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-{"id": 0, "summary": [{"text": "gars ( or garpike ) are members of the lepisosteiformes ( or semionotiformes ) , an ancient holosteian order of ray-finned fish ; fossils from this order are known from the late cretaceous onwards .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the family lepisosteidae includes seven living species of fish in two genera that inhabit fresh , brackish , and occasionally marine , waters of eastern north america , central america and the caribbean islands .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "gars have elongated bodies that are heavily armored with ganoid scales , and fronted by similarly elongated jaws filled with long , sharp teeth .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "all of the gars are relatively large fish , but the alligator gar ( atractosteus spatula ) is the largest , as specimens have been reported to be 3 m ( 9.8 ft ) in length ; however , they typically grow to 2 m ( 6.6 ft ) and weigh over 45.3 kg ( 100 lb ) .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "unusually , their vascularised swim bladders can function as lungs , and most gars surface periodically to take a gulp of air .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "gar flesh is edible and the hard skin and scales of gars are used by humans . ", "topic": 4}], "title": "gar", "paragraphs": ["i am so gar for archer .\ngaogaigar is so incredibly gar .\nused gar skins as protective covers . furthermore , gar species such as this have maintained a spiral valve intestine throughout their evolutionary\nepisode 14 left me totally gar for archer .\nyou are gar for badasses , but gay for traps .\ni & apos ; m gar for archer .\nof course . everyone & apos ; s gar for archer .\nhere are some useful ( and painstakingly completed ) links for you to access should you want to identify your gar or learn more about gar identification .\ngar\u2019s mission is to help akron become smarter , stronger , and more vibrant .\ngar wood ' s miss america viii race boat to be auctioned in florida .\ngar - ezer , spontaneous breakdown in two dimensional space - time , commun .\naran ' gar : etymology explained in the series as a type of blade .\nosan ' gar : etymology explained in the series as a type of blade .\ndistribution and ecology of alligator gar in oklahoma : : documents . ok . gov\northologs of human mhc class ii and class iii region genes in spotted gar .\ntabasco\u2019s freshwater gar , an ancient , primitive fish with a face like an alligator\u2019s .\nfor de\ufb01nitions and results concerning these see the book by garnett , [ gar ] .\nthere are seven known species of gar , and all are quite abundant in their ranges . in the southeastern united states , where the alligator gar lives , they are prized by sport fishermen for the fierce fight they give when hooked . gar meat is edible , but is extremely bony and rarely consumed . gar eggs are highly toxic to humans .\nthe spotted gar genome assembly is available from genbank under accession gca _ 000242695 . 1 . rna - seq data are available from the sequence read archive ( sra ) under accessions srp042013 ( broad institute gar transcriptome ) , srp044781 \u2013 srp044784 ( phylofish transcriptomes of zebrafish , gar , bowfin and medaka ) and srp063942 ( gar small rna - seq for mirna annotation ) . gar scpp gene sequences are available from genbank under accessions ku189274 \u2013 ku189300 .\nsister species to the spotted gar , this fish looks nearly identical but primarily resides in florida . it is frequently seen in roadside canals , and much of the everglades . it\u2019s the most common gar in the pet trade , and often mislabeled as \u201calligator gar . \u201d\nthe spotted gar is one of three gar species native to texas . they are primitive fish and date back to the cretaceous period , some 65 to 100 million years ago . the ancestors of spotted gar swam with the dinosaurs ! a large gar can eat a lot of fish , including catfish , causing them to compete with some anglers . because of the competition and because many people think gar are difficult to clean , gar are sometimes called a\ntrash\nfish . this term may not be warranted when you consider that spotted gar , like all native species , have an important role to play in their ecosystem .\n\u201c 1 gar \u201d in dictionary of the irish language , royal irish academy , 1913\u201376 .\nae man may tak a horse to the water , but twenty winna gar him drink .\nthe 7 gar ( lepisosteidae ) species of the world . find prints of this gartwork at\nfish species identification , roughfish , suckers carp buffalo bowfin gar whitefish eels burbot sculpin etc .\namerican alligators are a potential predator of alligator gar , image courtesy u . s . geological survey\nwhile there are no confirmed attacks on people , alligator gar continue to be feared by many .\nthe gar is a fish . . . is a bird . . . is a mammal ?\ngar\nin focl\u00f3ir gaeilge - b\u00e9arla , an g\u00fam , 1977 , by niall \u00f3 d\u00f3naill .\nfigure 5 : identification and functional analysis of the gar and teleost early - phase hoxd enhancer cns65 .\nrothwell , gar w . 1998 . life on earth , paleobotany . geotimes 43 : 44 - 45 .\njeff yoder is an associate professor of immunology at nc state\u2019s college of veterinary medicine and a contributor to the gar genome project . he agreed to a short q & a about the significance of the spotted gar\u2019s genome .\nthe longnose gar ' s tough scales keep it safe from most natural predators ; however , young gar commonly fall prey to larger predatory fish . in florida and the southern region , the billly gar can be preyed on by the american alligator . when it comes to their own hunt , their spiky teeth enable the gar to prey on smaller fish and crustaceans . when hunting , the gar remains stealthy and motionless , but have been known to stalk prey . they catch prey sideways , then manipulate it so that it will enter head - first .\nby gar , if my wife die ' count of this , i goin ' kill you , jarth rolan .\nthe longnose gar is most easily identified by its long , narrow snout and slender body . longnose gars have the longest and most narrow snout of all gar species . longnose gars are also the most slender among the 7 species of gar , especially when under 18\n. specimens over 2 ' have been noted to get quite thick .\nworld record in 2011 , a commercial fisherman accidentally caught the largest alligator gar on record in mississippi\u2019s lake chotard . the gar was 8 . 5 feet long , weighed 327 pounds and was believed to be 94 years old .\ngar immunoglobulin genes ( supplementary fig . 22 ) and transcripts generally resemble those of teleosts . unexpectedly , gar has a second , distinct igm locus but lacks igt ( igz ) 58 , 59 , thought to provide mucosal immunity 60 , suggesting that igt is teleost specific and that gar ganoid scales may suffice for exterior surface protection . gar t cell receptor genes ( supplementary fig . 23 ) are tightly linked as in mammals but , unlike in xenopus tropicalis 61 , are downstream of v h and j h segments . phylogenetic analyses of toll - like receptor ( tlr ) genes ( supplementary fig . 24 ) in tetrapods , teleosts and gar showed that the 16 identifiable gar tlrs encompass all six major tlr families 62 . gar tlrs appear to share evolutionary histories with the tlrs from teleosts and / or tetrapods . gar encodes nitr ( novel immune - type receptor ) genes ( supplementary fig . 25 ) , which function in allorecognition and were thought to be teleost specific 63 , 64 . the 17 gar nitr genes form 15 families , suggesting few recent tandem duplications or rapid divergence after gene duplication . in sum , the gar immunogenome bridges teleosts to tetrapods .\ngar rourke didn ' t ask to be the colusa treasurer , but ended up serving 17 years in the post .\nthe longnose gar along with a few other fish species have existed relatively unchanged since before the age of the dinosaurs .\nspotted gar genome at ensembl , urltoken ; synteny database , urltoken ; phylofish portal , urltoken ; repeatmasker , urltoken .\nthe longnose gar is an animal , but more defining , is part of the actinopterygii class of ray - finned fishes and the lepisosteidae family of gar pikes , garfishes , and other gar , of which there are seven recognized species today . also , even though they are similar in shape and appearance , l . osseus is not related to the needlefishes .\nthe shortnose gar is most easily identified by its lack of spots on head or body , but spotted individuals occasionally found from clear water habitats . the snout of larger specimens are shorter and broader than that of the longnose gar and spotted gar . however , smaller specimens have narrower snouts that get broader with time and growth . the caudal peduncle is shorter than that of the longnose gar . these fish have two rows of teeth , but only the outer row of teeth is prominent .\ngar awards grants to organizations and programs that foster the needs of the akron community and fall within our primary giving areas .\ni suah ' members de time she hooked dat ole gar , en hollered fo ' help tuh pull ' im out .\ngar was a challenge to me , for i saw in him something wild , untamed , and , perhaps , untamable .\nidentification : all gars have long and slender bodies , beak - like jaws , and large , diamond - shaped scales . alligator gar is the largest species , reaching 9 ft . ( 300 lbs ) . it is distinguished from other gars by its short , broad snout , and heavy body . spotted gar has a unique pattern of large spots on the top of head and body . shortnose gar is similar to spotted gar , but lacks spots on head and body . both species are\ndistribution and habitat : longnose gar is common statewide in streams , rivers , and reservoirs . spotted gar and shortnose gar occur in the ohio and mississippi rivers and in western kentucky , from the lower green river basin to the mississippi river . alligator gar once occurred in the ohio and mississippi rivers and in backwaters and embayments along the lower ohio and mississippi river floodplains in western kentucky . the kentucky department of fish and wildlife resources is working to re - establish native populations to these habitats .\nlateral close - up headshot of a . tropicus . notice that the snout is shorter than that of a florida gar .\nappearance alligator gar are long , slender fish with bony , diamond - shaped scales . they are distinguished from other gar by a heavier body and a relatively shorter , broader snout filled with two rows of canine - like teeth . alligator gar generally have a dark , olive green body that fades into a white belly , and their fins are often a reddish - pink .\nin new york state , we have only one species of gar : the longnose \u2014named for having the longest snout in relation to the rest of the body . although a large fish for our region , the longnose certainly isn\u2019t the largest gar in the world . that honor goes to the alligator gar , a native of the southeastern us that can weigh more than 300 pounds !\nthe alligator gar inhabits large , slow moving rivers , reservoirs , oxbow lakes , bayous and bays , in fresh and brackish water . the alligator gar is the most tolerant gar species of high salinity and occasionally strays into salt water . young may be seen at the surface in debris such as leaves and twigs . alligator gar prefer large rivers that have a large overflow floodplane , but these rivers have all but disappeared in north america due to the use of dredging , dams , dikes , and levees .\ngrow to 6 ft . ( 50 lbs ) . differences in head shape among the four species of gar are illustrated below .\nrecommended baiting : anglers rarely fish for gar due to their bony skin and toxic eggs . longnose gar are tough to catch because of their peculiar feeding behavior ( see below ) and long , slender snout . the best strategy is to use a hookless rope lure and spinners . a gar\u2019s teeth will get tangled in the hairs of the rope lure , so a hook is not needed . fish in warm shallow areas where the water is near stagnant . look for basking gar or signs of baitfish . cast and then retrieve in 1 - 2 ft bouts . it is best to allow the \u201croped\u201d gar to run a bit to ensure a good tangle .\n( a ) the gar bridge principle of vertebrate cne connectivity from human through gar to teleosts . hidden orthology is uncovered for elements that do not directly align between human and teleosts but become evident when first aligning tetrapod genomes to gar , and then aligning gar and teleost genomes . ( b ) connectivity analysis of 13 - way whole - genome alignments shows the evolutionary gain ( green ) and loss ( red ) of 153 human limb enhancers . direct human - teleost orthology could only be established for 81 elements as opposed to 95 when using gar as a bridge as in a . see supplementary figure 37 , supplementary table 22 and the supplementary note for details .\nthe gar founded soldiers\u2019 homes , was active in relief work and in pension legislation . five members were elected president of the united states and , for a time , it was impossible to be nominated on the republican ticket without the endorsement of the gar voting block .\nkeith camper hooked this 71 - pound alligator gar fish during the young men ' s business club ' s 23rd annual fishing rodeo .\nstudents at gar - field senior high school in woodbridge were evacuated thursday morning because of a bomb threat , according to school officials .\nwhole - body disposition and polyglutamate distribution of the gar formyltransferase inhibitors ly309887 and lometrexol in mice : effect of low - folate diet .\nthe longnose gar has fang - like teeth on both its upper and lower jaw that allow it to catch and hold onto fish .\nusing the gar bridge ( fig . 4a ) , we tested whether the 29 human enhancers not directly identified in teleosts might represent rapid divergence rather than definitive loss . inspection of human - centric and then gar - centric alignments showed 48 % ( 14 / 29 ) aligning to at least one teleost ( supplementary table 22 ) . gar thus substantially improves understanding of the evolutionary origin of vertebrate limb enhancers and their fate in teleosts ( fig . 4b , supplementary fig . 37 and supplementary table 22 ) . strikingly , despite using the gar bridge , we found that teleosts lost substantially more limb enhancers ( 15 ) than gar ( 2 ) ( fig . 4b and supplementary fig . 37 ) , suggesting that gar might be a better model than teleosts for investigating the fin - to - limb transition 85 .\nthe english common name for atractosteus spatula are alligator gar , gator , greater gar , garpike , garfish , and mississippi alligator gar . other common names are pejelagarto ( spanish ) , marjuari ( spanish ) , catan ( spanish , gaspar baba ( spanish ) , garpigue alligator ( french ) , alligatorpansergedde ( danish ) , alligatorbengadda ( swedish ) , keihasluuhauki ( finnish ) , and kostlin obrovsky ( czech ) .\nhabitat alligator gar once inhabited waters throughout the mississippi river valley , occurring as far north as iowa and west to kansas . they have a modified swim bladder that allows them to obtain oxygen from both water and air . this ability , along with the highest salt tolerance of any gar species , allows the alligator gar to survive in almost any water condition . however , habitat loss has limited its populations to the gulf coast states . in florida , alligator gar are only known to inhabit coastal rivers in the panhandle from gulf county to escambia county .\ngar move slowly unless trying to catch food , which it grabs in its jaws in a quick sideways lunge . they often bask near the water ' s surface on warm days . fry feed primarily on insect larvae and tiny crustaceans , but fish appear on the diet of young gar very early . prey is usually swallowed headfirst . spotted gar are eaten by larger fish , alligators , herons , and cottonmouth snakes .\nspotted gar prefer clear , quiet , vegetated waters of streams , swamps and lakes . they sometimes enter brackish waters along the gulf coast .\nrothwell , gar w . 1999 . fossils and ferns in the resolution of land plant phylogeny . botanical review 65 : 188 - 218 .\ndetermine the distribution , abundance , movements , habitats and population characteristics of the alligator gar in the red and arkansas river drainages in oklahoma .\nit has a brown midlateral stripe from nose to tail . the gar\u2019s coloring varies from grey / brown to olive , with black spots .\ngar informs the evolution of vertebrate genomes and gene functions after genome duplication and illuminates evolutionary mechanisms leading to teleost biodiversity . the gar genome evolved comparatively slowly and clarifies the evolution and orthology of problematic teleost protein - coding and microrna ( mirna ) gene families . surprisingly , many entire gar chromosomes have been conserved with some tetrapods for 450 million years . notably , gar facilitates the identification of cnes , which are often regulatory , that teleosts and humans share but that are not detected by direct sequence comparisons . global gene expression analyses show that expression domains and levels for tgd - generated duplicates usually sum to those for the corresponding gar gene , as expected if ancestral regulatory elements were partitioned after the tgd . by illuminating the legacy of genome duplication , the gar genome bridges teleost biology to human health , disease , development , physiology and evolution .\nthe longnose gar can be found in freshwater rivers , streams , lakes , and estuaries with little tidal influence . they prefer areas with minimum water movement , as the gar will suspend itself in the water column . in the united states , the long nose can be found mostly on the eastern half of the country , as far north as canada and south into florida . the gar is well known in virginia and the\nwhat made you want to look up gar ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .\ngar \u00e7on , m . , and van orden , j . w . , preprint nucl - th / 01020 49 , advances in nucl .\nthe alligator gar has a short , very broad snout . their pattern and appearence can vary greatly throughout their lives as they age and mature .\nin florida , the largest member of the gar family is only known to inhabit coastal rivers in the panhandle from gulf county to escambia county .\nthis large alligator gar was just under 8 feet in length and weighed 215 pounds ! image \u00a9 mike guerin / http : / / thejump . net\ni was baffled when i found that the\ngar\npage on urban dictionary didn & apos ; t have any definitions whatsoever relating to fish .\nif i was to tak ' her in , it ' s highly possible the hellicat would try and gar me marry her when he turned up .\ngar and teleost orthologs of the hoxd early enhancer cns65 were identified with vista ( lagan ) 121 . gar and zebrafish cns65 elements were cloned into pxig - cfos - egfp and gateway - hsp68 - lacz vectors for zebrafish 127 and mouse ( cyagen biosciences ) transgenesis , respectively ( supplementary note ) .\nestablished in 1967 , gar foundation was born of the philanthropic desire of the roush family to support the needs of those in the greater akron area community .\n* do not eat the eggs though ! gar eggs are toxic to mammals , birds , and most arthropods ; but not to fishes . weird right ?\nwe next calculated average expression levels for each gene over the 11 tissues and computed the ratio of each teleost gene to its gar ortholog . comparisons showed that individual ohnologs were each expressed at significantly lower levels than singletons as compared to gar orthologs ( fig . 6g , h ) . the ohnolog pair / gar expression ratios , however , showed no statistical difference from the singleton / gar expression ratios ( fig . 6g , h ) . this finding suggests that the aggregate expression level for ohnolog pairs tends to evolve to approximately the expression level of the preduplication gene , as expected by quantitative subfunctionalization 89 , 90 , 96 .\ngar represents the first chromonome 22 of a non - tetrapod , non - teleost jawed vertebrate , allowing for the first time long - range gene order analyses without the confounding effects of the tgd . the gar karyotype ( 2 n = 58 ) contains both macro - and microchromosomes ( fig . 2a , supplementary fig . 7 and supplementary note ) . aligning gar chromosomes to those of human , chicken and teleosts highlighted distinct conservation of orthologous segments in all species ( fig . 2b\u2013e , supplementary figs . 8 and 9 , and supplementary note ) . strikingly , gar - chicken comparisons showed conservation of many entire chromosomes ( fig . 2c ) . the chicken and gar karyotypes differed only by about 17 large fissions , fusions or translocations . almost half of the gar karyotype ( 14 / 29 chromosomes ) showed a nearly one - to - one relationship in gar - chicken comparisons , including macro - and microchromosomes with highly correlated chromosome assembly lengths ( fig . 2d and supplementary note ) . this similarity in chromosome size and gene content is strong evidence that the karyotype of the common bony vertebrate ancestor of gar and chicken possessed both macro - and microchromosomes as ohno 35 hypothesized , consistent with microchromosomes in coelacanth 36 and cartilaginous fishes 35 , for which no chromonomes are yet available .\nlooking at a gar is a bit like looking into the distant past . largely unchanged over the past 100 million years , they are often called living fossils .\nchicago bulls general manager gar forman said thursday that he ' s optimistic derrick rose will be able to play at some point during the 2012 - 13 season .\nmany of his results were proved in 1995 by berndt , bhargava , and garvan in a long paper [ bbg ] ( see also [ gar ] ) .\nwhole - body disposition and polyglutamate distribution of the gar formyltransferase inhibitors ly309887 and lometrexol in mice : effect of low - folate . . . - pubmed - ncbi\n- snout is thicker and shorter than any lepisosteus gar ( perhaps with the exception of large shortnose gars ) but longer and more narrow than any atractosteus gars .\n( a ) the spotted gar karyotype consists of macro - and microchromosomes ( see supplementary fig . 7 for chromosome annotations ) . ( b ) circos plot 99 showing conserved synteny of gar ( colored , left ) and human ( black , right ) chromosomes . ( c ) gar - chicken comparison shows strong conservation of the genomes over 450 million years and one - to - one synteny conservation for many entire chromosomes , particularly microchromosomes ( for example , loc13 and gga14 , loc23 and gga11 , etc . ) . ( d ) the assembled chromosome lengths for gar and chicken chromosomes with one - to - one conserved synteny are highly correlated ( r 2 = 0 . 97 ) . ( e ) gar - medaka comparison shows the overall one - to - two double - conserved synteny relationship of gar to a post - tgd teleost genome ( for example , gar loc11 corresponds to medaka ola16 and ola11 ) . the gar chromosomes are displayed in a different order in d than they are in b and c ; asterisks indicate chromosomes inverted with respect to the arbitrarily oriented reference genome . ( f ) gar - chicken - medaka comparisons illuminate the karyotype evolution leading to modern teleosts . the genome of the bony vertebrate ancestor contained both macro - and microchromosomes , some of which remain largely conserved in chicken and gar , for example , macrochromosome loc2 - ggaz and microchromosomes loc20 - gga15 and loc21 - gga17 . all three chromosomes possess double - conserved synteny with medaka chromosomes ola9 and ola12 , which is explained by chromosome fusion in the lineage leading to teleosts after divergence from gar , followed by tgd duplication of the fusion chromosome and subsequent intrachromosomal rearrangements and rediploidization . multiple examples of such pre - tgd chromosome fusions explain the absence of microchromosomes in teleosts . see the supplementary note for details .\ngar elucidates the origins of tetrapod limb enhancers , evidenced by whole - genome alignments for 13 vertebrates ( including gar , five teleosts , coelacanth , five tetrapods and elephant shark ; supplementary fig . 36 , supplementary tables 20 and 21 , and supplementary note ) . of 153 known human limb enhancers 33 , 82 , 83 , 84 , human - centric alignments identified 71 % ( 108 ) in gar , but only 53 % ( 81 ) were identified through direct human - teleost alignments . of the 72 human limb enhancers not detected by human - teleost alignment , 40 % ( 29 ) aligned to gar , confirming their presence in the bony vertebrate ancestor and loss or considerable divergence in teleosts . of these 29 enhancers , 15 also aligned to elephant shark , highlighting their existence in the gnathostome ancestor . fourteen occurred in gar but not in teleosts and would have been incorrectly characterized as lobe - finned vertebrate innovations without gar data ( supplementary table 22 and supplementary note ) .\nthe prehistoric - looking gar is a voracious predator with a mouthful of sharp teeth . they usually drift motionless near the surface waiting for smaller fish to swim by .\nto connect human biology to fish biomedical models , we sequenced the genome of spotted gar ( lepisosteus oculatus ) , whose lineage diverged from teleosts before teleost genome duplication ( tgd ) . the slowly evolving gar genome has conserved in content and size many entire chromosomes from bony vertebrate ancestors . gar bridges teleosts to tetrapods by illuminating the evolution of immunity , mineralization and development ( mediated , for example , by hox , parahox and microrna genes ) . numerous conserved noncoding elements ( cnes ; often cis regulatory ) undetectable in direct human - teleost comparisons become apparent using gar : functional studies uncovered conserved roles for such cryptic cnes , facilitating annotation of sequences identified in human genome - wide association studies . transcriptomic analyses showed that the sums of expression domains and expression levels for duplicated teleost genes often approximate the patterns and levels of expression for gar genes , consistent with subfunctionalization . the gar genome provides a resource for understanding evolution after genome duplication , the origin of vertebrate genomes and the function of human regulatory sequences .\nrothwell , gar w . and charles w . good . 2000 . reconstruction of the pennsylvanian age filicalean fern botryopteris tridentata . interenational journal of plant science , in press .\nusually less than 3 ft . ( 5 - 10 lbs ) . longnose gar is easily distinguished from other gars by having an extremely long and narrow snout . it can\npredators : pretty much all larger predatory fish and some birds of prey . gar are the fastest growing freshwater fish in the state giving them a large advantage against predation .\ncne analyses near developmental gene loci ( hox and parahox clusters , pax6 and irxb ) showed that gar contains more gnathostome cnes ( conserved between bony vertebrates and elephant shark ) than teleosts . analyses incorporating gar identified many bony vertebrate cnes ( absent from elephant shark ) that were not predicted by direct human - teleost comparisons ; furthermore , gar - based alignments identified cnes recruited in the common ancestor of ray - finned fishes ( supplementary figs . 14 , 15 and 29\u201335 , supplementary tables 12\u201319 and supplementary note ) .\ngar is the first ray - finned fish genome sequence not affected by the tgd . because of gar ' s phylogenetic position , slow rate of sequence evolution , dense genetic map and ease of laboratory culture , this resource provides a unique bridge between tetrapods and teleost biomedical models . our analyses show that gar bridges teleosts to tetrapods in genome arrangement , allowing the identification of orthologous genes by possessing ancient vgd ohnologs lost reciprocally in teleosts and tetrapods and elucidating the evolution of vertebrate - specific features , including adaptive immunity and mineralized tissues , and the evolution of gene expression . clarification of gene orthology and history is crucial for the design , analysis and interpretation of teleost models of human disease , including those generated with crispr / cas9 - induced genome editing 97 , 98 . gar genomic analyses show that sequences formerly considered unique to teleosts or tetrapods are often shared by ray - finned and lobe - finned vertebrates , including human . notably , the gar bridge helps identify potential gene regulatory elements that are shared by teleosts and humans but are elusive in direct teleost - tetrapod comparisons . the availability of gar embryos and the ease of raising eggs to adults in the laboratory 22 ( supplementary fig . 1 ) make gar a ray - finned species of choice when analyzing many vertebrate developmental and physiological features . in conclusion , the gar bridge facilitates the connectivity of teleost medical models to human biology .\nacross the gar genome , we identified approximately 28 % of human - centric cnes ( 39 , 964 / 143 , 525 ) , more than in any of five aligned teleost genomes . around 19 , 000 human - centric cnes aligned to gar but not to any teleost ( supplementary table 21 and supplementary note ) . without gar , one would have erroneously concluded that these elements originated in lobe - finned vertebrates or were lost in teleosts . the gar bridge ( fig . 4a ) establishes hidden orthology from human to gar to zebrafish for many of these human - centric cnes ( 30\u201336 % , depending on overlap ; supplementary table 21 and supplementary note ) . these approximately 6 , 500 newly connected human cnes contain around 1 , 000 snps linked to human conditions in genome - wide association studies ( gwas ) , thereby connecting otherwise undetected disease - associated haplotypes to genomic locations in zebrafish ( supplementary table 21 ) . the gar bridge thus helps identify biomedically relevant candidate regions in model teleosts for functional testing , potentially enhancing teleost models for biomedical research .\nother info . : although often blamed for game species decline , it has been found that longnose gar rarely feed on popular game species in large quantities . in some regions of the country they are stocked in order to help control overpopulation of sunfish and yellow perch . gar scales are as hard as stone and can be polished for use in jewelry .\nphylogenies of 243 one - to - one orthologs in 25 jawed vertebrates 17 , including the gar genome and our transcriptome of the bowfin amia calva ( supplementary note and supplementary data set ) , strongly supported the monophyly of holostei ( gar and bowfin ) as the sister group to teleosts ( fig . 1b , supplementary fig . 6 and supplementary note ) 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , suggesting that morphologies shared by bowfin and teleosts 29 , 30 may be convergent or may be ancestral traits that were altered in the gar lineage .\nwith membership limited strictly to \u201cveterans of the late unpleasantness , \u201d the gar encouraged the formation of allied orders to aid them in its various works . numerous male organizations jousted for the backing of the gar and the political battles became quite severe until the gar finally endorsed the sons of veterans of the united states of america ( later to become the sons of union veterans of the civil war ) as its heir . a similar , but less protracted , battle took place between the womens\u2019 relief corps ( wrc ) and the ladies of the grand army of the republic ( lgar ) for the title \u201cofficial auxiliary to the gar . \u201d that battle was won by the wrc , which is the only allied order open to women who do not have an hereditary ancestor who would have been eligible for the gar . but in this case the lgar retained its strength and was made one of the allied orders .\noutlook : clinton marina reports : crappie \u2013 fair to good around the docks and along the banks ; gar are being caught around the marina ; all other species \u2013 no reports .\ngainesville area rowing , or gar , has made north central florida one of the best crew spots in the state , and a hotsp0ot for local high schoolers to join the club .\nto test whether cryptic cne orthologs preserve enhancer function , we used cns65 - driven reporter constructs to generate transgenic zebrafish and mice ( supplementary note ) . cns65 from either gar or zebrafish drove early expression in the developing zebrafish pectoral fin ( fig . 5b ) . gar cns65 drove expression in the forelimbs and hindlimbs of embryonic day ( e ) 10 . 5 mice ( fig . 5c ) that was indistinguishable from the activity of mouse cns65 ( ref . 88 ) . zebrafish cns65 activated forelimb expression somewhat more weakly than gar cns65 ( fig . 5c ) . at e12 . 5 , gar cns65 activated proximal but not distal limb expression ( fig . 5c ) , mimicking the endogenous mouse enhancer 88 . these functional experiments suggest that regulation of hoxd early - phase expression in limbs and fins is an ancestral , conserved feature of bony vertebrates and that gar connects otherwise cryptic teleost regulatory mechanisms to mammalian developmental biology .\ni ' d love to do a jakob von uexk\u00fcll drawing of the world of the gar . i wonder what it would look like . chris schaberg describes fishing for them as a kid , \u201cjust one big muscle\u201d that used to pull his canoe around . this world diagram would have to include the above - surface world of the gar as it leaps out of the water to fill its swim bladder . gar have swim bladders that they fill manually by gulping in air . swim bladders eventually evolved into lungs . we share some ancestors with them .\nthea buxbaum , a gallery manager , and gar waterman , a sculptor , were married yesterday in new haven at west rock studio , the couple ' s gallery , workshop and home .\nm apes , gene , and gar w . rothwell . 1998 . pollen cone structure of the late pennsylvanian ( stephanian ) conifer emporia . journal of paleontology 72 : 571 - 576 .\nthe spotted gar karyotype was determined from caudal fin fibroblast cell cultures established as described for zebrafish 109 ( supplementary note ) . analyses of conserved synteny between gar , tetrapods ( human and chicken ) and teleosts ( supplementary note ) were performed with ( i ) circos plots 99 on the basis of orthology relationships from ensembl 75 and as described in the supplementary note ; ( ii ) the synteny database 94 after integration of the gar genome assembly ( ensembl version 74 ) ; and ( iii ) comparative synteny maps derived as described in refs . 17 , 110 .\nthe alligator gar is rare , endangered , and has even been extirpated from many of the outer areas of its range . studies in alabama , mississippi , and louisiana have shown that the alligator gar is very susceptible to overfishing . it has been classified as rare in missouri , threatened in illinois , and endangered in arkansas , kentucky , and is soon to be in tennessee .\nmirna genes could become teleost or tetrapod specific 18 , 72 by their loss in one lineage or gain in the other . we studied gar mirnas computationally ( supplementary fig . 27 , supplementary table 10 and supplementary note ) and annotated them using a sequence - based approach ( supplementary note ) . small rna - seq data for four tissues identified 302 mature mirnas derived from 233 genes , of which 229 belong to 107 families and 4 lack a known family ( supplementary fig . 28 and supplementary table 11 ) . gar - zebrafish 73 , 74 comparisons showed that four families and four individual mirna genes emerged in teleosts . of the 22 families thought to have been lost in teleosts 18 , 2 actually belong to the same family and orthologs of 4 gar mirna genes were previously overlooked in teleosts . fourteen families are absent from both gar and teleosts , and three are present in gar and many teleosts 74 but absent from zebrafish . a single family present in teleosts and lobe - finned fishes ( mir150 ) was not found in gar . notably , no mirna family loss was specific to teleosts , suggesting that the tgd did not accelerate family loss .\nevolution of vertebrate immunity becomes clearer using gar ( supplementary note ) . major histocompatibility complex ( mhc ) class i and class ii genes ( supplementary figs . 19\u201321 ) are tightly linked in tetrapods and cartilaginous fishes but are unlinked in teleosts 51 , 52 . in gar , at least one pair of class i and class ii genes is linked as in tetrapods 53 , 54 , suggesting that gar retains the ancestral configuration , although most gar mhc genes remain on unassembled scaffolds ( supplementary fig . 21 ) . gar has some class i genes thought to be teleost specific ( z / p - like , l - like and u / s - like , for example 54 , 55 , 56 ; supplementary fig . 19 ) and some class ii genes similar to and some distinct from teleost da / db and de lineages ( supplementary fig . 20 ) . several gar mhc region genes are on unassembled scaffolds linked to genes whose human orthologs are encoded in the mhc class ii or class iii region on hsa6 , and some are adjacent to orthologs of teleost mhc class i genes ( supplementary table 8 ) . the human mhc class iii region on hsa6 has syntenic segments on hsa1 , hsa9 and hsa19 ; these four ohnologs likely arose in vgd1 and vgd2 ( ref . 57 ) , as supported by the gar genome ( supplementary table 8 ) .\ngar are long and cylindrical with elongated mouths . spotted gar grow to a length of 3 feet ( 0 . 9 m ) , weighing 8 pounds ( 3 . 6 kg ) . their upper body is brown to olive , and they have silver - white sides . head , body , and fins have olive - brown to black spots that help camouflage the fish . a broad , dark stripe is on the sides of immature fish . their long , snout - like mouth is lined with strong , sharp teeth , and their body is covered with thick , ganoid ( diamond - shaped ) scales . spotted gar may be distinguished from other texas gar species by the dark roundish spots on the top of the head , the pectoral fins and on the pelvic fins .\n( a ) scpp gene arrangements in human , coelacanth , gar and zebrafish including p / q - rich ( red ) and acidic ( blue ) scpp genes and sparc - like genes ( yellow ) ( supplementary note ; ref . 68 ) . orthologies ( gray vertical bars ) among lobe - finned vertebrates ( for example , human and coelacanth ) and teleosts ( for example , zebrafish ) had previously been limited to odam and spp1 genes . gar connects lineages through orthologs of genes previously known only from either teleosts ( scpp1 , scpp3 , scpp5 , scpp7 and scpp9 ) or lobe - finned vertebrates ( enam , ambn , dmp1 , dsppl1 , ibsp and mepe ) . further putative orthologies supported by only short stretches of sequence similarity ( indicated by a question mark ) connect gar enam , ambn and lpq14 genes with zebrafish fa93e10 , scpp6 and scpp8 genes , respectively ; gar lpq1 and coelacanth scpppq4 ; and gar lpq5 with amtn genes in lobe - finned vertebrates . arrows in human and zebrafish indicate intrachromosomal rearrangements separating originally clustered genes into distant chromosomal locations ( distance in mb ) . analysis of conserved synteny for the gar scpp gene cluster on lg2 suggests that the scpp gene regions on zebrafish chromosomes 10 and 5 are derived from the tgd ( supplementary fig . 26 and supplementary note ) . ( b ) the gar ' conserved synteny bridge ' ( supplementary note ) infers that the mirna cluster of mir731 and mir462 on gar lg4 and zebrafish chromosome 8 and a mirna - free region on zebrafish chromosome 2 are tgd ohnologous to the mammalian mir425 - 191 cluster ( highlighted in bold ) . ( c ) gar newly connects through synteny zebrafish tgd - derived ohnologs mir135c - 1 and mir135c - 2 with mammalian mir135b genes ( highlighted in bold ) .\n( a , b ) the origin ( a ) and distribution ( b ) of gar and teleost singletons and tgd - derived ohnologs ( supplementary table 23 and supplementary note ) . ( c ) neofunctionalized ohnologs for slc1a3 showing new expression in liver . ( d ) subfunctionalized tgd orthologs of gpr22 with one expressed in brain as in gar and the other expressed in heart as in gar . in c and d , the r values denote the correlation of the expression profile of each ohnolog with the gar pattern . the supplementary note lists neofunctionalization and subfunctionalization criteria . ( e \u2013 h ) expression conservation for ohnologs and singletons in zebrafish ( zf ; e , g ) and medaka ( md ; f , h ) ( supplementary note ) . ( e , f ) mean correlation between the expression patterns of gar genes and teleost ortholog ( s ) . the correlation between average expression levels for ohnolog pairs and gar genes was greater than that for ohnologs alone and than that for singletons , indicating sharing of ancestral subfunctions by the ohnolog pair ( multiple wilcoxon mann - whitney tests with bonferroni correction , \u03b1 = 0 . 05 for significance ) . ( g , h ) mean log 10 - transformed ratios of expression levels for gar genes and teleost ortholog ( s ) . in comparison to gar genes , individual ohnologs were expressed at significantly lower levels than singletons ; ohnolog pair / gar ratios were not statistically different from singleton / gar ratios , suggesting that the aggregate expression level of ohnolog pairs approaches the expression level of the preduplication gene ( multiple two - sided student ' s t test with bonferroni correction , \u03b1 = 0 . 05 for significance ) . error bars in e \u2013 h , s . e . m . br , brain ; gil , gill ; hrt , heart ; mus , muscle ; liv , liver , kid , kidney ; bo , bone ; int , intestine ; ov , ovary ; te , testis ; emb , embryo .\nhartley , w . r . , thiyagarajah , a . and treinies , a . m . : 1996 , ' liver lesions in the gar fish ( lepisosteidae ) as biomarkers of exposure ' ,\ngars are an ancient group of fishes that belong to the family lepisostidae . there are four species of gar in kentucky : alligator gar , longnose gar , shortnose gar , and spotted gar . they occur in a variety of habitats , although they are usually associated with large bodies of water such as rivers and reservoirs . they have a long and slender body covered with diamond shaped ganoid scales . gars are ambush predators and their long body shape allows for quick movements to catch prey . they have a lung like swimbladder which allows them to rise to the surface of the water and gulp air . this type of swimbladder allows the group to survive in low dissolved oxygen conditions . they are often seen either alone or in loosely formed groups resting just beneath the surface . spawning occurs in spring and summer months . fertilization is external and eggs are adhesive . all gar eggs are reported to be toxic to humans . in some areas of the southeastern united states , gars are consumed in large numbers . they have a mild flavor and a firm white flesh . while gars are generally scorned by commercial and sport fishermen , they have an important ecological role as a top predator in reducing overpopulation of forage fishes .\nrothwell , gar w . , lea grauvogel - stamm and gene mapes . 2000 . an herbaceous fossil conifer : gymnospermous ruderals in the evolution of mesozoic vegetation . palaeogeography , palaeoclimatology , palaeoecology , in press .\nthe cuban gar is most easily identified by its lack of pattern ( upon shedding its yoy markings ) , unique striation patterned fins and colour . these fish vary from an olive green to yellow bronze colouration .\nto characterize the effects of the tgd on evolution of gene expression , we plotted tissue - specific expression levels in gar versus ( i ) expression of orthologous teleost singletons , ( ii ) expression of each tgd - derived ohnolog when both were retained and ( iii ) the averaged expression level of both retained ohnologs ( ' ohnolog pair ' ) , and we then calculated correlation coefficients . our results showed that the correlation between the expression patterns of gar genes and those of their teleost singleton orthologs was not significantly different from the correlation of expression patterns between gar genes and those of either copy of their teleost tgd - derived co - orthologs ( fig . 6e , f ) . thus , when compared to ancestral single - copy genes as estimated from gar , teleost ohnologs binned at random do not appear to have evolved expression pattern differences significantly more rapidly than singletons . in contrast , the average tissue - specific patterns of both tgd - derived duplicates correlated significantly more closely with gar than with either ohnolog taken alone and correlated more closely with gar than with singletons ( fig . 6e , f ) ; thus , ancestral gene subfunctions tended to be partitioned between tgd - derived ohnologs , which maintained ancestral functions as a gene pair , as predicted by the subfunctionalization model 89 .\nthe broad institute gar rna - seq transcriptome ( supplementary note ) was generated from ten tissues ( stage 28 embryo 100 , 8 - day larvae , eye , liver , heart , skin , muscle , kidney , brain and testis ) and assembled using trinity 101 . phylofish rna - seq transcriptomes of gar , bowfin , zebrafish and medaka ( supplementary note ) were generated from ten adult tissues ( ovary , testis , brain , gills , heart , muscle , liver , kidney , bone and intestine ) and one embryonic stage ( ' pigmented eye ' stage of gar , zebrafish and medaka ) and assembled using the velvet / oases package 102 .\nthe alligator gar has been commercially fished in southern states along with other gar species , and has also been fished and bow - fished . the meat of the alligator gar has been commercially sold for over a dollar a pound locally . it is not classified as a sport fish in some states such as texas even though there is a popular bow fishery along the rio grande river . it is classified as a sport fish alabama where the limit is 2 fish per day , which makes it off limits to commercial fishing in alabama . the alligator gars , along with other gars , are important to their ecosystem in order to maintain the ecological balance .\nwhat makes the gar a successful predator is its ability to exploit waters that many other large predators avoid . the gar\u2019s vascular air bladder , used to regulate buoyancy in most fish , is connected to the gar\u2019s throat , allowing them to take in gulps of air like primitive lungs . this allows them to survive in waters with little or no oxygen content . low metabolism helps them to conserve oxygen and energy , and make them near - motionless when they hunt . shallow water , with little flow and higher temperatures are just fine for the gar . here their colors and patterns help them blend into the environment . appearing to be a drifting log or stick , they can sneak up on prey without being detected . gars are generally freshwater fish , but their tolerance of various water conditions allow them to successfully populate brackish waters and they can sometimes migrate out to sea .\nspotted gar are very widespread , and can be found from central texas east into western florida . their territory extends north through the mississippi river drainage into illinois , the lower ohio river , and the lake erie drainage .\nschools of beautiful , graceful 2 - 5 foot gar are our favorite reason to snorkel in blue springs state park , florida . they swim leisurely . or sit like soldiers , noses to the current from the spring .\nphysiological mechanisms are shared among vertebrates , including light control of circadian rhythms , despite important gene repertoire differences between teleosts and tetrapods 46 , 47 . analyses of gar circadian clock ( supplementary fig . 17 , supplementary table 6 and supplementary note ) 48 and opsin ( supplementary fig . 18 , supplementary table 7 and supplementary note ) 49 genes link the gene repertoires of teleosts and tetrapods : for example , gar clarifies which circadian genes originated in vgd events and which originated in the tgd event . gar has pinopsin , present in tetrapods but absent from teleosts , along with exo - rhodopsin , previously thought to compensate for the lack of pinopsin in teleosts 50 .\ncoloration the alligator gar is dark olive - green dorsally , fading to yellowish white ventrally . young alligator gars possess a light mid - dorsal stripe bordered by thin dark lines from the tip of snout to the dorsal fin , and a dark lateral band extends along the sides with irregular borders . the dorsal , anal , and caudal fins of the alligator gar often have oval - shaped black spots . adult specimens lack spots on the body .\nrt - pcr and our gar skin transcriptome analysis identified expression of ambn and enam in enamel - containing gar teeth and in gar skin that includes scales with ganoin ( supplementary table 9 and supplementary note ) , suggesting that strong expression of ambn and enam is limited to enamel and ganoin . thus , enamel in teeth and ganoin in ganoid scales likely represent the same tissue , and common expression of ambn and enam in lobe - finned vertebrate enamel and in gar enamel and ganoin supports homology of these tissues . analysis of gnathostome fossils suggested that ganoin is plesiomorphic for crown osteichthyans and arose before enamel 71 , 133 ; thus , enamel - bearing teeth likely evolved by coopting enamel matrix genes originally used in ganoid scales . the amel gene may have evolved subsequently to encode the principal organic component of the ' true enamel ' that appears to have originated in lobe - finned vertebrates 68 , 133 ."]}
