r®\u0005ñ - 5œ\u000e¬ ììç% n»åy\bîk < £ñ0Ÿ! ãè±ô4ùµ5\u0012mïbù 69 (1, la\u0012\u0005 \u0003ça + íâàà\u001a\u0007\u000f0 ] \u0006Žëå @ \u001ady @ €\u0001\u0000 > ‡ \\ f endstream endobj 47 0 obj <\n> stream h‰„umoûf\u0010½ówìq\u0002¬õ ~ ì ~ õtç±\u0003\u0017ilôb { hz '¨µã‚\n\u0005Šnòßg‘kj‰¡à\u0007î < ﾝ™ } 3’lào²•à2\bm˜åòº\u0010x±í. ß = jö¼ï. uþ•ÿæë¦júr\u001b»¶, x [ f‚\u0007ãž3áömvyka³ ~ êþ¬3' y §\u000eôé–úp£„\u0007 9\u0000än³¿\u0016\u000fír: î\u0017móäîëê¿åßlý [ v³ > g£hถ \\) cüoxäx \u0017üiol¥ép§k% ê¾äc% ï2i { né¾fä > ®2særk¬fnxîµ4l›‘\b \\ + «f¬\u0002æ¹uä\u0007lê ’ž›é' e9y ˜s‚krú\bñä% $ ”í\u0018yî¼µld±8 $ ‘ó | obŠ£ | €‘ — + cü‘r' \u00189nõxv\u0005g årg\u0002ªëûêlx\u0005) ²w¢„e „\u001b% úª% “\u0001€ìcf\u0000yi\u0018vfð\u0010å\u0015\u000e \u0000) \bˆvœˆô) â } ~ ‘ $ ] rõ¡) ô§2\u0000fpë! òé¼å\u0001éúž\u000ew $ ih < ñ\u0010¡•·¸t\u0006ïizsŒ = f\u0010¥gþ _  ^ œ\u0004 ^ îûþ呐¶èoâú # s¤òp' f & ì\u0010 ø > qäç ð\b쳐„¾lø! 0pi < úª¡h¥è $ 0a } '’õ º6ê ã´\u000epqð£¬iµ4r; † / ”5 | 2¬ } 漪i ^ 1‘ᆑr´ ¾\u0002ãjæ˜v; Œùí®ü \\ 6u· _ ®´ö‹¦žæìòvŸå“\u0010¹“ 9e¼­â·f\u0017‹. ö\u0003çs¬êý®©cyä } > weûaqä¾ãþ´x›wõåà + ñ»oëñéçë ^ ê¢ùn›ñû\u0017\bovó ®õûŸ6 jpæcê\u000e÷ > µív¹rd <, ®úçxwe o6‰m†a\u001a¸f { ââ´a•f zŸ¿´yïe\u0016å—øo\u0017û > w\u0005æ¼þ $ óºê _ 6eŠãã÷m\u001b·±8j¢™š\biz1, öñl·› @ ü‡´u¯ï? 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sþ®qe\u0014qe\u0014qe\u0014qe\u0014qe\u0014qe\u0014qe\u0014qe\u0014qe\u0014qe\u0014qe\u0014qe\u0014qe\u0014qe\u0014qe\u0014qe\u0014qe\u0014qe% gjú\u0015†®˜»z @ rnéŸjãµ / ‡. ‘çý›sæ > ~ 8€\u0000öåcj \bõìmüâ‰? ì\u0006èríùb²gñµ + hzi짎5êì„\u0001th­ = ] ¿ñä e™„ [ ã¼ ] Ÿëzö < ôí®æ–lo ­ŽxŒgµu ð°ôŒ\u000fýüÿ\u0000ß\u0003üksoñv“n²‹¤„³m + \u0000ùúuöõ´ô»û + ^ b. 3·ë - ógó\u0015vŠ (¢Š (¢Šà ~' «9ó‘a, å€\u0003¹â¸\u0019á–úg†thäc†v\u0018 ׫ü? ÿ\u0000‘z\u000f÷ßù×ke\u0014qe\u0014qe% # º¢3¹ ª2iì +? þ\u0012 ÿ\u0000ìjûþþ ê½ñö‘itðfivÿ\u0000 '\u0015? cšçï\n> stream xœzksû8\u0012¾ëwè’ * ¥jfð ~ lö’ìøyïn; öaªæs dzb­ $ jiéŽ÷gì / þf\u0003à + ², mrð×\u0010ðl4ú ’) ügã j˜£b5aú87ž¯gï > ý°ñ¢ ½û - _ e»â1ÿ¹ \\ •u±îwu1 wåˆ\u0012§æ‹\u0011 ßv£ww øü > Œ > þŽ # n\u001aŽ¬\u0013fb\u0011å© \u0001a '\u0000æ®gl¾uo™! vr–\u000f㯛õóû? ç·ÿ\u0018 ] þ cã% å‚\u0011¯ðaqƒ–\u0012㬠_ \b©ˆ\u0011æ¤ - j¿eüé§\u0011óž' \u001b? äø3ì«\u0018q¥‰vzŒ µä ¦æ둤Ž\b®y; ¶‚1k´‘6Œ1懘% ª¡% ×djáæ†s\n$ \u0017\u0011! ‰ò\u0012\u0004\u001aµcò\u0012cµ g. \u001a\u00161¹ } n\u001a™wä1é ‡‡s% ‰‘üôæ¤! zäµü\u00199†í\u0012£ ìî«õhw 'd >: 0‹jøƒ„' 2p«€“w0àü”8\u0000r1\u0000º \u0001 pâa1\u000e0 * adp\n¥\u0014í\u0010—äëça¦d & ‘\u0002•\n½ (a @ q¢ - \u0018i³ ^ ã\u0002f¼nã # \u0012 b\b8¢0cp«á¡ìy\n™vý±›\u0011\u0018¥\u0005ùŸ:' .) œœµþäa ¡a¾fì / igr ö) û3ó\u0018î\u0004\u001b° ^ pïr * '¢—‚iðk3†\u0013 aê‚ ^ \u0005x $ ç²71ù‰é¬ / à®\u0015·t p 'eîf³vᬙbâŒá / xvø«¸\u001aw ðwóø« # îxd\u0018\u0012äqpu. \u0004ñòªàbû¼šç› ] ¶èë·\u0017à% „mꇄæåc ^ å÷‰¬÷õc6ï\u0013yl\u0012ê³ù2á * _ \u0014eóëýäªxd©\u000f\u0017 ïþ6äõ¦uhâç·¿ \u0015›3ï #. ˆ ] —k\u0003üƒ˜é < «½ðø - ûñr½ ] 廆 ~ ìv ñ”õí < üå´ùiy¬šy ~ “\u0001•àºª»¡ìeqáu e\nˆzúà\u0005 < | ë\u0012xèŸ\u0012üíga | o <  $ íœr¿¹odrd \u0004j1àûe³b³ _ ïò * qþ »8aræ 1ü˜ y\u0012\u0000 < \u0015¬b“p– @ ] l\u0016¨) ¤’z # q\u0015y³v–ïžò¼aà\u001an - { ­h‚7yµý¯Šûó $ ¶ > Œé˜x¢ú óº ^ õeâù¶˜uîê4€º è ë±yi\bê ôý• } ñá8èzqçì @ ¨«uþ½üæó j\u0000ù > ä«b { q†õcøƒìa“ó–›¼\u0018 ö²ç\u001biœõá¦ïåû¡\u000f½“«²j0ÿžy§™ & \u001a”óœpphàå | ¾¯bh\bô¦á° - þ [ \u0016ód\u0016›ûⱸßãâs¶«aktgg? ç\u0010´ & ê (ú, ¾ö» * \u0007㕠bñd»ïwóe¶é\u001a¾çôç = €tn (ö } gµ: ²ú\u0017 _ nèáêÿøl¨ ˜ð6õßo5 + \u0016›çiú\u0011\u0014a < á\u0014 * \u0002% ~ ¹¸âh\u0011h, £òo眈t > åæ˜v¯³õ Œ™9¢ { g ‡î & ã: \u0011ëuƒ²ïåzߐë¼x, wwo\u0013 } –³aš\u00067ƒr© / ù\u0015iüðç¶åy ^ & z * \u0017ãßy > ¦¡ ct¹\u0001eæ ] ä\u001aâc | ¬\u0013µ [ f»„wùüßy3¯Žá¯™éƒ7iômè\u0016àl ùå nëõóy›†bðz ƒ\u0015¸ o™' Ÿƒe\u0010óŒu\u00036ߖï«u‰ìêí. ¯öõiæ\u000e§ * Œƒâ¤ï®þz\u0005 @ á’2dà1a\u0005\u0002c\u0010¢\u0019äô„\u001b­ # u7yå\u000f»Ÿîñ\u000e46\u000e„ rhúæ = xq“ê›îo\u0001ƒ‡›7þŒ = ñxŸÿ! 8 hòu 'ì÷ †½x\u0014 êcŸ\u0014\u001bõ\u0013j\u0015˜òü¨ˆ\u0014ú (acd˜—›: ÿï j: ï芪n \u0017èø°h„¢®n4¸. £opð0p‹) '\u0014¸c\u001bgå² @ j% zµ\u00044 - ñ¨\u0002 g\u0015p8ªi\n×% * \u0007q6ƒõyøò\u0005š ~ €þp\u0013¾›ð ¦o)! Œ! î±è°x: \u0018’¬\bnºi¸ü´£y‚h\u0007‰¸›° õl œh¢£çf ^ g: è£4ô¾ } i¯½b–ïu½?' ³b ~ ¤ìf·êªu¶ë, 5ê9èk, ŽªçæŸå\u0006êî\u0005 & #\nwilliams, austin b. , lawrence g. abele, d. l. felder, h. h. hobbs, jr. , r. b. manning, et al .\natlantic ocean; vineyard sound, north america; atlantic ocean; vineyard sound; usa; massachusetts; off martha' s vineyard; gay head light, w. 3 / 4 s. , 2 1 / 3 miles, 10 - 10 fm\ncancer irroratus; ypm iz 041756 (voucher); north america; atlantic ocean; vineyard sound; usa; massachusetts; off martha' s vineyard; gay head light, w. 3 / 4 s. , 2 1 / 3 miles; u. s. fish comm. stmr. fish hawk; 1881 - 07 - 20\nobelia geniculata; ypm iz 007293. cn; north america; atlantic ocean; vineyard sound; usa; massachusetts; off martha' s vineyard; gay head light, w. 3 / 4 s. , 2 1 / 3 miles; u. s. fish comm. stmr. fish hawk; 1881 - 07 - 20\nobelia geniculata; ypm iz 007292. cn; north america; atlantic ocean; vineyard sound; usa; massachusetts; off martha' s vineyard; gay head light, w. 3 / 4 s. , 2 1 / 3 miles; u. s. fish comm. stmr. fish hawk; 1881 - 07 - 20\nanachis avara; ypm iz 014845. gp; north america; atlantic ocean; vineyard sound; usa; massachusetts; tarpaulin cove light; off lackey' s bay, w. by s. 1 / 2 s. , 3 miles; u. s. fish comm. stmr. fish hawk; 1881 - 07 - 20\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1. 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under a creative commons public domain licence." ]

{ "text": [ "tumidotheres maculatus is a species of crab that lives commensally or parasitically in the mantle cavity of molluscs .", "it is found along much of the western atlantic ocean and was first described by thomas say in 1818 . " ], "topic": [ 18, 20 ] }

[ "tumidotheres maculatus is a species of crab that lives commensally or parasitically in the mantle cavity of molluscs. it is found along much of the western atlantic ocean and was first described by thomas say in 1818." ]

[ "enter the name or part of a name you wish to search for. the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard. e. g.' papilio *'. keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .\nwe are still having problems with the search feature. unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .\nthe id resolving service for stable taxon ids is currently under maintenance. meanwhile, please use the name search in order to find the taxon page .\nmuseum für naturkunde leibniz - institut für evolutions - und biodiversitätsforschung invalidenstr. 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail: fauna - eu (at) mfn - berlin. de website: urltoken\nermisch k. - mordellidae. pp. : 269 - 328. in in: horion a. : faunistic der mitteleuropaischen kafer, 5, heteromera. tutzing. a. frey, 321 pp. 1956\n2004 - 05 - 10 by prof. paolo audisio & by dr. jan horak\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3. 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme. contract no. ri - 223806. activity area: capacities. period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture: gannet (morus bassanus (linnaeus, 1758) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\nthe table gives the list of species in each chosen geographical unit. the year gives the last year the species has been observed in it. the link points to an overview of the species distribution in switzerland .\ndromaeolus barnabita (a. villa & j. b. villa, 1838 )\nrhopalocerus rondanii (a. villa & j. b. villa, 1833 )\ncopyright cscf, 2017. data is published according to the deontology adopted by the cscf / karch. for further informations, please contact us (cscf / karch, passage max. - meuron 6, 2000 neuchâtel, switzerland). this website has been written using html5 et css3 code. there could be problems with earlier versions of microsoft internet explorer. export functions use flash code (swf) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote: you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments. please, create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet. you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc.." ]

{ "text": [ "mordellistena nigritarsis is a species of beetle in the mordellistena genus that is in the mordellidae family .", "it was described by horák in 1996 , and can be found in such countries as czech republic , germany , slovakia and near east . " ], "topic": [ 27, 20 ] }

[ "mordellistena nigritarsis is a species of beetle in the mordellistena genus that is in the mordellidae family. it was described by horák in 1996, and can be found in such countries as czech republic, germany, slovakia and near east." ]

[ "the great stingaree or sandyback stingaree is a species of fish in the urolophidae family .\nsandyback stingaree, urolophus bucculentus. source: ken graham. license: cc by attribution\nbiennial reproductive cycle in an extensive matrotrophic viviparous batoid: the sandyback stingaree urolophus bucculentus from south - eastern australia .\nsandyback stingaree - human interactions... along with the greenback stingaree (u... viridis), the sandyback stingaree contributes substantially to the stingaree bycatch of the southern and eastern scalefish and shark fishery (sessf... though specific data is lacking, trawl surveys have shown that stingaree catches from the new south wales upper continental slope declined over 65% between 1976–77 and 1996–77 ...\ntrinnie fi, walker ti, jones pl, laurenson lj. biennial reproductive cycle in an extensive matrotrophic viviparous batoid: the sandyback stingaree\nstingaree (1934 film)... stingaree is a musical movie directed by william a... set in australia, it starred irene dunne as hilda bouverie and richard dix as stingaree ...\naustralian naturalist william john macleay described the sandyback stingaree in an 1884 issue of proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales, based on specimens collected near port jackson in new south wales. within the genus, it seems to be most closely related to the patchwork stingaree (u. flavomosaicus) and the butterfly stingaree (u. papilio) .\nreproductive biology of the eastern shovelnose stingaree trygonoptera imitata from south - eastern australia .\nspotted stingaree - human interactions... compared to some of its relatives like the sparsely - spotted stingaree (u... paucimaculatus), the spotted stingaree is less aggressive when disturbed by humans... for conservation of nature (iucn) has assessed the spotted stingaree as of least concern ...\nthe great stingaree or sandyback stingaree (urolophus bucculentus) is a species of fish in the urolophidae family. it is endemic to australia. its natural habitat is open seas. source - * last, p. r. & marshall, l. j. 2005. more\ndemographic biology of the sparsely - spotted stingaree urolophus paucimaculatus from south eastern australia. abstract .\nasynchrony and regional differences in the reproductive cycle of the greenback stingaree urolophus viridis from south - eastern australia .\nnew caledonian stingaree... the new caledonian stingaree (urolophus neocaledoniensis) is a little - known species of stingray in the family urolophidae, found off new caledonia and the... of nature (iucn) has listed the new caledonian stingaree under least concern, as it faces no substantial fishery threats ...\nlarge offshore bottom stingaree that occurs on the outer continental shelf and uppermost slope (ref. 9863, 75154) .\na large offshore stingaree found on soft bottoms on the outer continental shelf and upper slope in south - eastern australia .\nlarge offshore bottom stingaree that occurs on the outer continental shelf and uppermost slope (ref. 9863, 75154) .\nregional differences in the reproductive parameters of the sparsely - spotted stingaree, urolophus paucimaculatus, from south - eastern australia .\nvirtually nothing is known of the natural history of the patchwork stingaree. ecologically, it is apparently the tropical equivalent of the temperate sandyback stingaree. reproduction is presumably aplacental viviparous like in other stingrays, with the developing embryos sustained by maternally produced histotroph (\nuterine milk\n). the litter size is probably small, judging by related species. males mature sexually at under 38 cm (15 in) long. [ 1 ]\nstingaree (1934 film) - plot... julian arrives and stops over at a tavern, where he hears talk of stingaree, a notorious highwayman that the police, led by inspector radford, are keen to catch... stingaree then comes in, posing as a fellow englishman, and he and his sidekick howie capture sir julian and flee, outwitting the police... of being an opera singer herself, plays sir julian' s new song, and stingaree comes into the house, pretending to be sir julian ...\npeter last and martin gomon described the patchwork stingaree in a 1987 issue of memoirs of the national museum of victoria, giving it the specific epithet flavomosaicus from the latin flavus (\nyellow\n) and mosaicus (\nmosaic\n) in reference to its coloration. a male 33 cm (13 in) across, collected north of port hedland, western australia on 21 april 1982, by the research trawler frv soela, was designated as the type specimen. [ 2 ] it seems to be most closely related to the sandyback stingaree (u. bucculentus) and the butterfly stingaree (u. papilio). [ 3 ]\nthe first known specimens of the coral sea stingaree were collected during a series of exploratory research cruises conducted by france and australia in the 1980s. it was known provisionally as urolophis\nsp. b\nbefore being described by bernard séret and peter last in a 2003 issue of the scientific journal cybium. its specific epithet is derived from the latin piper (\npepper\n), in reference to its spotted pattern. the type specimen is an adult male 48 cm (19 in) long, collected from marion reef off queensland by the rv soela on november 23, 1985. [ 2 ] the sandyback stingaree (u. bucculentus) and the patchwork stingaree (u. flavomosaicus) are close relatives of this species. [ 3 ]\nonly the coral sea fishery (csf) off queensland and the western trawl fisheries (wtf) off western australia regularly operate within the geographical and depth range occupied by the patchwork stingaree. both fisheries have a negligible impact on this species because of their small scale, and are unlikely to expand in the near future. as a result, the international union for conservation of nature (iucn) has listed the patchwork stingaree under least concern. it would potentially benefit from the implementation of the 2004 australian national plan of action for the conservation and management of sharks. [ 1 ]\nbecause fishery activity is insignificant within the range of the coral sea stingaree, it has been listed under least concern by the international union for conservation of nature (iucn). it would potentially benefit from the implementation of the 2004 australian national plan of action for the conservation and management of sharks. [ 1 ]\nendemic to northern queensland, the range of the coral sea stingaree extends from moreton island northward to cairns, and encompasses the saumarez and marion reefs. [ 3 ] this bottom - dwelling species is found on the outer continental shelf and upper continental slope, at a depth of 171–370 m (561–1, 214 ft). [ 1 ]\nthe results from this study added four new records of deepwater species to the known chondrichthyan fauna of the deepwater ekp fishery: s. megalops, coral sea stingaree urolophus piperatus, eastern angelshark squatina albipunctata and tropical sawshark pristiophorus delicatus. this study also added squalus megalops to the known deepwater species in the gbrmp (s1 table). in addition, this study found it is likely that all previously recorded patchwork stingaree urolophus flavomosaicus (morphological identification) were actually the sandyback stingaree urolophus bucculentus (molecular identification; see specimen identification section and s1 and s3 tables). this likely revision of u. flavomosaicus to u. bucculentus extended the northern distribution of u. bucculentus from stradbroke island, queensland (27°35’) to the swain reefs (21°41’ s) [ 16 ]. the single p. delicatus collected was outside the current recorded distribution for the species, extending the known northern limit slightly, from off rockhampton (22°10 s’) to the swain reefs (21°49’ s). this individual was caught in 207 m (in the north of the trawl grounds, fig 2), 38 m shallower than the previously recorded upper depth limit of 245 m [ 16, 34 ]. the individual was 960 mm tl, 120 mm longer than any specimen of p. delicatus previously recorded (840 mm) [ 16 ]. two other species had their upper depth limit extended by this study: a. pallidus from 225 m to 174 m and u. piperatus from 171 m to 123 m [ 35, 36 ] .\nthe patchwork stingaree (urolophus flavomosaicus) is a little - known species of stingray in the family urolophidae, with a disjunct distribution off northwestern and northeastern australia. it usually inhabits the outer continental shelf, at a depth of 60–320 m (200–1, 050 ft). this species has a diamond - shaped pectoral fin disc much wider than long, and a short, flattened tail with a prominent dorsal fin and leaf - like caudal fin. there is a skirt - shaped curtain of skin between its nostrils. its dorsal color pattern resembles a mosaic of dark brown rings with light - colored centers, separated by fine reticulated lines. the international union for conservation of nature (iucn) has listed the patchwork stingaree under least concern, as it is subject to minimal fishing pressure .\nvirtually nothing is known of the natural history of the coral sea stingaree. it is presumably aplacental viviparous like other stingrays, with developing embryos provisioned with maternally produced histotroph (\nuterine milk\n). newborns measure around 12 cm (4. 7 in) long; the litter size is probably small based on related species. [ 1 ] males and females attain sexual maturity at under 23 cm (9. 1 in) and 27 cm (11 in) long respectively. the disparity between the maturation size and the maximum size is usually large for a cartilaginous fish, and it is possible that the specimens currently identified as the coral sea stingaree actually represent distinct species, one large and one small. however, the presumed large and small forms cannot be distinguished by morphological or meristic traits. [ 2 ]\nthe coral sea stingaree (urolophus piperatus) is a little - known species of stingray in the family urolophidae, found at a depth of 171–310 m (561–1, 017 ft) around the edge of the continental shelf off northern queensland. growing to a length of 48 cm (19 in), this species has a diamond - shaped pectoral fin disc with a protruding snout and a skirt - shaped flap of skin between the nostrils. its tail bears a low dorsal fin before the stinging spine and terminates in a short leaf - shaped caudal fin. its upper surface is grayish or brownish, sometimes with tiny dark spots. the coral sea stingaree may represent two closely similar species, one large and one small. there is very little fishing activity within its range, and thus it has been listed under least concern by the international union for conservation of nature (iucn) .\nthe patchwork stingaree is a northern australian endemic with a discontinuous range: the western population is found from the houtman abrolhos to cape leveque in western australia, and the eastern population from caloundra to townsville in queensland. [ 4 ] it seems to be rather patchily distributed, with only small numbers of individuals present at any particular location. this benthic species is mostly found over fine substrates on the outer continental shelf, and has been reported from 60 to 320 m (200 to 1, 050 ft) deep. [ 1 ] [ 4 ]\n5. the urolophidae is a family of rays commonly known as stingarees. they are sluggish, bottom - dwelling fish. stingarees have relatively large, venomous stinging spines on their tail, with which they can inflict a painful wound on humans. they are modestly sized and have greatly enlarged pectoral fins fused to the head, forming a disc that may be nearly circular, to oval, to rhomboid in shape. the snout is usually short and does not protrude much from the disc. stingarees are generally shades of yellow, green, brown or gray above and pale below; some species are plain, while others are adorned with spots, rings, blotches, lines, or more complex patterns. eastern banded stingaree\nthe specimens of a reticulated urolophus were identified in the field as patchwork stingaree urolophus flavomosaicus based on their colour pattern, which is the only distinguishing taxonomic feature between u. flavosmosaicus and u. bucculentus [ 16 ]. the sequences from specimens of this reticulated urolophus (s3 table) grouped close to but distinct from u. flavomosaicus from western australia. these sequences were identical to a sequence from a u. bucculentus specimen collected off new south wales, and thus the specimens were identified as u. bucculentus with further comments on this made in the discussion [ 37 ]. the single specimen of pristiophorus delicatus was morphologically identified with a high degree of confidence by a trained identifier and was registered in the australian national fish collection .\namong the largest members of its family, the patchwork stingaree can grow to at least 59 cm (23 in) long. it has a diamond - shaped pectoral fin disc much wider than long, with broadly rounded outer corners and nearly straight anterior margins that converge at an obtuse angle. the tip of the snout protrudes slightly past the disc. the small eyes are followed by comma - shaped spiracles with angular posterior rims. the outer rim of each nostril may be enlarged into a small knob; between the nostrils is a skirt - shaped curtain of skin with a finely fringed trailing margin. there are 8–14 stubby papillae (nipple - like structures) on the floor of the large mouth, as well as a narrow patch of large papillae on the lower jaw. [ 4 ] the teeth are small with roughly oval bases, and the five pairs of gill slits are short. the pelvic fins are small with curved margins. [ 5 ]\nthe relatively large invariant length at maturity was evident for nearly all the deepwater species sampled. it reflects a relatively large length for onset of breeding and is typical of deepwater chondrichthyans for which the mean invariant length at maturity across all deepwater taxa has been reported as 0. 76 and ranged to 0. 90 [ 1, 38, 61, 62 ]. the exceptions were the two urolophids, u. piperatus and u. bucculentus. the only other urolophid present in deepwater, the wide stingaree urolophus expansus, has a typical deepwater length at maturity invariant of 0. 74 [ 63 ], hence the relatively smaller length at maturity for the female u. bucculentus may be a reflection of the smaller length at maturity reported for this northern population compared to that from southern australian waters [ 40 ]. the smaller invariant of u. piperatus may be attributed to the small sample size used from the literature to assess maturity and more samples may be required [ 35 ] .\nthe coral sea stingaree has a diamond - shaped pectoral fin disc 113–121% wider than long, with nearly straight leading margins and rounded outer corners. the tip of the fleshy, triangular snout protrudes past the disc. the eyes are rather large, and are followed by teardrop - shaped spiracles with rounded to angular posterior rims. there is a skirt - shaped flap of skin between the nostrils, with a weakly fringed posterior margin whose corners are extended into small lobes. the medium is of medium size and contains 7–9 papillae (nipple - like structures) on the floor; the 5–7 papillae in the middle may have multiple tips. the lower jaw also bears a patch of minute papillae. the teeth number 32–35 rows in the upper jaw and 30–39 in the lower jaw, and are small with roughly rhomboid bases. the five pairs of gill slits are short. the pelvic fins are small and rounded posteriorly; males have blunt claspers. [ 2 ] [ 3 ]\njustification: a continental shelf and uppermost slope stingaree endemic to southeastern australia at depths of 100 to 230 m. it may be patchily distributed within its range. the biology of this species is largely unknown but is likely to share reproductive characteristics with other urolophids including low fecundity (1 - 2 young per year), and its large size (to 80 cm total length) suggests that it may be slower growing than other urolophid species. the species is taken as bycatch in trawl fisheries off eastern and southern australia. it is not known to be utilized and is generally discarded, although survivability when caught from depth is unknown but likely low. of further concern is the high rate of abortion amongst urolophids when caught and handled, particularly given their low fecundity. fishery - independent trawl surveys comparing the bycatch of chondrichthyans between 1976 to 1977 and 1996 to 1997 off the new south wales upper slope documented an overall decline in the catch rate of urolophids of 65. 6% . urolophus bucculentus and u. viridis were the commonly caught species, while u. sufflavus and u. cruciatus were taken in smaller quantities. when broken down by individual survey grounds, reductions in urolophid catch rates were 45. 0% off sydney, 81. 2% off ulladulla and 90. 5% off eden. fishing pressure on these trawl grounds remains high. such overall declines would qualify the species for an endangered listing, however, reduced trawling pressure in bass strait and off the west coast of tasmania, minimize threats in those areas. an assessment of vulnerable is appropriate given documented declines, probable limited biological characteristics and the fact that southeastern australia receives a high level of fishing pressure from several fisheries employing various gear types .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nsoutheastern australian warm temperate endemic: from beachport (south australia) to stradbroke island (queensland), including victoria and nsw, and south to the hippolyte rocks (tasmania). replacement species for u. flavomosaicus in temperate australia .\ncaptured in small quantities only, suggesting that it does not occur in large aggregations and that its distribution is patchy .\ncontinental shelf and upper slope in depths of 100 to 230 m (last and stevens 1994). most common on the outer continental shelf presumably mainly on soft substrates. no specific studies so biology largely unknown. likely to have low fecundity (1 to 2 young / year) as with other urolophid species (for example see white et al. 2001). large size relative to other urolophids suggests slower growth rates. life history parameters age at maturity (years): unknown. size at maturity (total length cm): all mature above 60cm tl (trinnie 2003) (female); 40cm tl (last and stevens 1994) (male). longevity (years): unknown. maximum size (total length): 80 cm tl (last and stevens 1994). size at birth (cm): unknown. average reproductive age (years): unknown. gestation time (months): unknown. reproductive periodicity: unknown. average annual fecundity or litter size: unknown. annual rate of population increase: unknown. natural mortality: unknown .\nfishery - independent trawl surveys comparing the bycatch of chondrichthyans between 1976 - 77 and 1996 - 97 off the new south wales upper slope documented an overall decline in the catch rate of urolophids of 65. 6% (graham et al. 2001). urolophus bucculentus and u. viridis were the commonly caught species, while u. sufflavus and u. cruciatus were taken in smaller quantities. when broken down by individual survey grounds, reductions in urolophid catch rates were 45. 0% off sydney, 81. 2% off ulladulla and 90. 5% off eden. urolophus bucculentus was taken on all survey grounds (graham et al. 2001). fishing pressure on these trawl grounds as part of the commonwealth - managed southern and eastern scalefish and shark fishery (sessf) remains high. this species has a high\navailability\nto shark gillnet gear in the sessf. however, the species has a low\ncatch susceptibility\nto all gear types (including shark gillnet and otter trawl) used in the fishery (catch susceptibility is defined as\navailability\nx\nencounterability\nx\nselectivity\nx\npost - capture mortality\n; walker 2004). state - managed fisheries also operate in the area of occurrence and depth range of u. bucculentus, for example the nsw oceanic prawn trawl fishery and the queensland east coast trawl fishery (eastern king prawn deepwater sector). bycatch is not appreciated by fishers because of its size and capacity to inflict painful wounds / difficult to handle. this may result in the persecution of bycatch. of further concern is the high rate of abortion amongst urolophids when caught and handled, particularly given their low fecundity .\nresearch is required on the species' biology and habitat preferences given that its distribution appears to be patchy. bycatch monitoring is required in all fisheries within the species' range. effort reduction and / or bycatch minimization in southeastern australian fisheries is required to allow recovery and this and other depleted chondrichthyans. reduced trawling pressure in bass strait and off the west coast of tasmania minimize threats in those areas. the effective implementation of the australian national plan of action for the conservation and management of sharks (shark advisory group and lack 2004) (under the fao international plan of action for the conservation and management of sharks: ipoa - sharks) will help to facilitate the conservation and sustainable management of all chondrichthyan species in australia .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\ngreek, oura = tail + greek, lophos = crest (ref. 45335 )\nmarine; demersal; depth range 100 - 230 m (ref. 9863). temperate; 27°s - 44°s, 112°e - 154°e\nmaturity: l m? , range 40 -? cm max length: 80. 0 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 9863 )\nlast, p. r. and j. d. stevens, 1994. sharks and rays of australia. csiro, australia. 513 p. (ref. 6871 )\n): 14. 1 - 20. 2, mean 15. 4 (based on 11 cells) .\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 5000 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 01000 (0. 00244 - 0. 04107), b = 3. 04 (2. 81 - 3. 27), in cm total length, based on all lwr estimates for this body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 5 ±0. 4 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience (ref. 69278): low, minimum population doubling time 4. 5 - 14 years () .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): high to very high vulnerability (68 of 100) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\nendemic to southeastern australia from off stradbroke island, queensland, south to the hippolyte rocks, tasmania, and west to beachport, south australia, including victoria. most common on the outer continental shelf presumably mainly on soft substrates; depth range 65 - 265 m .\nfemales give birth to live young. stingarees are aplacental viviparous, meaning that the embryos emerge from eggs within the uterus and undergo further development until they are born. after emerging from their egg cases, the embryos are initially sustained by their yolk, and later by histotroph, a\nuterine milk\nproduced by the mother .\ntaken as by - catch in a number of commercial fisheries throughout its range .\ngraham, k. j. , andrew, n. l. & hodgson, k. e. 2001. changes in the relative abundances of sharks and rays on australian south east fishery trawl grounds after twenty years of fishing .\nlast, p. r. & compagno, l. v. j. 1999. family urolophidae. pp. 1469 - 1476 in carpenter, k. e. & niem, v. h. (eds). the\nliving marine resources of the western central pacific. fao species identification guide for fisheries purposes\nlast, p. r. & gomon, m. f. 1994. family urolophidae. pp. 172 - 181 figs 150 - 159 in gomon, m. f. , glover, c. j. m. & kuiter, r. h. (eds) .\n. in: iucn 2013. iucn red list of threatened species. version 2013. 2 .\nlast, p. r. , yearsley, g. k. & white, w. t. 2016. family urolophidae pp. 676 - 705. in: last, p. r. , white, w. t. , de carvalho, m. r. , séret, b. , stehmann, m. f. w. & & naylor, g. j. p. (eds )\n( batiodea: urolophidae) in south - eastern australia. b. sc. (honours) thesis. deakin university, warrnambool, victoria, australia .\nthe fishes of australia. part 1. the sharks, rays, devil - fish, and other primitive fishes of australia and new zealand\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia, please upload using the upload tools .\nyearsley, g. k. , last, p. r. & morris, g. b. 1997 ,\ncodes for australian aquatic biota (caab): an upgraded and expanded species coding system for australian fisheries databases\n, pp. 15 pp. + appendices\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 3f37180d - e998 - 45a0 - a39c - 9f11b4ce03bf\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: a9003e97 - 84de - 4b8a - a155 - 2542cb17e53d\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 406169\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment. find records and model species distributions. export reports, maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area, or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something? photograph something? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities. we honour and celebrate the spiritual, cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nproceedings of the linnean society of new south wales, ser. 1, 9: 170–172\nmacleay, 1884: in: database of modern sharks, rays and chimaeras, www. shark - references. com, world wide web electronic publication, version 07 / 2018\nhost - parasite list / parasite - host list (version: 01. 04. 2015) 544 pp, 5, 37 mb new !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\npicture of urolophus bucculentus has been licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial. original source: fishbase permission: some rights reserved\nj - global is a science & technology portal that draws together information on researchers, s & t; literature, patents... in support of the innovation and r & d; efforts of clients everywhere .\nyou want to research the scientific / technological basis of the results of your internet search .\nyou want information on the background of research and to do a literature search .\nj - global links information that represents the key to research and development. for example, linking articles and patents with people (authors and inventors) enables the extraction of a sequence of information. it’s useful for making new discoveries and uncovering new information .\nthe system enables searches of similar kinds of content through linkage with external sites. it helps you to obtain knowledge from dissimilar fields and discover concepts that cross the boundaries of specialisms .\nthrough repeated linkage and expansioniteration, j - global provides unexpected hints for problem - solving and the illumination of new ideas .\ntaxonomy - non - biological taxonomies... or less satisfy the criteria for being a true taxonomy... taxonomy, or categorization, in the human cognition has been a major area of research in psychology... baraminology is a taxonomy used in creation science which in classifying form taxa resembles folk taxonomies ...\ntrachodon - history and taxonomy... from hadrosaurus, he began to reconsider his taxonomy, and suggested, at least informally, that trachodon should refer to the double - rooted tooth, and the other teeth should be referred to hadrosaurus... in the bone wars that followed, and their wake, the taxonomy of trachodon and its relatives became increasingly confusing, with one author going so far as to sink all known hadrosaur ...\n1938 usda soil taxonomy... the 1938 usda soil taxonomy was a soil classification system adopted by the united states department of agriculture, now obsolete... see usda soil taxonomy for the current system ...\nformatted text - markup languages... the dog is classified as canis lupus familiaris in taxonomy... the dog is classified as canis lupus familiaris in taxonomy... dog is classified as textit { canis lupus familiaris } in taxonomy ...\nprice discrimination - modern taxonomy... the first / second / third degree taxonomy of price discrimination is due to pigou (economics of welfare, 4th edition, 1932)... modern taxonomy of price discrimination... ivan png (managerial economics, 2nd edition, 2002) suggests an alternative taxonomy complete discrimination - - where each user purchases up to the point where the user' s marginal benefit equals the ...\ndiscover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal. plos one promises fair, rigorous peer review, broad scope, and wide readership – a perfect fit for your research every time .\nthe deepwater chondrichthyan fauna of the great barrier reef is poorly known and life history information is required to enable their effective management as they are inherently vulnerable to exploitation. the chondrichthyan bycatch from the deepwater eastern king prawn fishery at the swain reefs in the southern great barrier reef was examined to determine the species present and provide information on their life histories. in all, 1533 individuals were collected from 11 deepwater chondrichthyan species, with the argus skate dipturus polyommata, piked spurdog squalus megalops and pale spotted catshark asymbolus pallidus the most commonly caught. all but one species is endemic to australia with five species restricted to waters offshore from queensland. the extent of life history information available for each species varied but the life history traits across all species were characteristic of deep water chondrichthyans with relatively large length at maturity, small litters and low ovarian fecundity; all indicative of low biological productivity. however, variability among these traits and spatial and bathymetric distributions of the species suggests differing degrees of resilience to fishing pressure. to ensure the sustainability of these bycatch species, monitoring of their catches in the deepwater eastern king prawn fishery is recommended .\ncitation: rigby cl, white wt, simpfendorfer ca (2016) deepwater chondrichthyan bycatch of the eastern king prawn fishery in the southern great barrier reef, australia. plos one 11 (5): e0156036. urltoken\ncopyright: © 2016 rigby et al. this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited .\ndata availability: all relevant data are within the paper and its supporting information files .\nfunding: clr was supported by an australian postgraduate award, and the oceania chondrichthyan society and passions of paradise provided funding via a student research award (urltoken). water temperature data was sourced from the integrated marine observing system (imos) - imos is supported by the australian government through the national collaborative research infrastructure strategy and the super science initiative. the funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript .\ndeepwater chondrichthyans (i. e. shark, skate, ray and chimaera species whose distributions or majority of life cycle is predominantly below 200 m depth) are generally slower growing, later maturing and longer lived than chondrichthyans from shelf and pelagic habitats [ 1 ]. this reduces their biological productivity and capacity to recover from exploitation, rendering them typically more vulnerable to fishing pressure than chondrichthyans from other habitats [ 2, 3 ]. information on the life history of many deepwater chondrichthyan species is lacking and is needed to enable assessment of their ability to sustain fishing pressure and for the development of effective conservation and management strategies [ 4 ] .\nthe great barrier reef marine park (gbrmp) has one third of its area in deepwater (> 200 m depth) with these areas poorly known and rarely surveyed [ 5 ]. most of the chondrichthyans reported from deep habitats within the gbrmp were collected in research trawl surveys by the frv soela in the mid 1980’s [ 6 ]. to date, 54 species of deepwater chondrichthyans are known to occur in the gbrmp [ 7 ] (s1 table). thirty - five of these are endemic to australia with 19 of the endemics occurring only in waters offshore from queensland, and a further eight species restricted to the east coast of australia (s1 table). this high level of endemism and geographically restricted distribution is common among deepwater chondrichthyans and potentially further reduces their resilience to fishing pressure [ 8 ] .\nthere is a general lack of life history data on deepwater chondrichthyan species in the gbrmp with a number of the species listed as threatened by the iucn red list of threatened species and almost half listed as data deficient (s1 table). they are considered at risk in the gbrmp due to the lack of biological information, their intrinsic vulnerability and their capture as bycatch in commercial fisheries [ 9, 10 ]. a number of deepwater line fisheries and a trawl fishery operate within the gbrmp. the line fisheries are dispersed across the gbrmp with generally low and sporadic effort and deepwater chondrichthyans catches poorly reported in logbooks (partly exacerbated by problems with species identifications) and there are concerns about increasing effort and the effect on these deepwater species [ 11 ]. in contrast, the deepwater eastern king prawn (ekp) trawl fishery sector operates in a more limited area that includes the southern gbrmp around the swain reefs (~ 22°s) and waters further south outside the gbrmp to the new south wales border (~ 28°s). approximately half of the deepwater ekp fishery sector occurs within the gbrmp. this gbrmp area is exposed to high levels of trawling, with the seafloor trawled an average of 2. 1 times in 2009 [ 10 ]. the swain reefs area is a poorly known shelf and upper continental slope habitat where any chondrichthyans present have been rated as being at high risk as a precaution due to the trawl effort and paucity of knowledge of their biology [ 10 ] .\naround swain reefs, ekp fishers can trawl all year round in depths down to 250–300 m [ 12, 13 ], and tend to fish deeper in this area than further south. the ekp fishery is predominantly a night time fishery as the prawns are more active at night. it was difficult to define the number of boats and effort in the swain reefs area, as the ekp fishery also includes a shallow water sector (< 90 m) and vessels within the ekp fishery, of which there were around 200 in 2014 [ 13 ], can fish in either sector. however, fewer boats tend to fish the deeper waters because it is further to travel and the gear is heavier with three wider nets deployed rather than two (for better stability), and more cable for the greater depths [ 12 ]. the annual effort in the northern part of the ekp fishery (from fraser island at ~ 26°s to swain reefs) was about 6, 000 boat days in 2008–2011, with the majority of the deepwater ekp catch taken around swain reefs area [ 13 ]. the ekp trawl fishery deploys turtle excluder and bycatch reduction devices in the nets that generally exclude larger chondrichthyans (greater than about one metre in length) but have a minimal effect on reducing the catch of the smaller individuals and species which includes many of the deepwater chondrichthyans [ 12, 14, 15 ] .\nthe chondrichthyan bycatch of the shallow water sector of the ekp fishery and the deepwater ekp sector further south around 27°s have been the focus of one previous study [ 12 ]. the species composition of the southern deepwater ekp sector was based on one research trawl trip that was for a duration of ten nights and that fished at depths of 110–165 m [ 12 ]. the only information on chondrichthyan bycatch of the deepwater ekp sector around swain reefs is from one trip by the department of agriculture and fisheries observer program that was for a duration of nine nights [ 10 ]. information on the bycatch of deepwater chondrichthyans and their life histories in this little known swain reefs area of the deepwater ekp sector is required to ensure their sustainability .\ngiven the need for better data on deepwater chondrichthyans to help improve management, the present study aimed to provide information on the species composition and biology of chondrichthyans captured in the poorly known northern part of the deepwater ekp fishery. this will improve knowledge of the species encountered in the deeper waters of the gbrmp and advance information on the life history of these species. it will also facilitate management to more confidently assess the risks of the deepwater trawl fishery to the southern gbrmp .\nsampling was conducted under queensland department of agriculture and general fisheries permits (no. 55105 & 147714) and great barrier reef marine park authority permit (no. g10 / 33603. 1). all procedures were approved by james cook university’s animal ethics committee (no. a1566, 1933) .\nthe chondrichthyan bycatch of the deepwater ekp fishery around the swain reefs was observed on two commercial prawn trawlers during their normal trawling activities. on each vessel a five - week trip was undertaken: 1 june–6 july 2011 and 14 march–18 april 2012. demersal trawl fishing gear comprised three otter trawl nets of 15 fathoms each (i. e. head rope length of 27 m) with cod end meshes of 44. 5 mm and turtle excluder and bycatch reduction devices. trawling was from dusk till dawn with each trawl shot in one direction. the date, time, depth (m) and latitude and longitude (wgs 84) of the start and end of each shot were recorded. the start and end of each shot was taken from when the trawl nets reached and left the seafloor, respectively .\nall deepwater chondrichthyans captured during the two, five week trips were deceased upon landing on the vessel and were identified, sexed and labelled. they were snap frozen whole, retained and upon completion of each trip were transported frozen to the laboratory where they were stored frozen until processed. any shelf sharks and rays landed were recorded, photographed and returned to the sea, with the majority alive when returned (s2 table). fisheries queensland, department of agriculture and fisheries donated some deepwater chondrichthyan specimens retained from their commercial deepwater ekp fishery observer surveys at swain reefs .\nall chondrichthyans were identified by taxonomic features at sea using the keys in last and stevens [ 16 ]. a tissue sample (fin clip) was collected from a subsample of specimens of each deepwater chondrichthyans species for molecular species identification. the samples were analysed as part of an ongoing national science foundation project: chondrichthyan tree of life, led by the college of charleston in the united states. the methodology for these molecular analyses sequenced for the mitochondrial nadh2 gene is described in [ 17 ]. representative specimens of each deepwater species were lodged as voucher specimens at the australian national fish collection (csiro, hobart) .\nall specimens were thawed, sexed, weighed (m t) (± 0. 1 g) and measured (± 1 mm) following francis [ 18 ]: stretched total length (l st) and fork length (l f) for sharks; total length (l t) for skates and stingarees; disc width (w d) for stingrays; and body length (l c —snout to posterior end of supracaudal fin), precaudal length (l pc —snout to anterior edge of supracaudal fin) and snout to vent length (l sv) for chimaeras. differences in the sex ratio were tested by chi - square test with yates’ correction. where samples sizes were sufficient, the relationships between l st and l f and l st and w d were examined using linear regression .\nspecimens were dissected to remove ageing structures (dorsal fin spines and vertebrae) and to investigate their reproductive biology. the ageing structures were cleaned and sectioned and a number of stains trialled to enhance vertebral growth band visibility, that is, alizarin red s [ 19 ], crystal violet and silver nitrate [ 20 ], cobalt nitrate [ 21, 22 ], graphite powder [ 23 ], ninhydrin [ 24 ], nitric acid [ 25 ], and mayer’s haematoxylin (modified technique of bubley et al. [ 26 ]. more detailed descriptions of the ageing methodology are presented in [ 27, 28 ]. reproductive staging of all species was adapted from ebert [ 29 ] and walker [ 30 ]. males were classed immature (claspers pliable and shorter than pelvic fins), adolescent (claspers extended past the pelvic fins but still pliable), and mature (claspers extended past the pelvic fins and were rigid and fully calcified, testes were developed and epididymides were coiled). the presence of sperm in the epididymides was noted. females were classed as immature (undifferentiated ovaries, undeveloped oviducal glands and thin uteri), adolescent (developing ovaries with white follicles, developing oviducal glands, slightly expanded uteri), and mature (yolked follicles, fully developed oviducal gland and uteri). for those species with sufficient sample sizes, estimates of population length at 50% maturity (l st50) with 95% confidence intervals were determined for males and females separately using a generalised linear model with a binomial error structure and logit - link function within the statistical package ‘r’ [ 31 ]. for other species the range of length at maturity was reported. the l st50 or mid - point of the range of length at maturity were used to determine the life history invariant ratio of relative length at maturity (l st50 / l st) [ 32 ]. for the invariant ratios, where the range of length of maturity was large, the length of maturity from the literature was used and the maximum length of the males and females from the literature was used when it was greater than that sampled in this study .\nreproductive systems were removed and left and right testes and ovaries (including epigonal organs) weighed separately (m g) (± 0. 1 g). the number of yolked follicles in each ovary and the maximum follicle diameter (d fmax) (± 1 mm) were recorded. the number of yolked follicles can be used as a measure of ovarian fecundity; a proxy for fecundity as egg laying rates of oviparous species are difficult to define [ 8 ]. where there were sufficient data, relationships between the total length and total ovary weight (m g), d fmax and number of yolked follicles were examined by least squares linear regression. when present, the number of embryos and the sex (if able to be determined by visual inspection of presence / absence of claspers), presence of internal or external yolk, uterus (left or right), total length (± 0. 1 mm) and mass (± 0. 1 g) of each embryo were noted. when present, the number of egg cases and uterus (left or right) and mass (± 0. 1 g) were noted and egg case length (l ec) (± 0. 1 mm) taken following ebert and davis [ 33 ]. all egg cases were labelled, frozen and retained. any recently born elasmobranchs were noted and could be mostly distinguished as neonates by the presence of an umbilical / yolk sac scar on their ventral body surface in the region between the pectoral fins .\na total of 211 trawl shots were observed across a depth range of 117–280 m (fig 1). the majority of the trawls were between 150–200 m on the shelf in the main deepwater ekp fishery trawl grounds around swain reefs with six shots in deeper waters (203–280 m) to the south of the main trawl grounds (fig 1). deepwater chondrichthyans were observed in 72% of the trawl shots. there was an average of four shots per night, though in rough weather trawling ceased and over the two, five weeks trips 105 shots were observed on trip 1 and 106 shots on trip 2. the trawl shots had an average duration of 2. 5 hours and speed of 5. 4 kmh - 1 .\nsample locations for the chondrichthyan bycatch in the deepwater eastern king prawn fishery around swain reefs .\nthe depth contours are at 100 metre intervals. the six shots south of main trawl ground are circled .\na total of 1533 individuals were observed from eleven species of deepwater chondrichthyans (table 1). some shelf species of sharks and rays were also observed, but were far less abundant with a total of 142 individuals from thirteen species recorded (s2 table). argus skate dipturus polyommata dominated the bycatch of deepwater species by number (50. 1% ; table 1). along with the next two most dominant bycatch species, piked spurdog squalus megalops and pale spotted catshark asymbolus pallidus, these three species accounted for 92. 3% by number of the deepwater bycatch (table 1) .\nthe animals were collected from 211 trawl shots during june–july 2011 and march–april 2012 .\ndistribution of deepwater chondrichthyans in the eastern king prawn deepwater fishery around swain reefs .\nthe six shots south of main trawl ground are circled and all deepwater species sampled occur in these six shots, except pristiophorus delicatus .\nthe molecular analyses confirmed the morphological identifications of s. megalops, a. pallidus, u. piperatus, s. albipunctata, pale tropical skate dipturus apricus and saddled swellshark cephaloscyllium variegatum (s3 table). the nadh2 sample results will be available on the chondrichthyan tree of life project website by mid - 2016 [ 37 ]. the nadh2 sequences for d. polyommata (s3 table) were almost identical with those for its sister species endeavour skate dipturus endeavouri from further south in queensland [ 37 ]. the mustelus walkeri sequences (s3 table) were almost identical with those of gummy shark mustelus antarcticus in southern australia [ 37 ]. the sequences of blackfin ghostshark hydrolagus lemures (s3 table) were identical to samples from western australia, tasmania, the tasman sea and new south wales which have been identified as both h. lemures and ogilby’s ghostshark hydrolagus ogilbyi [ 37 ]. the identifications of these three species, d. polyommata, m. walkeri and h. lemures, were retained based on the explanations provided in the identification section of the discussion." ]

{ "text": [ "the sandyback stingaree or great stingaree ( urolophus bucculentus ) is a little-known species of stingray in the family urolophidae , endemic to southeastern australia .", "it is generally found offshore around the edge of the continental shelf , at a depth of 65 – 265 m ( 213 – 869 ft ) .", "a relatively large species reaching 89 cm ( 35 in ) long , the sandyback stingaree has a diamond-shaped pectoral fin disc wider than long , usually with a dorsal pattern of numerous fine lighter marks on a yellowish to brownish background .", "its short tail terminates in a deep , leaf-shaped caudal fin , and bears a sizable dorsal fin just in front of the stinging spine .", "a bottom-dwelling predator taking mostly crustaceans , the sandyback stingaree is aplacental viviparous : females supply their unborn young with histotroph ( \" uterine milk \" ) , bearing up to five pups every other year following a 14 – 19 month gestation period .", "significant numbers of this species are taken incidentally by commercial fisheries , primarily off new south wales where overall stingaree populations have declined dramatically as a result .", "with fishing pressure still intense in the area , the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) has assessed the sandyback stingaree as vulnerable . " ], "topic": [ 27, 18, 1, 23, 14, 17, 17 ] }

[ "the sandyback stingaree or great stingaree (urolophus bucculentus) is a little-known species of stingray in the family urolophidae, endemic to southeastern australia. it is generally found offshore around the edge of the continental shelf, at a depth of 65 – 265 m (213 – 869 ft). a relatively large species reaching 89 cm (35 in) long, the sandyback stingaree has a diamond-shaped pectoral fin disc wider than long, usually with a dorsal pattern of numerous fine lighter marks on a yellowish to brownish background. its short tail terminates in a deep, leaf-shaped caudal fin, and bears a sizable dorsal fin just in front of the stinging spine. a bottom-dwelling predator taking mostly crustaceans, the sandyback stingaree is aplacental viviparous: females supply their unborn young with histotroph (\" uterine milk \"), bearing up to five pups every other year following a 14 – 19 month gestation period. significant numbers of this species are taken incidentally by commercial fisheries, primarily off new south wales where overall stingaree populations have declined dramatically as a result. with fishing pressure still intense in the area, the international union for conservation of nature (iucn) has assessed the sandyback stingaree as vulnerable." ]

[ "delplanqueia dilutella (= pempeliella dilutella) powdered knot - horn - norfolk micro moths - the micro moths of norfolk .\nanimalia eumetozoa arthropoda hexapoda insecta lepidoptera pyraloidea pyralidae phycitinae phycitini deplanqueia leraut, 2001 deplanqueia dilutella ([ denis & schiffermüller ], 1775) - pempelia fraternella ragonot, 1887 (pempeliella) - phalaena (tinea) dilutella ([ denis & schiffermüller ], 1775) = pempeliella dilutella (denis & schiffermüller ]' 1775) = phycis adornatella treitschke, 1835 = pempelia diffusa staudinger, 1881 = phycis diluta haworth, 1811 = phycis dilutalis hübner, 1825 = tinea dilutella hubner, 1796 = pempelia integella staudinger, 1859 = pempelia integrella wocke, 1871 = pempelia serpylletorum zeller, 1839 = phycis subornatella duponchel, 1837 = pempelia dilutella magna amsel, 1954 = pempelia dilutella f. extincta müller - rutz, 1920 = pempelia dilutella omonlunella roesler, 1970 - ankündung eines systematischen werkes von den schmetterlingen der wienergegend: title page: p. 136 - n. 40 - austria - near vienna\na coastal species, this moth can be found around most of britain' s coastline where chalk or limestone soil occurs, though some do occur inland .\nthe adults are at large during may and june, and are attracted to light .\n), and form a silken gallery sometimes including debris from the ants' nest .\nukmoths is built, run and maintained by ian kimber, with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .\nthe ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries. more often than not you' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .\nlooking for a specific moth species? enter just part of the name below .\nprocache: v317 render date: 2018 - 06 - 15 14: 00: 55 page render time: 0. 2276s total w / procache: 0. 2804s\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n. differences in the genitalia of both sexes were detected by leraut (2001) and the species added to the british list in 2015 (d. agassiz, ent. rec. 127 )\n, ground colour grey, giving a bright appearance with a white sub - basal fascia .\ndistribution is unknown until more specimens have been determined. it is thought that most norfolk records of\nunderlying maps using digital map data © norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola™ 2018. © james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018. data © nola™ 2018\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas, please upload using the upload tools .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 1 / / en\nurltoken\nnotes: local on limestone cliffs and grassy slopes on the coasts of much of the british isles, and inland on chalk downland in southern england. in hampshire and on the isle of wight common on chalk downland both on the coast and inland. wingspan 18 - 23 mm. the most likely confusion species is p. ornatella, which see for differences. larva feeds on wild thyme, living within a silken gallery constructed partly from material from the nests of yellow ant .\nlocal on coasts of much of great britain & inland in southern england. frequent in west. scarce in north - west england\nthis coastal species has yellowish brow forewings mixed with reddish brown and black markings and lighter towards the costa. the antemedian and postmedian cross lines are white with the latter turning at 45º towards the termen. other defining marks are the four black spots that appear in the median area close to the costa .\nthis moth is easily disturbed during the day, as was the moth shown below, from calcareous grass, flies at night and is attracted to light .\nwebsite where further information like photos, physical characteristics, habitats, edible uses, medicinal uses, cultivation, propagation, range, height etc. are clearly listed .\nplant families - in bold red below takes the visitor to the relevant\nlepi - plants\npage where other butterflies & moths using the plants below are listed .\nwebsite © jim wheeler 2016 - 2018. nola - x database system © jim wheeler 2018. - sponsored by urltoken & urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken" ]

{ "text": [ "delplanqueia dilutella is a species of moth in the family pyralidae .", "it was described by michael denis and ignaz schiffermüller in 1775 .", "it is found in most of europe ( except norway and ukraine ) , east to russia , turkey , iran and mongolia .", "the wingspan is 18 – 26 mm .", "adults are on wing from may to june in one generation per year .", "the larvae feed on thymus serpyllum , thymus drucei and polygala species .", "they form a silken gallery sometimes including debris from the nests of the ant lasius flavus .", "pupation takes place in a cocoon in the soil or amongst leaf detritus . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 9, 8, 29, 28, 11 ] }

[ "delplanqueia dilutella is a species of moth in the family pyralidae. it was described by michael denis and ignaz schiffermüller in 1775. it is found in most of europe (except norway and ukraine), east to russia, turkey, iran and mongolia. the wingspan is 18 – 26 mm. adults are on wing from may to june in one generation per year. the larvae feed on thymus serpyllum, thymus drucei and polygala species. they form a silken gallery sometimes including debris from the nests of the ant lasius flavus. pupation takes place in a cocoon in the soil or amongst leaf detritus." ]

[ "agriastis inquieta meyrick, 1914; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1914: 253; tl: british guiana, bartica\nanacampsis malella amsel, 1959; bull. soc. ent. egypt. 43: 65\nhave a fact about anacampsis elephas? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for anacampsis elephas? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a fact about anacampsis circaea? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for anacampsis circaea? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a fact about anacampsis ferreata? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for anacampsis ferreata? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nanacampsis sacramenta keifer, 1933; calif. dept. agric. , mon. bull. 22: 362\ngelechia (anacampsis) tristrigella walsingham, 1882; trans. amer. ent. soc. 10: 181\nanacampsis languens meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (5): 142; tl: ecuador, duran\nanacampsis aedificata meyrick, 1929; exot. microlep. 3 (16): 507; tl: brazil, para\nanacampsis diplodelta meyrick, 1922; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1922: 76; tl: brazil, parintins\nanacampsis embrocha meyrick, 1914; ann. transv. mus. 4 (4): 192; tl: new hanover\nanacampsis flexiloqua meyrick, 1922; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1922: 80; tl: peru, iquitos\nanacampsis idiocentra meyrick, 1922; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1922: 80; tl: brazil, santarem\nanacampsis nonstrigella busck, 1906; can. ent. 38 (4): 121; tl: oak station, pennsylvania\nanacampsis parviocellatella bruand, 1850; mém. soc. doubs 3 (3, livr. 5 - 6): 40\nanacampsis petrographa meyrick, 1922; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1922: 79; tl: brazil, obidos\nanacampsis poliombra meyrick, 1922; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1922: 77; tl: brazil, parintins\nanacampsis cosmia meyrick, 1921; ann. transv. mus. 8 (2): 77; tl: natal, durban\nanacampsis lapidella walsingham, 1897; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1897: 81; tl: west indies, grenada\nanacampsis quinquepunctella walsingham, 1897; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1897: 80; tl: west indies, grenada\nanacampsis conistica walsingham, 1910; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 35; tl: mexico, sonora\nanacampsis lithodelta meyrick, 1922; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1922: 77; tl: peru, jurimaguas, iquitos\nanacampsis lupinella busck, 1901; can. ent. 33 (1): 14; tl: high park, toronto, canada\nanacampsis perquisita meyrick, 1922; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1922: 78; tl: brazil, para, teffé\nanacampsis insularis walsingham, 1897; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1897: 81; tl: west indies, st. thomas\nanacampsis solemnella; park, 1991, ann. hist. - nat. mus. hung. 83: 121; [ nhm card ]\nanacampsis capyrodes meyrick, 1922; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1922: 80; tl: brazil, obidos, parintins, teffé\nanacampsis rivalis meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (5): 141; tl: s. india, shevaroys; ceylon, kandy\nanacampsis ursula walsingham, 1910; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 35; tl: mexico, morelos, cuernavaca\nanacampsis fragariella busck, 1904; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 27 (1375): 760; tl: pullman, washington\nanacampsis argyrothamniella busck, 1900; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 23 (1208): 231; tl: palm beach, florida\nanacampsis primigenia meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (5): 141; tl: colombia, cali, 500ft; ecuador, huigra, 4500ft\nanacampsis cornifer walsingham, 1897; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1897: 79; tl: west indies, st. croix; st. thomas\nanacampsis paltodoriella busck, 1903; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 848; tl: mesilla park, new mexico\nanacampsis triangularis braun, 1923; proc. calif. acad. sci. (4) 12 (10): 118; tl: angeles bay, lower california\nanacampsis considerata meyrick, 1922; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1922: 78; tl: brazil, parintins, manaos, teffé; peru, jurimaguas, iquitos\nanacampsis phytomiella busck, 1914; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 47 (2043): 8; tl: alhajuela, cabima and porto bello, panama\nanacampsis coverdalella kearfott, 1903; j. n. y. ent. soc. 11: 162, pl. 9, f. 13; tl: natchitoches parish, louisiana\nanacampsis rhabdodes walsingham, 1910; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 36, pl. 1, f. 30; tl: mexico, tabasco, teapa\nanacampsis lagunculariella busck, 1900; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 23 (1208): 230, pl. 1, f. 6; tl: palm beach, florida\nanacampsis primigenia; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]; landry & roque - albelo, 2010, revue suisse zool. 117 (4): 735, 699 (list )\nanacampsis psoraliella barnes & busck, 1920; contr. nat. hist. lepid. n. am. 4 (3): 226, pl. 28, f. 10; tl: iowa, sioux city\nanacampsis meibomiella forbes, 1931; j. agric. porto rico 15 (4): 376, pl. 42, f. 16; tl: puerto rico ,\ne. e. a. de cuba\nanacampsis populella; [ nacl ], # 2246; [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 31; sumpich & skyva, 2012, nota lepid. 35 (2): 173; [ fe ]\nanacampsis niveopulvella; busck, 1904, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 27 (1375): 761; [ nacl ], # 2243; [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 31\nanacampsis (anacampsini); lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 30; [ sangmi lee ]; landry & roque - albelo, 2010, revue suisse zool. 117 (4): 735, 699 (list); [ fe ]\nanacampsis quinquepunctella; walsingham, 1910, biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 35, pl. 1, f. 35; meyrick, 1929, exot. microlep. 3 (16): 507; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nanacampsis lagunculariella; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 78; busck, 1914, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 47 (2043): 7; [ nacl ], # 2240; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 31\n820x623 (~ 87kb) russia, moscow area, 14. 8. 2008, photo © d. smirnov\nthe exact identification of this species is still unknown, but tentatively assumed to belong into this group .\ncompsolechia anisogramma meyrick, 1927; exot. microlep. 3 (12): 353; tl: china, shanghai\nlarva on argyrothamnia blodgettii busck, 1900, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 23 (1208): 231\nuntomia cenelpis walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 77, pl. 2, f. 34; tl: mexico, tabasco, teapa\nchlorodecta (meyrick, 1932) (compsolechia); exotic microlep. 4 (7): 197\ncompsolechia comparanda meyrick, 1929; exot. microlep. 3 (16): 506; tl: arizona, palmerlee; texas, alpine\ncrypticopa (meyrick, 1931) (gelechia); an. mus. nac. hist. nat. buenos aires 36: 384\nlarva on fragaria busck, 1904, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 27 (1375): 761\n=; hodges, 1986, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 14; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 30\nlita fuscella eversmann, 1844; fauna lep. volgo - uralensis... : 581\ntachyptilia hirsutella constant, 1885; ann. soc. ent. fr. (6) 4: 256, pl. 10, f. 17; tl: alpes - maritimes\nhomoplasta (meyrick, 1932) (compsolechia); exotic microlep. 4 (7): 197\ngelechia (tachyptilia) innocuella zeller, 1873; verh. zool. - bot. ges. wien 23 (abh .): 249; tl: texas\naproaerema kearfottella busck, 1903; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 842; tl: new jersey\ncompsolechia lacteochrella [ = lacteusochrella ] meyrick, 1925; in wytsman, genera insectorum 184: 123 (emend. )\nlarva on laguncularia racemosa busck, 1900, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 23 (1208): 231\nstrobisia levipedella clemens, 1863; proc. ent. soc. philad. 2: 4\ncompsolechia lignaria meyrick, 1926; exot. microlep. 3 (10): 292; tl: e. siberia, khaborowsk\nlarva on lupinus perennis busck, 1901, can. ent. 33 (1): 15\nmaculatella (lucas, 1956) (tachyptilia); bull. soc. sci. nat. maroc 35: 256\ngelechia multinotata meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (5): 134; tl: british guiana, bartica, mallali\ngelechia niveopulvella chambers, 1875; can. ent. 7 (11): 210; tl: canada\nagriastis nocturna meyrick, 1914; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1914: 252; tl: british guiana, mallali\ntachyptilia panormitella caradja, 1920; dt. ent. z. iris 34 (1 / 2): 106\nagriastis peloptila meyrick, 1914; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1914: 251; tl: british guiana, mallali\ngelechia pomaceella walker, 1864; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 29: 620; tl: ega\n=; park, 2001, insecta koreana. 18 (1): (87 - 90 )\nlarva on populus tremula, salix caprea, s. alba, s. spp .\nagriastis prasina meyrick, 1914; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1914: 251; tl: british guiana, mallali\nlarva on croton scouleri, exedeconus miersii landry & roque - albelo, 2010, revue suisse zool. 117 (4): 737\nlarva on prunus salicina park, 1991, ann. hist. - nat. mus. hung. 83: 121\ngelechia subactella walker, 1864; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 30: 1026; tl: australia ?\nlarva on salix phylicifolia, s. caprea, s. lapponum, s. repens\ngelechia tephriasella chambers, 1872; can. ent. 4 (4): 68; tl: kentucky\ncathegesis tridentella walsingham, 1910; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 28, pl. 1, f. 24; tl: mexico, guerrero, amula, 6000ft\ntachyptila trifoliella constant, 1890; bull. soc. ent. fr. 1889: cxxv\ngelechia (teleia) viretella zeller, 1877; horae soc. ent. ross. 13: 340, pl. 4, f. 110\n[ afromoths ] de prins, j. & de prins, w. , 2013\nsangmi lee, richard brown & sibyl bucheli. gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ ² ] this may require parentheses or not. i don' t have the necessary information for this taxon .\nexpedition of the california academy of sciences to the gulf of california in 1921. the tineid moths\nicones insectorum rariorum cum nominibus eorum trivialibus, locisque e c. linnaei... systema naturae allegatis. holmiae\nlepidoptera britannica, sistens digestimen novam lepidopterorum quae in magna britannica reperiunter... adjunguntur dissertationes variae ad historiam naturalam spectantes\ndie schmetterlinge deutschlands und der schweiz. 2. abteilung, kleinschmetterlinge. 2. die motten und federmotten\nsystematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa, zugleich als text, revision und supplement zu j. hübner' s sammlung europäischer schmetterlinge, die schaben und federmotten, (1847 -) 1853 - 1855 )\nthe moths of america north of mexico including greenland. fascicle 7. 1. gelechioidea, gelechiidae (part), dichomeridinae\nzeller, 1877 exotische microlepidopteren horae soc. ent. ross. 13: 3 - 493, pl. 1 - 6\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\na taxon identifier is composed of name, author, year and attribute, all separated by a blank. these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication. the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words (genus and species) separated by a blank .\nthe author' s name is made up of a string of letters, with no blanks, and multiple authors' names are separated by a comma. spelling of author' s name is based on the original publication. if there are more than three authors, only the names of the first two authors are shown, followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets. this is rarely needed, but to differentiate homo - identifiers, this will contain the page, line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks, hyphens, and apostrophes are eliminated, thus only the following characters are used: a to z, a to z, 0 to 9, blank, comma, and opening and closing square brackets. although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition, it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions (contact information) with supporting references, possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nbiokids is sponsored in part by the interagency education research initiative. it is a partnership of the university of michigan school of education, university of michigan museum of zoology, and the detroit public schools. this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant drl - 0628151. copyright © 2002 - 2018, the regents of the university of michigan. all rights reserved .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote: you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments. please, create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet. you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc. .\nregions of the russian federation: gorno - altai, transbaikalia, lower amur, prealtay, of baikal, pribaikalskiy, seaside, mid - amur, south kuril .\nsign in to disable all ads. thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word. leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation." ]

{ "text": [ "anacampsis inquieta is a moth of the gelechiidae family .", "it was described by meyrick in 1914 .", "it is found in guyana .", "the wingspan is 15-16 mm .", "the forewings are pale greyish-ochreous , more or less tinged or suffused with brown , and sprinkled with fuscous and dark fuscous scales and with a dark fuscous elongate dot towards the costa near the base and elongate dark fuscous marks on the costa about the middle and two-thirds .", "the stigmata are represented by small tufts of dark fuscous or blackish scales suffused with reddish-brown , an additional tuft adjoining the first discal obliquely above and before it , the plical beneath the first discal , an additional tuft beneath the second discal .", "there is a spot of dark reddish-fuscous suffusion on the dorsum before the tornus and a row of blackish dots around the posterior part of the costa and termen .", "the hindwings are dark fuscous . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 9, 1, 1, 1, 1 ] }

[ "anacampsis inquieta is a moth of the gelechiidae family. it was described by meyrick in 1914. it is found in guyana. the wingspan is 15-16 mm. the forewings are pale greyish-ochreous, more or less tinged or suffused with brown, and sprinkled with fuscous and dark fuscous scales and with a dark fuscous elongate dot towards the costa near the base and elongate dark fuscous marks on the costa about the middle and two-thirds. the stigmata are represented by small tufts of dark fuscous or blackish scales suffused with reddish-brown, an additional tuft adjoining the first discal obliquely above and before it, the plical beneath the first discal, an additional tuft beneath the second discal. there is a spot of dark reddish-fuscous suffusion on the dorsum before the tornus and a row of blackish dots around the posterior part of the costa and termen. the hindwings are dark fuscous." ]

[ "another aquatic invertebrate that inhabits the lynches river is a gastropod called, ridged lioplax ,\nlioplax subcarinata .\nanother aquatic invertebrate that inhabits the lynches river is a gastropod called, ridged lioplax ,\nlioplax subcarinata .\nthe cylindrical lioplax is distinguished from other viviparid (eggs hatch internally and the young are born as juveniles) snails in the mobile river basin by the number of spire angle .\nthe cylindrical lioplax is currently known only from approximately 24 kilometers (km) (15 miles (mi) ) of the cahaba river above the fall line in shelby and bibb counties, alabama .\nhow can i put and write and define lioplax in a sentence and how is the word lioplax used in a sentence and examples? 用lioplax造句, 用lioplax造句, 用lioplax造句, lioplax meaning, definition, pronunciation, synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha. net .\n\n' lioplax\n' is a genus of freshwater snail with a gill and an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family viviparidae .\nno other species of lioplax snails are known to occur in the mobile river basin (see clench and turner, 1955 for a more detailed description) .\ncollection records for the cylindrical lioplax exist from the alabama river (dallas county, alabama), black warrior river (jefferson county, alabama) and tributaries (valley creek, jefferson county, alabama); coosa river (shelby, elmore counties, alabama) and tributaries (oothcalooga creek, bartow county, georgia; coahuila creek, whitfield county, georgia; annuchee creek, floyd county, georgia; little wills creek, etowah county, alabama; choccolocco creek, talladega county, alabama; yellowleaf creek, shelby county, alabama); and the cahaba river (bibb, shelby counties, alabama) and its tributary, little cahaba river (jefferson county, alabama) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ngland, switzerland, 5 july 2018 (iucn) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change, with 7% of th ...\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years, but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives... .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices, as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse ...\n- - natureserve explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50, 000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the u. s and canada. natureserve explorer provides in - depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. natureserve explorer is a product of natureserve in collaboration with the natural heritage network .\nitis reports - - itis (the integrated taxonomic information system) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of north america and the world .\nfws digital media library - - the u. s. fish and wildlife service' s national digital library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video .\njohnson, p. d. , bogan, a. e. , brown, k. m. , burkhead, n. m. , cordeiro, j. r. , garner, j. t. , hartfield, p. d. , lepitzki, d. a. w. , mackie, g. l. , pip, e. , tarpley, t. a. , tiemann, j. s. , whelan, n. v. and strong, e. e. 2013. conservation status of freshwater gastropods of canada and the united states. fisheries 38 (6): 247 - 282 .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nyour browser does not have support for cookies enabled. some features of this application will not work .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nturgeon, d. d. , a. e. bogan, e. v. coan, w. k. emerson, w. g. lyons, w. pratt, et al .\nturgeon, d. d. , j. f. quinn, jr. , a. e. bogan, e. v. coan, f. g. hochberg, w. g. lyons, et al .\ncommon and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada: mollusks, 2nd ed .\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nalthough concerted efforts are made to incorporate valid information about observational networks and measurement locations, its accuracy cannot be guaranteed. please contact the data provider or program contact as necessary .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml + rdfa 1. 0 / / en\nurltoken\ndragonfly larva freshwater invertebrates make up an overwhelming amount of alabama' s biodiversity. the most commonly encountered freshwater invertebrates of alabama are represented by seven phyla: annelida, arthropoda, mollusca, aschelminthes, cnidaria, platyhelminthes, and porifera. these invertebrates all spend at least a portion, if not all, of their lifecycle in aquatic ecosystems. many are valued for their roles either as food sources in their biological communities, as biological indicators of a healthy habitat, or as endemic species that exist only in alabama and nowhere else in the world .\nthe class crustacea is made up of five orders, amphipoda, cladocera, copepoda, decapoda, and isopoda. the order amphipoda are commonly called scuds, which are very small, omnivorous, shrimp - like crustaceans that live in pools, ponds, brooks, streams, and lakes. cladocera are small zooplankton, commonly called water fleas, or daphnia, which live in most freshwater habitats. species in the order copepoda, like those in cladocera, are very small and have many visible segments. copepods vary greatly in their feeding behaviors, ranging from parasites to detritus - feeders that eat dead organic matter in the water. the most common freshwater members of decapoda are commonly known as crayfish. they are omnivorous scavengers that burrow in the sediments of all freshwater ecosystems, ranging from permanent to ephemeral freshwater habitats. the order isopoda contains sowbugs, which are also omnivorous scavengers that tend to live under rocks or debris in shallow freshwater habitats, but they are also very common in groundwater systems .\nmirachi, ralph e. , ed. alabama wildlife volume one, a checklist of vertebrates and selected invertebrates: aquatic mollusks, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. tuscaloosa: university of alabama press, 2004 .\nsmith, douglas grant. pennak' s freshwater invertebrates of the united states: porifera to crustacea. new york: john wiley & sons, 2001 .\nthorp, james h. , and alan p. covich, eds. ecology and classification of north american freshwater invertebrates. san diego: academic press, 1991 .\nwelcome to your free, online resource on alabama history, culture, geography, and natural environment. this site offers articles on alabama' s famous people, historic events, sports, art, literature, industry, government, plant and animal life, agriculture, recreation, and so much more .\nthe encyclopedia of alabama tm © 2018. alabama humanities foundation. all rights reserved. a service of auburn university outreach .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript. here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\nmyth presented as science complicates green engineering attempts to restore the natural condition of degraded ecosystems. ecologists have yet to provide a widely accepted theory of how rivers and wetlands functioned before human disturbance, and engineers cannot restore what science cannot describe. in the american west, where the powerful snake river feeds the columbia en route to the pacific ocean, water developers and their opponents both use the language of science to defend or attack one of the world' s most sprawling network of dams and hydropower projects. the case of the snake river shows how thoroughly mythic thinking and grandiose expectations for nature have saddled the policy process with ambiguous language and goals .\n... it may also help us to acknowledge that these interactions have not only led to an impairment of the ecological functioning of river systems, but that they have also yielded additional values, including a / o cultural - historical ones. scientific reviews describing longterm historical society±river ecosystem relationships are scarce, especially those describing these relationships not only in terms of ecological decline but also in terms of cultural assets (andersen et al. 1996; brown 2002; large & petts 1996; lenders 2003; ojala & louekari 2002; poudevigne et al. 2002; shallat 2000). these publications indicate that the genesis of river landscapes is often, if not always, a spatio - temporally unique process with extensive human influences that reach back as far as the last ice age (see e. g... .\n... use of organic metaphor) to return to its stable and homeostatic status, which is similar to the' climax' concept. but, since the 1950s, the scepticism of the plant ecologist gleason, and later deconstructivists and chaos theorists, have' found no homeostasis in nature, only confusion and flux' (shallat, 2000; o' neill, 2001). indeed, the idea of pristine nature is native to the usa where it is' supposed to be a characteristic of the pre - columbian environment' (tusseau - vuillemin and wasson, 2002)... .\na massive and fast - moving £12 billion programme is underway throughout south korea to restore its four major rivers, which following decades of poor management have become silted, polluted and flood - prone. in addition to delivering permanent measures for controlling water volumes and quality, the 3 - year' korean green new deal' project looks set to bring significant environmental and economic... [ show full abstract ]\nthe restoration response function as an organizing tool for evaluating success of river management p ...\nthe national effort to reverse undesired environmental conditions on regulated rivers involves substantial societal costs that inevitably force prioritization of reaches for rehabilitation and of restoration techniques. societal costs are associated with transformation of the flow and sediment transport regime, physical manipulation of the channel and floodplain, administrative costs of river... [ show full abstract ]\nimproving connectivity between freshwater and marine environments for salmon migrating through the l ...\nsnake river stream - type chinook salmon smolts migrate > 1000km from rearing habitats to the pacific ocean and return 1–3 years later for their upstream spawning migration. construction of 8 mainstem dams on the snake / columbia river that fish must pass has greatly altered the connectivity between their freshwater spawning and rearing habitats and the ocean. in addition to direct mortality to... [ show full abstract ]\ndisease susceptibility of hatchery snake river chinook salmon with different migration histories in ...\nvarious methods have been developed to mitigate the effects of dams on juvenile salmon migrating to the pacific ocean through the columbia river basin. the collective results suggest that transportation may help mitigate adverse health effects of the columbia river basin' s hydropower system on snake river spring chinook salmon, but the fate of the transported fish in the estuary and ocean may... [ show full abstract ]\nfederal datasets are subject to the u. s. federal government data policy. non - federal participants (e. g. , universities, organizations, and tribal, state, and local governments) maintain their own data policies. data policies influence the usefulness of the data. learn more about how to search for data and use this catalog .\nthis is a summary of 2004 freshwater mussel inventory on cahaba river national wildlife refuge. the cahaba river national wildlife refuge was established for the ...\nthis water resource inventory and assessment (wria) report for cahaba river national wildlife refuge describes current hydrologic information, provides an assessment ...\nthe cahaba river national wildlife refuge habitat management plan provides a long - term vision and specific guidance on managing habitats for the resources of concern ...\nyou can also access this registry using the api (see api docs) .\ndidn' t find what you' re looking for? suggest a dataset here .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nalabama spike, finelined pocketbook, etowah heelsplitter, southern clubshell, southern pigtoe, rayed kidneyshell .\nrough hornsnail, southern pigtoe, triangular kidneyshell, coosa moccasinshell, finelined pocketbook .\n© copyright 2013 - 2018 h2o alabama rivers and streams network. all rights reserved." ]

{ "text": [ "the cylindrical lioplax , scientific name lioplax cyclostomaformis , is a species of freshwater snail with gills and an operculum , an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family viviparidae .", "this species is endemic to the united states . " ], "topic": [ 2, 2 ] }

[ "the cylindrical lioplax, scientific name lioplax cyclostomaformis, is a species of freshwater snail with gills and an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family viviparidae. this species is endemic to the united states." ]

[ "a chilo demotellus collected by john glaser. photo by larry line. (mbp list )\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nan accentuated list of the british lepidoptera, with hints on the derivation of the names. anonymous. 1858. the entomological societies of oxford and cambridge .\ncontributed by maury j. heiman on 15 february, 2011 - 9: 40pm additional contributions by randy hardy last updated 3 july, 2014 - 11: 33am\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nuse of images featured on maryland biodiversity project is only permitted with express permission of the photographer." ]

{ "text": [ "chilo demotellus is a moth in the crambidae family .", "it was described by walker in 1866 .", "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from georgia , maryland , new jersey and south carolina .", "the wingspan is about 26 mm .", "adults have been recorded on wing from april to august . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 9, 8 ] }

[ "chilo demotellus is a moth in the crambidae family. it was described by walker in 1866. it is found in north america, where it has been recorded from georgia, maryland, new jersey and south carolina. the wingspan is about 26 mm. adults have been recorded on wing from april to august." ]

[ "of all the freshwater hermit crabs, the clibanarius fonticola has been described as the true freshwater hermit crabs. all the species of the clibanarius fonticola live in the empty shells of the snail clithon corona as their hermitage. (see the image of the clithon corona at\nthanks shawn! well clibanarius fonticola, for all good - news sakes is 100% freshwater, and one day this rare crab will be in my aquarium .\nsome of the other members of the clibanarius genus like the clibanarius erythropus, clibanarius signatus, clibanarius tricolor, clibanarius snelliusi and clibanarius englaucus can live in marine aqauariums if their native conditions are adequately provided in their captivity. the genus clibanarius, under the family diogenidae, also have a very special identifying character. unlike all the other crabs, these crabs have their left claw enlarged and decorated and so they are also known as the left - handed hermit crabs .\nif you want to have a freshwater hermit crab as pet, you can opt for other members of the clibanarius species. other species of the clibanarius genus are clibanarius tricolor, clibanarius englaucus, clibanarius snelliusi, clibanarius signatus and clibanarius erythropus. these are all very beautiful hermit crabs, and while keeping them, it is important to remember that the water where they live should be clean and oxygenated. since land hermit crabs are also freshwater crabs in a way, so you can keep a land hermit crab too .\nfound! !! clibanarius fonticola, a species found in santo vanuatu, the only species of hermit crabs that spends it' s entire life in freshwater, it uses the shells of clithon corona snails for homes. definitely google this hermit crab, fascinating find. always fun to expand the fw inverts list. first fw nudibranch (slug) and now a hermit crab .\nhowever, in this respect, it is very important to mention that these freshwater hermit crabs are extraordinarily rare species and in no way they should be tried to be kept in another environment. these rare animals are protected by international wildlife laws and constantly monitored by concerned authorities. any attempt to displace a single member of clibanarius fonticola from their native pool is useless, because the hermit crabs will not live in any other environment rather than there .\nhowever, in this respect, it is very important to mention that these freshwater hermit crabs are extraordinarily rare species and in no way they should be tried to be kept in another environment. these rare animals are protected by international wildlife laws and constantly monitored by concerned authorities. any attempt to displace a single member of clibanarius fonticola from their native pool is useless, because the hermit crabs will not live in any other environment rather than there urltoken\nfor the first time a hermit crab has been found inhabiting a truly fresh - water environment. this new species of clibanarius is described, illustrated, and compared with its estuarine relatives .\nabstract for the first time a hermit crab has been found inhabiting a truly fresh - water environment. this new species of clibanarius is described, illustrated, and compared with its estuarine relatives .\nthe reason of only a sole habitat of the freshwater hermit crabs can be traced back to the unique confluence of conditions of their magical lake habitat. being always fed by running streams, this freshwater lake has a condition of running water that is so essential for the marine crabs for breeding. in addition, since the lake is located in a coastal region, there must be underlying elements of alkalinity in the lake water that makes this habitat so favorable for the crabs. this confluence of running water and underlying alkalinity makes the pool the only ideal location for the survival of the clibanarius fonticola species. the distant and private location of the lake is also a main reason why these crabs have chosen the lake as their only freshwater home .\nbefore going into the details of the clibanarius genus, it is important to have a clear idea about the relation of hermit crabs with fresh water. the fact is that all land hermit crabs need freshwater to drink and alkaline water to take a bath. a land hermit crab drinking freshwater can also be called a freshwater hermit crab. the marine crabs who live in alkaline water however accept alkaline water in their diet .\nwe' re constantly striving to improve our community to help make your monster fish keeping hobby fulfilling and interesting. comments are welcome .\na few weeks ago i was at a reputable lfs and they had a tank of these hermit crabs that were fully aquatic. they didn' t know much about them and said it was the first time they ever saw them. at $ 25 each, i decided they were really cool and i' d take a chance, so i bought two. they' re very active, i put a few extra shells in the tank and they swap them all the time. i almost wish i had bought another .\nthey said they were keeping them in regular freshwater... i put just a little salt in my tank just to be safe, since my experience has been that most crabs like salt .\ndoes anyone know anything about these? i can' t find any information on them. do i need salt in the tank? if so, how much ?\ni may be mistaken but i thought all fully aquatic hermit crabs were sw, maybe that is a different type of species than what is usually used as cleaners then .\n). these true freshwater hermit crabs have been recorded in distant locations around the world. the first source, published in 1990, records their presence in a freshwater pool on espiritu santo, vanuatu of southwestern tropical pacific. (see\n). (mclaughlin & murray, 1990). the wikipedia, however records the freshwater hermit crab species near the village of matevulu, in a true freshwater spring, filled by water from adjacent springs. this place is also near an abandoned airstrip. (see\n). it is unclear whether the two places are the same or not. whatever the case, both the native lands of the freshwater hermit crabs are mysterious enough. an interesting point to note is that the rare pool is recorded to be in the coastal region. the magical confluence of the freshwater springs and the adjacent ocean has made this pool the only pool in the world where freshwater hermit crabs live .\ni have been trying to locate these freshwater hermet crabs for sale anywhere with no luck. do you have any updates on these little guys or some info on the shop you got them at ?\ndon' t hold your breath. the op hasn' t been on site in 3 years .\ndatabase contains: 10. 643 species (763 with photo), 1. 682 genera, 124 families\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies. by continuing to browse the site you are agreeing to our use of cookies .\nbrill’s mybook program is exclusively available on brillonline books and journals. students and scholars affiliated with an institution that has purchased a brill e - book on the brillonline platform automatically have access to the mybook option for the title (s) acquired by the library. brill mybook is a print - on - demand paperback copy which is sold at a favorably uniform low price .\n<? xml version =\n1. 0\nencoding =\nutf - 8\n? > < event > < eventlog > < portalid > brill < / portalid > < sessionid > 6hvhu _ y2zhxlz5bkoes _ d3c5. x - brill - live - 02 < / sessionid > < useragent > python / 3. 5 aiohttp / 3. 3. 2 < / useragent > < identityid > guest < / identityid > < identity _ list > guest < / identity _ list > < ipaddress > 35. 238. 26. 198 < / ipaddress > < eventtype > personalisation < / eventtype > < createdon > 1531163404682 < / createdon > < / eventlog > < eventlogproperty > < item _ id > urltoken < / item _ id > < type > favourite < / type > < / eventlogproperty > < / event >\nfreshwater hermit crabs are one of the rarest species of living beings found on earth. before starting a discussion about the freshwater crabs, it is important to mention that these crabs are found only in one single lake all over the world, and they are rarest of the rare exotic animals .\nthere are several species of marine hermit crabs, and all but one species are inhabitants of alkaline water. the alkaline water crabs are natives of different oceanic regions around the world and they retain this nativity throughout their captivity even. that means that the salinity and the color of their captive waters must be like that in their native waters. however, although many marine species of these crabs have adapted to a captive environment in the company of humans, it is impossible to have the freshwater crabs as pets. being a rarest species, any kind of human intrusion on their habitat is prohibited by international laws devised by the guardians of wildlife conservation .\nalthough other marine hermit crabs do not have any freshwater requirement, yet surprisingly, the land crabs only drink freshwater for their survival. in this respect, perhaps it will not be irrelevant to christen these land crabs as freshwater hermit crabs. these land crabs drink freshwater for their nutritional needs, but they prefer to bath in an alkaline water container .\njoan fox is a hermit crab enthusiast. for more information on how to setup a thriving hermit crab habitat urltoken as well as other great information on hermit crabs care check out her web site urltoken\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website. by continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to our use of cookies. you can change your cookie settings at any time .\n( tm) fisheries research centre, ministry of agriculture and fisheries, p. o. box 297, wellington, new zealand\nyou could not be signed in. please check your email address / username and password and try again .\nmost users should sign in with their email address. if you originally registered with a username please use that to sign in .\nto purchase short term access, please sign in to your oxford academic account above .\noxford university press is a department of the university of oxford. it furthers the university' s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide\nfor full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ngood post :) now we just need to find a ready supplier and get a group buy going .\nbeen googling this species, everybody quick please go check out your other online fish clubs and ask around. am trying to find a supplier my self. this creature needs to get into the scape hobbyist tanks .\nit' s probably in someone' s tank in germany or japan ...\npowered by vbulletin® version 4. 2. 0 copyright © 2018 vbulletin solutions, inc. all rights reserved." ]

{ "text": [ "clibanarius fonticola is the only species of hermit crab in the world that lives in fresh water .", "it is found on the island of espiritu santo , vanuatu .", "while a number of other hermit crabs are terrestrial or live in estuarine habitats , c. fonticola is the only species that spends its life in fresh water .", "it lives in a pool fed by springs near the village of matevulu , close to an abandoned airstrip .", "the adult hermit crabs of this species all use shells of clithon corona . " ], "topic": [ 13, 20, 13, 13, 29 ] }

[ "clibanarius fonticola is the only species of hermit crab in the world that lives in fresh water. it is found on the island of espiritu santo, vanuatu. while a number of other hermit crabs are terrestrial or live in estuarine habitats, c. fonticola is the only species that spends its life in fresh water. it lives in a pool fed by springs near the village of matevulu, close to an abandoned airstrip. the adult hermit crabs of this species all use shells of clithon corona." ]