-{"id": 1, "summary": [{"text": "the azure-crowned hummingbird ( amazilia cyanocephala ) is a species of hummingbird in the family trochilidae .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "it is found in belize , el salvador , guatemala , honduras , mexico , and nicaragua .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "azure - crowned hummingbird", "paragraphs": ["perched individual giving alarm calls in presence of perched american kestrel nearby . toward the end of the recording , the american kestrel can briefly be heard calling when taking off , and the azure - crowned hummingbird follows him . recording unmodified . habitat open young pine forest , both birds perched 8 m above ground in 12 m tall pinus oocarpa , but in different trees . distance between hummingbird and kestrel 10 m .\nperched on the lowest branch of a pine tree ( pinus oocarpa ) , recorded at 4 m distance . recording unmodified . pine - oak forest with a rich understory of flowering calliandra houstoniana , which had attracted during this time of year good numbers of hummingbirds to the site . the azure - crowned hummingbird is there year - round , though .\nweller , a . a . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . azure - crowned hummingbird ( amazilia cyanocephala ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\njustification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend is not known , but the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is very large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\npartners in flight estimate the total population to number 50 , 000 - 499 , 999 individuals ( a . panjabi in litt . 2008 ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nauthors : mar\u00eea del coro arizmendi , claudia i . rodr\u00edguez - flores , carlos a . soberanes - gonz\u00e1lez , tom johnson , and thomas s . schulenberg\narizmendi , m . d . c . , c . i . rodr\u00edguez - flores , c . a . soberanes - gonz\u00e1lez , t . johnson , and t . s . schulenberg ( 2013 ) .\n) , version 1 . 0 . in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa .\nrecording unmodified . habitat was a cleared hiking trail in pine - oak zone .\nmale peched in the understory . second growth cloud forest . normalized at - 3db . recording made with a tascam dr 100 mk ii , unidirectional internal mic . code : 170322 3160 amazilia cyanocephala song\nunderstory of second growth cloud forest . normalized at - 3db . recording made with a tascam dr 100 mk ii , unidirectional internal mic . code : 170321 3152 amazilia cyanocephala calls\napparently a lek . two males perched exposed singing incessantly . habitat : understory of second growth cloud forest . code : invasi 2764 amazilia cyanocephala lek _ 0129\nid certainty 90 % . ( archiv . tape 166 side b track 27 seq . b )\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .\na bird feeding on flowers , then at slow motion ( 50 % ) .\nalberto lobato , ian hempstead , dusan m . brinkhuizen , ken havard , marc fasol , knut eisermann .\n\u2013 e & s mexico ( s from s tamaulipas ) to e honduras and nc nicaragua .\nsong apparently undescribed , but perhaps is the fairly mellow series of strong chipping notes , . . .\ninhabits pine and pine\u2013oak forest , cloudforest and rainforest , edges of humid forest ; also . . .\nvaries with region ; in mexico , feb\u2013aug ; in belize , jan\u2013jul ; in guatemala , data on gonadal activity indicate jul\u2013sept ; in . . .\nsome populations are sedentary , for instance in veracruz and san luis potos\u00ed ( mexico ) , . . .\nnot globally threatened ( least concern ) . cites ii . common in pine and pine - oak forests of the highlands of interior mexico , guatemala and honduras , rarer in cloudforest and . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nas currently constituted , this genus is not monophyletic # r ; more thorough sampling of taxa required before a clearer picture can be presented . in hbw , species currently placed herein were spread out over six genera , with additional recognition of agyrtria , polyerata and saucerottia , and relocation of some species in leucippus and hylocharis .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nthis species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend is not known , but the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is very large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : amazilia cyanocephala . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nreference : hist . nat . ois . - mouches [ lesson ] p . xlv\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 293 , 475 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 ."]}
-{"id": 2, "summary": [{"text": "the red-crested cardinal ( paroaria coronata ) is a songbird with a prominent red head and crest .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "this species belongs in the family of the tanagers ( thraupidae ) .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "notwithstanding its similar name , this bird is not closely related to the true cardinal family ( cardinalidae ) .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in northern argentina , bolivia , paraguay , uruguay , brazil 's rio grande do sul and the pantanal .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry shrubland and heavily degraded former forest .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "among other regions , it is found in southern part of the pantanal .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "it has also been introduced to hawaii and puerto rico .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "in brazil , it has been introduced to various places outside its historical range , as in the tiet\u00ea ecological park in s\u00e3o paulo , alongside its very similar-looking close relative , the red-cowled cardinal ( p. dominicana ) .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "the yellow-billed cardinal ( p. capitata ) could be easily confused with the red-crested cardinal ; both the red-cowled and yellow-billed have a very short crest that is not visible except in excited birds , and in the case of the latter , a black throat , darker upper parts and a bright yellow bill . ", "topic": 23}], "title": "red - crested cardinal", "paragraphs": ["red - crested cardinal : yellow - billed cardinal has no crest , upperparts are black , and has a black chin and throat .\nred - crested cardinal gets its common name from its red head and prominent crest . native to northern argentina , bolivia , southern brazil , paraguay and uruguay , red - crested cardinal has been introduced to various regions of the world including hawaii and puerto rico . mainly a seed eater , red - crested cardinal generally searches for seeds and small arthropods on or near the ground . red - crested cardinal ' s natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry shrubland and heavily degraded former forest .\nthe red - crested cardinal has been featured on postage stamps in its native countries of argentina , brazil and uruguay .\nred - crested cardinal : native to south america . in hawaii commonly found on lawns and in parks . a medium - sized passerine with bright red head ,\nmis fotos de aves : paroaria coronata cardenal com\u00fan red - crested cardi . . .\nthe red - crested cardinal is listed as a species of least concern by the iucn because of its large range and estimated population size .\nin the wild , red - crested cardinals eat fruit , seeds and insects . at the smithsonian ' s national zoo , red - crested cardinals are fed bird food , insects and fruit .\nthe red - crested cardinal is native to argentina , bolivia , southern brazil , paraguay and uruguay . it has also been introduced to hawaii and puerto rico .\nthe red - crested cardinal will lay two to five eggs . the eggs have a 12 to 13 day incubation period . they breed readily in human care .\nred - crested cardinals live 3 to 6 years in the wild and about 13 years in human care .\nred - crested cardinal : both sexes sing\nwheet - cheer - up\n, song is a series of whistles that alternate up and down , more melodious and quieter than a northern cardinal . call is a soft , squeaky note .\nthe red - crested cardinal ( p . coronata ) , also known as the brazilian cardinal , has a red head , a white belly , and gray wings . though native to brazil , argentina , paraguay , uruguay , and bolivia , it occasionally can be seen visiting the eastern coast of the united states . it was introduced\u2026\nunlike northern cardinals , males and females have similar plumage , with dark gray above on the back of their necks and their stomachs . the head , crest and upper breast are bright red . the red - crested cardinal has a silver - gray bill and dark legs .\na medium - sized bird , the red - crested cardinal resembles north america ' s northern cardinal in shape , but is mainly gray with only a brilliant red head , crest and breast . native to argentina , bolivia , brazil , paraguay and uruguay , it is also a common sight in hawaii and puerto rico , where it has been introduced .\ndespite its name it is not closely related to birds in the cardinal family .\nbeautiful and engaging , red pandas are classified as endangered on the iucn red list of threatened species . there may be fewer than 2 , 500 adult red pandas living in the wild today .\nred - crested cardinals live in semi - open areas with shrubs and trees , such as parks , lawns , tropical shrub land and degraded forests .\none of hawai ` i\u2019s most beautiful birds is another species of cardinal called the red - crested or brazilian cardinal . it was brought to hawai ` i from south america in the 1930s and it is a common sight on kaua ` i . adults have gray feathers above and white below with a striking red head crest and white bill . juveniles have a dark head and dark bill .\nthe red - crested cardinal has a fairly large range , estimated globally at 2 , 400 , 000 square kilometers . it is primarily found in argentina , brazil , uruguay , bolivia and paraguay , though it has also been introduced to the united states . this bird prefers a dry subtropical or tropical shrubland ecosystem , though it has been known to reside in heavily degraded former forests . the population of the bird has not been determined but is known to be frequent in many of its native areas . the red - crested cardinal does not currently meet the criteria for the iucn red list and has an evaluation level of least concern .\nred - crested cardinal : two to four green - white eggs , mottled and streaked with gray and brown - olive , are laid in a woven cup - shaped nest . incubation takes 10 to 13 days and is primarily carried out by the female . chicks fledge 14 to 18 days after hatching .\nred - crested cardinal : this species is native to south america , but was introduced to the hawaiian islands around 1930 . in hawaii , these birds prefer parks , lawns and dry thickets in hawaii ; however , within their south american range , they can be found in subtropical or tropical dry shrubland and degraded forests .\nthe scarlet tanager , like many members of this family , is known for its brightly colored plumage . vivid red and black , this bird shines like a red light against the green foliage .\nred - crested cardinal : these cardinals are often seen foraging on or near the ground and in shrubbery . they feed primarily on seeds , but they also eat small arthropods , plant matter and fruit . they have a strong beak to crack seeds . they prefer insects during the breeding season . these cardinals are often found in pairs or small family groups .\nthe northern cardinal , brought to hawai ` i in 1929 , is familiar to many visitors from north america . the bright red plumage of the male makes him easy to spot . the females are more subdued in their plumage . they are brown with hints of red on the head , wings and tail , and the bill is red . they are territorial and one vociferous male is frequently perched in a large ironwood tree across from the visitor center entrance during nesting season .\njaramillo , a . ( 2018 ) . red - crested cardinal ( paroaria coronata ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nalso known as the brazilian cardinal , it was introduced around 1930 from south america . it feeds on seeds , plant matter , insects and fruit .\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nmany say the tradition was started by a czech immigrant , william oktavec , who originated the red - roofed bungalow motif with a pond and two swans .\njuveniles are similar in size to adults but lack the red feathers ; instead , the head , crest and upper breast are brown and the bill is dark .\ndecades ago , folks might charge 50 cents or a dollar or two for a painted screen . today , depending on what buyers want , artists might charge $ 25 to $ 500 . in highlandtown , painted screens are part of a community revitalization effort . amanda smit - peters , the neighborhood ' s main street manager , is promoting painted screens in the commercial district . while screens don ' t advertise businesses outright , they often have a whimsical connection . cardinal chiropractic , 423 s . conkling st . , has screens depicting a pair of birds \u2014 red - crested cardinals . screens at really raw honey , 3725 gough st . , have bumblebees .\n19 cm ; 29\u00b75\u201344 g . a medium - sized passerine with striking red or reddish head and long erectile crest ( can be raised to look shaggy , or flattened to look more . . .\nto add privacy , window screens were sometimes painted over with pictures of idyllic rural scenes : red - roofed cottages with winding paths and ponds with swans . in their mid - 20th century heyday , painted screens might have covered 200 , 000 windows around baltimore , according to elaine eff , author of\nthe painted screens of baltimore .\nthe tanager family is among the most brightly colored family of birds in the world . just about every shade of color imaginable is shown by this family , especially in the glittering plumages of tangara genus species in south america . the plumages of north american species are mostly red , yellow , and black , the females with duller yellow - olive coloration .\nmy husband and i just got back from an incredible vacation to maui ! one of the very best days we had was our private road to hana trip with beth of explore maui nature . it was just the three of us and we had a perfect day ! beth knows all of the best places to stop to learn about the area and for fabulous photo opportunities . i think between my husband and i , we took about 200 pictures . gotta love digital photography ! we saw painted eucalyptus trees , black and red sand beaches , and a whole gathering of sea turtles who had come ashore for their daily rest . we had a nice picnic lunch that beth put together and snacks from her special snack drawer in the back of her very comfortable tour van ! we learned a lot about the history of the area and about the birds , trees and flowers . and did i mention this was a private tour ! i highly recommend for couples , families and other small groups that want more of a personal experience that doesn ' t always come with the bigger tour companies . if you are planning a trip to maui and want to do the road to hana , i highly recommend beth from explore maui nature . so glad we didn ' t try to do this drive ourselves . it ' s definitely much more enjoyable letting someone else navigate this very winding and narrow road while you just sit back and enjoy ! thanks again beth ! it was a day we will never forget .\nmy wife and i did the road to hana tour and the doors off helicopter tour with explore maui nature and it was the highlight of our maui vacation ! beth and wayne are so much fun and so cool to hang out with . they are so laid back and fun that you feel like you ' ve known them for years . beth knew everything there was to know about maui on the road to hana and she knew all the sweet spots to stop at and all the lame ones to skip . you would never know where to go if you were on your own and all the spots we hit were amazing ! ! red sand beach was my favorite by far but the bamboo forrest was a close second . great food stands , beautiful scenery and a great tour guide there whole way . . . it was amazing . the van was super comfy and nice too . it was a brand new mercedes sprinter van with crazy good air conditioning and an awesome snack drawer . you ' ll see what i mean . ; ) the doors off helicopter tour with wayne was unbelievable ! we got so see so many cool places and with the doors off it ' s like a whole different adventure . we ' ve done helicopter tours before in vegas and the grand canyon but the doors off tour is the way to go ! so fun and you get so close to the waterfalls that you actually get a little wet ! thanks to beth and wayne for making this the best vacation we ' ve ever had !\nauthors : amanda linn , kevin j . burns , and casey h . richart\nlinn , a . , k . j . burns , and c . h . richart ( 2015 ) .\n) , version 1 . 0 . in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nsacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .\njustification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but this species is described as ' fairly common ' ( stotz et al . ( 1996 ) , while the population in japan has been estimated at c . 100 - 10 , 000 introduced breeding pairs ( brazil 2009 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ntoday ' s hours : 8 a . m . to 7 p . m . last admittance 6 p . m .\nhead to freedom plaza for the fast & the fierce 5k and fun run . then , make your way to the zoo for an after - party on the great meadow !\nshow the animal lover in your life how big your heart is with the gift that supports animal care and conservation .\nsplash into fun with nature cubs summer preschool classes ! attend the beach buddies series starting july 10 , or pick a weekend class about elephants , monkeys , pandas and other zoo favorites .\nit is a common sight in hawaii and puerto rico , where it has been introduced .\nsmithsonian\u2019s national zoo & conservation biology institute 3001 connecticut ave . , nw washington , dc 20008\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\na light gray bill and gray legs and feet . it mainly feeds on plant seeds , fruits , berries and insects . it has an undulating flight . sexes are similar .\nthe tanagers are one of the one hundred eighteen families of birds in the order passeriformes ( pronounced pas - ser - i - for - meez ) ; a large taxonomic order that also includes the cardinals and grosbeaks , the old world orioles , and the new world blackbirds .\nthe tanager family , thraupidae ( pronounced thrau - pih - dee ) , is a large family composed of three hundred and ninety - six species in one hundred and two genera restricted to the americas .\nthere are seventy species of thraupidae in twenty - four genera that occur in north america . included among these species are the scarlet tanager , bush - tanagers , and the spindalis species of the caribbean .\nthe tanagers are small to medium - sized birds with medium length tails , fairly long wings , medium length legs with strong feet , and medium length fairly stout bills .\nin north america , members of the thraupidae occur in forested areas from southern canada south into mexico . in the united states and canada , the scarlet tanager occurs in eastern deciduous forests and is mostly replaced by the summer tanager in the southeast and the western tanager in western coniferous forests . the hepatic tanager also occurs in southwestern coniferous forests , other tanager species in the united states being vagrants or introduced .\na few tanager species in north america are long distance migrants to central and south america .\nthe north american tanager species are solitary birds on their breeding grounds , but often migrate in flocks and join mixed flocks on their tropical wintering grounds . most species are arboreal birds that often occur high up in the canopy where they slowly forage for invertebrates and also take fruit .\nthe north american members of this family are not threatened , although a few species in south america are threatened by habitat destruction .\nthe summer tanager eats a great deal of bees , often taking them right from their nests without too much apparent discomfort from their stings . although the stings may not bother it too much , the summer tanager does not enjoy eating the stingers because it is often seen rubbing the stinger off on a branch before swallowing the bee .\n\u00a9 2002 - 2013 urltoken all rights reserved . mitch waite group . no part of this web site may be reproduced without written permission from mitch waite group . privacy policy\nsimilar to the upper part of the human neck , located at the back of the crown .\nthe front part of the head consisting of the bill , eyes , cheeks and chin .\nare white . bill is light gray . sexes are similar . juvenile resembles adult ; has brown head and upperbreast .\ne bolivia ( santa cruz , locally also s beni ) , s & se brazil ( sw mato grosso , w mato grosso do sul and s rio grande do sul ) , w & c paraguay , n argentina ( s to c la pampa and c buenos aires ) and uruguay . introduced to hawaiian is and se brazil ( mainly s\u00e3o paulo ) .\nsong sweet , melodious and slowly delivered , often a repetitive series of alternating notes before . . .\ntakes variety of foods , from seeds and berries to insects , also young shoots , and fruit fallen on ground . forages usually on ground , also . . .\nseason sept\u2013mar . nest cup - shaped , made from fibres and fine stems , lined with rootlets and hair , placed 1\u00b79\u20135 m from . . .\nnot globally threatened ( least concern ) . common to abundant ; often the most common and conspicuous species in the local avifauna . has large range and is under no immediate . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nin past , included in a much broader emberizidae . probably sister to cardinalidae , with these two perhaps sister to mitrospingidae # r # r # r # r . family limits and internal structure extensively revised in recent years on basis of numerous genetic studies # r # r # r # r # r # r . these have led to subdivision into 15 subfamilies , as well as numerous other notable changes ( as compared to hbw ) including : relocation herein of parkerthraustes and saltator from cardinalidae , and of charitospiza , coryphaspiza , embernagra , emberizoides , incaspiza , porphyrospiza , tiaris , euneornis , loxipasser , loxigilla , melanospiza , certhidea , platyspiza , pinaroloxias , geospiza , volatinia , coryphospingus , rhodospingus , sporophila , piezorina , xenospingus , poospiza , donacospiza , sicalis , phrygilus , nesospiza , rowettia , melanodera , haplospiza , acanthidops , idiopsar , catamenia , lophospingus , diuca , gubernatrix and paroaria from emberizidae ( = passerellidae ) ; and also removal of chlorophonia and euphonia to fringillidae , of rhodinocichla to rhodinocichlidae , of chlorospingus to passerellidae , of phaenicophilus to phaenicophilidae , of spindalis to spindalidae , of nesospingus to nesospingidae , of calyptophilus to calyptophilidae , of lamprospiza , mitrospingus and orthogonys to mitrospingidae , and of habia , chlorothraupis and piranga to cardinalidae . generic limits within family also extensively revised , and associated sequence of species followed herein # r .\n\u201ccore tanagers\u201d , with over 100 species , including a clade most members of which ( lophospingus , diuca , gubernatrix , paroaria ) were previously treated in emberizidae and one species ( pseudosaltator rufiventris ) previously treated in cardinalidae # r .\npreviously classified in emberizidae , but forms a well - supported thraupine clade with lophospingus , neothraupis , diuca , gubernatrix , stephanophorus , cissopis and schistochlamys # r # r .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .\na foraging adult on the ground , while a foraging juvenile is walking past .\njosep del hoyo , anna motis , joe angseesing , luis lorente , martin manassero , pieter de groot boersma , keith blomerley , antonio silveira , greg baker , barry attridge , alvaro riccetto , carlos gussoni .\nantonio silveira , santiago meligeni lozano , carlos gussoni , marvinhyett , caduagne , batitu , richardgreenhalgh031 , horacio luna , jacob . wijpkema , annabelle watts , tom dudones , r\u00e9mi bigonneau , holger teichmann , eduardo de juana , jorgeschlemmer , bill benish , leandro herrainz , paul bartlett , samantha klein , daniel field , luiz cavalcanti damasceno , christophe gouraud , lindolfo souto , dannie polley , juanjaimemg , mascarallot , ken havard , cristiano crolle , socktopus , ossewa , jacqueserard , dani valverde , josef widmer , raniero massoli - novelli , netosevero , paul van giersbergen , alvaro riccetto , miguel andina , hickson fergusson , manakincarmelo , tomas grim , alessandro abreu , jomacomo , juan carlos melillo , silvia vitale , lena . avonavi , markus lilje , erkki lehtovirta , marco valentini .\nthis is a directory page . britannica does not currently have an article on this topic .\ndog , ( canis lupus familiaris ) , domestic mammal of the family canidae ( order carnivora ) . it is a subspecies\u2026\nlook for this bird traveling in family groups . if you see a bird with a brown crest and black bill , it ' s a juvenile . observe the unique interaction of the juvenile with the parents . often , the juveniles will wait for the adult to pick up the food and give it to them , even though they are the same size !\nwhere to find on campus : st . john courtyard has several nests and juveniles are usually seen in the median in front of the building .\npurple finch ( carpodacus purpureus ) , breeding in forests of northern u . those in the far north of canada migrate to southern u . they are in decline due to competition from the house finch and house sparrow .\nwe noticed that you ' re using an unsupported browser . the tripadvisor website may not display properly . we support the following browsers :\nexplore maui nature offers private interactive road to hana and haleakala tours , where you can experience your surroundings instead of just sightseeing . - swim in a waterfall , jump in the ocean , explore a secret lava tube , taste the best local banana bread on the planet , and so much more ! we also offer the only bird watching tour on island , an amazing doors - off helicopter experience and hiking options . with your own biologist as tour guide , take the best photos ( and let us photograph you ! ) and experience maui ' s flora / fauna , history , culture , legends and more !\ni got back from hawaii a few days ago , and one of the best days of my trip was doing the birding tour with explore maui nature . i would highly recommend it to any birder / bird - watcher / naturalist going to maui . we had a small group , as well as amazing accommodations . beth did a great job showing us the local hotspots , as well . . .\ndrew , thank you for this nice review ! your bird knowledge and enthusiasm . . . impressive beyond words ! thanks for sharing the day birding and good luck in your quest to bird the world ! it was such a great day !\n* tripadvisor llc is not a booking agent and does not charge any service fees to users of our site . . . (\ntripadvisor llc is not responsible for content on external web sites . taxes , fees not included for deals content .\nthis temple is located at the\nvalley of the temples\nmemorial park . it is one of the interesting buildings located here , so if you have the time , please check out the other areas . the byodo - in temple is as fascinating as it is peaceful to the eye and soul . off to the left ( as you are facing the building ) is a . . .\nwe are so happy you found your visit peaceful . thank you so much for visiting the temple .\nthis june 8 , 2014 photo shows amanda smit - peters showing an example of painted window screens in the highlandtown neighborhood of baltimore . smit - peters , main street manager for the neighborhood , is working with local artists to bring back the urban folk art of painted screens . they were popular in the 20th century as a way to keep people walking by on the street from seeing inside baltimore\u2019s row house windows . ( ap photo / beth j . harpaz )\nthis june 8 , 2014 photo shows amanda smit - peters showing an example of painted window screens in the highlandtown neighborhood of baltimore . smit - peters , main street manager for the neighborhood , is working with local artists to bring back the urban folk art of painted screens . they were popular in the 20th century as a way to keep people walking by on the street from seeing inside baltimore\u2019s row house windows . ( ap photo / beth j . harpaz ) ( the associated press )\nbaltimore ( ap ) \u2014 baltimore is known for its row houses \u2014 modest brick buildings lining sidewalks so narrow , you can see right through the front windows into people ' s homes .\nthey used to be everywhere ,\nshe said .\nit was the coolest thing . every house might have a dozen painted screens .\nnow eff and others in baltimore , from artists to community development groups , are reviving this simple urban folk art . in some neighborhoods , businesses hire artists to create customized screens for storefronts . you can also find the occasional vintage screen in a window on a quiet street , faded but attesting to the tradition ' s authenticity . if you ' re inside a house , you can see out through the screens ; you just can ' t see in from the street .\nbaltimore ' s american visionary art museum has a permanent exhibit about painted screens with a documentary and re - creation of a row house . the painted screen society of baltimore \u2014 urltoken \u2014 hosts events promoting the art , sells a $ 5 map of where to find screens and can arrange customized tours . or go hunting on your own along elliot street in the canton neighborhood between conkling and linwood , or on eastern avenue in the vicinity of gough street in highlandtown urltoken . you can buy ready - made hand - painted screens at razzo , a home decor store in hampden ( 911 w . 36th st . ) , or for do - it - yourselfers , the painted screen society sells a how - to dvd .\neff says there are about 1 , 000 painted screens in homes now , and credits the centennial of the tradition , marked last year , with revitalizing the custom .\nit ' s growing , and that ' s the beauty of it ,\neff said .\nit was where popular culture met the immigrant mind ,\neff said .\npeople said it was a longing for the homeland , but that ' s not true . it was just , ' isn ' t it nice to have that greenery , that country scene , ' or ' i ' d rather be in the country than in the middle of the city . ' people would ask oktavec , ' is this where you used to live ? ' and he ' d say , ' no , people just hand me greeting cards or calendars with pictures they want . '\nhighlandtown resident monica broere , a retired public school art teacher , paints screens that include bold , abstract graphic elements , but she also winks at the old motifs by including swans .\ni ' ve been painting screens but my own way \u2014 traditional and contemporary ,\nshe says .\nsome people collect vintage screens . highlandtown resident christopher fugate says he has close to 40 .\ni ' ve loved them since i was a kid ,\nhe said .\neff says the screens are as much a part of baltimore as the city ' s row houses .\nas long as there is a row house ,\nshe said ,\npeople will have a need for privacy and painted screens .\nthis list shows both native and introduced species that you may see at k\u012blauea point or the surrounding area . most introduced birds were intentionally brought in for various reasons such as food sources , their songs , and pest control . other non - natives are a result of escape from captivity . many of the song birds were brought to hawai ` i in the early 1900s to bring birdsong back into areas that had become silent due to the disappearance of native forest birds through deforestation and urbanization .\nhawaii\u2019s state bird , the n\u0113n\u0113 , is an endangered species and considered to be the rarest goose in the world . re - introduction efforts , coupled with good management practices on the refuge and throughout the islands , are helping to increase the population . k\u012blauea point nwr was the location of one of the first re - introduction efforts on kauai in the nineteen nineties , and since that time the population on the refuge has grown steadily . visitors out to the point are regularly treated to up - close views of nene and , during the breeding season , even their goslings too .\nthe pueo is an endemic species of owl that can sometimes be spotted by visitors hunting over the open areas at k\u012blauea point . unlike most owl species , the pueo hunts in the daytime , though it is known to hunt at night too . though it feeds primarily on small rodents and insects , it does not turn its beak up at seabirds and nene on the refuge . the other species of owl seen in hawaii is the introduced barn owl . it is larger than the pueo and primarily hunts at night . in hawaiian culture the is revered as an important guardian spirit or aumakua .\nthe pacific golden - plover , or k\u014dlea , in hawaiian , is a shorebird that migrates to and from hawaii each year . in august it makes a non - stop , 72 - hour flight from its breeding grounds in the arctic to hawaii where it spends the winter . this little flyer travels from 5000 - 13 , 000 km one - way , depending on where in the pacific it will overwinter .\nthis is the smaller of the dove species found in hawai ` i and is also called barred dove . it was introduced in 1922 from malaysia and is now probably one of the most common lowland birds in the islands . the stripes on the chest and belly are the giveaway for its name .\nthe java finch , also known as java rice bird , is native to indonesia . it was first introduced into hawai ` i in the mid - 1860\u2019s but the introduction failed . about a hundred years later , in 1960 , they were brought in again and this time it was successful . java rice birds became popular cage birds in the us in the 60\u2019s and 70\u2019s but not long after that they were banned because they were classified as an agricultural pest .\nin hawai ` i this little green bird is commonly called by its japanese name \u201cmejiro . \u201d it was brought to oahu in 1929 and is common throughout all of the islands now from sea level all the way up into the forest . it is a busy little bird that rarely sits still , feeding on insects , nectar and fruit . its presence in native forest bird habitat is problematic as it competes with native forest birds for food and can spread the seeds of invasive weeds into important native habitat .\nowner description : explore maui nature offers private interactive road to hana and haleakala tours , where you can experience your surroundings instead of just sightseeing . - swim in a waterfall , jump in the ocean , explore a secret lava tube , taste the best local banana bread on the planet , and so much more ! we also offer the only bird watching tour on island , an amazing doors - off helicopter experience and hiking options . with your own biologist as tour guide , take the best photos ( and let us photograph you ! ) and experience maui ' s flora / fauna , history , culture , legends and more !\ni really enjoyed the birding tour on maui with beth . an experienced biologist , beth is the perfect combination of scientist , teacher , and story - teller . she mixed her knowledge about the flora and fauna of maui with her understanding of hawaiian legends . the various landscapes one sees on this tour also make it worth the price . from the summit of haleakala to the birds of the wetlands below , you see the geographical changes and gain different perspectives of maui . i saw a nice variety of birds that i would not have seen on my own . not to mention , beth is - - in addition to smart and insightful - - so personable that you ' ll want to hang out with her for coffee or a drink . a couple days after my tour , beth saw me walking in kihei and she and her husband pulled over to say hello . i was as excited to see her as i would have been an old friend ; she has that kind of charisma ! if you ' re going to spend a day touring the island , i encourage you to do it with someone who is fun to be around and has the education and experience to give you the value you want on a tour . whether you are a birder or not , this is a great way to see maui !\nthis hike is definitely a\nbucket list\nhike , and beth and her team made the process seamless . she ' s very knowledgeable and took great care of us during this challenging hike . great service , and great experience !\nthank you so much leanne for taking the time to write us a review ! high five for checking that hike off the list . it ' s a great one . . . thanks for tackling it with us !\nown or manage this property ? claim your listing for free to respond to reviews , update your profile and much more ."]}
-{"id": 3, "summary": [{"text": "poritidae is a family of stony corals .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "members of the family are colonial hermatypic ( reef-building ) corals .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "they are variable in size and form but most are massive , laminar or ramose as well as branching and encrusting .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "the corallites are compact with very little coenosteum covering the skeleton .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "the walls of the corallites and the septa are porous .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "j.e.n. veron considers the family is not a natural grouping but is a miscellaneous collection of genera that do not fit well elsewhere . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "poritidae", "paragraphs": ["family poritidae ( enter poritidae or species in search bar ) on the iucn red list of threatened species website : technical fact sheet .\ndiagnostic morphological characters among genera in the family poritidae are summarized in table 2 .\nmolecular phylogenetic relationships of the family poritidae and related families based on mitochondrial coi sequences .\nmolecular phylogenetic relationships of genera of the poritidae except of alveopora based on its sequences .\nspecies delimitation in the coral genus goniopora ( scleractinia , poritidae ) from the saudi arabian red sea .\ncomparison of the diagnostic morphological characters between the previous classifications and the classification used in this study in the family poritidae .\nand related species ( scleractinia : poritidae ) in japan based on molecular and morphological data . zool stud 52 : 25\nspecies delimitation in the coral genus goniopora ( scleractinia , poritidae ) from the saudi arabian red sea . - pubmed - ncbi\nmolecular phylogenetic relationships of genera of the poritidae except of < i > alveopora < / i > based on its sequences .\n. thus , the presence of 24 septa would seem to be an ancestral feature in the poritidae . the fact that taxa in the family dendrophylliidae , the closest related outgroup of the poritidae , have more than 24 septa would appear to support this .\nfamily poritidae and alveropora species on reef corals of the indo - malayan seas , the marine species identification portal : technical fact sheet .\n, a new genus and new species of scleractinian coral ( scleractinia , poritidae ) from the gulf of oman . zootaxa 532 : 1\u20138 .\nfamily poritidae ( select species from list ) on corals of the world online on the australian institute of marine science website : technical fact sheet .\nbernard hn ( 1903 ) the family poritidae , i : the genus goniopora . cat madreporarian corals br mus ( nat hist ) 4 : 1\u2013206 , pl 1\u201314 .\nas the only representative here , is a taxonomic and ecological isolate that , superficially , has as much in common with the primarily mesozoic actinacididae as the extant poritidae . like\n, a new species of hard coral ( scleractinia , poritidae ) from the southern red sea , the gulf of tadjoura , and the gulf of aden . zootaxa 3447 : 56\u201368 .\nbernard hn ( 1906 ) the family poritidae , ii : the genus goniopora , a supplement to vol . iv . cat madreporarian corals br mus ( nat hist ) 6 : 145\u2013173 , pl 7\u20138 , 17 .\nbernard hn ( 1905 ) the family poritidae , ii : the genus porites part i : porites of the indo - pacific region . cat madreporarian corals br mus ( nat hist ) 5 : 1\u2013303 , pl 1\u201335 .\nhoeksema , b . w . ; cairns , s . ( 2018 ) . world list of scleractinia . poritidae gray , 1842 . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 196105 on 2018 - 07 - 09\nwe obtained a total of 84 sequences of its from all 5 genera in the poritidae ( table 1 ) . in this study , we excluded alveopora from its analysis because its regions were highly variable between alveopora and other genera and they were hardly aligned .\ncitation : kitano yf , benzoni f , arrigoni r , shirayama y , wallace cc , fukami h ( 2014 ) a phylogeny of the family poritidae ( cnidaria , scleractinia ) based on molecular and morphological analyses . plos one 9 ( 5 ) : e98406 . urltoken\nremarks : there are four extant genera in family poritidae , porites , goniopora , stylaraea and bernardpora gen . nov . all are zooxanthellate corals . porites is the only genus distributed throughout the tropics . others are indo - pacific . based on our results we confirm that the genus alveopora does not belong to the same lineage as the family poritidae . although a full evaluation of the position of alveopora is not completed yet , it is certain that alveopora is closely related to other genera in the family acroporidae ( [ 20 ] , this study ) .\nbernard hn ( 1906 ) the family poritidae , ii : the genus porites part ii : porites of the atlantic and west indies , with the european forms . the genus goniopora , a supplement to vol . iv . cat madreporarian corals br mus ( nat hist ) 6 : 1\u2013167 , pl 1\u201317 .\ndescription colonial , hermatypic , mostly extant . colonies usually massive , laminar or ramose . corallites have a wide size range but are usually compacted with little or no coenosteum . walls and septa are porous . poritidae is an isolated family . it is essentially a heterogeneous assembly of distantly related genera . ( veron , 1986 < 57 > ) . [ details ]\nkitano , y . f . ; benzoni , f . ; arrigoni , r . ; shirayama , y . ; wallace , c . c . ; fukami , h . ( 2014 ) . a phylogeny of the family poritidae ( cnidaria , scleractinia ) based on molecular and morphological analyses . plos one . 9 ( 5 ) : e98406 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nbernard [ 26 ] proposed that the septal formula of porites derives from that of goniopora by reduction of the third septal cycle , referring to the typical septal pattern of goniopora as the gonioporoid pattern . veron and pichon [ 15 ] showed that g . stutchburyi typically has this septal pattern ( fig . 2g ) . in this study , we proved that g . stutchburyi is a basal species of porites , and our results strongly support bernard ' s hypothesis that porites is derived from goniopora - like morphologies . this conclusion is also supported by the fossil record : goniopora extends back to the cretaceous , but porites only to the eocene [ 16 ] . thus , the presence of 24 septa would seem to be an ancestral feature in the poritidae . the fact that taxa in the family dendrophylliidae , the closest related outgroup of the poritidae , have more than 24 septa would appear to support this .\nwe obtained 69 coi sequences from all 5 genera in the poritidae with alveopora , 3 sequences from turbinaria peltata and astreopora spp . , and one from montipora venosa ( table 1 ) . a total of 473 positions were used ( 120 polymorphic sites with 109 informative sites ) and no indels were observed . a phylogenetic tree was reconstructed using these data , including sequences from genbank / ddbj ( see methods ) . siderastrea siderea was used as an outgroup , based on the phylogenetic position of the scleractinia shown by fukami et al . [ 19 ] .\nin this study , we assess the relationship of all 5 genera in the poritidae with alveopora to revise the taxonomy , and infer the morphological changes in the evolutional lineage in this family , using both molecular and morphological analysis . also to assess phylogenetic variation in the regional and species differences , the present study examines a large number of specimens collected with broad geographic ranges from mainly japan water to the indian ocean , covering most of common species and some uncommon and rare species , together with the genetic data of porites spp . from forsman et al . [ 9 ] .\nmolecular phylogenetic relationships of genera of the poritidae except of alveopora based on combined coi + its sequences . numbers on / below main branches show bootstrap values ( > 50 % ) in ml and nj analyses , and bayesian posterior probability ( > 0 . 8 ) . stars show specimens collected from western indian ocean , and triangles show ones collected from malacca strait . sample codes or accession numbers are shown after species names ( see table 1 , table s3 ) . grey in color for alveopora , green for porites , purple for stylaraea , blue for \u2018 poritipora \u2019 , and orange for \u2018 machadoporites \u2019 . goniopora is shown by bars in black . bernardpora is shown by bar in red .\ndescription colonial , hermatypic , mostly extant . colonies usually massive , laminar or ramose . corallites have a wide size range but are . . .\nveron , j . e . n . ( 1986 ) . corals of australia and the indo - pacific . angus & robertson publishers , london . [ details ]\nveron jen . ( 2000 ) . corals of the world . vol . 1\u20133 . australian institute of marine science and crr , queensland , australia . [ details ]\ndiscover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership \u2013 a perfect fit for your research every time .\ncopyright : \u00a9 2014 kitano et al . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\nfunding : financial support was provided by a grant to h . f . from grant - in - aid for scientific research ( b ) ( no . 223070033 ) and by sasagawa science research grant from the japan science society ( 23\u2013515 ) . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .\na : indian and pacific ocean , b : southern red sea , gulf of tadjoura and gulf of aden ; c\u2013e : main island of japan and ryukyu archipelago . ad : aden , yemen , ak : akajima island , japan , am : amakusa , japan , ao : amami - oshima , japan , ba : bir ali , yemen , bu : al mukallah , yemen , dj : djibouti , ik : iki island , japan , ir : iriomote island or hatoma island , japan , is : ishigaki island or taketomi island , japan , ka : kamaran islands , yemen , kk : kikai island , japan ks : kushimoto , japan , mi : miyako island , japan , my : mayotte island , france , ot : ootuki , japan , ou : oura bay , japan , pen : song song island , malaysia , so : suou - oshima , japan , sr : shirahama , japan , ss : sesoko island , japan , tn : tanegashima island , japan , tr : nakanoshima island , japan\nlist of samples examined in this study and the accession numbers of dna sequences .\na small sample ( less than 1 cm 3 ) of each specimen was put in chaos solution to dissolve the tissues or fixed in 99 % ethanol . total dna was extracted from chaos solution using the phenol / chloroform extraction method [ 61 ] , and from the coral tissues preserved in ethanol using the dneasy blood & tissue kit ( qiagen ) . the barcoding region of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit i ( coi ) was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction ( pcr ) using the primers zco1 and zco1r [ 9 ] . the nuclear ribosomal its region ( its ) including the 3\u2032 end of the 18s rrna , its - 1 , 5 . 8s , its - 2 , and the 5\u2032 end of the 28s rrna was also amplified by pcr using the primers 1s and 2ss [ 62 ] . the pcr condition for these two markers was 94\u00b0c for 30 seconds followed by 30 or 35 cycles at 94\u00b0c for 30 seconds , 55\u00b0c or 60\u00b0c for 45 seconds , and 72\u00b0c for 90 seconds , with a final phase of 72\u00b0c for 5 minutes . for the mitochondrial region , pcr products were treated with shrimp alkaline phosphatase ( sap ) and exonuclease i ( exoi ) at 37\u00b0c for 40 minutes followed by 80\u00b0c for 20 minutes . the dna sequences were then determined via a direct sequence method , using abi3730 or abi310 sequencer . pcr products of the nuclear marker were also directly sequenced , but when obtained sequences had more than double peaks in the chromatogram , they were sub - cloned into ta - vector ( promega ) or topo10 ( invitrogen ) and sequenced using abi3730 or abi310 . all dna sequences obtained in this study were submitted to ddbj ( accession no . ab906942\u2013ab907101 , listed in table 1 ) .\nin addition , we combined coi and its data and analyzed them with same methods as each marker using the gtr + i + g model for the nucleotide substitution ( the average standard deviation of split frequencies after 1 . 0\u00d710 6 generations was 0 . 009909 ) .\nthe electronic edition of this article conforms to the requirements of the amended international code of zoological nomenclature , and hence the new names contained herein are available under that code from the electronic edition of this article . this published work and the nomenclatural acts it contains have been registered in zoobank , the online registration system for the iczn . the zoobank lsids ( life science identifiers ) can be resolved and the associated information viewed through any standard web browser by appending the lsid to the prefix \u201c urltoken \u201d . the lsid for this publication is : urn : lsid : zoobank . org : pub : 6975d790 - 3a4f - 466a - abfa - d922e6675b4b . the electronic edition of this work was published in a journal with an issn , and has been archived and is available from the following digital repositories : pubmed central , lockss .\ntwenty samples of alveopora and 58 samples of goniopora were analyzed in this study ( table 1 ) . although a few species have species - specific polyps , such as goniopora albiconus , polyp characters vary greatly in the field . for example , terete tentacles , a typical polyp character of g . tenuidens , are also seen in g . burgosi .\nall 7 specimens of stylaraea punctata were found in very shallow water ( 1 m ) on a sandy beach in aakajima island , okinawa , japan ( fig . 1 ) . notably , all of them were attached to dead coral skeletons of the genus acropora . their size is very small ( less 1 cm ) and they have only 5 or 6 corallites . tentacle and septal numbers were both 12 in all of them ( fig . 2a\u2013d ) .\na\u2013b . stylaraea punctata ak93 , mufs yfk1244 , akajima island , japan . c\u2013d . s . punctata ak92 , mufs yfk1243 , akajima island , japan . e\u2013h . bernardpora stutchburyi ss21g mufs yfk220 , sesoko , japan . living specimen for whole colonies ( a , e ) and polyps ( b , f ) , corallite structures ( c , g ) , and star - shaped columella ( d , h ) . arrows show columella . bars show 1 mm for ( c ) and ( g ) , and 0 . 5 mm for ( d ) and ( h ) .\nporitipora paliformis veron , 2000 has 24 septa with typically 2 septal cycles ( long and short ) , 6 pali and no columella reported in the literature [ 24 ] . two samples we collected in taketomi island , japan ( first record in the pacific ocean ) had no elongating polyps in the field and had a cellular appearance ( fig . 3a ) , which is a feature of p . paliformis , as shown in veron [ 1 ] , [ 24 ] . the skeletal morphologies are also consistent in the literature , although the second cycle is not well developed in some corallites ; however , many had 24 septa with 2 cycles ( fig . 3b ) . therefore , we identified these 2 samples as p . paliformis . this species was described in veron [ 1 ] without designating type material , and then it was redescribed [ 24 ] designating the holotype . however , the hototype of this species is not valid following iczn [ 74 ] , and the specimens listed in veron [ 1 ] are regarded as part of the syntype series . therefore , the holotype of this species listed in veron [ 24 ] is to be considered a lectotype .\nliving specimens and corallite structures for p . paliformis is48 , mufs yfk959 , taketomi , japan ( a , b ) and m . tantillus ad068 , unimbi ad068 , aden , yemen ( e , f ) , respectively . corallite structures of holotypes of p . paliformis mtq g55857 ( c ) and goniopora minor nhmuk 1934 . 5 . 14 . 436 no . 56 ( d ) . corallites structures of g . burgosi ot6 , mufs yfk286 , otsuki , japan ( g ) and g . pendulus tn11 , mufs yfk243 , tanegashima , japan ( h ) from japan water , as examples of corallites with less 24 septa . bars show 1 mm .\nfour specimens collected in the gulf of aden ( fig . 3ef ) , which is near the type locality of machadoporites tantillus ( claereboudt & al - amri , 2004 ) , were identified as m . tantillus because they are consistent with the original description of this species [ 23 ] .\nnumbers on / below main branches show bootstrap values ( > 50 % ) in ml and nj analyses , and bayesian posterior probability ( > 0 . 8 ) . stars show specimens collected from western indian ocean , and triangles show ones collected from malacca strait . sample codes or accession numbers are shown after species names ( see table 1 , table s3 ) . grey in color for alveopora , green for porites , purple for stylaraea , blue for \u2018 poritipora \u2019 , and orange for \u2018 machadoporites \u2019 . goniopora is shown by bars in black . bernardpora is shown by bar in red .\nall samples of alveopora are genetically distant from all other poritids ( p - distance 0 . 08\u20130 . 10 ) , but closely related to the family acroporidae ( 0 . 06 ) . the phylogenetic position of alveopora is unclear due to low bootstrap values , but it forms a sister group with astreopora spp . in addition , sequences from t . peltata ( family dendrophylliidae ) form a sister clade of all poritids except alveopora and are positioned between alveopora and the other poritids .\nthe phylogenetic relationships among porites , goniopora , stylaraea , poritipora , and machadoporites were inferred using its ( fig . 5 ) . the 68 porites sequences from forsman et al . [ 9 ] and 26 goniopora sequences from kitano et al . [ 13 ] were also added for this analysis ( see table s3 ) . a total of 347 positions were used ( 108 polymorphic sites with 89 informative sites ) . this its tree also showed similar topology to the coi tree as described above . in particular , stylaraea punctata and g . stutchburyi are sister taxa . poritipora paliformis formed a clade with g . minor and g . columna . one specimen of g . minor in the poritipora clade is from the western indian ocean and others are from japan . machadoporites tantillus formed a clade with g . somaliensis and another 3 species ( g . cf . somaliensis , g . sp . 1 , and g . sp . 2 ) , all of which were collected from the western indian ocean . other western indian ocean specimens ( g . albiconus , g . ciliatus ) and malacca strait specimens ( g . albiconus , g . pendulus ) were included in a major clade of goniopora spp . meanwhile , species relationships of goniopora were less resolved because porites and goniopora have many indels in their rdna sequences and phylogenetic information sites were largely excluded .\nletter ( a , b , c , d ) after sample code indicates that different alleles were obtained from a single coral sample by cloning . numbers on / below main branches show bootstrap values ( > 50 % ) in ml and nj analyses , and bayesian posterior probability ( > 0 . 8 ) . stars show specimens collected from western indian ocean , and triangles show ones collected from malacca strait . sample codes or accession numbers are shown after species names ( see table 1 ) . green in color for porites , purple for stylaraea , blue for \u2018 poritipora \u2019 , orange for \u2018 machadoporites \u2019 , red for bernardpora , and black for goniopora .\nthe tree using combined data of coi and its showed a similar topology to the one for its ( fig . s1 ) .\nporitipora and machadoporites are found within the goniopora lineage in all molecular phylogenetic trees . this is supported by morphology . machadoporites differs from goniopora by having fewer septa ( fewer than 24 ) and smaller calices ( < 1 . 7 mm ) . however , some goniopora species can have superficially similar characters . for example , g . burgosi has typically 12\u201315 septa , as shown in the original description ( [ 51 ] , fig . 3g ) . a similar pattern is also observed in g . pendulus ( fig . 3h ) . moreover , the g . minor calices were described as 1 . 5\u20132 mm in size in the original description [ 50 ] . thus , characters such as \u201cfewer than 24 septa , \u201d and \u201csmall size calices\u201d are not enough to separate machadoporites from goniopora . in addition , m . tantillus forms a clade with g . somaliensis and other goniopora species from the western indian ocean .\nsimilar to goniopora , poritipora has 24 septa , but the 2 genera can be distinguished by the difference in the number of septal cycles : 2 in p . paliformis and 3 in goniopora . however , for several goniopora species , primary and secondary cycles of septa are equal or subequal , such as in the case of g . minor ( fig . 3d ) . therefore , the character \u201ctwo cycles of septa\u201d is not enough to separate poritipora from goniopora . in addition , p . paliformis forms a clade with g . minor and g . columna .\non the one hand , machadoporites and poritipora are considered junior synonyms of goniopora and their taxonomy is hence revised hereafter .\non the other hand , the type material of p . paliformis ( fig . 3c ) and our samples ( fig . 3b ) look similar to the type material of g . minor ( fig . 3d ) shown in crossland [ 50 ] . goniopora minor has a similar size of corallites , 12 equally sized septa for the primary and secondary cycles , small or absent septa in tertiaries , and 4\u20136 pali . the development of the columella was described as \u201clarge , \u201d but it is composed only of joined septa , which is the same pattern as that of poritipora . considering that most g . minor examined in this study ( one colony of g . minor was genetically separated ; figs . 4 and 5 ) formed a clade with p . paliformis with little genetic difference , p . paliformis may be a morphological variant of g . minor .\nbelow we propose the description of the new genus bernardpora gen . nov . and the revised diagnosis of goniopora , based on the original descriptions and subsequent information resulting from this study . see table 1 for the museum abbreviations .\ndiagnosis [ 1 ] , [ 16 ] , [ 60 ] : massive , laminar or ramose colonies ; corallites vary in size but usually small and mostly compacted closely without coenosteum , with one or two synapticular rings . walls and septa are porous . septa usually 12 to 24 . septa formed by 3 to 8 nearly vertical trabeculae , and innermost trabeculae of certain septa differentiated as pali .\ntype species : porites polymorphus link , 1807 : 163 ( = madrepora porites pallas , 1766 : 324\u2013326 , neotype : mhnnp lamarck collection no . 150 ( figured in jameson & cairns , 2012 , figs 4d , 5 ) . this specimen is also the holotype of porites clavaria lamarck , 1816 [ 78 ] , [ 80 ] )\n- neoporites duchassaing & michelotti , 1864 : 97 . type species is not fixed .\n- cosmoporites duchassaing & michelotti , 1864 : 99 . type species : cosmoporites laevigata duchassaing & michelotti , 1864 : 99 . holotype : unknown ( figured in duchassaing & michelotti , 1864 : 99 , pl . x , figs . 12 , 16 . bernard [ 79 ] described \u2018the type specimen was not found by count peracca in the turin museum\u2019 . )\n- synaraea verrill , 1864 : 42 . type species : porites erosa dana 1846 : 565\u2013566 , pl . 55 , fig . 8 . holotype : usnm 668\n- napopora quelch , 1884 : 296 . type species : napopora irregularis quelch , 1884 : 296\u2013297 . holotype : nhmuk 86 . 12 . 9 . 302 .\ndiagnosis [ 1 ] , [ 16 ] , [ 78 ] : colonies massive , ramose , laminar , or encrusting . corallites are small , immersed , circular or polygonal . calice diameter 0 . 5\u20132 . 2 mm . septa are 12 in number , composed of 1 to 4 trabeculae . the typical formula of septal arrangement in this genus , with some of its variations , is seen . pali are present , variable development in different species , usually 4\u20138 in number . mural trabeculae always present . columella trabeculae usually present with star - shaped granules . the wall is really simple , but the incipient synapticulae , seen starting from the sides of septal granules , may become complete and form an inner synapticular wall .\nremarks : distribution : indo - pacific and atlantic [ 1 ] . species number : 73 [ 1 ] , [ 15 ]\ntype species : goniopora pedunculata quoy & gaimard , 1833 : 218\u2013220 , pl . 16 , figs . 9\u201311 . the type specimen appears to be lost [ 15 ] .\n- rhodaraea mile edwards & haime , 1849 : 259 . type species : astraea calicularis , lamarck 1816 : 266 . holotype : unknown .\n- tichopora quelch , 1886 : 188 . type species : tichopora tenella quelch , 1886 : 189 , pl . 11 , figs . 1 , 1a . type specimens : nhmuk 86 . 12 . 9 . 342 .\n- poritipora veron , 2000 : 347 . type species : poritipora paliformis veron , 2000 : 347 . lectotype : mtq g55857\n- calathiscus claereboudt & al - amri , 2004 . type species : calathiscus tantillus claereboudt & al - amri , 2004 ( this species is also type species of the genus machadoporites ) . holotype : squ040001 .\n- machadoporites nem\u00e9sio , 2005 . type speices : calathiscus tantillus claereboudt & al - amri , 2004 .\nrevised diagnosis [ 1 , 16 , 26 , this study ] : massive , columnar or ramose , rarely encrusting colonies . corallites are circular or polygonal . calice diameter 1\u201310 mm . septa 24 in two or three cycles , or between 24 and 12 in two or three cycles , composed of 4 to 8 trabeculae . pali and columella may develop . columellae are composed of anastomosed septal dentations or arranged synapticula and fused inner ends of septa . wall structure is synapticulothecal . polyps usually elongate during the day ( note that g . paliformis does not elongate polyps during the day ) .\nremarks : poritipora and machadoporites are considered as junior synonyms of goniopora . distribution : indo - pacific [ 1 ] . species number : 33 [ 1 , 15 , this study ] .\ntype species : madrepora punctata linnaeus , 1758 : 795 . the specimen zmb # 956 may be syntype [ 78 ] ( examined ) .\ndiagnosis : stylaraea is a monospecific genus with only known species , s . punctata . therefore , the characters of this genus are those of s . punctata . colonies are tiny ( usually less 10 mm in size ) and from \u201ccushion - shaped crusts\u201d [ 46 ] . calices are concavate and around 1 mm diameters . septal number is 12 ( \u201c2 cycles of 6 each\u201d [ 15 ] ) without specific septal pattern . septa are composed of rows of star - shaped granules . primary septa may reach to collumellae . columella is composed of a star - shaped central rod such as porites or bernaldopora . wall structure is synapticulothecal .\nremarks : distribution : indo - pacific [ 1 ] . species number : 1\nurn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 9c2fe523 - a491 - 45ae - bc22 - b528ca68c040\ntype species : goniopora stutchburyi wells , 1955 : 11 , pl . 1 , figs 1\u20132 ; holotype : mtq g2931 ( examined )\netymology : the generic name is in honor of the coral scientist henry m . bernard .\nsummary of the diagnostic morphological characters for species identification of the genus goniopora . original descriptions are shown in bold .\nsummary of the diagnostic morphological characters for species identification of the genus alveopora . original descriptions are shown in bold .\nlist of poritid samples and accession numbers for coi and its , referred from previous study .\nconceived and designed the experiments : yk hf . performed the experiments : yk . analyzed the data : yk . contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools : yk hf fb ra cw ys . wrote the paper : yk hf fb .\nveron jen ( 2000 ) corals of the world . vol . 3 . townsville : australian institute of marine science . 489 p .\ncolony from moorea ( french polynesia ) : a response of ocean - atmosphere variability from south central pacific . palaeogeogr palaeocl 175 : 381\u2013392 .\nbarshis dj , stillman jh , gates rd , toonen rj , smith lw , et al . 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( 2008 ) mitochondrial and nuclear genus suggest that stony corals are monophyletic but most families of stony corals are not ( order scleractinia , class anthozoa , phylum cnidaria ) . plos one 3 : e3222 doi :\ndai c - f , horng s ( 2009 ) scleractinia fauna of taiwan i . the complex group . taipei : national taiwan university . 175 p .\nwallace cc ( 2012 ) acroporidae of the caribbean . geol belg 15 : 388\u2013393 .\n( scleractinia : acroporidae ) from west papua . j nat hist 45 : 1905\u20131924 .\nveron jen ( 2002 ) new species described in corals of the world . aust inst mar sci monogr ser 11 : 1\u2013205 .\n. cat madreporarian corals br mus ( nat hist ) 4 : 1\u2013206 , pl 1\u201314 .\nfukami h , budd af , paulay g , sole - cava a , chen ca , et al . ( 2004 ) conventional taxonomy obscures deep divergence between pacific and atlantic corals . nature 427 : 832\u2013835 .\nbenzoni f , stefani f , stolarski j , pichon m , mitta g , et al . ( 2007 ) debating phylogenetic relationships of the scleractinian\n( cnidaria , anthozoa , scleractinia ) and description of a new family through combined morphologic and molecular analyses . system biodivers 10 : 417\u2013433 doi :\nkitahara mv , cairns sd , stolarski j , blair d , miller dj ( 2010 ) a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the scleractinia ( cnidaria , anthozoa ) based on mitochondrial co1 sequence data . plos one 5 : e11490 doi :\nbudd af , fukami h , smith nd , knowlton n ( 2012 ) taxonomic classification of the reef coral family mussidae ( cnidaria : anthozoa : scleractinia ) . zool j linn soc 166 : 465\u2013529 .\nbudd af , stolarski j ( 2009 ) searching for new morphological characters in the systematics of scleractinian reef corals : comparison of septal teeth and granules between atlantic and pacific mussidae . acta zoologica 90 : 142\u2013165 .\nbudd af , stolarski j ( 2011 ) corallite wall and septal microstructure in scleractinian reef corals : comparison of molecular clades within the family faviidae . j morphol 272 : 66\u201388 .\nlamark jbpade ( 1816 ) histoire naturelle des animaux sans vert\u00e8bres . paris 2 : 1\u2013568 .\nmilne edwards h , haime j ( 1851 ) monographie des polypiers fossiles des terrains palaeozo\u00efque . arch mus hist natur , paris 5 : 1\u2013502 .\nmilne edwards h ( 1860 ) histoire naturelle des coralliaires ou polypes proprement dits . 3 : 1\u2013560 .\nverrill ae ( 1864 ) list of the polyps and corals sent by the museum of comparative zoology to other institutions in exchange , with annotations . bull mus comp zool harv college 1 : 29\u201360 .\nquelch jj ( 1886 ) report on the reef - corals collected by h . m . s . challenger during the years 1873 - 76 . rep sci results voyage hms challenger zool 16 : 1\u2013203 , pl 1\u201312 .\nortmann a ( 1888 ) studien \u00fcber systematik und geographische verbreitung der steinkorallen . zool jahrb abt syst geogr biol tiere 3 : 143\u2013188 , pl . 6 .\nbasett - smith pw ( 1890 ) report on the corals from the lizard and macclesfield banks , china sea . ann mag nat hist ser 6 : 353\u201374 .\nsaville - kent w ( 1891 ) notes on new and little known australian madreporaceae . rec aust mus 1 : 123\u2013124 .\nsaville - kent w ( 1893 ) the great barrier reef of australia . its products and potentialities . london : wh allen & co . 387 p .\na supplement to vol . iv . cat madreporarian corals br mus ( nat hist ) 6 : 145\u2013173 , pl 7\u20138 , 17 .\nbedot m ( 1907 ) madr\u00e9poraires d ' amboine . rev suisse zool 15 : 143\u2013292 , pl . 5\u201350 .\nvaughan tw ( 1907 ) some madreporarian corals from french smaliland , east africa , collected by dr . charles gravier . proc us nat mus 32 : 249\u2013266 , pl 17\u201328 .\nvaughan tw ( 1918 ) some shoal - water corals from murray islands ( australia ) , cocos - keeling islands and fanning island . pap dep mar biol carnegie inst wash 9 : 51\u2013234 , pl 20\u201393 .\nhoffmeister je ( 1925 ) some corals from american samoa and the fiji islands . pap dep mar biol carnegie inst wash 22 : 1\u201390 .\nfaustino la ( 1927 ) recent madreporaria of the philippine islands . ber sci manila monogr 22 : 1\u2013310 . pl . 1\u2013100 .\n. great barrier reef exped 1928\u201329 : sci rep br mus ( nat hist ) 6 : 85\u2013257 , pl 1\u201356 .\nnemenzo f ( 1955 ) systematic studies on philippine shallow water scleractinians : i . suborder fungiida . natur appl sci bull 15 : 3\u201384 , pl 1\u201314 .\nwells jw ( 1955 ) recent and subfossil corals of moreton bay queensland . univ queensl pap dep geol 4 : 1\u201318 , pl 1\u20133 .\neguchi m ( 1965 ) scleractinia . in : uchida k & uchida t , editors . new illustrated encyclopedia of the fauna of japan 1 . tokyo : hokuruyu - kan . pp . 270\u2013296 .\neguchi m ( 1968 ) the hydrocorals and scleractinian corals of sagami bay collected by his majesty the emperor of japan . tokyo : maruzen co ltd . 221 p .\nwells jw ( 1968 ) notes on indo - pacific scleractinian corals . v . a new species of\nrosen brr , taylor jd ( 1969 ) reef coral from aldabra : new mode of reproduction . science 166 : 119\u2013121 .\nveron jen ( 1985 ) new scleractinia from australian coral reefs . rec west aust mus 12 : 147\u2013183 .\nveron jen ( 1990 ) new scleractinia from japan and other indo - west pacific countries . galaxea 9 : 95\u2013173 .\nnishihira m , veron jen ( 1995 ) hermatypic corals of japan . tokyo : kaiyusha . 440 p . ( in japanese )\nwallace cc , fellegara i , muir pr , harrison pl ( 2009 ) recent and fossil corals of moreton bay , s . e . queensland . mem queensl mus 54 : 1\u2013118 .\nfukami h , budd af , levitan dr , jara j , kersanach r , et al . ( 2004 ) geographic defferences in species boundaries among members of the\nwei nwv , wallace cc , dai cf , pillay krm , chen ca ( 2006 ) analyses of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacers ( its ) and the 5 . 8s gene indicate that extremely high rdna heterogeneity is a unique feature in the scleractinian coral genus\nvan oppen mjh , catmull j , mcdonald bj , hislop nr , hagerman pj , et al . ( 2002 ) the mitochondrial genome of\n( cnidaria ; scleractinia ) contains a large group i intron and a candidate control region . j mol evol 55 : 1\u201313 .\nshearer tl , coffroth ma ( 2008 ) dna barcoding : barcoding corals : limited by interspecific divergence , not intraspecific variation . mol ecol resour 8 : 247\u2013255 .\ntseng c - c , wallace cc , chen ca ( 2005 ) mitogenomic analysis of montipora cactus and anacropora matthai ( cnidaria ; scleractinia ; acroporidae ) indicates an unequal rate of mitochondrial evolution among acroporidae corals . coral reefs 24 : 502\u2013508 .\ngouy m , guindon s , gascuel o ( 2010 ) seaview version 4 : a multiplatform graphical user interface for sequence alignment and phylogenetic tree building . mol biol evol 27 : 221\u2013224 .\nkatoh k , standley dm ( 2011 ) mafft multiple sequence alignment software version 7 : improvements in performance and usability . mol biol evol 30 : 772\u2013780 .\ntamura k , dudly j , nei m , kumar s ( 2007 ) mega4 : molecular evolutionary genetics analysis ( mega ) software version 4 . 0 . mol biol evol 24 : 1596\u20131599 .\nswofford dl ( 2002 ) paup * . phylogenetic analysis using parsimony ( * and other methods ) , version 4 . 0b10 . sinauer associates , sunderland , ma .\nkimura m ( 1980 ) a simple method for estimating evolutionary rates of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences . j mol evol 16 : 111\u2013120 .\nnylander jaa ( 2004 ) mr . modeltest v2 . program distributed by the author . evolutionary biology centre , uppsala university .\nzwickl dj ( 2006 ) genetic algorithm approaches for the phylogenetic analysis of large biological sequence datasets under the maximum likelihood criterion . ph . d . dissertation , the university of texas at austin .\nronquist f , teslenko m , van der mark p , ayres dl , darling a , et al . ( 2012 ) mrbayes 3 . 2 : efficient bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space . syst biol 61 : 539\u2013542 .\niczn ( 2011 ) coral taxon names published in \u2018corals of the world\u2019 by j . e . n . veron ( 2000 ) : potential availability confirmed under article 86 . 1 . 2 . bull zool nomencl 68 : 162\u2013166 .\narrigoni r , stefani f , pichon m , galli p , benzoni f ( 2012 ) molecular phylogeny of the robust clade ( faviidae , mussidae , merulinidae , and pectiniidae ) : an indian ocean perspective . mol phylogenet evol 65 : 183\u2013193 .\nkeshavmurthy s , yang s - y , alamaru a , chuang y - y , pichon m , et al . ( 2013 ) dna barcoding reveals the coral \u201claboratory - rat\u201d .\nreijnen bt , mcfadden cs , hermanlimianto yt , van ofwegen lp ( 2014 ) a molecular and morphological exploration of the generic boundaries in the family melithaeidae ( coelenterata : octocorallia ) and its taxonomic consequences . mol phylogenet evol 70 : 383\u2013401 .\nof the indo - pacific region . cat madreporarian corals br mus ( nat hist ) 5 : 1\u2013303 , pl 1\u201335 .\n, a supplement to vol . iv . cat madreporarian corals br mus ( nat hist ) 6 : 1\u2013167 , pl 1\u201317 .\ndo these subject areas make sense for this article ? click the target next to the incorrect subject area and let us know . thanks for your help !\nveron , j . e . n . , 1986 . corals of australia and the indo - pacific . angus & robertson .\nveron , j . e . n . , 2000 . corals of the world . volumes 1 - 3 . ? australian institute of marine science , townsville , qld .\nsorry , there are no images or audio / video clips available for this taxon .\nfrom danwei huang , karenne p . p . tun , l . m chou and peter a . todd . 30 dec 2009 .\ngoniopora sp . with list of species recorded for singapore porites sp . ( pore corals ) with list of species recorded for singapore alveopora sp . ( daisy corals ) alveopora allingi ( vulnerable ) alveopora catalai ( near threatened ) alveopora excelsa ( endangered ) alveopora fenestrata ( vulnerable ) alveopora marionensis ( vulnerable ) alveopora spongiosa * * ( near threatened ) alveropora tizardi * *\ndanwei huang , karenne p . p . tun , l . m chou and peter a . todd . 30 dec 2009 . an inventory of zooxanthellate sclerectinian corals in singapore including 33 new records ( pdf ) . raffles bulletin of zoology supplement no . 22 : 69 - 80 .\nveron , jen . 2000 . corals of the world australian institute of marine science , australia . 3 volumes .\nchou , l . m . , 1998 . a guide to the coral reef life of singapore . singapore science centre . 128 pages .\nerhardt , harry and daniel knop . 2005 . corals : indo - pacific field guide ikan - unterwasserachiv , frankfurt . 305 pp .\nborneman , eric h . 2001 . aquarium corals : selection , husbandry and natural history t . f . h publications . 464 pp\nwee y . c . and peter k . l . ng . 1994 . a first look at biodiversity in singapore . national council on the environment . 163pp .\nng , p . k . l . & y . c . wee , 1994 . the singapore red data book : threatened plants and animals of singapore . the nature society ( singapore ) , singapore . 343 pp .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nmassive or branching species easily recognized by their small hexagonal calices with a snowflake pattern . many are difficult to identify in the field since id ' s are based upon minute skeletal structures hidden by the live polyp . lobe and finger coral are dominant reef - forming species in hawaii while the others are occasional in clear waters .\nlarge fleshy polyp species of tropical seas include alveopora and goniopora with 12 and 24 tentacles . these do not occur in hawaii or the atlantic .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nterraneo ti 1 , benzoni f 2 , arrigoni r 3 , berumen ml 3 .\nred sea research center , division of biological and environmental sciences and engineering , king abdullah university of science and technology , thuwal 23955 - 6900 , saudi arabia . electronic address : tulliaisotta . terraneo @ kaust . edu . sa .\ndepartment of biotechnology and biosciences , university of milano - bicocca , piazza della scienza 2 , milano 20126 , italy ; institut de recherche pour le d\u00e9veloppement , umr227 coreus2 , 101 promenade roger laroque , bp a5 , 98848 noumea cedex , new caledonia .\nred sea research center , division of biological and environmental sciences and engineering , king abdullah university of science and technology , thuwal 23955 - 6900 , saudi arabia .\njavascript is disabled on your browser . please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\nwe sequenced igr , its region , atps\u03b2 , calm for the genus goniopora from the red sea .\nwe used haploweb , abgd , ptp and , gmyc to evaluate species delimitation in goniopora .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect \u00ae is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .\n, it is confined to shallow rocky - subtidal environments where other corals are seldomly found . this species resembles\nexcept that septa are short , are in two cycles and do not fuse . colonies are circular or encrusting , less than 15mm across with uniformly spaced corallites . septa are in 2 cycles of 6 each . columella is an irregular pinnule . color is pale brown , with white septa and columella .\nas the only member , forms dull brown , massive colonies , usually hemispherical , several meters across an occurs in shallow reef environments and lagoons . it resembles\n, which has lightly smaller corallites , but this species is easily recognised under water . the undulating surface houses deeply excavated corallites that are 2 - 3mm in diameter ( cellular appearance ) . the surface is smooth to undulating . corallites are deeply excavated . septa are arranged in 2 alternating cycles of 6 each , with the primary cycle forming decent paliform styli . columella is absent . corallite walls are very thin ( coral skeleton is very light ) .\nthis genus has been a major reef - builder throughout much of the duration of the cenozoic tethys . the derivation of the poritid pattern of septal fusion from\nis one of the few instances in scleractinian taxonomy where one taxon or taxonomic character can be said to be ' primitive ' compared with another .\nfrequently forms very extensive monospecific or multi - specific stands in inshore environments dominated by terrigenous sediments as well as offshore areas that are influenced by river runoff . thus\ncan be found in turbid water and in areas generally protected from wave action ; e . g .\ncan form extensive stands that are tens of meters long and wide . local dominance in certain habitats may be related to their sediments - rejecting ability , which may be facilitated by the fact t hat the large fleshy polyps of most\nis also one of the most aggressive coral species , excluding other corals within its periphery . it has been observed that\nuses specialized elongated\nsweeper polyps\nto attack neighboring coral colonies . the sweeper polyps of\nspecies are easily recognized in situ by characters of soft tissues , but these may become unreliable over wide geographic ranges . colonies are massive or rounded , few even encrusting to fine - branched colonies and far less massive than\n. the peristome , polyp , and the tentacles are of different color . calices are rounded or hexagonal that extend 1 - 5mm in diameter . septal margins are pitted or spiny and seem to come up from the floor of the corallite ( contrary to\n) . septa are usually 24 septa in 3 cycles . the larger first 2 cycles are very distinct ( dorsal and ventral septa are isolated , while lateral septa merge ) , while the 3rd merges with the former at close proximity of the corallite wall .\n, although these genera are probably not closely related . morphological differences between the two are demonstrated by all\nspecies together in the same biotope , as habitats of individual species are very different , more so than for any other genus . these habitats include protected turbid biotopes ( the majority of species ) , exposed upper reef slopes ( e . g .\n) and high - latitude , non - reef biotopes ( e . g .\n. corallum and tentacles are brownish or bluish . calices are rounded or polygonal and about 1 - 2mm in diameter . they are crowded or closely united by their very brittle walls ( entire\n) ; the shared wall is pierced by pores giving it a lace - like appearance .\nyuko f . kitano , 1 , 2 francesca benzoni , 3 roberto arrigoni , 3 yoshihisa shirayama , 1 , 4 carden c . wallace , 5 and hironobu fukami 2 , *\nthis is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are properly credited .\n) was performed in the frame of research projects by japanese society for coral taxonomy or by associate prof . h . fukami at university of miyazaki with sampling permission from each local government in japan . malaysia ( pen ; see\n) sampling has taken place by local staffs in non - marine protected area , songsong island , under the permission of the research project by prof . zulfigar yasin and prof . aileen tan at universiti sains malaysia . all western indian ocean sampling was also performed in the frame of research projects for which a sampling permission was delivered by local authorities and samples were shipped with cites permits . ad , ba , bu , dj , and mu are all sites in yemen (\n) . there , sampling has taken place in several missions and regular sampling permits were issued by yemen environmental protection agency ( epa ) in sana ' a . moreover , epa staff supervised the activities in the field at all times . my is mayotte island (\n) . sampling permits there were issued by the direction de l ' agriculture et de la foret de mayotte , service environnement et foret and by the maritime affairs office . dj are samples from djibouti (\n) taken during the tara oceans expedition and the sampling permits were delivered by the am\u00e9nagement du territoire et de l ' environnement de djibouti . photos of each specimen were taken in the field ( particularly for living polyps ) and the depth and habitat were recorded . after collection , a small piece of each specimen was removed for use in dna extraction ( see below ) , and the remaining sample was bleached to investigate the skeletal morphology for species identification .\nasterisk shows accession number referred from kitano et al . [ 13 ] . note that more than one its sequences were obtained by sub - cloning from a single specimen in several samples while its from other samples were determined by direct sequencing of pcr products . museum abbreviations are as follows : msl / usm : universiti sains malaysia , mufs : university of miyazaki , department of fisheries science ( = department of marine biology and environmental science ) , japan , smbl : seto marine biological laboratory , kyoto university , japan , and unimib : university of milano - bicocca , department of biotechnology and biosciences , italy .\n) of each specimen was put in chaos solution to dissolve the tissues or fixed in 99 % ethanol . total dna was extracted from chaos solution using the phenol / chloroform extraction method\n, and from the coral tissues preserved in ethanol using the dneasy blood & tissue kit ( qiagen ) . the barcoding region of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit i ( coi ) was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction ( pcr ) using the primers zco1 and zco1r\n. the nuclear ribosomal its region ( its ) including the 3\u2032 end of the 18s rrna , its - 1 , 5 . 8s , its - 2 , and the 5\u2032 end of the 28s rrna was also amplified by pcr using the primers 1s and 2ss\n. the pcr condition for these two markers was 94\u00b0c for 30 seconds followed by 30 or 35 cycles at 94\u00b0c for 30 seconds , 55\u00b0c or 60\u00b0c for 45 seconds , and 72\u00b0c for 90 seconds , with a final phase of 72\u00b0c for 5 minutes . for the mitochondrial region , pcr products were treated with shrimp alkaline phosphatase ( sap ) and exonuclease i ( exoi ) at 37\u00b0c for 40 minutes followed by 80\u00b0c for 20 minutes . the dna sequences were then determined via a direct sequence method , using abi3730 or abi310 sequencer . pcr products of the nuclear marker were also directly sequenced , but when obtained sequences had more than double peaks in the chromatogram , they were sub - cloned into ta - vector ( promega ) or topo10 ( invitrogen ) and sequenced using abi3730 or abi310 . all dna sequences obtained in this study were submitted to ddbj ( accession no ."]}