[ "cryptotis squamipes (j. a. allen, 1912) – western colombian small - eared shrew, scaly - footed small - eared shrew\ncryptotis nigrescens (j. a. allen, 1895) – blackish small - eared shrew\ncryptotis orophila (j. a. allen, 1895) – central american least shrew\nhas been captured, the small mammal communities are less diverse (5 - 7 species) .\nthe species has been recorded from several small reserves near medellin (delgado pers. comm. 2005) .\n. recorded diversity in these communities ranges from 6 to 11 species. other small mammals that commonly are found with\n: 295) notes, “most of our work was done on the upper part of a spur - like ridge lying immediately back of the town, where patches of the original forest made up of giant cypresses, firs, and pines had been left. elsewhere about todos santos the slopes had been deforested in many places to make room for wheat and corn fields. ” based on the specimens preserved, the community of small mammals from this site included at least 11 species and was dominated numerically by\nuntil recently, this species was known only from the type locality; which is on the western slope of the extinct volcán san martín tuxtla in veracruz, mexico (hutterer 2005). it has been recorded from 1, 463 m up to the summit of the volcano at 1, 650 m asl (goldman 1951). recently, it was found at three additional localities in the vicinity of the type locality (cervantes and guevara 2009). these localities lie on the south face of the volcano and just to the north west of the nearby catemaco lake (cervantes and guevara 2009). it has been hypothesized that this shrew probably occurs in suitable habitats throughout that sierra (choate1970). however, a recent study on the mammalian diversity of sierra de santa martha, veracruz did not record the presence of this species (gonzalez christen 2008) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nbanks, r. c. , r. w. mcdiarmid, and a. l. gardner\nchecklist of vertebrates of the united states, the u. s. territories, and canada\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference, 2nd ed. , 3rd printing\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference, 3rd ed. , vols. 1 & 2\ncomments: see repenning (1967: 37) and reumer (1998: 19) for placement in blarinini. north and central american species revised in part by choate (1970) and choate and fleharty (1974); central and south american species revised by woodman (1996, 2002, 2003), woodman and timm (1993, 1999, 2000), and vivar et al. (1997). gureev (1979: 433 - 437) listed many species that choate (1970) considered synonyms. formerly included c. surinamensis which was transferred to sorex araneus by husson (1963). woodman (1993 ...\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance. if your browser does not accept cookies, you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly. below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser. you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined. to accept cookies from this site, use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies. try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past. if your computer' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970, the browser will automatically forget the cookie. to fix this, set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set. you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page. to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit, which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie; no other information is captured .\nin general, only the information that you provide, or the choices you make while visiting a web site, can be stored in a cookie. for example, the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it. allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer, and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website. by continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to our use of cookies. you can change your cookie settings at any time .\ncryptotis griseoventris has been known almost exclusively from 2 collections of specimens obtained by the e. w. nelson and e. a. goldman expedition of 1895 - 1896 (goldman 1951). the type series was obtained in the northern highlands of chiapas, mexico, near san cristóbal de las casas (jackson 1933), and a 2nd series was collected approximately 160 km southeast of the type locality in the vicinity of todos santos cuchumatán in the sierra de los cuchumatanes, guatemala (woodman and timm 1999). until recently, most other specimens of broad - clawed shrews from guatemala and from the sierra madre de chiapas were referred to c. goodwini, a species named from a series of specimens collected in the vicinity of calel, guatemala, in 1896 (jackson 1933; woodman and timm 1999). these 2 species of shrews are considered to be closely related (likely sister species), and they are poorly differentiated. the primary characteristics distinguishing them are the generally larger skull and external body size of c. goodwini (woodman and croft 2005; woodman and timm 1999) .\nselected external and cranio - mandibular measurements (mm; weight in g) from 4 species of cryptotis. statistics are mean ± sd and range .\nmeasurements (mm) of bones and claws from ray iii of the manus for 4 species of cryptotis. statistics are mean ± sd and range .\nthe 2 new species described herein are most similar in size and morphology to c. goodwini and c. griseoventris, and specimens of the new species were initially identified as belonging to 1 of those 2 species. therefore, most comparisons are with those 2 species. in the preliminary analyses, i refer to the smaller of the new species from the region near todos santos, guatemala, as species a and the larger species from the northern cuchumatanes as species b to distinguish them from mexican c. griseoventris (sensu stricto) and southern guatemalan c. goodwini (sensu stricto) .\nto characterize the overall variation in morphology among all specimens and to compare the 2 new species to c. goodwini and c. griseoventris, i carried out principal component analyses on correlation matrices using systat 11 (cranes software international, bangalore, india). in tests of crania i used a suite of 10 log 10 - transformed cranial variables (cbl, zp, po, u1b, u3b, m2b, pl, tr, utr, and mtr) from 18 c. goodwini, 8 c. griseoventris, 21 species a, and 8 species b. for ray iii, i used 7 logi 0 - transformed variables (dpl, dpw, mpl, mpw, ppl, ppw, and ml) measured from 13 c. goodwini, 8 c. griseoventris, 26 species a, and 6 species b .\ni examined specimens (see appendix i) from the following collections (abbreviations in parentheses): american museum of natural history, new york, new york (amnh); field museum of natural history, chicago, illinois (fmnh); university of kansas natural history museum, lawrence, kansas (ku); museum of comparative zoology, cambridge, massachusetts (mcz); university of michigan museum of zoology, ann arbor, michigan (ummz); and national museum of natural history, washington, district of columbia (usnm) .\nplot of condylobasal length (cbl) and breadth across m2s (m2b) for the 4 groups of cryptotis .\nplot of scores on first 2 axes from principal components analysis of skulls of cryptotis goodwini, c. griseoventris, species a, and species b (see table 3) .\ncomponent loadings on the first 3 factor axes of a principal components analysis of 10 cranial variables (fig. 2). abbreviations of variables as in table 1 .\nvariables measured from the forefeet of these shrews further distinguish the 4 populations. lengths of the metacarpals, proximal phalanges, and middle phalanges overlap broadly among groups, and in some cases the means are the same or nearly so (table 2). the widths of these 3 bones, however, differ consistently among populations. the bones of the forefoot of c. griseoventris are the narrowest, those of species a are intermediate, and those of c. goodwini and species b are the widest (figs. 3 and 4). the ranges of measurements among these 3 groupings (with c. goodwini and species b treated as a single group in this analysis) show little or no overlap. both length and width of the distal phalanges exhibit similar patterns: the distal phalanges of c. griseoventris are the shortest and narrowest, followed sequentially by species a, species b, and c. goodwini. when both dimensions of the distal phalanx are plotted (fig. 5), c. griseoventris, species a, and c. goodwini show no overlap. however, species b overlaps with larger individuals of species a and smaller individuals of c. goodwini .\nx - ray images of the right mani of a) cryptotis parvus floridanus (usnm 262205); b) c. griseoventris (usnm 758905); c) species a (usnm 77057); d) species b (usnm 569442); and e) c. goodwini (usnm 77078) .\nbox and whisker plot of width of metacarpal of ray iii for the 4 groups of cryptotis. cross within each box represents the mean, shaded box indicates sd, and vertical line (“whisker ”) shows the range of values for each species .\nplot of lengths and widths of the distal phalanx of ray iii for the 4 groups of cryptotis .\nto better understand the overall variation among elements of the forefoot, i carried out a principal components analysis on 7 variables from ray iii. a plot of factor scores on the first 2 factor axes (fig. 6) exhibits a pattern similar to the bivariate plot of length and width for the distal phalanx. the 1st factor axis represents overall size of ray iii (table 4). the 2nd factor axis primarily represents the lengths of the proximal phalanx (ppl) and metacarpal (ml). both variables are negatively weighted, however, so their values decrease as factor 2 increases (table 4). the distributions of the populations on this plot (fig. 6) evidence a generalized trend of decreasing ppl and ml (factor 2) with increasing multivariate size of ray iii (factor 1) among the 4 populations (i. e. , across groups). the distribution of individuals within each of the 4 populations (i. e. , within groups), however, exhibits the opposite tendency of increasing ppl and ml with size of ray iii. some of the separation of groups shown on this plot is explainable by proportional differences in bones among species. c. griseoventris and species a, for example, have the same mean ml (table 4), but different mean ppl. the same pattern is true for c. goodwini and species b. these tendencies and patterns confirm that individual characteristics of the manus have evolved independently among the 4 populations .\nplot of scores on first 2 axes from principal components analysis of ray iii of cryptotis goodwini, c. griseoventris, species a, and species b (see table 4) .\ncomponent loadings on the first 3 factor axes of a principal components analysis of 7 variables measured from ray iii of the manus (fig. 6). abbreviations of variables as in table 2 .\nalthough the humerus of c. griseoventris is unknown, those of the other 3 populations show distinct contrasts in overall size and in the prominence of certain processes, particularly the teres tubercle and the lateral and medial epicondyles (fig. 7). the humerus of species a is smallest and most compact; that of c. goodwini is intermediate in size; and that of species b is the largest and has the most prominent processes, the widest distal end, and the broadest articular surface with the ulna .\nanterior aspect of left humerus of a) cryptotis parvus parvus (usnm 582437); b) species a (usnm 569554); c) species b (usnm 569368); and d) c. goodwini (ummz 13426). the humerus of c griseoventris is unknown .\nthe preceding analyses indicate that c. griseoventris is differentiated from c. goodwini and species b by its much smaller body and cranial size, and from all 3 of the other populations by its narrower metacarpals and proximal and middle phalanges and its shorter and narrower distal phalanges. a smaller skull, narrower metacarpals and phalanges, and smaller, more compact humerus distinguish species a from c. goodwini and species b; its shorter and narrower distal phalanges further distinguish it from c. goodwini. species b has a relatively narrower palate and a much larger humerus than c. goodwini. these differences indicate that species a and species b are distinct from c. goodwini and c. griseoventris and from each other. it is important to note that, if cranial and external characters were evaluated without the postcranial characters, only 2 of these 4 species would have been recognized. although species b has the largest humerus, c. goodwini has the largest fore paws and fore claws, indicating that these structures evolved independently of each other among the 4 populations .\ncryptotis alticolus, c. goldmani, c. goodwini, c. griseoventris, c. mexicanus, c. nelsoni, c. obscurus, c. peregrinus, c. phillipsii\ngroup includes most of its larger members. characteristics of these species include relatively short tails (mean tl < 39% of hb); greatly broadened forefeet; extremely long, broad fore claws; 4th upper unicuspid usually aligned with the unicuspid row and partially visible in labial view of the rostrum; protoconal basin of ml reduced relative to hypoconal basin; m3 simple: hypocone absent or poorly developed and lacking metacone; entoconid of m3 vestigial or absent; extremely broad humerus with greatly elongated processes (woodman and\ncryptotis alticolus, c. goldmani, c. goodwini, c. griseoventris, c. peregrinus\nin guatemala as follows. measurements and indices in parentheses are for the species with which the\ncryptotis mayensis. —in guatemala, c. mayensis (a member of the c. nigrescens group of species— woodman and timm 1993) is found only in the northern lowlands (< 200 m). it differs from members of the c. goldmani group in guatemala in having shorter, much paler, steel - gray pelage; smaller average body size (hb = 69 ± 8— woodman and timm 1993); much longer relative length of tail (tl / hb × 100 = 41% ± 5 %); and average smaller cranial length (cbl = 19. 0 ± 0. 4) and breadth (bb = 9. 2 ± 0. 3) .\ncryptotis merriami. —another member of the c. nigrescens group, c. merriami differs from guatemalan members of the c. goldmani group in its smaller average body size (hb = 69 ± 4, 60 - 77, n = 23— woodman and timm 1993); much longer relative length of tail (tl / hb × 100 = 43% ± 6% , 32 - 55% , n = 23); and average smaller cranial length (cbl = 19. 4 ± 0. 4, 18. 7 - 20. 0, n = 16) and breadth (bb = 9. 6 ± 0. 2, 9. 2 - 10. 0, n = 18) .\ncryptotis orophilus. —a member of the c. parvus group, c. orophilus differs from guatemalan members of the c. goldmani group in its paler dorsal pelage and much paler ventral pelage; smaller average body size (hb = 62 ± 7, 48 - 77, n = 26); much shorter tail (tl = 21 ± 2, 17 - 24, n = 26; tl / hb × 100 = 33% ± 4% , 27 - 42% , n = 26); and much smaller cranial length (cbl = 16. 9 ± 0. 5, 16. 1 - 17. 7, n = 16) and breadth (bb = 8. 3 ± 0. 3, 7. 8 - 8. 8, n = 15). see woodman and timm (1992) for additional measurements .\ncryptotis goldmani goldmani: choate, 1970: 247 (part); hall, 1981: 59 (part) .\ncryptotis goodwini: choate, 1970: 249 (part); choate and fleharty, 1974: 1 (part); hall, 1981: 60 (part); woodman and morgan, 2005: 72 (part) .\ncryptotis goodwini goodwini: woodman and timm, 1999: 8 (part) .\ncryptotis griseoventris: woodman and timm, 1999: 16 (part); woodman and stephens, 2010: 134 (part) .\n. —dried skin and skull of an adult male, usnm 77053; obtained 27 december 1895 by e. w. nelson and e. a. goldman (field number 8908) at approximately 10, 000 feet in cloud forest dominated by cypress, fir, and pine on the upper reaches of a spurlike ridge above todos santos cuchumatán [ approximately 15 °36′n, 91 °37′w ], huehuetenango, guatemala (\n( 26). —guatemala: huehuetenango: todos santos cuchumatan, 10, 000 feet (usnm 77051, 77052, 77054 - 77064, 77066 - 77068); hacienda chancol, 9, 500 - 11, 000 feet (usnm 77069); laguna magdalena, 2, 925 m (usnm 569554, 569555, 570337, 570340); puerto al cielo, 3, 350 m (usnm 570248); aldea el rancho, 3, 020 m (usnm 570256, 570257, 570313, 570314) .\nreferred to this range as the sierra chohumalanes. the species is known only from subtropical montane wet forest, and the known elevational distribution is 2, 740 - 3, 350 m. although the current distribution is only in the department of huehuetengo, the species probably extends into contiguous highlands in the neighboring department of quiche. the distribution of this species is entirely within a region with > 90% likelihood of frost in a given year (\nmap of southern mexico and northern central america, indicating the distributions of cryptotis goodwini (pentagons), c. griseoventris (closed circles), c. mam (open squares), and c lacertosus (closed triangles). localities for c. goodwini are divided between those for which specimens were examined (open pentagons) and literature records (filled pentagons). the 1, 500 - m contour is shown .\n( pronounced “mŏm ”), refers to the mayan language group and people of this name who inhabit the western highlands of guatemala. the epithet\ngroup and is distinguished from most other species in the genus by its broad forefeet associated with relatively short, wide metacarpals and proximal and middle phalanges; extremely long, broad fore claws associated with elongate and wide distal phalanges; uncrowded upper unicuspid row in which u4 is typically aligned and partially visible in labial view of the rostrum; protoconal basin of ml reduced relative to hypoconal basin; entoconid of m3 absent; broad humerus with elongate processes. within the\n); forefeet broad, fore claws long and broad. color of dorsal pelage of specimens collected in 2006 - 2008 ranges from raw umber to prout' s brown to mummy brown to clove brown; dorsal guard hairs typically 6 - 7 mm long, with individual hairs up to 8 mm, and indistinctly 3 - banded: basal five - sixths of hairs silvery gray, grading to a narrow pale band to a dark brown tip. ventral pelage paler than dorsum: tawny olive to saccardo' s umber to deep olive buff and dark olive buff. rostrum of medium length (pl / cbl = 43. 5 %); postorbital area broad (po / cbl = 25. 9 %); typically 2 obvious dorsal foramina along the suture between the frontals (88 %); no ventral extension of the sinus canal or associated foramen posterior to dorsal articular facet (\n) and dorsoventrally elongate head; posterior edge of falciform process of the tibia deeply pocketed .\ncharacteristics among the 4 species of cryptotis. abbreviations of variables as in table 1. statistics are mean ± sd and range .\ncryptotis alticolus. — cryptotis mam averages smaller in external body size (c. alticolus: hb = 79 ± 5; wt = 11 ± 3— woodman and timm 1999), but has an obviously longer tail (tl = 26 ± 2; tl / hb = 33% ± 5 %); a skull that averages smaller in most measurements (e. g. , cbl = 20. 2 ± 0. 5; bb - 10. 4 ± 0. 2; m2b = 6. 2 ± 0. 2), but averages a broader postorbital region (po = 4. 9 ± 0. 2), longer unicuspid row (utr - 2. 5 ± 0. 1; utr / cbl = 12. 3% ± 0. 4 %), and relatively longer zygomatic plate (zp / pl = 21. 8% ± 1. 2 %). c. mam has concave (rather than straight to convex) posteroventral borders on its unicuspids; lacks a vestigial foramen of the sinus canal (present in 39% of c. alticolus); and lacks a vestigial entoconid on m3 (present in 64% of c. alticolus). the humerus of c. mam has a broader distal end, somewhat more prominent teres tubercle and medial and lateral epicondyles, and greater distance between the teres tubercle and medial epicondyle .\ncryptotis goldmani. — cryptotis mam averages nearly the same in external and cranial size (woodman and timm 1999), but has a longer unicuspid row (c. goldmani: utr = 2. 3 ± 0. 1; utr / cbl = 11. 9% ± 0. 6 %); a relatively longer zygomatic plate (zp / pl = 21. 1% ± 2. 4 %); and has a foramen dorsal to the dorsal articular facet (in 16% of c. goldmani). c. mam lacks both a foramen of the sinus canal (strongly developed in c. goldmani) and a vestigial entoconid on m3 (present in 52% of c. goldmani). the humerus of c. mam has a narrower distal end, less prominent teres tubercle and medial epicondyle, and shorter distance between the teres tubercle and medial epicondyle .\ncryptotis goodwini. — cryptotis mam is much smaller externally, but the tail averages longer (tables 1 and 5); the skull averages smaller in all measurements, except utr, and it has a relatively broader zygomatic plate and relatively narrower palate. the bones of the forefoot are narrower, and the distal phalanges and claws average shorter and narrower (table 2; figs. 5 and 6). the humerus of c. mam tends to be smaller overall, has a narrower distal end, and less prominent medial and lateral epicondyles (fig. 7) .\ncryptotis griseoventris. — cryptotis mam is closest to this species in most characters and dimensions (table 1; fig. 2). it averages slightly smaller externally, but the 2 species overlap in most cranio - mandibular dimensions. c. mam has a relatively broader palate (table 5), however, so at a given cranial length, it overlaps only those c. griseoventris that have relatively broader skulls (figs. 1 and 2). c. mam has distinctly broader metacarpals and proximal and middle phalanges of the manus, and longer and broader distal phalanges and claws (table 2; figs. 5 and 6) .\ncryptotis peregrinus. — cryptotis mam averages slightly larger (c. peregrinus: hb = 72 ± 3— woodman and timm 2000), but has a relatively shorter tail (tl / hb = 42% ± 3 %); and a skull that averages larger in most measurements (e. g. , cbl = 19. 1 ± 0. 4; bb = 9. 9 ±0. 1; m2b = 5. 5 ± 0. 2). c. mam has a relatively shorter rostrum (pl / cbl = 44. 5% ± 0. 7 %), longer zygomatic plate (zp = 1. 6 ± 0. 1; zp / pl = 19. 3% ± 1. 0 %), and longer unicuspid row (utr = 2. 5 ± 0. 1; utr / cbl = 12. 9% ± 0. 3 %). it lacks a sinus canal and associated foramen, has a tiny foramen dorsal to the dorsal articular facet, more typically has 2 distinct dorsal foramina, and lacks an entoconid on m3. the forefeet and fore claws of c. mam are distinctly broader .\nwere collected by e. w. nelson and e. a. goldman from 25 december 1895 through 2 january 1896, in the vicinity of todos santos cuchumatan .\nhabromys lophurus, peromyscus guatemalensis, p. beatae, p. mexicanus, reithrodontomys microdon, r. sumichrasti, r. tenuirostris, sorex saussurei\nsylvilagus floridanus, sciurus aureogaster, h. lophurus, neotoma mexicana, p. guatemalensis, reithrodontomys mexicanus, r. microdon, r. tenuirostris, sigmodon toltecus\nis mostly unknown. none of 4 females captured in january 2008 was pregnant; a single female captured in july 2008 was lactating. the intestinal tract of a female from laguna magdalena (usnm 570337) contained a 2 - cm - long section of an earthworm (oligochaeta) and numerous setae; the stomach was empty (r. eckerlin, northern virginia community college, pers. comm .). the stomach contents of a female from aldea el rancho (usnm 570313) included macerated plant matter (including vessel cells of angiosperms), broken insect legs, and setae of earthworms, and the intestine contained macerated insect parts and an approximately 4 - mm - long piece of down from a passeriform bird. the stomach of a second female from that locality (usnm 570314) contained several pieces of an approximately 2 - mm - diameter oligochaete. the intestine included parts of beetles (coleoptera), a few plant cells, and some fungal hyphae (r. eckerlin, northern virginia community college, pers. comm .). although some of these items may be incidental occurrences, the presence of earthworms is common to all 3 specimens, suggesting that oligochaetes are an important part of the diet of\ncryptotis goodwini: genoways and choate, 1967: 204 (in part); choate, 1970: 249 (part); hall, 1981: 60 (part) .\n. —dried skin and skull of adult female, usnm 569443; obtained 30 july 2005 by walter bulmer, ralph p. eckerlin, and john o. mat son (j. o. matson field number 7124) on a north - facing slope with abundant downed trees and mosses in a relatively closed - canopy cloud forest dominated by oaks, pines, and firs; 5 km sw san mateo ixtatan, 3, 110 m, huehuetenango, guatemala .\n( 7). —guatemala: huehuetenango: 5 km sw san mateo ixtatán, 3, 110 m (usnm 569420, 569431, 569442, 569503); yaiquich [ approximately 15 °45′44 ″n, 91 °30″10 ″w ], 2, 680 m (usnm 569368); san mateo ixtatán, approximately 4 km nw santa eulalia, yaiquich, 2, 950 m (ummz 117843); 3. 5 miles sw san juan ixcoy, 10, 120 feet (ku 64610) .\n). known elevational range is 2, 680 - 3, 110 m. the entire distribution of this species is within a region with > 90% chance of frost (\n, is a latin adjective meaning strong, muscular, or quite literally, having a strong arm. the word is related to the noun ,\n, which refers to the upper arm, but is also used for the arm in general, especially when strength is meant. this name is in reference to the massive humerus of this species .\ngroup and is distinguished from most other species in the genus by its broad forefeet associated with relatively short, wide metacarpals and proximal and middle phalanges; extremely long, broad fore claws associated with elongate and wide distal phalanges; uncrowded upper unicuspid row in which u4 is typically aligned and partially visible in labial view of the rostrum; protoconal basin of ml reduced relative to hypoconal basin; entoconid of m3 absent; extremely broad humerus with greatly elongated processes. within the\n); long, broad humerus with prominent teres tubercle and medial and lateral epicondyles (c .\n) and dorsoventrally elongate head; the medial epicondyle of the humerus is strongly hooked dorsally; posterior edge of falciform process of the tibia deeply pocketed .\nin body size, and it clearly has the broadest humerus. measurements and indices for\ncryptotis alticolus. —in addition to averaging larger in external body size (c. alticolus: hb = 79 ± 5; wt = 11 ± 3— woodman and timm 1999), c. lacertosus averages larger in most skull measurements (e. g. , cbl = 20. 2 ± 0. 5; bb - 10. 4 ± 0. 2); but has a narrower palate (m2b = 6. 2 ± 0. 2; m2b / pl = 70. 9% ± 3. 0 %); a relatively longer unicuspid row (utr / cbl = 12. 3% ± 0. 4 %); and relatively broader zygomatic plate (zp / pl = 21. 8% ± 1. 2 %). c. lacertosus tends to have concave (rather than straight to convex) posteroventral borders on its unicuspids; lacks a vestigial foramen of the sinus canal (present in 39% of c. alticolus); and lacks a vestigial entoconid on m3 (present in 64% of c. alticolus). the forefoot and fore claws are broader; the humerus is larger and broader with longer processes .\ncryptotis goldmani. — cryptotis lacertosus averages larger in external body size (c. alticolus: hb = 76 ± 5; wt = 8 ± 1— woodman and timm 1999) and skull size (e. g. , cbl = 19. 6 ± 0. 5; bb = 10. 2 ± 0. 2); and has a longer unicuspid row (utr = 2. 3 ±0. 1; utr / cbl = 11. 9% ± 0. 6 %); relatively broader zygomatic plate (zp / pl = 21. 1% ± 2. 4 %); relatively shorter tail (tl / hb = 38% ± 5 %); relatively shorter rostrum (pl / cbl = 44. 2% ± 1. 0 %); and relatively narrower palate (m2b / pl = 66. 4% ± 2. 3 %). c. lacertosus lacks a foramen of the sinus canal (well - developed in c. goldmani); lacks a vestigial entoconid on m3 (present in 52% of c. goldmani); and often has a tiny foramen dorsal to the dorsal articular facet (in 16% of c. goldmani). the forefoot and fore claws tend to be broader, the metacarpals and phalanges wider, the distal phalanges and claws longer (woodman and morgan 2005), and the humerus larger .\ncryptotis goodwini. — cryptotis lacertosus averages smaller externally, but averages a longer skull (table 1); broader zygomatic plate; and a narrower palate. the sizes of bones and claws of the forefoot are somewhat intermediate between the largest c. mam and smaller c. goodwini, overlapping the former in length (but less so in breadth) and the latter in both length and breadth (table 2; figs. 3 and 6). the humerus of c. lacertosus is larger and has a more prominent and hooked medial epicondyle (fig. 7) .\ncryptotis griseoventris. — cryptotis lacertosus averages larger externally and in nearly all cranio - mandibular measurements (table 1), but averages a shorter tail and narrower palate (table 5). the bones and claws of the forefoot are much larger in all dimensions (table 2; figs. 3 and 6) .\ncryptotis mam. — cryptotis lacertosus averages larger externally and in nearly all cranio - mandibular measurements (table 1) but averages a shorter tail (table 5). the bones and claws of the forefoot overlap in length with those of c. mam but are much broader (table 2; figs. 3 and 6). the humerus is much larger, with more prominent teres tubercle and epicondyles (fig. 7) .\ncryptotis peregrinus. — cryptotis lacertosus is larger externally (c. peregrinus: hb = 72 ± 3— woodman and timm 2000) and cranially (e. g. , cbl = 19. 1 ± 0. 4; bb = 9. 9 ± 0. 1; m2b = 5. 5 ± 0. 2) but has a relatively shorter tail (tl / hb = 42% ± 3 %); relatively shorter rostrum (pl / cbl = 44. 5% ± 0. 7 %); longer zygomatic plate (zp = 1. 6 ± 0. 1; zp / pl = 19. 3% ± 1. 0 %); lacks a sinus canal and associated foramen; often has a tiny foramen dorsal to the dorsal articular facet; typically has 2 distinct dorsal foramina; and lacks an entoconid on m3 (vestigial entoconid present in 73% of c. peregrinus). the forefeet and fore claws are distinctly broader, and the humerus is much larger, with more prominent teres tubercle and epicondyles .\n. —the 1st specimen of this species was captured by james w. bee on 27 december 1954 (ku 64610) approximately 3. 5 miles sw of san juan ixcoy. capture records of\nhabromys lophurus, microtus guatemalensis, peromyscus beatae, reithrodontomys microdon, r. sumichrasti, r. tenuirostris\nis mostly unknown. none of 3 females captured in july and december 2005 was pregnant or otherwise showed evidence of reproductive activity .\ni thank w. bulmer, r. p. eckerlin, j. o. matson, and n. ordónez, who provided critical new specimens of cryptotis from guatemala. permits for fieldwork in guatemala were provided by f. herrera. the following curators and collection managers provided access to specimens under their care: d. lunde, n. b. simmons, r. s. voss, and e. westwig (amnh); l. r. heaney, b. d. patterson, and w. s. stanley (fmnh); r. m. timm and t. holmes (ku); j. m. chupasko (mcz); and p. myers (ummz). identifications of stomach contents of c. mam were generously provided by r. p. eckerlin, and c. dove identified the feather. valuable comments on previous versions of this manuscript were provided by s. feinstein, a. l. gardner, m. s. foster, and 2 anonymous reviewers. any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the united states government .\nzoognosia tabulis synopticis illustrata. volumen tertium. quadrupedum reliquorum, cetorum et montrymatum descriptionem continens\nmapa de zonas de vida holdridge. república de guatemala. ministerio de agricultura, ganadería y alimentación\ncryptotis goodwini (22). —quetzaltenango: calel, 10, 200 feet (usnm 77070, 77072 - 77084); volcán santa maría, 9, 000 - 11, 000 feet (usnm 77086, 77087). san marcos: finca la paz, 1, 200 m (ummz 103416). baja verapaz: 5 miles n, 1 mile w el chol, 6, 000 feet (ku 64611). chimaltenango: santa elena, 9, 900 - 10, 000 feet (fmnh 41791 - 41794); tecpán, 9, 700 feet (amnh 74302). san marcos: s slope volcán tajumulco, 10, 000 feet (ummz 99541). totonicapan: cumbre maría tecún, 3, 000 m (ummz 112004–112011) .\ncryptotis griseoventris (10). —mexico: chiapas: san cristóbal de las casas, 8, 000 - 9, 500 feet (usnm 75886 - 75894); 6 miles se san cristobal de las casas (mcz 48061) .\ncryptotis lacertosus (8). —guatemala: huehuetenango: 5 km sw san mateo ixtatán, 3, 110 m (usnm 569420, 569431, 569442, 569443, 569503); yaiquich, 2, 680 m (usnm 569368); san mateo ixtatán, approximately 4 km nw santa eulalia, yaiquich, 2, 950 m (ummz 117843); 3. 5 miles sw san juan ixcoy, 10, 120 feet (ku 64610) .\ncryptotis mam (27). —guatemala: huehuetenango: todos santos cuchumatán, 10, 000 feet (usnm 77051 - 77064, 77066 - 77068); hacienda chancol, 9, 500 - 11, 000 feet (usnm 77069); laguna magdalena, 2, 925 m (usnm 569554, 569555, 570337, 570340); puerto al cielo, 3, 350 m (usnm 570248); aldea el rancho, 3, 020 m (usnm 570256, 570257, 570313, 570314) .\noxford university press is a department of the university of oxford. it furthers the university' s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide\nfor full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription .\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference (book, 2005) [ worldcat. org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript. some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items. please create a new list with a new name; move some items to a new or existing list; or delete some items .\nnote: citations are based on reference standards. however, formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study. the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher, classroom teacher, institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address (es) field is required. please enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\nthe e - mail address (es) you entered is (are) not in a valid format. please re - enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title: mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference author: don e wilson; deeann m reeder publisher: baltimore: johns hopkins university press, ©2005. isbn / issn: 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc: 57557352\nwilson and reeder' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today. the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and, for the first time, common names. each concise entry covers type locality, distribution, synonyms, and major reference sources. the systematic arrangement of\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level. this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher' s website .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world' s living and historically extinct mammalian species. contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item. please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nwilson and reeder' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today. the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and, for the first time, common names. each concise entry covers type locality, distribution, synonyms, and major reference sources. the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level. this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher' s website .\nworldcat is the world' s largest library catalog, helping you find library materials online. learn more ››\ndon' t have an account? you can easily create a free account .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ncuarón, a. d. , de grammont, p. c. , woodman, n. & matson, j .\njustification: this species is listed as least concern because of its wide distribution, presumed large population, occurrence in a number of protected areas and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category .\nthis species occurs in the yucatan peninsula of mexico and adjacent belize and guatemala. also it is known from owl pellets collected in guerrero, mexico (choate 1970). it occurs in lowlands mainly below 100 m asl (650 m asl in guerrero) (reid 1997) .\nit can be found in lowland, dry scrub, deciduous forest, and seasonally dry evergreen forest (reid 1997). its biology and ecology is poorly known .\ndeforestation, particularly in the mexican part of its range where it is reported at around 14 - 20% loss (a. cuaron and p. carton de grammont pers. comm .) .\nit occurs in several protected areas (maya biosphere reserve), and is listed under mexican regulation as subject of special protection .\ncuarón, a. d. , de grammont, p. c. , woodman, n. & matson, j. 2016 .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nwoodman, n. , matson, j. , cuarón, a. d. & de grammont, p. c .\njustification: listed as critically endangered because its extent of occurrence is less than 100 km², it is known from only one location, and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat .\nit was considered common when collected by goldman (1951). one adult male, one male juvenile, and one female adult have been recently found by cervantes and colleagues (cervantes and guevara 2009) .\nthe habitat reported by merriam (1895) for the holotype and paratypes was evergreen tropical forest, represented by well - conserved vegetation that consisted of areas covered by layers of volcanic sand and ashes and trees of large size (choate 1970, goldman1951). the lower section of its range, from 1, 460 to 1, 525 m asl, is within dense primary forest; above this elevation it is montane grassland. the vegetation where the recently discovered specimens were obtained was cloud forest. in one of the three localities sampled, at 1, 500m, the trees of the canopy were unusually low (cervantes and guevara 2009). it is an insectivorous species, feeding exclusively on insects .\nis gradually changing or disappearing due to the use of land within the los tuxtlas biosphere reserve. the activities within the reserve frequently involve logging, cattle grazing, induced fires, and crops (cervantes and guevara 2009). in the area of the type locality, deforestation is as much as 90% and the annual deforestation rate is 6. 2% (dirzo and garcia 1992) .\npart of the distribution is included in the los tuxtlas biosphere reserve and los tuxtlas biological station. according to cervantes and guevara (2009), a specific conservation action plan is needed in order to buffer and eventually halt alterations of the habitat and protect the integrity of the populations of this species .\nwoodman, n. , matson, j. , cuarón, a. d. & de grammont, p. c. 2010 .\ngardner, a. l. 2005. didelphis linnaeus, 1758 (mammalia, didelphidae): proposed correction of gender, and cryptotis pomel, 1848 (mammalia, soricidae): proposed fixation of gender. bulletin of zoological nomenclature 62: 142–145 .\n. the taxonomy of this species is unclear (n. woodman pers. comm .), but it is thought to be part of the\nthis species is monotypic. the gender of the genus cryptotis is masculine, not feminine (gardner 2005), therefore, the epithet must change from montivaga to montivagus .\njustification: listed as least concern because of its wide distribution, presumed large population, occurrence in a number of protected areas, and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category .\nthis species occurs in the andean zone of central and southern ecuador (hutterer 2005). it occurs in the provinces of chimborazo, azuay and loja, in ecuador, at elevations between 2, 500 and 3, 800 m (woodman and péfaur 2008) .\nit is an uncommon species (d. tirira pers. comm .) .\nin woodman (2008), the population trend is described as stable. although this information could be true, it is not supported by data obtained from a study, so then the population trend is in fact, currently unknown .\nbarnett (1992) studied this species in southern ecuador. analysis of stomach contents demonstrated that it feeds on invertebrates including beetles, spiders, and caterpillars. it was found in habitats with closed, continuous vegetation at elevation. a litter size of two, and two litters per year, were inferred from the trapping data .\nthere are no major threats known for this species. although it is found in a region with high rates of habitat loss, the species apparently tolerates some degree of disturbance of its habitat (woodman 2008). however, this information is not supported by data about the state of conservation of the ecosystems occupied for this species, or about the tolerance to perturbation that is described for this species .\nit is found in several protected areas (d. tirira pers. comm .) .\njustification: this species is listed as least concern, although its current known extent of occurrence is less than 20, 000 km², it most likely occurs more widely than is currently known, it is presumed to have a large population, it is tolerant of a degree of habitat modification, and it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .\nthe species is found only in the central cordillera in antioquia department, colombia. a second specimen reported from the cordillera oriental by woodman (1996) was later described as a new species, cryptotis brachyonyx, related to cryptotis colombiana (woodman 2003, hutterer 2005). there have not been further surveys north or south of the known range, where it may occur. it is found from 1, 750 to 2, 800 m asl (woodman 2003) .\nthe species is common in the montane forest in the vicinity of medellin (delgado pers. comm. 2005) .\nit occurs in montane forest, as well as near pine plantations, disturbed forest, and in agricultural fields (delgado pers. comm. 2005) .\nthere are no major threats to this adaptable species. although it is found in a region with high rates of habitat loss, the species tolerates some degree of disturbance .\nmoreno, c. p. a. and albuja, v. l. 2014. una nueva especie de musaraña del género cryptotis pomel 1848 (mammalia: soricomorpha: soricidae) de ecuador y estatus taxonomico de cryptotis equatoris thomas (1912). papéis avulsos de zoologia (são paulo) 54: 403 - 418 .\nthe taxonomy of this species is unresolved and this taxon likely represents a species complex (woodman 2008). it was revised by vivar et al. (1997), who listed osgoodi as a subspecies; however, moreno - cárdenas & albuja (2014), making a taxonomic revision of several populations of this species, conclude that both subspecies, really represent different species and recognize the validity of cryptotis osgoodi. this species is monotypic .\njustification: listed as least concern because of its wide distribution, presumed large population, occurrence in a number of protected areas, and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category. however, this species remains largely understudied and further information is needed to properly assess the species status." ]

{ "text": [ "the genus cryptotis is a group of relatively small shrews with short ears , which are usually not visible , and short tails , commonly called small-eared shrews .", "they have 30 teeth and are members of the red-toothed shrew subfamily .", "since 1992 , neal woodman ( in cooperation with robert timm ) at the united states national museum has been in the process of revising the genus .", "to date , this has resulted in an increase in the number of species from 12 to 30 .", "members of the genus are found mainly in central america ; the north american least shrew , c. parva , is the only species found north of mexico .", "the genus occurs as far south as northern peru and as far east as western venezuela in south america .", "it is the only soricomorph genus found south of guatemala .", "the limited diversity and restricted northern distribution of shrews in south america implies that the group invaded the continent relatively recently from central america , where they are more diverse , presumably as part of the great american interchange .", "however , shrews have no fossil record in south america that would allow their arrival to be dated . " ], "topic": [ 12, 26, 21, 17, 26, 26, 20, 13, 15 ] }

[ "the genus cryptotis is a group of relatively small shrews with short ears, which are usually not visible, and short tails, commonly called small-eared shrews. they have 30 teeth and are members of the red-toothed shrew subfamily. since 1992, neal woodman (in cooperation with robert timm) at the united states national museum has been in the process of revising the genus. to date, this has resulted in an increase in the number of species from 12 to 30. members of the genus are found mainly in central america; the north american least shrew, c. parva, is the only species found north of mexico. the genus occurs as far south as northern peru and as far east as western venezuela in south america. it is the only soricomorph genus found south of guatemala. the limited diversity and restricted northern distribution of shrews in south america implies that the group invaded the continent relatively recently from central america, where they are more diverse, presumably as part of the great american interchange. however, shrews have no fossil record in south america that would allow their arrival to be dated." ]

[ "yellow clown goby v red headed goby yellow headed sleeper gobbies? ?? ?? ? gold headed sleeper goby golden - headed sleeper... . golden - headed sleeper goby\nhey i was just wondering if anyone knows where to buy food for a yellow headed sleeper goby. mine is looking very skinny at the moment and i really dont know if he will survive much longer with just the food in the dsb. does anyone know what they eat and where to buy it it would be highly apreciated .\nare yellow headed sleeper gobies really that hard to keep? half the shops say they are good, the other half say they are bad. all my books say they are hard to feed. but none of the books say to avoid them. what is anyones experience with them? jo\nthis species was previously (prior to 1992) identified as gobius auratus (risso 1810). this species is easily misidentified, especially with the yellow morph of g. auratus .\ni recently put a yellow headed sleeper goby in my 75 gallon reef. prior to him i have 2 bangaii cardinal juvis 1 lawnmower blenny. i did my research and found that they are peaceful. so i added him. he brought my lawnmower blenny out of hiding. and was a peaceful tank mate. however i then added a firefish today. which caused havoc my yellow sleeper would chase him around flaring his mouth and nipping at his tail. causing him to jump into my overflow. why is this happening? ?? will he always do this no matter what the next fish i add is? if so how in the world can i get him out .\nhey alex, go back over your tj, some helpful info there about sleeper goby. also might be time to give some thought to plan b, what to do if he gets worse? (put it out of it' s missery, keep trying for feed it, donate it to an established system, return to lfs) just some food for thought. fyi urltoken central sleeper headed goby & oq = reef central sleeper headed goby & gs _ l = hp. 3... 9813. 14455. 1. 14556. 14. 14. 0. 0. 0. 10. 241. 2888. 2 - 13. 13. 0... 0. 0... 1c. kaxvkq9olu4 & pbx = 1 & bav = on. 2, or. r _ gc. r _ pw. r _ qf. & fp = a94136a292f7c661 & biw = 1780 & bih = 1056\nnot sure about that, i kept a sleeper goby for about a year and he was fine. but honestly not sure of the signs .\npotentially reaching about 7 inches in total length, this indo - pacific species has a slender, cream - colored body with a yellow head and a thin, blue horizontal band extending from the corner of its mouth to the margin of the gill cover .\nmost relatively peaceful species that aren’t prone to gobbling up goby - sized fish will make good tankmates for the yellowheaded sleeper goby, but it’s wise to avoid species that are likely to compete with v. strigata for the same food source, such as dragonets, or for the same burrowing real estate, such as jawfishes .\nplenty of rock, i guess the sleeper goby just wanted to let him know he is in charge. cause they dont fight anymore. so thats good, thanks\ni' ve had my goby for about 10 months now, so he' s been doing fine, but i made a mistake a few months ago and need some help if anyone has any ideas .\nso i' m looking for any solutions to populate sand with food that a yellowheaded sleeper goby could eat? i' m willing to buy products if need be, just anything so i can get him fattened up a bit .\ni just got one for sand sifting duty. i have a 6 - spot sleeper goby which is similar but not as pretty but does a good job on the sand. if all goes well with this one i might get another .\nmy sleeper is\npeaceful\nbut when something new gets into the tank and gets into\nits\nterritory it will chase and bite / attack. i would keep an eye on things and make sure your goby has some great bolt holes .\nthis is normal behaviour when something new is added to the tank, those there before establish their hierarchy and things will come down within a few days that' s my experience. when i add my diamond goby my? peaceful? lawnmower blenny chase him around for two days, now they are friendly with eachother .\nv. strigata won’t pick at or eat corals or other sessile invertebrates, so it’s generally considered a good candidate for inclusion in reef systems. however, there is one caveat to consider: invertebrates positioned on or near the substrate will likely have sand continually showered down upon them as the goby sifts the substrate for food .\nhey alex, go back over your tj, some helpful info there about sleeper goby. also might be time to give some thought to plan b, what to do if he gets worse? (put it out of it' s missery, keep trying for feed it, donate it to an established system, return to lfs) just some food for thought. fyi urltoken\nunfortunately sleeper gobies fare very poorly in captivity because they don' t readily accept prepared foods. one thing that is worth trying is putting foods such as mysis shrimp or live black worms into the surface layers of the substrate where the goby is likely to pick them up while foraging. it has also been suggested that a high number of gobies are collected already containing intestinal worms which makes their situation even more dire. article here\nwhen i bought my goby, i had a fine grain live sand bed and he would eat from it fine but kick up an awful dust storm, even months after i bought him. i couldn' t deal with that constantly as it was jamming up a lot of my equipment and made the tank look ugly. i finally decided to put some more granular sand on top of my bed. i didn' t think about it when i did it, but the sand i put in the tank wasn' t alive .\ngreat idea i tried as soon as i read your comment, at first it didd' nt seem to work (however the hermit crabs and shrimp went skitz) but about an hour later and now he is eating the sand where i buried it and dumping it all over my goddam corals like a normal goby. thanx for the advice and thanx to everyone else who commented. ill continue to feed it in this way and if it doesnt work out ill sell it back to my lfs (seems better than the\nput it out of its misery\noption). and thanx salty for the help in both of the discussions .\nwe just purchased one of these gobies about 4 days ago and right away he found a hiding place, which is good for him but not for us he has been in there and will not come out he does once in awhile peak his head out but then he goes back in, so far has not been out in the tank to do any sifting. we are feeding our fish dry flakes and we do have blood worms. i don’t put the blood worms in because i don’t see the fish eating them even though we were told that they love blood worms. we have very friendly fish we have nemo’s and we have blue damsels so far. to make a long story short my question is is this goby ever going to come out and start sifting sand ?\ni have read alot about the sleeper goby not being the best eaters however i have never had that problem with my big guy since i purchased him, lucky i guess. he eats any type of food that i feed him but i did do something for him that i have had many people recomend to me, i went to the syd fish markets and purchased some maranara mix, i then blended the stuff up (mind you i gagged about 500 times, its totally gross and stinks sooo bad) i then dumped a big lot into an a4 glad bag and squshed it as much as i could to get a thin paper like layer and froze. now i break a small peice off let it defrost in a shot glass with water from the tank and feed! he goes crazy as do some of my corals when this is fed to the tank. might be an idea to fatten your little guy up maybe\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ngland, switzerland, 5 july 2018 (iucn) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change, with 7% of th ...\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years, but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives... .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices, as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse ...\nlivingston, f. , kemp, k. , batchelor, a. , milligan, h. t. , larson, h. , van tassell, j. , de silva, r. , lutz, m. , jopling, b. & lintott, p .\njustification: gobius xanthocephalus is found in the eastern atlantic ocean, from northern spain to madeira and the canary islands and in the northwestern mediterranean sea. it has been recorded from two sites in the black sea; however, these records may pertain to another species and require further taxonomic research. gobius xanthocephalus is common and can be locally abundant. no major threats have been identified and g. xanthocephalus is unlikely to experience significant population declines in the immediate future. therefore, g. xanthocephalus is assessed as least concern .\nfrance (france (mainland) ); georgia (abkhaziya); gibraltar; italy (italy (mainland) ); monaco; portugal (madeira, portugal (mainland) ); russian federation (european russia, south european russia); spain (baleares, canary is. , spain (mainland) ); ukraine (krym )\ngobius xanthocephalus is an inshore, benthic species that typically occurs at depths from one to 22 m, although it has been found to a depth of 36 m (villegas - ríos and bañón 2010). it is typically seen sheltering in small, sandy caves, fissures and boulders (heymer and zander 1992, almeida and arruda 1998). gobius xanthocephalus has a short generation time (martin and palumbi 1993) .\nthere are no species - specific conservation measures for this species, however it occur in marine protected areas .\net al. 2011, iucn 2011) and least concern globally (iucn 2010) .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\na pair of yellowheaded sleeper gobies, also known as gold head or blueband gobies .\n), is interesting to observe and can serve a utilitarian purpose in marine aquaria—regularly overturning and oxygenating the top layer of the substrate with its sand - sifting feeding behavior. however, for reasons i’ll soon elaborate upon, this same behavior can make\nv. strigata is a burrowing species, so it’s important to secure any rockwork or décor that could be toppled if undermined. it feeds by repeatedly taking in mouthfuls of sand, sifting out tiny benthic invertebrates, and expelling the sand from its gill openings. small fish and fish eggs are also on its natural menu. in the wild, this species is usually found in pairs, and it can be kept as such in aquariums if a known bonded pair is acquired .\nto loosely paraphrase the melancholy dane, therein lies the rub! owing to its constant sand - sifting behavior, v. strigata can easily deplete the resident microfauna in an aquarium substrate and is, therefore, highly vulnerable to starvation in captivity if efforts aren’t made to ensure live foods are replenished. small, non - live meaty foods, such as mysis shrimp and finely chopped seafoods, should be offered, but do be aware that not all specimens will learn to accept substitute food items .\nan aquarium for v. strigata should be well established with a deep bed of live sand and, ideally, a productive refugium to promote healthy populations of microfauna. a tank size of at least 55 gallons is recommended for long - term keeping, but the availability of open bottom space is a more critical consideration than overall tank volume. also, be sure to cover the tank well, as v. strigata is a jumper .\nif you enjoyed this post, subscribe to get our new posts in your email .\njeff kurtz is the co - founder / editor of saltwater smarts, former senior consulting editor for tropical fish hobbyist magazine, and the aquarist formerly known as “the salt creep. ” he has been an aquarium hobbyist for over 30 years and is an avid scuba diver .\nsaltwater smarts is a unique online resource created to inspire and entertain a new generation of marine aquarium hobbyists while helping them succeed with a saltwater system. learn more\nsaltwater smarts is a participant in the amazon services llc associates program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to amazon. com. to learn more, please check out our disclosure page .\nbecause of the sheer size of our forum, we' ve been forced to limit selling and trading to members who' ve met a couple of criteria. (if you' re seeing this message, you haven' t met them yet .) please take a moment to acquaint yourself with our selling / trading rules to help make your stay a long and rewarding one .\ni heard they are hard to keep too... sadly after i bought one! but since the day i got mine... it will eat everything i put in the tank... from attacking the strips of nori... to the silversides for my eel! i would think as long as you see them eating atleast live brine at the store, you' d be good to go... just make sure you buy a turkey baster! your going to need it to clean all the sand off the corals and rocks! ! they make a mess! !! good luck\nthey are just hard to feed. when i delt with them i had to start by putting some food in the sand they would sift it out then they would start to figure it out other than that thier not bad\n_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ask dsmack about his momma ...\nthey are not hard to get to eat. the problem is keeping them fed. it' s hard, especially with other fish in the tank, to make sure that they are getting their fare share. they usually come in with sunken stomachs and remain that way till they die. the other bad thing about them is they are jumpers .\nwe just bought a pair today and found out the hard way that they are jumpers. the second one we put in must have got spooked and managed to jump into the corner drop off where the live rock is. after a bit of panicking we took all the rock off the top of him and very gently grabbed him and returned him to the tank. so far so good but i am sure we will find out in the morning .\nmine' s a pig. i' ve had him for a little over a year. he eats anything and i do mean anything i put in the tank. really, it' s the other fish that have to do the competing because he' s such a pig .\n_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ we don' t have a signature... .. current tank info: 125 gallon reef\nmine' s a pig too. he eats everything i feed the tank: mysis, pellets, flakes, krill, prime reef, etc. and he' s not afraid to get out there during feeding time. he has peaceful tankmates, though, so that may make a difference. when it' s not feeding time he can be seen sand sifting .\n_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ laurence flynn 340g in - wall envision tank and 150g sump. current tank info: deltec 902, pfo hood with 3x400w radium 20k and 4x96w pc' s. hammerhead closed loop - and 2 x tunze 6105 (and vortech still sucks) .\npowered by vbulletin® version 3. 8. 4 copyright ©2000 - 2018, jelsoft enterprises ltd. powered by searchlight © 2018 axivo inc .\nuse of this web site is subject to the terms and conditions described in the user agreement. reef central tm reef central, llc. copyright ©1999 - 2014\nuser alert system provided by advanced user tagging v3. 3. 0 (pro) - vbulletin mods & addons copyright © 2018 dragonbyte technologies ltd .\n_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ instead of moving your tank around to fit your animals, get the animals that fit your tank .\nok sweet, i have to keep getting my fire fish out of the overflow .\nyeah, but the firefish is now skiddish and went down the bulkhead and landed in my floss filter. luckily i got him out in time. he should be getting ick anyday now .\nlocation: port orford oregon... as west as you can get .\nknock wood... i have rescued many a fish from a sock or overflow. it' s really not that bad in there, like a nice long warm shower (not too long! )\nkeep up water changes (nice, stress free ones making particularly sure tha temp, , salinity and ph match) feed well (little and often) perhaps with selcon, limit stress, cover jump hazards .\nich is not inevitable, nor is it a death sentence. if by chance it does happen, please post before you do anything. hundreds of people on this forum have had the same experience .\nfire fish are known jumpers period even without any aggression, you will need to screen your top and overflow if you plan on it staying in your tank .\nyeah its covered, he is just a small little bugger and fits through the holes .\npowered by vbulletin® version 3. 8. 8 copyright ©2000 - 2018, vbulletin solutions, inc .\nvbulletin security provided by vbsecurity v2. 2. 2 (pro) - vbulletin mods & addons copyright © 2018 dragonbyte technologies ltd. our lawyer tells us that, by pressing the\nnew thread\nor\nnew reply\nbutton, you acknowledge that the opinions and information expressed in your article are yours alone and not those of thereeftank. com, dba the reef tank. further, you agree to indemnify the reef tank, its moderators, administrators and agents from any and all liability which may arise as a result of your article. (c) opyright 2006 urltoken\njoin 3reef now to remove this notice and enjoy 3reef content with less ads. 3reef membership is free .\nit' s been almost 5 months now and sand has nothing growing on / in it, and besides some worms and the pods i supplement, nothing is really\nin\nthe sand for him to eat. so he' s been slowly getting skinnier and skinnier each month. i fed him every day with mysis shrimp or emerald entree dipped with selcon. he also eats greens whenever i put it in the tank. i' m doing all i can to supplement his diet but the sand isn' t growing anything and he clearly needs to eat from it. it' s really sad because he scoops up sand all day, yet is still skinny. i' ve even let my nitrates raise a bit to see if i could grow something but still nothing .\nthe last thing i haven' t done is raise my light hours. currently i have lights on for 7 hours a day and was considering raising them to 8, possibly 9 hours to see if it made a difference. i have no coral in this tank (90 gal) only inverts and fish. is this a bad idea? figured the worst that could happen is i get some extra algae. my nitrates are about 10ppm this week .\nsome sandsifters get a parasite in their stomachs where they just keep getting skinnier. i would feed him food soaked in a garlic solution to help him out .\nwould there be any other signs of parasites? his poop is usually light green / green color, sometimes stringy though. never white. that could be a possibility .\nsame thing happened to mine. i tried feeding more and more throughout the day but then i started getting algae problems because of all the crap i was introducing in my system. he disappeared shortly after, never to be seen again. i hear a lot of clammer about sand sifter gobies not lasting a long time - maybe about a year or so on average. that might be true or not, but seems to be the trend. i hope you can get him back to health though, i love those sleeper gobies they are awesome .\ni am of the mind set that you cannot keep these fish a long time (like years) for the most part. maybe a few can but it seems like it always ends the same. fish appears to be eating, slow decline and noticeable weight loss over a couple month period to like 6 months .\nthis is the reason i like ywg and similar types. they are not dependent on the sand bed as their main source of nutrition .\nthat' s discouraging = /. i bought him back in july so it' s been awhile. i' m thinking it' s worth it to buy a few bottles of pods to stick in there (few varieties), and increase the lightning then. my algae is well controlled at the moment, and if it means saving a fish, i' ll deal with a bloom. there' s got to be a product out there that can nurture more life in your sand .\non that note, i find it very strange that every site i read on yh sleeper gobys, say they are carnivorous, while mine eats nori, and other greens all the time. anyone else have that experience ?\nthis has been my experience as well. i don' t know anybody who has been able to keep these and other sand sifting fish long term, even with supplemental feeding .\neverything i' ve researched on the internet shows that no one has kept them for longer than a year. i' m discouraged, but not convinced. he gets food every day so as long as that' s happening he' ll survive i believe, but i need to step it up as surviving is not good enough for me. looks like i' ll be building a new refugium and buying some extra pod bottles for the time being .\ni feed my fish 1 cube a day, and every other day i give them nori .\nam i not feeding them enough to cultivate more critters in my sand? my clowns, tang, and angel all have flat or round bellies so i believe they are well fed, if not too much. i only feed at night, once at around 7pm, then again @ 9pm, and if any extra food, 1 more feeding at around 10pm, all from 1 cube i thaw in a dish. just another thought, if that affected the situation .\nreef aquariums made easy with 3reef aquarium forums - one of the oldest and friendliest aquarium forums online. 3reef came online in 1996 as' three steps to a reef aquarium.' this title was created as an attempt to overcome the common fears associated with keeping a reef aquarium, especially at that time. 3reef still retains its roots and remains a friendly forum for new people interested in aquariums and veteran hobbyist alike .\nall trademarks used are properties of their respective owners. all rights reserved. all forum posts are the property of the posters. all else © 1996 - 2014, urltoken llc .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nif order under $ 350 shipping charge will be calculated base on the actual shipping weight. all livestock orders are shipped via next day air. if other shipping method is chosen we will modify the shipping method. live rock and sand are ship using 2nd day service. drygoods, aquarium supplies, and reptile supplies are ship using ground service unless specified. all livestock orders must be shipped overnight via ups or fedex priority overnight to reduce transit time. orders generally ship within 1 - 2 business shipping days. all livestock are shipped wednesday and will be deliver thursday morning. you will receive a confirmation email with your tracking number when your order has shipped .\nsaturday delivery must be made by special request by email or phone. saturday delivery is an extra $ 26 charge .\nin the interest of meeting your schedule, if 70% of your order is in stock, it will be shipped. any missing items or substitutions will be marked on your order and your total will be adjusted accordingly. if you would prefer to be contacted if we are missing items, please let us know when placing your order in the comment field. however, this may delay your order. due to the nature of our products, we cannot backorder live animals .\nif your shipping address is different from your credit card billing address, please make sure your card issuer has listed this shipping address as an\nauthorized\naddress. we verify all addresses with visa, mastercard, discover and american express .\nups generally requires a signature for delivery. you or someone authorized by you, must be present to sign for a shipment if you choose to have it delivered to your home or office .\norders not held for pick up at the fedex / ups facility when temperatures are greater than 90 degrees or lower than 40 degrees .\norders placed during extreme weather will not be cover under our alive arrive guarenteed .\nif the weather delay a flight, or closes an airport, you live stock will be delayed. fedex has no control over the weather, nor does freshmarine. com .\nif your live stock is delay, damaged, or never delivered due to severe weather condition, fedex will not honor guarantees, and therefore neither can freshmarine. com .\nurltoken only ships within the continental u. s. excludes hawaii, alaska, and puerto rico\nthis site uses cookies. by continuing to use this site, you are agreeing to our use of cookies. learn more .\nsorry to hear this, hopefully you can get it eating some mysis or similar .\nparva paenīnsula - prodigious pico - the beast - a whole 1. 5 litres of pico - the perennial salina\nfirechild has pretty much said it all. imo, this is one of a number of fish that should not be so readily collected / sold as the majority seem to die within a relatively short period in captivity. as mentioned, try placing the food under the surface of the sand - hopefully the gobie will find it, and recognise it as food .\nleo' s elos 120xl - a tank from the motherland... . pardon the anagram - elos system midi with giesemann teszla - s - apex' d - propagation / quarantine shallow tank leo' s 2ft cube - shutdown 17 / 07 / 2013 elos system midi propagation tank\none of the biggest problems not mentioned yet, is that they (like madarins) constantly search for food. they can be gluttonous in a single sitting, but they seem to do better when fed small amounts alot, kinda like anthias in a way. they also fair better when kept in mated pairs, not singularly. as josh said you need to try alot of different foods to see what it likes most. also a quieter tank seems to suit them better, as there is less competition for food .\nmine loved frozen brine shrimp he would chase it around the tank. sent from my htc incredible s using tapatalk 2\nsounds like a great idea, i might give it a try if the burying brine shrimp doesnt work. thanx\ncan anyone tell me if these gobies eat live copepods, because everytime i search for it on google it just tells me about mandarin gobies, if they do i might concider putting a bottle of live copepods and putting them in the dsb in the sump, and hopefully starting a sustainable population. has anybody done this? will they reproduce fast enough ?\ni have seen them on ebay international for $ 3 for 40ml and $ 10. 50 for 110 ml, not sure if they post to australia bit ill find out .\nsnowy river native fish used to do them a few years ago. not sure if they are still doing them or not\nare you new to reefing? don' t worry, we' ve all been there before. using our new to reefing forum, you are able to ask members of the community for help and advice. this section is dedicated to hobbyists without any experience. ask away and our helpful and friendly community will do their best to help you .\nfrom the day we opened the first store in maidenhead, we’ve firmly believed that one key to our success is employing fish keepers." ]

{ "text": [ "gobius xanthocephalus , the yellow-headed goby , is a species of goby native to the eastern atlantic ocean from northern spain to madeira and canary island , and also in the mediterranean sea where it is found in inshore waters at depths of from 1 to 22 metres ( 3.3 to 72.2 ft ) and can be found living under stones .", "this species can reach a length of 10 centimetres ( 3.9 in ) tl . " ], "topic": [ 18, 0 ] }

[ "gobius xanthocephalus, the yellow-headed goby, is a species of goby native to the eastern atlantic ocean from northern spain to madeira and canary island, and also in the mediterranean sea where it is found in inshore waters at depths of from 1 to 22 metres (3.3 to 72.2 ft) and can be found living under stones. this species can reach a length of 10 centimetres (3.9 in) tl." ]

[ "have a fact about endoxyla leucomochla? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for endoxyla leucomochla? write it here to share it with the entire community .\ntrismelasmos donovani (rothschild, 1897) (cossidae: zeuzerinae), female - qld, toowoomba, 19. nov. 1923, w. b. barnard leg. (anic). bred\ntrismelasmos donovani (rothschild, 1897) (cossidae: zeuzerinae), male - qld, toowoomba, 19. nov. 1923, w. b. barnard leg. (anic). bred\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site. view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\ninclude many species with large caterpillars and moths up to 17 cms in wingspan. many of the caterpillars have an unpleasant smell: hence their name goat moths. most of the caterpillars are borers in trees, hence their other names. the\nthe caterpillars may take up to three years to mature, and pupate within their tunnels .\npopular: trivia, history, america, television, tv, usa, geography, cities, ... more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\npowered by naturemapr | atlas of life in the coastal wilderness operates under creative commons attribution 3. 0 australia | privacy\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nsign in to disable all ads. thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word. leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation." ]

{ "text": [ "endoxyla donovani is a moth in the family cossidae .", "it is found in australia , where it has been recorded from queensland , new south wales and victoria .", "adults are white , heavily speckled with dark brown .", "there are two dark patches on the costa of the forewings , as well as a dark mark on the inner margin and a dark subterminal band . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 8, 1 ] }

[ "endoxyla donovani is a moth in the family cossidae. it is found in australia, where it has been recorded from queensland, new south wales and victoria. adults are white, heavily speckled with dark brown. there are two dark patches on the costa of the forewings, as well as a dark mark on the inner margin and a dark subterminal band." ]