 {"id": 4, "summary": [{"text": "the conception bank silver boa ( chilabothrus argentum ) is a species of boa described in may 2016 .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "it is only known from the conception island bank in the bahamas .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it is the first known discovery of a west indian boa species in 73 years .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "it is named for its unique silver color . ", "topic": 23}], "title": "conception bank silver boa", "paragraphs": ["the silver boa was discovered on conception island bank , which comprises uninhabited conception island and its satellite islets .\nthe conception bank silver boa ( chilabothrus argentums ) . image credit : graham reynolds .\nthe conception bank silver boa . image credit : alberto r . puente - rolon .\na close up of the new conception bank silver boa . photo credit : graham reynolds\nthe bahamian silver boa or conception bank silver boa ( chilabothrus argentum ) . photo by graham reynolds / unc - ashville . | lizards and snakes | pinterest\nthe conception bank silver boa ( chilabothrus argentum ) is named for its color and the fact it was first found on a silver palm tree .\nthe conception bank silver boa ( chilabothrus argentum ) is named for its color and the fact it was first found on a silver palm tree .\ndr . reynolds and his colleagues named this new species chilabothrus argentums and gave it the common name conception bank silver boa .\nfortunately for the silver boa , all islands on the conception island bank are national parkland , and visitors to the area are relatively rare .\nit was discovered on conception island bank . photograph : graham reynolds / university of north carolina asheville\nthe scientists named the conception bank silver boa ( chilabothrus argentum ) , based on both its color and the fact it was first found on an aptly named silver palm tree . a study on the species appeared in the journal breviora .\nthe silver boa , chilabothrus argentum , is so named because of its distinctive metallic colour and the fact that the first specimen found was climbing a silver palm tree .\nthe conception bank silver boa averages about 37 to 43 inches ( 0 . 95 \u2013 1 . 1 m ) in length from the tip of its snout to the urogenital vent . the tail is about 8 inches ( 20 cm ) long .\nthe snake is threatened by natural disasters , the illegal pet trade and feral cats , of which many can be found on conception island bank . the good news for this species is all islands on the conception island bank are national parkland , and visitors to the islands is rare .\n\u201cthe beautiful bahamian silver boa , already possibly critically endangered , reminds us that important discoveries are still waiting to be made . \u201d\nits latin name is chilabothrus argentum , argentum being latin for ' silver . ' graham reynolds says it ' s a beautiful new species of silver boa and he told voa that\nfinding a new boa is extremely rare , especially in a well - studied region like the caribbean .\nr . graham reynolds et al . 2016 . discovery of a remarkable new boa from the conception island bank , bahamas . breviora 549 : 1 - 19 ; doi : 10 . 3099 / brvo - 549 - 00 - 1 - 19 . 1\na team of researchers led by dr . graham reynolds from the university of north carolina asheville has discovered a new species of non - venomous boid snake on the conception island bank , bahamas .\nthe three other bahamian boa species look different from the newfound species , with dark splotches and stripes . the silver boa is not only paler , it also\u2014unlike the others\u2014lives in trees , where it feeds mostly on birds .\nthus , the entire silver boa population , which the team estimates to be fewer than a thousand animals , is found only in one small patch of earth .\ncaptured silver boas were electronically tagged by the scientists before being freed back into their forest home .\nthis makes the species vulnerable to extinction , and reynolds and his colleagues believe the silver boa should be designated as critically endangered by the international union for conservation of nature .\n\u201cthis new species occurs on a group of islands that have never been connected to any of the other islands in the bahamas , \u201d says reynolds . \u201cas far as we know , they only occur on conception island bank and nowhere else . \u201d\n\u201cthis new species occurs on a group of islands that have never been connected to any of the other islands in the bahamas , \u201d says reynolds . \u201cas far as we know , they only occur on conception island bank and nowhere else . \u201d ( see\nwhy we were totally wrong about how boa constrictors kill .\n)\nthis snake is considered critically endangered and is one of the most endangered boa species globally .\na new species of boa constrictor has been discovered on a remote island in the bahamas .\nr . graham reynolds , alberto r . puente - rol\u00f3n , anthony j . geneva , kevin j . aviles - rodriguez and nicholas c . herrmann . 2016 . discovery of a remarkable new boa from the conception island bank , bahamas . breviora . 549 ; 1 - 19 . doi : 10 . 3099 / brvo - 549 - 00 - 1 - 19 . 1\nanother silver boa had come down from the forest and crawled right over him as he slept . they ' d located their sixth specimen , and dna analyses back at the lab confirmed the snake was a new species .\n\u201cgraham reynolds and his co - authors have not only discovered and described a new species of snake , but even more remarkable , a new species of boa . that\u2019s rare , exciting , and newsworthy , \u201d said robert henderson , a boa expert with the milwaukee museum of natural history . \u201cthe beautiful bahamian silver boa , already possibly critically endangered , reminds us that important discoveries are still waiting to be made . \u201d\n\u201cthe beautiful silver boa , already possibly critically endangered , reminds us that important discoveries are still waiting to be made , and it provides the people of the bahamas another reason to be proud of the natural wonders of their island nation . \u201d\nthe proof came when genetic tests came back from a harvard lab , confirming that the silver boa was in fact a different species that - just like darwin ' s finches on the gal\u00e1pagos islands - had been evolving in isolation for several million years .\nthis new boa is just one of the hundreds , perhaps thousands of new species that are discovered every year .\nray agrees that despite living in a refuge , the boa is still in danger\u2014in particular from feral cats and dogs .\naccording to the scientists , the description of this new snake brings the total number of west indian boa species to 12 .\nthe slithery addition to the boidae ( boa ) family is described in this week ' s edition of the journal breviora .\n) , based on both its color and the fact it was first found on an aptly named silver palm tree . a study on the species appeared in the journal breviora .\n\u201cthis study represents the first new in situ discovery of a west indian boa species in 73 years , \u201d the scientists said .\nexpedition member alberto puente - rol\u00f3n , an expert on caribbean boas , agreed that the animal appeared unlike any species of known boa .\nexpedition member alberto puente - rol\u00f3n , an expert on caribbean boas , agreed that the animal appeared unlike any species of known boa .\nit has unique color among bahamian boa species . the upper ( or dorsal ) surface of the body is silver gray to very light tan , occasionally with a very faint gray dorsal stripe extending the length of the spine with jagged edges and occasional interruption . the lower ( ventral ) surface is pure cream white with no markings or other coloration .\n\u201cas dr reynolds slept , a boa crawled down from the forest , across the beach , and directly onto his head , \u201d the report revealed .\nso the team went searching for more boas , finding four more snakes before settling down to sleep on the beach at conception island . but it turns out the boas weren ' t ready to call it a night .\nthe reptile faces threats such as natural disasters ( which could wipe out the entire population ) ; poaching for the pet trade ; and feral cats , which exist on conception island and are known to prey on boas elsewhere in the bahamas .\nlike other constricting snakes , the boa wraps its body around prey and causes death by suffocation . the staple diet of boas in the bahamas consists of frogs , birds and rats .\nso the team went searching for more boas , finding four more snakes before settling down to sleep on the beach at conception island . but it turns out the boas weren ' t ready to call it a night . ( see\nextremely rare fishing snakes discovered .\n)\n\u201cgraham reynolds and his co - authors have not only discovered and described a new species of snake , but even more remarkable , a new species of boa . that\u2019s rare , exciting , and newsworthy .\n\u201creynolds et al . have not only discovered and described a new species of snake , but even more remarkable , a new species of boa . that\u2019s rare , exciting , and newsworthy , \u201d he said .\nthe reptile faces threats such as natural disasters ( which could wipe out the entire population ) ; poaching for the pet trade ; and feral cats , which exist on conception island and are known to prey on boas elsewhere in the bahamas . ( also see\nisland ' s feral cats kill surprisingly few birds , video shows .\n)\ncommenting on the find , boa constrictor expert robert henderson , from the milwaukee museum of natural history , said : \u201cworldwide , new species of frogs and lizards are being discovered and described with some regularity . new species of snakes , however , are much rarer .\nresearch describing the new snake is published in the may 2016 issue of the journal breviora .\n\u201cit has been at least 58 years since the in situ discovery of new populations of taxonomically distinct boas in the region , the last being the report in 1957 of boas on margaret cay , ragged islands , bahamas . \u201d\n\u201cworldwide , new species of frogs and lizards are being discovered and described with some regularity . new species of snakes , however , are much rarer , \u201d said dr . robert henderson from the milwaukee museum of natural history , one of the world\u2019s experts on boas .\n\u201cwe found this species on its way to extinction , and now we have the opportunity to intervene on their behalf so that doesn\u2019t happen , \u201d dr . reynolds added .\njuvenile australopithecus climbed trees , 3 . 32 - million - year - old foot fossil shows\n\u00a9 2011 - 2018 . sci - news . com . all rights reserved . | back to top\nthe shiny reptile likely numbers only a thousand individuals in its remote bahamas habitat , experts say .\non an uninhabited island in the southern bahamas , a scientist noticed a snake that shined like metal as it climbed a tree .\n\u201cwe all came to take a look at it , and it was instantly clear that this was something different , \u201d says biologist r . graham reynolds , part of the scientific team exploring the remote islands .\n\u201csometime around 3 : 30 in the morning , i woke up to something crawling across my face , \u201d says reynolds , now a biologist at the university of north carolina , asheville .\n\u201cthis discovery is significant because of how well - studied many parts of the bahamas are , especially in terms of herpetology , \u201d says julie ray , director of the conservation group team snake panama .\nevery year , thousands of snakes gather at the narcisse snake dens in manitoba , canada .\nreynolds and his colleagues are working with the bahamas national trust , which administers the national parks , on strategies to protect the species .\n\u201call efforts should be made to restrict the number of dogs on the island and how freely they are allowed to roam , \u201d says ray .\n\u201cmore importantly , an attempt should be made to remove the feral cats from this protected natural area because they are not native predators . \u201d\nscientists identified 20 of the snakes during two expeditions to the caribbean . photograph : graham reynolds / pa\nscientists identified 20 of the metre - long snakes during two expeditions to the caribbean islands , the second made in october last year .\none of the creatures made a dramatic appearance by slithering on to the head of the expedition leader as he slept .\nthe us team led by dr graham reynolds , from harvard university , confirmed the snake was a previously unknown species after conducting a genetic analysis of tissue samples .\nthe snake is said to be critically endangered . photograph : graham reynolds / university of north carolina asheville\na report from harvard university described how , during the first expedition , one of the snakes introduced itself to dr reynolds while he and his colleagues were sleeping on a beach .\n\u201cthis caused him to awake with a start , and upon realising what had happened , he awoke the others . \u201d\nthe creature is said to be critically endangered according to the international union for conservation of nature\u2019s \u201cred list\u201d criteria , and threatened by feral cats that roam the island .\n\u00a9 2018 guardian news and media limited or its affiliated companies . all rights reserved .\na group of university biologists surveying a remote island in the bahamas have stumbled upon a new and possibly extremely rare new snake species .\nthe university of north carolina biologist also told voa the snake is likely to be highly endangered and efforts are already being made to ensure its survival in the wild .\nas soon as we saw the first specimen ,\nreynolds says ,\nwe knew it was something different - we just didn ' t know how different .\nhis team , which included biologists from harvard , massachusetts , and puerto rico , was instantly struck by\nthe coloration , body shape , head shape , and body size [ which ] were all different - looking than the hundreds of other boas of the other species we have seen .\nbut the snakes aren ' t alone on the island . it ' s also full of non - native feral cats , and reynolds told voa he ' s\nconfident\nthey ' re eating his new species .\nright now his team is doing more research ,\ntrying to document the presence of cats using camera traps and identify ways to remove them from the island .\nreynolds and his team are also providing data to the bahamas national trust in the hopes that they can quickly establish a conservation program .\nreynolds confirmed that the snake is indeed a new species based on a genetic analysis of tissue samples from the reptile .\nchilabothrus argentum lives in trees and feeds primarily on birds . reynolds believes the snake should be considered critically endangered and should appear on the international union for conservation of nature\u2019s \u201cred list . \u201d\nusfws will render a decision on the narrow headed garter snake and the northern mexican garter snake in fiscal year 2014 .\nopheodrys vernalis were hatched as part of breeding program in conjunction with lake county forest preserve district .\nthis page requires javascript . it seems that your browser does not have javascript enabled . please enable javascript and press the reload / refresh button on your browser .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nyou ' re currently viewing our forum as a guest . this means you are limited to certain areas of the board and there are some features you can ' t use . if you join our community , you ' ll be able to access member - only sections , and use many member - only features such as customizing your profile and voting in polls . registration is simple , fast , and completely free .\non an uninhabited island in the southern bahamas , a scientist noticed a snake that shined like metal as it climbed a tree .\n\u201cwe all came to take a look at it , and it was instantly clear that this was something different , \u201d says biologist r . graham reynolds , part of the scientific team exploring the remote islands .\n\u201cthis discovery is significant because of how well - studied many parts of the bahamas are , especially in terms of herpetology , \u201d says julie ray , director of the conservation group team snake panama .\nreynolds and his colleagues are working with the bahamas national trust , which administers the national parks , on strategies to protect the species .\nr . graham reynolds , alberto r . puente - rol\u00f3n , anthony j . geneva , kevin j . aviles - rodriguez and nicholas c . herrmann . 2016 .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nreynolds , r . graham , alberto r . puente - rol\u00f3n , anthony j . geneva , kevin j . aviles - rodriguez , et al .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nnew & recent described flora & fauna species from all over the world esp . asia , oriental , indomalayan & malesiana region\nreynolds , puente - rol\u00f3n , geneva , aviles - rodriguez & herrmann . 2016\nreynolds , r . g . , m . l . niemiller , s . b . hedges , a . dornburg , a . r . puente - rol\u00f3n , and l . j . revell . 2013 . molecular phylogeny and historical biogeography of west indian boid snakes ( chilabothrus ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 68 : 461\u2013470 .\nwuodendron b . xue , y . h . tan & chaowasku wuodendron praecox ( hook . f . & thomson ) b . xue , y . h . tan & x . l . hou in xue , tan . . .\n[ botany \u2022 2017 ] begonia fulgurata | \u0e14\u0e32\u0e14\u0e14\u0e32\u0e23\u0e32\u0e23\u0e31\u0e28\u0e21\u0e35 \u2022 a new species ( sect . diploclinium , begoniaceae ) from chiang mai , northern thailand\nbegonia fulgurata c . - i peng , c . w . lin & phutthai \u0e14\u0e32\u0e14\u0e14\u0e32\u0e23\u0e32\u0e23\u0e31\u0e28\u0e21\u0e35 | | doi : 10 . 3767 / blumea . 2017 . 62 . 03 . 01 urltoken be . . .\nchamaelirium viridiflorum l . wang , z . c . liu & w . b . liao in liu , feng , wang & liao , 2018 . doi : 10 . 11646 / phytotaxa . 357 . . . .\ngreat - billed seed - finch sporophila maximiliani ( cabanis , 1851 ) in ubaid , silveira , medolago , et . al . , 2018 . doi : 10 . 11646 / . . .\nendocerids with their filtering apparatus in mironenko , 2018 . doi : 10 . 1080 / 08912963 . 2018 . 1491565 reconstruction by andre . . .\naristolochia tongbiguanensis j . y . shen , q . b . gong & s . landrein in gong , landrein , xi , et al . , 2018 . doi : 10 . 6165 / tai . . . .\nbagualosaurus agudoensis pretto , langer & schultz , 2018 doi : 10 . 1093 / zoolinnean / zly028 illustration : jorge blanco c . . .\nthe hypothetical phylogenetic relationships of ceratosaurs based on current topologies . the main source is from wang et al . ( 2016 . . .\nnipponosaurus sachalinensis nagao , 1936 in takasaki , chiba , kobayashi , et al . , 2018 \u30cb\u30c3\u30dd\u30ce\u30b5\u30a6\u30eb\u30b9 | | doi : 10 . 1080 / 08912963 . 2017 . . . .\nbegonia medogensis jianw . li , y . h . tan & x . h . jin in li , tan , wang , et al . , 2018 . doi : 10 . 3897 / phytokeys . 103 . 25392 . . .\n[ botany \u2022 2013 ] vanda perplexa \u2022 a new species ( or . . .\n[ botany \u2022 2016 ] thismia tectipora \u2022 a new , unusual . . .\n[ botany \u2022 2014 ] four new species of nepenthes l . ( . . .\n[ crustacea \u2022 2016 ] thalassina pratas \u2022 a new mud l . . .\n[ botany \u2022 2014 ] aerides phongii \u2022 a new species of . . .\n[ botany \u2022 2016 ] nepenthes aenigma & n . justinae \u2022 . . .\n[ entomology \u2022 2016 ] six , not two , species of aciso . . .\non this day ( july 10th ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\nanomaloglossus meansi : a new species of cryptic forest frog from the wokomung and ayanganna sky islands of southern guyana .\nthe benefits and costs of academic travel . or\nthere and back again ; again and again\ncanon renueva su gama de 70 - 200 mm f : 2 . 8 y f : 4\nplants go extinct , but sometimes species are rediscovered . this one after 151 years .\ni ' m killing antediluvian salad but even in death there is rebirth . . .\nnecps carnivorous plant show : sept . 9 - 10 at tower hill botanical garden\nthis is a particularly beautiful species of centrolenid - the granular glass frog , cochranella granulosa ."]}
-{"id": 5, "summary": [{"text": "cue card ( foaled 30 april 2006 ) is a british thoroughbred racehorse .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "a specialist steeplechaser , he has won fifteen of his thirty-three races , including nine at grade i level .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he was a leading performer in national hunt flat races , winning the champion bumper at the cheltenham festival .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he was less successful over hurdles but emerged as a top-class performer when tried over larger obstacles .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he won the haldon gold cup , ascot chase and ryanair chase in the 2012/2013 national hunt season and the betfair chase in the 2013/2014 season .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he went through the 2014/2015 campaign winless but after a wind-operation over the 2015 summer , he returned in the following season to record his second win in the betfair chase and won the king george vi chase at the fourth attempt .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he fell when in contention in the 2016 cheltenham gold cup but returned to winning form with victory on his next start in the betfred bowl . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "cue card ( horse )", "paragraphs": ["horse racing betting tips : taquin looks value to upset cue card in ascot chase | city a . m .\njordan mccarthy ponders whether cue card is the most exciting chaser - in - training in the world of horse racing .\ncolin tizzard can barely wait for the timico cheltenham gold cup with cue card .\nlike a fine wine , cue card just keeps on getting better with age .\ncue card ' s win in the betfair chase was nothing short of spectacular .\ncue card will bid for a second victory in saturday ' s ascot chase .\ncolin tizzard labelled cue card the\nhorse of a lifetime\nas he gets ready to bid for a \u00a31million bonus in the timico cheltenham gold cup .\neverything about cue card is brilliant - i think he ' s still at his peak .\ntrainer shark hanlon is leaning towards the ryanair chase with hidden cyclone following cue card ' s defection .\ncue card was disputing the lead and missed out on a potential \u00a31m bonus for winning the race .\npaddy brennan will partner cue card in what promises to be a real cracker at kempton . photo : getty\ncue card , his new best friend paddy brennan and his lovable trainer colin tizzard jumped into our affections .\nnot that the money is really what matters to those closest to cue card or his many thousands of fans . it is the horse and his background . like coneygree , who graduated top of the class among the novices when he won the gold cup last year , cue card has the feel of a traditional , \u201cproper\u201d jumping horse about him .\ncue card , a 40 - 1 shot when landing his first grade one at the 2010 cheltenham festival , was a\nrunaway\nhorse in those days , the tizzards say .\ncue card is owned by jean bishop , who owned the horse with her late husband , bob , who died just four days after cue card won the king george vi chase at kempton on boxing day 2015 . jean also owns horses including theatre guide and royal vaction , trained by colin .\ncue card gained a measure of compensation for his cheltenham fall with victory in the betfred bowl chase at aintree .\na fantastic performance by cue card gave racing a much - needed lift in a brilliant betfair chase at haydock .\nwhen 2015 gold cup winner coneygree was pulled from the line - up , it seemed the king george would have a predictable outcome , with cue card far superior to any other horse .\ncue card has been ruled out of the ryanair chase at the cheltenham festival next thursday , said trainer colin tizzard .\ncue card will face a maximum of six rivals when bidding for a second victory in saturday ' s betfair ascot chase .\nun de sceaux ' s connections are looking forward to a clash with cue card in thursday ' s ryanair chase at cheltenham .\nrider lizzie kelly celebrated a huge success at aintree as tea for two saw off the gallant cue card in the betway bowl .\ncolin tizzard is open to the prospect of cue card and native river locking horns for a second time at aintree next month .\ncue card won the king george vi chase at kempton this afternoon ( 26 december ) in a thrilling renewal of the race .\ncue card continued his wonderful association with paddy brennan who rode a race full of confidence . he tracked coneygree and richard johnson , who ran a blinder on his first run for about a year , before cue card took the lead at the third last .\ncue card and native river are reported to be thriving at colin tizzard ' s base as the gold cup looms at cheltenham .\ntizzard told racing uk :\ncue card is going to go . he ' s been a good old boy for us .\nnad said , striding in boldly from his trailer , fuse and woneer clearing a path through the techs and cue card holders .\n\u201cit\u2019s fantastic . he\u2019s a brilliant horse , \u201d said proud trainer colin tizzard .\nhorse racing tips for every meeting , every day provided by our expert tipsters .\nhorse and man as one . they were heroes , as they should be .\ncue card will bid to make amends for a late fall last year when he lines up for the cheltenham gold cup on friday .\non 15 march , cue card was pulled up in the ryanair chase at the cheltenham festival . trainer colin tizzard said that there would be no immediate decision of whether the horse would now be retired . [ 16 ]\ncolin\u2019s son joe rode cue card in the horse\u2019s first 20 races , winning 10 of them . when joe retired in 2014 the ride was taken on by daryl jacob . cue card was ridden once by aidan coleman , but in the past couple of seasons has formed a successful partnership with paddy brennan , with the pair winning five from eight starts together .\ncue card and joe tizzard on their way to a decisive victory in the betfair chase at haydock park . photograph : john giles / pa\nbrennan was pleased to erase the memory of the defeat at wetherby last month where the cue card team admitted getting the riding tactics wrong .\nbut buddy didn ' t actually read the bible , not anymore , he consulted it the way that an actor consults a cue card .\nlast december he was nailed in the very last strides by cue card in a pulsating finish to the king george vi chase at kempton .\nthe other horse ( native river ) ran his race , i think . he got nutted for second and the winner ( sizing john ) is a very good horse .\nbrennan , who is a regular on the mighty cue card , rides the in - form henley for county durham - based trainer tracy waggott .\ndon cossack fell when bringing a challenge which left cue card to chase down vautour and nab the prize in the shadow of the posts . vautour ran a massive race but cue card ran a sensational race to claim a famous win and a better race we could not have asked for .\nadam morgan is passionate about horse racing and is currently a journalist for the press association .\ncrellin comments , \u201ccue card is undoubtedly the best i\u2019ve bred . he has opened a lot of doors , i no longer have to go looking around for buyers , he has been a tremendous help . looking forward , we will be sending a half - brother to cue card by beneficial to the sales this year and a half - brother by gold well next year . we also have a full sister to cue card at home . \u201d\ncue card and paddy brennan clear the final fence as they go on to win the charlie hall chase at wetherby . photograph : john giles / pa\ndavid ord has a horse - by - horse guide to saturday ' s darley july cup and he ' s siding with a potential improver to shake - up the established sprinting stars .\ncue card looked full of himself as he showed his well - being ahead of the timico cheltenham gold cup with a pleasing workout before racing at kempton .\nhowever , one partnership is seeking redemption . a year ago paddy brennan and cue card threw away victory in the gold cup when falling three fences out .\na return to wetherby , aiming for a repeat in the charlie hall chase , is the first plan for cue card , before another triple crown attempt .\n\u201ci know where bob and jean [ bishop , the owners of cue card ] would like to go , haydock [ and the betfair chase ] for the flat track , \u201d colin tizzard , cue card\u2019s trainer , said . \u201cbut if the handicapper doesn\u2019t put him up , maybe we\u2019ll look at the hennessy .\ncue card hasn ' t won a race beyond 3m 1f and that was a victory at haydock which a flat course . the stiff 3m 2f here is going to be a trip that catches him out unless his rivals run below their best . i know he won last time out against vautour over 3m but i think that was a case of cue card nailing a tired rival on the line rather than catching a horse who saw out the 3m right to the line . i don ' t doubt that cue card is a seriously good horse , i just think he has it all to do to beat don cossack if both horses stay on their feet .\n\u201chere he was the cue card i know , at wetherby i never had that . when he ' s in the form he was today you can ride him any way you want \u2013 he ' s different class . we ' ve had an unbelievable day , cue card ' s shown what he can do .\nhe has been a phenomenal horse for national hunt racing . yes , we have the horse of a lifetime perhaps in sprinter sacre . however , cue card is another very exciting equine star . the king\u2019s theatre gelding has missed the target a couple of times when he was well fancied by punters . that is perhaps why he has been overshadowed . one particular race springs to mind : the supreme novices hurdle of 2011 . cue card went into this race as a banker of the meeting for many punters and pundits alike .\ndisappointment of the season for decades to come the national hunt aficionados will debate long into the night the unanswerable question of whether cue card would ' ve got the better of don cossack in the 2016 timico cheltenham gold cup . a late tumble saw the strong - travelling cue card dislodge paddy brennan from the saddle , and the irish star ' s victory will always be somewhat tarnished by people debating whether he would ' ve been eclipsed by the departing cue card in the closing stages .\nviewers are in for a treat on the second to last day of the festival , as the scintillating cue card struts his stuff in the ryanair chase . below , cue card is shown here winning the sportingbet haldon gold cup chase in 2012 by an absolutely remarkable distance . he has been every bit as solid in 2013 :\n\u201che always finishes his food and he never misses a feed , \u201d says colin of the horse , who is affectionately known as crackle at home . \u201che\u2019s a beautiful horse , a real superstar . \u201d\ndon cossack , vautour and cue card all feature among 14 horses still in contention for the timico cheltenham gold cup on friday at the six - day entry stage .\nwhile the muddy gold cup picture has become a bit clearer thanks to cue card , the champion hurdle scene is even murkier than it already was after last weekend .\ntwo out and the famous maroon silks on bryan cooper and don cossack came asunder , crashing to the turf . the pink colours of ruby walsh began to move up and down more animated as the blue of paddy brennan and cue card started to gain ground . over the last cue card swallowed up the brave vautour to prevail .\nsince winning the ryanair chase at cheltenham back in 2003 , cue card has only run three times over less than three miles and he has been beaten on every occasion .\nlike don cossack and cue card previously , this idyllic win had vanished all the heartache , silenced the doubters and gave this brilliant mare her much deserved place in history .\nsuper saturday the racing horse enjoyed another fabulous saturday and not just because england beat [ . . . ]\nhe finished the 2014 / 2015 season as the highest rated national hunt horse in the uk and ireland .\nbut cue card is the story horse , the one that would send the sellout crowd home satisfied regardless of whether he carried their money . for tizzard , meanwhile , it would surpass even the victory of thistlecrack in thursday\u2019s world hurdle as an advertisement for his way of doing things .\ncue card , silviniaco conti , dynaste and long run all headed to kempton park for the king george vi chase on boxing day . once again , cue card attempted to lead his rivals a merry dance and looked to have the race won jumping the penultimate fence before a late rally by silviniaco conti handed paul nicholls a seventh victory in the contest .\ncue card had not run at the cheltenham festival since his victory there in 2013 , and had had a wind operation following his final start of the 2014 - 2015 campaign .\nfsf rating = form and speed combined rating . based on the horse\u2019s best performance over the last twelve months .\nhorse & hound \u2018s racing correspondent marcus armytage fancies the willie mullins - trained don poli ( pictured below ) .\nhe\u2019ll be trying to follow in the hoof - prints of the likes of first lieutenant and our vic , who both ran well in the ryanair chase at cheltenham before taking this , and is certainly a horse that cue card needs to fear . smad place and aso make up the field .\n\u201cwe\u2019ve got one or two other good ones and people think with cue card maybe time is catching up but it\u2019s not \u2013 he\u2019s every bit as good as he\u2019s ever been . \u201d\ntizzard ' s son and assistant , joe , said :\nboth native river and cue card schooled on tuesday . i don ' t think i ' ve ever seen cue card school so well it was like he was on springs . native river was really good , too . i rode native river myself this ( sunday ) morning and he felt superb .\ncue card , pictured winning the weatherbys champion bumper at the cheltenham festival , races over hurdles back at the track today . photograph : david davies / pa archive / press association images\nsilvianico conti was the well heralded favourite who we all expected to win . the only fear in a tepid field was cue card , and at that point it was hard to even fancy him . cue card had been in the doldrums for the previous 18 months and the phrase \u201cgone at the game\u201d had been used many a time to sum up colin tizzard\u2019s charge .\npaddy brennan has ridden cue card to success in the 2015 betfair chase for trainer colin tizzard . urltoken racing uk is the uk ' s leading horse racing tv channel , broadcasting over 4 , 000 live races every year . relive all the best action here : urltoken racing uk - pure racing entertainment\ncue card is set to come back in trip for this weekend ' s two - mile - five - furlong grade one feature before a potential second tilt at cheltenham gold cup glory .\ncue card , the winner of the ryanair chase at the cheltenham festival in march 2013 , recorded his first success for nearly two years in the charlie hall chase at wetherby on saturday .\nsprinter sacre takes on un de sceaux again in the celebration chase at sandown on saturday and on the following wednesday don cossack and cue card lock horns again in the punchestown gold cup .\non 29 october , cue card made his seasonal debut in the charlie hall chase at wetherby and was sent off the odds on favourite . disappointingly , he was only third to irish cavalier who won at 16 / 1 . cue card ' s second reappearance was in the betfair chase at haydock on 19 november when he beat coneygree by an impressive 15 lengths . [ 15 ]\npaddy brennan has ridden cue card to success in the 2015 betfair chase for trainer colin tizzard . to join racing uk ' s international service visit : urltoken racing uk is the uk ' s leading horse racing tv channel , broadcasting over 4 , 000 live races every year . racing uk - pure racing entertainment\ntizzard\u2019s meteoric climb now sees him sitting the top table of national hunt racing . the brilliant cue card has been his flag bearer since winning the 2010 champion bumper , the yards first cheltenham festival winner . that day , cue card was sent off as a 40 / 1 outsider and it was the beginning of a special relationship between trainer and horse . i personally remember doing a tipping competition at my work for the festival and a customer told me his horse for the day : \u201c5 . 15 cue card please\u201d . i thought , \u201ci\u2019ve not heard of this , it must be a right rag ! \u201d . i am pleased to admit that i was categorically wrong as he powered up the hill to record an eight length victory over none other than the subsequent 2011 supreme novices\u2019 hurdle winner , al ferof .\nhaving said that , we know cue card is effective over two and a half miles as well , so he has that option ( jlt melling chase ) at aintree , too .\ncolin tizzard\u2019s stable star battled it out to the line with irish raider vautour , culminating in a photo finish . but it was a home win , with cue card just taking the prize .\ntizzard waves away questions about feeling pressure , saying he got over any sense of anxiety quite early in his training career , but he is keenly aware of the need to protect cue card .\ncue card ( foaled 30 april 2006 ) is a british thoroughbred racehorse . a specialist steeplechaser , he has won fifteen of his thirty - three races , including nine at grade i level .\njust click on any of the list of races below to go to the race card . you can also click on a horse\u2019s name to go to an individual race record . ( courtesy of the uk\u2019s racing post )\ncue card and don cossack were fighting for position in second and third , with their two jockeys looking to be fretting as they pushed their mounts for a response to the foot perfect jumping ahead .\nridden by joe tizzard , and trained by the winning jockey ' s father colin , cue card pulled away after the final fence having been at the head of the field for most of the race .\nboth horses are reported to have taken those exertions well and could be in line for a rematch in the betway bowl on merseyside , although cue card also has the option of the shorter melling chase .\nhats off to the connections of cue card who this week scratched the lovable 11 - year - old from next month\u2019s ryanair chase , signifying their intentions to once again go for the cheltenham gold cup .\nlee mckenzie and luke elder reflect on the weekend\u2019s racing action , which included cue card\u2019s return to form at ascot , a victory for yanworth at wincanton and vieux lion rouge enhancing his grand national credentials .\ncue card ( 1 . 50 ) is arguably the most exciting prospect in british jumps racing and represents a decent bet if he can be backed at something near even - money at cheltenham this afternoon .\njockey paddy brennan said in an interview published earlier this week he\nwanted to die\nafter cue card fell three fences from the finish in last year ' s gold cup won by don cossack .\nsunbury , england \u2013 december 26 : paddy brennan riding cue card ( r ) clear the last to win the william hill king george vi steeple chase from vatour and ruby walsh ( l ) at kempton park racecourse on december 26 , 2015 in sunbury , england . ( photo by alan crowhurst / getty images ) * * * local caption * * * paddy brennan ; cue card ; vautour ; ruby walsh\njordan mccarthy is our horse racing expert and a university college cork graduate . he was a prominent member of the ucc horse racing society and will be focusing on the big talking points in racing . he also discusses some of the burning issues in football .\nhow to get into horse racing , whether you want to work with horses at the stables or become a fully fledged jockey .\ncue card ( usa ) dkb / br . h , 1965 { 7 } dp = 7 - 8 - 9 - 0 - 0 ( 24 ) di = 4 . 33 cd = 0 . 92\ndon\u2019t get me wrong , his form is well below that of cue card\u2019s , it\u2019s just he seems over - priced at 6 / 1 with 188bet back on his favoured soft ground over his best trip .\n\u201cit\u2019s the best feeling in my whole career , \u201d said rider paddy brennan . \u201ci feel very proud today . i\u2019d like to thank cue card and all the staff . he\u2019s run a true race . \u201d\nleading racing writer kevin blake looks at the influx of talent at colin tizzard\u2019s upwardly - mobile dorset yard and assesses what it could mean for tizzard , who also trains national hunt heavyweights cue card and thistlecrack .\ni ' ve never had a career all my life and now i ' m in the autumn of my days and i need something for myself , ' she gabbled , as if reading from a cue card .\nthey try again this year , with the horse bidding to become the oldest gold cup winner since what a myth in 1969 . the stats are against them but this man and horse , who unite in such perfect harmony , would be the week\u2019s most popular winner .\ninspired by the movie ' war horse ' ; the stories of david and adrian ' s grandparents , and paintings of septimus power .\nall i want them to do is run their races , come back fit and sound and may the best horse win .\nanchises 8 . 10 windsor at 6 / 5 . 1pt win advised horse guards gin lord uxbridge novice stake [ . . . ]\ncue card is a horse who has always had his doubters and it emerged after his upset victory in the betfair chase here on saturday that the faith had been ebbing even from those closest to him , only hours before his greatest triumph . at 5 . 30am , unable to sleep , his owners , bob and jean bishop , rang colin tizzard , his trainer , to ask if it was really wise for the horse to be running on soft ground over such a long distance .\nlast year\u2019s betfair chase saw jockey club racecourses re - introduce the \u00a31 - million bonus for any horse who could follow up success at haydock park with victories in the king george vi chase and cheltenham gold cup , under the \u201cchase triple crown\u201d banner . silviniaco conti , cue card and dynaste all headed back to haydock park with holywell , a grade one winner over fences , and cheltenham festival scorer ballynagour completing another high - class field . it was a resurgent 7 / 4 chance cue card , ridden by paddy brennan , who came out on top , scoring readily by seven lengths from the 5 / 4 favourite silviniaco conti , thus becoming the third horse to win the betfair chase at least twice .\nit was only the second time in his career that cue card had run over three miles , and after shaking off roi du mee , tizzard kept silviniaco conti at bay to win by four and a half lengths .\nwe all love a great racing story and thankfully , this year ' s renewal has one . it involves last year ' s winner and veteran cue card , now almost 11 , enjoying some of his best form .\nthe eye - catching gelding , who was last year\u2019s highest rated chaser , hit the headlines at the cheltenham festival in march when storming to victory in the gold cup \u2014 following cue card\u2019s unfortunate fall in the race .\ncue card has came back to somewhere near his best after a pretty poor season in 2014 / 2015 . he ' s won three out of three this season including collaring vautour on the line in the king george . he ' s appeared seven times at cheltenham and has won three of them . he clearly loves it around here but does he want the 3m 2f trip ? that ' s the doubt i have about cue card .\na recent article in the racing post weekender by the legendary tom segal really struck me . not only did he tip cue card for next season\u2019s king george , but he also claimed the colin tizzard trained horse to be the most exciting chaser in training . initially , it seemed a bit ludicrous but after some thought and subsequent performances it is hard to disagree .\njoe was real coy with him from three out , he was sat there , never moved . cue card jumped better than he ever has . he was on his game today , that ' s for sure .\ncue card won his first race , a bumper at fontwell on 25 january 2010 , \u201cso easily\u201d that colin decided they had to go to the champion bumper at cheltenham . so in march 2010 , that\u2019s what they did .\nhaydock was up next and our old friend cue card was back again . he bolts up in the betfair chase . maybe that wind operation has worked wonders after all as there was no excuses for his rivals that day .\nwe then arrived at kempton\u2019s festive offering and the big clash in the king george as cue card battles the top two in the gold cup market don cossack and vautour . cue card has had a king george in the bag before throwing it away up the straight and rumours echoed pre - race ; he doesn\u2019t get the trip , he\u2019s against the big boys today , he\u2019s old now so he\u2019ll get found out . vautour led them along , bryan cooper got into a world of trouble before hitting the deck at the first sight of daylight two out and there was cue card proving them all wrong . he staying on dourly , moving alongside vautour and walsh as the desperate reach for the line took place . a photo was called and cue card had just got there . all heart , all guts , it was a victory for the romantics on a bitter winters afternoon in the south london gloom .