[ "jennifer hammock selected\nrhingia campestris\nto show in overview on\nrhingia campestris meigen, 1822\n.\nkari pihlaviita set\nimage of rhingia campestris\nas an exemplar on\nrhingia campestris meigen, 1822\n.\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\nlaidunnokkanen\nto\nrhingia campestris meigen, 1822\n.\n2 april 2006 rhingia campestris the image on the right illustrates the long tongue. count the legs if you are not sure .\nthe only other hoverfly that rhingia campestris can be confuse with is the similar (but much less common) r. rostrata. they can be separated by looking at the sides of their abdomens which in r. campestris are marked with black, but in r. rostrata are entirely orange .\nobservation - rhingia campestris - uk and ireland. description: the barry manilow of the hoverfly world. was a recent post with a small black bacchini sp. labelled as this - pic to show how obvious the' snout' is, plus the body is obviously rufous. rhingia rostrata scarce but possible and has more orange abdomen .\nrhingia campestris is one of my favourite garden hoverflies. i' m not sure why; but i just like it! easily recognised from its elongated' face' which forms a snout. here it is on verbena bonariensis .\nthere are just two rhingia species in britain and both are very similar. however r. rostrata lacks the black margins to the tergites and has a completely orange abdomen and legs. r. campestris has a black ring on at least the rear leg and often more) .\nscientific name: rhingia campestris size: up to 11mm distribution: found throughout the uk months seen: march to november habitat: meadows, parks, gardens, farms and woodland food: nectar. the larvae feed on dung special features: the heineken hoverfly (rhingia campestris) has a dark orange coloured abdomen with a black central stripe. the black coloured thorax has lighter coloured metallic stripes running through it from front to back. the most distinguishing feature of the heineken hoverfly is the long snout. heineken used to advertise their beer by saying it could reach the parts other beers couldn' t reach. with it' s long snout the heineken hoverfly can reach the nectar which other hoverflies can' t reach - hence the name .\nthe genus is easily recognised by its long snout. with r. campestris the abdomen usually has a black line or stripe along the axis, but always along the lateral margins of the tergites. it has a largely orange abdomen and dark thorax .\nthe barry manilow of the hoverfly world. was a recent post with a small black bacchini sp. labelled as this - pic to show how obvious the' snout' is, plus the body is obviously rufous. rhingia rostrata scarce but possible and has more orange abdomen .\none of our commonest and most distinctive hoverflies. with its long snout, it can only be confused with r. rostrata which has a greyer thorax and an abdomen lacking the dark median stripe and lateral margins of campestris. the larval habitat is very unusual for a hoverfly - cow pats and possibly other forms of dung. adults are very mobile and will turn up in a range of habitats, often some distance from obvious breeding sites, and can be particularly abundant along sheltered woodland rides visiting flowers such as bluebell, bugle and ground - ivy, which their long mouth - parts can penetrate. adults are occasionally observed hovering at a height of 1 - 2 metres. the flight period typically extends from mid spring until early autumn .\nenter the name or part of a name you wish to search for. the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard. e. g.' papilio *'. keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .\nwe are still having problems with the search feature. unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .\nfauna europaea is europe' s main zoological taxonomic index. scientific names and distributions of all living, currently known, multicellular, european land and freshwater animal species are available in one authoritative database .\nfauna europaea provides access to its rich and quality - checked data via this public web portal that also links to other key biodiversity services. it is installed as a taxonomic backbone in a wide range of biodiversity services and actively contributes to biodiversity informatics innovations in various initiatives and ec programs. fauna europaea started in 2000 as an ec funded fp5 project and provides a unique taxonomic reference for many user - groups such as scientists, governments, industries, nature conservation communities and educational programs. fauna europaea was formally accepted as an inspire standard for europe, as part of the european taxonomic backbone established in pesi. today it is hosted by the museum für naturkunde in berlin .\nthis site is powered by the edit platform for cybertaxonomy and supported by eu bon (urltoken). eu bon - building the european biodiversity observation network, presents an innovative approach towards the integration of biodiversity data and information systems, both from in - situ and remote sensing data sources. the eu bon project is a 7th framework programme funded by the european union under contract no. 308454 .\ndue to significant security issues and a warning received from the german federal office for information security, the old fauna europaea site (urltoken) urgently had to be closed and is unfortunately no longer available. all requests to this site are automatically redirected to the new portal, also directly available under fauna - eu. org .\nthe new fauna europaea portal first launched in late 2016 provides access to all taxonomic and geographic distribution information currently contained in the fauna europaea database by directly searching for individual taxa. through a search request, also the full taxonomic tree is available for further navigation .\nhowever, a number of functionalities (e. g. to obtain a list of species for any taxon above the genus level, to offer export / download functionalities for species lists / distributions) as well as some statistics available at the old site are not yet implemented at the new site, which is still under development. these functionalities will be implemented in the near future, as well as further improvements on display and functions. also, pending updates on the taxonomic and geographic content in the database will be tackled, but may still take some time due to limited personnel and resources available .\nmany thanks for your understanding and we apologize for all inconveniences. in case of urgent need of specific information currently not accessible from the site, please, do contact us .\nmuseum für naturkunde leibniz - institut für evolutions - und biodiversitätsforschung invalidenstr. 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail: fauna - eu (at) mfn - berlin. de website: urltoken\ncopyright © 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons, inc. all rights reserved\nenter your email address below. if your address has been previously registered, you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password. if you don' t receive an email, you should register as a new user\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\nthe book contains identification keys to virtually all hoverfly species of northwest europe and is written in english. northwest europe ranges from great britain in the west to the german - polish border in the east, and from the loire in the south to the north pole in the north. the books of van der goot (1981,' zweefvliegen van noordwest europa, in het bijzonder de benelux') and verlinden (1991, syrphidae in the series belgische fauna) are the core of the book. the vast amount of literature since 1981 and the collection at the zoological museum amsterdam have been used to modify and extend keys. new keys have been build for genera that changed markedly the past 20 years. it is published by the knnv publishing, where it can be ordered .\nin 2010, the second edition was published. it was improved with the addendum to the 2004 - edition that is given below. i also considered the impressive work of bartsch (2009a and b) on the nordic hoverflies in the update. regrettably, syrph - the - net refers only to the 2004 - edition. please note that the second edition is revised and extended .\nunfortunately, i did not have the time to follow the new species and identification improvements of the period since 2010 .\nto my dismay, the book contains a number of typing errors. these are, as honest as possible, reported here if they concern the keys and the figures. in addition, new species have been added and revisions have been carried out. i try to follow them and provide guidance how the change the keys in the book here .\nbrachyopa. doczkal and dziock (2004) added two species in volucella 7. these are added in the brachyopa addendum. this addition is relevant for europe as a whole. the keys now contain all european brachyopa .\n* haarto, kerrpola and ståhls (2007, volucella 8, p. 63) describe cheilosia naruska as a new species from northern europe. this species keys out in the impressa - group (p. 63 in my key). there, it would key out to ch. semifasciata, because the legs are completely black and although the wing base is paler, it is not yellow like ch. impressa (according to their photo of the male, but they state in the description\nwings: yellowish brown tinged at least basally\n). the species differs from ch. semifasciata by the following - base of tibia deep black, not turning a little brown - mouth edge not extended, even less than fig. 166 - 167 (ch. impressa) - male: abdomen without silverish spots\nthe species differs from ch. impressa by the following: -\nthe front coxa being without a hook\n( in de diagnosis), repeated in the description as\nprocoxa without lateral hook\n.\nif i interpret their taxonomical remarks rightly, they state that ch. fasciata in finland has the tibia completely black. that is in contrast to ch. fasciata in the netherlands and belgium, which have the base of their tibia yellowish. may be cold winter temperatures cause this difference .\nin sweden, a species here fore known from mountainous regions and therefore omitted in the book. it would key out tot\n. change item 9 in the pagana - group (p. 59) as follows .\n9. a males and females. sternites shiny, without dust - > 10\n10. a tars 1: middle segments pale. male: frons flat, not swollen in profile; 3rd antennal segment 1. 5 times as longs as wide. female: 3rd antennal segment large and red, without furrow. smaller: 5 - 8 mm. holarctic - > cheilosia pagana meigen 10. b. tars 1: middle segments black to brown. male: frons swollen in profile; 3rd antennal segment as long as wide. female: 3rd antennal segment red, on anterior side with a distinct furrow. larger: 8 - 9mm. central europe, sweden. - > cheilosia hercyniae\n. change 2 on page 57 (pagana - group) to the following to add characteristics .\n2. a. wing: base hyaline, brownish or blackish; face: black. female: scutellum at least black on front half - > 3\n2. b. wing: base yellow; face partly yellow; female: scutellum yellow. - >\n, only found around helsinki. it is part of the fraterna - subgroup (p. 77 in the hoverflies book) in which it neatly fits because the bristles on the hind rim of the scutellum are absent or present (short in the latter case). the drawing of the species in bartsch (2009b) has a completely black arista, so it would end up near\n, provisionally let 2. a. refer to i and insert i between item 2 and 3 (on p. 77) .\ni. a. large species: 8 - 13mm; eyes: hairy all over or bare on lower part; tibia 3: pale with black patch or pale with black ring. female: hairs on scutellum long - > 3\nof central europe). females: eyes bare on lower part and tibia 3 with black ring; scutellum with extremely short hairs. finland only - >\n, which belongs to the canicularis - group in the hoverflies - book (p. 74). it keys out to\n11. a. males and females. tars 1 and 2 mainly black above; frons: hairs black. 7 - 9mm. southern finland. - >\n11. b. males only. tars 1 and 2: at least three basal segments yellow above; frons: pale hairs present among the black. 7 - 11mm. central and northern europe - >\n5. a. tergites 3 and 4: spots strongly narrowed to less than 0. 5 times their largest width; antennae black, dark - brown or pale - > i 5. b. tergites 3 and 4: spots hardly narrowed, at most to 0. 6 times their largest width; antennae pale - > 6\ni. a. antennae pale; scutellum: hind margin with a black margin, scutellar dorsum predominantly yellow haired; face with pale hairs. 7 - 11 mm. northern europe, mostly above polar circle. - >\ni. b. antennae brown to black; scutellum: hind margin yellow, scutellar dorsum predominantly black haired; face predominantly with black hairs. 10 - 12mm. northern and central europe .\nin the key is somewhat tricky. the addition below is provisionally. the change starts at item 7 (p. 88) .\n7. a. scutellar dorsum with predominantly black haired. male: hairs on the side margin of tergite 2 yellowish (with black ones in hind corner); angle of approximation of eyes acute. female: dust patches on frons large and (almost) touching, their width in the middle is 1 / 4th of the distance between lunulae and ocelli or wider - > 8 7. b. scutellar dorsum predominantly yellow haired. male hairs on the side margin of tergite 2 black; angle of approximation of eyes blunt or acute. female: dust patches on frons small, only present around eye margin and when extending into the middle, their width in the middle is less than 1 / 5th of the distance between lunulae and ocelli - > i\ni. a. males: angle of approximation of eyes more than 90 degree. female: dust patches on frons small, only present around eye margin, although they extend into the middle, they hardly touch. 5 - 8mm. northern and central europe. - >\ni. b. male: angle of approximation of eyes less than 90 degree. female: dust patches extending into the middle forming a band. 5 - 8mm. northern europe above polar circle. - >\nepistrophe. on page 93, item 10. a. should refer further to item 11 (instead of 10). on page 94, fig. 297 and 298, the old name e. similis should be e. obscuripes .\n. this is a siberian species that is present in finland and the central part of sweden. it will key out to\nat item 8b. let item 8b refer to i, change in 8b' scutellum largely black haired' to' scutellum with at least onethirdth of hairs black' and remove the part on the frons of the female. item i becomes :\ni. a. arista black; frons grey dusted only along eye margin, shiny (or nearly so) in the middle. 11 - 12mm. - >\ni. b. arista yellow; frons evenly dusted in posterior half, gradually less so towards the lunulae. 9 - 12mm. sweden, finland, siberia. - >\n. this is a finnish endem. it is probably best to include it at item 7 (p. 93) as i am not sure about the coverage of microtrichia in the first basal cell. bartsch states in the swedish description that the second basal cell is completely covered with microtrichia. i guess the species will key out to item 12 and is internediated between\n( differing from both by the black hairs on the scutellum and the coloration of tars 3). first relabel item 7 in the book to 7 * .\n7. b. tars 3: background colour pale, with 6 well defined black rings (base and top of metatars and tops of the other tarsal segments; scutellar dorsum mainly black haired; arista black; face yellow; tergite 5 yellow with a black spot in the middle. 11 - 13mm. finland. - >\neristalis. many names appeared to be female instead of male. the change was implemented in the last stage and failed at several points .\nalso has a yellow metatars 3). solution: switch them. renumber 4. a. and 4. b. to 3. a. and 3. b. and vice versa. the new 3. a. refers to 4, the new 4. b. refers to 5 .\neupeodes. eupeodes rufipunctatus occurs in iceland (bartsch, 2009). it is separated from all other eupeodes by its reddish, bad - marked spots, whereas the other species have yellow, well - marked spots .\nmicrodon figure 483 is wrong, it is a copy of figure 482. the figure is not essential in the key .\nneoascia. on page 145, item 1b should refer further to 5 (instead of 4) .\northonevra figure 532 is wrong and simply a copy of figure 531. it is not essential in the key .\nparasyrphus. on page 160, item 10a should refer further to 11 (instead of 10) .\nparhelophilus. on p. 161, item 2b should refer to 4 (instead of 5) .\npipiza. on p. 166, item 9a should refer to 10 (instead of 11) .\nplatycheirus. on page 175, item 21. a. refers to 22 (instead of 2) .\nnielsen (2004) published new species in the p. ambiguus - group in volucella 7. these are all added in the platycheirus addendum. this addition is relevant in montane and boreal areas. some species only occur in montane areas in southern europe .\non p. 182, item 41b, the synonym is p. argentatus ringdahl .\n. males will readily key out to item 39 (p. 181) and then cause trouble. the solution is probably to change item 39 and add 39 * .\n39. a. metatars 1: ventrally with a black marked, narrow pit in the distal part; tars 3 with central 2 segments pale and last 2 segments black; tibia 3 with broad pale top and base; tergites with yellow spots undusted - > 40 39. b. metatars 1: ventrally with a broad pit in the middle, without much dark coloration; tars 3 black or brownish, little or no contrast between central and last segments; tibia 3 almost completely dark, leaving small pale top and base; tergites with yellow spots undusted or heavily greyish dusted - > 39 *\n39 *. a. tergites with yellow spots without grey dusting. larger: 7 - 9mm. northern europa, siberia, above polar circle. - >\n39 *. b. tergites with spots heavily dusted, yellow colour hardly visible. smal: 5 - 7mm .\n28 *. a. tibia 1: the extension at the posterior part of the top triangular, it ends acute; metatars 1: posterior edge gently curved. 7 - 10mm. - >\n28 *. b. tibia 1: the extension at the posterior part of the top almost rectangular, it ends truncate; metatars 1: posterior edge angular at 1 / 3rd of the top. 6 - 9mm. northern europe and asia. - >\npsilota. i used, with their agreement, a prepublication of smit and zeegers to include all 3 west palaearctic species. unfortunately, they switched the names of p. atra and p. anthracina in their official publication, which appeared after my book was published. please swap the names in my book! !! ! - p. atra becomes p. anthracina - p. anthracina becomes p. atra\nitem 8a, p. 203: the second figure reference should be to 710 instead of 712 .\n. introduce item 10 * between 10 and 11 (p. 203), 10. a. now refers to 10 *\n10 *. b. genitalia: base of toothed lobe with a distinct bulge at the base, the form of the toothed lobe triangular seen from the side; toothed lobe longer than hairy lobe; projection on hairy lobe; tergite 2: always with yellow band. 8 - 10mm. northern europe and siberia, above polar circle. - >\n13. b. appendage of hairy lobe viewed form below or above: petiolate with a constriction at the base (like an arrow point); toothed lobe distinctly shouldered, its width more than twice the tooth at its base. 7 - 10mm .\n13 *. a. appendage of hairy lobe with a long tapering tip; distinct projection on the base of the hairy lobe. 7 - 10mm. - >\n13 *. b. appendage of hairy lobe with a short tapering tip; projection at the base of the hairy lobe weak and almost absent. 7 - 9mm. northern europe, siberia, above polar circle. - >\n15. a. tergite 2: yellow band; genitalia: toothed lobe not shouldered beneath teeth - > 16 15. b. tergite 2: two yellow spots, at most touching; genitalia: toothed lobe shouldered beneath teeth - > 12\ntemnostoma. i got the russian keys of krivosheina (thanks martin), they are translated (thanks hanneke) and published in the temnostoma key. the additions are relevant in boreal areas .\ntriglyphus. figure 772 is a female, while figure 773 is the male .\nxanthogramma. while writing the book there was dispute over the identity of xanthogramma pedissiquum. bartsch (2009, nationalnycklen, part 1) adds x. stackelbergi to the northwest european fauna. the map shows it is found all over denmark and it is good to look out for the species further south. change the xanthogramma - key (p. 224) as follows .\n2. a. femur and tibia 3 pale with dark ring; tergite 2 with broader spots than those on tergites 3 and 4, spots on tergite 2 triangular - > 3 2. b. femur and tibia 3 completely pale; tergites 2 - 4 with subequal spots, spots on tergite 2 linear - > xanthogramma citrofasciatum degeer (= xanthogramma festivum )\n3. a. wing: the dark patch around the stigma extends to two cells below the stigma; view from below: the membrane between the sternites and tergites at each segment yellow in front quarter, black on back threequarters. 10 - 13mm. - >\n3. b. wing: the dark patch nearly absent, extends only to the cell just below the stigma; view from below: the membrane between the sternites and tergites completely yellow on segments 3 - 5. 10 - 12mm. northern europe, siberia. - >\nclick here to support naturespot by making a donation - small or large - your gift is very much appreciated. thank you .\napril to october. peaking late may / early june and late august / early september .\nthe larvae breed in cow dung where they are exceedingly well camouflaged in the surface layer .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nspecies account from provisional atlas of british hoverflies, ball & morris, 2000 .\nthe larvae live in cow dung, fragments of which adhere to their bodies, ensuring that they are well camouflaged. however, adults are found in areas where cattle are absent, raising the possibility that dung of other species, or even other media such as wet compost, may be used. occurs in meadows, gardens, hedgerows, woodland edges, etc. adults are usually seen visiting flowers, especially pink or purple flowers with concealed nectar sources, or resting on vegetation. the long extension to the face, and the long proboscis sited beneath, gives access to deep flowers, such as\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas, please upload using the upload tools .\nstubbs, alan e. and falk, steven j. (1983). british hoverflies: an illustrated identification guide. british entomological & natural history society. p. 253, xvpp .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\nthe second smaller brown fly (above right photograph) was ubiquitous on wasteland like the dovecote bank .\nwe’ve partnered with invision to make it easier to search and download our images in sketch and adobe® photoshop® .\n{ { t (' more _ than _ one _ credit', { zero: calc. totalcreditcost }) } }\nonce this video clip is done converting, you' ll be able to download it from your video conversion queue or download history .\neditorial use only photos don' t have any model or property releases, which means they can' t be used for commercial, promotional, advertorial or endorsement purposes. this type of content is intended to be used in connection with events that are newsworthy or of general interest (for example, in a blog, textbook, newspaper or magazine article) .\nthis format requires a quick conversion (usually under 5 mins) before download begins, or you can get the largest and smallest formats immediately .\ncrop for social, add text and more with istock editor. open in editor\nby clicking\nconfirm download\nyou agree that you' ve read and agree to all applicable license agreements for this download .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1. 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution, non - commercial cc by - nc licence .\nricarte, antonio, rotheray, graham e. , lyszkowski, richard m. , hancock, e. geoffrey, hewitt, stephen m. , watt, kenneth r. , horsf, 2014, the syrphids of serra do courel, northern spain and description of a new cheilosia meigen species (diptera: syrphidae), zootaxa 3793 (4), pp. 401 - 422: 414\nmaterial examined. leg. a. ricarte: 3 ♀, meadow along moreda valley, 720 m, 23. v. 2012 (1 ♀), 24. v. 2012 (2 ♀). leg. d. horsfield: 1 ♀, moreda valley, 24. v. 2012 [ nms\n]. leg. s. m. hewitt: 1 ♂, moreda valley meadows, 26. v. 2012 [ calmg ] .\nno known copyright restrictions apply. see agosti, d. , egloff, w. , 2009. taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the plazi approach. bmc research notes 2009, 2: 53 for further explanation .\nlarvae unknown. many records are associated with deciduous woodland and speight (1998) states that adults fly “within woodland, visiting flowers in small glades and dappled sunlight”. like ,\na rare and enigmatic species which is sometimes found in great abundance at a locality and then disappears. records are concentrated in south - east england, especially in the woods of the weald and the chilterns, and in south wales. records from the latter area have increased, especially in the autumn\nstubbs & falk (1983), pp. 88 and 178, pl. 5: 5 .\nrecorded very infrequently but it can suddently appear in numbers at a site for a few weeks and then vanish. no permanent populations are known. it was last reported in britain in 1976 .\ndatasheet from the review of scarce and threatened diptera, falk (1991) .\nrecords widely dispersed in southern england extending as far north as worcestershire and also in wales (carmarthenshire, pembrokeshire, cardiganshire, denbighshire) .\nan association with ancient broadleaved woodlands is apparent (shaded conditions could be required) .\nthough some other form of decaying organic matter such as carrion is a possibility. adults recorded from may to september probably as two broods. they feed on a range of tubular flowers including bluebell, alkanet\nand seem to prefer red and purple flowers, though they are occasionally reported visiting spring flowering shrubs .\ninfrequent and very erratic, it may suddenly appear in abundance and then will not be seen for many years. about 25 post 1960 sites are known and are scattered widely. it was particularly frequent in kent in the 1960s with some eight sites but has since declined. a number of the more recent records are from wales, where it may be under - recorded. status revised from rdb2 (shirt 1987) .\nclearance of woodland for agriculture and intensive forestry. mis - management of heath and woodland rides and clearings, with resultant scrub and bracken invasion .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nabout us | terms of service | privacy policy | links | advertise | © copyright 2013 g. bradley\ndescription: length 7 - 12mm. a distinctive species with only one similar relative. the duck - billed look of the snout, the gingery abdomen with black median line along the sides, the black and grey striped thorax that is extremely hairy and the black and orange legs make this and instantly recognisable hoverfly. the snout is in fact a protective beak that holds the long proboscis which can be seen when the fly is cleaning itself. behaviour: can be seen flitting around dense undergrowth and resting on fences in hot conditions. they can be found quite a way from possible breeding sites. feeds on bluebell, bugle and ground - ivy, which their long mouth - parts can gain access to. the larvae can be located in cow dung. distribution: very common throughout britain except in the far north. habitat: near to hedgerows, woodland edges. period: march to november .\nthe genus phaius is distributed mainly in pantropical areas, and most species reported are autogamous. in contrast, phaius delavayi, an alpine plant endemic to temperate zones of china, is strictly pollinator dependent. only female workers and males of the bumblebee species b. hypnorum and b. lepidus are effective pollinators. the pollinaria are deposited on top of the head or the prothorax of the pollinators. the different depositions of pollinaria are regarded as an adaptation of the chamber dimensions of the flower to the size of the pollinator. the natural fruit set reported here (24. 6–37. 1 %) suggests that pollination is successful in the deceptive p. delavayi. the yellow perianth and sweet floral scent of p. delavayi are important cues in attracting pollinators, while flowering time and mass population are associated with the process of “learning and avoidance” of the rewardless flowers. this orchid, therefore, employs a deceptive pollination strategy with diverse pollinators and pollinaria depositions rather than autogamy as do its congeners .\nwe thank dr. peter bernhardt from saint louis university, usa, for improving the manuscript, dr. xu huanli from the chinese agricultural university for his identification of insects. this study was supported by national nature science foundation of china (30900183) and southwest university of science and technology (07xjgzb17), and by the co - researching station of the institute of botany, chinese academy of sciences and huanglong administration of national scenic spots, sichuan, china .\nbingham rb (1998) efficient pollination of alpine plants. nature 391: 238–239\ncatling pm (1990) auto - pollination in the orchidaceae. in: arditti j (ed) orchid biology: reviews and perspectives v. timber, oregon, pp 123–158\ndarwin c (1890) the various contrivances by which orchids are fertilised by insects, 2nd edn. john murray, london\ndressler rl (1993) phylogeny and classification of the orchid family. cambridge university press, cambridge\ngandawidjaja d, arditti j (1982) post - pollination phenomena in orchid flowers xi. autogamy in\ngegear rj (2005) multicomponent floral signals elicit selective foraging in bumblebees. naturwissenschaften 92: 269–271\ngill de (1989) fruiting failure, pollinator inefficiency, and speciation in orchids. in: otte d, endler ja (eds) speciation and its consequences. mass, sunderland, pp 458–481\nheuschen b, gumbert a, lunau k (2005) a generalized mimicry system involving angiosperm flower colour, pollen and bumblebees’ innate colour preferences. plant syst evol 252: 121–137\n( orchidaceae): a special and unstable system. plant sys evol 254: 31–38\nkunze j, gumbert a (2001) the combined effect of color and odor on flower choice behavior of bumble bees in flower mimicry systems. behav ecol 12: 447–456\nli p, tang sy, dong l, luo yb, kou y, yang xq, perner h (2005) species diversity and flowering phenology of orchidaceae in huanglong valley, sichuan. biodivers sci 13 (3): 255–261\nlunau k, wacht s, chittka l (1996) colour choices of naïve bumble bees and their implications for colour perception. j comp physiol a 178: 477–489\nmiller j, litvak m, kelso s, vargo a (1994) comparative reproductive biology of two alpine primrose species. arct alp res 26: 297–303\nneiland mrm, wilcock cc (1998) fruit set, nectar reward, and rarity in the orchidaceae. am j bot 85: 1657–1671\nnilsson la (1981) pollination ecology and evolutionary processes in six species of orchids. acta univ ups 593: 1–40\nosche g (1983) optische signale in der coevolution von pflanze und tier. berichte der deutschen botanischen gesellschaft 96: 1–27\nperner h, cribb p (2002) orchid wealth. alp gard 70: 285–294\nproctor mcf, yeo p, lack a (1996) the pollination of flowers. timber, portland\nschmitt u, lubke g, francke w (1991) tarsal secretion marks food sources in bumblebees (hymenoptera: apidae). chemoecology 2: 35–40\nsimonds v, plowright cms (2004) how do bumblebees first find flowers? unlearned approach responses and habituation. anim behav 67: 379–386\nstebbins gl (1970) adaptive radiation of reproductive characteristics in angiosperms i: pollination mechanisms. annu rev ecol evol syst 1: 307–326\ntotland o (2001) environment - dependent pollen limitation and selection on floral traits in an alpine species. ecology 82: 2233–2244\ntremblay rl, ackerman jd, zimmerman jk, calvo rn (2005) variation in sexual reproduction in orchids and its evolutionary consequences: a spasmodic journey to diversification. biol j linn soc 84: 1–54\ntsi zh (1999) phaius, calanthe. in: chen sc, tsi jh, lang ky, zhu gh (eds) flora republicae popularis sinicae (tomus 18). science, beijing, pp 258–321\nvan der cingel na (2001) an atlas of orchid pollination: america, africa, asia and australia. a. a. balkema, brookfield\nvan der pijl l, dodson ch (1966) orchid flowers: their pollination and evolution. university of miami press, coral gables\nli, p. , zheng, g. l. , dafni, a. et al. plant syst evol (2010) 286: 167. urltoken\nfloral feeding in leaf beetles has been reported mainly for aulacoscelinae, donaciinae, orsodacninae, criocerinae, megascelinae, cryptocephalinae, eumolpinae, chrysomelinae, galerucinae, and alticinae (jolivet, 1977, 1978, 1988, 1991; nielsen, 1988; schmitt, 1988, etc .), but the actual consumption of pollen in these insects has been rarely reported, though the mechanics of pollen digestion has been discussed by mann & crowson (1981) and kuschel & may (1990) .\nthese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .\narnett, r. h. , jr. , 1962. the tarnished beetles. j. wash. acad. sci. 52: 9–15 .\narnett, r. h, jr. , 1968. pollen feeding by oedemeridae (coleoptera). bull. entomol. soc. am. 14: 184, 204 (abstract) .\nbenedict, j. h. , wolfenbarger, d. a. , bryant, v. m. , jr. & george, d. m. 1991. pollens ingested by boll weevils (coleoptera: curculionidae) in southern texas and northeastern mexico. j. econ. entomol. 84: 126–131 .\ncrowson, r. a. , 1946. a revision of the genera of the chrysomelid group sagrinae (coleoptera). trans. r. entomol. soc. london 97: 75–115 .\ncrowson, r. a. , 1960. the phylogeny of coleoptera. ann. rev. entomol. 5: 111–134 .\ncrowson, r. a. , 1981. the biology of the coleoptera. academic press: new york, xii + 802 pp .\nerdtman, g. , 1971. pollen morphology and plant taxonomy. angiosperms. hafner publ. co. : new york. xii + 553 pp .\nfaegri, k. & van der pijl, l, 1971. the principles of pollination ecology. 2nd ed. pergamon press: new york, xii + 291 pp .\nferguson, j. e. & metcalf, r. l. , 1985. cucurbitacins. plant - derived defense compounds for diabroticites (coleoptera: chrysomelidae). j. chem. ecol. 11: 311–318 .\nfuchs, g. - v. , 1975. die gewinnung von pollen und nektar bei käfern. natur. u. museum 104: 45–54 .\nhaslett, j. r. , 1983. a photographic account of pollen digestion by adult hoverflies. physiolog. entomol. 8: 167–171 .\n( domin) pedley, at brisbane, southeast queensland. victorian naturalist 100: 156–158 .\nlefevre, 1885 (coleoptera chrysomelidae eumolpinae). bull. annls. soc. r. belge entomol. 124: 189–194 .\njolivet, p. , 1977. selection trophique chez les eupoda (coleoptera chrysomelidae). bull. soc. linn. lyon 46: 321–336 .\njolivet, p. , 1978. selection trophique chez les clytrinae, cryptocephalinae et chlamisinae) (camptosoma) et les lamprosomatinae (cyclica) (coleoptera chrysomelidae). acta zool. path. antverpiensia 70: 167–200 .\njolivet, p. , 1988. food habits and food selection of chrysomelidae. bionomic and evolutionary perspectives. in: jolivet\njolivet, p. , 1991. selection trophique chez les alticinae (coleoptera chrysomelidae). bull. mens. soc. linn. lyon 60: 26–40; 60: 53 - 72 .\nkimoto, s. & konishi, h. , 1987. utilization of resources by flower visiting leaf beetles (insecta, coleoptera, chrysomelidae) on mt. daihi, kyoto prefecture. kurume univ. j. 36: 89–91 .\nkuschel, g. & may, b. m. , 1990. palophaginae, a new subfamily for leaf - beetles, feeding as adult and larva on araucarian pollen in australia (coleoptera: megalopodidae). invertebr. taxon. 3: 697–719 .\nlawrence, j. f. & newton, a. f. jr. , 1982. evolution and classification of beetles. ann. rev. ecol. syst. 13: 261–290 .\nlac. (coleoptera chrysomelidae), in relation to characters of larvae, internal anatomy and tarsal vestiture. j. nat. hist. 15: 727–749 .\nmedvedev, l. n. , 1968. jurassic leaf beetles of the karatau. in rohdendorf, yurskiye nasekomiye karatau, pp. 155–165 .\nneilsen, j. k. , 1988. crucifer - feeding chrysomelidae: mechanisms of host plant finding and acceptance. in jolivet\npellmyr, o. & thien, l. b. , 1986. insect reproduction and floral fragrances: keys to the evolution of the angiosperms? taxon 35: 76–83 .\nby selfing and by insects in the alpine zone of colorado. arctic and alpine res. 9: 211–215 .\npesho, g. r. & van houten, 0r. j. , 1982. pollen and sexual maturation in the pea weevil (coleoptera: bruchidae). ann. entomol. soc. am. 75: 439–4143 .\nrickson, f. r. , cresti, m. & beach, j. h. , 1990. plant cells which aid in pollen digestion within a beetle’s gut. oecologia 82: 424–426 .\nsamuelson, g. a. , 1989. pollen feeding in alticinae (chrysomelidae). entomography 6: 407–411 .\nschmitt, m. , 1988. the criocerinae: biology, phylogeny and evolution. in jolivet\nthien, l. b. , 1980. patterns of pollination in the primitive angiosperms. biotropica 12: 1–13 .\n( micro - pterigidae): an ancient association? science 225: 540–543 .\nwillemstein, s. c. , 1987. an evolutionary basis for pollination ecology. brill: leiden bot. ser. 10, vii + 425 pp .\nsamuelson g. a. (1994) pollen consumption and digestion by leaf beetles. in: jolivet p. h. , cox m. l. , petitpierre e. (eds) novel aspects of the biology of chrysomelidae. series entomologica, vol 50. springer, dordrecht\nthe hoverflies (family syrphidae) are among the most beautiful of the dipteran flies, being very often brightly coloured and sometimes quite large. many species are well - known as wasp and bee mimics; their colouration, mimicking that of these other insects, is thought to give them some protection against predators wary of being stung .\nthe hoverfly xylota segnis photographed on an oak leaf (quercus sp .). although difficult to see here, the long and predominately orange abdomen are good clues to identification of this species .\nfemale volucella zonaria. this large and spectacular hoverfly is a hornet mimic and a continental hoverfly now commonly seen in southern britain (perhaps as a result of climate change) .\nas well as being a large and distinctive hoverfly, volucella pellucens also has a very interesting biology. like other species of the genus volucella, the eggs are laid in the nests of social bees and wasps (a very hazardous operation which often leads to the death of the female) where the larvae feed (unmolested) on the detritus of the colony .\nsyrphus ribesii is probably one of the most familiar garden hoverflies. it is well known for the males habit of' singing' when at rest: vibrating its wings to produce a high - pitched whine. this one is resting on hawthorn (crataegus monogyna) .\nsyrphus ribesii on californian poppy (eschscholzia californica). the larvae of this species are one of the most important predators of aphids .\nscaeva pyrastri is a large and distinctive hoverfly. several smaller species resemble it, but the combination of size and very distinctively shaped markings on the abdomen make it relatively easy to identify .\na bulb fly (merodon equestris). bulb flies are important economic pests of bulb crops like onions and daffodils: their larvae feed on the bulbs. a very variable species in terms of colouration with different forms mimicking different species of bumblebee .\na bulb fly (merodon equestris) on hardy geranium. the tawny colouration of this one probably mimics the common carder bee (bombus pascuorum) .\nhoverfly meliscaeva auricollis. the widely separated eyes show that this is a female .\nanother distinctive species of hoverfly, the sun fly (helophilus pendulus) is easily recognised. this one is on bog bean (menyanthes trifoliata) .\nsun fly (helophilus pendulus). in my garden sun flies tend to favour the area around the pond. (like eristalis spp. , the larvae of these hoverflies feed on detritus filtered from water. )\ndronefly (eristalis tenax) on corn marigold (chrysanthemum segetum). if you look closely, you can just make out the apparent double vertical stripes on the surface of the eyes which indicate that this is e. tenax. (the stripes are made by areas of denser hairs. )\ndronefly (eristalis sp. , perhaps eristalis tenax). the widely separated eyes show that this is a female .\ndronefly (eristalis sp. , probably eristalis pertinax) on ivy. droneflies are often mistaken for honey bees .\ngood head - on shot of a hovering dronefly (eristalis sp .). notice the eyes meet at the top of the head indicating a male .\na beautifully coloured female eristalis intricarius feeding on forget - me - not (myosotis sp .) .\nthe marmalade fly (episyrphus balteatus) is one of the most common hoverflies to be seen in the garden. the distinctive double stripes on the abdomen make it almost unmistakable. here it is on corn marigold (chrysanthemum segetum) .\nexcellent close - up shot of the marmalade hoverfly (episyrphus balteatus) on corylus avellana' contorta' .\nthe newly emerged male marmalade hoverfly (ephisyrphus balteatus) shows clearly the uninflated wings. the photographer noted that the wings were fully inflated some 25 minutes later .\namazing shot of a marmalade fly (episyrphus balteatus) in flight from below." ]

{ "text": [ "rhingia campestris is a species of hoverfly , 7 – 11 millimetres ( 0.3 – 0.4 in ) long , with a wingspan of 12 – 18 mm ( 0.5 – 0.7 in ) .", "it is common across the palearctic from march until november .", "it has a broad orange abdomen with a black line along the sides ( the black line is absent along the sides of rhingia rostrata ) , and has the distinctive long snout of all rhingia species .", "rhingia campestris is the main pollinator for many plant species and due to its long snout it can forage on tubulous flowers .", "larvae are associated with cow dung .", "adults males feed on nectar , while adult females feed on protein rich pollen , reflecting the cost of developing eggs . " ], "topic": [ 3, 0, 23, 8, 13, 8 ] }

[ "rhingia campestris is a species of hoverfly, 7 – 11 millimetres (0.3 – 0.4 in) long, with a wingspan of 12 – 18 mm (0.5 – 0.7 in). it is common across the palearctic from march until november. it has a broad orange abdomen with a black line along the sides (the black line is absent along the sides of rhingia rostrata), and has the distinctive long snout of all rhingia species. rhingia campestris is the main pollinator for many plant species and due to its long snout it can forage on tubulous flowers. larvae are associated with cow dung. adults males feed on nectar, while adult females feed on protein rich pollen, reflecting the cost of developing eggs." ]

[ "spiniphryne gladisfenae is a deep - water species, known only from females, which reach a maximum size of 13. 7 cm .\nfood and agriculture organization of the united nations. fishstat. spiniphryne gladisfenae (dimensionmember). (latest update: 27 nov 2013) accessed (9 jul 2018). uri: urltoken\nthere are no species - specific conservation measures in place for s. gladisfenae .\n( of dolopichthys gladisfenae beebe, 1932) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of centrophryne gladisfenae (beebe, 1932) ) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ncorner of 17th ave ne and ne 45th st. , seattle, wa 206. 543. 5590\ncorner of 17th ave. ne and ne 45th st. , seattle, wa\nthe burke museum’s ichthyology collection maintains a large archival collection of more than 11 million preserved fish specimens from around the world, but primarily from the north pacific ocean and bering sea and from freshwater habitats of the pacific northwest .\nthe ichthyology collection, its staff, students and resources play an important role in undergraduate and graduate education across campus, more specifically within the school of aquatic and fishery sciences. beyond the university of washington campus, our school outreach program is very popular. we also provide a variety of tours for other interested parties, and field many inquiries from the press and public concerning mysterious fishes and other ichthyological matters .\nmission our primary mission is to promote teaching and research in the areas of ichthyology, fisheries biology, aquatic biology, biodiversity and conservation, and to provide a source of ichthyological information for the public. while we maintain a large and diverse collection of ichthyological materials primarily for research, we also make material readily available to visitors to the collection and through a program of gifts, loans and exchanges. learn more on our services and policies page .\nburke museum scientists leading effort to create a digital encyclopedia of 3d vertebrate specimens .\na new species of goby was discovered while being chased by an invasive lionfish outside of curacao .\nresearchers are uncovering new insights about the early stages of life for several puget sound fishes .\nfrom preservation processes to cutting - edge research—the burke museum fish collection is a fascinating ...\nted pietsch retired in july after 37 years as burke museum curator of fishes and professor in the uw ...\nin total, 253 fish species have been recorded in the salish sea, and that’s about 14 percent more than in ...\n17th ave ne and ne 45th st. , seattle, wa, united states\nlatin,' spina' or' spinula' = thorn or spine + greek,' phryne' = toad (suggesting a\nspiny toad\n) (ref. 86949 )\nmarine; bathypelagic; depth range? - 1955 m (ref. 58426). deep - water\natlantic ocean: three records known from the eastern central atlantic; one record from the western atlantic .\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 10. 5 cm sl (female )\ndorsal soft rays (total): 6 - 7; anal soft rays: 4 - 6. distinguishing characteristics: esca with 2 bulbous, narrowly based, distal appendages, anterior - most appendage approximately two - thirds to one - half length of posterior most, each covered with small digitiform papillae and clusters of tiny filaments around base; absence of bulbous distal prolongation; large, anteroposteriorly compressed, posterior escal appendage, divided along its distal margin into 3 or more lobes or several to many slender filaments; absence of posterolateral filaments; total number of teeth in upper jaw 21 - 42, lower jaw with 25 - 45 teeth; vomerine teeth 4 - 8; length of illicium 7. 8 - 13. 3% sl; head length 25. 7 - 31. 8; head width 14. 5 - 19. 7; head depth 26. 2 - 32. 7; length of premaxilla 17. 6 - 21. 6; length of lower jaw 21. 8 - 31. 0 (ref. 86949) .\nbertelsen, e. , 1990. oneirodidae. p. 498 - 507. in j. c. quero, j. c. hureau, c. karrer, a. post, and l. saldanha (eds .) check - list of the fishes of the eastern tropical atlantic (clofeta). jnict, lisbon; sei, paris; and unesco, paris. vol. 1. (ref. 10524 )\n): 2. 2 - 3. 3, mean 2. 4 (based on 41 cells) .\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 7500 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 01995 (0. 00906 - 0. 04395), b = 3. 01 (2. 83 - 3. 19), in cm total length, based on all lwr estimates for this body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 8 ±0. 60 se; based on food items .\nresilience (ref. 69278): high, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (preliminary k or fecundity .) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low to moderate vulnerability (30 of 100) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\njustification: european regional assessment: not applicable (na) in europe, this species is found only in the azores. this species is assessed as not applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in europe. its european population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population .\nin europe, this species is found only in the azores (carneiro et al. 2014). globally, this species is found in the atlantic and western pacific (pietsch in press), as well as off eastern africa in the indian ocean. this species is known to inhabit depths from 1, 950 to 1, 955 m .\nthere is little species - specific population information available. this species is represented by 14 lots in a search of museum collection databases (fishnet2 database searched june 2014) .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmoore, jon a. , karsten e. hartel, james e. craddock, and john k. galbraith\npietsch, t. w. / carpenter, kent e. , and volker h. niem, eds .\nfao species identification guide for fishery purposes: the living marine resources of the western central pacific, vol. 3: batoid fishes, chimaeras and bony fishes, part 1 (elopidae to linophrynidae )\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4. 0 license\nfroese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nintergovernmental oceanographic commission (ioc) of unesco. the ocean biogeographic information system (obis), available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 322c1faa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 322c42d7 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 324f2a5c - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 324f2fe3 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 3625e607 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nfroese r. & pauly d. (eds). (2018). fishbase (version feb 2018). in: roskov y. , abucay l. , orrell t. , nicolson d. , bailly n. , kirk p. m. , bourgoin t. , dewalt r. e. , decock w. , de wever a. , nieukerken e. van, zarucchi j. , penev l. , eds. (2018). species 2000 & itis catalogue of life, 30th june 2018. digital resource at urltoken species 2000: naturalis, leiden, the netherlands. issn 2405 - 8858 .\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 75e106be - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\n. if you continue to use the site we will assume that you agree with this .\nthe urltoken website brings together statistics, maps, pictures, and documents on food and agriculture from throughout the fao organization in one convenient location. this means that instead of searching multiple sites and sources, you will be able to go to one central place in order to collect or view the data that interests you. to assist in data retrieval, the site provides an efficient search engine as well as easy - to - use navigation menus .\nheads up! we will have a convenient download format available for this resource soon .\nfood and agriculture organization of the united nations. (2012). fishstat. rome, italy: fao .\nfood and agriculture organization of the united nations. 2012. fishstat. rome, italy: fao .\nfood and agriculture organization of the united nations. (2012). fishstat. rome, italy, fao." ]

{ "text": [ "spiniphryne gladisfenae , the prickly dreamer , is a species of dreamer known only from the atlantic ocean .", "the females of this species grow to a length of 10.5 centimetres ( 4.1 in ) sl .", "the esca contains two bulbous appendages on the tip , covered with tiny papillae and with clusters of tiny filaments around the base .", "there is also a large appendage on the back , divided at the end into three lobes or many filaments .", "the number of lateral escal filaments varies from none to three .", "s. gladisfenae also has fewer dental teeth than s. duhameli . " ], "topic": [ 4, 0, 1, 23, 0, 23 ] }

[ "spiniphryne gladisfenae, the prickly dreamer, is a species of dreamer known only from the atlantic ocean. the females of this species grow to a length of 10.5 centimetres (4.1 in) sl. the esca contains two bulbous appendages on the tip, covered with tiny papillae and with clusters of tiny filaments around the base. there is also a large appendage on the back, divided at the end into three lobes or many filaments. the number of lateral escal filaments varies from none to three. s. gladisfenae also has fewer dental teeth than s. duhameli." ]