\nshould thistlecrack come through his next few assignments in novice company without undue drama , he would be highly likely to be sent off favourite for the gold cup and would represent the biggest danger to cue card landing the bonus . should these circumstances come about , speculation will inevitably run wild that thistlecrack could have his cheltenham festival target changed to one of the novice races or a championship race over a shorter trip to ease cue card\u2019s task in the gold cup .\na pelvic fracture ruled cue card out of the 2014 cheltenham festival but he returned to haydock park later the same year to defend his crown in the betfair chase , when his rivals included silviniaco conti and dynaste again and the philip hobbs - trained menorah , a grade one winner over hurdles and fences . adopting his customary front - running tactics , cue card led the field for much of the race but was headed by silviniaco conti four fences from home .\nhowever , the main danger to cue card looks like coming from empire of dirt . officially - rated just 4lbs off cue card then there might not be much between them . he was last seen running fourth in the ryanair , but before that was a close second to sizing john in the irish gold cup \u2013 form that has since been given a huge boost . he\u2019s won on a variety of different grounds , but is so far unproven at aintree .\ncue cards were originally used to aid aging actors . one early use was by john barrymore in the late 1930s .\nalways towards the head of affairs , cue card jumped with his customary exuberance under the trainer\u2019s son joe and rallied well when pressed by silviniaco conti three fences from home . following a fine leap at the final fence , cue card extended his advantage towards the line to beat dynaste by four and a half lengths , followed by silviniaco conti ( 3rd ) , long run ( 4th ) and tidal bay ( 5th ) as bobs worth faded to come home sixth .\nfollowing on from last year , we are delighted to announce that we are featuring horse racing tips from channel four racing presenter , tom lee .\na top week is in prospect for horse racing fans as the three day aintree grand national meeting kicks - off on thursday 6th april 2017 .\nfollow the sportsman for the latest horse racing news . register with the sportsman to personalise your news feed with your favourite sports and football team .\nthe king george vi chase at kempton was certainly a race for the ages with the outstandingly brave cue card denying vautour victory in the dying strides after don cossack came to grief at the second last obstacle . first and foremost , cue card deserves enormous credit for his performance in this season\u2019s christmas highlight . the tizzard team have showed that they are a stable of immense talent in bringing cue card to the grade 1 heights of this season , but deeper company await at cheltenham for the popular chaser in his bid for the million pound triple crown bonus . there has been much debate on whether or not don cossack would have been able to clinch king george glory if not for falling two out . in my eyes , he never looked to be in a rhythm for the majority of the race , but he surely would have gone mightily close if he had stayed on his feet . however , this is jumps racing and the fences as there to be jumped primarily , so i would not take anything away from the memorable battle between cue card and vautour . don cossack is still most definitely a worthy contender for the gold cup crown this march , but this was cue card\u2019s day .\nin a cruel twist of fate , it was cue card\u2019s turn to fall when still in contention . he more than made up for this when routing the field at aintree and heads next week to punchestown to take on don cossack again .\na winner on his return at ascot , he was outstayed at kempton in the king george vi chase by cue card prior to romping to his cheltenham success ; although he blotted his copybook with a fall at aintree in the melling chase .\nit ' s so nice that he ' s proved he can get in there , and it makes him a real gold cup horse .\nhowever , cue card ran a superb race to finish second , just coming under pressure when barry geraghty\u2019s mount came upsides him on the run for home at liverpool . that race was the highlight of the jump racing season . it saw sprinter sacre beat very good horses and prove , although it was never really in doubt , what a superstar he is . it was great to see cue card give him a race but in the end there was only going to be one winner .\nperhaps the biggest threat to cue card on saturday could be jonjo o ' neill ' s taquin du seuil . he won a big handicap at cheltenham in december before seemingly failing to get home over three miles in the lexus chase at leopardstown .\neven before the flat season ended last weekend , talk had already begun to circulate about a flashy young horse who might shake up the top - class hurdlers this winter . cue card is only four and has raced just once over obstacles but his name features in betting lists for the champion hurdle and defeat would be a major upset when he risks his reputation in the second race at cheltenham today .\ncue card began his next season in the grade ii haldon gold cup at exeter racecourse . competing against more experienced chasers he started the 5 / 6 favourite and won impressively by twenty - six lengths . [ 5 ] he was then moved up in class and distance for the king george vi chase at kempton park racecourse on boxing day , but after making mistakes at the first two fences he tired in the closing stages and finished fifth behind long run . in february , cue card won the grade i ascot chase , beating captain chris by six lengths : he led for most of the race and was never in danger of defeat after the runner - up made a\nterrible blunder\nat the final fence . [ 6 ] at the cheltenham festival , tizzard opted to run cue card in the two and a half mile ryanair chase , rather than taking on sprinter sacre in the two mile queen mother champion chase . starting at odds of 7 / 2 , cue card led from the start and won by nine lengths from the irish - trained favourite first lieutenant . [ 7 ] on his final appearance of the season , cue card finished four and a half lengths second to sprinter sacre in the melling chase at aintree .\n\u201chonestly , if i ' d dreamt a thousand times in my life i never thought i ' d be lucky enough to ride a horse like him .\nthe stable companions were towards the forefront of the betting for friday ' s cheltenham gold cup , with cue card falling at the third - last fence for the second year in succession and native river running a fine race in defeat to finish third .\nand , though it would not have counted towards the title , had cue card won at cheltenham there would have been another \u00a31m for completing the jockey club ' s ' steeplechasing triple crown ' - the betfair chase , king george and gold cup .\nvictory for the ' people ' s favourite ' cue card would bring the house down , but , even at an evergreen 11 , he ' s got to defy the age stats and there ' s a chance 2016 was ' his year ' .\ncue card is a bay gelding with a white star bred by roland crellin at brookfarm , penhow . he is one of many successful national hunt horses sired by the king george vi and queen elizabeth stakes winner king ' s theatre . [ 2 ]\nthe 2015 - 2016 national hunt season in britain provided clear - cut proof of the continued excellence of british - bred thoroughbreds , with rule the world , thistlecrack and cue card claiming the top 3 spots in the list of the season\u2019s highest earners .\nhe may be just short of becoming the absolute best horse out there . after all , the two - mile division is very weak , the 3 mile is lacking what it used to have and somewhere in between is a horse that carries the blue silks with the pink star of mrs . jean bishop . cue card has made that area in between almost his own this year , despite suffering defeat at the hands of sprinter sacre over the trip at aintree . still , he is an intriguing animal although he has had to play second fiddle to \u2018frankel sacre\u2019 .\nwe can ' t be cocky , either , he has got to get round and get over all those fences . we ' ve seen what can happen to the very best with cue card falling last year when having a very good chance .\nthe lineup of the three highest earners over the 2015 - 16 national hunt season is completed by the ever popular cue card . the king\u2019s theatre gelding out of wicked crack has proved to be the biggest and brightest feather in welsh breeder roland crellin\u2019s cap .\nwhether the king george tip will come to fruition is debatable . however this 7 - year - old second season chaser is one of , if not the , most exciting in training ( what about sprinter sacre they say ? ) . sprinter sacre is the greatest national hunt horse on the planet at the moment . however , cue card deserves another title ; themost exciting - , as mr . pricewise puts it .\ncue cards however did not become widespread until 1949 when barney mcnulty a cbs page and former military pilot , was asked to write ailing actor ed wynn ' s script lines on large sheets of paper to help him remember his script . mcnulty volunteered for this duty because his training as a pilot taught him to write very quickly and clearly . mcnulty soon saw the necessity of this concept and formed the company\nad libs .\nmcnulty continued to be bob hope ' s personal cue card man until he stopped performing . mcnulty who died in 2000 at the age of 77 was known in hollywood as the\ncue - card king\n.\ngarde champetre looks the horse to be on in today ' s cross - country event at cheltenham . photograph : david davies / pa archive / press association images\nshowing signs of a revival and well - handicapped on his best form . on the downside , no horse older than six - years has won since 2004 .\nseasonal return for this promising horse . 2013 adonis hurdle form with irish saint , suggests he has a good chance of reversing placings , if at his best .\nheffernan said :\ni was on a horse that handled the conditions well . he ' s straightforward , he ' s very sound and he stays hard .\nas always with the big meetings , matchbook\u2019s horse racing trends expert andy newton gives you the low - down on the trends worth noting for aintree day 1 .\nhe\u2019s clearly a hard horse to keep sound , but hugely talented he could make his mark if avoiding any niggling problems that have beset his career to date .\nthis season he has three wins out of four and the only race he lost when was when falling in the king george at kempton . i still maintain that he wins that race without the fall . in my opinion i think it ' s clear as day that he jumps the second last ahead of cue card and you just know that don cossack stays all day . people will disagree with me but don cossack would ' ve beat cue card in the king george had he jumped the second last more efficiently .\nfor much of the season the betting for the cheltenham gold cup has been dominated by horses from the yard of trainer colin tizzard , and despite the absence of thistlecrack the milborne port handler still has the services of native river and cue card to call upon .\ncue card is the most exciting chaser in training . the interesting thing is that he has achieved so much but could yet go on to achieve so much more . it will be interesting to see if he can feature over a longer trip and on better ground . one thing is for sure next year\u2019s king george could a champion chaser , a ryanair winner and grey that could follow up his amazing win in last year\u2019s feltham over course and distance . can cue card challenge over three miles ? that is another exciting prospect\ni couldn\u2019t help but be taken by imagine the chat\u2019s emphatic success in a 2m 6\u00bdf limited handicap chase at newbury recently and he looks to be a horse that is steadily improving . although the handicapper will more than likely have his say after an easy seven length success under sean bowen , jp mcmanus looks to have a horse capable of holding his own in deeper company later this season . imagine the chat is certainly a horse to keep an eye on over the coming months in staying handicaps .\nas it ' s # pollingday we thought we should run our very own poll . name the 2015 / 16 jumps horse of the season . . . . .\nn . ( context film television english ) a card with writing on it , shown to actors to remind them of their lines .\nas a yearling , cue card was sent to the sales in february 2007 and was bought for \u20ac75 , 000 by aiden murphy . he returned to the sales as a gelding in june 2009 , and was sold to aidan kennedy for \u20ac52 , 000 . [ 3 ]\nstill one of the best staying chasers around right now , he will take some beating - thistlecrack will be a great horse if he lowers his stablemate ' s colours .\nin truth the official ratings suggested cue card had to win as he did , by an eased - down 15 - lengths , but the 4 - 9 favourite still put in some spectacular leaps along the way , in what was an ordinary renewal outside of the market leader .\nwhether or not cue card is king george material remains unclear . the fact that sprinter sacre could go for that race increases this doubt . mr . pricewise feels cue card is a cracking bet for next season\u2019s kempton feature . we will have to wait and see . it could be a case of 2 and a half miles being his ideal trip , or better again 2miles and 5 furlongs . lucky for him he has the ryanair , unlike oscar whiskey who has no 2 and a half mile grade 1 hurdle event at the festival to aim for .\nduring the 2015 - 16 jump - racing season , no british trainer hit the big - race headlines more frequently than colin tizzard as he navigated generally triumphant paths for people ' s - favourite steeplechaser cue card , champion long - distance hurdler thistlecrack and emerging star native river .\nsuch an influx of firepower into a yard that already houses two of the most talented horses in the sport in the shape of cue card and thistlecrack has the potential to elevate tizzard to even greater heights than his excellent fourth - place finish in the british trainers\u2019 championship last season .\nnative river is great ; we ' ll have to consider the world hurdle at the festival with him because if cue card and thistlecrack get clear runs and go to the gold cup is native river going to beat them ? his rating puts him in the world hurdle .\nplease keep me up to date with special offers and news from horse & hound and other brands operated by ti media limited via email . you can unsubscribe at any time .\nhe then trounced the opposition in this year\u2019s ryanair despite not being too fluent over a couple of his fences . he beat a quality packed field in that race , with runner - up first lieutenant going on to take the bowl at aintree . that tells you what a serious horse cue card is . the 2m5f trip seems to be tailored for the horse . he has simply excelled at the trip this season . his victories this year have seen him ridden prominently by joe tizzard . his jumping has been great the majority of the time and he has defeated some very talented horses . unfortunately for him he also ran into sprinter sacre .\nnobody saw that coming a year ago . then again , not many people saw cue card coming either , as a serious gold cup contender at least . this year\u2019s race was expected to be all about the 2015 class of novices , ushering an earlier generation into retirement . cue card , a prominent member of that generation ever since his win in the bumper here in 2010 , has not been to the festival since 2013 , when he won the less prestigious ryanair chase . his chance to claim the most valuable and prestigious race at the meeting had apparently been and gone .\ncue card will be all the rage though as he bids to do what he did last season and mop - up this race after falling in the gold cup . he\u2019s another that is getting a bit long in the tooth at 11 , so we should enjoy him while we can .\ntizzard seems to have the midas touch with chasers . behind thistlecrack in the gold cup betting is one of the most improved chasers in national hunt racing , native river . unlike cue card who was a precocious four - year - old bumper horse , this smashing chestnut started his life in the point - to - point sphere and subsequently had six hurdle runs before heading over fences last season . again unlike the speedy cue card , he always had the \u2018dour stayer\u2019 look about him . after starting his chase career at a little over 2m3f ( finishing third ) , the step up to races around three miles has been the making of him . native river has only been out the first two twice when contesting races over three miles or beyond and that will certainly\nnicholls also ran tidal bay in the betfair but the old horse disappointed for the first time in more than 18 months . the welsh national and the lexus are now being considered .\n\u201cthe horse has won his last two \u2013 so any rain probably won\u2019t do him any harm - but it\u2019s five furlongs and we\u2019ll jump out and go as fast as we can .\ndespite suffering the ' fall of the year ' , at the third last fence in the cheltenham gold cup , cue card confirmed his place in the hearts of thousands with wins at wetherby , at haydock in the betfair chase , in the king george vi chase at kempton and at aintree .\nit all started back at wetherby with the enigma that is cue card . we all laughed when paddy brennan started waxing lyrical about his charlie hall win ; paddy\u2019s deluded \u2013 he\u2019s just happy to win on tv again , none of the others were fit , wait till they get to haydock .\nit\u2019s fair to say , his hurdles career wasn\u2019t as fruitful as it first looked . he was fourth in al ferof\u2019s supreme but as an embryonic chaser , his future was always going to lie over fences . tizzard\u2019s meticulous planning of cue card was a joy to behold . he never has once shied away from a challenge and his belief in the horse\u2019s raw ability was a refreshing site to see as often connections can be known to wrap their horses in the proverbial cotton wool .\ncue card has already won this race three times , including when arriving last season off the back of a defeat in the charlie hall . while bristol de mai is 2 / 2 here , they have been in lesser company and his task was massively eased last time at wetherby with neither coneygree nor cue card getting round . he is by no means written off as he is the young improver but at the prices he is too short . outlander has grade 1 winning form in the book , if the cheekpieces work as well second time , he deserves plenty of consideration at a bigger price ."]}
-{"id": 6, "summary": [{"text": "syncopacma taeniolella is a moth of the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in most of europe .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 10 \u2013 13 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults are on wing in july .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the larvae feed on lotus corniculatus , lotus uliginosus , medicago and trifolium species .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "they initially mine the leaves of their host plant .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "the mine consists of an irregular blotchy rather small mine .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "soon the larvae leave the mine , and start mining from between few spun leaves .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "larvae can be found in may and june . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "syncopacma taeniolella", "paragraphs": ["syncopacma taeniolella ( silver - barred sober ) - norfolk micro moths - the micro moths of norfolk .\nanimalia eumetozoa arthropoda hexapoda insecta lepidoptera gelechioidea gelechiidae anacampsinae syncopacma meyrick 1925 syncopacma taeniolella ( zeller , 1839 ) - telphusa acrophylla meyrick , 1911 - gelechia taeniolella ( zeller , 1839 ) - isis von oken by oken , lorenz , 1779 - 1851 volume 32 , 1839 : title page : p . 201 - n . 56 - germany\nthe pale fascia on s . taeniolella can be straight or , more often , slightly inwardly curved .\nconfused with syncopacma larseniella and s . cinctella . care required . very subtle differences .\nrarely the white fascia on the upperside of the forewing can be broken or reduced to a few dots in s . taeniolella . if checking of the underside of the forewing fails to show any obvious and strong white fascia then dissection is recommended to exclude other syncopacma species .\nlarva : spins leaves together and feeds within the spinning . syncopacma cinctella also utilises common bird ' s - foot - trefoil and s . larseniella has been known to use it on rare occasions .\nreadily separated from other syncopacma species with a white fascia by the presence of a similar , usually slightly thinner fascia on the underside of the forewing and a white spot or a broken line on the underside of the hindwing . see photograph of upperside and underside of the forewings in the images section and the comparable markings of s . larseniella under that species .\nthe moth can be separated from other\nsyncopacma\nspecies showing white fascia , by checking the underside of the forewing where a thinner white fascia is positioned and a further broken white line or spot on the underside of the hindwing . occasionally the white fascia on the on the upperside of the forewing can be broken or reduced to a few spots and can be straight or slightly curved inwards .\nreasonably common in the southern half on england , this species becomes scarcer further north into england and wales , and has occurred in small numbers in scotland and ireland .\n) , the larvae feeding between spun shoots or leaves during may and june .\n, but can be distinguished by the whitish fascia on the underside of the forewing , absent in those species .\nukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .\nthe ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .\nlooking for a specific moth species ? enter just part of the name below .\nprocache : v317 render date : 2018 - 07 - 02 09 : 41 : 15 page render time : 0 . 5663s total w / procache : 0 . 6041s\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nrecorded in 13 ( 19 % ) of 69 10k squares . first recorded in 1874 . last recorded in 2018 .\nunderlying maps using digital map data \u00a9 norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola\u2122 2018 . \u00a9 james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data \u00a9 nola\u2122 2018\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 1 / / en\nurltoken\nnotes : local on rough ground in england , south of a line from shropshire to the wash , becoming less common northwards ; rarely in wales , scotland and ireland . in hampshire recorded in both vice - counties , sometimes commonly ; on the isle of wight , although it almost certainly still occurs there , no recent record has been received . wingspan 11 - 14 mm . the most likely confusion species are s . larseniella and s . cinctella , neither of which has a fascia on the underside of the forewing nor a costal spot on the underside of the hindwing ( mbgbi vol 4 part 2 ) . larva feeds on bird ' s - foot trefoil , clover , black medick and spotted medick , living between leaves spun together with silk .\nwidespread but rather local , occasionally locally common , across much of england , lowland wales and eire . very local in northern england , only a few scattered sites in scotland * and unrecorded from northern ireland and isle of man . it appears to be restricted to coastal localities in the more northerly parts of britain .\n* details of two scottish records ( in vc83 and vc101 ) shown on the national vc maps are unknown to this scheme , the only location with details being the outer hebrides . additionally the national vice county map has a dot for vc113 ( the channel islands ) , but no supporting data was received with the complete channel islands dataset when updated in 2012 .\nthe diagnostic white marks on the underside of the forewing and hindwing can be a little variable in extent but are clearly visible in the photograph above .\nlotus corniculatus ( common bird ' s - foot - trefoil ) , see plant distribution map . very occasionally on lotus pedunculatus ( greater bird ' s - foot - trefoil ) , trifolium spp . ( clover ) or medicago spp . ( medick ) . it was once reported from helianthemum nummularium ( common rock - rose ) by p sokoloff in the benhs journal of 1980 : 8 .\nin europe alsp found on chrysapsis micrantha , dorycnium , medicago minima ( bur medick ) , tetragonolobus maritimus , trifolium medium ( zigzag clover ) and trifolium pratense ( red clover ) .\nrough ground , quarries , vegetated coastal dunes , chalk grassland and limestone pavement .\nadult : easily disturbed on warm days and swept from amongst the larval foodplant . comes to light .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\n- azores , balearic is . , canary is . , channel is . , corsica , crete , croatia , cyprus , greece , latvia ,\nnote - plants hyperlinked in red below take the visitor to the relevant plant page on\nplants for a future\nwebsite where further information like photos , physical characteristics , habitats , edible uses , medicinal uses , cultivation , propagation , range , height etc . are clearly listed . plant families - in bold red below takes the visitor to the relevant\nlepi - plants\npage where other butterflies & moths using the plants below are listed .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\ncommon birds ' - foot trefoil , sometimes clover spp . or medick spp . .\nfor the county , we have a total of 10 records from 9 sites . first recorded in 1859 .\nvc64 . ellington banks mod , 13 . 7 . 2005 conf . heb ( chf , jcw , spw ) . new vice - county record .\nvc63 . brockadale nr , 6 . 7 . 2013 , gen . det . heb ( dwi ) . new vice - county record .\nresident . a local species in southern england , becoming very local north of the midlands .\ndiscovered at llanymynech rocks in the north - east of the county in 2012 .\nspinning . eggs laid on foodplant ? larva feeds between spun leaves . pupa is reddish brown in a slight cocoon in the detritus ."]}
-{"id": 7, "summary": [{"text": "argodrepana verticata is a moth in the drepanidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by warren in 1907 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in new guinea .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 30-35 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are white and semi-transparent , crossed by five grey bands , all nearly parallel to the outer margin , and marked on the veins with darker grey dashes .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there are two antemedian lines , of which the basal is very obscure , and one postmedian line , as well as two submarginal lines , the outer of which is a lunulate-dentate line , with the teeth touching the grey marginal line .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "all bands are present on the hindwings , the last three meeting at the anal angle . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "argodrepana verticata", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for argodrepana definition . you find here argodrepana meaning , synonyms of argodrepana and images for argodrepana copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word argodrepana . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word argodrepana and , of course , argodrepana synonyms and on the right images related to the word argodrepana .\nwilkinson , c . 1970 . a new species argodrepana and records of other white drepanidae ( lepidoptera ) from new guinea . pacif . ins . 12 ( 2 ) : 241 - 249 . argodrepana marilo new species from mt . kaindi , papua new guinea , and records of argodrepana verticata ( warren ) and 6 teldenia spp . from papua new guinea ( lepidoptera : drepanidae ) .\nhave a fact about argodrepana galbana ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for argodrepana galbana ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nwilkinson , c . 1971 . notes on a numerical analysis of argodrepana marilo wilkinson and related species ( drepanidae : lepidoptera ) . pacif . ins . 15 ( 2 ) : 329 - 332 . numerical taxonomic relationships of argodrepana marilo wilkinson and related species from new guinea ( lepidoptera : drepanidae ) .\nwilkinson , c . 1967 . a taxonomic study of a new genus of drepanidae ( lepidoptera ) from new guinea . proc . r . ent . soc . lond . 36 ( 1 - 2 ) : 17 - 29 , 1 pl . lepidoptera , drepanidae : argodrepana * galbana * se new guinea , denticulata * , tenebra * , umbrosa * nw new guinea .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nfor now some of the most importend publications for drepanidae are listed below . shortly i will upgrade this list with most of the literature availiable .\ngaede , m . 1932 . r\u00e9sultats scientifiques du voyage aux indes orientales n\u00e9erlandaises de ll . aa . rr . le prince et la princesse l\u00e9opold de belgique . lepidoptera i . uraniidae , drepanidae , notodontidae . m\u00e9m . mus . r . hist . nat . belg . hors ser 4 ( 6 ) : 57 - 61 . lepidoptera ; urani . , drepan . : alcidis agathyrsus , aruus , cyphura maxima , oreta subvinosa aru , w new guinea .\nholloway , j . d . 1998 . the moths of borneo : families castniidae , callidulidae , drepanidae and uraniidae . malayan nature journal 51 : 1 - 155 , plates 1 - 10 .\nrecords and new species of new guinea and solomon islands ( lepidoptera : callidulidae , drepanidae , and uraniidae including epipleminae ) . also gymnoscelis fragilis warren ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) from new guinea .\nturner , a . j . 1911 . studies in australian lepidoptera . ann . qld . mus . 10 : 59 - 135 . lepidoptera ; noctuidae , uraniidae , drepanidae , thyrididae , pyralidae , eupterotidae : several spp . kei , new guinea , louisiades , new britain , solomon is .\nturner , a . j . 1926 . revision of australian lepidoptera : drepanidae , limacodidae , zygaenidae . proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 51 : 411 - 45 . lepidoptera , drepan . : oreta jaspidea ; limacod . : scopelodes nitens , susica kenricki , birthama modesta new guinea .\nwarren , w . 1922 - 24 . family : drepanidae , pp . 443 - 90in a . seitz ( ed . ) macrolepidoptera of the world . vol . 10 . lepidoptera , drepan . : many n . spp . , sev . n . sspp . , procampsis * goodenough , louisiades , mysol , solomon is . , new guinea .\nwatson , a . 1957 . a revision of the genus tridrepana swinhoe ( lepidoptera : drepanidae ) . bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 4 : 407 - 500 . lepidoptera , drepanidae : t . lunulata prolata * , olivacea crocata * , sigma * rook ( umboi ) , buru , bismarcks , bougainville , solomon is .\nwatson , a . 1961 . a taxonomic study of some indo - australian drepanidae ( lepidoptera ) . bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 8 ) : 317 - 347 . lepidoptera , drepanidae : oreta singapura continua , campylopteryx fleximargo fergusson , new guinea .\nwatson , a . 1967 . a survey of the extra - ethiopian oretinae ( lepidoptera : drepanidae ) . bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 19 ( 3 ) : 149 - 221 , pl . 1 - 9 . lepidoptera , drepanidae : new guinea and solomon islands records : oreta perfida warren , 1923 ; oreta singapura continua ( warren ) , 1899 ; oreta sublustris warren , 1923 ; oreta subvinosa warren , 1903 ; oreta unilinea ( warren ) , 1899 ; oreta undescribed species ( extensa species - group ) ; oreta jaspidea ( warren ) , 1896 ; oreta rubrifumata warren , 1923 ; urogonodes patiens ( warren ) , 1906 ; u . macrura warren , 1923 ; u . scintillans ( warren ) , 1896 ; astatochroa suphurata ( warren ) , 1907 ; cyclura trogoptera ( rothschild ) , 1915 .\nwilkinson , c . 1967 . a taxonomic revision of the genus teldenia moore ( lepidoptera : drepanidae , drepaninae ) . trans . roy . ent . soc . london 119 : 303 - 362 , 4 pls . revision of teldenia spp . in new guinea , bismarck archipelago , and solomon islands ( lepidoptera : drepanidae ) .\nwilkinson , c . 1969 . some aspects of zoogeography and speciation in the genus teldenia moore ( drepanidae : lepidoptera ) . j . nat . hist . 3 : 367 - 380 . biogeography of teldenia spp . in new guinea and bismarck archipelago ( lepidoptera : drepanidae ) .\nwilkinson , c . 1970 . numerical taxonomic methods applied to some indo - australian drepanidae : lepidoptera . j . nat . hist . 4 : 269 - 288 . numerical taxonomy of teldenia spp . and relatives , including many species from new guinea ( lepidoptera : drepanidae ) .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\n1 . argo 2 . argo - class submarine 3 . argo - hytos 4 . argo - navis 5 . argo - saronic islands 6 . argo aadli 7 . argo airways 8 . argo atv 9 . argo avenger 10 . argo bromo anggrek 11 . argo city 12 . argo class submarine 13 . argo community high school 14 . argo design 15 . argo district 16 . argo electric 17 . argo film 18 . argo gold mine and mill 19 . argo group 20 . argo hytos 21 . argo investments 22 . argo jati 23 . argo merchant 24 . argo meresaar 25 . argo navis\n26 . argo online 27 . argo p 28 . argo point 29 . argo project 30 . argo racing cars 31 . argo records 32 . argo saronic islands 33 . argo spa 34 . argo tea 35 . argo the almighty 36 . argo tunnel 37 . argo uml 38 . argo utv 39 . argoan 40 . argob 41 . argobba 42 . argobba language 43 . argobba people 44 . argobba special woreda 45 . argobbas 46 . argobuccinum retiolum 47 . argobuccinum tumidum 48 . argocat 49 . argochampsa 50 . argocoffeopsis\n51 . argocoffeopsis lemblinii 52 . argoed 53 . argoed high school 54 . argoel 55 . argofilms 56 . argogorytes mystaceus 57 . argoile 58 . argol 59 . argol argal 60 . argolamprotes micella 61 . argolian 62 . argolic 63 . argolic gulf 64 . argolics 65 . argolid 66 . argolid peninsula 67 . argolida 68 . argolida football clubs association 69 . argolidocorinthia 70 . argolis 71 . argolis and corinthia prefecture 72 . argolis greece 73 . argolis gulf of 74 . argolis prefecture 75 . argols\n76 . argom 77 . argoman the fantastic superman 78 . argomenti 79 . argomento 80 . argomuellera 81 . argon 82 . argon - 36 83 . argon - 38 84 . argon - 40 85 . argon - argon dating 86 . argon - plasma coagulation 87 . argon2 88 . argon 36 89 . argon 38 90 . argon 40 91 . argon argon dating 92 . argon beam coagulator 93 . argon beam coagulator ablation 94 . argon cas # 7440 - 37 - 1 95 . argon cas # 7440 37 1 96 . argon compounds 97 . argon flash 98 . argon fluoride laser 99 . argon fluorohydride 100 . argon gas\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more"]}
-{"id": 8, "summary": [{"text": "the little wife underwing ( catocala muliercula ) is a moth of the erebidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found from massachusetts and connecticut south to florida and west to texas and new mexico .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 54-70 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults are on wing from may to july depending on the location .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "there is probably one generation per year .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "the larvae feed on myrica cerifera . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "catocala muliercula", "paragraphs": ["larva . the foodplant , location , date and general appearance all seem to indicate muliercula .\ngall , l . f . 1984 . the evolutionary ecology of a species - rich sympatic array of catocala moths . ph . d . dissertation , yale university .\nschweitzer , d . f . 1982 . field observations of foodplant overlap among sympatric catocala feeding on juglandaceae . journal of the lepidopterists ' society 36 ( 4 ) : 256 - 263 .\nschweitzer , dale f . 1991 . the hickory feeding catocala ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) fauna in the absence of carya ovata in southern new jersey . ent . news 102 ( 4 ) : 165 - 172 .\ngall , lawrence , f . database containing county level data for the north american species of catocala moths . entomology division , peabody museum , yale university , new haven , connecticut 06511 . accessed 1994 , july 1 .\ngall , l . f . 1991a . evolutionary ecology of sympatric catocala moths ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) . i . experiments on larval foodplant specificity . journal of research on the lepidoptera . 29 ( 3 ) : 173 - 194 .\ngall , l . f . 1991b . evolutionary ecology of sympatric catocala moths ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) . ii . sampling for wild larvae on their foodplants . journal of research on the lepidoptera . 29 ( 3 ) : 195 - 216 .\ngall , l . f . and d . c . hawks . 2002 . systematics of moths in the genus catocala ( noctuidae ) . iii . the types of william h . edwards , augustus r . grote , and achille guen\u00e9e . journal of the lepidopterists ' society 56 ( 4 ) : 234 - 264 .\ngall , l . f . and d . c . hawks . 2010 . systematics of moths in the genus catocala ( lepidoptera , erebidae ) iv . nomenclatorial stabilization of the nearctic fauna , with a revised synonymic check list . in : schmidt b . c , lafontaine j . d ( eds ) . contributions to the systematics of new world macro - moths ii . zookeys 39 : 37 - 83 .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nthe black bands of the hindwings tend to be very wide and there is considerable dark scaling along the inner margins . the hindwing fringe is very dark as is the general ground colour of the forewings .\ncourtesy of steve walter , floyd bennet field ( jamaica bay area of new york ) july 6 .\nsteve writes ,\nthe little wife is one of the signature species of jamaica bay - - but this one was 11 days ( seems to be a magic number , or times 2 ) earlier than the previous early date here . the little underwing was new for jamaica bay - - and i had 6 of them . funny how that happens .\nfemales emit an airbourne pheromone and males use their antennae to track the scent plume .\neggs are deposited on tree bark in the fall and hatch the following spring .\napril 18 , 2009 , courtesy of steve daniel , tentative id by steve and bill oehlke .\nlisted below are primary food plant ( s ) and alternate food plants . it is hoped that this alphabetical listing followed by the common name of the foodplant will prove useful . the list is not exhaustive , although some species seem very host specific . experimenting with closely related foodplants is worthwhile .\n. pages are on space rented from bizland . if you would like to become a\nplease send sightings / images to bill . i will do my best to respond to requests for identification help .\nto show appreciation for this site , click on the flashing butterfly to the left , a link to many worldwide insect sites .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\na forest or other appropriate habitat or cluster of such habitats where the species occurs , or recently has occurred , with sufficient foodplant and other resources for persistence or regular recurrence . minimally a habitat ( usually a forest ) where presence has been verified by specimens or adult photographs or by larval collections if these can be positively identified or were reared to adults . exceptionally for some taxa sight records can be accepted . note if foodplants are growing in residential neighborhoods proximate to primary habitat , these will usually be part of the occurrence .\nthere are almost certainly no really effective barriers . these moths will enter cities and even breed in them . they reach offshore islands where there is no habitat and at least two species have been taken on incoming ships several hundred kilometers at sea .\nfor forest species the suitable habitat distance generally applies in wooded or semiwooded ( includes wooded residential ) terrain if the larval foodplant is present at all . in large contiguous or nearly contiguous forests the unsuitable habitat distance would seldom apply since adults seem to be quite mobile and live several weeks at least and most larval foodplants are not highly localized ( although they are often sparse ) . however , use half the suitable habitat distance for separating occurrences if the larval foodplant is truly absent within continuous forest .\nwhere the habitat is truly extensive and contiguous use this figure , although these moths can persist in smaller areas . it is known that many individuals move much farther and given populations of mobile long - lived adults , unbroken or moderately fragmented habitat within and beyond this distance is almost certain to support at least continued recurrence . if habitat ( usually forest ) patches are smaller than 1000 hectares , infer presence throughout .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\nlafontaine , j . d . and b . c . schmidt . 2010 . annotated check list of the noctuoidea ( insecta , lepidoptera ) of north america north of mexico . zookeys 40 : 1 - 239 .\npeacock , j . w . , d . f . schweitzer , j . l . carter , and n . r . dubois . 1998 . laboratory assessment of the effects of bacillus thuringiensis on native lepidoptera . environmental entomology 27 ( 2 ) : 450 - 457 .\nsargent , t . d . 1976 . legion of night : the underwing moths . university of massachusetts press , amherst , ma . 222 pp . and 8 plates .\nschweitzer , dale f . 2004 . gypsy moth ( lymantria dispar ) : impacts and options for biodiversity - oriented land managers . natureserve , arlington , virginia . natureserve explorer . online . available : urltoken\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nlarvae feed exclusively on plants in the genus morella , such as wax myrtle and northern bayberry .\na little wife underwing moth in worcester co . , maryland ( 04 / 13 / 2014 ) . photo by scott housten . ( mbp list )\na little wife underwing moth in worcester co . , maryland ( 7 / 19 / 2014 ) . verified by roger downer / bamona . photo by scott housten . ( mbp list )\na little wife underwing moth in worcester co . , maryland ( 8 / 5 / 2014 ) . photo by scott housten . ( mbp list )\na little wife underwing moth in worcester co . , maryland ( 9 / 3 / 2013 ) . photo by scott housten . ( mbp list ) ( more of this species )\na little wife underwing moth in somerset co . , maryland ( 8 / 1 / 2004 ) . photo by lance biechele . ( mbp list )\na little wife underwing moth in worcester co . , maryland ( 7 / 24 / 2013 ) . photo by scott housten . ( mbp list )\na little wife underwing moth in worcester co . , maryland ( 7 / 23 / 2014 ) . photo by scott housten . ( mbp list )\na little wife underwing moth in worcester co . , maryland ( 9 / 5 / 2013 ) . photo by scott housten . ( mbp list )\nlittle wife underwing moth in dorchester co . , maryland ( 8 / 6 / 2014 ) . photo by jonathan willey . ( mbp list )\na little wife underwing moth collected on the eastern shore in maryland . photo by john glaser . ( mbp list )\na little wife underwing moth caterpillar in worcester co . , maryland ( 7 / 16 / 2014 ) . photo by scott housten . ( mbp list )\nuse of images featured on maryland biodiversity project is only permitted with express permission of the photographer .\ndata and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish , wildlife , and plants in idaho ."]}
-{"id": 9, "summary": [{"text": "mordellistena sexmaculata is a species of beetle in the mordellistena genus that is in the mordellidae family .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it was described by champion in 1891 . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "mordellistena sexmaculata", "paragraphs": ["\u00bfqu\u00e9 significa mordellistena ? existen 2 definiciones para la palabra mordellistena . tambi\u00e9n puedes a\u00f1adir tu mismo una definici\u00f3n para mordellistena\nmordellistena es un g\u00e9nero de cole\u00f3pteros de la familia mordellidae . incluye las siguientes especies : [ 1 ] \u200b\nlarva : mordellistena is the only genus in this family which larvae have characteristic tergal processes and paired urogomphi ( comment by artjom zaitsev ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nformerly treated in a much broader sense ; many spp . have been moved to other genera , incl .\nsmall , slender , linear or wedge - shaped . scutellum somewhat trianglular , rounded . antennae usually threadlike , sometimes slightly sawtoothed . eyes coarsely granulate . each hind tibia has 1 - 6 short , more or less oblique ridges on outer surface ; tarsal segments may also bear ridges . most are solid black , but some have red , orange or yellow markings\nplants in aster family , some trees , mostly oak . for many species , food in unknown .\nford e . j . , jackman j . a . ( 1996 ) new larval host plant associations of tumbling flower beetles ( coleoptera : mordellidae ) in north america . coleopterists bulletin 50 : 361 - 368 .\nnomenclatural changes for selected mordellidae ( coleoptera ) in north america j . a . jackman & w . lu . 2001 . insecta mundi 15 ( 1 ) : 31 - 34 .\ntaxonomic changes for fifteen species of north american mordellidae ( coleoptera ) a . e . lisberg . 2003 . insecta mundi 17 ( 3 - 4 ) : 191 - 194 .\namerican beetles , volume ii : polyphaga : scarabaeoidea through curculionoidea arnett , r . h . , jr . , m . c . thomas , p . e . skelley and j . h . frank . ( eds . ) . 2002 . crc press llc , boca raton , fl .\na manual of common beetles of eastern north america dillon , elizabeth s . , and dillon , lawrence . 1961 . row , peterson , and company .\npeterson field guides : beetles richard e . white . 1983 . houghton mifflin company .\nthe book of field and roadside : open - country weeds , trees , and wildflowers of eastern north america john eastman , amelia hansen . 2003 . stackpole books .\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\ni / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote : the coproporus sp . shown is one of the smallest insects photographed . it is very similar to a hydroscapha sp . skiff beetle . a better photo is needed for a positive i . d ."]}
-{"id": 10, "summary": [{"text": "idunella is a genus of crustacean in family liljeborgiidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it contains the following species : idunella aequicornis ( sars , 1876 ) idunella excavata ( schecke , 1973 ) idunella longirostris ( chevreux , 1920 ) idunella nana ( schecke , 1973 ) idunella pirata krapp-schickel , 1975 idunella sketi karaman , 1980", "topic": 26}], "title": "idunella", "paragraphs": ["worms - world register of marine species - idunella g . o . sars , 1894\nworms - world register of marine species - idunella aeqvicornis ( g . o . sars , 1877 )\nliljeborgia aeqvicornis g . o . sars , 1877 accepted as idunella aeqvicornis ( g . o . sars , 1877 ) ( type by monotypy )\nty - jour ti - idunella smithi , a new species of marine amphipod ( gammaridea , liljeborgiidae ) from the east coast of the united states t2 - proceedings of the biological society of washington . vl - 98 ur - urltoken pb - biological society of washington cy - washington , py - 1985 sp - 705 ep - 710 sn - 0006 - 324x au - lazowasem , e a er -\n@ article { bhlpart46607 , title = { idunella smithi , a new species of marine amphipod ( gammaridea , liljeborgiidae ) from the east coast of the united states } , journal = { proceedings of the biological society of washington . } , volume = { 98 } , copyright = { in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder . } , url = urltoken publisher = { washington , biological society of washington } , author = { lazowasem , e a } , year = { 1985 } , pages = { 705 - - 710 } , }\n< mods xmlns : xlink =\nurltoken\nversion =\n3 . 0\nxmlns : xsi =\nurltoken\nxmlns =\nurltoken\nxsi : schemalocation =\nurltoken urltoken\n> < titleinfo > < title > idunella smithi , a new species of marine amphipod ( gammaridea , liljeborgiidae ) from the east coast of the united states < / title > < / titleinfo > < name > < namepart > lazowasem , e a < / namepart > < / name > < typeofresource > text < / typeofresource > < genre authority =\nmarcgt\n> < / genre > < note type =\ncontent\n> 98 < / note > < relateditem type =\nhost\n> < titleinfo > < title > proceedings of the biological society of washington . < / title > < / titleinfo > < origininfo > < place > < placeterm type =\ntext\n> washington , < / placeterm > < / place > < publisher > biological society of washington < / publisher > < / origininfo > < part > < detail type =\nvolume\n> < number > 98 < / number > < / detail > < extent unit =\npages\n> < start > 705 < / start > < end > 710 < / end > < / extent > < date > 1985 < / date > < / part > < / relateditem > < identifier type =\nuri\n> urltoken < / identifier > < accesscondition type =\nuseandreproduction\n> in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder . < / accesscondition > < / mods >\netymology diminutive of i\u00f0unn ( sometimes spelled iduna ) , goddess of the norse mythology .\netymology diminutive of i\u00f0unn ( sometimes spelled iduna ) , goddess of the norse mythology . [ details ]\nhorton , t . ; lowry , j . ; de broyer , c . ; bellan - santini , d . ; coleman , c . o . ; corbari , l . ; daneliya , m . ; dauvin , j - c . ; fi\u0161er , c . ; gasca , r . ; grabowski , m . ; guerra - garc\u00eda , j . m . ; hendrycks , e . ; hughes , l . ; jaume , d . ; jazdzewski , k . ; kim , y . - h . ; king , r . ; krapp - schickel , t . ; lecroy , s . ; l\u00f6rz , a . - n . ; mamos , t . ; senna , a . r . ; serejo , c . ; sket , b . ; souza - filho , j . f . ; tandberg , a . h . ; thomas , j . ; thurston , m . ; vader , w . ; v\u00e4in\u00f6l\u00e4 , r . ; vonk , r . ; white , k . ; zeidler , w . ( 2018 ) . world amphipoda database .\n( of listriella j . l . barnard , 1959 ) barnard j . l . ( 1959a ) . liljeborgiid amphipods of southern california coastal bottoms , with a revision of the family . pacific naturalist , 1 , 4 , 12 - 28 ; figs . 1 - 12 ; . [ details ]\nbellan - santini , d . ; costello , m . j . ( 2001 ) . amphipoda . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels 50 : pp . 295 - 308 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of listriella j . l . barnard , 1959 ) bellan - santini , d . ; costello , m . j . ( 2001 ) . amphipoda . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels 50 : pp . 295 - 308 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of listriella j . l . barnard , 1959 ) nomenclator zoologicus online . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of listriella j . l . barnard , 1959 ) d ' udekem d ' acoz , c . ( 2010 ) . contribution to the knowledge of european liljeborgiidae ( crustacea , amphipoda ) , with considerations on the family and its affinities . bull . inst . r . sci . nat . belg . , entomol . biol . 80 : 127 - 259 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nto biological information system for marine life ( bismal ) ( from synonym listriella j . l . barnard , 1959 ) to itis\nchilton c . ( 1921a ) . fauna of the chilka lake . amphipoda . memoirs of the indian museum , 5 , 8 , 519 - 557 ; figs . 1 - 12 ; . [ details ]\n( of listriella chilkensis ( chilton , 1921 ) ) barnard , j . l . ; karaman , g . s . ( 1991 ) . the families and genera of marine gammaridean amphipoda ( except marine gammaroids ) . part 1 . records of the australian museum , supplement . 13 ( 1 ) : 1 - 417 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of listriella chilkensis ( chilton , 1921 ) ) d ' udekem d ' acoz , c . ( 2010 ) . contribution to the knowledge of european liljeborgiidae ( crustacea , amphipoda ) , with considerations on the family and its affinities . bulletin van het koninklijk belgisch instituut voor natuurwetenschappen , biologie . 80 : 127 - 259 ; plates : fig . 1 - 32 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\ndistribution saguenay fjord , southern gaspe waters ( baie des chaleurs , gaspe bay to american , orphan and bradelle banks ; eastern . . .\ndistribution saguenay fjord , southern gaspe waters ( baie des chaleurs , gaspe bay to american , orphan and bradelle banks ; eastern boundary : eastern bradelle valley ) ; lower st . lawrence estuary [ details ]\nbrunel , p . ; bosse , l . ; lamarche , g . ( 1998 ) . catalogue of the marine invertebrates of the estuary and gulf of st . lawrence . canadian special publication of fisheries and aquatic sciences , 126 . 405 p . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nintegrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nd ' udekem d ' acoz , c . ( 2010 ) . contribution to the knowledge of european liljeborgiidae ( crustacea , amphipoda ) , with considerations on the family and its affinities . bull . inst . r . sci . nat . belg . , entomol . biol . 80 : 127 - 259 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nd ' udekem d ' acoz , c . ( 2010 ) . contribution to the knowledge of european liljeborgiidae ( crustacea , amphipoda ) , with considerations on the family and its affinities . bulletin van het koninklijk belgisch instituut voor natuurwetenschappen , biologie . 80 : 127 - 259 ; plates : fig . 1 - 32 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nintergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of listriella longipalma othman & morino , 2006 ) othman & morino . 2006 . listriella longipalma sp . nov . , a new amphipod species ( crustacea : liljeborgiidae ) from the straits of melaka , malaysia . zootaxa volume : 1305 pages : 21 - 32 [ details ]\n( of listriella longipalma othman & morino , 2006 ) liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of listriella longipalma othman & morino , 2006 ) d ' udekem d ' acoz , c . ( 2010 ) . contribution to the knowledge of european liljeborgiidae ( crustacea , amphipoda ) , with considerations on the family and its affinities . bull . inst . r . sci . nat . belg . , entomol . biol . 80 : 127 - 259 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of listriella longipalma othman & morino , 2006 ) bouchet , p . ; fontaine , b . ( 2009 ) . list of new marine species described between 2002 - 2006 . census of marine life . [ details ]\n( of listriella bahia mckinney , 1979 ) lecroy , s . e . ; gasca , r . ; winfield , i . ; ortiz , m . ; escobar - briones , e . ( 2009 ) . amphipoda ( crustacea ) of the gulf of mexico . in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , college . pp . 941\u2013972 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of listriella bahia mckinney , 1979 ) d ' udekem d ' acoz , c . ( 2010 ) . contribution to the knowledge of european liljeborgiidae ( crustacea , amphipoda ) , with considerations on the family and its affinities . bull . inst . r . sci . nat . belg . , entomol . biol . 80 : 127 - 259 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of listriella picta norman , 1889 ) bellan - santini , d . ; costello , m . j . ( 2001 ) . amphipoda . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels 50 : pp . 295 - 308 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of listriella picta norman , 1889 ) bachelet , g . ; dauvin , j . - c . ; sorbe , j . c . ( 2003 ) . an updated checklist of marine and brackish water amphipoda ( crustacea : peracarida ) of the southern bay of biscay ( ne atlantic ) . cah . biol . mar . 44 ( 2 ) : 121 - 151 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of listriella picta norman , 1889 ) muller , y . ( 2004 ) . faune et flore du littoral du nord , du pas - de - calais et de la belgique : inventaire . [ coastal fauna and flora of the nord , pas - de - calais and belgium : inventory ] . commission r\u00e9gionale de biologie r\u00e9gion nord pas - de - calais : france . 307 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of listriella picta norman , 1889 ) d ' udekem d ' acoz , c . ( 2010 ) . contribution to the knowledge of european liljeborgiidae ( crustacea , amphipoda ) , with considerations on the family and its affinities . bull . inst . r . sci . nat . belg . , entomol . biol . 80 : 127 - 259 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of listriella similis rabindranath , 1971 ) d ' udekem d ' acoz , c . ( 2010 ) . contribution to the knowledge of european liljeborgiidae ( crustacea , amphipoda ) , with considerations on the family and its affinities . bull . inst . r . sci . nat . belg . , entomol . biol . 80 : 127 - 259 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nbiodivlibrary @ jzed _ trees @ kew _ laa awesome ! we ' re so honored to have this treasure in # bhlib . thanks @ kew _ laa ! now we can enjoy p\u2026 urltoken"]}
-{"id": 11, "summary": [{"text": "magilus antiquus , common name the magilus coral snail , is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family muricidae , the murex snails or rock snails . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "magilus antiquus", "paragraphs": ["magilus coral snail or magilus antiquus , vintage engraved illustration . dictionary of words and things - larive and fleury - 189\nmagilus coral snail or magilus antiquus , vintage engraved illustration . dictionary of words and things - larive and fleury - 1895\ncoralliophilidae \u00bb magilus antiquus , id : 345505 , shell detail \u00ab shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .\nhome freshwater and marine image bank magilus antiquus l . : a , the adult , imbedded in coral , which has been broken away to show the tube ; . . .\nspecies magilus fimbriatus a . adams accepted as coralliophila fimbriata ( a . adams , 1854 )\n( of magilus antiquatus ) taylor , j . d . ( 1973 ) . provisional list of the mollusca of aldabra atoll . [ details ]\nspecies magilus cumingii ( h . adams & a . adams , 1864 ) accepted as coralliophila cumingii ( h . adams & a . adams , 1864 )\ntwo young shells were obtained alive in company with the galeropsis just mentioned . tryon ' s remark\nthat all the species that have been differentiated from m . antiquus must be regarded with suspicion ,\nhas guided my determination . nothing seems to be recorded of the distribution of this species in the central pacific . a specimen from the solomon islands is in this museum .\noliverio , m . ( 2008 ) . coralliophilinae ( neogastropoda : muricidae ) from the southwest pacific . in : h\u00e9ros , v . et al . ( ed . ) tropical deep - sea benthos 25 . m\u00e9moires du mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle ( 1993 ) . 196 : 481 - 585 . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 557 [ details ]\nspencer , h . g . , marshall , b . a . & willan , r . c . ( 2009 ) . checklist of new zealand living mollusca . pp 196 - 219 . in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) new zealand inventory of biodiversity . volume one . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . canterbury university press , christchurch . [ details ]\nkilburn , r . n . ( 1977 ) taxonomic studies on the marine mollusca of southern africa and mozambique . part 1 . annals of the natal museum , 23 , 173\u2013214 . [ details ]\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nkilburn r . n . , marais j . p . & marais a . p . ( 2010 ) coralliophilinae . pp . 272 - 292 , in : marais a . p . & seccombe a . d . ( eds ) , identification guide to the seashells of south africa . volume 1 . groenkloof : centre for molluscan studies . 376 pp . [ details ]\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . 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( ed . ) , marine mollusks in japan . tokai university press , tokyo , 365 - 421 ( in japanese ) .\noccurrence record in darwincore format ( elements of obis schema and some of dwc1 . 4 )\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nvery cool . . . oliva amethysthina carnicolor ~ 38 . 6mm ~ philippine seashell\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties , taxes , brokerage and other fees . this amount is subject to change until you make payment . for additional information , see the global shipping program terms and conditions - 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2018 ebay inc . all rights reserved . accessibility , user agreement , privacy , cookies and adchoice\nmost materials are located in the university of washington libraries . images were scanned by staff of the uw fisheries - oceanography library .\nmaterials in the freshwater and marine image bank are in the public domain . no copyright permissions are needed . acknowledgement of the freshwater and marine image bank as a source for borrowed images is requested .\nthe university of washington libraries does not provide reproductions of this image . this record contains a citation for this image . if you want to use the scanned image , acknowledgement of the freshwater and marine image bank as a source for borrowed images is requested .\nbarnes ( albert h . ) photographs of western washington , ca . 1895 - 1920\nboyd and braas photographs of seattle and washington state , ca . 1888 - 1893\ncobb ( john n . ) photographs of the fishing industry , ca . 1897 - 1917\nhegg ( eric a . ) photographs of alaska and the klondike , 1897 - 1901\nlindsley ( lawrence denny ) photographs of washington state , ca . 1875 - 1971\nmeed ( william e . ) photographs of the yukon territory , ca . 1898 - 1907\nmorell ( karen l . ) africa , trinidad , and new orleans multimedia collection\npeiser ( theodore e . ) photographs of washington state , ca . 1864 - 1910\nsarvant ( henry m . ) photographs of washington state and the yukon , 1892 - 1912\nvan olinda ( oliver s . ) photographs of puget sound , 1880s - 1930s\nwaite ( alvin h . ) photographs of tacoma and washington state , 1892 - 1907\nmontfort , p . d . de 1810 . conchyliologie syst\u00e9matique , et classification m\u00e9thodique des coquilles ; offrant leurs figures , leur arrangement g\u00e9n\u00e9rique , leurs descriptions caract\u00e9ristiques , leurs noms ; ainsi que leur synonymie en plusieurs langues . ouvrage destin\u00e9 \u00e0 faciliter l ' \u00e9tude des coquilles , ainsi que leur disposition dans les cabinets d ' histoire naturelle . coquilles univalves , non cloisonn\u00e9es . tome second . - pp . [ 1 - 3 ] , 1 - 676 . paris . ( sch\u0153ll ) .\nyou will be directed to the entry page of the digitized work . go to the page you need in the navigation system there .\nthe basic data of this taxon were entered by hand , consulting the original description , and following animalbase standard .\n( of campulotus guettard , 1770 ) guettard j . e . ( 1770 ) . m\u00e9moires sur diff\u00e9rentes parties des sciences et arts [ qui referme ] . . . deuxi\u00e8me m\u00e9moire , qui renferme la concordance des auteurs qui ont parl\u00e9 des tuyaux marins fossiles , auxquels on a compar\u00e9 ceux qui se p\u00eachent actuellement dans la mer . classe des tuyaux marins . troisi\u00e8me m\u00e9moire . sur les erreurs o\u00f9 l ' on a \u00e9t\u00e9 au sujet des tuyaux marins . paris , prault . 3 ( 544 ) : 71 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 94 [ details ]\nvaught , k . c . ; tucker abbott , r . ; boss , k . j . ( 1989 ) . a classification of the living mollusca . american malacologists : melbourne . isbn 0 - 915826 - 22 - 4 . xii , 195 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of campulotus guettard , 1770 ) bieler , r . ; petit , r . e . ( 2011 ) . catalogue of recent and fossil \u201cworm - snail\u201d taxa of the families vermetidae , siliquariidae , and turritellidae ( mollusca : caenogastropoda ) . zootaxa . 2948 , 1 - 103 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 13 , 69 , 73 [ details ]\nsorry , we just need to make sure you ' re not a robot . for best results , please make sure your browser is accepting cookies .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\nin : the atoll of funafuti , ellice group : its zoology , botany , ethnology and general structure based on collections made by charles hedley of the australian museum , sydney , n . s . w .\nthe atoll of funafuti , ellice group : its zoology , botany , ethnology and general structure based on collections made by charles hedley of the australian museum , sydney , n . s . w .\nauthors : hesse , richard , 1868 - 1944 ; allee , w . c . ( warder clyde ) , 1885 - 1955 ; schmidt , karl patterson , 1890 - 1957\npublisher : new york : j . wiley & sons , inc . ; london : chapman & hall , limited\nclick here to view book online to see this illustration in context in a browseable online version of this book .\nplease note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the family .\n, select country and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by , 30 . 11 . 04 , , php script by , 05 / 11 / 2010 , last modified by kbanasihan , 06 / 28 / 2010\nif is associated with an alamy account you ' ll receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password .\nenter your log in email address and we\u0092ll send you a link to reset your password .\nif you want to use this image commercially and we ' ve indicated * that alamy doesn ' t have a release , you might need additional permission from the model , artist , owner , estate , trademark or brand . more information .\nsorry , this image isn ' t available for this licence . please refer to the license restrictions for more information .\non the alamy prints site ( powered by art . com ) choose your frame , the size and finish of your photo .\nenter your log in email address and we ' ll send you a link to reset your password ."]}
-{"id": 12, "summary": [{"text": "elachista kilmunella is a moth of the elachistidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found from northern europe to the alps and hungary and from ireland to russia .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 8 \u2013 12 millimetres ( 0.31 \u2013 0.47 in ) .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults are on wing from may to august .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the larvae feed on carex riparia and eriophorum vaginatum .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "they mine the leaves of their host plant .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "they are yellowish grey .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "larvae can be found from april to july . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "elachista kilmunella", "paragraphs": ["elachista kilmunella ( moorland dwarf ) - norfolk micro moths - the micro moths of norfolk .\nelachista kilmunella \u00a72 male ; dock , tarn , cumbria ; 30 / 06 / 2014 ; fw 4 . 8mm \u00a9 chris lewis\nmany species of elachista are extremely similar , great care should be given when separating these species .\n\u2022 white holme , w . yorks , gen . det . h . beaumont \u2022 \u00a9\nthis upland species , occurring on acid heaths and boggy moorland , is distributed mostly in northern britain , from wales through northern england into most of scotland .\nspecies , and are best identified with certainty by reference to the genitalic structure .\nukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .\nthe ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .\nlooking for a specific moth species ? enter just part of the name below .\nprocache : v317 render date : 2018 - 06 - 16 12 : 27 : 40 page render time : 0 . 2361s total w / procache : 0 . 2921s\nbl\u00e5 punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och \u00f6vriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch . kan inneh\u00e5lla observationer som inte \u00e4r validerade . kartan uppdateras var fj\u00e4rde vecka .\ni det avancerade verktyget kan man s\u00f6ka ut och f\u00e5 fram artlistor , t ex arter i ett visst l\u00e4n , i en viss biotop , substrat , som p\u00e5verkas av en hotfaktor , eller som \u00e4r knutna till en sk v\u00e4rdart , t ex tr\u00e4det alm . dessa kan \u00e4ven kombineras .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , knutna till alm , \u00e4r beroende av d\u00f6d ved och som finns i kronobergs l\u00e4n .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , lever i sm\u00e5vatten och som p\u00e5verkas negativt av igenv\u00e4xning .\ndefaultl\u00e4get i verktyget \u00e4r arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade 2015 och dessa \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga s\u00f6kfaktorer . under fliken r\u00f6dlistekategori kan man dock v\u00e4lja att \u00e4ven inkludera arter som inte \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade . om man v\u00e4ljer att inkludera icke r\u00f6dlistade arter beh\u00f6ver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga faktorer . nedan en sammanst\u00e4llning av vad som \u00e4r komplett .\ndenna funktion anv\u00e4nds n\u00e4r du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera . du kan t . ex . navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka p\u00e5 deras namn . du kan ocks\u00e5 v\u00e4lja att anv\u00e4nda knappen \u201dj\u00e4mf\u00f6r arter\u201d f\u00f6r att se bilder , kartor och k\u00e4nnetecken i en j\u00e4mf\u00f6relsevy .\ndu kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via sl\u00e4kttr\u00e4det och d\u00e4r v\u00e4lja arter eller artgrupper till din lista . ett annat s\u00e4tt att g\u00f6ra ditt urval \u00e4r att anv\u00e4nda fliken \u201dfiltrera\u201d , d\u00e4r du kan s\u00f6ka p\u00e5 olika egenskaper . ovanf\u00f6r listan med s\u00f6kresultatet finns en knapp \u201dl\u00e4gg i mitt urval\u201d .\nthe mit license copyright ( c ) 2014 - 2016 google , inc . urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\nthe mit license ( mit ) copyright ( c ) 2011 - 2015 twitter , inc permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright ( c ) 2008 - 2013 sprymedia limited urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright 2008 - 2015 martin wendt , urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright jquery foundation and other contributors , urltoken this software consists of voluntary contributions made by many individuals . for exact contribution history , see the revision history available at urltoken the following license applies to all parts of this software except as documented below : = = = = permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software . = = = = all files located in the node _ modules and external directories are externally maintained libraries used by this software which have their own licenses ; we recommend you read them , as their terms may differ from the terms above .\nthe mit license ( mit ) - urltoken copyright ( c ) steven sanderson , the knockout . js team , and other contributors urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright ( c ) 2009\u20132015 permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright 2005 - 2014 openlayers contributors . all rights reserved . redistribution and use in source and binary forms , with or without modification , are permitted provided that the following conditions are met : 1 . redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice , this list of conditions and the following disclaimer . 2 . redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice , this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and / or other materials provided with the distribution . this software is provided by openlayers contributors ` ` as is ' ' and any express or implied warranties , including , but not limited to , the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose are disclaimed . in no event shall copyright holder or contributors be liable for any direct , indirect , incidental , special , exemplary , or consequential damages ( including , but not limited to , procurement of substitute goods or services ; loss of use , data , or profits ; or business interruption ) however caused and on any theory of liability , whether in contract , strict liability , or tort ( including negligence or otherwise ) arising in any way out of the use of this software , even if advised of the possibility of such damage . the views and conclusions contained in the software and documentation are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing official policies , either expressed or implied , of openlayers contributors .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nfor moth sightings in and around herefordshire and worcestershire . we can also help with id ' s .\nalso of note were the green hairstreak butterflies which must have run to a few hundred individuals .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nlisted as widespread in upland areas in northern britain as far south as herefordshire . not known from east anglia .\nhistoric records from surrey to norfolk are thought to be unconfirmed and improbable . [ mbgbi ]\nrecorded in 3 ( 4 % ) of 69 10k squares . first recorded in 1874 . last recorded in 1874 .\nunderlying maps using digital map data \u00a9 norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola\u2122 2018 . \u00a9 james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data \u00a9 nola\u2122 2018\nresident . a widespread and fairly common species found in wales , the north of england and scotland .\nthis species was first recorded in 2013 on the berwyns in the north of the county .\nleaf miner . eggs laid on foodplant . larva mines the leaf . the pupa is yellowish brown .\nws : 9 - 11mm ; may - aug ; ? sedges ( carex spp ) ; boggy areas in acid heath and grassland in upland areas throughout britain .\nid : forewing dark with pale costal and tornal spots , not involving bases of tornal or apical cilia and with other pale markings ; pale markings without a metallic sheen ; frons dark ; uncus lobes separated by a u - shaped notch which is broader than an uncus lobe , vinculum strongly produced , aedeagus not notched or pointed at apex with 1 or 2 small thorns . white - tipped tegulae are an additional feature of this species , ( but i don ' t know how often this occurs in other species ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 1 / / en\nurltoken\nnotes : local on acid heathland , bogs and damp grassland in upland areas of britain , as far south as herefordshire ( mbgbi vol 3 ) . unlikely to be recorded in hampshire or on the isle of wight . wingspan 9 - 11 mm . larva mines leaves of various sedges ."]}
-{"id": 13, "summary": [{"text": "bosara longipecten is a moth in the geometridae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found on borneo .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the habitat consists of areas at altitudes between 1,500 and 2,600 meters .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "the length of the forewings is 7 \u2013 8 mm . ", "topic": 9}], "title": "bosara longipecten", "paragraphs": ["bosara dilatata is a moth in the family geometridae . it is found on borneo , peninsular malaysia , sulawesi and in new guinea .\nbosara emarginaria is a moth in the family geometridae . it is found on borneo and in sri lanka , the north - eastern himalayas and hong kong .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nwalker , 1866 , list specimens lepid . insects colln br . mus . , 35 : 1693 .\nthis is a small species with , in the male , a prominent crest of scales protruding anteriorly from the subbasal region of the forewing costa , itself rather bowed .\nturner may prove to be a further synonym , extending the range of the species to queensland ( holotype , anic , canberra , examined but not dissected ) .\nborneo , peninsular malaysia ; sulawesi ( ssp . pelopsaria ) ; new guinea ( ssp . hydrographica ) ; ? queensland ( see note above )\nthe original material , taken by a . r . wallace , may have been from the lowlands . the species has not been recorded in recent surveys .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nwalker , 1866 , list specimens lepid . insects colln br . mus . , 35 : 1675 .\nhampson , 1893 , illustr . typical specimens lep . het . colln . mus . , 9 : 153 .\nthis is the smallest of the grey species and has the hindwing fasciated in a similar manner to the forewing . on both wings there are unevenly sized black dots in the spaces just distal to the postmedial .\nthe species is infrequent , but has been taken from the lowlands to the upper montane forest zone at 1780m ."]}
-{"id": 14, "summary": [{"text": "the crowsoniellidae are a monotypic family of beetles , in the suborder archostemata .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "so far , only a single species , crowsoniella relicta , has been attributed to this family .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "it is a minute animal ( about 1.8 mm ( 0.071 in ) ) that was collected in central italy from calcareous soil at the base of a chestnut tree .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "no other specimens have been found since . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "crowsoniellidae", "paragraphs": ["family crowsoniellidae 1 species , crowsoniella relicta . family cupesidae ( cupedidae ; reticulated beetles ) small and little - known ; found under bark ; about 30 species widely distributed . family jurodidae 1 species ,\nthis is a directory page . britannica does not currently have an article on this topic .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nparent taxon : archostemata according to j . f . lawrence and a . f . newton 1995\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nlawrence , j . f . , and a . f . newton , jr . / pakaluk , james , and stanislaw adam slipinski , eds .\nbiology , phylogeny , and classification of coleoptera : papers celebrating the 80th birthday of roy a . crowson , vol . 2\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nenter the name or part of a name you wish to search for . the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard . e . g . ' papilio * ' . keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .\nwe are still having problems with the search feature . unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .\nmuseum f\u00fcr naturkunde leibniz - institut f\u00fcr evolutions - und biodiversit\u00e4tsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken\nthis page was last modified on 24 december 2015 , at 01 : 10 .\nthis article ' s content derived from wikipedia , the free encyclopedia ( see original source ) ."]}
-{"id": 15, "summary": [{"text": "oedignathus inermis is a species of king crab found off the pacific coasts of the united states and canada , from california to alaska , and disjunctly around the coasts of japan .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "it is the only species in the genus oedignathus , and is sometimes called the granular claw crab , paxillose crab or tuberculate nestling lithode crab . ", "topic": 18}], "title": "oedignathus", "paragraphs": ["where are you likely to find oedignathus inermis ? how could you tell it apart from petrolisthes spp . ? what does it presumably eat ( two food types ) ?\nsecurity for granular claw crabs , oedignathus inermis , is an abandoned barnacle shell . they have to locate protection because their soft - shelled abdomens are vulnerable and nutritious . the specific epithet , inermis , means unarmed . some people call o . inermis soft - bellied crabs . they are much sought by predators .\nthese crabs are scientifically called oedignathus inermis . they are usually found in large numbers across the pacific coast of the usa , from california to alaska . a feature that differentiates them from other species is the large number of eminences which are visible on the planate chelipeds and leg areas . they usually reside underneath purple - colored algae .\nshallow - water representatives of the hapalogastrinae ( oedignathus , hapalogaster , cryptolithodes ) and lithodinae ( paralithodes , lopholithodes ) have average egg diameters ranging from 0 . 63 to 1 . 15 mm and are significantly smaller ( p < 0 . 01 ) than those produced by deep - sea genera ( neolithodes , lithodes and paralomis ) .\n( of oedignathus gilli benedict , 1895 ) mclaughlin , p . a . ; komai , t . ; lemaitre , r . ; listyo , r . ( 2010 ) . annotated checklist of anomuran decapod crustaceans of the world ( exclusive of the kiwaoidea and families chirostylidae and galatheidae of the galatheoidea . part i \u2013 lithodoidea , lomisoidea and paguroidea . the raffles bulletin of zoology . supplement no 23 , 5 - 107 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmclaughlin et al . 2005 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : crustaceans . american fisheries society special publication 31\nwilliams , austin b . , lawrence g . abele , d . l . felder , h . h . hobbs , jr . , r . b . manning , et al .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nmclaughlin , p . a . ; komai , t . ; lemaitre , r . ; listyo , r . ( 2010 ) . annotated checklist of anomuran decapod crustaceans of the world ( exclusive of the kiwaoidea and families chirostylidae and galatheidae of the galatheoidea . part i \u2013 lithodoidea , lomisoidea and paguroidea . the raffles bulletin of zoology . supplement no 23 , 5 - 107 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of hapalogaster inermis stimpson , 1860 ) mclaughlin , p . a . ; komai , t . ; lemaitre , r . ; listyo , r . ( 2010 ) . annotated checklist of anomuran decapod crustaceans of the world ( exclusive of the kiwaoidea and families chirostylidae and galatheidae of the galatheoidea . part i \u2013 lithodoidea , lomisoidea and paguroidea . the raffles bulletin of zoology . supplement no 23 , 5 - 107 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of hapalogaster brandtii schalfeew , 1892 ) mclaughlin , p . a . ; komai , t . ; lemaitre , r . ; listyo , r . ( 2010 ) . annotated checklist of anomuran decapod crustaceans of the world ( exclusive of the kiwaoidea and families chirostylidae and galatheidae of the galatheoidea . part i \u2013 lithodoidea , lomisoidea and paguroidea . the raffles bulletin of zoology . supplement no 23 , 5 - 107 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\n) . the first ( basal ) segment of the abdomen has calcified plates , as do the two terminal ones .\n, and small spines but no large spines . note , however , that there are large spines on the anterior margins of leg 1 ( the\nto 3 cm long and 2 . 5 cm wide in males , 2 cm wide in females ; wider posteriorly than anteriorly , brown with scales on the dorsal surface . it has white - centered orange granules and dark brown spots , but these colors may be masked by mud . may have white on the sternum . there are few if any\namchitka island , ak to monterey , ca ; eastern russia , japan , korea . mostly on the open coast . rarely seen in the san juan islands and is said to not to occur in puget sound ; rare in california .\nthese crabs are often found in pairs , and may be in such a tightly secluded space that they appear to be trapped . they feed by straining plankton from the water with their third\n. captive individuals also catch worms and small crustaceans with their small claw and crush mussels with the large claw . predators include black oystercatchers .\nthe abdomen of this species is thick and soft . the basal segment and the two distal segments have some calcified plates , which are not evident in this view .\none claw is much larger than the other . the\npalm\nof the\nthe rostrum is short . the carapace has orange - red tubercles with a white spot in the middle .\ngranular claw crab found in an intertidal area of calvert island . note the granules covering the larger claw . photo by cody gold .\nin : nishimura , s . ( ed . ) , guide to seashore animals of japan with color pictures and keys , vol . ii . hoikusha , osaka , 347 - 378 ( in japanese ) .\nannotated checklist of anomuran decapod crustaceans of the world ( exclusive of the kiwaoidea and families chirostylidae and galatheidae of the galatheoidea ) . part i - lithodoidea , lomisoidea and paguroidea .\njapanese crustacean decapods and stomatopods in color , vol . i . macrura , anomura and stomatopoda .\noccurrence record in darwincore format ( elements of obis schema and some of dwc1 . 4 )\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nking crabs are well - known due to their exceptionally big size and their ability to reside in cold waters . this article provides some basic facts about the various species of king crabs .\nking crabs are one of the most hunted sea dwellers . there are different species of these creatures which are found in seas all around the globe . they are also known as ' stone crabs ' due to their appearance . they prefer to live in freezing cold waters , whereas other species of crabs are normally found in warmer waters . they are the largest amongst all kinds of crabs , and have a great commercial demand and importance . some of their species are used as food by many people due to their size and taste . japanese and american restaurants are famous for preparing king crab recipes . around 40 species of these crabs are known till now . the most common are red , blue , and golden king crabs , which are generally found in alaskan waters .\nthese crabs are usually hunted in alaska . their scientific name is paralithodes platypus . the ones which are caught in the pribilof islands are the largest among the blue king crabs . they have a brown - colored body with blue highlights on it . they have exceptionally big claws which seem really dangerous .\nthese crabs are also known as lithodes aequispinus , and are generally found in regions from the british columbia to the aleutian islands , and also japan . these are relatively smaller in size in comparison with other species . as their name suggests , they have a golden - colored outer covering .\nthese are also called golf - ball crabs , and are normally found at depths of about 10 - 75 meters . their shell is triangular in shape , and approximately seven centimeters in length . there are numerous spines and bristle - like structures present on the legs of these crabs .\nthey are scientifically known as lithodes couesi , and are smaller in size . they are found in large numbers , which lessens their commercial value .\nfishing for king crabs is largely carried out in alaska . due to this reason , the government has implemented regulations on overfishing to save these king crabs from becoming extinct .\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\ndorsoventrally flattened , carapace as long as or wider than long ; carapace with linea anomurica ; outer orbital spines absent ; rostrum overreaching distal corneal margin , or not overreaching bases of corneas . eye cornea well developed ; ocular acicles absent .\nbases widely separated ; crista dentata present ; accessory tooth present ; dactylus simple .\nall of similar form ; 2 - 4 with basis and ischium fused ; dactyli of pereopods 2 to 3 simple . pereopod 3 about the same length as pereopod 2 ; pereopods 3 dactyli and propodi of right and left similar . pereopod 4 simple .\npartially divided ; sternite of pereopod 5 reduced , contiguous with preceding sternite ; somite of pereopod 5 not fused with first abdominal somite , or somite of pereopod 5 fused with first abdominal somite .\n3 - 5 absent ; none modified as gonopods . male with no other sexual modifications ; female with first pleopods paired and modified as gonopods . uropods absent .\ncite this publication as : ' mclaughlin , p . , s . ahyong & j . k . lowry ( 2002 onwards ) . ' anomura : families . ' version : 2 october 2002 . urltoken ' .\nthe infraorder anomura has long captivated the attention of evolutionary biologists due to its impressive morphological diversity and ecological adaptations . to date , 2500 extant species have been described but phylogenetic relationships at high taxonomic levels remain unresolved . here , we reconstruct the evolutionary history\u2014phylogeny , divergence times , character evolution and diversification\u2014of this speciose clade . for this purpose , we sequenced two mitochondrial ( 16s and 12s ) and three nuclear ( h3 , 18s and 28s ) markers for 19 of the 20 extant families , using traditional sanger and next - generation 454 sequencing methods . molecular data were combined with 156 morphological characters in order to estimate the largest anomuran phylogeny to date . the anomuran fossil record allowed us to incorporate 31 fossils for divergence time analyses .\nour findings are compared against current classifications and previous hypotheses of anomuran relationships . many families and genera appear to be poly - or paraphyletic suggesting a need for further taxonomic revisions at these levels . a divergence time analysis provides key insights into the origins of major lineages and events and the timing of morphological ( body form ) and ecological ( habitat ) transitions . living anomuran biodiversity is the product of 2 major changes in the tempo of diversification ; our initial insights suggest that the acquisition of a crab - like form did not act as a key innovation .\nthe infraorder anomura represents a highly diverse group of decapod crustaceans comprised of hermit crabs , mole crabs , king crabs , squat - lobsters and porcelain crabs . the fossil record contains representatives of nearly all extant families and spans the norian / rhaetian ( late triassic ) [\n] and the common use of hermit crabs as pets in the aquarium trade . moreover , some species are threatened or endangered due to rarity in nature , e . g . , pylochelidae [\n] . thus , improved understanding of these groups bears not only on appreciation of their diversity and ecology , but also strategies for their conservation .