[ "alternative reproductive behaviors: three discrete male morphs in paracerceis sculpta, an intertidal ...\nmale alternative reproductive strategies in a marine isopod crustacean (paracerceis sculpta): the us ...\nthe reproductive behaviour of α -, β -, and γ - male morphs in paracerceis sculpta, a marine isopod crus ...\nfigure 1. alpha male (left) and mature female (right) paracerceis sculpta, note the large ornate tail fan of the male .\nthe marine crustacean paracerceis sculpta gathers a harem inside a sea sponge — and then he has to fight to keep his mates from frontal, sneak and cross - dresser attacks .\n( of paracerceis angra (pires, 1980) ) pires, a. m. s. (1981). sergiella angra pires, 1980, a junior synonym of paracerceis sculpta (holmes, 1904) (isopoda, sphaeromatidae). crustaceana. 41 (2), 219–220. [ details ]\nthree discrete male morphs coexist in paracerceis sculpta, a marine isopod crustacean inhabiting the northern gulf of california. ornamented α - males establish themselves in the spongocoels of intertidal sponges, where females congregate to breed. smaller β - males, resembling sexually mature females, enter spongocoels by deception, while tiny γ - males invade spongocoels by stealth. isopods breed... [ show full abstract ]\nparacerceis sculpta, a sphaeromatid isopod crustacean inhabiting the northern gulf of california, forms harem polygynous breeding aggregations in spon gocoels of intertidal sponges. males in this species occur as three distinct morphs; a - males are large and possess modified uropods and telsons, f3 - males resemble females, and ‘¿�y - males are small and inconspicuous. females are semelparous, ... [ show full abstract ]\n... we present five specific results: 1) the population frequencies of l2r and 3rs were consistent with those reported for heritable pigmentation markers in this, as well as in other sphaeromatid isopod species (shuster, 1989; shuster and levy, 1999); 2) mendelian inheritance was confirmed fig. 2. diagrams. a, α - male paracerceis sculpta bearing the autosomal pigmentation pattern l2r; b, female p. sculpta bearing the autosomal pigmentation pattern, 3rs (= three red stripes); in life, shaded areas appear bright red (redrawn after shuster, 1991b)... .\nparacerceis sculpta breeds in intertidal sponges, leucetta losangelensis, where males employ 1 of 3 discrete alternative reproductive behaviors. elaborate alpha - males attract females to spongocoels where mating and brooding of young by females occurs. variance in the number of females per alpha - male is high (n = 0 - 11). smaller beta - males, resembling females, and tiny gamma - males, resembling... [ show full abstract ]\nas described in this paper, the chromosomal system of sex determination in paracerceis sculpta is zw = females, zz = males. genetic evidence indicates that the morph of a zz male is determined by a second locus, ams (alternative mating strategy) which exists in three allelic forms whose dominance relationship is ams β > ams γ > ams α. so for example, to be an α type male, an individual must be zz ams α / ams α .\n( of paracerceis angra (pires, 1980) ) pires, a. m. s. (1980). sergiella angra, a new genus and species of sphaeromatidae (isopoda) from brazil. crustaceana. 38 (2): 212 - 218. [ details ]\n... paracerceis sculpta holmes, 1904 is a sphaeromatid isopod native to the central pacific coast of north america, with well - studied populations inhabiting the texas coast of the gulf of méxico (munguia and shuster, 2013) and the northern gulf of california in the republic of méxico (shuster et al. , 2001). previous studies of this latter population have documented the inheritance of three autosomal cuticular pigmentation markers (shuster, 1989) and one cuticular marker whose inheritance is consistent with sex linkage and female heterogamety (shuster and sassaman, 1997; shuster and levy, 1999). in this paper, we document the inheritance of three additional cuticular markers in this species... .\n... the frequency dependence ensures stability because when one of the alternative tactics is rarer, it has higher fitness leading to an increase in frequency of the underlying allele in the population. a genetic polymorphism has been implicated as the mechanism responsible for arts in several species that include the ruff (philomachus pugnax; lank et al. , 1995), a marine isopod (paracerceis sculpta; shuster, 1989; shuster & wade, 1991), and a swordtail (xiphophorus nigrensis; ryan et al. , 1992). the second hypothesis proposes that male tactics depend on individual differences in condition or status and hence on environmental and social influences (reviewed in gross, 1996; oliveira et al. , 2008)... .\n( of dynamene sculpta holmes, 1904) schotte, m. , b. f. kensley, and s. shilling. (1995 - 2017). world list of marine, freshwater and terrestrial crustacea isopoda. national museum of natural history smithsonian institution: washington d. c. , usa [ website archived on 2018 - 01 - 25 ]. [ details ]\n( of paracerceis angra (pires, 1980) ) schotte, m. , b. f. kensley, and s. shilling. (1995 - 2017). world list of marine, freshwater and terrestrial crustacea isopoda. national museum of natural history smithsonian institution: washington d. c. , usa [ website archived on 2018 - 01 - 25 ]. [ details ]\nwhen breeding season comes around, male paracerceis sculpta set up territories in the cavities of sponges. the alpha males are easy to spot as they develop an ornamented tail fan that sets them apart from the rather plain females. this large tail fan is possibly used for grasping the female during copulation, courtship displays or fending off rival males. the females being attracted to large males with proportionally large tail fans don’t mind being a part of the alpha male’s harem, which can contain as many as 11 females. as relatively few males can effectively monopolise the available female, these alpha males need to defend their territory and harem from other males that haven’t been so lucky. competition is high, so males have developed a couple of different methods of compromising the alpha male’s defences .\nthe marine slater, paracerceis sculpta, is native to the pacific coast of north america, but has since been introduced to many parts of the world including hawaii, brazil, china, europe and australia. this species was first discovered in townsville in 1975 and has since spread around southern australia to port denison, wa. a relative to the slaters, pillbugs or woodlice in your backyard as well as the giant marine slater of a previous post, this species reaches just over a centimetre in length and can be found in shallow waters living amongst seaweed, sea squirts, barnacles and sponges. although this species is invasive there is no evidence to suggest that this species is having a negative impact on the ecosystems that it has invaded. actually, the species is much more interesting for the strategies it employs during breeding season .\na second example of genes that control alternative male behaviors is found in the marine isopod, paracerceis sculpta. the genes for alternative male behavior are epistatically linked to genes that control alternative female strategies of sex ratio. shuster and his colleagues have characterized three alternative male morphs (shuster and sassaman 1997; shuster and wade 1991): large alpha males that defend harems of females, medium - sized beta males that mimic female behavior and morphology, and small - sized secretive gamma “sneaking” males. shuster (1989) used cuticular markers to assess male fitness in laboratory - reared isopods (shuster and wade 1991, 1992) and used the results on siring success to determine that fitnesses of the three morphs were approximately equal. however, the rules used to construct the fitness inferences were frequency - dependent in form. whether or not such frequency dependence contributes to the stability of the morphs has yet to be resolved .\n... for every 10 individuals, we found one, sometimes two, large adult males. we found no evidence for multiple male morphs in these collections [ e. g. , alpha, beta, gamma males in paracerceis sculpta as described by shuster (1989) ]. pereopod 1 (figure 3a) basis superior margin without palm setae, inferior distal angle with 1 long, simple seta, inferior medial margin setal patch absent; ischium length 2. 4 width, superior margin with 4 long, simple setae, inferior distal angle with 1 long, simple seta; merus 0. 42 ischium length, superior distal angle with 2 long, simple setae; carpus inferior distal angle with 1 long, simple seta; propodus length 2. 5 width, 0. 82 ischium length, superior distal angle with 2 long, simple setae, inferior margin with 3 long, simple setae; dactylus length 1. 7 width, length 0. 33 propodus length, inferior margin covered with scales, distal margin with 4 simple setae (figure 3a)... .\nthe paper also describes an additional layer of complexity in the sex - determining system of p. sculpta involving sex changes in both directions. this is explained by a model in terms of two other factors: an autosomal locus tfr (transformer) and a cytoplasmic factor ecf (extra - chromosomal factor) which interact as shown in the table below (taken from the paper). however, this doesn' t really add anything to the ams story as far as male morphs are concerned, except that some of them start as females .\nthree discrete male morphs coexist in paracerceis sculpta, a marine isopod crustacean inhabiting the northern gulf of california. ornamented α - males establish themselves in the spongocoels of intertidal sponges, where females congregate to breed. smaller β - males, resembling sexually mature females, enter spongocoels by deception, while tiny γ - males invade spongocoels by stealth. isopods breed year - round, and the operational sex ratio fluctuates widely over short durations. when females are abundant, receptive females accumulate in spongocoels, and these spongocoels are preferentially invaded by β - and γ - males. to test the hypothesis that the density of receptive females affects relative fertilization success among male morphs, individual β - and γ - males, heterozygous for a dominant cuticular pigmentation allele, were placed in artificial spongocoels with an unmarked α - male and densities of one, two, and three unmarked, receptive females. the fertilization success of each male was determined by counting the number of marked and unmarked progeny each female produced. alpha - males guard females effectively and sire nearly all young when one female is in a spongocoel. the success of β - and γ - males increases, however, and may even exceed the success of α - males when two or three females are present. the regular occurrence of more than one receptive female in the harems of α - males may contribute to the persistence of β - and γ - males in this species .\n... p. sculpta has three types of male morphs, which are genetically determined (shuster, 1989; shuster and wade, 1991): α - males, the largest and most ornamented; β - males, smaller than α - males, not or - namented and with short and flattened uropods; and γ - males, smaller than α - and β - males and females, also without ornamentation, and with short uropods. type α males are the most long - lived of all morphs, surviving on average 34% longer than β - and almost 80% longer than γ - males in wild populations in california (calculated from data on shuster and wade, 1991)... .\nmating system evolution, male and female reproductive strategies, community and ecosystem genetics, population biology of marine organisms .\nholmes, s. (1904) remarks on the sexes of sphaeromids, with a description of a new species of dynamene. proceedings of the california academy of sciences (3) zoology 3: 295 - 306. [ details ]\nboyko, c. b; bruce, n. l. ; hadfield, k. a. ; merrin, k. l. ; ota, y. ; poore, g. c. b. ; taiti, s. ; schotte, m. & wilson, g. d. f. (eds) (2008 onwards). world marine, freshwater and terrestrial isopod crustaceans database .\nschotte, m. , b. f. kensley, and s. shilling. (1995 - 2017). world list of marine, freshwater and terrestrial crustacea isopoda. national museum of natural history smithsonian institution: washington d. c. , usa [ website archived on 2018 - 01 - 25 ]. [ details ]\nzenetos, a. , m. e. çinar, m. a. pancucci - papadopoulou, j. g. harmelin, g. furnari, f. andaloro, n. bellou, n. streftaris & h. zibrowius. (2005). annotated list of marine alien species in the mediterranean with records of the worst invasive species. mediterranean marine science 6 (2): 63 - 118. [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nocchipinti - ambrogi, a. ; marchini, a. ; cantone, g. ; castelli, a. ; chimenz, c. ; cormaci, m. ; froglia, c. ; furnari, g. ; gambi, m. c. ; giaccone, g. ; giangrande, a. ; gravili, c. ; mastrototaro, f. ; mazziotti, c. ; orsi - relini, l. ; piraino, s. (2010). alien species along the italian coasts: an overview. biological invasions. 13 (1): 215 - 237. , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nliu j. y. [ ruiyu ] (ed .). (2008). checklist of marine biota of china seas. china science press. 1267 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nzenetos, a. ; gofas, s. ; verlaque, m. ; cinar, m. ; garcia raso, j. ; bianchi, c. ; morri, c. ; azzurro, e. ; bilecenoglu, m. ; froglia, c. ; siokou, i. ; violanti, d. ; sfriso, a. ; san martin, g. ; giangrande, a. ; katagan, t. ; ballesteros, e. ; ramos - espla, a. ; mastrototaro, f. ; ocana, o. ; zingone, a. ; gambi, m. ; streftaris, n. (2010). alien species in the mediterranean sea by 2010. a contribution to the application of european union’s marine strategy framework directive (msfd). part i. spatial distribution. mediterranean marine science. 11 (2): 381 - 493. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nlutaenko, k. a. ; furota, t. ; nakayama; s. ; shin, k. ; xu, j. (2013). atlas of marine invasive species in the nowpap region. beijing: nowpap dinrac (northwest pacific action plan, data and information network regional center). 189 pp. [ details ]\nmarchini, a. ; ferrario, j. ; sfriso, a. ; occhipinti - ambrogi, a. (2015). current status and trends of biological invasions in the lagoon of venice, a hotspot of marine nis introductions in the mediterranean sea. biological invasions. , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nocchipinti - ambrogi, a. ; marchini, a. ; cantone, g. ; castelli, a. ; chimenz, c. ; cormaci, m. ; froglia, c. ; furnari, g. ; gambi, m. c. ; giaccone, g. ; giangrande, a. ; gravili, c. ; mastrototaro, f. ; mazziotti, c. ; orsi - relini, l. ; piraino, s. (2011). erratum to: alien species along the italian coasts: an overview. biological invasions. 13 (2): 531 - 532. , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of sergiella angra pires, 1980) schotte, m. , b. f. kensley, and s. shilling. (1995 - 2017). world list of marine, freshwater and terrestrial crustacea isopoda. national museum of natural history smithsonian institution: washington d. c. , usa [ website archived on 2018 - 01 - 25 ]. [ details ]\nkatsanevakis, s. ; bogucarskis, k. ; gatto, f. ; vandekerkhove, j. ; deriu, i. ; cardoso a. s. (2012). building the european alien species information network (easin): a novel approach for the exploration of distributed alien species data. bioinvasions records. 1: 235 - 245. , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nbruce, n. l. (1990). new records of isopod malacostracans (flabellifera) from hong kong. in: morton b, editor. proceedings of the second international marine biological workshop: the marine flora and fauna of hong kong, 1986, hong kong university press, hong kong. 549 - 554. [ details ]\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia, please upload using the upload tools .\nholmes, s. j. 1904 ,\nremarks on the sexes of sphaeromids with a description of a new species of dynamene\n, proceedings of the california academy of sciences, ser. 3, zool. , vol. 3, pp. 296 - 306\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 66a23f39 - 425e - 449f - a953 - d2a437bb1cbb\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 6e40b51b - 7bae - 4ade - a3de - 55cafff10aa9\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: db01191c - 2dc1 - 46cc - a1ea - 942962b1bef1\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 89e10254 - e4d4 - 4f82 - 8ec5 - 91ff23dc973d\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 366733\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment. find records and model species distributions. export reports, maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area, or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something? photograph something? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities. we honour and celebrate the spiritual, cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nlike most websites we use cookies. this is to ensure that we give you the best experience possible .\ncontinuing to use urltoken means you agree to our use of cookies. if you would like to, you can learn more about the cookies we use .\nwe’d value your feedback on the tool. our survey takes only five minutes to complete .\nthe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. when several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. further details may be available for individual references in the distribution table details section which can be selected by going to generate report .\none or more of the features that are needed to show you the maps functionality are not available in the web browser that you are using .\nplease consider upgrading your browser to the latest version or installing a new browser .\nstack exchange network consists of 174 q & a communities including stack overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers .\nthis site uses cookies to deliver our services and to show you relevant ads and job listings. by using our site, you acknowledge that you have read and understand our cookie policy, privacy policy, and our terms of service. your use of stack overflow’s products and services, including the stack overflow network, is subject to these policies and terms .\nshuster, sm & c sassaman (1997) genetic interaction between male mating strategy and sex ratio in a marine isopod. nature 388: 373 - 377\nthat' s the end of the answer, what follows is supplementary information .\nby clicking\npost your answer\n, you acknowledge that you have read our updated terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy, and that your continued use of the website is subject to these policies .\nnot the answer you' re looking for? browse other questions tagged genetics zoology development sex or ask your own question .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmclaughlin et al. 2005. common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada: crustaceans. american fisheries society special publication 31\nworld list of marine, freshwater & terrestrial isopoda... 2005, website (version 04 - may - 05 )\ncompiled by brian kensley, marilyn schotte, and steve schilling (oniscidea only), department of invertebrate zoology, national museum of natural history, smithsonian institution. found at urltoken\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website. by continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to our use of cookies. you can change your cookie settings at any time .\naddress correspondence to kelly r. zamudio at the address above or e - mail: krz2; urltoken .\npaternity analyses using molecular markers have become standard in studies of mating systems, parentage, and kinship. in systems where individuals exhibit alternative mating strategies, molecular analyses have been productively used to estimate the reproductive success of each behavioral type and hence the fitness consequences to each individual. here we review the fitness results in a system of five alternative mating strategies present in one population of side - blotched lizards (uta stansburiana). males in this population adopt one of three behavioral strategies that differ in their degree of territoriality and mate guarding. in contrast, females adopt one of two strategies that differ in offspring quantity and quality. we use paternity analyses to estimate the fitness of each morph, the heritability of reproductive strategy, and the correlation in strategy between the sexes and discuss the implications of our findings for the evolution and maintenance of reproductive polymorphism in this and other systems .\na second mechanism for the maintenance of alternative mating strategies is that each behavioral phenotype has a frequency - dependent advantage (maynard smith 1982). the most common form of selection that acts to preserve polymorphism within populations is negative frequency - dependent selection (alonzo and warner 2000), in which a strategy has low fitness when common, but high fitness when rare. such a system will often yield two strategies: as the frequency of a rare strategy increases, its fitness declines. the converse is true for the other morph, thereby promoting the stable equilibrium. however, with more than two strategies, the system may also result in oscillations if the three morphs satisfy conditions for a rock - paper - scissors game (maynard smith 1982; sinervo and lively 1996) .\nthis analysis is part of a long - term population biology study of side - blotched lizards at one site near los bañnos grandes, california [ see sinervo and denardo (1996) for details on the field site ]. every adult in the population was given a unique toe clip and the throat colors of parents were scored at the time of first capture (sinervo and lively 1996; sinervo et al. 2000b). gravid females were brought into the laboratory and maintained until they oviposited their eggs. eggs were incubated in the laboratory under standard conditions and upon hatching, offspring were released at the site of original capture (see sinervo and doughty [ 1996 ] for details of animal husbandry) .\ntoe clips from adults and hatchlings were used for genetic assessment of paternity. dna paternity analyses based on nine microsatellite loci (zamudio and sinervo 2000) were used to determine the sire from the putative pool of sires in our closed population. microsatellite loci were amplified from genomic template via polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and length polymorphism was assessed with fluorescently labeled primers on an automated sequencer, abi 377 (applied biosystems) .\nwe scored throat color of all parents during the breeding season and of their progeny that were recaptured at maturity the following year. an initial analysis based on only 1 year of data indicated that the presence of orange, blue, and yellow on male side - blotched lizard throats is discrete and heritable in nature (zamudio and sinervo 2000). however, at that time we had only 1 year of paternity results and 11 sire - offspring pairs. further examination of throat coloration and variation in the population suggests a discrete character and we can discern six color phenotypes that are correlated with the behavioral strategies. putative homozygous males have solid throat colors—orange (oo), dark blue (bb), or yellow (yy) —and represent the three discrete color morphs we analyzed previously (zamudio and sinervo 2000). three discrete heterozygous phenotypes have intermediate phenotypes. putative blue - yellow heterozygotes (by) have alternating yellow and pale blue stripes that are markedly paler than the dark blue of homozygotes. blue - orange heterozygotes (bo) have alternating blue and orange stripes on the throat and light orange flanks, much lighter than the vibrant orange flanks of orange homozygotes. yellow - orange heterozygotes (yo) have yellow throats with pale blue stripes and pale orange flank markings. presence of any orange (oo, bo, yo) results in males that adopt the highly aggressive usurper male strategy (calsbeek r and sinervo b, unpublished data). the presence of blue results in males that adopt the mate - guarding strategy (bb). the presence of yellow in the absence of orange (by, yy) results in males that adopt the sneaker strategy .\nfemales in this population also have colored throats. however, side - blotched lizards are sexually dimorphic, and in general the coloration of females is more muted than in males. this is particularly true of the blue coloration. however, the orange coloration in females can be as vibrant as in males, and is discrete from the yellow alternative color phenotype (sinervo et al. 2000b). we can score only four phenotypes in females, because we cannot resolve yo phenotypes from oo, or bb phenotypes from by, suggesting o and b alleles may be dominant to y in females, and we cannot resolve clear intermediates in females, largely because females do not express the flank coloration seen in males. presence of any orange in females (e. g. , oo and bo) results in an r - strategy phenotype, while absence of orange (e. g. , by and yy) results in a k - strategy phenotype (sinervo et al. 2000b). while blue is present in some females, it appears to have no detectable effect on female life history (sinervo et al. 2000b) .\nbased on sire - son regression (figure 1), we found significant heritability for orange [ h 2 = 1. 24 ± 0. 41 (±se), f 1, 18 = 9. 06, p < 0. 02, n = 20, based on 1000 randomizations). similarly the heritability for throat color from sire - daughter regression was significant [ h 2 > = 0. 88 ± 0. 32, f 1, 41 = 7. 15; p <. 01, n = 43, based on 1000 randomizations) .\ncorrelation in orange color between (a) sires and sons and (b) sires and daughters are both significant, suggesting high heritability for this character and a correlation between the sexes in throat - color morphotypes. circles at each throat - color score along the axes are drawn proportional to sample sizes (number of father - daughter or father - son pairs in each category) .\nwe also specifically tested for a significant difference between sire - son and sire - daughter regression slopes with analysis of covariance (ancova). the slopes of the regression line for sire - daughter pairs was significantly lower than the slope of the regression line for sire - son pairs (ancova difference in slope, sire × progeny sex effect, f 1, 59 = 4. 69, p <. 03, effect of sire f 1, 59 = 4. 82, p <. 03) .\nmale side - blotched lizards in this population exhibit three throat color morphs that are associated with alternative mating strategies (sinervo and lively 1996; zamudio and sinervo 2000). orange - throated males are polygynous and defend large territories that overlap with the territories of many females. orange - throated males tend to be larger than the other two morphs. yellow - throated sneaker males are female mimics and cuckold orange males at a high rate (zamudio and sinervo 2000). yellow males do not defend a territory and their small size is an advantage in obtaining access to orange male territory through female mimicry. blue - throated males avoid cuckoldry by mate guarding; however, blue - throated males are less successful in defending their territory against ultradominant orange - throated males that can usurp space and thereby gain access to females (calsbeek r and sinervo b, unpublished data). the incidence of male throat color morphs cycles among years from a high frequency of orange, to yellow, then blue, in a fashion analogous to a rock - paper - scissors game (figure 2). the genetic cycle in males has a 4 - to 5 - year period and is driven by frequency dependent selection that favors rare morphs in any given year (sinervo, in press; sinervo and lively 1996; zamudio and sinervo 2000) .\ndefinetti diagram for the frequency of three alternative throat colors of side - blotched lizards observed on our study site at los baños grandes from 1990 to 1999. the frequency of each morph increases from the one side of the triangle to the opposite vertex .\nthe overt differences in behavior seen among male morphs are not as obvious in females, but orange females seem more aggressive (qualitatively) than yellow - throated females. female color morphs exhibit striking differences in reproductive strategy (sinervo et al. 2000b). the frequency of female throat color morphs cycles in a more rapid 2 - year period and is coupled to a rapid 2 - year cycle in population density (figure 3). orange - throated females are “ r strategists” that produce large clutches of small eggs and are favored at low density when the intrinsic rate of increase (r) governs population growth. yellow - throated females are “ k strategists” that produce fewer but larger eggs and are favored at high density when the carrying capacity (k) is exceeded and the population crashes. as is the case in the male game, each female morph is favored when rare. orange females have higher fitness when the population is at low density and their large clutch sizes, coupled with increased hatchling survival in a low - competition year, are an advantage. orange female frequency and population density increases, owing to high recruitment. at high density, yellow females are favored because they are now rare and their large progeny are more likely to survive in high - density conditions. at very high density, the entire cohort suffers increased mortality and the large progeny of yellow females survive better than the small progeny of orange - throated females. as a result, the frequency of yellow - throated females increases .\ndensity cycles of (a) breeding females and (b) frequency cycles of orange - throated females in our study sites from 1993 to 1999. female densities and the proportion of orange - throated females vary in the population in boom and crash years (indicated by b and c across the top of the graphs). squares represent female frequencies from the los baños grandes population; triangles are the same measurements for a second smaller control population .\nour dna - based paternity study demonstrates very high levels of additive genetic variation in throat color in free - ranging side - blotched lizards (figure 1; narrow - sense heritability 1. 24 ±. 41 based on sire - son and 0. 88 ±. 32 based on sire - daughter). the significantly lower additive genetic variation associated with daughters is indicative of an interaction between sex and expression of throat color (falconer and mackay 1996). we previously reported a lower heritability for orange / yellow color found in a large study of free - ranging females (h 2 = 0. 48, sinervo et al. 2000a). this lower estimate is possibly due to maternal effects and associated natural selection .\nthroat color variation is genetically correlated between the sexes (figure 1), as evidenced by the heritability of throat coloration between females and their male sires. thus the rock - paper - scissors game of male morphs is necessarily coupled to the offspring quantity and quality game of female morphs. the simple observation that genetic variation between male and female throat color morphs is correlated has profound implications for the evolution of alternative strategies. we discuss the general implications of our findings by reviewing the genetic mechanisms controlling alternative strategies in lizards and other systems with alternative strategies. furthermore, we discuss the selective consequences of the genetic correlation for the evolution of female choice and the evolution of correlated life - history variation .\nthe expression of genetically determined throat coloration in male and female lizards appears to be mediated by the endocrine system (moore 1991; moore and thompson 1990). orange coloration can be induced in adult females by injecting them with progesterone (cooper and greenberg 1992). blue coloration appears to be under the control of testosterone in the tree lizard (urosaurus ornatus; hews et al. 1994; hews and moore 1995). moreover, the higher levels of aggression evident in orange - throated males (sinervo and lively 1996; calsbeek r and sinervo b, unpublished data) is correlated with high levels of testosterone (sinervo et al. 2000a), which is the general activator of aggression in lizards (moore 1988). one metabolic pathway by which testosterone is produced is through steroid metabolism of progesterone (crews et al. 1983; moore et al. 1985). thus a pleiotropic explanation for the correlation of coloration and behavior between the sexes is that they are controlled by the action of an alternative allele for a regulatory gene that determines the rate at which progesterone is converted into testosterone. a highly active regulatory gene would increase testosterone and reduce progesterone. the converse would be true for a less active allele. it is also noteworthy that progesterone is also produced by corpora lutea of females (crews et al. 1983; moore et al. 1985). thus the positive genetic correlation between large clutches and orange throat color (sinervo et al. 2000b) may arise from yet another common endocrine mechanism. in this case, follicle stimulating hormone (fsh; sinervo and licht 1991), which is the primary gonadotropin of squamate reptiles (licht et al. 1977). alternatively morphs may arise from genetic variation in the regulator of fsh, gonadotropin releasing hormone (gnrh; phillips et al. 1987; phillips and lasley 1987), and gnrh has been implicated in the development of alternative morphs in teleost fish (grober et al. 1994) .\nin the side - blotched lizard mating system, a total of five alternative morphs are present, three in males and two in females. if the male and female strategies are coupled and determined by a single locus, as is suggested by our heritability estimates, then genetic models predict the observed pattern of a 4 - to 5 - year cycle in males and a 2 - year cycle in females (alonzo and sinervo 2001); we would not predict this pattern if alternative strategies in males and females arise from multiple loci that are unlinked. frequency - dependent fitness in both sexes results in different morphs having high fitness each year of the cycle. thus the fitness of hatchlings of each sex will depend on the stage of the male and female cycles at that particular time. in this situation, theory predicts the evolution of context - dependent mate choice. females should prefer rare male morphs to maximize the fitness of sons (a rare male morph has high fitness), but prefer orange sires to maximize the fitness of daughters depending on the phase of the female cycle (alonzo and sinervo 2001) (figure 4) .\ntheoretical predictions for female preference of male color morphs as a function of the male frequency cycle (definetti diagrams) and female cycles (boom versus crash years). male frequency of each color morph increases from one side to the opposite vertex. the observed male frequencies during the 10 - year study are superimposed on the figures depicting theoretical predictions for female choice. female choice for yellow sires is denoted by white, orange sires by light gray, and blue sires by dark gray. notice that in crash years both female morphs should prefer orange - throated males largely because orange daughters will have high fitness in the ensuing low - density boom year. conversely, in boom years females should prefer rare male morphs because rare sires will produce rare sons, which have high fitness in the context of the male rock - paper - scissors game .\na context - dependent form of aggression would be advantageous in orange females according to the following rule: express aggression at low density but suppress aggression at high density. life - history trade - offs may preclude such plasticity from evolving. once a female morph has adopted a given strategy, covariation formed as that strategy increases in frequency becomes its downfall under the opposite social conditions. sinervo et al. (2000b) demonstrated that correlational selection associated with density and frequency cycles is sufficient to form genetic correlations among unlinked loci for throat color, clutch size, and egg mass. correlational selection is disruptive (brodie 1992) in that it shapes genetic covariation to either side of the clutch and egg - size trade - off (sinervo 2000). as each strategy becomes better adapted to a different phase of the density cycle, oscillations are reinforced, owing to adaptation by each strategy .\nadaptation of morphs due to correlational selection will equilibrate when segregation and recombination erode favorable linkage disequilibrium as fast as it is formed by selection. this results in a chronic selective load (wallace 1970) on morphs that can only be reduced if life - history loci become physically linked to throat - color loci. thus selection pressure favoring genomic rearrangements of loci related to morph fitness may be very strong (sinervo et al. 2000b). this genetic correlation, reinforced in a game - theoretic context, provides a selective mechanism by which supergenes involving multiple unlinked loci (e. g. , life - history traits and color loci) might become linked in systems of alternative strategies .\nmale mating strategies in the ruff (philomachus pugnax) provide another example of how alternative male phenotypes can be maintained in a latent genetic form in females by the action of sex steroids. ruffs breed and nest in northern europe, and are named for the distinct neck plumage exhibited by males. independent male ruffs defend a territory (and females) against other independents (lank et al. 1995). males defend territories in leks, where many males aggregate and display to attract visiting females (höglund and alatalo 1995). nonterritorial satellite males move among territories and attempt to copulate with females on territories of the dominant males .\nin this case, obvious alternative strategies are suppressed in females by the action of sex - determining mechanisms. lank et al. (1995) used minisatellites to determine which males sired the chicks on ruff breeding grounds in finland. they also scored the morphology of the female parent' s brother and father to determine the likely phenotype that the female would have expressed had she been male. such genetic sleuthing is particularly important with sexually dimorphic traits, which have a sex - limited expression; females might carry genes for morphology that they pass on to their male offspring. the field - caught chicks in this experiment were reared to maturity and the breeding morphology of the male progeny scored. because only two phenotypes are seen in the ruff, it is likely that a single genetic locus with a dominant and a recessive allele control the mating phenotypes. genetic crosses rule out the possibility that the gene is sex linked, therefore the sex - limited expression of plumage must arise from the suppression mechanisms involving sex steroids. lank et al. (1999) further tested this idea by implanting female ruffs with testosterone and inducing the male phenotype .\nbehavioral observations suggest that male fitness arises from the female preference for larger leks (lank and smith 1992; höglund and alatalo 1995) and that each morph has an advantage that varies with lek density. visiting smaller leks increases satellite fitness, while being in the largest leks optimizes resident fitness. thus residents would benefit by allowing satellites to remain on the lek, even if they must allow satellites to have copulations, because the largest leks attract the most females. satellites, however, should leave once the lek gets too large and their success begins to fall. thus in this system, female choice also plays an important role in the dynamics of male strategies (hugie and lank 1997) .\nthe degree to which the ruff and isopod mating systems are in equilibrium remains to be determined. however, sex ratio appears to undergo dramatic oscillations in the isopod system (shuster 1990; shuster and sassaman 1997). if these oscillations are driven by a sex ratio game that is selectively related to the alternative male strategy locus, then these dynamics may be similar to those reported for the side - blotched lizard. both the isopod and the lizard are short - lived species; side - blotched lizards are nearly annuals, and isopod females are semelparous (shuster 1990). the short generation times of both species allows for the resolution of rapid genetic cycles. however, even moderate interannual survival found in more long - lived species, such as the ruff, would not preclude oscillations (sinervo and lively 1996). in long - lived species with overlapping generations, oscillatory dynamics may also be present, although not on a time scale observable by humans. an effective approach to discerning whether oscillations occur is to elucidate the frequency - dependent selection that drives alternative mating systems. most evolutionary dynamics can be predicted from the frequency dependent selection, and from knowledge of the genetic factors underlying trait evolution .\ngiven the genetic correlation for throat color between the sexes, theory predicts that male and female games in side - blotched lizards promote the evolution of a context - dependent mate choice game. at any point in the cycle, progeny in the next generation will benefit from a specific set of alternative strategies. the high heritability of traits, and the fact that even heterozygous individuals benefit from a given allele depending on the phase of the cycle, select for mate choice as a function of throat - color alleles. for example, even a homozygous yellow female can produce orange daughters if she mates with an orange male (especially a homozygous orange male). yellow females will be favored if they mate with orange males in crash years because her daughters will experience a boom when orange alleles in female progeny have high fitness (sinervo et al. 2000b) .\nprevious theories of mate choice invariably assume that choice evolves at a genetic locus (kirkpatrick 1982; lande 1981; pomiankowski 1988) or is related to a genetically determined preexisting bias (ryan 1997). most current models assume that mate choice arises from a genetic change in preference alleles for traits (see andersson 1994). our model of context - dependent mate choice assumes that mechanisms of mate choice must be flexible with respect to social cues. thus a rigid genetic choice is not assumed. in context - dependent mate choice, behavioral mechanisms evolve that allow flexible mate choice based on the current social environment. frequency - dependent selection favors evolution of such context - dependent mate choice whenever the impact of choice on progeny fitness varies in time or space, and this change can be predicted from environmental or social cues .\nthis paper was delivered at a symposium entitled “dna - based profiling of mating systems and reproductive behaviors in poikilothermic vertebrates” sponsored by the american genetic association at yale university, new haven, ct, usa, june 17–20, 2000 .\nwe would like to thank j. avise and two anonymous reviewers for their careful and constructive criticism of previous versions of this manuscript, and gwynne corrigan and david rollo for help with dna paternity data for 1996. this work was supported by grants from the national science foundation (to b. s .), and by an nsf minority postdoctoral fellowship and funds from the college of arts and sciences, cornell university (to k. z .) .\nandersson m, 1994. sexual selection. princeton, nj: princeton university press .\n. a classification of alternative reproductive behaviors and methods for the field - testing of ess models .\n. population cycles in small mammals: the problem of explaining the low phase .\ncooper we and greenberg n, 1992. reptilian coloration and behavior. in: biology of the reptilia: hormones, brain, and behavior (crews d and gans c, eds). new york: academic press; 298–422 .\ncrews d, gustafson je, and tokarz rr, 1983. psychobiology of parthenogenesis. in: lizard ecology: studies of a model organism (huey rb, pianka er, and schoener tw, eds). cambridge, ma: harvard university press; 205–231 .\n. behavioral selection of odor cues by young female mice affects age of puberty .\nendler ja, 1986. natural selection in the wild. princeton, nj: princeton university press .\nfalconer ds and mackay tfc, 1996. introduction to quantitative genetics. essex: longman .\ngoodnight kf, quellar dc, and poznansky t, 1996. kinship version 1. 1. 2 (last modified april 5, 2000) 〈\n. gnrh cell size and number in a teleost fish with two male reproductive morphs: sexual maturation, final sexual status and body size allometry .\n. evolution of alternative reproductive strategies: frequency - dependent sexual selection in male bluegill sunfish .\n. early exposure to androgens affects adult expression of alternative male types in tree lizards .\n. the costs of changing sex and the ontogeny of males under contest competition for mates .\nhöglund j and alatalo rv, 1995. leks. princeton, nj: princeton university press .\n. a microsatellite assessment of sneaked fertilizations and egg thievery in the fifteenspine stickleback .\nli cc, 1975. path analysis—a primer. pacific grove, ca: boxwood press .\nmaynard smith j, 1982. evolution and the theory of games. cambridge: cambridge university press .\n. testosterone control of territorial behavior: tonic - release implants fully restore seasonal and short - term aggressive responses in free - living castrated lizards .\n. application of organization - activation theory to alternative male strategies: a review .\nmoore mc and thompson cw, 1990. field endocrinology of reptiles. hormonal control of alternative male reproductive tactics. in: progress in clinical and biological research, vol 342. progress in comparative endocrinology (epple a, scanes cg, and stetson mh, eds). 11th international symposium, malaga, spain, may 14–20, 1989. new york: wiley - liss; 685–690 .\n. sex steroid hormones during the ovarian cycle of an all - female parthenogenetic lizard and their correlation with pseudosexual behavior .\npomiankowski a, 1988. the evolution of female mate preference for male genetic quality. in: oxford surveys in evolutionary biology, vol 5 (harvey p and partridge l, eds). new york: oxford university press; 136–184 .\nprovine w, 1971. the origins of theoretical population genetics. chicago: university of chicago press .\n. role of gene interactions in hybrid speciation: evidence from ancient and experimental hybrids .\nryan mj, 1997. sexual selection and mate choice. in: behavioural ecology, an evolutionary approach, 4th ed (krebs jr and davies op, eds). oxford: blackwell science; 179–202 .\nsinervo b, 2000. adaptation, natural selection, and optimal life history allocation in the face of genetically - based trade - offs. in: adaptive genetic variation in the wild (mousseau t, sinervo b, and endler ja, eds). oxford: oxford university press; 41–64 .\nsinervo b, in press. selection in local neighborhoods, the graininess of social environments, and the ecology of alternative strategies. in: model systems in behavioral ecology (dugatkin l, ed). princeton, nj: princeton university press." ]

{ "text": [ "paracerceis sculpta is a species of marine isopod between 1.3 millimetres ( 0.05 in ) and 10.3 mm ( 0.41 in ) in length .", "the species lives mainly in the intertidal zone , and is native to the northeast pacific from southern california to mexico , but has since been introduced to many other countries .", "adults are herbivorous and consume algae but juveniles are carnivorous and consume moulting females .", "they reproduce in sponges but do not feed near them . " ], "topic": [ 22, 13, 8, 8 ] }

[ "paracerceis sculpta is a species of marine isopod between 1.3 millimetres (0.05 in) and 10.3 mm (0.41 in) in length. the species lives mainly in the intertidal zone, and is native to the northeast pacific from southern california to mexico, but has since been introduced to many other countries. adults are herbivorous and consume algae but juveniles are carnivorous and consume moulting females. they reproduce in sponges but do not feed near them." ]

[ "leptosia medusa, the dainty spirit, is a butterfly in the pieridae family .\nleptosia marginea, the black - edged spirit, is a butterfly in the pieridae family .\nleptosia hybrida, the hybrid wood white or hybrid spirit, is a butterfly in the pieridae family .\nleptosia wigginsi, the opaque wood white or opaque spirit, is a butterfly in the pieridae family .\nleptosia lignea; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 104\nleptosia, commonly called wood whites, is a genus of pierid butterflies from the orangetip tribe (anthocharini) .\nleptosia chlorographa hübner, [ 1813 ]; zuträge samml. exot. schmett. 1: f. 47 - 48\nleptosia nupta, the immaculate wood white, petite wood white or immaculate spirit, is a butterfly in the pieridae family .\nleptosia alcesta, the african wood white or flip flop, is a butterfly of the pieridae family, found in africa .\nleptosia nina malayana fruhstorfer, 1910; in seitz, gross - schmett. erde 9: 121, (44); tl: malaysia\nleptosia nina dione; [ bor ], 122; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 104\nleptosia nina aebutia; [ bor ], 122; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 104\nleptosia marginea; [ bafr ], 103; winhard, 2000, butterflies of the world 10: 31, pl. 48, f. 16; [ afrl ]\nleptosia xiphia comma fruhstorfer, 1903; soc. ent. 18 (3): 18; tl: timor; wetter; kalao; tanah; djampea; selaru; key\nleptosia nina, the psyche, is a small butterfly of the family pieridae (the sulphurs, yellows and whites) and is found in southeast asia and the indian subcontinent .\nleptosia alcesta inalcesta; [ bafr ], 103; [ bk ], 147; winhard, 2000, butterflies of the world 10: 31, pl. 48, f. 14; [ afrl ]\nleptosia hybrida somereni; [ bafr ], 103 (text); [ bk ], 147; winhard, 2000, butterflies of the world 10: 31, pl. 48, f. 17; [ afrl ]\nleptosia nina nina; [ bor ], 122; [ bmp ]: 85, pl. 8, f. 1; winhard, 2000, butterflies of the world 10: 31, pl. 48, f. 12\nnychitona butler, 1870; cistula ent. 1 (3): 34, 41; ts: papilio dorothea fabricius\nnatal, swaziland, moçambique, rhodesia, tropical africa. see [ maps ]\n? uganda neustetter, 1927 ²; int. ent. z. 21: 7\nlarva on richea [ eob ], capparis fascicularis var. zeyheri [ pbsa ]\npapilio medusa cramer, [ 1777 ]; uitl. kapellen 2 (9 - 16): 86, pl. 150, f. f\n769x513 (~ 65kb) underside thailand, krabi 24. 12. 2003 - 7. 1. 2004, photo © olli vesikko\nlarva on capparidaceae [ bir ], capparis heyneana, crateva religiosa [ mrs ], capparis, cleome, crateva, polanisia vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 104\n930x852 (~ 74kb) thailand, chon buri province, pattaya, a small grassy swamp with cattail and reed, surrounded by trees, at the jomtien beach, between b. o. guesthouse and jomtien metro condotel. 26th january 2005, photo © oleg kosterin\npontia niobe wallace, 1866; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1866 (2): 357; tl: formosa\nlarva on capparis acutifolia, c. floribunda, c. lanceolaris, c. micracantha, c. sikkimensis, cleome gynandra, crateva adansonii, polanisia viscosa [ mrs ]\npontia dione wallace, 1867; trans. ent. soc. lond. (3) 4 (3): 319; tl: macassar\nnychitona xiphia var. nicobarica doherty, 1886; j. asiat. soc. bengal 55 pt. ii (3): 262; tl: nicobars\npontia lignea vollenhoven, 1865; faune ent. 2 (monogr. pierid .): 4, pl. 2, f. 1a - b; tl: celebes\nlarva on capparis vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 104\nnychitona nupta butler, 1873; cist. ent. 1 (7): 175; tl: angola, bembe mines\nnychitona wigginsi dixey, 1915; trans. ent. soc. 1915 (1): 7, pl. 1, f. 9 - 12\nchecklist of afrotropical papilionoidea and hesperoidea; compiled by mark c. williams, 7th ed. (2008) (april 2007) ;\n[ ² ] this may require parentheses or not. i don' t have the necessary information for this taxon .\nthe butterflies of the malay peninsula. fourth edition revised by j. n. eliot with plates by bernard d' abrera\nstudies on indo - australian lepidoptera - - iii. some rhopalocera and netrocera [ sic ] from simalur, pulu lasia, pulu babi and sumatra\nspecies insectorum exhibentes eorum differentia specifica, synonyma auctorum, loca natalia, metamorphosin adiectis, observationibus, descriptionibus. tom ii\nin king, narrative of a survey of the intertropical and western coasts of australia. 2 vols. in king ,\na list of the lepidopterous insects collected by mr. ossian limborg in upper tenasserim, with descriptions of new species\nlist of lepidopterous insects collected at takow, formosa, by mr. robert swinhoe\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n[ 85 ] urltoken (insecta. pro previous version / cтарая версия insecta. pro )\nnote: you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments. please, create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet. you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc. .\n© 2016, butterfly conservation society, ghana - african butterfly research institute - icom ltd .\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more\nhesperocharis nera, the nera white, is a butterfly of the pieridae family .\nthe tribe anthocharini is one of the subdivisions of the insect order lepidoptera, which includes the moths and butterflies .\nhesperocharis graphites, the marbled white or mexican marbled white, is a butterfly in the pieridae family .\nhesperocharis costaricensis, the pallid tilewhite or costa rican white, is a butterfly in the pieridae family .\nhesperocharis hirlanda, the hirlanda white, is a butterfly in the pieridae family." ]

{ "text": [ "leptosia bastini is a butterfly in the pieridae family .", "it is found in the central african republic and south-eastern cameroon .", "the habitat consists of forests . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 24 ] }

[ "leptosia bastini is a butterfly in the pieridae family. it is found in the central african republic and south-eastern cameroon. the habitat consists of forests." ]

[ "pdf: updated world catalogue of the family jacobsoniidae (coleoptera: derodontoidea) .\ndescrizione di una nuova specie papuana del genere sarothrias grouvelle (col. jacobsoniidae) .\nfirst record of jacobsoniidae (coleoptera) from china with description of a new species of sarothrias grouvelle .\nthe first mesozoic jacobson' s beetle (coleoptera: jacobsoniidae) in cretaceous burmese amber and bio ...\nfirst record of jacobsoniidae (coleoptera) from china with description of a new species of sarothrias grouvelle. - pubmed - ncbi\na world catalogue of the family jacobsoniidae (coleoptera) is presented. it contains all taxa described to december 31, 2004 .\na world catalogue of the family jacobsoniidae (coleoptera: derodontoidea) is presented. it contains all taxa described to august 31, 2016 .\nfossil jacobsoniids are rarely discovered. here the earliest representative of the enigmatic polyphagan family jacobsoniidae is described and figured. a new species belonging to the extant genus sarothrias grouvelle, †sarothrias cretaceus sp. nov. , is preserved in the upper cretaceous amber from myanmar, representing the first fossil jacobsoniidae from the mesozoic. sarothrias cretaceus is... [ show full abstract ]\nderolathrus cavernicolus n. sp. , a beetle family new for north america (coleoptera: jacobsoniidae) peck s. b. 2010. ann. entomol. soc. am. 103: 1 - 6 .\nháva & löbl. 2005. a world catalogue of the family jacobsoniidae (coleoptera). studies and reports of district museum prague - east, taxonomical series, 1 (1 - 2): 89 - 94 .\nthe family jacobsoniidae heller () is newly recorded from china upon the discovery of sarothriassinicus bi & chen, sp. n. () from motuo, southeast xizang. description and illustrations of the habitus and major diagnostic features of the new taxon are provided. a key to the species of sarothrias and some ecological notes on the new species are presented .\nty - jour ti - description of two new species of sarothrias grouvelle (coleoptera, jacobsoniidae) t2 - revue suisse de zoologie. vl - 93 ur - urltoken pb - kundig [ etc. ] cy - genève, py - 1986 sp - 59 ep - 62 do - 10. 5962 / bhl. part. 79681 sn - 0035 - 418x au - slipinski, s er -\n@ article { bhlpart79681, title = { description of two new species of sarothrias grouvelle (coleoptera, jacobsoniidae) }, journal = { revue suisse de zoologie. }, volume = { 93 }, copyright = { in copyright. digitized with the permission of the rights holder. }, url = urltoken publisher = { genève, kundig [ etc. ] }, author = { slipinski, s }, year = { 1986 }, pages = { 59 - - 62 }, }\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\n2 spp. in a single genus in our area; ~ 20 spp. in 3 genera worldwide\nderolathrus fl to brazil + so. africa, australia, and a number of tropical islands around the globe\nlawrence j. f. , r. g. beutel, & r. a. b leschen (2010) chapter 5. derodontiformia: introduction, phylogeny. in: leschen r. a. b. , r. g. beutel & j. f. lawrence (eds), handbook of zoology, coleoptera vol. 2: morphology and systematics (elateroidea, bostrichformia, cucujiformia partim). walter de gruyter, berlin: 179 - 180 .\namerican beetles, volume ii: polyphaga: scarabaeoidea through curculionoidea arnett, r. h. , jr. , m. c. thomas, p. e. skelley and j. h. frank. (eds .). 2002. crc press llc, boca raton, fl .\norder coleoptera linnaeus, 1758. in: zhang z. - q. (ed .) animal biodiversity: an outline of higher - level classification... ślipiński s. a. , leschen r. a. b. , lawrence j. f. 2011. zootaxa 3148: 203–208 .\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia, please upload using the upload tools .\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 2a08e9de - 798d - 45c6 - aa89 - 170a439b130e\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: fc493a8e - 8afb - 4246 - a0df - f5dfae1d76dc\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 282850\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment. find records and model species distributions. export reports, maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area, or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something? photograph something? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities. we honour and celebrate the spiritual, cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nthis page was last edited on 16 may 2018, at 16: 31 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license; additional terms may apply. by using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site. please turn it on before proceeding .\nsee also bouchard et al. 2011, crowson 1981 and lawrence and newton 1995\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\nkey laboratory of zoological systematics and evolution, institute of zoology, chinese academy of sciences, beichen west road, chaoyang, beijing, 100101, china; room 401, no. 2, lane 155, lianhua south road, shanghai, 201100, china .\nkey laboratory of zoological systematics and evolution, institute of zoology, chinese academy of sciences, beichen west road, chaoyang, beijing, 100101, china .\npmid: 25931955 pmcid: pmc4410156 doi: 10. 3897 / zookeys. 496. 8620\nhabitus of sarothrias sinicus bi & chen, sp. n. , holotype, male. 1 dorsal view 2 ventral view 3 lateral view 4 left elytron in three - quarter view (s1 to s3: supplementary series, s2 = s in). scale bar: 0. 5 mm (4 not to scale) .\nhabitat of sarothrias sinicus bi & chen, sp. n. , taken on the way from baricun to renqinbeng, motuo, xizang, alt. 1850 m .\nbiostor is built by @ rdmpage, code on github. page images from the biodiversity heritage library .\nthis page is designed to provide a useful list of online resources or printed catalogs of beetle (coleoptera) taxonomic groups .\npreliminary world checklist of cucujidae s. s. , laemophloeidae, passandridae and silvanidae\ndatabase of the superfamily histeroidea: family histeridae, family syntelidae & family sphaeritidae .\nbouchard, bousquet, davies, alonso - zarazaga, lawrence, lyal, newton, reid, schmitt, ślipiński & smith. 2011. family - group names in coleoptera (insecta). zookeys, 88: 1 - 972. doi: 10. 3897 / zookeys. 88. 807\nzahradník. 2006. world catalogue of the family endecatomidae (coleoptera: bostrichoidea). studies and reports of district museum prague - east, taxonomical series, 2 (1 - 2): 142 - 144 .\nspangler, staines, spangler & staines. 2001. a checklist of the limnichidae and lutrochidae (coleoptera) of the world. insecta mundi, 15 (3): 151 - 165 .\nbousquet. 2012. catalogue of geadephaga (coleoptera, adephaga) of america, north of mexico. zookeys, 245: 1 - 1722. doi: 10. 3897 / zookeys. 245. 3416\nlorenz. 2005. systematic list of extant ground beetles of the world (coleoptera\ngeadephaga\n: trachypachidae and carabidae incl. paussinae, cicindelinae, rhysodinae). 2nd edition. wolfgang lorenz, tutzing. 530 pp .\nriley, clark & seeno. 2003. catalog of the leaf beetles of america north of mexico (coleoptera: megalopodidae, orsodacnidae and chrysomelidae, excluding bruchinae). the coleopterists society, special publications, 1: 1 - 290 .\nkingsolver. 2004. handbook of the bruchidae of the united states and canada (insecta, coleoptera). technical bulletin, u. s. department of agriculture, 1912 (1): 1 - 324 .\nwhite. 1993. a revision of the subfamily criocerinae (chrysomelidae) of north america north of mexico. technical bulletin, u. s. department of agriculture, 1805: 1 - 158 .\nkolibáč. 2013. trogossitidae: a review of the beetle family, with a catalogue and keys. zookeys, 366: 1 - 194. doi: 10. 3897 / zookeys. 366. 6172\nrücker. 2013. checklist latridiidae & merophysiinae of the world. latridiidae & merophysiinae, 10: 1 - 18 .\nshockley, tomaszewska & mchugh. 2009. an annotated checklist of the handsome fungus beetles of the world (coleoptera: cucujoidea: endomychidae). zootaxa, 1999: 1 - 113 .\nsmith. 2006. the cybocephalidae (coleoptera) of america north of mexico. annals of the entomological society of america, 99 (5): 776 - 792. doi: 10. 1603 / 0013 - 8746 (2006) 99 [ 776: tccoan 2. 0. co; 2 ]\nvalentine. 1998. a review of nearctic and some related anthribidae (coleoptera). insecta mundi, 12 (3 - 4): 251 - 296 .\nbouchard, lawrence, davies & newton. 2005. synoptic classification of the world tenebrionidae (insecta: coleoptera) with a review of family - group names. annales zoologici, 55 (4): 499 - 530 .\nthis page was last modified on 14 november 2014, at 11: 45 .\ncontent is available under attribution - noncommercial - noderivs 3. 0 unported unless otherwise noted .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance. if your browser does not accept cookies, you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly. below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser. you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined. to accept cookies from this site, use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies. try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past. if your computer' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970, the browser will automatically forget the cookie. to fix this, set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set. you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page. to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit, which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie; no other information is captured .\nin general, only the information that you provide, or the choices you make while visiting a web site, can be stored in a cookie. for example, the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it. allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer, and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript. here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\none fossil species is currently known. a list of the world species in this family was recently\ntype locality: malaysia, pahang, tioman is. , kg. tekek umg .\ntype locality: seychellen, silhouette, wald mont pot - a - eau .\ndistribution: u. s. a. : alabama, florida; hawai is. :\nd. 1886: on new zealand coleoptera, with descriptions of new genera and species. scient .\nfirst fossil jacobsoniid beetle (coleoptera): derolathrus groehni n. sp. from eocene baltic amber\nthe world catalogue of the family nosodendridae is presented, containing the list of genera, systematic catalogue of all known taxons including, new distributional records, list of type depositions, infrasubspecific names, bibliography. it contains all the taxa described till april 1, 2014. the following new nomenclatorial acts are presented. new change in rank based on study of the type... [ show full abstract ]\ngeographical distribution map of extant and extinct species of... | download scientific diagram\njoin researchgate to access over 30 million figures and 118 + million publications – all in one place .\nburmese (myanmar) amber taxa, on - line checklist v. 2017. 3\nburmese (myanmar) amber taxa, on - line checklist v. 2017. 4\nchenyang cai, adam ślipiński, richard a. b. leschen, ziwei yin, de zhuo & diying huang\nsociologist (phd), lecturer and researcher (sociology of science), paleontologist (researcher in micropaleontology). majors in sociology and biology, minor in geology. main interests in paleontology: microfossils, molecular fossils, paleobiology and paleoecology. (read more about me )\ndo you have something, non - profit & paleontology - related to advertise? use this space for free .\nprivacy & cookies: this site uses cookies. by continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. to find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: cookie policy\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1. 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nthe university of hawaii insect museum (uhim) is the second largest collection of insects in the state of hawaii and ranks among the biggest collections in the world for hawaiian insect holdings. the collection dates to 1908, and as such houses an important record of changes in arthropod biodiversity over time, including the extinction and introduction of species. the museum houses over 250, 000 specimens, with strengths in endemic diptera and lepidoptera. the uhim also serves as a center for research and education about biodiversity and systematics for the university of hawaii system." ]

{ "text": [ "jacobsoniidae is a family of beetles .", "the larvae and adults live under bark , in plant litter , fungi , bat guano and rotten wood .", "it is a small family with 23 described species in three genera :" ], "topic": [ 27, 8, 26 ] }

[ "jacobsoniidae is a family of beetles. the larvae and adults live under bark, in plant litter, fungi, bat guano and rotten wood. it is a small family with 23 described species in three genera:" ]