\n] ] . early classifications from the 19th to the first half of the 20th centuries were based on adult morphological characters including mouthparts , antennae , gills , pleon type , and / or larval characteristics . these classifications often differed in higher - level composition and , in some cases , the infraordinal name ( e . g . anomura vs . anomala ) . since these studies , various researchers have proposed changes in the classification scheme [\n] , many of which remain actively debated . more recently , molecular and / or morphological data have been used to reevaluate anomuran relationships [\none of the most debated evolutionary questions within anomura is phylogenetic relationships between hermit and king crabs . since the early 1800\u2019s [ e . g . , [\n] ] , studies have suggested king crabs and hermit crabs are close relatives , despite first appearances to the contrary . king crabs are among the largest arthropods and have a crab - like body shape , whereas hermit crabs are relatively small and depend on a shell for protection . despite glaring morphological differences as adults , an affinity between king crabs ( lithodoids ) and hermit crabs ( paguroids ) has been long suggested [\n] . although most accept this claim , the evolutionary pathways and hypothesized ancestor of both groups has been debated for decades , with two major hypotheses being proposed . the first suggests that the lithodids (\n) ( \u201chermit to king hypothesis\u201d ) while the second suggests the opposite evolutionary pathway ( \u201cking to hermit hypothesis\u201d ) . here we revisit these hypotheses in light of new phylogenetic data to test the \u201chermit to king\u201d / \u201cking to hermit\u201d evolutionary pathway .\nadditional controversy over anomuran relationships stems from apparently rampant examples of convergent and / or parallel evolution in body forms . anomurans span an impressive array of body configurations that include : 1 ) crab - like forms 2 ) squat - lobster forms 3 ) hermit crab forms with pleonal ( abdomen ) symmetry ( found in 1 hermit crab family ) and 4 ) hermit crab forms with pleonal asymmetry ( found in 4 hermit crab families ) . recent studies suggest that the acquisition of a crab - like body form , known as carcinization [ see , [\n] , possibly impacting diversification rates within these lineages . for the first time , we explore diversification patterns in anomura and specifically test if carcinized lineages underwent unusually rapid diversification rates . if the emergence of the crab - like form promoted diversification we would expect the overall rate in carcinized lineages to be high compared to net of diversification across anomura . additionally , we test if the acquisition of different body forms ( i . e . , crab - like , squat - lobster - like , pleonal asymmetry and symmetry ( hermit ) ) arose once or multiple times during the emergence of the anomurans and reconstruct the evolutionary pathways of these transitions .\ndivergence dating is a powerful tool used to estimate the timing and origins of diversity , morphological traits , habitat shifts , and diversification . although nearly all the family - level groups of anomura are represented in the fossil record , the discovery has not been as frequent as that of other decapod groups ( i . e . , true crabs , lobsters ) . two factors , variations in cuticular sclerotization and habitat preference , are likely responsible for the limited occurrence of anomuran fossils . many taxa are weakly calcified , whereas others possess well - calcified claws and poorly calcified carapaces and pleons . in addition , habitats currently occupied by anomurans , including freshwater , terrestrial , intertidal marine , deep marine , and hydrothermal vent areas are strongly underrepresented in the fossil record . despite these limitations , we incorporate 31 fossil calibrations to estimate the origin of lineages and major events during anomuran evolutionary history , including the transition of body forms and shift into freshwater and terrestrial environments .\nhere , we present the taxonomically broadest and largest dataset yet assembled . we combine sequences generated by traditional sanger and next - generation 454 sequencing methods with morphological characters , including 19 / 20 extant families and 137 species , to estimate phylogenetic relationships , character state evolution , divergence times , and diversification patterns among major lineages of this diverse clade of crustaceans . our comprehensive sampling , in combination with modern integrative approaches , allows us to present the most complete evolutionary picture for the infraorder anomura to date .\n) . alternative outgroup sampling schemes did not affect internal relationships among anomura . the optimal models of evolution for each gene selected in modeltest were as follows : gtr + i + g 18s , 28s , h3 and tvm + i + g 12s , 16s . several sequences downloaded from genbank were excluded from the analysis due to contamination after a blast search and / or strange alignment results ( see additional file\nan \u201cn / a\u201d not available indicates missing sequence data . new sequences are indicated as kfxxxxxx .\nalternative outgroup selections did not affect internal anomuran relationships . with all outgroups included , brachyura was recovered as the sister taxon . the bayesian analysis from the combined molecular + morphology dataset recovers anomura as a monophyletic group with high support ( 100 = pp , figure\n) . the majority of the nodes ( 86 % ) are recovered with very high support ( > 95 ) . three families are recovered as para - or polyphyletic ( diogenidae , paguridae , munididae ) . with the exception of three families ( blepharipodidae , kiwaidae , lomisidae ) each having a single representative , the remaining families were found to be monophyletic ( hippidae , albuneidae , munidopsidae , galatheidae , porcellanidae , parapaguridae , aeglidae , eumunididae , chirostylidae , lithodidae , hapalogastridae , pylochelidae , and coenobitidae ) with high support . blepharipodidae , hippidae , and albuneidae ( hippoidea ) group together with very high support ( 100 ) , being sister to the remaining 16 anomuran families . lomisidae , eumunididae , kiwaidae , and chirostylidae ( lomisoidea + chirostyloidea ) form a clade with high support ( 100 ) and are sister to aeglidae ( aegloidea ) . munidopsidae , galatheidae , munididae , and porcellanidae ( galatheoidea ) form a clade with high bayesian support ( 100 ) . within the galatheoidea , munididae is paraphyletic with the galatheids nested within the group . pylochelidae , parapaguridae , diogenidae , coenobitidae , paguridae , hapalogastridae , and lithodidae ( = paguroidea + lithodoidea ) form a statistically supported clade ( 97 ) . six of the seven anomuran superfamilies are monophyletic ( hippoidea , galatheoidea , aegloidea , lomisoidea [ monotypic ] , chirostyloidea , and lithodoidea ) . the remaining superfamily , paguroidea is found to be paraphyletic and includes the superfamily lithodoidea ( lithodidae + hapalogastridae ) . 11 genera were found to be poly - or paraphyletic (\ncombined bayesian phylogram based on molecular ( 3669 characters ) and morphological ( 156 characters ) data . vertical colored bars represent anomuran families , grey brackets represent superfamilies , and the black vertical line represents outgroups . bayesian posterior probabilities represented as percentages and > 70 % are noted above or below branches .\n) is similar to our combined phylogeny , with most differences being found in placement and composition of paguroidea . unlike the combined phylogeny , which recovered paguroidea as paraphyletic , paguroidea was found to be polyphyletic . the family pylochelidae was recovered as polyphyletic according to molecular data but was monophyletic when morphology was added . parapaguridae was sister to a clade containing pylochelidae , aeglidae , lomisidae , eumunididae , kiwaidae , and chirostylidae , similar to the results of tsang et al . [\n] based on nuclear protein coding genes . as in the combined phylogeny , coenobitidae is nested within the diogenidae , and lithodoidea nested within the paguroidea . within lithodoidea of the molecular\u2013only phylogeny , hapalogastridae was found to be paraphyletic , with representatives of the genera\n) end of the tree . however lithodoid relationships in the molecular - only phylogeny should be interpreted with caution as many were recovered with little to no support . in the combined phylogeny hapalogastridae was found to be a monophyletic and sister to lithodidae ( figure\nsome deep splits and short branches in the molecular - only phylogeny should be interpreted with caution , as support is low .\nbayesian phylogram based on 5 genes 12s , 16s , 18s , 28s , h3 and 3669 characters . vertical colored bars represent anomuran families , grey brackets represent superfamilies , and the black vertical line represents outgroups . bayesian posterior probabilities represented as percentages and maximum likelihood bootstrap values are noted above or below branches .\n] were tested using the shimodaira - hasegawa test ( s - h ) . three of the seven hypotheses were found to be significantly worse than our unconstrained topology (\n= \u221268430 . 951016 ) . hypotheses that tested a \u201cking to hermit\u201d evolutionary pathway were all significantly worse than the alternative ( i . e . , \u201chermit to king\u201d ) as recovered in our best ml tree (\na ) . analyses indicated that a crab - like ancestor gave rise to all extant anomuran lineages . in addition to the earliest branching clade , hippoidea , carcinization occurred independently three times during the evolution of the group , twice through squat lobster - like intermediaries ( squat intermediary = si on tree ) and once through an asymmetrical hermit crab - like ancestor ( asymmetrical hermit intermediary = ahi on tree ) ( figure\na ) . the squat lobster - like form arose once as an early branching lineage and gave rise to the crab - like clades , lomisidae and porcellanidae . within the hermit crab lineages , the symmetrical pleon arose once within the pylochelidae . the asymmetrical pleon arose once within the paguroidea , but was subsequently partially reverted to the ancestral symmetrical condition ( in males only ) within the crab - like lithodidae and hapalogastridae ( = lithodoidea , figure\nb ) . in combination with divergence time results , we can make predictions about the timing of these events ( see discussion ) . maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood methods recovered similar ancestral state reconstructions for body form and habitat ( figure\nancestral state reconstruction analysis using maximum likelihood methods for body shape and habitat transition within anomura . colored taxa correspond to anomuran families as noted in legend . pie charts represent the likelihood of the ancestral state . ( a ) character states for body shape were defined as crab - like white , squat lobster blue , symmetrical hermit green and asymmetrical hermit black . ( b ) character states for habitat were defined as freshwater white , semi - terrestrial green , and marine black . subtrees are shown for the transition into freshwater ( aeglidae ) and semi - terrestrial habitats ( coenobitidae ) .\n) . all parameters reached convergence for individual runs . beast estimated the divergence of the anomurans from the true crabs , brachyura , to be in the permian ( ~ 259 ( 224\u2013296 ) mya , figure\n, square g ) . the origin of the asymmetrical hermit crab lineages followed soon after in the pliensbachian , early jurassic ( ~ 187 mya , square h ) . two hermit crab families were recovered as non - monophyletic assemblages ( diogenidae , paguridae ) , which resulted in multiple timing of origins for these families . parapaguridae split from one clade of diogenidae (\n) in the bathonian , middle jurassic ( ~ 167 mya , square i ) , while the family coenobitidae is found nested within a slightly older clade of diogenidae ( ~ 173 mya , square j ) , which includes most present day genera . paguridae is not monophyletic , because of the internally nested lithodidae and haplogastridae . the most recent common ancestor of the pagurid + lithodid + hapalogastrid clade was placed in the late cretaceous ( cenomanian , ~ 98 mya , square k ) with lithodidae and hapalogastridae splitting from one another around 18 mya ( burdigalian , miocene ) .\n) . divergence time estimates ( my ) are noted adjacent to their respective nodes and blue nodal bars correspond to the 95 % highest posterior density regions . geological periods are superimposed onto the phylogeny and listed as follows : d , devonian ; c , carboniferous ; p , permian ; tr , triassic ; j , jurassic ; k , cretaceous ; t , tertiary . colored taxa correspond to anomuran families as noted in the legend . green boxes indicate a diversification shift .\n] was used to detect whether any clade within the anomuran tree was best explained by independent diversification models , and to specifically address whether acquisition of the crab - like form resulted in an increase of diversification rates . the background tempo of diversification across the anomuran tree is characterized by a speciation rate\n) . a slow speciation rate is detected in the lineage leading to the monotypic and carcinized family lomisidae , and an increase rate occurred in the squat - lobster family chirostylidae . the ancient but species - depauperate branch leading to the monotypic family lomisidae was optimally modelled separately with maximum likelihood estimate of\nof 0 . 054182 ( rate acceleration ) . all three resulting clade - specific diversification models were optimally fit as yule models ( aic = 339 . 3032 ) .\n] to resolve phylogenetic relationships . these studies have dramatically increased our understanding of anomuran relationships and resulted in several major changes within higher - level classification [\n) . as mentioned previously , anomurans have undergone dramatic changes in higher - level classification based on recent phylogenetic studies . galatheoidea has been revised recently to exclude aeglidae , kiwaidae , and chirostylidae [\n] . with the recent revision of galatheoidea , all superfamilies were recovered as monophyletic ( i . e . , hippoidea , aegloidea , lomisoidea , chirostyloidea , galatheoidea , lithodoidea ) , except for paguroidea ( figures\n] for review of literature ] , based on morphological characters including mouthparts , gills , and pleonal characters . however , the evolutionary pathways of the two groups continue to be debated ( see also \u201chermit to king , king to hermit evolutionary hypotheses\u201d ) with all recent evidence pointing to a \u201chermit to king\u201d hypothesis .\n) . galatheidae was found nested inside munididae , but alternative topologies that recovered munididae as monophyletic were not significantly worse than our best estimate ( see results ) . deeper sampling within both families is needed to resolve family and genus level relationships . the families galatheidae , munidopsidae , and porcellanidae were all recovered as monophyletic with high support ( figure\n] . alternative hypotheses proposing the monophyly of these families ( i . e . , diogenidae , paguridae ) were rejected using s - h tests , confirming our findings ( see results ) . coenobitidae ( semi - terrestrial hermit crab ) was deeply nested within diogenidae ( left - handed hermit crabs ) while\n] , which he collectively called the paguristinen . the families pylochelidae and hapalogastridae were found to be polyphyletic in the molecular analysis ( figure\ngeneric relationships within anomura seem to be much less resolved than superfamily and family level relationships . we found several genera to be poly - or paraphyletic ( i . e . ,\n] . most instances of non - monophyly occur within highly speciose genera ( i . e . ,\n, suggesting deeper sampling and continued research needs to be undertaken on these groups .\nalthough past studies have shown an affinity between paguridae ( hermit crabs ) and lithodidae ( king crabs ) , the evolutionary pathways and ancestry of these anomuran lineages have been debated for the past two centuries . the traditional and prevalent hypothesis posits that lithodids are free - living hermit crabs that abandoned shell use and underwent a series of morphological changes ( carcinization ) resulting in a crab - like form . it has been argued that the asymmetry of the lithodid female pleon , in particular , is evidence of asymmetrical hermit crab ancestry . boas [\n] similarly derived the lithodids from the pagurids , agreeing with boas on the structural pleonal similarities between these two groups . however , bouvier also proposed a series of gradual and linear progressive stages in the transformation of the pagurid pleon , starting from a pagurid precursor to various genera of hapalogastrids (\n) . in modern times , this concept of pagurid and lithodid evolution was brought to attention when cunningham et al . [\n] supported this same evolutionary view of pagurid and lithodid evolution . recently , a study that examines the hemolymph vascular system in hermit and king crabs found close similarities in arterial systems of the dorsal cephalothorax [\n] . based on observations of the complex changes in pleonal tergites from megalopa to juvenile crab stages , these studies demonstrated that adult lithodid pleonal tergite structure in several species was the result of decalcification and sundering , not secondary calcification and fusion as had been proposed by bouvier .\n] . with the largest number of taxa and most robust molecular / morphological dataset ever used in a phylogenetic study of anomurans , our study once again shows lithodoidea to be nested within paguridae . moreover , our conclusions are consistent with the fossil record , which suggest hermits are much older ( jurassic ) than king crabs ( miocene , table\n< 0 . 05 ) ( i . e . , \u201chermit to king\u201d ) ( see results ) .\nwhile there is undeniable evidence of a close relationship between hermits and king crabs , it is less clear how morphological changes associated with carcinization may have proceeded within the lithodoidea . a recent study comparing hermit and king crab circulatory systems identified several vascular changes that occurred as the result of carcinization , arguing for more comparative studies that look at morphology ( both internal and external ) and development [\n] . however , only with a clear phylogenetic hypothesis can many of these studies be correctly interpreted . recent molecular or combined morphological - molecular phylogenies recover conflicting evolutionary relationships , although only three lithodoid genera ( and not always the same , or excluding hapalogastridae ) have been used in previous analyses [\n) shows the less carcinized and less calcified hapalogastridae as sister to lithodidae , in agreement with virtually every study since bouvier\u2019s in the 19th century . but within lithodidae , and in contrast to bouvier\u2019s linear hypothesis , our study places\n) . it thus appears that the process of heavy calcification may have appeared at least twice in lithodid lineages . more lithodoid genera / species are needed to examine the process of carcinization within the lithodoidea and to properly test bouvier\u2019s and boas\u2019 earlier hypotheses ( explaining the transition of a shell - dwelling hermit crab to a fully calcified lithodid crab ) . in conclusion , while recent , modern studies , including ours , overwhelmingly and clearly support a \u201chermit to king\u201d evolutionary scenario , it is also clear that the evolutionary process and concomitant morphological changes ( particularly in pleonal tergal plates and pleopods ) that occurred within the lithodoidea to produce the various degrees of crab - like forms in that family , is at best poorly understood .\n\u201d could be the most likely candidate for lithodoid ancestry . the close relationship between\n- like hermit crab as the precursor to the crab - like lithodoids . all species of\nare tube - dwellers , not shell - dwellers , and show pleonal asymmetry only in having unpaired pleopods . the genus is relatively small in size compared to the typically large - sized lithodoids with a distribution across both sides of the north pacific , from the sea of japan to puget sound and the straits of juan de fuca , washington [\n) in similar areas . future studies with increased sampling within these groups will shed light into the evolutionary pathway of lithodoids from paguroid ( possibly\n] . although this date is considerably older than the hippoid fossil record , closely related extinct forms extend into the triassic and present day hippoidea are found in substrates underrepresented in the fossil record . the superfamily hippoidea containing blepharipodidae , hippidae , and albuneidae , has been described as being similar to primitive brachyurans [\na ) . the next radiation occurred in the late triassic , giving rise to the squat - lobsters and crab - like superfamilies chirostyloidea and galatheoidea , aegloidea , lomisoidea , and the hermit crab and crab - like superfamilies paguroidea and lithodoidea . our results suggest these superfamily clades were derived from a squat - lobster - like ancestor approximately ~ 205 mya ( figures\nwith a possibly squat - lobster - like body form , dates back to the late triassic ( ~ 201 . 6 - 228 mya ) and has strong morphological affinity with the superfamilies chirostyloidea and galatheoidea . this fossil was found as part of a biotic assemblage suggesting that\naround 137 mya a squat - lobster like ancestor gave rise to a unique superfamily of anomurans , aegloidea . aegloid crabs represent the only freshwater anomuran family and can be found in caves , lakes , and streams throughout the neotropical region of south america [\n] . in combination with our divergence time analyses , we hypothesize that the complete transition in freshwater occurred sometime between the late cretaceous and miocene . this transition appears to have allowed for rapid diversification approximately 13 mya ( 20\u20137 . 4 mya ) .\nfrom approximately 180 mya to 147 mya , the families of galatheoidea radiated and diversified . these include the squat lobsters families munidopsidae , munididae and galatheidae , and the porcelain crab family porcellanidae . the porcellanids diverged in the middle jurassic ( ~ 172 mya ) from squat - lobster like ancestors , but a crab - like body form evolved by the tithonian ( ~ 151 - 145 . 5 mya ) based on fossil evidence and ancestral reconstruction analyses . this was the first occurrence of carcinization from a squat - lobster or hermit - like ancestor within anomura ( figures\n] suggested porcellanid crabs were derived galatheids despite the differences in body shape and form , and this is consistent with our current evolutionary hypothesis .\nlomisoidea and chirostyloidea diverged around 122 mya from a squat - lobster like ancestor . this body form was retained within the chirostyloids and underwent further carcinization , attaining a crab - like form in the monotypic lomisidae , endemic to australia .\n] . in our combined analysis , the hermit crab families , pylochelidae , parapaguridae , diogenidae , coenobitidae , and paguridae , formed a monophyletic group with the inclusion of lithodidae or king crabs , and hapalogastridae . we estimated these families arose early in the evolution of anomura , approximately 205 mya . the symmetrical hermit crabs , pylochelidae , are unique with most having complete body symmetry and in utilizing broken gastropod shells , siboglinid tubes , and coral pieces for shelter and protection , in contrast to other hermit groups that commonly use coiled gastropod shells [\n) . this is consistent with our divergence time analysis , which recovers these families as early branching lineages . diogenidae , coenobitidae , and paguridae typically possess an asymmetrical pleon accompanied by an enlarged right or left chela . according to our combined analysis , pleonal asymmetry in hermits appears to have been derived once in the evolution of the anomurans , most probably between 200\u2013187 mya . this contrasts with the results obtained by tsang et al . [\n] , who proposed that the pleonal asymmetry evolved independently in two different hermit crab lineages , once in parapaguridae , and a second time in diogenidae , coenobitidae , and paguridae . these contrasting differences are the result of incongruent phylogenies based on total evidence ( molecular + morphology , this paper ) and molecular only approaches [\n] . note , however , that our molecular - only analyses recover similar results to those of tsang et al . [\n) . carcinization occurred for the third time in the crab - like superfamily lithodoidea between 29\u201318 mya from an asymmetrical hermit - like ancestor . this estimation is consistent with other timing estimates of king crab carcinization [\nthe crab - like body form was recovered in our study as the ancestral state for all the anomurans . in our study , all alternative body forms were present ( crab - like , squat lobster , symmetrical hermit , and asymmetrical hermit ) early in the divergence of the anomurans . from these ancestral character states , carcinization occurred independently three times during the evolution of anomura , once in the lithodoidea through an asymmetrical hermit intermediate , and twice in lomisidae and porcellanidae through squat lobster intermediates ( see ahi and si , figure\n] . however , our tree differs significantly from tsang et al . \u2019s study [\n] in the deep ancestral origins of carcinization . tsang et al . \u2019s hypothesis suggests a symmetrical hermit crab - like ancestor predated the squat lobster and asymmetrical intermediaries , whereas we recovered a crab - like ancestor to predate these intermediaries . we acknowledge that our analysis recovers two deep nodes that are unresolved , however symmetrical reconstruction at these nodes seems unlikely ( figure\na ) . it must also be noted that the most recent common ancestor of anomura is unresolved in the tsang et al . analysis , although it appears to be a crab - like or symmetrical hermit ancestor . the major differences in the two analyses stems from the differences in phylogeny and more specifically the monophyly ( our study ) or polyphyly [\n] of paguroidea and families therein ( i . e . , pylochelidae ) . there is agreement with tsang et al . in the sister group relationship between paguridae and lithodoidea , although tsang et al . used only four lithodid genera ( vs . eight in our study ) and did not include representatives of hapalogastridae . in addition , both studies provide strong evidence for the intermediary ancestors directly predating carcinization across anomura ( twice through squat lobster ( si ) and once through asymmetrical hermit ( asi ) , figure\nthe multiple cases of carcinization among the anomurans have been noted since the early 1900s . borradaile ( 1916 ) was the first to propose the term carcinization to explain the crab - like aspects of the hermit crab\nand the tendency of anomurans to achieve this form , a phenomenon unique to anomura not evident in other decapod lineages ( e . g . , lobsters , shrimp ) . the emergence of the crab - like form is not \u2018evenly distributed\u2019 across our phylogeny , first occurring in the older lineages porcellanidae and lomisidae and only more recently within the superfamily lithodoidea . some questions naturally arise . why did carcinization occur independently three times during the evolution of the anomura ? why did the presumably shell - dwelling asymmetrical hermit crab ancestors of lithodid king crabs forsake the use of shells for protection , which already provided them with survival advantage ? morrison et al . [\n] suggest that the crab - like form might represent a key innovation that is associated with an evolutionary advantage , possibly due to the greater mobility and agility provided by this morphology . this seems to be evident within the true crabs , or brachyura , which dominate decapods in terms of species richness [ > 6 , 559 species ; 34 ] and have thrived in marine , freshwater , and terrestrial environments . although diversification seems to be low in the crab - like anomurans when compared to the brachyurans , fossil evidence and divergence time analyses suggest crab - like anomurans are much younger when compared to the closely related true crabs ( table\n) . furthermore , the crab - like porcellanids are one of the oldest ( ~ 172 mya , mrca = 139 mya ) and most diverse families of anomurans [ ~ 247 species , 22 ] . lithodids represent an even younger lineage , originating ~ 18 mya , but comprising over 100 extant species . it is plausible that a crab - like form may hold some evolutionary advantage when considering age and diversification within anomura , although this does not seem to hold true for all groups that underwent the crab - like transition ( i . e . , monotypic family lomisidae ) . a second hypothesis explains the possible advantage of carcinization from a hermit - like ancestor . previous studies have suggested a free - living body form may have a selective advantage in obtaining food resources when unconstrained by a gastropod shell [\nthe extraordinary morphological and ecological diversity of anomurans has long fascinated evolutionary biologists . previous studies covering a wide range of faunas have shown how morphological or ecological factors may influence the course of subsequent evolutionary diversification [\nour analysis reports the pattern of diversification in anomura to be characterized by a low net rate of diversification , with two major changes in the rates of speciation along its evolutionary history . the initial diversification of the group during the late permian was characterized by slow rates of diversification and it was not concomitant with major family radiations , which took place from the jurassic onwards .\n) and currently occupy deep - sea habitats suggests that similar geological and environmental changes may also have driven major diversification within the munididae , which shifted habitats at some point because the jurassic forms are nearly all coral - reef associated . currently , the family chirostylidae accounts for 7 % of all anomuran species , but the true diversity is underestimated and about 100 new species are in hand of taxonomists [\n] . clearly , a more accurate phylogenetic framework is needed to interpret in detail the exceptionally high speciation rates reported here .\nthe monotypic family lomisidae showed a strikingly lower rate than the overall tempo of diversification in anomura .\nis anomalous in its prolonged persistence despite an inferred speciation rate of zero ( as recovered by the medusa analysis , see results ) . these taxa , old lineages with few extant species , have been reported in several invertebrates and vertebrates [\n] , suggesting that extremely low rates of diversification characterize these groups . high extinction rates could also account for this pattern ; however , we report that a pure - birth yule model best explains our data . under a high - extinction scenario we would expect to see an overabundance of more recently arisen species that simply have not yet gone extinct ; such a pattern is not observed in our phylogeny .\nour analysis failed to identify a correlation between the timing of branching events ( speciation ) and the evolutionary history of carcinized lineages , which suggests that the acquisition of a crab - like form did not play a major role in shaping extant anomuran biodiversity . however , a major limitation of the medusa approach is that rate shifts cannot be assigned below the level of phylogenetic resolution [\nour study included extant representatives from 19 families , 77 genera , and 137 species of anomurans . the exceptionally rare family pylojaquesidae is excluded for lack of molecular grade tissue samples . a total of 345 sequences from 76 of 144 anomuran specimens were new to this study , while sequences for all five genes from 68 taxa were obtained from genbank . newly included specimens were collected on cruise and field expeditions , from collaborators , or from the university of louisiana at lafayette zoological ( ullz ) collection of molecular grade specimen and tissue samples ( table\n) spanning several decapod lineages . different outgroups were included / excluded to explore sister relationships to anomura and the impact of outgroup selection on anomuran relationships . they consist of representatives from infraorders brachyura ( 5 ) , axiidea ( 4 ) , gebiidea ( 3 ) , caridea ( 4 ) , and suborder dendrobranchiata ( 2 ) .\nour morphological data matrix consisted of 156 characters and 154 species ( including outgroups ) and was constructed in macclade 4 . 0 ( see additional files\nmissing data were scored as unknown ( ? ) and polymorphisms were scored as such rather than assuming a plesiomorphic state . just as alignment gaps in molecular data have been variously treated as a fifth position or as missing in different studies , inapplicable character states in the morphological data may be scored as missing or as an additional character state , \u2018inapplicable\u2019 [\ntotal genomic dna was extracted from the pleon or gills using the qiagendneasy\u00ae blood and tissue kit cat . no . 69582 . two partial mitochondrial genes , 16s and 12s , were amplified by pcr using the following primers , respectively : l2 / l9 & 16s1472 or 16sf & 16s1472 [ ~ 580 bps , [\n] ] . the nuclear large subunit 28s rrna was amplified in sections by 1 . 3 f / 4b , 3 . 25 / 4 . 4b , sa / 5b , and 4 . 8 / 6b [ ~ 2200 bps , [\n] ] or by 1 f / 2 . 9 , 0 . 7 / bi , 2 . 0 / 9r [\n] ] . the majority of target gene regions were obtained through traditional sanger sequencing and data for seven taxa were obtained through next - generation 454 sequencing ( see below ) .\npcr amplifications were performed in 25 \u03bcl volumes containing 1 \u03bcl of taq polymerase hotmaster or redtaq , pcr buffer , 2 . 5 mm of deoxyribonucleotide triphosphate mix dntps , 0 . 5 \u03bcm forward and reverse primer , and extracted dna . the thermal profile used an initial denaturation for 1 min at 94\u00b0c followed by 35\u201340 cycles of 30 sec at 94\u00b0c , 45 sec at 45 - 60\u00b0c depending on gene region , 1 min at 72\u00ba and a final extension of 10 min at 72\u00b0c . pcr products were purified using plate filters prepease\u2122 pcr purification 96 - well plate kit , usb corporation and sequenced with abi bigdye\u00ae terminator mix ( applied biosystems , foster city , ca , usa ) . cycle sequencing reactions were performed in an applied biosystems 9800 fast thermal cycler ( applied biosystems , foster city , ca , usa ) , and sequencing products were run forward and reverse on an abi 3730xl dna analyzer 96 - capillary automated sequencer in the brigham young university ( byu ) sequencing center .\n] . the process required a two - step pcr to prepare selected dna regions for targeted / directed sequencing . the first pcr used a locus specific primer ( e . g . , 16s , 12s , etc . ) with a 22 bp adapter . these amplicons were cleaned using plate filters prepease\u2122 pcr purification 96 - well plate kit , usb corporation . one \u03bcl of cleaned pcr product was used as template for the second pcr . pcr ii incorporated a 10 bp barcode multiplex identifier , mid , 4 bp key , and a 21 bp 454 titanium primer . samples were again cleaned using the millipore system and subsequently combined in emulsion pcr and sequenced via 454 gs flx titanium pyrosequencing technology ( roche ) at the byu sequencing center . the bioinformatic pipeline , barcodecruncher , allowed us to exclude short reads , trim adapters , identify contamination , parse barcoded sequences , and assembly consensus sequences for phylogenetic reconstruction [ for full description of methods see [\nsequences were cleaned and assembled using sequencher 4 . 9 ( genecodes , ann arbor , mi , usa ) . to check for pseudogenes , we followed suggestions by song et al . ( 2008 ) , which included extracting dna from tissue with high amounts of mitochondrial gill tissue , translating protein - coding sequences h3 to check for indels and stop codons , comparing sequences among closely - related species , and building individual gene trees to ensure similar topologies [\n] . comparing gene trees and blast searches helped identify contamination . two datasets were assembled : 1 ) molecular dataset including all 5 gene regions 2 ) combined dataset including molecular + morphological data .\nindividual gene alignments were performed using mafft , implementing the \u201ce - ins - i\u201d option . for non - protein coding genes 12s , 16s , 18s , 28s , gblocks v0 . 91b were used to exclude regions of the alignment with questionable positional homology ["]}
-{"id": 16, "summary": [{"text": "tarzino ( foaled 29 september 2012 ) is a thoroughbred racehorse bred in new zealand and trained and australia .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "he won the victoria derby and rosehill guineas , both group one races .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he has won over one and a half million dollars . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "tarzino", "paragraphs": ["tarzino was sired by tavistock out of the dam zarzino tarzino was foaled on 29 of september in 2012 .\ntarzino has a 29 % win percentage and 50 % place percentage . tarzino ' s last race event was at flemington .\nhope tarzino turns out to be a real nice horse . didn ' t settle for a stride and pissed in ! # tarzino # derbyday\nthe current race record for tarzino ( nzl ) is 4 wins from 14 starts .\nwent and saw the old mate in nz this morning ! never looked better @ westburystud . # tarzino urltoken\ntarzino ' s exposed form for its last starts is 6 - 8 - 0 - 8 - 4 .\nall the latest horse racing form , betting odds , news , breeding , jockey and trainer information for tarzino ( nzl ) . tarzino ( nzl ) is a stallion born in 2012 september 29 by tavistock out of zarzino\nshould get the photo . absolutely outstanding craig newitt . on the big stage he delivered # tarzino # derbyday urltoken\ntarzino\u2019s last race event was at 02 / 10 / 2016 and it has not been nominated for any upcoming race .\nthe victoria derby went according to form , with favourite tarzino winning the feature event of derby day comfortably for trainer mick price .\nhorses dual group i winner tarzino will head to ballarat on monday for tests that will determine the remainder of his spring preparation .\nfor price the victory was a particularly emotional one given the ownership of tarzino which includes himself as well as his wife caroline .\nin the home straight , topweight lizard island joined in , before tarzino came down the outside to hit the front and raced away .\ntarzino , ridden by craig newitt , beat the john o ' shea - trained etymology with western australian galloper kia ora koutou in third .\ncatching up with my old mate # tarzino in nz . so far 150 lucky mares look like going to him . what a prospect ! urltoken\ntrackwork the blinkers are coming off but trainer mick price expects tarzino to retain his concentration in saturday\u2019s group i underwood stakes ( 1800m ) at caulfield .\nsaturday racing atc australian derby favourite tarzino completed his preparation for the target race in his autumn campaign with a pleasing gallop at randwick on tuesday morning .\npunters . in the wash up of golden slipper day . . highlights ? lowlights ? thoughts ? # theunitedstates # winx # tarzino # capitalist # griante\nthis week on # kiwibred : # tarzino at @ westburystud & sir patrick hogan at @ cambridgestud stud . @ tabtrackside 1 7 . 30pm tuesday . urltoken\ntarzino career form is 4 wins , 1 seconds , 2 thirds from 14 starts with a lifetime career prize money of $ 1 , 647 , 050 .\ngroup 1 racing the cancellation of monday\u2019s cranbourne trials is unlikely to affect dual group i winner tarzino\u2019s performance in saturday\u2019s group i memsie stakes ( 1400m ) at caulfield .\ndoncaster / derby day 02 ( sunline / don ed ) is clearly my fav raceday spent outside vic . hoping for something to rival it today . # winx # tarzino\nhe has proven a profitable horse for the punters over the journey . if you had backed tarzino throughout his career you ' d have achieved a 16 % return on investment .\nthe tarzino trophy race day launches group 1 racing for the season , bringing the big guns of new zealand racing to hastings to battle at one of the country\u2019s stellar racing events .\ncriterion ' s big move in melbourne cup betting is one of the major changes to the tab\u2019s future race markets following the two meetings from moonee valley : victoria derby tarzino . . .\ntarzino is a 5 year old bay horse . tarzino is trained by m g price , at caulfield and owned by m g price , dr c g lawler , mrs m jurie , j g bebedellis , g bebedellis , mrs c bebedellis , j j mcnicholas , g alas , j p bergin , r a & j e ferguson partnership syndicate , rosemont stud pty ltd syndicate .\nit is a nice return on the $ 60 , 000 price paid for tarzino , a son of tavistock , a horse the trainer had in his stable during his three - year - old season .\naami victoria derby champion tarzino will have a light autumn preparation with the group 1 australian guineas ( 1600m ) at flemington an early target . trainer mick price said the three - year - ol . . .\nall the key changes to the tab\u2019s future race markets following yesterday\u2019s races at caulfield : no changes of note in the manikato stakes and cox plate victoria derby ( tarzino $ 3 . 80 favo . . .\nthe mick price - trained tarzino is set to start a hot favourite to take out saturday\u2019s aami victoria derby at flemington . tab didn\u2019t adjust the price of the $ 2 . 30 favourite after today\u2019s b . . .\nthe $ 1 . 5 million victoria derby had been a frustrating race for caulfield trainer mick price but that was all forgotten on saturday as the trainer finally went home a winner when tarzino outstayed his rivals to take out the 2500m group 1 classic .\nthe moves came early , with red alto going up from the 800m to go after the leaders , with craig newitt starting to slide forward just in behind on tarzino he got to the outside just as they straightened , with the leaders starting to struggle .\nboth price and newitt are confident that he derby win is only just the start of a glittering career for tarzino .\nyou ' ll see him in the cox plate , in the melbourne cup , he ' s a really good horse ,\nprice said .\nthe thing is in these sort of races you have everyone from a to z on your phone wishing you all the best so second is no good .\nat his previous two starts , tarzino had settled back in the field and had no luck and the decision was made to try and have him up handier on saturday .\non the line tarzino , who was heavily backed late from $ 3 . 60 into $ 2 . 90 favourite , had two lengths to spare on the john o ' shea - trained etymology , who was trapped wide in the first half of the race but stuck to his guns determinedly and his rider james mcdonald said he should have finished closer .\noutsider iron boss led a fast - run derby until shards took the lead around the turn , with red alto and ayers rock challenging .\netymology stayed on for second , with kia ora koutou finishing narrowly ahead of red alto .\nhe ' s just an out and out star . he ' s got class written all over him and he just give me the perfect ride today ,\nhe told channel seven .\nhe ' s not a push button horse to ride . it would be nice to win all the time but you can ' t .\nhe put himself in the right spot today . got to the top of the straight and i just - put it all for the horse .\nnewitt thanked trainer mick price for his support and said he wished one member of his family could have been there to see the win .\ni am just really sad that the old man couldn ' t be here today .\nbut i ' ve got three little fellas and my beautiful wife back here waiting for me to come back down , so it ' s pretty emotional .\nprice said he was nervous for the first half - mile of the race .\nit was good for craig . he always wanted to get off heels and get in clear running at the top of the straight ,\nhe told channel seven .\nat the top of the straight he was the one you wanted to be on but he was going to hit the front too early .\nit was a long way up the straight . i was looking for the post but he was too strong . he was in front a long way out .\n'\nhe ' s a really good horse with a lot of capacity to him . he can go to the paddock . he ' ll be a grouse horse in the autumn , i think he ' ll make a weight - for - age four - year - old horse .\n( i ' m ) happy for craig , ( he ' s ) been with me for a long time .\na new dinosaur has been discovered . but did it walk on two legs or four ?\nif you have inside knowledge of a topic in the news , contact the abc .\nabc teams share the story behind the story and insights into the making of digital , tv and radio content .