[ "techniques in undertaking different branch cuts - scarf under - cut, top cut technique, top scarf - bottom - back cut technique, side scarf opposite back - cut technique, including size of cut .\npilot shirts and pilot uniform manufacturer. customize your uniform. – a cut above uniforms\nthis story shearing world: a cut above the rest first appeared on naracoorte herald .\ncut above\ncasting services, inc. view: mobile site | terms & conditions\nadd comment + no one has written a comment about ruthdales a cut above. be the first\nall of his books are good, but this one is a cut above (the rest) .\nmy name is lisa marquis and i am the original owner of\ncut above\ncasting services .\nadd comment + no one has written a comment about ishanas' s cut above. be the first\nadd comment + no one has written a comment about wildwood' s a cut above ii. be the first\n© 2018 cut above academy is part of the new zealand school of tourism group. when you enrol with cut above academy, your enrolment is with new zealand school of tourism ltd. | view our privacy policy & our terms & conditions .\n5 stars for lisa and the whole team at cut above casting is simply not enough! . i am so happy that i…\nwelcome to' the cut above' wellness program! please sign in to access your program materials and your health and well - being activities .\nwhat made you want to look up a cut above? please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible) .\ncut above academy has been giving students the edge they need to become hairstylists, barbers, makeup and prosthetic makeup artists of the future for more than forty years .\ndo you have more specific information about the location of cut above casting services? why didn' t you say so? you can improve yelp by sharing it here .\nthe daughter of galileo has proved to be a cut above other three - year - old fillies this season, chalking up four group one victories from a mile to a mile and a half .\ncut above is truly an amazing calling service! lisa, jessica, jao, and troy do work really hard for you to get you booked. the website makes it so easy to update your availability, update your profile and listen to the hotline that gives you information for the week. they answer your emails really quick and i don' t think there is a better calling service out there than cut above: )\ncut above the rest (gb) m, 1982 { 7 - a } dp = 3 - 4 - 3 - 0 - 6 (16) di = 1. 13 cd = - 0. 13\nsouth american bloodstock agent jose de camargo, whose kentucky - based agency arranged spend a buck' s sale to brazil, said the stallion was injected with penicillin as part of treatment for a cut above his eye .\ncut above\ncasting service supplies background casting directors with responsible, reliable ,\nbookable\nextras, having taken the extra step to ensure the quality of the individual being submitted for the work. our reputation for being a\ncut above\nhas been built by our attention to detail, as well as, our accessibility around the clock to provide last minute replacements or\nrush calls\nfor those production situations that come up short .\nit looks like we don' t have a specific address for cut above casting services, which makes giving directions tricky. this business might not have an official storefront, or it might move to multiple locations throughout the day .\ndavid von eiff is the co - owner of a cut above catering which is a family - owned business. he has been involved in family businesses for the past 23 years, 17 years with mail boxes etc. / the ups store and 6 years with a cut above catering. his role in this business is marketing, serving, overseeing operations, and showing world class customer service. david’s goal is to become the top catering company in indianapolis .\ni' ve been with cut above casting for several years now, and i love them. lisa and her staff work extraordinarily hard to book jobs for their clients. when you register with cut above, you' re making a sound investment in your career. (livelihood, hobby, whatever your case may be) if you' re trying to get work in the background entertainment industry, give them a chance. you won' t regret it .\ni' ve been with cut above casting for a bit over two years! if looking a topnotch calling service i highly recommend joining! their website and renewing system is one of the best, no need for trips to the office you can renew and do everything online. you' ll have to visit for photo updates but that' s never a hassle, customer service is amazing and the process is easy breezy. they are definitely a cut above the rest !\nthe cut above website targets people who have recently moved to los angeles and others who are desperate to get into the entertainment industry in los angeles. cut above casting is in violation of ca labor code statutes including statutes detailing that no advance fees are to be charged by talent and casting services. cut above provides no formal written con - tract with talent. in fact, cut above has not applied for a fictitious business name or any other standard business procedure with the city of los angeles. cut above casting is a on - line scam that proceeds fraudulently and is in open violation of the california labor code. no formal written contract or ten (10) day cancellation or refund policy is rendered by cac. you are instructed to pay an advance fee of $ 185. 00 cash, the breakdown of which is two (2) months advance ($ 170) and a $ 15. 00 service fee for photos. cut above casting operates an illegal scam with advance fees this is a clear violation of labor code section 1702 - 1702. 4 no person shall own, operate, or act in the capacity of an advance - fee talent representation service or advertise, solicit for, or knowingly refer a person to, an advance - fee talent representation service. 1702. 3. a person who violates section 1702 is subject to the provisions of article 4 (commencing with section 1704). if you feel you have been ripped off by cut above casting my understanding from many former cut above casting background talent that have not only paid advanced fees, but have paid a year in advance and work steadily the first month and never work again. or anyone who feels cheated and has suffered financial loss from the cac service. send a letter of complaint to the los angeles city attorneys office. be sure and save all your receipts and download your emails. the los angeles city attorney 800 city hall 200 n. main street los angeles, ca 90012\ni am appalled at the negative reviews i am seeing on this site. i joined cut above earlier this year. i have had nothing but courteous professional experiences with the company and on set. i previously was with a larger booking service that was fine, but since joining cut above i have seen the difference with the hands on approach that comes with a boutique service. i am so happy to be part of this elite team. the integrity and dedication at cut above casting is absolutely unmatched. i am disheartened to see untrue rhetoric regarding such a highly respected booking service in the business. if your a new actor to los angels, please do your research and you will find this is an exceptional service. inspiration and motivation make a world of difference. angela\ni was very surprised and taken aback, to find this thread about cut above casting. i have been with cut above for almost 9 years, and have found them to be a very honest, reliable, and heart felt service, within the industry. every one who has worked at cut above, since lisa started the company, has been very kind, hard working, understanding, and working for them feels like being part of a family. they have been very reliable, i know first hand; that they do put a lot of time, energy and effort into getting their clients good jobs, and the casting directors that the work through are the best in the industry. as long as i have been with them, i have heard very few complaints, and those i heard, really had nothing to do with cut above as a service, they were the standard complaints you always hear in this industry. i don' t just speak for myself, i know many others who are with cut above casting, and they would agree about the family aspect. i have never heard lisa or any of the others who work at cut above to be anything but very kind and polite whenever you speak with them, in person, or on the phone. if you want to know, go in and speak with them or give them a ring. as far as the cost, they are less than most of the other services out there, look around, make some calls, i am sure you will agree .\nin 1973 astor triumphed for the second time in the irish 2, 000 guineas with sharp edge, and in 1981 he again won the st leger, when cut above, like provoke at 28 - 1, beat the derby winner shergar into fourth place .\ni have been doing background acting for the last 2 years and really did my research when looking for a good reputable booking service. cut above casting really is one of the best out there! i owe my sag - aftra eligibility to lisa and the cut above team who booked me on union vouchers 3 times within a month on a sag new media project. they have also booked me on a couple higher rate commercials. i felt welcomed into the cut above family at orientation and knew then that i had made the right choice. they have an online calendar system that makes it easy to keep your availability up to date. i highly recommend them to anyone looking to take their job as a background actor seriously and want a service they can trust to work hard on their behalf .\nwe are a category 1 provider, the highest rating a school can be awarded by the government, and we are part of the new zealand school of tourism group. when you enrol with cut above academy, your enrolment is with new zealand school of tourism ltd .\ncut above (gb) b. h, 1978 { 11 - d } dp = 7 - 0 - 24 - 1 - 6 (38) di = 1. 00 cd = 0. 03 - 7 starts, 2 wins, 2 places, 2 shows\ndealing with an unplanned event by drawing on essential knowledge and associated skills to provide appropriate solutions incorporated in the holistic assessment with the above listed items .\nlisa and all the cut above staff are amazing! i have been booking through them for over 3 years and they definitely know this industry. i have gotten some of the most amazing projects due to their hard work and efforts. lisa has always been very honest about what' s going on industry - wise and once you' ve gotten your bearings in this industry, you will see everything she tells you is accurate. i highly recommend cut above casting as one of the best services out there and if you will work hard to pursue your dream, they will work hard to try to help you get started. : - )\nwith that in mind ,\ncut above\ncasting service was created, an extras booking service that will not only offer on - set assignments to those who know the ropes of extra work, but will also provide the tools necessary to instill a sense of professionalism and dignity in those who are new to the field .\nthe disappointment, with camelot failing by a heartbreaking three - quarters - of - a - length, to land the fabled triple crown – flat racing’s most historic benchmark of greatness – was comparable to norton’s coin beating desert orchid in the 1990 gold cup or dick hern’s cut above ruining the shergar script in the 1981 st leger .\nbear was acquired in december 2012 after spending most of the year hanging out in the house. he is sired by fc afc tjust lucky three spot and his dam nsdc nafc gafc fc afc sixxems a cut above. bear had a tremendous fall season with us and we believe bear has the ability to play at the national level .\nfor about 7 years that i' ve been with cut above, i find their services to be of excellent quality with an office run by a highly professional team that' s easy to get along with and a very complete state of the art system that allows me to work well with, thanks to a nicely presented online client profile which i can update whenever and from where ever. i know for a fact that there' s a lot of scams in hollywood which just go after your money but with no real results, cut above is surely not one of those, the 7 years i' ve been with them is the best testimonial evidence for that statement .\ncut above\ncasting service was created, an extras booking service that will not only offer on - set assignments to those who know the ropes of extra work, but will also provide the tools necessary to instill a sense of professionalism and dignity in those who are new to the field .\ncut above\ncasting service supplies background casting directors with responsible, reliable ,\nbookable\nextras, having taken the extra step to ensure the quality of the individual being submitted for the work. our reputation for being a\ncut above\nhas been built by our attention to detail, as well as, our accessibility around the clock. it has been our mission to create a service that provides casting directors with the\nbest of the best\nin background work, ultimately create opportunities and advancements for all of our hard working actors. * * please note * * - we do not accept walk - ins. please go to our website: www. cutabovecasting. com. click on\njoin\ntab !\ntrying to make a go as a background actor in the entertainment industry is never easy and it' s most certainly intimidating starting from the ground up. but when you find a support system and representation that cares about booking you and finding great roles, it makes all the difference in the world. cut above casting is more then a business, it' s a family. lisa, the owner is so personable and her teams energy is infectious. from the moment you register and get your profile uploaded onto the website, it' s clear you chose to hire the right calling service. there is no comparison to the competition! the communication process is top notch from receiving text messages to emails & you have a mobile calendar to adjust your schedule as needed. cut above casting is stellar above the rest and i' m proud to be a client and represent .\ni have been with cut above casting for the last 2 years and it has been the best experience i could have asked for! the entire team is like family and make sure i am always taken care of. the shows, films and all other projects that i get cast on through cac are of much higher quality than other services i was with previously. the team members are extremely responsive when it comes to any problems or issues that i may have and help me solve them quickly. the cac website is very efficient. i am always notified of important updates and the online availability calendar makes it easy to change your schedule if something comes up. i have met people on set that have become both business partners and friends. i don' t know where i would be today if it wasn' t for the hard work of lisa and the rest of the cut above team. they are helping me reach my dreams. if you want to get booked, cut above casting is the way to go. thank you for everything lisa and the rest of cac !\nat its core, a cut above is all about a drive to excel, and to be the best. step into our salon and you' ll enjoy the best we have to offer in professionalism, skills, products and equipment. it' s a combination of services that' s been carefully crafted over 30 years, set to high standards and even higher ideals .\nmy name is lisa marquis and i am the original owner of\ncut above\ncasting services. after having worked with other call - in services, i decided to branch off on my own to design a higher caliber of service... being native born, i' ve seen so many new fresh faces arrive here in los angeles eager for work in the entertainment industry, many without direction and without any understanding of what it means to be a professional actor. with that in mind ,\ncut above\ncasting service was created, an extras booking service that will not only offer on - set assignments to those who know the ropes of extra work, but will also provide the tools necessary to instill a sense of professionalism and dignity in those who are new to the field .\nkadie is out of nafc fc afc sixxem' s a cut above\nsadie x fc afc hi - n' s hurricane express\nkane\n. kadie' s pedigree is filled with field trial champions. we are already seeming similarities between her and her parents. she has tons of stand around and a 12 o' clock tail that shouts wow! ! we believe kadie has the abilities to compete at the national level .\ni can' t rave enough about cac! i love my cut above family! lisa and the team are so amazing and really work with you to accommodate your schedule, needs and constantly submit you to get you the maximum amount of work possible! easy website navigation, keeps great communication with me, and all have personable, friendly demeanors. i couldn' t ask for more of a background service! thanks so much, guys !\nin addition to the resources listed above, in context of and specific resources for assessment, evidence should show demonstrated competency working below ground, in limited spaces, with different structural / construction types and method and in a variety of environments .\nwing eyelets are an option on all our shirts and are placed approximately 1” above the left pocket. while not required for those wearing metal wings, it does make it easier to align your wings and does protect the shirt from repeated perforations .\na: the idea of a calling or booking service is to provide, at no cost, bookable, reliable, around the clock background talent to casting directors. the casting director can then call one place to get many actors, but will only have to deal with the service and not each actor independently. our licensed calling service provides daily submissions to over 54 casting directors, and books who ever is cast. in addition, a full profile is built with a range of photos and info on the client and is posted on the\ncut above\nwebsite. remember, a booking service is free to casting companies, and the casting director makes a percentage of you when you are on set. all booking services receive their payments in full before services are rendered. lastly, an aggressive service like\ncut above\ncasting will always be looking for work for their clients, and prides themselves on being able to book casting calls around the clock .\nthe choice of the cut - off point took into consideration the need to maximize the specificity of the matching strategy, i. e. to minimize the possibility of making false matches while if necessary accepting some level of failures to find true matches .\na: that totally depends on the production that you worked. each production company have a separate payroll company. it is very important that you keep your voucher. if for some reason you lose it, there is no other way to prove to the production company and / or payroll company that you actually worked. most checks get sent out within 2 weeks from the date that you worked. if it goes over 3 weeks, please call the number listed on your voucher. cut above casting is not responsible for payroll checks .\ntall shirts are for 6' 3\nand above. the sleeves and body are too long for 6' 2\nand below. other brands skimp on material costs and have shorter lengths than ours. we regularly receive exchanges for regular lengths from customers who do not follow this advice .\na: we at\ncut above\nhave a very aggressive protocol to our services. therefore, in order to acclimate you into our program, we have an orientation that details the daily operations of our business, and allows you to ask any questions you may have before you are booked on your first production. we have had a great response from clients who have liked the fact that they are treated more like a person than a number. that interaction and relationship alone, has made us a stand out company, and top in the category of non - union background .\nthank you franz for being a continual star client. it digust me to read these abusive posts. i need not write too much. this rick guy is ridiculous and micheal edelstein wrote an appreciate five star yelp review. not sure what made him flip to the dark side. to all my exceptional clients, thank you for making us the strongest booking service in los angeles. you truly are\na cut above\n! as far as the nay - sayers go, best to you all too. not much more i can say, your words sound crazy enough. lisa\nfor population - based assessment, there are two ways of expressing child growth survey results using z - scores. one is the commonly used cut - off - based prevalence; the other includes the summary statistics of the z - scores: mean, standard deviation, standard error, and frequency distribution .\nlisa and her team are fantastic. i' ve been with cut above since last year and they have worked me almost any time i am available. they have a small roster, so even as a union actor, i still get booked. jao is also great. it feels like you' re part of a family and if you work hard, show up on time, and respond quickly when booked, they will continue to get you work. their system is one of the easiest. everything with availability and profile updates can be done online so it' s so quick and painless. thank you all !\nthe comparison file was the sim database (version 19 / apr / 2007) for the period of 2001 to 2006, containing records of all brazilian individuals who had died at the age of 18 and above. due to notification delays, as the database extraction had been done on 19 april 2007, the 2006 data were still incomplete .\ncut above casting... i experienced alot of gay sexual harrassment, owners freinds, male, sent photos of themselves naked after a few weeks of dealing with them, invited me to personal parties, in a udee farm. . next i expereinced others including males talk to me really weird about sexuality... over and over again. a casting company is a service that works the functions of an agent where they provide people with a booking or a job on a set in a fashion on camera in front of lights on many and any major and other network shows, movies, comedys, commercials. it is illegal for a taent agent to provide services for money or dcompensations even if auditions dont accompany assignments jobs bookings, etc. cut above praosies itself arrogantly for providing superior service, it does provide a postive series of bookiings, however they charge 75 dollars a month, and if there is a discrepncy for payment, or the hesitation, clients are yelled at and screamed on or at, by theowner and others whom work for her, and they are told that 75 dollars is not alot of money, and that they are being selfish with their end of the bargain... ... clients are ridiculed for long periods of time off set by acquaintances and freinds of her. . bookings are for a large part predecided by her and she gets stingy and loses jobs for people. she has a superiority complex, arrogantly praising herself over the phone, she is really boring and overexxagerated in explaining herself and always complaining of private circumstances publiclly that she is going through... . the company ahs about 250 clients and is regulated through others that recruit after many quit, the recruiers charge people large sums of money for booking sna drefferals to central casting and booking services sucha s c = cut bove casting in particular. . cut above casting rakes in over 15 - 25, 000 a month and says it is a hard job. people however dont make more than 4 - 500 on their acting jobs a month and the most frequent make about maybe 1000 a month, and tose are thep people that walka round and love to talkk about having sex with themselves. everyone ther e is trying to see what its like to make a career out of background acting. .\nin this paper, we aimed to study the accuracy of a probabilistic linkage process used to track our blood bank patients in the sim databases. our goal was to define cut - off scores that would maximize sensitivity and minimize as much as possible the need to perform manual review of future studies that aimed to describe mortality rates of blood transfusion transmitted diseases in brazilian individuals .\nin conclusion, we believe our record linkage process can be used in studies that aim to track blood bank patients from the fps database and, if necessary, from other blood bank databases that collect similar data, in the sim, if special care is taken in the selection of the cut - off point, so as to guarantee that a high specificity be maintained .\nfor consistency with clinical screening, prevalence - based data are commonly reported using a cut - off value, often < - 2 and =\n> + 2 z - scores. the rationale for this is the statistical definition of the central 95% of a distribution as the\nnormal\nrange, which is not necessarily based on the optimal point for predicting functional outcomes .\nthe reference file was created by appending 200 randomly selected records of the fps database with 196 randomly selected hospital discharge records of the hospital das clínicas, faculdade de medicina, universidade de são paulo (hc - fmusp) database. in the former database, 200 records were randomly chosen among the records of individuals aged 18 and above that had donated blood in 2007 and were, therefore, known to be alive during the period from 2001 to 2005. in the latter case, 196 records were randomly chosen among records of individuals aged 18 and above who were known to have died during their hospitalization in the period from 2001 to 2005, as reported in the database’s outcome variable. given the ratio of 200 to 196 individuals, we were artificially creating a scenario in which the death ratio was close to 50% .\nin order to test the performance of our record linkage strategy, sensitivity and specificity and their 95% binomial confidence intervals were calculated assuming different cut - off points for score. sensitivity was defined as the proportion of true matches among the 196 individuals known to be dead (which should have corresponding records in sim), and specificity was defined as the proportion of non - matches among the 200 individuals known to be alive (which should not have corresponding records in sim). for the chosen cut - off point, the positive predictive value was also calculated as the proportion of true matches among the sum of true and false matches, along with its 95% binomial confidence interval. sensitivity and positive predictive value are often respectively called recall and precision in the linkage field 17 .\nthe use of - 2 z - scores as a cut - off implies that 2. 3% of the reference population will be classified as malnourished even if they are truly\nhealthy\nindividuals with no growth impairment. hence, 2. 3% can be regarded as the baseline or expected prevalence. to be precise the reported values in the surveys would need to subtract this baseline value in order to calculate the prevalence above normal. it is important to note, however, that the 2. 3% figure is customarily not subtracted from the observed value. in reporting underweight and stunting rates this is not a serious problem because prevalences in deprived populations are usually much higher than 2. 3% . however, for wasting, with much lower prevalence levels, not subtracting this baseline level undoubtedly affects the interpretation of findings .\nthe who global database on child growth and malnutrition uses a z - score cut - off point of < - 2 sd =\nto =\nclassify =\nlow =\nweight - for - age, =\nlow =\nheight - for - age =\nand =\nlow =\nweight - for - height =\nas =\nmoderate =\nand =\nsevere =\nundernutrition, =\nand =\n> < - 3 sd =\nto =\ndefine =\nsevere =\nundernutrition. =\nthe =\ncut - off =\npoint =\nof =\n> + 2 sd classifies high weight - for - height as overweight in children .\na major advantage of the z - score system is that a group of z - scores can be subjected to summary statistics such as the mean and standard deviation. the mean z - score, though less commonly used, has the advantage of describing the nutritional status of the entire population directly without resorting to a subset of individuals below a set cut - off. a mean z - score significantly lower than zero—the expected value for the reference distribution—usually means that the entire distribution has shifted downward, suggesting that most, if not all, individuals have been affected. using the mean z - score as an index of severity for health and nutrition problems results in increased awareness that, if a condition is severe, an intervention is required for the entire community, not just those who are classified as\nmalnourished\nby the cut - off criteria (15) .\ni had an awesome experience with cut above casting. lisa and her team booked me on far more work than i could have booked on my own. i love how clear and easy the website is, and found the entire operation ran very smoothly. lisa has an honest and sassy take on things. she calls it like she sees it, and that doesn' t work for some people. in my experience with cac, lisa personally went to bat for me more than once, especially on shoots where the non - union talent were were being hassled and treated unfairly. i was always confident and happy to share with fellow background artists that cac was my service, and tell them how cac worked and how they supported the actors in their roster. i had to take a hiatus because i booked a full - time job, but would return to cac in a heartbeat .\nthere are two main types of record linkage: the deterministic record linkage in which the linkage of records is based on exact agreement of one or several matching variables, and the probabilistic linkage, which is based on a likelihood score that is calculated taking into consideration how similar each of several matching variables are. pairs with high scores have higher probabilities of being true matches, and pairs with low scores have lower probabilities. the problem lies in pairs in the intermediate “grey” zone, which usually require manual review in order to be satisfactorily classified 16. having to depend on manual review often involves a high cost for probabilistic linkage exercises in terms of the engagement of skilled human resources in order to perform such a task, and it also raises privacy concerns since these individuals have access to nominal information. alternatively, the need for manual review can be removed by explicitly selecting a single cut - off value above which all pairs are declared true matches .\na: the legal rate is minimum wage ($ 10. 00 per hour), which is referred to as $ 80 / 8 (hours). every production must pay you that legally. but it is completely up to the production to pay what ever the budget is. cut above has relationships with many casting directors ranging from feature films, tv, independent films, commercial, print campaigns, music videos & audience work. that said, it is very common to book production at higher rates: $ 80 / 8, $ 125 / 10, $ 150 / 12, $ 175 / 10. some jobs also pay in cash, as opposed to voucher, always a good thing! in addition, once on set you can receive bumps and / or upgrades for things such as: wardrobe changes, meal penalties (hourly reimbursement given for missed meals after 6 hours), smoke, water, prop & mileage bumps, all requiring more money to your check !\nanother consequence of repeating our linkage process using the whole or a more representative sample of the fps database, which would very likely have a different death ratio, would naturally be the change of the positive predictive value for the chosen cut - off point 18. most importantly, such accuracy changes would also impart on how the longitudinal studies that will depend on the linkage results would be interpreted. as mentioned in other similar studies 3, it is best to use a more stringent cut - off point so as to maximize the specificity of the matching process, avoiding false matches even while accepting some level of failures to find true matches. the reason for this is that if we are to compare risk factors for death among blood donors or recipients, false matches obtained as a non - differential error (i. e. the same error rate across the risk factor levels) would bias both the risk difference and the risk ratio towards the null hypothesis, whereas failing to find some true matches would only bias the risk difference but not the risk ratio 19 .\nthis competency standard unit covers removal of vegetation above ground level, up to the live work zone as defined for both authorised and instructed persons in the industry guidelines associated with live electrical apparatus, using the established cutting plan relevant to the vegetation type. it encompasses the safe use of specialised plant and equipment according to requirements and established procedures. it includes safely accessing trees from ground level to remove tree limbs in a safe manner. it does not include entry of persons, mobile plant, equipment, and / or specialised tools into to the safe approach distance (sad) as defined .\nthe probabilistic record linkage (prl) is based on a likelihood score that measures the degree of similarity of several matching variables. screening test results for different diseases are available for the blood donor population. in this paper, we describe the accuracy of a prl process used to track blood donors from the fundação pró - sangue (fps) in the mortality information system (sim), in order that future studies might determine the blood donor’s cause of death. the databases used for linkage were sim and the database made up of individuals that were living (200 blood donors in 2007) and dead (196 from the hospital das clinicas de são paulo that died in 2001–2005). the method consists of cleaning and linking the databases using three blocking steps comparing the variables “name / mother’s name / date of birth” to determine a cut - off score. for a cut - off score of 7. 06, the sensitivity and specificity of the method is 94. 4% (95% ci: 90. 0–97. 0) and 100% (95% ci: 98. 0–100. 0), respectively. this method can be used in studies that aim to track blood donors from the fps database in sim .\nexperience with surveillance has contributed to emphasizing the usefulness of identifying prevalence ranges to assess the severity of a situation as the basis for making public health decisions. for example, when 10% of a population is below the - 2sd cut - off for weight - for - height, is that too much, too little, or average? the intention of the so - called' trigger - levels' is to assist in answering this question by giving some kind of guideline for the purpose of establishing levels of public health importance of a situation. such classifications are very helpful for summarizing prevalence data and can be used for targeting purposes when establishing intervention priorities .\nthe reference file, which was composed of an extraction of 200 records from the fps database and 196 records from the hc - fmusp database, had 100% completion for the matching variables name, mother’s name and data of birth, while the fields name and mother’s name had no abbreviations. the comparison file, which was the sim database for the period of 2001 to 2006 containing 4, 775, 164 records of individuals who had died at aged 18 and above, had 100% completion for name (as this was a prerequisite for sim records to be included in the comparison file), 95. 35% completion for mother’s name and 99% completion for date of birth .\nthe prevalence ranges shown in table 1 are those currently used by who to classify levels of stunting, underweight, and wasting. it should be borne in mind, however, that this classification is largely arbitrary and simply reflects a convenient statistical grouping of prevalence levels worldwide. moreover, the designations of a prevalence as\nlow\nor\nmedium\nshould be interpreted cautiously and not be taken as grounds for complacency. since only 2. 3% of the children in a well - nourished population would be expected to fall below the cut - off, the\nlow\nweight - for - age group, for example, includes communities with up to four times that expected prevalence, and the\nmedium\ngroup communities with up to an eightfold excess .\ni have been with cut above for about 2 months now. why would i give them 5 stars for such a short time being with them? about a week ago, i was on set, and by the end of the day i was hospitalized. lisa, the owner, texted me and called me when she heard from production. she wanted to know how i was and she and her staff were willing to get my car back to whatever location i wanted! that' s not a calling service' s problem to get my car back to me, but she offered! (production took care of it instead). i doubt i' d get that type of help from a bigger service. lisa is a no nonsense business woman. her staff is great! i have an ever changing schedule but i get booked. i purposely joined a calling service during\nhiatus\nto see if i could get booked and i did. do i wish i got booked more? sure! everyone does, no matter what service you have or even if you don' t - i hear that on every set. but lisa and her staff really work hard to get you booked - they aren' t goofing around. and she' ll tell you like it is. if you want honesty about this business and yourself that' s what you' ll get. if you want your ego stroked and bs with empty promises, go elsewhere. i asked a lot of background actors what service they used and if they were happy with them. cac won hands down .\nwith only 396 individuals coming from two data sources (fps and hc - fmusp databases), our reference file was relatively small and therefore not very heterogeneous. if we were to repeat our linkage process using the whole or a more representative sample of the fps database, the bigger number of records would obviously increase the variability of the values presented in our matching variables, which would mostly increase the number of false matches, and possibly increase the scores of these false matches 3, 17. as this could decrease the specificity observed for a given score value, perhaps a natural choice of a score cut - off point, as we had in the present study, would not be presented. the immediate consequence would be the need to check whether the same cut - off point used in the present study could apply to the new exercise. this would be accomplished by manually reviewing at least some of the pairs in the so - called grey zone. importantly, while linking records from primary or secondary data sources to a mortality database, we are dealing with a situation in which we obviously expect that only one true match will be found per individual, unless duplicates exist in one or both files. today, reclink removes from both databases the records that are part of a pair considered a true pair in a blocking step and on the next blocking step these records will not form pairs. as a suggestion to improve and accelerate the manual review in each blocking step, reclink could automatically remove from the list of pairs that will be submitted to the manual review all pairs with lower scores that contain one or the other of two records of pairs that have reached a higher score. this strategy would significantly decrease the burden of the manual review .\nthe observed sd value of the z - score distribution is very useful for assessing data quality. with accurate age assessment and anthropometric measurements, the sds of the observed height - for - age, weight - for - age, and weight - for - height z - score distributions should be relatively constant and close to the expected value of 1. 0 for the reference distribution. an sd that is significantly lower than 0. 9 describes a distribution that is more homogenous, or one that has a narrower spread, compared to the distribution of the reference population. if the surveyed standard deviation of the z - score ranges between 1. 1 and 1. 2, the distribution of the sample has a wider spread than the reference. any standard deviation of the z - scores above 1. 3 suggests inaccurate data due to measurement error or incorrect age reporting. the expected ranges of standard deviations of the z - score distributions for the three anthropometric indicators are as follows (5) :\nshows the totality of pairs formed in between the reference and the comparison databases, given the limitations imposed by the blocking variables. pairs with high scores were mostly found in step 1. when considering the number of pairs formed in step 1 from the highest to the lowest scores, we can see that at score 9. 8, even though five pairs were found, only one of them referred to the first time a specific record from the reference file was found in a pair. the other four referred to records from the reference file that had already formed pairs with the same or higher scores. the same happened at many lower scores, increasing as the score decreased. most true matches were found at score 17. 22. only one to four true matches were found at scores ranging from 17. 01 to 9. 8. then no true matches were found up to score 7. 06, where 16 were found. the first six false matches appeared at score 6. 02, and from there numbers increased very slowly. it was only at the very lowest scores that the majority of the false matches were found. sensitivity at score 9. 08 was 86. 2% (95% ci: 80. 5–90. 7) and at score 7. 06 was 94. 4% (95% ci: 90. 2–97. 2), the maximum value obtained. specificity was 100% (95% ci: 98. 2–100. 0) up to score 6. 02. such results would point to a natural choice of a score cut - off value able to discriminate pairs into true and false matches, as the last true matches were found at score 7. 06 and the first false matches appeared only at score 6. 02. using a cut - off inside this range, the positive predictive value was 100% (95% ci: 98. 2–100. 0) .\nthe accuracy of our linkage process was very high, with a sensitivity of 94% and a specificity of 100% using a score in between 7. 06 and 6. 02 as the cut - off point. our results are slightly better than those of a brazilian study that used reclink - iii and the same matching variables in order to link the aids surveillance database with sim, where they found a sensitivity of 87. 6% and a specificity of 99. 6% . 2 however, apart from the differences in the size of our reference file and their surveillance database, we have to bear in mind that while our reference file did not have any missing or incomplete values in the matching variables, theirs was a much bigger database that was likely to have many records with these types of errors. the use of large databases obviously also makes the manual review process a real challenge. our results are comparable to those of another brazilian study that used an in - house deterministic linkage process in order to link data from two study cohorts of hiv - infected patients with sim, where they found a sensitivity of 96. 5% and a specificity of 99. 6% 2 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmajor sir john astor, who has died aged 82, was the fourth and youngest son of the 2nd viscount astor and his formidable american wife nancy, the first woman to take her seat in the house of commons .\njakie\nastor was handsome, charming, witty, and light - spirited; inevitably ,\njakie\nsometimes became\njokie\n. yet although from the age of 21 he was in possession of ample private means, he showed that he also possessed the grit to succeed in many and various fields .\nperhaps it did him no harm that the second world war broke out at the time of maximum youthful temptation :\neveryone looks the same ,\nhe wrote on the first day of the war ,\nbut feels different .\nhe became a commander in phantom, the secret unit which was attached to the sas in france and operated deep behind enemy lines." ]

{ "text": [ "cut above ( 19 april 1978 – ca. 1991 ) was a british thoroughbred racehorse and sire best known for his upset win in the 1981 st leger stakes .", "as a two-year-old he showed useful form despite being beaten in both of his races and won the white rose stakes on his three-year-old debut .", "after recovering from a viral infection he finished second to shergar in the irish derby and third to ardross in the geoffrey freer stakes .", "in the st leger he started a 28/1 outsider but won from glint of gold and bustomi with the odds-on shergar in fourth .", "after being well-beaten in his only subsequent race he stood as a breeding stallion in ireland and brazil . " ], "topic": [ 22, 14, 14, 14, 14 ] }

[ "cut above (19 april 1978 – ca. 1991) was a british thoroughbred racehorse and sire best known for his upset win in the 1981 st leger stakes. as a two-year-old he showed useful form despite being beaten in both of his races and won the white rose stakes on his three-year-old debut. after recovering from a viral infection he finished second to shergar in the irish derby and third to ardross in the geoffrey freer stakes. in the st leger he started a 28/1 outsider but won from glint of gold and bustomi with the odds-on shergar in fourth. after being well-beaten in his only subsequent race he stood as a breeding stallion in ireland and brazil." ]

[ "calanus (indian: kalyana): indian sage who accompanied alexander the great .\ncalanus as is the exclusive manufacturer of products from the marine zooplankter calanus finmarchicus, sustainably harvested from the cold, pristine waters off the coast of north - norway .\nspecies calanus ramosus mori, 1929 accepted as calanus darwinii (lubbock, 1860) accepted as cosmocalanus darwinii (lubbock, 1860) (mori, 1932 called it an abnormal c. darwinii )\nin calanus as we work continuously to build a solid scientific basis for our 100% pure and natural products .\nsupplements containing calanus oil may support cardiovascular health via anti - inflammatory effects in blood vessel walls, says a new study .\nthe unique wax esters from calanus® oil act through interaction with gpr120 receptors, which secretes hormones controlling the metabolism of fat and sugar .\n( of calanus arietis templeton, 1836) walter, chad. the world of copepods. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of calanus borealis lubbock, 1854) walter, chad. the world of copepods. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of calanus elegans lubbock, 1854) walter, chad. the world of copepods. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of calanus mundus dana, 1849) walter, chad. the world of copepods. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of calanus perspicax dana, 1852) walter, chad. the world of copepods. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of calanus quinqueannulatus krøyer, 1842) walter, chad. the world of copepods. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of calanus recticornis dana, 1849) walter, chad. the world of copepods. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of calanus sanguineus dana, 1849) walter, chad. the world of copepods. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of calanus spitzbergensis krøyer, 1843) walter, chad. the world of copepods. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ncalanus oil, which is extracted from the copepods of the same name calanus finmarchicus ​, contains the omega - 3s epa and dha predominantly in the wax ester form (the oil is slightly viscous). the oil also contains astaxanthin, which gives its ruby color .\n( of calanus finmarchicus helgolandicus tanaka, 1956) walter, chad. the world of copepods. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of calanus sanguineus perspicax dana, 1852) walter, chad. the world of copepods. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nspecies calanus orientalis marukawa, 1908 accepted as undinula vulgaris (dana, 1849) (believed to be a deformed specimen of u. vulgaris )\n( of calanus septentrionalis (goodsir, 1843) ) walter, chad. the world of copepods. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nang ii also increased blood pressure in the non - supplemented animals, but these increases were not observed in the calanus oil - supplemented group .\nalexander invited the sages to join him, but their leader, dandamis, refused and sharply criticized calanus, who accepted the invitation. (there is a tradition, going back to the jewish philosopher philo of alexandria, that calanus was in fact forced to join the macedonian army. )\n( of calanus finmarchicus telezkensis stalberg, 1931) stalberg, g. (1931). eine calanus - form aus dem telezker - see im altai. zoologischer anzeiger 95 (9 - 10): 209 - 220, figs. 1 - 13. (20 - vii - 1931) [ details ]\n“these results suggest that dietary intake of oil from the marine copepod calanus finmarchicus could be a beneficial addition to conventional hypertension treatment, ” ​wrote the researchers .\nthe small crustacean calanus finmarchicus is the most numerous animal species on the planet, and constitutes by far the largest harvestable biomass production in the productive norwegian sea .\ncalanus® is a decapod (10 legged) free swimming zooplankton that are instantly recognised by their intense blood - orange colouration. this colouration stems from the extremely high levels of astaxanthin and other carotenoids stored within the calanus® body. calanus® is the “engine” of the eco - system in the atlantic ocean constituting a complete blend of essential components required by fish and other sea life including corals and invertebrates. these components are of vital importance for the healthy growth and development of larval and juvenile fish and shrimps. calanus® are harvested in spring when they rise to the surface layers of the north atlantic ocean to feed on phytoplankton. the calanus® are harvested using patented harvesting technology and quickly frozen on board the vessel to ensure the product is of premium quality when it reaches the end user. as the calanus® is frozen immediately upon harvest it is more nutritious than many collected live plankton organisms as they can quickly lose their nutritional values if they are not feeding between harvest and aquarium use. experimental tests have indicated that the calanus® are highly beneficial to the immune system of aquatic life therefore providing greatly improved survival rates. calanus® contain very high levels of the famed fatty acids epa, dha and sda the latter of which is surprisingly of plant origin and is present also in plankton algae and certain terrestrial plants .\nthe new study, which used lab mice, found that eight weeks of supplementation with calanus oil attenuated increases in blood pressure when the animals were exposed to angiotensin ii, a potent vasoconstrictor .\n“as expected, infusion of ang ii produced hypertrophy and up - regulation of marker genes (mrna level) of both hypertrophy and fibrosis in cardiac muscle, but this response was unaffected by dietary calanus oil, ” ​added the researchers. “fibrosis and inflammation were up - regulated also in the aorta following ang ii infusion. however, the inflammatory response was blocked by calanus oil supplementation. ” ​\nbrian bosworth ,\ncalanus and the brahman opposition\nin: wolfgang will (ed .), alexander der grosse. eine welteroperung und ihr hintergrund (1998 bonn), pp. 173 - 203\n“in the present study we show for the first time that dietary calanus oil has protective effects on the vascular system in obese mice by preventing the rise in systolic blood pressure following acute exposure to [ angiotensin ii ], suggesting that dietary intake of oil from the marine copepod ​calanus finmarchicus could be a hypertension treatment option, ” ​ wrote the researchers, led by wahida salma from uit the arctic university of norway .\ncalanus departed from life with the words\nalexander, we shall meet again in babylon\n. nobody understood why he said this, but in the end, the words proved true when alexander died in babylon .\nwax esters are historically associated with penguin, seal, and whale oil, but are being produced by norwegian company calanus helse as from c. finmarchicus. only one commercial product containing wax esters from calanus is currently available in the us: arctic ruby oil. the product is expensive compared with other omega - 3 forms, and retails for $ 59. 95 for 60 soft gels (30 servings). image: © istockphoto / robynmac\ncalanus finmarchicus is an herbivorous zooplankter with a one - year lifespan. it is a complete and pure energy - and nutrient source in the marine food web, and serves as an excellent raw material for arctic marine bioactives .\ncalanus must have been one of alexander' s advisers during his indian campaigns. we do not know what he thought of the anti - macedonian rebellion that the brahmans organized in april 325, when alexander was leaving india .\nissued from: m. e. huntlley, k. - g. barthel & j. l. star in mar. biol. , 1983, 74. [ p. 155, fig. 7 ]. calanus pacificus\nresults showed that during the initial eight week period, the non - supplemented high fat diet - fed mice feigned significant body weight, but this was significantly attenuated in the calanus oil group. however, administration of ang ii led to a sharp drop in body weight – or tissue wasting – in the non - supplemented animals, and this body weight drop was double that observed in the calanus oil - supplement animals, indicating that the oil protected against tissue wasting .\npreclinical and clinical trials with calanus® oil demonstrate effector mechanisms and health benefits beyond those found in ordinary omega - 3s. calanus® oil could actually become an important part of the solution to the ever increasing incidence of metabolic syndrome associated with the unhealthy lifestyle and obesity development in the western world. increased glucose tolerance, reduced deposition of intra - abdominal fat and increased oxygen uptake are some of the effects that have been documented, and that are currently being further investigated in several human clinical trials .\n“in addition, [ angiotensin ii ] - induced tissue wasting, especially of adipose tissue, was significantly reduced in mice receiving dietary calanus oil, indicative of lower energy requirements for tissue preservation during the stress imposed by [ angiotensin ii ] exposure. ” ​\n( of calanus arietis templeton, 1836) giesbrecht, w. (1893). ueber den einseitigen pigmentknopf von pleuromma. zoologischer anzeiger 16 (421): 212 - 213. (12 - vi - 1893) page (s): 89 [ details ]\nthe researchers fed c57bl / 6j mice a high fat diet with or without supplemental calanus oil (2 %) for eight weeks. the animals maintained the diets for a further two weeks but were further randomized to receive either angiotensin ii (ang ii) or saline .\nissued from: t. yoshiki, b. yamanoha, t. kikuchi, a. shimizu & t. toda in mar. biol. , 2008, 156. [ p. 104, table 4 ]. egg development time and egg sinking rate of three calanus species .\nsabatini, m. e. , ramirez, f. c. and martos, p. (2000). distribution pattern and population structure of calanus australis brodsky, 1959 over the southern patagonian shelf off argentina in summer. ices journal of marine science 57: 1856 - 1866 .\nissued from: m. j. dagg, b. w. frost & w. e. walser, jr. in limnol. oceanogr. , 1989, 34 (6). [ p. 1065, fig. 1 ]. vertical distribution of adult females of calanus pacificus\nissued from: a. fleminger in mar. biol. , 1985, 88. [ p. 281, fig. 3 ]. as calanus pacificus californicus. left a1 (ventral view, segments 16 - 25. a, male; b, quadrithek female; c, trithek female .\nissued from: m. m. mullin & e. r. brooks in limnol. oceanogr. , 1967, 12. [ p. 659, table 1 ]. approximate cumulative time (in days) required for development at 12°c in the laboratory based on three stocks of calanus pacificus .\naccording to salma et al, calanus finmarchicus is “the most abundant crustacean in the north atlantic ocean with annual production of several hundred million tonnes. the total annual harvest amounts to less than 0. 01% of the annual growth in accordance with regulations by norwegian fisheries management. ” image: uwe kils\nissued from: p. tutasi, s. palma & m. caceres in scienc. mar. , 2011, 75 (4). [ p. 799, fig. 10 ] geographic distribution of calanus chilensis in september and october 2001, associated with the weak la niña event of 2001 .\n( of calanus borealis lubbock, 1854) brady, g. s. (1878). a monograph of the free and semi - parasitic copepoda of the british islands. ray society, london 1: 1 - 148, pls. 1 - 33. (look up in imis) [ details ]\n( of calanus spitzbergensis krøyer, 1843) with, c. (1915). copepoda i. calanoida. amphascandria. danish ingolf - expedition 3 (4): 1 - 260, figs. 1 - 79, pls. 1 - 8. (11 - xii - 1915) [ details ]\n( of calanus septentrionalis (goodsir, 1843) ) with, c. (1915). copepoda i. calanoida. amphascandria. danish ingolf - expedition 3 (4): 1 - 260, figs. 1 - 79, pls. 1 - 8. (11 - xii - 1915) [ details ]\nhis death made a lasting impression. in 165 ce, a greek philosopher named peregrinus proteus, did the same during the olympic games. although his contemporary lucian described him as someone intent on publicity, most people were very impressed by the' new calanus', who had shown that death was nothing to be feared .\n( of calanus perspicax dana, 1852) esterly, c. o. (1905). iv. the pelagic copepoda of the san diego region. university of california publications in zoology. 2 (4): 113 - 233, figs. 1 - 62. (14 - x - 1905). [ details ]\nissued from: k. a. brodsky in zool. zh. , 1959, 38, 10. [ p. 1542, fig. 4 ]. comparison of left leg of p5 for calanus pacificus var. oceanicus (4) and c. pacificus var. japonicus (5). calanus pacificus var. oceanicus (from n pacific): segments of exopodite of left p5 are thinner and more elongated than in c. helgolandicus and c. finmarchicus. relation of breadth to length of 1st and 2nd segments of exopodite of left leg 1: 3. 5. endopodite almost reaches distal end of 1st segment of exopodite of same leg, and if it is goes beyond, then it is only by a very little (fig. 4 - 4). calanus pacificus var. japonicus (from tartar straits, off shores of sakhalin): p5 is of'' thin'' type compared to c. helgolandicus and c. finmarchicus. relation of breadth to length of 1st and 2nd segments of left exopodite of p5 1: 4. 5. left endopodite of p5 shorter than 1st segment of exopodite. calanus pacificus var. ? (from sindao): p5 does not differ from that described for the form from the open part of the pacific (c. pacificus var. oceanicus) .\nissued from: e. brinton, a. fleminger & d. siegel - causey in calcofi rep. , 1986, 27. [ p. 262, fig. 23 ]. roughly estimated abundance of calanus pacificus californicus in the 0 - 140 m layer sampled by calcofi during april and august 1957 in the gulf of california .\nsource: prostaglandins, leukotrienes and essential fatty acids ​ ​ may 2016, volume 108, pages 13 - 21, doi: 10. 1016 / j. plefa. 2016. 03. 006 “dietary calanus oil antagonizes angiotensin ii - induced hypertension and tissue wasting in diet - induced obese mice” ​ authors: w. salma et al .\ncalanus finmarchicus: esterly, 1905 (p. 125, figs. f, m); 1919 (p. 1, 22, light - dark reactions); 1924 (p. 83, figs. f, m, rem .); sato, 1913; mori, 1929; ? minoda, 1958 (p. 253, table 1); ? m. w. johnson, 1961 (p. 311, table 2); motoda, 1966 (p. 260); calanus finmarchicus pacificus: kun, 1969 (p. 995, fig. f, rem. , chart); calanus helgolandicus mori, 1937 (1964) (p. 14, figs. f, m); nakai, 1955 (p. 12, chemical composition); mullin, 1963 (p. 239, table 2, grazing rate); ahlstrom & thrailkill, 1963 (p. 57, table 5, abundance); furuhashi, 1966 a (p. 295, vertical distribution vs mixing oyashio / kuroshio region); mullin & brooks, 1967 (p. 657, life history, fecundity, feeding, growth rate); mullin c. h. , 1968 (p. 29, egg laying v. s. hours); richman & rogers, 1969 (p. 701, feeding); mullin & brooks, 1970 (p. 748 (p. 748, nutrition); paffenhöfer, 1970 (p. 346, cultivation); 1971 a (p. 286, feeding); 1976 (p. 49, feeding); 1976 a (p. 39, feeding); calanus finmarchicus s. l. : morris, 1970 (p. 2300). calanus helgolandicus (sens. lat .): longhurst, 1967 (p. 51, fig. 3, table 3, vertical distribution / o2 minimum) .\nburning oneself was not common in ancient india. it is only rarely mentioned in brahman sources. however, it is unclear whether calanus was a brahman, and even if he were, it may be pointed out that voluntarily departing from one' s life was considered by the greeks to be the culmination of one' s spiritual quest: one had been able to renunciate life itself .\nat last he mounted the pyre and with due ceremony laid himself down. all the troops were watching. alexander could not but feel that there was a sort of indelicacy in witnessing such a spectacle - the man, after all, had been his friend; everyone else, however, felt nothing but astonishment to see calanus give not the smallest sign of shrinking from the flames. we read in\nissued from: k. brodsky in inform. ser. 33. new zealand depart. sc. indust. res. , 1961. [ p. 10, pl. 2, fig. 12 ]. female (from valparaiso, chile): 12, last thoracic segment and urosome (dorsal). nota; abdomen relatively thicker and not as short as that of the other calanus species .\nissued from: m. j. zirbel, c. b. miller & h. p. batchelder in limnol. oceanogr. : methods, 2007, 5. [ p. 109, fig. 4 ]. approximate observed development stage durations for calanus pacificus eggs from dabob bay (washington), at 10 - 12°c, based on 72 clutches divided into groups of > 10 eggs and variously assigned to killing times. .\nissued from: c. o. esterly in univ. calif. publs zool. , 1905, 2 (4). [ p. 125, fig. 1 ]. as calanus finmarchicus. female (from san diego region): a, habitus (lateral); e, basipod of p5. male: b, exopodite of right p5; c, left p5; d, exopodite of p3. st = terminal bristle; se = outer marginal bristle .\nissued from k. hulsemann in invert. taxon. , 1994, 8. [ p. 1477, fig. 28, g ]. as calanus pacificus s. l. female: g, urosome (left: ventral); right: dorsal). pore signature schematic by pooled samples (symbols are considerably larger than pores): filled circle: 100% presence; open circle: 95 - 99% presence; triangle: 50 - 89% presence. n = 200 .\nissued from: p. m. ruz, p. hidalgo, s. yàñez, r. escribano & j. e. keister in j. mar. syst. , 2015, 148. [ p. 208, fig. 6 ]. temporal changes of female abundance (ln number per m3), egg abundance (number per l) and egg production rate in situ samples (epr) (ln eggs per female per day) for calanus chilensis in mejillones bay (23°s, 70°25' w) .\nissued from: w. t. peterson & d. c. bellantoni s. afr. j. mar. sci. , 1987, 5. [ p. 418, figs. 10, 11 ]; fig. 10: temporal changes in (a) egg production of female calanus chilensis and (b) total chlorophyll at the site off central chili (off concepcion). fig. 11: scattergrams of fecundity of c. chilensis against chlorophyll concentration for (a) total chlorophyll and (b) the 20 µm size fraction .\nissued from: k. a. brodsky in zool. zh. , 1959, 38, 10. [ p. 1541, fig. 3, 4 - 10 ]. comparison of coxopodite inner edge of p5 female for calanus pacificus var. oceanicus (4), c. pacificus var. japonicus (5 - 9) and c. pacificus var. ? (10) (from sindao, yellow sea). calanus pacificus var. oceanicus (from n pacific): last thoracic segment has small, slightly divergent protuberances. coxopodite dentate plate of p5 with teeth long, almost parallel sides, closely set; well marked curve in central part of teeth -, in distal part teeth point towards distal part of leg. number of teeth high: 32 - 39. calanus pacificus var. japonicus (from tartar straits, off shores of sakhalin): forehead in lateral view without protuberance, but is smoothly rounded. last thoracic segment has short, divergent angles when viewed dorsally. coxopodite dentate plate of p5 has sharp, closely set teeth without spaces. central part of teeth - line has strongly marked curve; in some instances the teeth are seen end on (fig. 3 - 5). the degree of variability of the structure of the dentate plate is shown in fig. 3, 5 - 8. number of teeth 22 - 29. population from amur bay, sidimi bay, posyet bay and melkovodny bay do not differ from specimens from tartar straits as shown in figure 3 - 9. calanus pacificus var. ? (from sindao): form of body somewhat different from that from yellow sea: in dorsal view prominent protuberance is visible forehead, this is noticeable in lateral view. rear angles of last thoracic segment short and divergent. a1 somewhat shorter than in other populations and do not exceed the length of the body but are equal to it. coxopodite dentate plate of p5 (fig. 3 - 10) has sharp, triangular teeth, witout spaces; in central part of teeth - line, to be more precise in the distal third, a curve is noticeable; distal teeth are longer and distally orientated; number of teeth not high 18 - 20 .\nissued from: m. j. zirbel, c. b. miller & h. p. batchelder in limnol. oceanogr. : methods, 2007, 5. [ p. 109, fig. 6 ]. age proportions for eggs within 0 - 100 m of the water column for calanus pacificus in dabob bay (washington) at 07. 00 hour on (a) 23 april 2003 and (b) 24 april 2003. eggs (n > 200 for each profile were collected, sorted, stained, and assayed for development stage as described on figure .\nissued from: m. j. zirbel, c. b. miller & h. p. batchelder in limnol. oceanogr. : methods, 2007, 5. [ p. 108, fig. 3 ]. picogreen in a calanus pacificus egg from dabob bay (washington). this egg was field - cooevted, fixed, stained, and imaged with confocal microscopy, with uv (405 nm) and argon laser excitation at 488 nm. the picogreen stained nuclei (523 nm emission) and intricately chorion (490 nm autofluorescence) are visible with the longpass filter .\nissued from: a. bucklin & t. c. lajeunesse in calcofi, 1994, 35. [ p. 49, fig. 4 ]. neighbor - joining tree showing genetic differences among the 27 individuals of calanus pacificus. the ocean weather station papa (papa): 50°n, 145°w. ccs1: california current (in june 1992). ccs2: california cooperative fisheries investigation (calcofi) surveys in november 1989. ccs3: 32°25 \\\nn, 118°10' w, puget sound (puget): 47°45. 5' n, 122°49. 5' w. in april 1992 .\nissued from: m. j. zirbel, c. b. miller & h. p. batchelder in limnol. oceanogr. : methods, 2007, 5. [ p. 108, fig. 2 ]. confocal images of 128 - cell, blastula and late gastrula stages (left to right) of calanus pacificus egg from dabob bay (washington). the last shows the archenteron clearly. these eggs were reared in the laboratory and fixed before staining. the dapi - stained nuclei (461 nm emission) within eggs and the external chitinous chorion (490 nm autofluorescence) are visible with a longpass filter. eggs are approximately 180 µm in size .\nin india calanus had never been ill, but when he was living in persia all strength ultimately left his body. in spite of his enfeebled state he refused to submit to an invalid regimen, and told alexander that he was content to die as he was, which would be preferable to enduring the misery of being forced to alter his way of life. alexander, at some length, tried to talk him out of his obstinacy, but to no purpose. then, convinced that if he were any further opposed he would find one means or another of making away with himself, he yielded to his request, and gave instructions for the building of a funeral pyre under the supervision of\nissued from: m. d. ohman, a. v. drits, m. e. clarke & s. plourde in deep - sea res. ii, , 1998, 45. [ p. 1719, fig. 4 c ]. vertical distribution of copepod in the san diego trough in june and december. adult female and copepodid stage v of calanus pacificus californicus. dark symbols illustrate nightime distributions, open symbols illustrate daytime distributions, each plotted at the mid - point of the sampling interval. sampling extended deeper in december than in june. sampling out in the san diego trough (near 32°50' n, 117°40' w) in 6 - 14 june 1992 and 15 - 22 december 1992. the species does not exhibit a pattern of winter dormancy - i. e. , synchronous developmental arrest as copepodid stage v, descent into deep waters, reduced metabolism, and lack of winter reproduction. calanus pacificus californicus has a biphasic life history in this region, with an actively reproducting segment of the population in surface waters overlying a deep dormant segment in winter. in dabob bay (47°45' n), the subspecies exhibits a dormancy response; copepodid v' s accumulate and dominate the stage structure of the population during autumn - winter, most of which remain in deeper water day and night in october and february. egg production by females does not begin in this locality until march .\nissued from: b. w. frost in limnol. oceanogr. , 1977, 22 (3). [ p. 473, fig. 1 ]. relationship between maximum clearance rate f (ml / copepod / day) for adult females of calanus pacificus and size of food particle (measured as log v, where v is mean cell volume in micro m3). all measurements of clearance rate made at food concentrations below critical concentration. line, fitted by least - squares linear refression: f = 2. 43 (log v) - 3. 92; r = 0. 73, n = 143. significant linear relationship also exists between f and mean cell diameter (micrometre) .\nissued from: j. l. hakanson in limnol. oceanogr. , 1987, 32 (4). [ p. 883, fig. 1 (partial) ]. results of a field sampling programm covered the california current between los angeles and san francisco in april 1984 (calcofi, cruise 8404) in order to determine the feeding condition of calanus pacificus copepodite v. b: distribution of total chl a. c: distribution of mean wax ester content in c. pacificus. e: distribution of mean dry weight in c. pacificus; f: distribution of macrozooplankton volume (excluding organisms > 5 ml) from bongo net (mesh aperture = 505 micrometers), towed obliquely from 210 m to the surface .\nissued from: s. m. bollens & b. w. frost in limnol. oceanogr. , 1989, 34 (6). [ p. 1078, fig. 2 ]. vertical distribution of adults females of calanus pacificus in dabob bay (washinton state) in 1985 and 1986. for each set of dates, day (clear) and night (black) vertical distributions are means of four vertical series of samples collected in pairs near noon and midnight on each of two consecutive days. numbers in italics are vaues of v = dependence of the strenth of the diel vertical migration exhibited by c. pacificus on the abundance of planktivorous fish actively feeding on c. pacificus in the surface 50 m of the water column\nissued from: k. a. brodsky in zool. zh. , 1959, 38, 10. [ p. 1541, fig. 3, 12 ]. calanus chilensis female (from 33°03' s, 72°10' w): 12, coxopodite inner edge of p5. nota: dentate plate on coxopodite of p5 has teeth of triangular shape with spaces between the teeth in distal part, spaces being narrower in proximal part of inner edge of this segment. number of teeth 18 - 20. curve present in middle part of teeth line but not pronounced. distal segment of endopodite of p5 has 5 bristles. relation of breadth of prosome to length 1; 2. 8. a1 longer than body by 3 - 4 segments .\nissued from: r. escribano & p. hidalgo in ices j. mar. sci. , 2000, 57 (6). [ p. 1870, table 1 & 2 ]. table 1: global means and ranges of sea surface tempetature, female length, and numerical abundance observed from field sampling, and the expected temperature - dependant growth rate and generation time of calanus chilensis from december 1991 through january 1998 in the coastal zone of the mejillones peninsula, northern chile. table 2: expected annual means of temperature - dependent growth rate (g), generation time (gt) and the number of generations [ cohorts ] per year (gpy) of calanus chilensis in the coastal zone of the mejllones peninsula, northern chile. after escribano, during the study period (1991 - 1998), two warm events were reported, in 1991 / 92 and in 1997 / 98. the presence of the 1991 / 92 el niño was detected in the north pacific subtropical gyre (karl & al. , 1995) and caused a positive anomaly and deepening of the thermocline during march / april 1992 in coastal waters off mejillones peninsula. the 1997 - 1998 el niño is considered to be strongest on record (mcphaden, 1999). on the other hand, the sea - surface temperature time - series shows two sharp cold events, in winter 1992 and in winter 1996, whereas 1994 might be considered as a cold year. interannually factors other than simply temperature may regulate c. chilensis abundance .\nissued from: r. escribano & p. hidalgo in ices j. mar. sci. , 2000, 57 (6). [ p. 1872, fig. 3 ]. annual means of (a) sea surface temperature, (b) female length, anrd (c) abundance of calanus chilensis from tata obtained on a monthly basis off the mejillones peninsula, northern chile. the expected abundance of c. chilensis (dashed line) in the lower panel was estimated from the regression of abundance as a function of temperature. populations were smallest during the two el niño events, 1992 and 1997, and largest during the cold year of 1994. the two el niño events also coincide with the smlallest female sizes observed in 1992 and 1997 .\nissued from: k. brodsky in inform. ser. 33. new zealand depart. sc. indust. res. , 1961. [ p. 13, pl. 4, fig. 10 and 11 ]. male (from chile): left leg of p5 (10; from talcahuano; 11: from valparaiso). nota: p5 with relatively short, thick exopodites segments in the left leg. endopodite of the left leg reaches as far as 1 / 3 or 1 / 2 the length of the 2nd exopodal segment of the same leg. serrate plate of basipod with 17 - 18 teeth; distal teeth larger than proximal ones. 3rd exopodite segment of the left leg shorter and broader than that of calanus australis. the 3rd endopodite segment of p5 has 6 setae .\nissued from: a. bucklin & t. c. lajeunesse in calcofi, 1994, 35. [ p. 46, fig. 1 ]. geographic distribution of the subspecies of calanus pacificus. nota: c. pacificus may include sveral subspecies, although no morphological characters diagnostic of each subspecies have been found. the authors use dna sequence variation of a miyochondrial gene to investigate the degree of genetic differentiation associated with these systemating groupings and to begin a study of the evolutionary significance of geographic variation in the species. the dna sequence of a 449 base pair portion of the mitochondrial 16s rrna gene was determined for 27 individuals collected from five sites in the north pacific ocean. . the molecular genetic differentiation between individuals of c. p. oceanicus and c. p. californicus (0. 9% to 1. 0% sequance difference) was greater than that between individuals of c. p. californicus\nsome say calanus was escorted to the pyre by a solemn procession - horses, men, soldiers in armor and people carrying all kinds of precious oils and spices to throw upon the flames; other accounts mention drinking - cups of silver and gold and kingly robes. he was too ill to walk, and a horse was provided for him; but he was incapable of mounting it, and had to be carried an a litter, upon which he lay with his heard wreathed with garlands in the indian fashion, and singing indian songs, which his countrymen declare were hymns of praise to their gods. the horse he was to have ridden was of the royal breed of nisaia, and before he mounted the pyre he gave it to lysimachus, one of his pupils in philosophy, and distributed among other pupils and friends the drinking - cups and draperies which alexander had ordered to be burnt in his honor upon the pyre .\nissued from: m. m. mullin & e. r. brooks in limnol. oceanogr. , 1967, 12. [ p. 660, fig. 2 ]. relative abundance of the developmental stages of calanus pacificus ar various times over at 2 - yr period in the california current, a few kilometers offshore from scripps institution of oceanography (la jolla, san diego) the number associated which each histogram shows the total number of individuals of all stages of that species caught with net in a 90 - m vertical tow. the height of the shaded bar associated with each developmental stage shows the relative contribution of that stage to this total. if less than 10 individuals were found in the samples from any date, no histogram was drawn. before 23 march 1965, no nauplii were sampled, so frequencies are based on copepodite stages only. diagonal lines connect supposed generations. nota: mullin & brooks indicate that the local species breed more or less contibuously so that the population is dominated by the naupliar stages during most of the year. only occasionally (as between 12 april and 10 may or between 24 august and 20 september 1966) was there an indication of a ‘discrete’ generation maturing and producing offspring. these ibdications suggest a generation time of about 4 weeks, but this interpretation is questionable because the simultaneous occurrence of juveniles with older copepodites that are neither their parents nor their siblings seems likely. table 1 (from culture in the laboratory) shows the time required to attain various developmental stages. in general, the males molted from the immature condition to the adult stage somewhat before the females and also died off sooner than the females. concerning the fecundity, mullin & brooks indicate under ideal conditions, the total number of eggs produced by wild females believed to have copulated only a short time before capture (many were still carrying spermatophores). for two groups of 15 females, each gave means of 613 and 691 eggs) female over 9 weeks. this is somewhat higher than the egg production reported for calanus helgolandicus by marshall & orr (1955). these estimates must be considered minimal because some of the females used may have laid eggs before capture or other causes .\nissued from: a. fleminger in mar. biol. , 1985, 88. [ p. 285, table 5 ]. as calanus pacificus californicus. aesthetascc variability in a1 of the trithek females. number of aesthetascs deviating from 1 per antennal segment. in all instances of deviations, 2 aesthetasks were observed; 17 specimens displayed one unilateral deviation, 2 specimens displayed one bilateral deviation. l left; r, right. nota: the table shows the result for anomalies collected in winter and spring. very small seviations in aesthetasc number occured in 19 of 200 specimens the morphology of the reproductive system was normal in both trithek and quadrithek females: both morphs showed an advanced state of ovarian development and oviducts filled with eggs. the seminal receptacles always appeared to be filled with sperm, and the antrumn and the cover plate were similar in both morphs. except for a1, no differences in sexual morphology were noted between trithek and quadrithek females. in samples, quadritheks were more abundant in winter and early spring, their numbers diminishing through midsummer to low in autumn. quadrithek frequency, prosome length, and population density tended to be high at temperatures below 14°c and vice inversely .\nissued from: a. fleminger in mar. biol. , 1985, 88. [ p. 280, fig. 2 ]. as calanus pacificus californicus. male (from off point conception, california): a, left a1 (ventral view), with trithek grouping on segment 4 and quadrithek groupings on segment 5; b, quadrithek female; c, trithek female, with trithek groupings on segments 2b and 5 delincated. set = seta; aes = aesthetasc. populations include adult males and two morphological types of adult females, one of which has a first antenna resembling that of the male in the number of aesthetascs. the dimorphism between female types is abrupt, with no intermediate forms, and appears to be genetically founded (no indication seen suggesting that parasitism or disease is responsible for the dimorphism), and the high frequency of quadrithek females rules out an origin from repetitive ordinary mutations. the author postulates that quadrithek females derive from genotypic males in which the gonad develops as an ovary. . the final, phenotypics sex is affected by environmental factors, or possibly by internal factors relating to conditions developed in diapause, which modify the hormonal control of morphogenesis of sexual characters .\nissued from: r. p. harris in j. mar. biol. ass. u. k. , 1982, 62. [ p. 83, figs. 10, 11 ]. comparison of the feeding behaviour of calanus pacificus (large species) and pseudocalanus minutus (small species) in two controlled experimental ecosystems (cees) with phytoplankton food (cee 2: mainly diatoms; cee 3: mainly flagellate population). fig. 10: a, mean clearance rate related to particle size. all experiments included. c. pacificus: black circle; p. minutus: open circle. cee 2: line; cee 3: dotted line. fig. 11: b, comparison of mean retention efficiencies in relation to particle size. mean value for all experiments days, both cees combined. c. pacificus: black circle; p. minutus: open circle. nota: in the fig. 10 (a) the large decrease in c. pacificus clearance rate for the highest size channel may represent decreased ability to'' handle'' these large paricles. the fig. 11 (b) demontrates that below 20 micrometers p. minutus characterizing a small form) filters with a greater efficiency in all size channels. between 20 and 70 micrometers the converse is observed with c. pacificus (characterizing a large form) having greater efficiency. for the authors, it was found over a series of experiments lasting 72 days, during which a wide range of phytoplankton was encountered, that on average fed on slightly larger particles (1. 2 x diameter) than pseudocalanus. however, despite the large difference in body size (x 10 dry weight) there was evidence that on most occasions both species were competing for the same food resource over a wide range of the particle - size spectrum .\nissued from: w. a. jaschnov in int. revue ges. hydrobiol. , 1970, 55 (2). [ p. 206, fig. 4 ] distribution of calanus pacificus from literary sources (as c. finmarchicus or c. helgolandicus) and unpublished data (black circles). solid line indicates the southern boundary of the distribution of the species. arrows denote some of the currents. nota: after jaschnov (1970, p. 205 & following) it seems highly probable that the centre of distribution of the subtropical species lies in the east china sea and yellow seas, where it occurs in large quantities. the species does not occur in the tropical and subtropical waters of the pacific ocean nor in the southern part of the kuroshio current. the main flow of the kuroshio divides at the latitude of tokara strait. large masses of water from the yellow sea also flow into the japan sea. the area of intense mixing of these waters lies to the west of kyushyu. the tsushima current brings into the japan sea many tropical and subtropical plankton forms (see in nishimura, 1965). c. pacificus, too, is brought by this current from the yellow sea to the japan sea, which may be considered as an area of immigration. its distribution is closely associated with the tsushima current. it is known that the greater part of the water of this current (about 70% on the average) runs into the pacific ocean through the tsugaru strait; the rest of the water flows into the pacific through la pérouse strait. the range of the species in the pacific ocean is closely associated with the subarctic surface waters. the zone of great concentrations of this species extending from the tsugaru strait in a northern direction is situated more to the north than the dynamic axis of the kuroshio. with the waters of the tsugura current, running close to the eastern coast of honshu, the species is carried southward along the coasts of japan down to kyusyu. c. pacificus is not encountered in the kuroshio proper; this does not disagree with the findings of this species southeastward of honshu, because they are reported from deeper layers underlying the waters of the kuroshio and containing submerged oyashio water (see omori, 1967). this species penetrates into the southern part of the bering sea with the waters of the warm current. at present it is hard to decide whether the population inhabiting the gulf of alaska is of local origin or its maintenance depends on an inflow of new populations from the wester regions of the ocean .\nleach, w. e. (1816). annulosa. in: encyclopedia britannica, supplement to the fourth, fifth and sixth editions 1: 401 - 453, pls. 20 - 26. (vi - 1816) [ details ]\nwalter, t. c. & boxshall, g. (2018). world of copepods database .\nboxshall, g. (2001). copepoda (excl. harpacticoida), in: costello, m. j. et al. (ed .) (2001). european register of marine species: a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. collection patrimoines naturels, 50: pp. 252 - 268 (look up in imis) [ details ]\n( of cetochilus roussel de vauzeme, 1834) claus, c. (1866). die copepoden - fauna von nizza. ein beitrag zur charakteristik der formen und deren abanderungen' im sinne darwin' s'. schriften der gesellschaft zur beforderung der gesmmten naturwissenschaften zu marburg. suppllement 1: 1 - 34. pls. 1 - 5. page (s): 3 [ details ]\n( of cetochilus roussel de vauzeme, 1834) claus, c. (1863). die frei lebenden copepoden mit besonderer berucksichtigung der fauna deutschlands, der nordsee und des mittelmeeres. verlag von wilhelm engelmann, leipzig 1 - 230, pls. 1 - 37. , available online at urltoken page (s): 171 pl. 26 [ details ]\n( of cetochilus roussel de vauzeme, 1834) walter, chad. the world of copepods. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of daphinia rafinesque, 1815) walter, chad. the world of copepods. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of diarthropus brady, 1918) walter, chad. the world of copepods. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n3x5 c. b. wilson taxonomic card - cetochilus (from synonym cetochilus roussel de vauzeme, 1834) 3x5 c. b. wilson taxonomic card - daphinia (from synonym daphinia rafinesque, 1815) 3x5 c. b. wilson taxonomic card - diarthropus (from synonym diarthropus brady, 1918) 3x5 wilson species card to biological information system for marine life (bismal) to genbank to itis\ncome and see us on booth 2162 - d at supply side west in mandalay bay, las vegas, november 8 - 9, 2018 .\nnatural starter - and specialty feed ingredient to marine fish and shrimp, improving growth and survival. serves as an excellent palatability enhancer at low inclusion in premium pet food, treats, supplements and pharmaceuticals .\na potent and complete lipid extract with additional and more pronounced effector mechanisms, functional properties and health benefits than omega - 3 from conventional sources. exclusively for human dietary applications .\nnature’s own starter or weaning feed for larval and juvenile shrimp in aquaculture. the product also serves as a nutrient rich and highly palatable complete food for ornamental fish .\nin collaboration with uit the arctic university of norway and other scientific institutions in norway and abroad, we conduct basic and applied research to support product development and regulatory approval. research results are being published in peer reviewed scientific journals .\nwe use cookies to give you the best online experience. by using our website you agree to our use of cookies in accordance with our cookie policy. learn more .\nif you' re going to this year' s interzoo in germany look out for us. we' re on stand 244 in hall 9. this year more than 1, 500…\ndistribution c. helgolandicus, a congener species of c. finmarchicus, might have a more southern distribution .\ndistribution c. helgolandicus, a congener species of c. finmarchicus, might have a more southern distribution. [ details ]\nbrunel, p. ; bosse, l. ; lamarche, g. (1998). catalogue of the marine invertebrates of the estuary and gulf of st. lawrence. canadian special publication of fisheries and aquatic sciences, 126. 405 p. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nroff, j. c. (1978). a guide to the marine flora and fauna of the bay of fundy: copepoda: calanoida. fisheries and marine service technical report 823. 27 p. [ details ]\n( of cyclops finmarchicus müller o. f. , 1776) walter, chad. the world of copepods. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cyclops finmarchicus müller o. f. , 1776) baird, w. (1850). the natural history of the british entomostraca. ray society, london. 364pp, pls. 1 - 36. page (s): 228 [ details ]\n( of cetochilus finmarchicus (gunner, 1765) ) walter, chad. the world of copepods. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cetochilus finmarchicus (gunner, 1765) ) giesbrecht, w. 1893. systematik und faunistik der pelagischen copepoden des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte. fauna und flora des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte, herausgegeben von der zoologischen station zu neapel 19: 1 - 831, pls. 1 - 54. (1892) page (s): 89 [ details ]\n( of cetochilus finmarchicus (gunner, 1765) ) möbius, k. (1875). ueber euchaeta carinata, eine neue spezies splatfüssiger krebse (copepoden). schriften des naturwissenschaftlichen vereins für schlezwig - holstein 1 (3): 289 - 290. page (s): 270 pl. 6 [ details ]\n( of cetochilus finmarchicus (gunner, 1765) ) lenz, h. (1882). die wirbellosen thiere der travemünder bucht. theil ii. resultate der im auftrage der freien - und hansa - stadt lübeck angestellten schleppnetzuntersuchungen. pages 169 - 184, in: vierter bericht der commission zur wissenschaftlichen untersuchung der deutschen meere, in kiel für die jahre 1877 bis 1881. vii. bis xi. jahrgang. i. abth. paul parey, berlin. [ details ]\n( of cetochilus septentrionalis goodsir, 1843) thompson, w. (1847). additions to the fauna of ireland. annals and magazine of natural history. (1) 20: 237 - 250. , available online at urltoken page (s): 247 [ details ]\n( of cetochilus septentrionalis goodsir, 1843) walter, chad. the world of copepods. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cetochilus septentrionalis goodsir, 1843) goodsir, h. d. s. (1843). the genus cetochilus belonging to the order copepoda and the family pontia of m. edwards. edinburgh new philosophical journal 35: 336 - 339, pl. 6. page (s): 339, pl. 6 [ details ]\n( of cetochilus septentrionalis goodsir, 1843) with, c. (1915). copepoda i. calanoida. amphascandria. danish ingolf - expedition 3 (4): 1 - 260, figs. 1 - 79, pls. 1 - 8. (11 - xii - 1915) page (s): 10 [ details ]\n( of monoculus finmarchicus gunner, 1765) walter, chad. the world of copepods. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nintergovernmental oceanographic commission (ioc) of unesco. the ocean biogeographic information system (obis), available online at urltoken [ details ]\n“the oil extracted from ​c. finmarchicus is ruby colored and slightly viscous, with [ greater than ] 86% of the fatty acids present as wax esters bound predominantly to aliphatic long - chain monounsaturated alcohols [ mostly 20: 1 (n - 9) and 22: 1 (n - 11) alcohols ], with minor amounts of free fatty acids, free fatty alcohols, and glycerides, ” ​explained the authors of the new study in prostaglandins, leukotrienes and essential fatty acids ​ ​ .\n“the compound attenuates inflammation and the severe metabolic stress caused by ang ii infusion. although the present study suggests that the anti - hypertensive effect of the oil (or its n - 3 pufas constituents) is related to its anti - inflammatory action in the vessel wall, other mechanisms such as interaction with intracellular calcium mechanisms or a direct antagonistic effect on ang ii receptors should be examined. ” ​\ngnosis has released a new leaflet on sport nutrition, one of the most promising sectors of the dietary supplement industry. regular physical ...\naronox® is an extract of aronia that delivers heart health benefits supported by several published peer - reviewed clinical trials, with significant improvements ...\nadonat®, the commercially stable form of s - adenosyl methionine (same), is one of the most studied and proven effective nutritional compounds produced by ...\nfermented cheeses are the best dietary source of menaquinones in the west, but most cannot consume enough daily to get optimal amounts of k2, nor is cheese ...\nso glad to see more research on this product. my father has been taking it for years, and swears by it. i gave in 3 months ago and it really is a great product. i' m actually excited to see my doctor. i hope my numbers back up how i feel !\nthe 2nd edition of the ipa webinar series; codex and probiotics - the case for harmonized guidelines .\nin april 326, the macedonian king alexander the great reached taxila, the capital of one of the indian kingdoms in the punjab (indian takshaçila, modern rawalpindi). onesicritus of astypalaea, one of alexander' s officers and biographers, writes that the king sent him to the indian sages, only to be ridiculed by them and to be thaught cosmology (text). another biographer of alexander, arrian of nicomedia, states that alexander personally interviewed the sages, who may have been traditional brahmans or innovating saddhu' s." ]

{ "text": [ "calanus is a genus of marine copepod in the family calanidae ( order calanoida ) .", "the genus was split in 1974 , with some species being placed in a new genus , neocalanus .", "the following species are recognised : calanus aculeatus brady , 1918 calanus affinis dana , 1849 calanus agulhensis de decker , kaczmaruk & marska , 1991 calanus amaenus dana , 1849 calanus americanus herrick , 1887 calanus anglicus lubbock , 1857 calanus appressus dana , 1849 calanus arcticus lubbock , 1854 calanus australis brodsky , 1959 calanus chilensis brodsky , 1959 calanus communis dana , 1849 calanus comptus dana , 1852 calanus dorsalis ( rafinesque , 1817 ) calanus euxinus hulsemann , 1991 calanus finmarchicus ( gunnerus , 1770 ) calanus glacialis jaschnov , 1955 calanus helgolandicus ( claus , 1863 ) calanus hyperboreus kroyer , 1838 calanus jashnovi hulsemann , 1994 calanus longiremis ( claus , 1863 ) calanus marshallae frost , 1974 calanus nataliensis ( brady , 1914 ) calanus pacificus brodsky , 1948 calanus penicillatus lubbock , 1856 calanus propinquus brady , 1883 calanus simillimus giesbrecht , 1902 calanus sinicus brodsky , 1962 calanus torticornis ( brady , 1918 )" ], "topic": [ 26, 26, 3 ] }

[ "calanus is a genus of marine copepod in the family calanidae (order calanoida). the genus was split in 1974, with some species being placed in a new genus, neocalanus. the following species are recognised: calanus aculeatus brady, 1918 calanus affinis dana, 1849 calanus agulhensis de decker, kaczmaruk & marska, 1991 calanus amaenus dana, 1849 calanus americanus herrick, 1887 calanus anglicus lubbock, 1857 calanus appressus dana, 1849 calanus arcticus lubbock, 1854 calanus australis brodsky, 1959 calanus chilensis brodsky, 1959 calanus communis dana, 1849 calanus comptus dana, 1852 calanus dorsalis (rafinesque, 1817) calanus euxinus hulsemann, 1991 calanus finmarchicus (gunnerus, 1770) calanus glacialis jaschnov, 1955 calanus helgolandicus (claus, 1863) calanus hyperboreus kroyer, 1838 calanus jashnovi hulsemann, 1994 calanus longiremis (claus, 1863) calanus marshallae frost, 1974 calanus nataliensis (brady, 1914) calanus pacificus brodsky, 1948 calanus penicillatus lubbock, 1856 calanus propinquus brady, 1883 calanus simillimus giesbrecht, 1902 calanus sinicus brodsky, 1962 calanus torticornis (brady, 1918 )" ]

[ "coleophora laricella hübner, 1817 = protocryptis laricella (hubner, [ 1817 ]) = tinea laricella hübner, [ 1817 ] = phalaena tortix (ornix) laricinella ratzeburg, 1840 = coleophora nigricornis heinemann & wocke, 1877 .\nencyclo. co. uk, online since 2007, is a search engine for english meanings and definitions. the website aims to publish all wordlists, big and small, on the internet, making it much easier to find the word you need. follow us on facebook\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken" ]

{ "text": [ "coleophora cyrta is a moth of the coleophoridae family .", "it is found in turkestan and uzbekistan .", "the wingspan is 14 – 15 mm .", "the larvae feed on salsola species , including salsola orientalis .", "they create a silky case .", "the surface is rough , with minute transverse wrinkles .", "it has four to six uneven stripes of different lengths and widths and is covered with longitudinal wrinkles which extend along the case .", "the valve is three-sided and comparatively small .", "the length of the case is 9 – 10 mm and it is chocolate-brown in color .", "larvae can be found from the end of september to october . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 9, 8, 4, 11, 23, 23, 9, 20 ] }

[ "coleophora cyrta is a moth of the coleophoridae family. it is found in turkestan and uzbekistan. the wingspan is 14 – 15 mm. the larvae feed on salsola species, including salsola orientalis. they create a silky case. the surface is rough, with minute transverse wrinkles. it has four to six uneven stripes of different lengths and widths and is covered with longitudinal wrinkles which extend along the case. the valve is three-sided and comparatively small. the length of the case is 9 – 10 mm and it is chocolate-brown in color. larvae can be found from the end of september to october." ]

[ "- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species: danilia otaviana (f. j. cantraine, 1835) † - id: 7388000008\ngofas, s. (2014). danilia otaviana. in: costello, m. j. ; bouchet, p. ; boxshall, g. ; arvantidis, c. ; appeltans, w. (2014) european register of marine species, accessed through pesi at\ntaxonomy monterosato (1914) figured the holotype from calcara' s collection and distinguished as separate species the fossil danilia ...\nvilvens c. & héros v. 2005. new species and new records of danilia (gastropoda: chilodontidae) from the western pacific. novapex 6 (3): 53 - 64\nmonterosato t. a. (di) (1914 (30 giugno) ). sur le genre danilia. journal de conchyliologie 61 (4): 381 - 384, pl. ix [ details ]\nvilvens c. & héros v. 2005. new species and new records of danilia (gastropoda: chilodontidae) from the western pacific. novapex 6 (3): 53 - 64, available online at urltoken [ details ]\ngofas, s. ; le renard, j. ; bouchet, p. (2001). mollusca. in: costello, m. j. et al. (eds), european register of marine species: a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. patrimoines naturels. 50: 180 - 213. (look up in imis) [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43. 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed. my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site. view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\ngofas, s. ; le renard, j. ; bouchet, p. (2001). mollusca, in: costello, m. j. et al. (ed .) (2001). european register of marine species: a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. collection patrimoines naturels, 50: pp. 180 - 213\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3. 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme. contract no. ri - 223806. activity area: capacities. period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture: gannet (morus bassanus (linnaeus, 1758) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\n- note: several protected species are illustrated here only for identification purposes. they are not for sale. - the photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock, except when only one specimen is offered. we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted (gamma correction) .\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, states, usa, television, ... more\nusing cookies on urltoken shellauction uses cookies only for technical reasons and to facilitate and speed up your site navigation. by continuing to browse, you accept the use of cookies; if you do not wish to receive them please disable them or not navigate this website further. more info cookies on urltoken\nutilizzo dei cookies su urltoken shellauction utilizza i cookies esclusivamente per ragioni tecniche e per facilitare e velocizzare la navigazione del sito. continuando a navigare accetti l' utilizzo dei cookies, se non desideri riceverli ti invitiamo a disabilitarli oppure a non navigare questo sito ulteriormente. altre informazioni sui cookies di urltoken\naeo - odo (69) oli - sp. (68) spe - zeu (27 )\nbrusina s. (1865). conchiglie dalmate inedite. verhandlungen der kaiserlich - königlichen zoologisch - botanisch gesellschaft in wien 15: 3 - 42\nherbert d. g. (2012) a revision of the chilodontidae (gastropoda: vetigastropoda: seguenzioidea) of southern africa and the south - western indian ocean. african invertebrates, 53 (2): 381–502. [ 6 november 2012 ]\nbrusina, 1865. in: costello, m. j. ; bouchet, p. ; boxshall, g. ; arvantidis, c. ; appeltans, w. (2014) european register of marine species, accessed through pesi at\n• stratigraphic relations: from unnamed lithostratigraphic unit, for which stratigraphic relations are not discussed in text. age: early piacenzian or middle pliocene of guerra merchán et al. (2002). stratigraphic position: from unknown position within section .\n• environment: stated to represent a shingle beach, deposited by storm action in a very short period of time and containing a mixture of faunal elements from a variety of depths and environments .\n• specific lithology: conglomerate with brown sand, sometimes indurated and rare pockets of yellowish - brown sand. lithification: poorly lithified, on the basis of figured specimens and facies description .\n• collector: landau and marquet. repository: landau personal collection, marquet personal collection, and possivly the institut. royal des sciences naturelles de belgique .\nprimary reference: b. landau, r. marquet, and m. grigis. 2003. the early pliocene gastropoda (mollusca) of estepona, southern spain. part 1: vetigastropoda .\npaleodb collection 80562: authorized by austin hendy, entered by austin hendy on 26. 04. 2008, edited by katherine hendy\n• coverage: exhaustive for major groups of gastropods covered in taxonomic treatments. other major components of fauna (bivalvia) and minor components (e. g. coral) are not included. nomenclature: authoritative publication with modern nomenclature and use of species and subgenus resolution assignments .\n1 landau et al. 2004; 2 landau and fehse 2004; 3 landau et al. 2007; 4 landau et al. 2009\ncalcara p. (1839). alcune nuove specie di conchiglie appartenenti a diversi generi del sig. de lamarck ritrovate e descritte dal dottor pietro calcara. l' oreteo, palermo 3 - 4 [ reprint & 6 p. , 1 pl, stamperia g. pedone, palermo ]: page (s): 14 - 15 (in reprint), fig. 8 [ details ]\n( of monodonta tinei calcara, 1839) calcara p. (1839). alcune nuove specie di conchiglie appartenenti a diversi generi del sig. de lamarck ritrovate e descritte dal dottor pietro calcara. l' oreteo, palermo 3 - 4 [ reprint & 6 p. , 1 pl, stamperia g. pedone, palermo ]: page (s): 14 - 15 [ reprint ]; pl. fig. 8 [ details ]\ndistribution eastern atlantic, from norway to morocco, also on the island of madeira, generally 100 - 300 m. gorringe, josephine, seine ...\ndistribution eastern atlantic, from norway to morocco, also on the island of madeira, generally 100 - 300 m. gorringe, josephine, seine and ampère seamounts (moderately common from 129 to 335 m) [ details ]\n( calcara, 1839). accessed through: costello, m. j. ; bouchet, p. ; boxshall, g. ; arvanitidis, c. ; appeltans, w. (2018) european register of marine species at: urltoken; = 146885 on 2018 - 07 - 10\ncostello, m. j. ; bouchet, p. ; boxshall, g. ; arvanitidis, c. ; appeltans, w. (2018). european register of marine species .\n( of monodonta limbata philippi, 1844) philippi r. a. (1844). enumeratio molluscorum siciliae cum viventium tum in tellure tertiaria fossilium, quae in itinere suo observavit. vol. 2. halle [ halis saxorum ]: eduard anton. iv + 303 pp. , pls 13 - 28. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of trochus horridus costa o. g. , 1861) costa, o. g. (1861). microdoride mediterranea; o, descrizione de poco ben conosciuti od affatto ignoti viventi minuti e micoscropici del meditterraneo, pel professore o. g. costa. tomo primo. con tredici tavole. i - xviii, 1 - 80. stamperia dell' iride, napoli. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of trochus profugus de gregorio, 1889) check list of european marine mollusca (clemam). , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of trochus horridus costa o. g. , 1861) check list of european marine mollusca (clemam). , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ndiagnosis shell up to 10 mm high, with conical spire and rounded body whorl. sculpture very characteristic with elevated spiral cords, unequal in zize and narrower than interspaces, crossed by thin, prosocline lamellae which form knobs where overriding the cords. peristome flaring in adult shells, with a distinct outer varix and with internal denticles elongated in the spiral direction. columella with a strong denticle. background colour greyish with broad brown flames, inside of aperture nacreous. [ details ]\nto biodiversity heritage library (3 publications) to clemam to clemam (from synonym monodonta tinei calcara, 1839) to clemam (from synonym monodonta limbata philippi, 1844) to clemam (from synonym trochus bilabiatus philippi, 1846) to clemam (from synonym trochus horridus costa o. g. , 1861) to clemam (from synonym trochus profugus de gregorio, 1889) to encyclopedia of life to pesi to pesi (from synonym monodonta limbata philippi, 1844) to pesi (from synonym monodonta tinei calcara, 1839) to pesi (from synonym trochus profugus de gregorio, 1889) to pesi (from synonym trochus horridus costa o. g. , 1861) to pesi (from synonym trochus bilabiatus philippi, 1846 )\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas, please upload using the upload tools .\n( cantraine, 1835) †. accessed through: costello, m. j. ; bouchet, p. ; boxshall, g. ; arvanitidis, c. ; appeltans, w. (2018) european register of marine species at: urltoken; = 141776 on 2018 - 07 - 10\ngofas, s. ; le renard, j. ; bouchet, p. (2001). mollusca. in: costello, m. j. et al. (eds), european register of marine species: a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. patrimoines naturels. 50: 180 - 213. (look up in ror) [ details ]" ]

{ "text": [ "danilia otaviana is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family chilodontidae .", "this species was described by cantraine after a fossil shell he had found in messina , italy . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20 ] }

[ "danilia otaviana is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family chilodontidae. this species was described by cantraine after a fossil shell he had found in messina, italy." ]

[ "are we missing a good definition for thornfish? don' t keep it to yourself ...\nthe thornfish, also known in south africa as the tigerfish, is commonly encountered in estuaries and brackish water where they can be caught on all sorts of baits and lures. this saltwater fish species is frequently caught in the st. lucia estuary area and has been recorded to live in complete freshwater. the thornfish can grow up to weights of over 500 grams. please see images and photographs of south africa' s thornfish (tigerfish) below ...\n— taxobox | name = thornfish image caption = drawing by dr tony ayling regnum = animalia phylum = chordata classis = actinopterygii ordo = perciformes familia = bovichtidae genus = bovichtus species = b. variegatus binomial = bovichtus variegatus… …\nshowing page 1. found 0 sentences matching phrase\nthornfish\n. found in 0 ms. translation memories are created by human, but computer aligned, which might cause mistakes. they come from many sources and are not checked. be warned .\nthornfish range in colour from black, green, brown and red and mottled with with lighter colours. they have a large spine above their gill plate from which they get their name. usually found on rock walls or overhangs clinging upside down, they are well camouflaged and may only be seen as they dart away when disturbed. they are seen more frequently on night dives than during the day. around the wrecks of aramoana\n* genus\nbovichtus\nvalenciennes in cuvier and valenciennes, 1832 * *\nbovichtus angustifrons\n( regan, 1913). * *\nbovichtus argentinus\n( macdonagh, 1931). * *\nbovichtus chilensis\n( regan, 1913). * *\nbovichtus diacanthus\n( carmichael, 1819). * *\nbovichtus oculus\nhardy, 1989. * *\nbovichtus psychrolutes\n( günther, 1860). * *\nbovichtus variegatus\nthornfish richardson, 1846. * *\nbovichtus veneris\n( sauvage, 1879). * genus\ncottoperca\nsteindachner, 1876 * *\ncottoperca gobio\n( günther, 1861) (synonym of\ncottoperca trigliodes\nforster, 1801) cite urltoken of fishes | accessdate = 2008 - 06 - 17 | publisher = california academy of sciences - ichthyology | year = 2008\nwith a maximum weight of 100 kg dissostichus eleginoides, the patagonian toothfish, shown above is one of the largest of the indigenous perch like fishes from antarctica known as notothenioids. this species has become the target of a commercial fishery and appears in restaurants and fish markets as “chilean sea bass” .\nresearch reported on this page supported by nsf grants opp 94 - 16870 & 04 - 36190 .\nthis entry needs a photograph or drawing for illustration. please try to find a suitable image on wikimedia commons or upload one there yourself !\nthis page was last edited on 18 march 2018, at 20: 58 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license; additional terms may apply. by using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\na dragonet, any of the small perciform marine fish of the family callionymidae .\nplease set a username for yourself. people will see it as author name with your public flash cards .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncookies help us deliver our services. by using our services, you agree to our use of cookies .\na dragonet, any of the small perciform marine fish of the family callionymidae .\njavascript is disabled. please enable javascript, or you won' t be able to use all of the features of the online store .\nin order to optimize our website for you and to be able to continuously improve it, we use cookies. by continuing to use the website, you agree to the use of cookies. for more information, please see our cookie policy\n. there you can delete and / or block the cookies by changing the browser settings .\nclassic loose - fitting swim shorts by boss in pleasant, high - comfort polyamide with quick - drying surface. the elastic waist has an internal drawstring. a patch pocket with velcro closure located in the back. the metal boss label is sewn on to the front .\n- elastic waist with an internal drawstring. - polyamide with quick - drying surface - wide fit - short leg length - metal logo in the front - patch pocket with velcro closure in the back - the model is wearing size m, is 188 cm tall, and has an 80 cm waist .\nget the latest news from hugo boss regarding exclusive specials, lifestyle and fashion trends .\ninhabits shallow rocky reefs, including rock pools and under jetties on pylons (ref. 9002) .\n28. 0 cm tl (male / unsexed; (ref. 9002) )\ncaudal fin rounded (ref. 9002). variable pale brown with light and dark brown to red spots and blotches (ref. 9002) .\ndepth range based on 12 specimens in 1 taxon. water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 1 sample. environmental ranges depth range (m): 0 - 8 temperature range (°c): 15. 276 - 15. 276 nitrate (umol / l): 0. 938 - 0. 938 salinity (pps): 35. 487 - 35. 487 oxygen (ml / l): 5. 626 - 5. 626 phosphate (umol / l): 0. 233 - 0. 233 silicate (umol / l): 0. 831 - 0. 831 graphical representation depth range (m): 0 - 8 note: this information has not been validated. check this * note *. your feedback is most welcome .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\ncurrently, four genera and at least 11 species are recognised (last et al. 2002), with three genera and three described species recorded for australia. the maximum size attained by a bovichtid in australian waters is 36 cm. hardy (1988) revised the australasian species of bovichtus and balushkin (2000) recognised eight species of bovichtus with restricted distributions. the australian species are currently under study by p. last from csiro marine laboratories, who has indicated that there are at least two species of bovichtus in australia and probably two or more species of pseudaphritis. note that bovichtus is often incorrectly spelled bovichthus. some authors recognise the pseudaphritidae as distinct from the bovichtidae (nelson 2006). the two views are discussed in last et al. (2002). eastman (1991) discussed radiation of the notothenioid fishes .\nbovichtids are restricted to the southern oceans in temperate regions of australia, new zealand and south america as well as antarctic and subantarctic waters .\nbalushkin, a. v. 2000. morphology, classification, and evolution of notothenioid fishes of the southern ocean (notothenioidei, perciformes). journal of ichthyology 40 (supplement 1): 74–109\neastman, j. t. 1991. evolution and diversification of antarctic notothenioid fishes. american zoologist 31: 93–109\nhardy, g. s. 1988. a revision of bovichtus cuvier, 1831 (pisces: bovichthyidae) from australasia, with description of a new deepwater species from the new zealand subantarctic. journal of natural history 22: 1639–1655 figs 1–5\nlast, p. r. , balushkin, a. v. & hutchins, j. b. 2002. halaphritis platycephala (notothenioidei: bovichtidae): a new genus and species of temperate icefish from southeastern australia. copeia 2002 (2): 433 - 440\nnelson, j. s. 2006. fishes of the world. hoboken, new jersey: john wiley & sons, inc. 601 pp .\nphylogenetic analysis of morphological characters has revealed that the family bovichtidae is not a monophyletic group .\ncurrently, three genera are included in this family, with the genus pseudaphritis (castelnau, 1872) now being placed in its own family, pseudaphtitidae .\nbalushkin, a. v. (1992 )\nclassification, phylogenetic relationships, and origins of the families of the suborder notothenioidei (perciformes )\njournal of ichthyology 32: pp. 90–110\nlecointre, g. et al. (1997 )\nmolecular phylogeny of the antarctic fishes: paraphyly of the bovichitidae and no indication for the monophyly of the notothenioidei (teleostei )\npolar biology 18: pp. 193–208\nlast, p. r. ; balushkin, a. v. and hutchins, j. b. (may 2002 )\nhalaphritis platycephala (notothenioidei: bovichtidae): a new genus and species of temperate icefish from southeastern australia\ncopeia 2002 (2): pp. 433 - 440, p. 433\n*: in his wombe might lurke some hidden nest / of many dragonets, his fruitfull seed [... ] .\nany of the small perciform marine fish of the family (taxlink) found mainly in the tropical waters of the western indo - pacific, the family containing approximately 186 species in 18 genera .\na group of fish in the perciformes'' order, the'' family .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution / share - alike license; additional terms may apply. see wiktionary terms of use for details .\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more\nterapontidae, or grunters / tigerperches, belong to the order perciformes. they are found in shallow coastal waters in the indian ocean and western pacific, where they live in saltwater, brackish and freshwater habitats. they grow up to 80cm (31. 5\n) in length and feed on fish, insects and other invertebrates. there are 15 genera and 52 species in this family .\nthis page was last edited on 23 july 2010, at 12: 29 .\ncontent is available under creative commons attribution - sharealike 3. 0 unported license unless otherwise noted .\nwebster' s new world college dictionary, fifth edition copyright © 2014 by houghton mifflin harcourt publishing company. all rights reserved .\nany of various small, often brightly colored marine fishes of the family callionymidae, having a slender body and a flattened head with large eyes .\nthe american heritage® dictionary of the english language, fifth edition by the editors of the american heritage dictionaries. copyright © 2016, 2011 by houghton mifflin harcourt publishing company. published by houghton mifflin harcourt publishing company. all rights reserved .\nany of the small perciform marine fish of the family callionymidae found mainly in the tropical waters of the western indo - pacific, the family containing approximately 186 species in 18 genera .\nphylogenetic analysis of morphological characters has revealed that the family bovichtidae is not a monophyletic group. [\nbalushkin, a. v. (1992 )\nclassification, phylogenetic relationships, and origins of the families of the suborder notothenioidei (perciformes )\njournal of ichthyology\n32: pp. 90–110\nlecointre, g .\net al .\n( 1997 )\nmolecular phylogeny of the antarctic fishes: paraphyly of the bovichitidae and no indication for the monophyly of the notothenioidei (teleostei )\npolar biology\n18: pp. 193–208\nthere are ten species in three genera. in addition, the genus\npseudaphritis\n( castelnau, 1872) has sometimes been included in this family. [\nlast, p. r. ; balushkin, a. v. and hutchins, j. b. (may 2002 )\nhalaphritis platycephala\n( notothenioidei: bovichtidae): a new genus and species of temperate icefish from southeastern australia\ncopeia\n2002 (2): pp. 433 - 440, p. 433\n— noun a) a group of fish in the perciformes order, the bovichtidae family. b) alternative name of the dragonet …\n— this is a list of fish common names. while some common names refer to a single species or family, others have been used for a confusing variety of different types; the articles listed here should explain the possibilities if the name is ambiguous …\n— i (new american roget s college thesaurus) i v. angle; pull out, dredge; solicit; search. see pursuit, desire, fish, food. ii aquatic vertebrate animal nouns 1. fish, denizen of the deep, pisces; anadromous, freshwater or saltwater fish, tropical …\nwe are using cookies for the best presentation of our site. continuing to use this site, you agree with this. ok" ]

{ "text": [ "the thornfishes are a family , bovichtidae , of fishes in the order perciformes .", "the family is spelled bovichthyidae in j. s. nelson 's fishes of the world .", "they are native to coastal waters off australia , new zealand , and south america , and to rivers and lakes of southeast australia and tasmania .", "phylogenetic analysis of morphological characters has revealed that the family bovichtidae is not a monophyletic group . " ], "topic": [ 2, 2, 13, 26 ] }

[ "the thornfishes are a family, bovichtidae, of fishes in the order perciformes. the family is spelled bovichthyidae in j. s. nelson's fishes of the world. they are native to coastal waters off australia, new zealand, and south america, and to rivers and lakes of southeast australia and tasmania. phylogenetic analysis of morphological characters has revealed that the family bovichtidae is not a monophyletic group." ]

[ "clinus exasperatus sp. nov. , clinus musaicus sp. nov. , clinus spatulatus, clinus superciliosus types, genetic analysis\nwithin the genus clinus, the six species of the clinus superciliosus complex share the following morphological characters .\nnon clinus superciliosus var. arborescens: gilchrist & thompson, 1908: 115 .\nposterior of skull with first three dorsal - fin spines and supporting pterygiophores: a, clinus superciliosus; b, clinus ornatus .\na, gronovius type specimens bmnh 53. 11. 12. 49, clinus mycterizans, identified as clinus superciliosus; b, bmnh 53. 11. 12. 50, clinus mycterizans, identified as clinus cf. ornatus; c, bmnh 53. 11. 12. 51, clinus mycterizans, identified as clinus superciliosus; d, bmnh 53. 11. 12. 52, clinus ignobilis, identified as clinus acuminatus (bloch & schneider, 1801); e, mnhn 2143, castelnau type specimen of clinus marmoratus photograph; f, radiograph, identified as clinus agilis smith, 1931; g, clinus superciliosus linnaeus type nrm135a, photograph; h, radiograph .\nclinus superciliosus: swainson, 1839: 276; hubbs, 1952: 106 (clinetrachus) .\nclinus superciliosus (s. s .) occurs intertidally and subtidally, whereas ‘brevi b’ occurs only subtidally .\nclinus superciliosus var. arborescens gilchrist & thompson, 1908: 116 (type locality, false bay, western cape) .\ndorsal, anal and pectoral fin counts by locality for clinus superciliosus and c. arborescens. [ nb species names in italics ]\ncomparative counts for clinus superciliosus complex species (mean values in brackets). body depth given for a range of specimens, irrespective of locality\na, clinus superciliosus, saiab 8260, male, 78 mm sl (drawn by david voorveld); b, orbital cirri; c–f, clinus superciliosus underwater, different colour forms and habitats, false bay; c is the ‘default’ colour form (g. zsilavecz) .\nclinus superciliosus var. arborescens gilchrist & thompson, 1908 (bmnh 1927. 12. 6. 64; sam 9871–73) – a valid species .\nclinus superciliosus (in part): smith, 1946; penrith, 1969: 57, figure 22; smith in smith & heemstra, 1986: 765 .\nclinus superciliosus (in part): smith, 1946; penrith, 1969: 57, figure 22; smith in smith & heemstra, 1986: 765 .\npenrith (1969) noted that clinus superciliosus (linnaeus, 1758) was both the most abundant south african clinid and also the most variable, attested to by the lengthy synonymy of the species (see below). in her revision, following smith (1945), she considered both clinus superciliosus var. arborescens gilchrist & thompson 1908 and clinus ornatus gilchrist & thompson 1908 merely as variations of c. superciliosus. smith (1945: 541) considered the nine male types of c. ornatus as ‘rather rare variations’ of adult males of c. superciliosus .\nscanning electron micrographs of the anterior of the palate of a, clinus spatulatus; b, clinus superciliosus (with permission of nisc). d = diastema between teeth of upper jaw; l = lip; la = lamellae; td = tooth band; v = vomer; va = valve .\nclinus ornatus gilchrist & thompson, 1908: 116 (type locality, false bay, western cape) .\n( of clinus ornatus gilchrist & thompson, 1908) holleman, w. ; von der heyden, s. ; zsilavecz, g. (2012). delineating the fishes of the clinus superciliosus species complex in southern african waters (blennioidei: clinidae: clinini), with the validation of clinus arborescens gilchrist & thompson, 1908 and clinus ornatus gilchrist & thompson, 1908, and with de. zoological journal of the linnean society. 166 (4): 827 - 853. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nin preservative, c. superciliosus retains its mottled colour pattern, whereas ‘brevi b’ loses all colour .\na, clinus musaicus, holotype, saiab 96616, male, 108 mm sl, windmill, false bay (drawn by elaine heemstra); b, orbital cirri; c, clinus musaicus, photograph of holotype (g. zsilavecz); d–f, clinus musaicus underwater, habitat and different colour forms, false bay (g. zsilavecz) .\nclinus arborescens occurs subtidally between cape point and port alfred, along the south and south - east coasts of south africa .\na number of south african clinid species are very variable in colour, taking on the colour of the substrate the young settle upon. this is well documented for some californian clinid species (stepien et al. , 1987; 1988), and has been documented for the south african pavoclinus pavo (gilchrist & thompson, 1908) and p. coeruleopunctatus (zsilavecz, 2001). clinus superciliosus is perhaps the most variable (see figure 6c–f), and its many colour forms have caused confusion in the past. castelnau (1861), for example, described three new species – clinus dubius, clinus pantherinus, and clinus marmoratus – for colour forms different to what was recognized as c. superciliosus .\na, clinus arborescens, skoenmakerskop, aquarium photograph (m. j. smale); b, orbital cirri; c, clinus exasperatus sp. nov. , saiab 98635, holotype, male, 127 mm sl, betty’s bay (drawn by elaine heemstra); d, orbital cirri; e, clinus exasperatus, photograph of holotype (sophie von der heyden) .\nin an investigation into gully fish communities in the eastern cape, smale & buxton (1989) found there were two distinctly different forms of clinus superciliosus, one of which they coded as clinus sp. (‘brevi b’). these authors did not pursue this, but smale subsequently made copious notes of the two ‘forms’ from different localities, noting the following differences .\nblennius mustellaris linneaus, 1758 (nrm 35, ? 135) – as a synonym of c. superciliosus .\nclinus exasperatus sp. nov. is deeper bodied (depth 3. 4 in sl; see table 1) than any of the other ‘superciliosus’ species, and has a striped colour pattern and facial markings not seen in any of the other species .\nclinus arborescens differs from all of the other clinus species with an average of six dorsal - fin rays vs. seven or eight as the average for the rest; it differs from c. superciliosus in the form of the orbital cirrus (see figs 2b and 6b), and the form of the dorsal - fin crest, which is lower in c. arborescens, and with the first spine marginally longer than the second, compared with twice the length in c. superciliosus. both c. arborescens and c. superciliosus show variation in the number of fin spines and rays with water temperature, discussed below .\nwhitfield (1994) postulated that southern african estuary - associated fishes fall into a number of categories. clinus spatulatus is a category - ia species: a resident species that has not been recorded spawning in marine or freshwater environments. clinus superciliosus, on the other hand is a category - iii species, which includes marine species that occur in estuaries in small numbers, but that are not dependant on estuarine systems. where found in estuaries, c. superciliosus occurs predominantly in the lower reaches and constitutes but a small proportion of the fish fauna (whitfield, blaber & cyrus, 1981; termorshuizen & whitfield, 1994; harrison, 1998; 1999; 2005). clinus spatulatus is the only species of clinid in the bot and kleinmond river estuaries, whereas both this species and c. superciliosus occur in the klein river estuary, with c. superciliosus found only close to its mouth .\nthe orbital cirrus has the same degree of branching in small and large individuals, unlike c. superciliosus where small individuals have relatively simple cirri that seem to acquire more branches as they get larger. (see later text for c. superciliosus. )\na, clinus ornatus, lectotype, sam mb - f038012, male, 158 mm sl (drawn by elaine heemstra); b, orbital cirri; c, d, clinus ornatus underwater, false bay (c, g. zsilavecz; d, unknown); e, clinus spatulatus, saiab 93658, male, 84. 6 mm sl, klein river estuary, aquarium photograph (w. holleman); f, orbital cirri (from bennett 1983); g, clinus spatulatus underwater, male; h, female, bot river estuary; i, female, klein river estuary (g. zsilavecz) .\nclinus superciliosus var. arborescens was described by gilchrist & thompson as having a somewhat different colour pattern, a different dorsal - fin crest, and a somewhat different orbital cirrus, but they noted the strong similarity between c. superciliosus and the variety that they were describing (gilchrist & thompson 1908: 116). the 27 specimens they examined were from false bay and were taken subtidally, one from a depth of 24 m .\nclinus spatulatus bennett, 1983: 2 (type locality bot river estuary, western cape, south africa); smith in smith & heemstra, 1986: 764 .\nclinus musaicus sp. nov. can be distinguished from c. arborescens by colour pattern and number of dorsal - fin rays (mean of eight vs. mean of six), from c. ornatus and c. superciliosus by colour patterns and number of dorsal - fin spines (mean of 39 vs. means of 32–36), and from clinus exasperatus sp. nov. by colour pattern and body depth (mean of 4. 6 in sl vs. mean of 3. 0 in sl). it can also be distinguished from c. superciliosus by the form of the orbital cirrus, palmate vs. simple .\nclinus musaicus sp. nov. is found subtidally from a depth of ~ 4 to at least 15 m, on pebble, gravel, shell, and grit bottoms, never very far from reef outcrops. it shares this habitat with c. superciliosus, although c. superciliosus will also be found on clean sand, both close and far from reefs, from intertidal pools to depths of at least 50 m, as well as in kelp and other weeds .\nclinus ornatus gilchrist & thompson, 1908 (bmnh 1927. 12. 6. 61; mnhn 1925 - 0338; sam 9874 and 9875) – a valid species .\nfernholm & wheeler (1983: 263–265) list two specimens (nrm lp 35a and 35) under clinus superciliosus. the latter is in very poor condition and could not be photographed or x - rayed. images for another specimen, nrm 4729, also listed as a linnaeus type of the species were, however, provided .\nan analysis of fin element counts for both c. superciliosus and c. arborescens show a gradual ‘drift’ of increasing number from east to west along the coast, as the sea surface temperatures of the agulhas current decrease, and then generally higher counts along the west for c. superciliosus (table 2) .\na, linnaeus type nrm4729a, photograph; b, radiograph; c, linnaeus type ziu 54 photograph, identified as clinus taurus of gilchrist & thompson, 1908; d, radiograph .\n2b. dorsal - fin spines 38; pectoral - fin rays 16; body depth < 3. 5 in sl... . clinus exasperatus sp. nov. (betty’s bay )\nthe specimens are old and have become pale yellow. a few of the large specimens show reticulate markings on the face and remnants of body patterning similar to c. superciliosus .\na, bayesian tree of the combined mtdna and ndna fragments with a total of 2070 bp. numbers at nodes are support values (ml above and bayesian pp and mp below); values less than 50% are marked with - -; b, ml tree of the control region only showing the monophyly of the clinus superciliosus and c. spatulatus clades. only ml support values are shown .\ndorsal fins xxxv, 7; anal fin ii; 25, pectoral fin 16; vertebrae 16 + 32; dorsal crest is present, but is not much taller than the remainder of the dorsal fin. although linnaeus gives the locality as ‘habitat in india’, the only clinid currently known from india is an unidentified species of springeratus. fernholm & wheeler (1983: 264) tentatively agree with günther’s identification of these specimens as c. superciliosus. as there is no other southern african clinus with this combination of characters, we also support this, and it becomes the paralectotype of blennius superciliosus linnaeus, 1758 .\n( of clinus ornatus gilchrist & thompson, 1908) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nm. smale (pers. comm .) suspected that ‘brevi b’ was gilchrist & thompson’s c. supercliosus var. arborescens. subsequent investigation by the first author confirmed that smale was correct, and that clinus arborescens gilchrist & thompson, 1908 is a distinct species. he also confirmed penrith’s findings that the number of dorsal - fin spines of c. superciliosus was lower east of cape point than on the west coast (see discussion) .\nin the linnaeus collection in uppsala is a further specimen identified as c. superciliosus (wheeler, 1991: 181, fig. 20), and was considered by wheeler as part of the type series .\nclinus ornatus was described from nine males (there are only eight syntypes in the collections of the sam, as listed below, and there is a specimen in the bmnh and one in the mnhn, see below, under c. superciliosus types), with one specimen taken at 24 m near roman rock along with the specimens of c. arborescens noted above. the species has however been identified from photographs taken by the third author and others .\nclinus superciliosus: cuvier, 1817: 173; valenciennes, in cuvier & valenciennes, 1836: 360; gilchrist & thompson, 1908: 113; gilchrist & thompson, 1918: 149; barnard, 1927: 855; smith, 1945: 541, 1949: 354, pl. 77, fig. 986; penrith, 1969: 57, fig. 22; smith, in smith & heemstra, 1986: 765, pl. 118 .\n( of blennius superciliosus linnaeus, 1758) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\na species of the clinus superciliosus complex with xxxviii, eight dorsal - fin elements, 16 pectoral fin - rays; deep bodied, depth 3. 4 in sl; crest of first three spines, tall, triangular, separated by a shallow notch from the fourth spine; dentary pore pattern 3 + 2 / 2 + 3; orbital and nasal cirri simple; lips and chin with distinctive pattern of dark marks, branchiostegal membranes with small, dark spots .\nclinus musaicus sp. nov. shows some variation in colour, while retaining a basic pattern of irregular, hourglass - shaped darker bars and four white, scallop - shaped areas below the midline, in pinks, mauves, and other pastel colours .\n( of caboclinus superciliosus (linnaeus, 1758) ) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ndorsal fin xl, 7; anal fin ii, 29; pectoral fin 15; crest triangular, and there are several dark areas below the dorsal fin and pigment on the opercle, identifying it as c. superciliosus .\ndorsal fin xxxvii, 8; anal fin ii, 27; pectoral fin 17; vertebrae 18 + 33; dorsal crest present, with first spine longer than the second and third, probably triangular; orbital cirrus simple. these confirm the specimen’s identity as c. superciliosus, and it is this specimen that ‘has a strong claim’ as the lectotype of the species. this specimen is hereby designated as the lectotype of blennius superciliosus linnaeus, 1758 .\nit is probable that, like some californian clinids [ e. g. gibbonsia elegans cooper, 1864 and heterostichus rostratus girard, 1854; stepien 1987; stepien, glattke & fink, 1988 ], larvae of c. superciliosus take on the colour of the substrate they settle out on after their brief sojourn in the plankton. zsilavecz (2001) recorded the relationship between individual pavoclinus coeruleopunctatus and where they were found, matching the colour of their microenvironment very closely. he noted that when chased away from its ‘selected spot’ an individual would settle in another place that matched its colour (g. zsilavecz, pers. comm .). clinus superciliosus individuals, however, do not behave in this way .\ndorsal fin xxxvi, 9; anal fin ii, 28; pectoral fin 16; the crest is triangular, and there is a bar below the eye and pigment on the opercle, which confirm it as c. superciliosus .\na species of the clinus superciliosus complex with xxxviii–xl, seven or eight dorsal - fin elements, 15 pectoral fin rays; crest of first three spines, triangular, separated by a deep notch from the fourth spine; origin of dorsal fin over posterior margin of preopercle; dentary pore pattern 2 + 2 / 2 + 2; palmate orbital and nasal cirri; four white scallop - shaped areas ventrally on the body, with dark reticulate markings, and no pigment on the pectoral or caudal - fin membranes .\nthe first major taxonomic work on south african clinids was that of gilchrist & thompson (1908), who revised all south africa’s ‘blenniidae’, describing 11 new species and a new variety of clinus superciliosus, var. arborescens. over the years, smith (1945, 1947a, b, 1960, 1961) revised and added new species and genera. the next major revision was that of penrith (1969), which was then followed by that of smith (1986). since penrith’s 1969 revision, six new species of south african clinid have been described: pavoclinus myae christensen, 1978, clinus spatulatus bennett, 1983, cancelloxus elongates heemstra & wright, 1986, pavoclinus smalei heemstra & wright, 1986, cancelloxus longior prochazka & griffiths, 1991, and pavoclinus caeruleopunctatus zsilavecz, 2001 .\nclinus superciliosus can be distinguished from c. arborescens, c. ornatus, and c. musaicus sp. nov. by its simple orbital cirrus; from c. exasperatus sp. nov. in body depth (3. 7–4. 2 vs. 3. 0 in sl), number of dorsal - fin spines (almost always < 38 vs. 38), and facial pigmentation; and from c. spatulatus by habitat and number of pectoral - fin rays (usually 15 or more vs. usually 14) .\nclinus arborescens is also the only species that loses all pigment after a few months in preservative; the other species retain some of their pigment patterns in preservation for at least several years – in fact, some of the c. ornatus specimens still show some pigment after more than a century !\npenrith (1969) noted the variation in dorsal - fin spine counts for specimens of c. superciliosus from different localities. her histograms generally show a higher number for west - coast specimens than for south - coast specimens (penrith 1969: 60) .\nphylogenetic analyses of three mtdna fragments and one nuclear dna fragment support the monophyly of the species complex (fig. 9a). furthermore, the monophyly of all species is also fully supported (bootstrap, bs = 100% ; posterior probability, pp = 1), except for c. superciliosus and c. spatulatus, where in the bayesian and ml analyses of the combined fragments one c. superciliosus sample, b116 (sampled in betty’s bay on the south - west coast) groups with c. spatulatus, rather than with the two other c. superciliosus (wc _ 0843 and b165) individuals collected on the west coast. interestingly, when only the fastest - evolving marker is analysed (mtdna control region), the monophyly of both species is fully supported (fig. 9b) .\nthe excellent drawings of the species were executed by elaine heemstra and david voorveld, and the underwater photographs were all taken by guido zsilavecz. paul cowley of saiab and others who work on his projects provided specimens of clinus arborescens from tsitsikamma and elsewhere. nkosinathi mazungula of saiab patiently produced many radiographs of specimens .\nwith only 12 pectoral - fin rays and no crest, this specimen cannot be referred to c. superciliosus. there are a number of other species with 12 or 13 pectoral - fin rays and no crest, and of these clinus cottoides gilchrist & thompson, 1908 and clinus taurus gilchrist & thompson, 1908 share prominent brow ridges with ziu 54. whereas the fin counts of the three also match, c. cottoides has 15 + 29–31 vertebrae, and c. taurus has 16 + 28–30 vertebrae, matching the vertebral count of the uppsala specimen (table 3). on the photograph of the specimen the orbital cirrus shows as a rounded flap; if there were cirri these could have been lost. the orbital cirrus of c. taurus is a flattened stalk with a fringe of fine cirri. as a result of our examination this specimen cannot be considered as part of the type series .\nrecognizing that the number and distribution of taste buds in the oropharyngeal cavity of fishes is species specific (gon et al. , 2007, and references therein), these authors found that, irrespective of size, c. superciliosus has as many as four times the number of taste buds distributed around the buccal cavity compared with c. arborescens (4050 vs. 999), and that these were distributed differently (table 4). this information is unfortunately not available for c. ornatus. electron micrographs of the oropharyngeal cavity of c. spatulatus were made and, although the number of taste buds was not counted, there is a marked difference in the distribution compared with c. superciliosus, the most closely related species: notably the absence of taste buds from the velum of c. superciliosus (fig. 10a, b) .\nclinus spatulatus shares with c. exasperatus sp. nov. a very simple orbital cirrus, which is sometimes reduced to a mere nubbin, compared with the more elaborate cirri of the other species. it is, however, the only species that is sexually dichromatic. it differs from c. exasperatus sp. nov. in body depth (mean 4. 3 in sl vs. 3. 0 in sl), and from all other species in habitat and salinity tolerance. the species is morphologically very close to c. superciliosus, and genetically the two are sister species (see, a genetic perspective) .\nclinus ornatus (fig. 4c, d) have been seen on rocky reefs at depths in excess of 10 m (the types were trawled from 24 m. their behaviour resembles that of larger c. superciliosus, with individuals being quite inquisitive and allowing one to approach quite close, to ~ 50 cm, but when approached too closely the fish flee without seeking concealment. like c. musaicus sp. nov. , c. ornatus sometimes also fold the dorsal fin flat, as well as to flop it over sideways, and small individuals have also been seen in bivalve shells (fig. 4d) .\nhowever, von der heyden et al. 2011 recover three distinct genetic lineages within ‘ c. superciliosus ’, with sequence distances equal to recognized species. this suggests that a number of cryptic species might exist, which requires a further, thorough morphological analysis of fishes in this group .\n5b. dorsal crest triangular, very tall in males; dorsal - fin origin over hind margin of preopercle; no cirri at tips of spines; orbital cirrus with between three and ten short ‘fingers’... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... clinus superciliosus (from kei river to northern namibia )\n( fig. 4g–f): clinus spatulatus shows little variation in colour pattern, but is the only species that is distinctly sexually dichromatic. males dark olive green with bright, white spots at the base of the crest, on the opercle and pectoral - fin base, and at the base of each orbital cirrus. the pattern of these spots differs for individual males. females range from greyish to various shades of green, with indistinct mottling. individuals living on sandy bottoms photographed in the bot river estuary show a typical, though paler, ‘superciliosus’ pattern of dark and light areas, which would render them cryptic amongst the sparse vegetation on the sandy substrate .\nthe origin of the dorsal fin of clinus ornatus lies close to a vertical through the posterior margin of the eye, whereas in the other species the origin of the dorsal fin lies over or slightly forwards of the posterior margin of the preopercle. furthermore, the third dorsal - fin pterygiophore of c. ornatus lies over the first vertebra and exoccipitals, whereas the supraoccipital has become concave to accommodate the first two pterygiophores, which have been ‘stretched’ anteriorly (fig. 5b). by comparison, the third pterygiophore of c. superciliosus lies above and posterior to the first vertebra, with the first two pterygiophores over the supraoccipital; the first pterygiophore is almost equilateral in shape (fig. 5a) .\nclinus ornatus can be distinguished from all the other species of the complex by the form and position of the dorsal - fin crest. it is the only one of the species in which the three spines of the crest of males are subequal in length, whereas in the other species the first spine (first two spines in c. arborescens) is longer than subsequent spines .\n( of blennius superciliosus linnaeus, 1758) linnaeus, c. (1758). systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. editio decima, reformata. laurentius salvius: holmiae. ii, 824 pp. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nthe four species mentioned above are also closely related to c. spatulatus, a species very similar to the mottled, purplish form of c. superciliosus. however, c. spatulatus appears to be an obligate estuarine inhabitant, and to date has been found only in the bot, the neighbouring kleinmond, and the klein river estuaries in the western cape .\nany disturbance of the bottom by a diver often results in various c. superciliosus approaching and searching for any exposed potential prey. if fish of different sizes approach there seems to be a ‘pecking order’, with the larger individuals chasing smaller ones, as well as posturing by raising the dorsal fin, and by opening the opercles so as to appear bigger .\nthis paper aims to confirm the specific differences of fishes in the c. superciliosus species complex as currently understood. by using an integrative taxonomic approach that combines morphological, behavioural, ecological, and genetic data, we are able to clearly delineate between the six species, and describe two new species that can clearly be distinguished from the other species in this complex .\nthe dorsal fin of c. musaicus sp. nov. individuals is generally folded, often with the crest flopped over on either side of the head. on being approached the dorsal fin will be briefly raised and then dropped again quite quickly, in contrast with c. superciliosus where the dorsal fin and crest are kept erect much more often and for longer .\nin her revision of the south african clinini, penrith recorded that, in the analysis of large samples of c. superciliosus, ‘two variations that may be related to distribution have become apparent: the height of the crest of mature males and the number of dorsal fin spines are lower east of cape point than on the west coast’ (penrith (1969: 61). (the species is distributed from rocky point in namibia, 18°59′s, to the kei river mouth in the eastern cape .) population genetic analyses of c. superciliosus show reduced gene flow, and thus genetic structure, between west coast and south coast individuals (von der heyden et al. , 2011), but whether this is indeed linked with morphology is unknown .\ninvestigation of the syntypes of c. ornatus showed these too represented a valid species. however, although there is now ample material of c. superciliosus var. arborescens, collected by smale and others, and identified in extant collections at the south african institute for aquatic biodiversity (saiab) and iziko south african museum (sam), c. ornatus is still known only from the eight syntypes in the sam .\nduring a protracted search in false bay, south africa, for specimens of this elusive species, the third author photographed fish he thought may be c. ornatus, living on pebbly substrates in about 9 m of water, in august 2008. he subsequently captured a few specimens. with photographs and specimens in hand it became apparent they represented yet another species that appeared to be closely related to c. superciliosus .\nthe sixth species in this complex was found just east of false bay and two specimens were collected by the second author. furthermore, von der heyden et al. (2011) recovered three distinct genetic lineages within ‘ c. superciliosus ’, with sequence distances equal to recognized species. this suggests that a number of cryptic species might exist, which requires a thorough morphological analysis of the fishes in this group .\nthe relationship between taste bud number and pattern and diet of fish species has to date not received any attention. whereas a number of studies of the diets of south african intertidal fishes have been made (e. g. christensen, 1978; bennett, griffiths & penrith, 1983; prochazka & griffiths, 1992a), only the data on c. superciliosus and c. spatulatus are relevant to this study .\nwhen approached, c. musaicus sp. nov. individuals will remain very still, until approached too closely, to ~ 30 cm, and will then flee only a few metres before resting on the bottom again. by contrast, small individuals of c. superciliosus are very skittish in the open and will flee or seek concealment when disturbed, whereas larger individuals are more inquisitive and may swim up to a diver .\n4b. dorsal - fin rays 7–8, and total dorsal - fin elements 46–48; lower half of body with white ‘scallop’ shapes, with mosaic of darker lines... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... clinus musaicus sp. nov. (false bay and west coast of cape peninsula )\nspecial thanks go to the following for providing photographs and radiographs of type specimens of various clinus species: romaine causse of the mnhn, paris; sven kullander of the smn, stockholm, mats erikson of the evolution museum, uppsala, and patrick campbell and james maclaine of the bmnh, london. we thank the marine and coastal management and south african national parks for permits to collect fishes along the south african coast and in false bay, part of the table mountain national park .\n2a dorsal - fin spines 32–35 (34); pectoral - fin rays 13–15 (14); body depth > 3. 8 in sl... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ... clinus spatulatus (bot, kleinmond, and klein river estuaries only )\n5a. dorsal crest spines subequal, dorsal - fin origin close to posterior margin of eye; multiple cirri at tips of spines; orbital cirrus palmate... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .... . clinus ornatus (false bay )\nthis is possibly the smallest of the five described species, with a maximum recorded length of 133 mm compared with 183 mm for c. musaicus sp. nov. , 175 mm for c. ornatus, 220 mm for c. arborescens, and 300 mm for c. superciliosus (smith in smith & heemstra, 1986). (the maximum length of c. exasperatus sp. nov. is not known; the largest specimen is 127 mm sl. )\ndorsal fin xxxiii, 9; anal fin ii, 22; pectoral fin 12; no crest, may be slight notch after the third spine; caudal peduncle quite narrow; two dark bars below the eye, three dark, oval areas half on dorsum, half on dorsal fin, broad dark bar across peduncle, followed by a pale bar; dark areas / blotches half way along length of anal fin. this specimen is identified as clinus acuminatus (bloch & schneider, 1801), and is thus a junior synonym of the species .\n4a. dorsal - fin rays 5–7 (6), and total dorsal - fin elements 42–45 (43–44); shades of red in life... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .... clinus arborescens (from cape recife to false bay )\nmolecular tools have become increasingly valuable in teasing apart the complex morphological relationships of fishes, as well as shedding light on the evolutionary history that define taxa (see colborn et al. , 2001; puebla et al. , 2007; von der heyden, 2009). further, it has been shown in several fish species that taxonomy based on the colour patterns of fishes does not accurately reflect genetic differentiation, raising concerns regarding the usage of colour as a taxonomic component in closely related species (mccartney et al. , 2003; schultz et al. , 2007; lin, sanchez - ortiz & hastings, 2009). given the wide range of colour variation of fishes in the c. superciliosus complex, a molecular phylogenetic approach was used to further analyse and support the species status of samples. recently, von der heyden (2011) estimated that a quarter of southern african endemic fishes remain to be described, and that with the use of molecular tools, this might represent an underestimate. the c. superciliosus species complex is thus an excellent model to study speciation in a marine context .\nmany south african estuaries are closed by a sandbar for part of the year, and in the swartvlei estuary, for example, the salinity will fall to as low as 10‰ just before the mouth of the estuary opens to the sea, conditions that c. superciliosus and other category - iii species have been recorded to survive (whitfield et al. , 1981; kok & whitfield, 1986). as gravid females have been captured in estuaries it seems the species also spawns in estuaries, but it is not known at which salinities this would happen .\ndorsal fin xxxvii, 3, rays longer than posterior spines and gap between spines 3 and 4 wider than between others; anal fin ii, 23; pectoral fin 14 (?); vertebrae 17 + 29; no elongated anterior dorsal - fin spines suggestive of a crest; pigment pattern of dark areas on dorsal fin continuing as bars across body visible, as is small dark area at base of lower pectoral fin rays; intromittant organ large, with long, round base, tip enclosed in two pairs of fleshy lips. this specimen is identified as clinus agilis smith, 1931, and is thus a senior synonym of this species .\nthis lengthy synonymy, however, required a more thorough investigation of the various types ascribed to the species. neither smith nor penrith had checked any of the available type specimens in their work on southern african clinids, of which a number are located in the natural history museum, london (bmnh), the museum nationale d’histoire national, paris (mnhn), the swedish museum of natural history (smn), stockholm, and in the linnaeus collection in uppsala (see eschmeyer, 1998). these were examined as photographs and radiographs, and are discussed under c. superciliosus .\nclinus spatulatus is found in very shallow water at the margins of estuaries, in areas that offer concealment, such as algae and rocks. juveniles of 2–3 cm in length have been observed in waters of less than 10 cm in depth in areas with barely any cover, whereas larger individuals prefer some type of cover in water that shallow. in all cases the fishes may rest in the open on a rock or on sandy patches, but the generally murky waters and muted colours, as well as their habit of remaining very still, render the fish hard to see. when approached they readily flee into weeds or crevices between rocks and boulders, often creeping further to emerge at a different place .\nin a detailed study of the diets of several species of intertidal fish species, bennett et al. (1983) found that the diet of c. superciliosus consisted mostly of various amphipods (21 %), isopods (9 %), molluscs (18 %), polychaetes (7 %), decapods (21 %), and fish (8 %). bennett (1989) found that the diet of c. spatulatus consisted mostly of amphipods 31. 6% , isopods 34. 9% , gastropods 22. 6% , and chironomid larvae 3. 7% , indicating that this species was also a generalist carnivore with a diet very similar to marine clinids in the same area .\nthe second scenario of hybridization between the two species cannot be ruled out. however, although c. superciliosus has been found in the lower reaches of estuaries, it probably does not have a wide salinity tolerance, and it is unlikely that females would spawn in an estuarine environment. in contrast, c. spatulatus probably has a wide salinity tolerance, being categorized as a resident estuarine species, not occurring or spawning in freshwater or marine environments. the chances of regular hybridization events are therefore extremely limited, although occasional hybridization cannot be ruled out given the constraints of the markers used in this study. a larger number of fishes of both species must be analysed for faster - evolving markers in order to test the two scenarios discussed .\nthe colour pattern of c. spatulatus is very similar to that of the common, mottled form of c. superciliosus, but lacks the dark bar on the pectoral fin base and the dark spot on the dorsal - fin crest. after some years in preservative the pattern tends to fade: females become a light brown, lightly marbled, with slightly darker dorsal and anal fins; and males become dark brown, with darker dorsal and anal fins. very dark males have three clearly defined pale areas on the pectoral fin base, four on the opercle, one below the eye at 4 o’clock, and one at the base of each orbital cirrus, and without marks or bars on the lips or chin. there are also several pale spots irregularly along the midline and on the dorsum .\nas a result of the variety of habitats the species occupies, the behaviour of different c. superciliosus individuals also varies. in general, the smaller a fish, or the more open the environment, the more skittish the fish is. thus, rock - pool fish (which are generally smaller), although more inquisitive than other clinid species, flee readily, as do those found on sandy substrate. larger fish on rocky reefs can often be approached very closely, and occasionally even carefully picked up. the inquisitive nature of these fish is such that they may actively inspect a diver remaining in the same spot, including swimming up to the mask or resting on camera gear. in areas frequented by divers some fish become accustomed to divers, and are even tamer as a result .\nhead profile fairly blunt (~ 73°), flat in large specimens, slightly rounded in smaller ones. mouth downturned, maxilla extending to vertical, through anterior margin of pupil. orbital cirrus a flattened stalk on the upper margin of the orbit, about equal to pupil diameter, palmate, with five ‘fingers’ in smaller specimens, more numerous and longer in larger specimens (fig. 3b), suggesting that, as in c. superciliosus, they become more complex with increasing size; anterior nasal cirrus flat, semi - triangular, and with serrations along the long edge. crest of males triangular, the first spine the longest and 1. 4–1. 8 height of dorsal fin, with no apparent difference between males and females. dorsal - fin spines with single ‘cirrus’ at the tips, which diminish in size posteriorly .\nthere is no apparent sexual dichromatism. body mottled brick - red with white and dark pink, with irregular, hourglass blotches extending from midside to base of dorsal fin, in pattern very similar to c. superciliosus; body scales with dark to nearly black posterior margin. body below midline lighter in colour, with more pale markings; belly cream. head dark red, cheeks red, lips banded red and cream, and red and cream markings below level of maxilla. orbital and nasal cirri red. dorsal fin irregularly banded brick - red and grey; anal fin with irregular grey, white, and orange - red markings. caudal - fin rays deep red, membranes light red, both with pale markings, and a pale oval spot at base of central rays. pectoral - fin rays with narrow grey bands and broad orange - red bands, membranes without colour. pelvic - fin rays with orange - red and pale bands .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\neschmeyer, w. n. (ed .). 2014. catalog of fishes. updated 27 august 2014. available at: urltoken. (accessed: 27 august 2014) .\nthere are two undescribed sibling species, one from false bay and the second from just east of false bay (w. holleman pers. comm. 2010) .\ncomeros - raynal, m. , polidoro, b. & carpenter, k. e .\n, and is very common in parts of its range. although there is no population trend information, there are no known threats to this species. moreover, its distribution overlaps a number of marine reserves in parts of its range. it is listed as least concern .\nis found from rocky point in northern namibia to the kei river, south africa .\nis a demersal species that inhabits subtidal macroalgal and sandy areas to depths of 12 m. it feeds on small crustaceans such as amphipods, isopods, and crabs (wilson 2009). it is a viviparous species. it has cryptic coloration and may live to be as much as 10 years .\nthere are no species - specific conservation measures in place for this species. its distribution overlaps with some marine protected areas in parts of its range .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\ngreek, klinein, kline = sloping and bed, due to the four apophyses of sphenoid bone (ref. 45335 )\nmaturity: l m 5. 0 range? -? cm max length: 30. 0 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 5496 )\ndorsal spines (total): 31 - 42; dorsal soft rays (total): 5 - 10; anal spines: 2; anal soft rays: 21 - 30. color ranges from uniform green black with 6 golden dots along centre of body to mottled with 6 bars along body (ref. 5496). robust, with a sharply pointed or sub obtuse head (ref. 94108) .\nsmith, m. m. , 1986. clinidae. p. 758 - 769. in m. m. smith and p. c. heemstra (eds .) smiths' sea fishes. springer - verlag, berlin. (ref. 5496 )\n): 15. 5 - 22. 5, mean 17. 4 (based on 87 cells) .\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 5000 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 00661 (0. 00331 - 0. 01318), b = 3. 09 (2. 90 - 3. 28), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this species & (sub) family - body (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 4 ±0. 56 se; based on food items .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low vulnerability (16 of 100) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nelongate, with a highly variable dark - green to red mottling. lips fleshy. pelvic rays longfirst three dorsal spines bear clusters of cirri at the tips and are longer than the dorsal spines, thus forming a crestdisticnt notch between the third and fourth dorsal spines. eye - tentacle flat and hass a few short branches\ncopyright © 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons, inc. all rights reserved\nenter your email address below. if your address has been previously registered, you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password. if you don' t receive an email, you should register as a new user\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nregistered in england & wales no. 3099067 5 howick place | london | sw1p 1wg\nwe use cookies to improve your website experience. to learn about our use of cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see our cookie policy. by closing this message, you are consenting to our use of cookies .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation, e. g. an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature, an orthologous protein, a record from another database, etc. < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more... < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages, faqs, uniprotkb manual, documents, news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website. please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins, you can use the ‘basket’ to save them, so that you can back to find or analyse them later. < p > < a href =' / help / basket' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more. . < / a > < / p >\nwe' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation (gdpr) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4. 0 license\nfroese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of blennius spadiceus bloch & schneider, 1801) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhighly variable colour and patterning, from uniform dark green with a row of white rectangular patches along side to mottled, green, brown, pink, white, orange and red with a series of irregular bars on body. most distinguishable feature is a pale triangular marking extending obliquely behind eye with a dark line on upper margin. robust body and first dorsal fin crest - like and well forward on head. bottom dwelling in sandy areas with weed near reefs .\noccurrence describes how often the species is found on surveys within its distribution. it is calculated as the% of reef sites surveyed by rls divers across all the ecoregions in which the species has been observed\nabundance is calculated as the average number of individuals recorded per rls transect, where present .\nplease use this form only for a single type of error. if you see multiple errors on the page for this species, please report these in separate forms by clicking on this button again after submitting this form\nthank you for highlighting this error. we appreciate your assistance in maintaining high quality control standards\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website. by continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to our use of cookies. you can change your cookie settings at any time." ]

{ "text": [ "clinus superciliosus , the super klipfish or highfin klipfish , is a species of clinid that occurs in subtropical waters of the atlantic ocean from northern namibia to the kei river in south africa where it can be found in the subtidal and intertidal zones .", "this species can reach a maximum length of 30 centimetres ( 12 in ) tl .", "this species feeds on benthic crustaceans including amphipods , isopods and crabs ; sea urchins ; gastropods ; polychaete worms and other fishes . " ], "topic": [ 3, 0, 8 ] }

[ "clinus superciliosus, the super klipfish or highfin klipfish, is a species of clinid that occurs in subtropical waters of the atlantic ocean from northern namibia to the kei river in south africa where it can be found in the subtidal and intertidal zones. this species can reach a maximum length of 30 centimetres (12 in) tl. this species feeds on benthic crustaceans including amphipods, isopods and crabs; sea urchins; gastropods; polychaete worms and other fishes." ]

[ "select a genus & species ignobilia prout - ignobilia urnaria guenže zythos fletcher - zythos turbata walker - zythos avellanea prout - zythos strigata warren - zythos obliterata warren antitrygodes warren - antitrygodes divisaria walker - antitrygodes pseudagrata sp. n problepsis lederer - problepsis plenorbis prout - problepsis apollinaria guenže - problepsis borneamagna sp. n - problepsis delphiaria guenže - problepsis achlyobathra prout scopula schrank - scopula inficita walker - scopula actuaria walker - scopula usticinctaria walker - scopula mecysma swinhoe - scopula opicata fabricius - scopula adeptaria walker - scopula insolata aequibrachiata ssp. n - scopula flavinsolata sp. n - scopula annularia swinhoe - scopula planidisca bastelberger - scopula pulchellata fabricius - scopula parodites prout - scopula pithogona prout - scopula brookesae holloway - scopula sp. ? albiflava warren - scopula coangulata prout - scopula voluptaria prout - scopula? pallidiceps warren - scopula pauperata prout - scopula leucopis prout - scopula quadratisparsa holloway - scopula vacuata guenže - scopula subdecorata warren - scopula hyphenophora warren - scopula succrassula prout - scopula sp? sybillaria swinhoe - scopula melinau sp. n - scopula nesciaroides sp. n - scopula asymmetrica sp. n - scopula phallarcuata sp. n - scopula deflavarioides sp. n - scopula 18361 - scopula 9015 - scopula 9012, 18422\nscopula mecysma (swinhoe, 1894) 5 feb. 1997 problepsis eucircota prout 26 mar 1997\nscopula - species dictionary - global: ispot nature - your place to share nature. ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature. once you' ve registered, you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .\nthe facies is atypical of the genus with fine, straight, almost black fasciae traversing a dark grey ground .\nn. e. himalaya, taiwan, thailand; borneo, java, bali, sulawesi, new guinea (ssp. mesites) .\nthe species is rare, with only four specimens taken in recent surveys, two from lowland forest (ulu temburong in brunei and at the danum valley field centre and poring hot springs in sabah) and one from 1500m on the mesilau plateau of g. kinabalu when still under forest cover .\ncréditos - as traduções automáticas são disponibilizadas pela combinação de nosso tradutor automático de análise estatística, com google, microsoft, systran e worldlingo .\nutilizamos cookies para aprimorar sua experiência. se avançar no acesso a este site, você estará concordando com o uso dos nossos cookies. saiba mais .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nregions of the russian federation: the volga - don, east caucasus, western caucasus, lower volga, southern urals .\nbulgaria, greece (mainland), macedonia, russia, turkey (european part), ukraine .\n[ 10 ] de jong, y. s. d. m. (ed .) (2011) fauna europaea version 2. 4 (faunaeur. org )\nnote: you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments. please, create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc. .\nthe oleander hawk moth daphnis nerii (linnaeus) (lep. ; sphingidae) in hong kong\non 3 march 1995 the author met dr. ian kitching in the natural history museum (bmnh), london, to confirm the status of several doubtful hong kong macroglossum species. the first specimen dr. kitching noted was macroglossum glaucoptera butler, which was previously misidentified as m. bombylan boisduval (li, 1992). this represents the first record for hong kong and southern china. the single specimen was collected on 22 june 1992 at butterfly beach park, tuen mun, nectaring on flowers of durenta rupens. the species' geographical range is from sri lanka to the sundas, and thus hong kong is at the very northern limit .\nthe second new record is macroglossum poecilum rothschild and jordan. this species was recorded from southern guangdong more than seventy - five years ago (mell, 1922), however the first recorded hong kong specimen was collected on 29 october 1992, ex. ova on lasianthus chinensis (rubiaceae) at sha lo tung .\nidentification of the food plant is useful because although mell located the species and described it as\na large leaf with feathery veins\n( kitching, pers. comm .), it was never identified. the larvae pupated on 12 november and a total of 3 adults emerged, on 26 and 27 november and 5 december 1992. a second batch of two specimens (1 second and 1 mature instar) was collected from kam shan tree walk, kam shan country park. these emerged on 8 and 15 june, respectively. identification has been confirmed by comparison of the prepared genitalia with material at bmnh, with the aid of dr. kitching .\nthe discoveries reported above bring to 17 the number of macroglossum species recorded from chinese territory, fifteen having been reported by tennent (1992). with the additional discovery of daphnis ne rii (linnaeus) in hong kong by aston and kendrick (see below), of which the author has also recorded one specimen at tin shui wai (6 december 1997), the total number of hong kong sphingidae now stands at at least 67 species [ see kendrick, page 15 ] .\nli, k. h. k. (1992). notes on a collection of macroglossum and other species (lepidoptera, sphingidae) in hong kong. mem. hk. nat. hi st. soc 19: 1 - 3 .\nmell, r. (1922). beitrage zur faun sinica (ii) biologie und systematik der sudchinesischen sphingiden zugleich e in versuch e in er biologie tropischer lepidopteren uberhaupt. berlin .\ntennant, w. j (1992) the hawk moths (lepidoptera sphingidae) of hong kong and south - east china. entomologist' s record & journal of variation 104: 88 - 112\ntennant (1992) lists the oleander hawk moth daphnis nerii (linnaeus, 1758) as an erroneous record for hong kong. he noted the record (as daphnis neu (sic .) in hill, hore & thornton, (1982) was based on a single specimen, determined and labelled d. nerii by d. s. hill, in the hong kong university collection, was actually a specimen of the similar oriental oleander hawk moth d. hypothous (cramer, 1780) .\nd. hypothous occurs from the indo - australian tropics to vanuatu (holloway, 1987), within china from yunnan, sichuan and hainan (zhu & wang, 1997, as deilephila hypothous) and has been recorded several times in hong kong (kendrick, pers. obs. ; kent li, pers. comm. .; tennant, loc. cit .) whereas d. nerii ranges from africa through to east asia (d' abrera, 1986), within china from yunnan (zhu & wang loc. cit. , as deilephila nerii) and taiwan (wang, 1995), also from thailand (inoue et. al. , 1997) and was recently recorded in macau (easton & pun, 1996). it should therefore be expected to occur in hong kong. it is not surprising that d. nerii has not been recorded by light trapping in hong kong before, as inoue et. al. (loc. cit .) comment that although d. hypothous commonly comes to light, d. nerii seldom does so .\nrecent observations by paul aston have resulted in d. nerii being recorded in shau ki wan, hong kong island on 12 nov. 96 (1), 18 nov. 96 (2), 14 feb. 97 (1), 22 oct. 97 (1), 22 nov. 97 (1) & 15 dec. 97 (1) and at tseun wan taxi station, new territories on 19 oct. 97 (1). all these specimens were settled on walls in well lit open areas, but none were close to the lights. in addition to these records, singletons of d. nerii have recently been recorded by roger kendrick at the kadoorie agricultural research centre, shek kong, new territories on 22 oct. 97 (at mercury vapour light trap) and by kent li on a basement wall in tin shui wai, yuen long, new territories on 6 dec. 97 .\nthe two species of daphnis found in hong kong (figure 1) can be easily separated by forewing patterning, specifically the different shapes of the submedial and postmedial fascia (curved towards the forewing base on the costa of d. hypothous, away from the base on the costa of d. nerii) and the apical end of the terminal fascia (figure 2) .\nd. nerii can be expected to breed in hong kong, as easton & pun (loc. cit .) noted that it bred in macau on oleander nerium sp. (apocynaceae) and gardenia sp. (rubiaceae). bell & scott (1937) recorded it in india breeding on ervatamia sp. (apocynaceae), a species of which (cape jasmine ervatamia divaricata burk .) is common in hong kong (anon. , 1971). another species it can be expected on is grape - vine vitis vinifera (vitaceae) which gilchrist (1979) records d. nerii using as a hostplant in southern europe .\ninoue et. al. (loc. cit .) give the flight period for d. nerii in thailand as from may to june and again from september to february. all hong kong' s records so far seem to fit in the winter flight time. maybe we can also expect to see these moths in may / june in hong kong ?\nbell, t. r d & scott, f b (1937). sphingidae moths vol. 5. the fauna of british india including ceylon and burma. taylor & francis, london .\nd' abrera, b. j. (1986). sphingidae mundi, hawk moths of the world. e w classey, faringdon, u. k .\neaston, e. r. & pun, w w (1996) new records of moths from macau, southeast china. tropical lepidoptera 7 (2): 113 - 118\ngilchrist, w. l. r e. (1979). sphingidae. in heath, j. & emmet, a. m. (eds .) the moths and butterflies of great britain and ireland vol. 9. curwen books, london .\nhill, d s. , hore, pm. & thornton, i. w. b. (1982). insects of hong kong. hong kong university press .\nholloway, j. d. (1987). the moths of borneo: part 3. superfamily bombycoidea: families lasiocampidae, eupterotidae, bombycidae, brahmaeidae, saturniidae, sphingidae. southdene sdn. bhd. , kuala lumpur .\nlnoue h. , kennett r. d. & kitching i. j. (1997). the moths of thailand - vol. 2: sphingidae chok chai press, bangkok .\ntennant, w. j. (1992). the hawk moths (lep. : sphingidae) of hong kong and south - east china the entomologist' s record & journal of variation 104: 88 - 112 .\nwang, h - y. (1995). guide book to insects in taiwan: 9, bombycidae, thyatiridae, limacodidae, lasiocampidae, sphingidae. chu hai publishing (taiwan) co. , taipei .\nzhu, h - f & wang, l - y. (1997). fauna sinica insecta vol 11. lepidoptera; sphingidae. science press, beijing .\ntennant (1992) noted that a specimen of macroglossum corythus walker housed in the hku collection was labelled\nmacroglossum saga d. s. hill det. 1976\nand thus listed m. saga as an erroneous record, with no specimens known from hong kong. however, tennant saw no reason as to why it should not occur due to its widespread distribution from northern india, through nepal, thailand and southern china to taiwan and japan (d' abrera, 1986; inoue et al. 1997) .\non 1 february 1998 an unidentified, robust macroglossum species was taken at light during survey work at the kadoorie agricultural research centre. a tentative identification, using inoue et al. (loc cit .), of m. saga was made once the specimen was preserved, on account of the narrow band on the hindwing and the extreme robustness of the body. the identification was subsequently determined by ian kitching of the natural history museum, london, to whom i extend my thanks. the specimen is illustrated below .\nthis finding, together with two other macroglossum species new to hong kong (see above) brings the number of macroglossum species found in hong kong to 18 and the number of sphingidae to 69 .\nd' abrera, b. j. (1986). sphingidae mundi, hawk moths of the world. e. w. classey, faringdon, u k .\ninoue, h, kennett, r. d. and kitching, i. j. (1997) the moths of thailand vol 2: sphingidae. chok chai press, bangkok .\ntennant, w. j. (1992). the hawk moths (lep: sphingidae) of hong kong and south - east china. the entomologist' s record & journal of variation 104: 88 - 112 .\nlee & winney (1981) do not list any hepialidae for hong kong. hill et al. (1982) note\nno swift moths (hepialidae) have been collected here, either as the low - flying crepuscular adults or as the long white (black - headed) soil inhabiting caterpillars .\ngalsworthy' s list of hong kong moths (in prep .) has one species of hepialid, but no species of endoclita felder & rogenhofer, 1874. during recent survey work at kadoorie agricultural research centre single individuals of two species of endoclita have been recorded, both at rest under outdoor light sources (fluorescent and sodium vapour) about an hour after sunset. identification to genus was made using barlow (1982) .\nendoclita davidi poujade; leg r. c. kendrick, karc, hong kong, 3rd november 1997; de t. g. s. robinson .\nendoclita sinensis (moore, 1877); leg. rc kendrick, karc, hong kong, 10th april 1997; det. g. s. robinson .\ne. davidi is a large species; the specimen illustrated (a female) has a wingspan of some 120 mm. it is known from several provinces in southern and eastern china (robinson, pers. comm .). e. sinensis is more widespread, being known from china, taiwan, japan and korea (wang, 1996). both records are firsts for hong kong. barlow (1982) reports one species of endoclita from malaysia as a potential pest on teak, being an internal stem borer .\ni would like to thank gaden robinson for identif y ing the species. i should also like to ask for any records of these two species to be forwarded to me at karc, with specimens being retained (best kept frozen) if at all possible .\nbarlow, h. s. (1982). an introduction to the moths of south east asia. published by the author, distr. malayan nature society, kuala lumpur and e w. classey, faringdon, u k .\nhill, d. s. , hore, p. m. and thornton, i. w. b. (1982). insects of hong kong. hong kong university press .\nlee, l. h. y. & winney, r. (1981). check list of agricultural insects of hong kong 1981. agriculture and fisheries department bulletin no 2. 164 pp .\nwang, h. y. (1996). guide book to insects in taiwan: 17, supplement of moths. chu hai publishing (taiwan) co .\nthe following incomplete list is of species knowingly recorded for the first time in hong kong during research undertaken for my phd. unless stated, records are of species seen at mercury vapour light trap and the locality is kadoorie agricultural research centre, shek kong, n. t. further new records will be reported at a later date for species whose identity to species group level has yet to be established, and for the majority of the\nmicro\nmoth families (especially pyralidae, gelechiidae, oecophoridae and tortricidae) .\ni express my gratitude to tony galsworthy, who determined the identifications (undertaking dissection of the genitalia where necessary) for many of the species listed by comparison with material at the natural history museum, london .\neucyclodes albisparsa warren 26 apr. 1997 shan liu road, plover cove (at the edge of pat sin leng country park )\nsyntomis germana felder, 1862 26 apr. 1997 shan liu road, plover cove\nhypena occata hampson, 1882 24 feb. 1997 (specimens in collection of k. li have earlier dates but remained unidentified until viewed by r. c. k. , dates from 1989 onwards, localities throughout the new territories )\nthyatira batis (linnaeus, 1758) is recorded from a second locality (tai po kau special area; 9 may 1998). this late date and the freshness of the individual se en suggest this species has at least two broods a year; earlier records at karc for march 1997, one worn individu al, (kendrick, 1997) and january 1998, several fresh ma les and one female, would fit this pattern well .\nsugitania species, probably undescribed. previous ly reported (kendrick, 1997) as sugitania lepida (butl er 1879); further research (sugi, 1990; owada, 199 5) suggests this is an undescribed species. only one fema le specimen is known, so a male is awaited before identification can be ascertained (galsworthy, pe rs. comm .) .\nkendrick, rc (1997). new moth records. porcupine! 16: 5 .\nowada, m. (1995). a new cuculliine moth of the genus sugitania (lepidoptera, noctuidae) from taiwan. spec bull. jpn. soc. coleoptero l. ,, to k yo 4: 221 - 226 .\nsugi, s. (1990) two new species of sugitania matsumura (noctuidae, cuculliinae) from japan. tinea 13: 55 - 60 .\ncopyright © 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons, inc. all rights reserved\nenter your email address below. if your address has been previously registered, you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password. if you don' t receive an email, you should register as a new user\nsorry, preview is currently unavailable. you can download the paper by clicking the button above .\nenter the email address you signed up with and we' ll email you a reset link .\nto date 683 species of macro - moth along with 1159 species of micro - moth have been recorded in norfolk since records began in victorian times. this site aims to provide full details of all the species that occur (or once occurred) in norfolk, with photographs, descriptions, flight graphs, latest records, distribution maps and more !\nif you have photos of any moths featured on this site, and would like them displayed along with your name and comments... please send them in (any size. jpg images) .\nplease consider helping with the running costs of norfolk moths. thank you: - )\nunderlying maps using digital map data © norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola™ 2018. © james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018. data © nola™ 2018\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more\n* an asterisk denotes a region for which the species is listed as an migrant or information that requires additional checking .\nalbania, belgium, bulgaria, greece, spain, italy, luxembourg, romania, sicily, the ussr - the european part of france, yugoslavia .\nregions of the russian federation: the volga - don, gorno - altaisk (?), western caucasus, prealtay, mid - volzhsky, south ural .\nalbania, belgium, bulgaria, germany, greece (mainland), spain (mainland), italy (mainland), luxembourg, macedonia, moldova, russia, romania, sicily, ukraine, france (mainland), croatia, yugoslavia .\nencyclo. co. uk, online since 2007, is a search engine for english meanings and definitions. the website aims to publish all wordlists, big and small, on the internet, making it much easier to find the word you need. follow us on facebook\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, states, usa, television, ... more\nmaculatus\n*\namorphophallus angulatus\n*\namorphophallus angustispathus\n*\namorphophallus ankarana\n*\namorphophallus annulifer\n*\namorphophallus antsingyensis\n*\namorphophallus aphyllus\n*\namorphophallus asper\n*\namorphophallus asterostigmatus\n*\namorphophallus atrorubens\n*\namorphophallus atroviridis\n*\namorphophallus barthlottii\n*\namorphophallus baumannii\n*\namorphophallus beccarii\n*\namorphophallus becquaertii\n*\namorphophallus bonaccordensis\n*\namorphophallus borneensis\n*\namorphophallus boyceanus\n*\namorphophallus brachyphyllus\n*\namorphophallus brevispathus\n*\namorphophallus bufo\n*\namorphophallus bulbifer\n*\namorphophallus calabaricus\n* *\namorphophallus calabaricus\nsubsp .\nmaculatus\n*\namorphophallus angulatus\n*\namorphophallus angustispathus\n*\namorphophallus ankarana\n*\namorphophallus annulifer\n*\namorphophallus antsingyensis\n*\namorphophallus aphyllus\n*\namorphophallus asper\n*\namorphophallus asterostigmatus\n*\namorphophallus atrorubens\n*\namorphophallus atroviridis\n*\namorphophallus barthlottii\n*\namorphophallus baumannii\n*\namorphophallus beccarii\n*\namorphophallus becquaertii\n*\namorphophallus bonaccordensis\n*\namorphophallus borneensis\n*\namorphophallus boyceanus\n*\namorphophallus brachyphyllus\n*\namorphophallus brevispathus\n*\namorphophallus bufo\n*\namorphophallus bulbifera\n*\namorphophallus calabaricus\n* *\namorphophallus calabaricus\nsubsp .\n& l. m. perry *\nmyrmecodia aureospina\nhuxley & jebb *\nmyrmecodia beccarii\nhook. f .\n1922 (sumatra) *\ndendrochilum beccarii\nj. j. sm .\nthe species is primarily rheophytic and closely related to the genus\nspathiphyllum\n.\n= = subespécies = = *\ngazella dorcas beccarii\n– gazela - dorcas - eritreia *\ng. d. dorcas\n– gazela - dorcas - egípcia *\ng. d. isabella = / littoralis /\n– gazela - isabella *\ng. d. massaesyla\n– gazela - dorcas - marroquina *\ng. d. osiris = / neglecta /\n– gazela - dorcas - saariana *\ng. d. pelzelni\n– gazelle - de - pelzeln = = galeria = =\n= = subspecies = = *\ngazella dorcas beccarii\n- eritrean dorcas gazelle *\ng. d. dorcas\n- egyptian dorcas gazelle *\ng. d. isabella = / littoralis /\n- isabella' s gazelle *\ng. d. massaesyla\n- moroccan dorcas gazelle *\ng. d. osiris = / neglecta /\n- saharan dorcas gazelle *\ng. d. pelzelni\n- pelzeln' s gazelle = = description = = the dorcas gazelle is similar in appearance to, yet smaller than, the closely related mountain gazelle (\ngazella gazella\n) .\nacanthopelma beccarii is a species of spider belonging to the family theraphosidae (tarantulas) .\né uma espécie de orquídea (família\norchidaceae\n) pertencente ao gênero\nbulbophyllum\n.\nbulbophyllum beccarii is by far the largest species in the genus\nbulbophyllum\nand one of the largest in the orchid family .\nclaudine beccarie (créteil, 14 de junho de 1945) é o nome artístico de uma ex - atriz pornográfica francesa .\nclaudine beccarie (born 14 june 1945 in créteil, val - de - marne, france) was a french pornographic actress of the 1970s .\nthe sumatran cochoa (\ncochoa beccarii\n) is a species of bird in the turdidae family .\nconraua beccarii is a species of frog in the conrauidae family found in eritrea and ethiopia .\ncredits - computer translations are provided by a combination of our statistical machine translator, google, microsoft, systran and worldlingo .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience. by continuing to visit this site you agree to our use of cookies. learn more." ]

{ "text": [ "scopula mecysma is a moth of the family geometridae .", "it is found in the himalaya , taiwan , thailand and on borneo , java , bali , sulawesi and new guinea .", "the habitat consists of lowland forests . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 24 ] }

[ "scopula mecysma is a moth of the family geometridae. it is found in the himalaya, taiwan, thailand and on borneo, java, bali, sulawesi and new guinea. the habitat consists of lowland forests." ]