\nit ' s no surprise the plight of the soccer team has received global media attention . but it does raise some interesting questions about how we extend empathy and concern to people we don ' t know .\nhobart ' s old zoo is famous as being where the last thylacine in captivity died , but in its heyday people could view elephants , zebras , monkeys and even see a girl walking her pet leopard . what happened to the beaumaris zoo ?\nwe ' ve ranked the top 50 wimbledon players over the last 50 years .\npeter sagan is a triple world champion and the most charismatic rider in professional road cycling . he is now the leader of the 2018 tour de france , writes rob arnold .\nthis service may include material from agence france - presse ( afp ) , aptn , reuters , aap , cnn and the bbc world service which is copyright and cannot be reproduced .\nto use this website , cookies must be enabled in your browser . to enable cookies , follow the instructions for your browser below .\nthere is a specific issue with the facebook in - app browser intermittently making requests to websites without cookies that had previously been set . this appears to be a defect in the browser which should be addressed soon . the simplest approach to avoid this problem is to continue to use the facebook app but not use the in - app browser . this can be done through the following steps :\nbefore the cookie settings change will take effect , safari must restart . to restart safari press and hold the home button ( for around five seconds ) until the iphone / ipad display goes blank and the home screen appears .\na note about relevant advertising : we collect information about the content ( including ads ) you use across this site and use it to make both advertising and content more relevant to you on our network and other sites . this is also known as online behavioural advertising . you can find out more about our policy and your choices , including how to opt - out here .\n, who is based at caulfield . he is sired by the stallion tavistock out of the dam zarzino .\nr7 g1 turnbull $ 10 , 000 ( of $ 500 , 000 ) barrier 8 , winning time : 2 : 01 . 03 , sp : $ 31 in - running : settled 4th , 1200m 4th , 800m 4th , 400m 4th sectionals : 600m 0 : 34 . 070\nr8 g1 underwood $ 10 , 000 ( of $ 500 , 000 ) barrier 10 , winning time : 1 : 50 . 64 , sp : $ 12 in - running : settled 10th , 1200m 10th , 800m 9th , 400m 8th sectionals : 600m 0 : 34 . 840\nr7 g1 makybe diva ( of $ 500 , 000 ) barrier 4 , winning time : 1 : 36 . 26 , sp : $ 11 in - running : settled 7th , 800m 6th , 400m 6th sectionals : 600m 0 : 34 . 220\nr7 g1 memsie $ 10 , 000 ( of $ 500 , 000 ) barrier 9 , winning time : 1 : 23 . 93 , sp : $ 15 in - running : settled 12th , 800m 12th , 400m 12th sectionals : 600m 0 : 35 . 570\nr7 g1 atc derby $ 100 , 000 ( of $ 2 , 000 , 000 ) barrier 6 , winning time : 2 : 33 . 67 , sp : $ 1 . 65f in - running : settled 2nd , 1200m 4th , 800m 4th , 400m 4th sectionals : 600m 0 : 36 . 090\nr6 g1 rosehill gneas $ 367 , 000 ( of $ 600 , 000 ) barrier 2 , winning time : 2 : 03 . 56 , sp : $ 3 . 10f in - running : settled 5th , 1200m 4th , 800m 3rd , 400m 2nd sectionals : 600m 0 : 34 . 540\nr7 g1 aust gns $ 135 , 000 ( of $ 750 , 000 ) barrier 4 , winning time : 1 : 35 . 28 , sp : $ 8 . 50 in - running : settled 15th , 800m 15th , 400m 7th sectionals : 600m 0 : 35 . 080\nr6 g2 autumn stks $ 9 , 000 ( of $ 200 , 000 ) barrier 8 , winning time : 1 : 23 . 49 , sp : $ 14 in - running : settled 10th , 800m 9th , 400m 8th sectionals : 600m 0 : 34 . 570\nr1 2up - trl , winning time : 1 : 12 . 64 sectionals : 600m 0 : 34 . 720\nr7 g1 vic derby $ 910 , 000 ( of $ 1 , 500 , 000 ) barrier 10 , winning time : 2 : 38 . 39 , sp : $ 2 . 90f in - running : settled 6th , 1200m 8th , 800m 9th , 400m 2nd sectionals : 600m 0 : 36 . 390\nr7 g2 vase $ 18 , 000 ( of $ 200 , 000 ) barrier 10 , winning time : 2 : 06 . 01 , sp : $ 4 . 60 in - running : settled 11th , 1200m 11th , 800m 11th , 400m 9th sectionals : 600m 0 : 35 . 960\nr9 g1 caul guineas $ 20 , 000 ( of $ 1 , 000 , 000 ) barrier 3 , winning time : 1 : 36 . 47 , sp : $ 17 in - running : settled 12th , 800m 13th , 400m 14th sectionals : 600m 0 : 34 . 940\nr9 3y hcp $ 44 , 000 ( of $ 80 , 000 ) barrier 18 , winning time : 1 : 37 . 44 , sp : $ 6 . 50 in - running : settled 16th , 800m 14th , 400m 9th sectionals : 600m 0 : 35 . 430\nr5 3y mdn - sw $ 12 , 650 ( of $ 23 , 000 ) barrier 8 , winning time : 1 : 26 . 89 , sp : $ 3 . 70 in - running : settled 7th , 800m 7th , 400m 5th sectionals : 600m 0 : 35 . 440\nr22 cl2 - trl , winning time : 1 : 03 . 64 sectionals : 600m 0 : 36 . 280\nr1 2y mdn - sw $ 1 , 400 ( of $ 17 , 500 ) barrier 15 , winning time : 1 : 24 . 29 , sp : $ 7 . 50 in - running : settled 11th , 800m 12th , 400m 12th sectionals : 600m 0 : 36 . 680\n18 + know when to stop . don\u2019t go over the top . gamble responsibly . think ! about your choices . call gambling help on 1800 858 858 or visit urltoken or urltoken .\nhe is just the image of zabeel , when he lets down you would think zabeel has returned . this is the only horse that has thrown to zabeel even though he is sired by tavistock .\ndual group 1 winner at three - atc rosehill guineas gr . 1 , vrc derby gr . 1\n* new customers only . turnover and bet requirements apply . t & c ' s apply . excl nsw , wa , sa & vic . gamble responsibly .\ngroup 1 racing an old firm will reunite in saturday\u2019s group i coolmore classic ( 1500m ) at rosehill .\ngroup 1 racing a field of just 16 will start in the $ 3 million group i caulfield cup after two horses were scratched on race morning .\nstewards with the two emergencies gaining a start another runner is subject to a vet check on saturday morning ahead of the 2016 caulfield cup .\ngroup 1 racing the all - important barrier draw has been conducted for the $ 3 million group i caulfield cup ( 2400m ) on saturday where chances have improved or been diminished .\nsaturday racing promising young stayer odeon can take a step towards a victoria derby start with a strong performance in saturday\u2019s ladbrokes supports national jockey trust plate ( 1600m ) at caulfield .\ngroup 1 racing the field for the 2016 australian derby ( 2400m ) has been released and 13 three - year - olds will line up in the set weights feature at randwick on saturday .\n* new customers only . turnover & bet requirements apply . t & c ' s apply . excl nsw , wa , sa & vic . gamble responsibly .\nis gambling a problem for you ? call gambling help on 180 0858 858 or visit www . gamblinghelponline . org . au\nyour screen name will be seen by the racenet community when you participate in discussions or comment on our content .\nyou ' ll receive an email shortly with instructions on how to reset your password .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwinx ' s staying power as one of the world ' s top rac . . .\nt . j . comerford , assistant trainer for aidan o ' brie . . .\nthe new zealand thoroughbred industry is one of the most successful in the world . in 2010 - 11 , the industry produced over 4000 foals and exported 1600 horses at an estimated value of $ 150 million . so , what is the secret of new zealand ' s remarkable success as a thoroughbred breeding nation ? learn more \u203a\nwelcome to the gallery section of the website . here you can search the historical library for images of horses and participants by entering a key word in the search function eg . sunline . many of these photos have been provided by the new zealand press association and our friends at race images . if you would like to contact us about any of these images please email : office @ urltoken\nfertility rate : this is worked out as the total number of foals ( live , dead or slipped ) as a percentage of total mares covered less exported , not returned , dead or indeterminate results .\nindeterminate result : this exists where a mare is covered by more than one stallion and the result of these services is unable to be accurately credited to either of the respective stallions .\nprivacy policy / terms & conditions all content \u00a9 nztr 2012 . nztr holds the copyright in all material on this site . all rights reserved .\nwe ' ve detected that javascript is disabled in your browser . would you like to proceed to legacy twitter ?\nrising red checking out the new zealand air this morning . owners and trainers looking forward to saturday ' s g1 derby with a very happy horse\ntwitter may be over capacity or experiencing a momentary hiccup . try again or visit twitter status for more information .\nyou can add location information to your tweets , such as your city or precise location , from the web and via third - party applications . you always have the option to delete your tweet location history . learn more\nhere ' s the url for this tweet . copy it to easily share with friends .\nby embedding twitter content in your website or app , you are agreeing to the twitter developer agreement and developer policy .\nnot on twitter ? sign up , tune into the things you care about , and get updates as they happen .\nthis timeline is where you\u2019ll spend most of your time , getting instant updates about what matters to you .\nhover over the profile pic and click the following button to unfollow any account .\nwhen you see a tweet you love , tap the heart \u2014 it lets the person who wrote it know you shared the love .\nthe fastest way to share someone else\u2019s tweet with your followers is with a retweet . tap the icon to send it instantly .\nadd your thoughts about any tweet with a reply . find a topic you\u2019re passionate about , and jump right in .\ngeneral admission : by donation with all proceeds supporting the hawke\u2019s bay cancer society .\nall of the gate donation fees , along with proceeds from a charity auction , and other generous parties , will support this great charity that\u2019s touched the lives of many families in the hawke\u2019s bay .\nbetween the races promises plenty of action with the hits free family zone with children\u2019s entertainment , live music , and a food precinct offering hawke\u2019s bay\u2019s finest outdoor catering offerings .\nget on - course for a great family day out and support a fantastic cause .\nthe premier lounge is a great way to enjoy your day with friends , work mates and family . the premier lounge has outstanding views of the track with private indoor and outdoor area . this all inclusive package has been extremely successful this year and will sell out throughout the carnival .\nhawke\u2019s bay racing boasts a number of fabulous private indoor lounges for you to host your guests in . these can cater for groups ranging from 20 \u2013 200 guests .\nmembers of hawke\u2019s bay racing enjoy many benefits from free entry to racemeetings and discounts on stand passes , access to members only lounges and . . .\na half - sister to dual hong kong horse of the year ambitious dragon was among 21 weanlings on display at last sunday\u2019s annual hawke\u2019s . . .\nco - trainer chris gibbs confirmed over the weekend that the stable\u2019s progressive young stayer tavidream was \u201cdefinitely queensland derby bound\u201d after a win at ellerslie across the tasman . a well - bred son of tavistock , tavidream is prepared by donna logan and gibbs in new zealand but has been confirmed for a trip down under this brisbane winter [ \u2026 ]\nwelcome to horseracing . com . au , australia ' s premier site for horse racing news .\nearly favourite to take out saturday\u2019s group 1 $ 1 , 000 , 000 robert sangster stakes ( 1200m ) in adelaide , local hope viddora has come up trumps with barrier one in the morphettville feature .\nthe world\u2019s best racehorse , winx , has been celebrated by the australian turf club ( atc ) getting the warwick stakes renamed in her honour .\nthe championships day 2 results will be known shortly and you can stay up to date with all the news at horseracing . com . au .\nfor everything you need to know about horse racing . free horse racing tips from professional punters and betting secrets to increase your horse racing profits .\nthere are many problems associated with beating the trifecta . punters probably don\u2019t realise the task they are taking on when they tackle this bet . question 1 : can you predict the 1 - 2 - 3 finishin . . .\nthere are two groups of punters who invariably go to the races , or their tab agencies , with the percentages piled high against them . they are the backers of favourites and longshots . no matter wh . . .\ngreyhound racing is probably the best system under which a punter in australia can risk - or rather , invest - his hard earned dough . to my way of thinking there is nothing so good as a standout\n. . .\nthe late don scott once wrote that the best form of exotic betting is the trifecta . i think he was right . don said picking a trifecta winning bet was a test of skill rather than a game of chance . . . .\nppm reader kerrin brown has been enjoying success as a \u201clay\u201d operator on betfair . in this article he relates his personal story , and how he makes money from his operation . the first time i w . . .\nyou would like to back a winner every two selections ? that\u2019s a 50 per cent win strike . some dream ! but maybe it\u2019s not so crazy . after all , picking two horses a race and making a \u2018book\u2019 by savin . . .\nthis is part 1 of a two - part exclusive interview with australia ' s greatest professional punter , the late don scott , by ppm ' s brian blackwell . scott discusses his lifestyle , his approach to punting . . .\ni\u2019ve spent years trying to beat the tab and bookies and i\u2019ve lost my bank more times than i can remember . there have been a few big wins ; as many as a man with only three fingers could count on . . .\nin fast month ' s p . p . m . we began our 100 great betting ideas series . sixteen ideas were listed . in this second article , we take a look at another 20 betting tips . staking is a key part of any punt . . .\nin this article , our senior contributor ( the late and great ) e . j . minnis replied to queries sent in by ppm readers . letter from a reader : i have been a ppm reader for quite a while now and al . . .\nclassy staying mare jameka has shortened from $ 3 . 40 to $ 3 . 30 with tab for the caulfield cup following the barrier draw on tuesday afternoon . jameka remains the best backed in the race , ahead of a . . .\npunters have quickly targeted awesome rock for the underwood stakes . tab reports that 60 % of all early bets has been on awesome rock ( $ 8 . 00 ) . the winner of the dato tan chin nam stakes opened at . . .\npreferment has attracted plenty of support in the last 48 hours and is now $ 9 to win the melbourne cup on tuesday . the chris waller - trained four - year - old was $ 13 on wednesday morning , bu . . .\nmelbourne cup favourite fame game has firmed from $ 4 . 00 into $ 3 . 80 and is now the shortest price favourite to win the race that stops the nation since so you think ( $ 3 . 00 ) in 2010 . over 25 % . . .\nc . f . orr stakes . . . turn me loose early fav at $ 5 . 50\nturn me loose has been opened as the $ 5 . 50 favourite with tab to win the c f orr stakes following an impressive trial win last week . going for his fourth win in a row , the four year old group 1 . . .\npress statement has been installed as the one to beat in the randwick guineas , opening as the $ 1 . 80 favourite with tab to win the group one . montaigne ( $ 7 . 00 ) and stay with me ( $ 8 . 50 ) look . . .\none of our great packages ! you save over $ 800 , our new blockbuster collection selection service includes tips a gift , a bonus & more . . .\naustralia ' s leading tipping service . daily specials , longshots & ratings . run by professionals with one aim : to make money for members . . .\nprice - trained runners had finished sixth , fifth , fourth , third and second in the race so he was overdue to win with the favourite in the race but he admitted he had been feeling a little pressure .\nthere was a bit of pressure and there ' s a great sense of relief , $ 2 . 60 favourite , it ' s a nice problem to have but they still have to win ,\nprice said .\nhe did that but raced a little too keenly for the first 800 metres before the pace came on when tommy berry allowed iron boss to stride forward and take up the running along the river side .\nnewitt held him together for as long as he could before pressing the button at the 350m and going for home .\non the home turn , i waited and waited ,\nnewitt said .\nbut further up the straight trainer price was just hoping there was enough in the tank to get him home first .\nat the top of the straight he was the one you wanted to be on but he was going to hit the front too early . it was a long way up the straight , i was looking for the post ,\na relieved price said after the win .\ni could put up a case for being unlucky in the race as i was held up at a vital stage ,\nmcdonald said .\nwest australian visitor kia ora koutou ran on strongly for third a further 4 \u00bc lengths away , after being held up for clear running in the early part of the straight .\none of the horse ' s owners , melissa jury , had promised her dying husband that they would win a group race with the horse , another owner had been seriously ill and price had recently sold a share to one of his long - time owners , rob ferguson .\nthere is a real human element to it . it means a lot ,\nprice said .\nto do the job for them is just sensational and that is what the game is all about . it ' s the best game in the world this .\nthe ownership group had stuck together despite some huge offers from hong kong and with a $ 900 , 000 payday on saturday they are no doubt pleased they declined to sell ."]}
-{"id": 17, "summary": [{"text": "coprozercon scopaeus is a species of mite , placed in its own family , coprocerconidae , in the order mesostigmata .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it was described in 1999 from the feces of the allegheny woodrat , neotoma magister , in a cave in kentucky . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "coprozercon", "paragraphs": ["html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nthis article was sourced from creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . world heritage encyclopedia content is assembled from numerous content providers , open access publishing , and in compliance with the fair access to science and technology research act ( fastr ) , wikimedia foundation , inc . , public library of science , the encyclopedia of life , open book publishers ( obp ) , pubmed , u . s . national library of medicine , national center for biotechnology information , u . s . national library of medicine , national institutes of health ( nih ) , u . s . department of health & human services , and urltoken , which sources content from all federal , state , local , tribal , and territorial government publication portals ( . gov , . mil , . edu ) . funding for urltoken and content contributors is made possible from the u . s . congress , e - government act of 2002 .\ncrowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .\nby using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . world heritage encyclopedia\u2122 is a registered trademark of the world public library association , a non - profit organization .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from world journals , database of academic research journals are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\nfen\u010fa , peter & ma\u0161\u00e1n , peter , 2012 , neocoprozercon europaeus gen . nov . , sp . nov . , the first member of the family coprozerconidae ( acari : mesostigmata ) in the palaearctic region , zootaxa 3204 , pp . 40 - 46 : 40 - 43\ndiagnosis . both sexes with idiosomal shields weakly sclerotised , without well - defined outlines . dorsal idiosoma with podonotal shield in female or podonotal and opisthonotal shields in male and deutonymph , hypertrichous ( more than 100 pairs of setae present ) , bearing two pairs of hypertrophied gland pores gdz 3 and gdz 5 in the opisthonotal region . all stages lacking sternal gland pores gv 1 , adgenital pores gv 2 and anal pores gv 3 . podal plates absent . male ventrianal shield fused to posterior margin of opisthonotal shield and expanded ventrally .\ndescription . idiosoma dorso - ventrally flattened , suboval and small , not exceeding 300 \u03bcm in length . integument pale in colour , very weakly sclerotised ; soft cuticle without striation on surface and scutal area smooth , unornamented , with their margins not well indicated and detectable .\ndorsal idiosoma . sexual dimorphism in dorsal shielding present : female with only podonotal shield developed , opisthonotal portion not armed , with soft cuticular integument on surface ( except small irregular area close to medial posterior margin ) ; male and deutonymph with dorsum entirely covered by two shields abutting each other . female opisthonotum with small and irregular posteromedial area well sclerotised and dark in colour . almost whole dorsum regularly polytrichous in all known stages , with more than 200 setae . dorsal setae simple , smooth , needle - like , relatively short and generally subequal in length . two pairs of gland pores ( gdz 3 and gdz 5 ) on opisthonotum prominent , situated on circular platelets in female or on flat tubercles in male and deutonymph .\nventral idiosoma . tritosternum present , bifurcate . sternal or sternogenital shield usually slightly asymmetric in shape , with lateral margins irregularly sinuated , lacking poroids and gland pores . sternogenital shield of deutonymph divided into sternal and genital portions . female with well separated anal and genital shields , with no ventral plates on opisthogastric region ; anal shield of male anteriorly connected with ventral shield and posteriorly fused to ventral expansion of opisthonotal shield ; deutonymph with separate anal and ventral shields adjacent to each other , and anal shield free . metasternal and metapodal shields present , exopodal , parapodal and endopodal shields absent . peritremes and peritrematal shields strongly reduced and very short in adults , normal and extending to the level of coxae i in deutonymphs .\n. epistome a single , subtriangular smooth projection . chelicera with dentate digits and well developed dorsal seta . ventral surface of hypostome with four pairs of smooth simple setae . deutosternum with smooth anterior margin and five transverse rows of denticles .\nlegs . setation of legs i - ii - iii - iv : coxae 2 - 2 - 2 - 1 , trochanters 6 - 5 - 5 - 5 , femora 13 - 11 - 6 - 6 , genua 13 - 11 - 10 - 10 , tibiae 14 - 10 - 9 - 10 ; tarsi ii\u2013iv with 16 setae .\nintroduced by moraza & lindquist ( 1998 ) . both genera are presently monotypic and may be distinguished from one another by the following characters . in\n; ( 4 ) the lateral margins of the ventrianal shield of male are irregularly sinuate , bearing 1\u20133 pairs of ventral setae ; the inner surface of the shield is has two pairs of ventral setae ; ( 5 ) gland pores gv 1 - gv 3 are absent ; ( 6 ) parapodal shields are absent ; ( 7 ) the epistome is subtriangular in shape , with smooth anterolateral margins ; ( 8 ) the dorsal shields are smooth , with no sculptural pattern on the surface ; ( 9 ) it is larger species , with idiosoma 220\u2013300 \u03bcm in length . in\n, ( 1 ) the dorsal surface is holotrichous , bearing at most 45 pairs of dorsal setae ; the podonotal region has 23 pairs of setae in the adults and deutonymph , the opisthonotal region has 22 pairs of dorsal setae in adults and 20 pairs in the deutonymphs ( excluding two unpaired setae ) ; ( 2 ) in the female , the posterior dorsal region is completely covered by soft cuticle , with no remnants of the opisthonotal shield ; ( 3 ) in the male , the ventrianal shield is separate and free from the ventral expansion of the opisthonotal shield ; ( 4 ) the lateral margins of the ventrianal shield of the male are almost regularly rounded , with no insertion of ventral setae ; the inner surface of the shield has three pairs of ventral setae ; ( 5 ) gland pores gv 3 are present , gv 1 and gv 2 present in females ; ( 6 ) the parapodal shields are present in the male ; ( 7 ) the epistome has a flat base and slender , coarsely denticulate central projection ; ( 8 ) the dorsal shields are lightly reticulated in the female , but more strongly reticulated in the male and deutonymph ; ( 9 ) it is a smaller species , with idiosoma 190\u2013270 \u03bcm in length .\nfigures 1 \u2013 5 . neocoprozercon europaeus sp . nov . , female . 1 . dorsal idiosoma ; 2 . ventral idiosoma ; 3 . epistome ; 4 . subcapitulum , ventral aspect ; 5 . chelicera , lateral aspect . scales : 50 \u03bcm : figs 1 , 2 ; 20 \u03bcm : fig . 4 ; 10 \u03bcm : figs 3 , 5 .\nfigures 6 \u2013 7 . neocoprozercon europaeus sp . nov . , male . 6 . dorsal idiosoma ; 7 . ventral idiosoma . scale : 50 \u03bcm .\nfigures 8 \u2013 9 . neocoprozercon europaeus sp . nov . , deutonymph . 8 . dorsal idiosoma ; 9 . ventral idiosoma . scale : 50 \u03bcm .\nno known copyright restrictions apply . see agosti , d . , egloff , w . , 2009 . taxonomic information exchange and copyright : the plazi approach . bmc research notes 2009 , 2 : 53 for further explanation .\nes werden alle b\u00fccher ausgefiltert , die bestimmte schl\u00fcsselworte f\u00fcr nachdrucke , print on demand oder facsimiles enthalten . es ist m\u00f6glich , dass auch b\u00fccher ausgefiltert werden , die keine nachdrucke etc . sind .\nes werden nur neuzug\u00e4nge bzw . neuerscheinungen der plattformen zvab und e - bay angezeigt .\nsie haben javascript in ihren browsereinstellungen deaktiviert ! f\u00fcr eine optimale bedienbarkeit der buchsuche empfehlen wir , javascript f\u00fcr urltoken zu aktivieren . um ein aktuelles suchergebnis ohne javascript zu sehen , m\u00fcssen sie u . u . mehrmals auf\nsuchen\nklicken .\nfree shipping on eligible orders over $ 25 versandkosten : zzgl . versandkosten details . . .\n( * ) derzeit vergriffen bedeutet , dass dieser titel momentan auf keiner der angeschlossenen plattform verf\u00fcgbar ist .\nno . 12419290 versandkosten : , de , de ( eur 0 . 00 ) details . . .\nno . 12419290 versandkosten : zzgl . , versandkosten , de ( eur 0 . 00 ) details . . .\nin stock 1156025389 lieferung innerhalb 1 - 4 werktagen . versandkostenfrei , wenn buch oder h\u00f6rbuch enthalten ist , sonst 2 , 95 eur . ab 19 , 90 eur versandkostenfrei . ( deutschland ) b\u00fccher > taschenb\u00fccher > ratgeber\nbuch in der datenbank seit 28 . 12 . 2013 23 : 37 : 43 buch zuletzt gefunden am 07 . 01 . 2018 20 : 43 : 53 isbn / ean : 9781156025383\nfauna of the u . s . rio grande valleys\n, von\nherausgeber : source : wikipedia\n( 9781156025413 )\nsearch their arrest records , driving records , contact information , photos and more . . .\ncopyright 2018 peekyou . com . a patent pending people search process . all rights reserved ."]}
-{"id": 18, "summary": [{"text": "synanthedon pini , the pitch mass borer , is a moth of the family sesiidae .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "the pitch mass borer occurs on spruce and pine in eastern north america .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "it does not kill trees , but the pitch-filled larval tunnels in the wood cause defects in the lumber . ", "topic": 28}], "title": "synanthedon pini", "paragraphs": ["species synanthedon pini - pitch mass borer - hodges # 2585 - bugguide . net\n\u00a9 william taft and mich . st . univ . , moth photographers group \u00b7 2 synanthedon pini , male\nall are in one genus - synanthedon sp . single eggs are laid on the bark of the pines . larvae of some species tunnel into the cambium area soon after hatching . they make a hole in which they feed . sap oozes out of these pits / holes . the pitch mass borer\nduckworth , w . d . & t . d . eichlin 1973 . new species of clearwing moths ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) from north america . proceedings of the washington entomological society 75 ( 2 ) : 150 - 159 melittia calabaza , synanthedon arkansasensis , s . canadensis , s . dominicki , s . engelhardti\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nlarva - body white with a light brown head . ( kellicott , 1881 ) .\nthe males are strongly attracted to zzoh / ezoh 50 : 50 pheromone lures and are on the wing starting in late june in michigan .\n, pinaceae ) . larvae typically bore in large trees below a broken branch or scar as high as 40 ' up the trunk ( kellicott , 1881 ) .\nit is found rarely in insect collections and museums . trees with active larvae have pitch mass swellings on the tree trunk with a white , powdery appearance .\nbeuttenm\u00fcller , w . 1901 . monograph of the sesiidae of america , north of mexico . memoirs of the american museum of natural history 1 ( 6 ) :\nengelhardt , g . p . 1946 . the north american clear - wing moths of the family aegeriidae . united states national museum bulletin 190 :\nkellicott , d . s . 1881 . observations of several species of ageriadae inhabiting the vicinity of buffalo , n . y . . the canadian entomologist 13 ( 1 ) : 5 - 7\ndictionary of word roots and combining forms donald j . borror . 1960 . mayfield publishing company .\nthe north american clear - wing moths of the family aegeriidae . george p . engelhardt . 1946 . united states national museum bulletin 190 : 1 - 222 , pl . 1 - 32 .\nmonograph of the sesiidae of america , north of mexico . william beutenm\u00fcller . 1901 . memoirs of the american museum of natural history 1 ( 6 ) : 218 - 352 , pl . 29 - 36 .\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\neastern white , scots and jack pines as well as white , norway and colorado blue spruce .\npine pitch moth adults resemble yellowjackets . the adults are clear wing moths . there are many types of pitch moths .\nlarge volumes of pitch ooze from the holes made in the trunk by these insects .\nattacks austrian , eastern white , scots and jack pines as well as white , norway and colorado blue spruce . adults are only seen during the summer and the insect can take up to three years to complete its life cycle .\ncheck with your local land grant university ( cooperative ) extension service for recommended insecticide .\nthe home , yard & garden pest guide ( c1391 ) provides is written for homeowners and other residents and provides nonchemical and current chemical recommendations for controlling pests associated with trees , shrubs , turf , flowers , groundcovers , vegetables , fruit , and houses . in addition , you ' ll find detailed information about integrated pest management , pesticide safety , and pesticide application and calibration techniques . this publication may be purchased at your local university of illinois extension unit office , or by calling 800 - 345 - 6087 , or by placing an order online ( search for\nc1391\n) . visit site > >\nthe illinois commercial landscape and turfgrass pest management handbook ( iclt ) is written for professional applicators and provides nonchemical and current chemical recommendations as well as application timing information for all major pests of turf , woody ornamentals and herbaceous ornamentals . this publication may be purchased at your local university of illinois extension unit office , or by calling 800 - 345 - 6087 , or by placing an order online ( search for\niclt\n) . visit site > >\na free plant , weed , insect and disease identification service available through your local university of illinois extension office . center educators or state specialists review & respond to information and digital images submitted by local extension office personnel . some samples may require further examination or culture work ( nominal fee involved ) at the u of il plant clinic . visit site > >\nservices include plant and insect identification , diagnosis of disease , insect , weed and chemical injury ( chemical injury on field crops only ) , nematode assays , and help with nutrient related problems , as well as recommendations involving these diagnoses . microscopic examinations , laboratory culturing , virus assays , and nematode assays are some of the techniques used in the clinic . visit site > >\neastern white pine , scots pine , austrian pine , jack pine and red pine . as well as white spruce , norway spruce and blue colorado spruce trees .\nthe larvae tunnel into the inner bark on trunks and limbs of host trees . this causes a cavity .\nthe clearwing moth looks similar to yellow jacket wasps . it lays its eggs in midsummer in pruning cuts and on the bark of the trunk or limbs . the larvae tunnel into the inner bark to feed on resin from the damaged tissue . the mature larvae reach a length of about 25mm . their body colour is usually near white to pink depending on which tree they are feeding on . their brown head is smaller than their prothorax . large amounts of pitch and frass form at the point of entry . pupation occurs within the pitch mass from late may to june . the clearwing moths appear from the middle to the end of june , although others can emerge in july and august depending on locations . two or three years are required to complete a life cycle .\nlarvae and pupa are found under the pitch masses . they can be removed and killed .\ndo not prune trees during the egg laying period of the pitch mass moth . ( midsummer )\ncomplete this form for a certified arborist to visit your property and provide recommendations and an estimate .\ntype of work requested ( select all that may apply with ctrl + click . ) :\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on images to enlarge .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhodges , r . w . et al . , eds . 1983 . check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico . e . w . classey limited and the wedge entomological research foundation , london . 284 pp .\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\ndistribution data for u . s . states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\nstrict warning : non - static method view : : load ( ) should not be called statically in / home2 / c241301 / public _ html / clm / sites / all / modules / views / views . module on line 879 .\nstrict warning : declaration of views _ handler _ filter : : options _ validate ( ) should be compatible with views _ handler : : options _ validate ( $ form , & $ form _ state ) in / home2 / c241301 / public _ html / clm / sites / all / modules / views / handlers / views _ handler _ filter . inc on line 0 .\nstrict warning : declaration of views _ handler _ filter : : options _ submit ( ) should be compatible with views _ handler : : options _ submit ( $ form , & $ form _ state ) in / home2 / c241301 / public _ html / clm / sites / all / modules / views / handlers / views _ handler _ filter . inc on line 0 .\nstrict warning : declaration of views _ plugin _ style _ default : : options ( ) should be compatible with views _ object : : options ( ) in / home2 / c241301 / public _ html / clm / sites / all / modules / views / plugins / views _ plugin _ style _ default . inc on line 0 .\nstrict warning : declaration of views _ plugin _ row : : options _ validate ( ) should be compatible with views _ plugin : : options _ validate ( & $ form , & $ form _ state ) in / home2 / c241301 / public _ html / clm / sites / all / modules / views / plugins / views _ plugin _ row . inc on line 0 .\nstrict warning : declaration of views _ plugin _ row : : options _ submit ( ) should be compatible with views _ plugin : : options _ submit ( & $ form , & $ form _ state ) in / home2 / c241301 / public _ html / clm / sites / all / modules / views / plugins / views _ plugin _ row . inc on line 0 .\nadults are wasp - like clearwing moths with a mostly orange head , grey hairs on the face , a brown - black thorax , clear hind wings , opaque brown forewings with ( usually ) some orange scales and a mostly blue - black abdomen with an orange 4th segment .\nlarvae are white to pink in colour and can vary depending on the host tree . they have a head capsule that is smaller than the prothorax . when compared to the\neggs are laid on the bark of trunks or branches . females prefer fresh wound sites ( e . g . recently pruned branches ) if available .\nlarvae bore into the inner bark and sap wood . tunneling in this area causes copious amounts of sap to flow out of the wound .\nfemale moths deposit eggs in june to july on the trunk or larger branches , preferably at a wound site . larvae tunnel into the sapwood behind the bark , causing copious amounts of sap to flow out of the infested area . it takes 2 - 3 years for the larvae to mature . larvae overwinter within the pitch mass . there is only one generation every 2 - 3 years . adults emerge in spring to early summer .\njohnson , w . t . and lyon , h . h . 2003 . insects that feed on trees and shrubs . second edition . cornell university press , ithaca , new york . 560 pp .\neichlin , t . d . , duckworth , w . d . 1988 . the moths of america north of mexico , sesioidea , sesiidae , fascicle , 5 . 1 . the wedge entomological research foundation .\ncontributed by maury j . heiman on 18 june , 2013 - 12 : 00am\ncontributed by maury j . heiman on 25 may , 2013 - 7 : 53pm\ncontributed by maury j . heiman on 1 august , 2013 - 10 : 45pm\nmemoirs of the american museum of natural history 1 ( 6 ) : 218 - 352 , pl . 29 - 36 , 1901\nbeutenm\u00fcller , w . 1901 . monograph of the sesiidae of america , north of mexico . memoirs of the american museum of natural history 1 ( 6 ) : 218 - 352 , pl . 29 - 36\nbrown , l . n . & r . f . mizell , iii 1993 . the clearwing borers of florida ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . tropical lepidoptera 4 ( 4 ) : 1 - 21 ( pdf )\neichlin , t . d . 1992 . clearwing moths of baja california , mexico ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . tropical lepidoptera 3 ( 2 ) : 135 - 150 ( pdf ) andrewsi bibionipennis erici faulkneri gilberti gloriosa hennei magnifica mexicanus palmii ( neumoegen ) palmii ( beutenm\u00fcller ) polygoni resplendens robiniae snellingi\nunited states national museum bulletin 190 : 1 - 222 , pl . 1 - 32 , 1946\nengelhardt , g . p . 1946 . the north american clear - wing moths of the family aegeriidae . united states national museum bulletin 190 : 1 - 222 , pl . 17 - 32 species index food - plant index"]}
-{"id": 19, "summary": [{"text": "the dryad shrew tenrec ( microgale dryas ) , also known as the tree shrew tenrec , is a species of mammal in the family tenrecidae .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "it is endemic to madagascar .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it is vulnerable to extinction by habitat loss . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "dryad shrew tenrec", "paragraphs": ["a cowan\u2019s shrew tenrec , microgale cowani , in captivity . \u00a9 peter j . stephenson\ndryad is a nonprofit repository for data underlying the international scientific and medical literature .\ntenrecs with very narrow distributions or specific threats may need extra help . more research is required to confirm the distribution and abundance of poorly known shrew tenrec species ( e . g . dryad , montane and nasolo ' s shrew tenrecs ) . if they genuinely occur in only a handful of sites , conservation efforts will be needed to target their habitat .\ntenrec diet is based on invertebrates . insects and their larvae are the most commonly consumed prey items . however , many of the larger species ( from talazac ' s shrew tenrec \u2013 microgale talazaci - to the tailless tenrec \u2013 tenrec ecaudatus ) sometimes take small vertebrates such as amphibians . two species have become very specialized : streaked tenrecs eat mostly soft - bodied invertebrates , with an apparent preference for earthworms ; large - eared tenrecs ( geogale aurita ) prefer termites they find inside dead wood . the aquatic tenrec feeds on a range of prey in its freshwater habitat , but favours aquatic insect larvae and crayfish .\nthe tenrecinae are spiny tenrecs . the largest species is the tailless tenrec , tenrec ecaudatus , which weighs up to 1 kg . it is as large as a rabbit , and is less spinescent than the other species . other spiny tenrecs are the two species of hedgehog tenrec ( setifer setosus and echinops telfairi ) and the two species of streaked tenrec ( hemicentetes semispinosus and h . nigriceps )\na lowland streaked tenrec , hemicentetes semispinosus . \u00a9 l . e . olson & s . m . goodman\nthe potamogalinae are otter shrews which are found on mainland africa . many scientists now consider these animals as tenrecs . the giant otter shrew , potamogale velox , is widespread in the streams and rivers of central african forests , but the other two species have restricted distributions . the nimba otter shrew , micropotamogale lamottei , is found only in a small area around mount nimba on the borders of ivory coast , liberia and guinea , and the ruwenzori otter shrew , m . ruwenzorii , is found only between uganda and eastern drc . habitat loss , mining and fish traps threaten otter shrews across their range . ( see section \u201ctenrecs in africa \u2013 the otter shrews\u201d ) .\na number of predators are known or suspected to feed on tenrecs . these range from birds of prey and viverrid carnivores to snakes ; some small shrew tenrecs ( microgale spp . ) may even be attacked by larger species of their own genus .\neastern rain forest in madagascar is habitat for many tenrec species , yet much of it is being lost to provide land for agriculture such as these paddy fields in the north - east of the country . \u00a9 peter j . stephenson\nthe geogalinae is a recently recognised sub - family , comprising the single species , geogale aurita ( the large - eared tenrec ) . it is a small species ( about 7g ) adapted for life in the arid south - west and specialised in a termite diet .\ntenrecs are generally found in forest habitats . most species occur in the eastern rain forests , but a handful ( e . g . geogale , echinops ) are adapted to the arid spiny desert in the south - west of madagascar . the aquatic tenrec ( limnogale mergulus ) requires clear , running freshwater . some species - such as tailless tenrecs ( tenrec ecaudatus ) and streaked tenrecs ( hemicentetes ) - appear able to adapt easily to man - induced disturbance , and can survive in secondary forest or agricultural land . mole tenrecs ( oryzorictes ) have been found in rice fields .\nthe aquatic tenrec ( limnogale mergulus ) is the greatest cause for concern among conservationists . it is known from only 10 sites in madagascar and appears to be restricted to clear streams with abundant prey . siltation caused by widespread deforestation is expected to cause problems as it will reduce prey species . animals are also drowned in eel and crayfish traps .\nthe mammal was an early tenrec ; the island it had arrived on probably had no other mammals and so this early lineage evolved over generations to adapt its body shape to its environment . as a result of a process called\nadaptive radiation\n( made famous by darwin ' s finches on galapagos ) new species appeared , each physically suited for its niche , free of competition .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ntraditionally included in the lipotyphla ( = insectivora sensu stricto ) . various molecular studies ( madsen et al . , 2001 ; murphy et al . , 2001 a , b ; springer et al . , 1999 ) and syntheses of morphological and molecular data ( asher et al . , 2003 ; liu et al . , 2001 ) support a clade containing tenrecs and golden moles , which stanhope et al . ( 1998 ) named afrosoricida . this name is inappropriate since this clade does not include soricids , and could lead to confusion with the soricid subgenus afrosorex hutterer , 1986 . noting that tenrecomorpha butler , 1972 may be a prior , and more explicit name for this clade following simpson\u2019s ( 1945 ) guidelines for naming superfamial taxa , bronner et al . ( 2003 ) nevertheless accepted afrosoricida because this name is entrenched in the recent literature .\nfollowing simpson ( 1931 ) , the term\ntenrecoid\nhas also been widely misused as a general name for a vaguely defined grouping of ( extinct and extant ) taxa characterized by zalambdodonty , even though it has become clear that some of these were not technically zalambdodont , and that zalambdodonty may have arisen independently several times ( e . g . broom , 1916 ) . this further militates against its stricter nomenclatorial use , even at taxonomic ranks below order .\nthe supraordinal affiliation of the afrosoricida remains controversial . molecular data strongly support an affinity within the afrotheria , whereas morphological data suggest a closer relationship to lipotyphlans . lipotyphlan monophyly , however , is only weakly supported by cladistic analyses of morphological data ( asher , 1999 ) and phylogenetic analyses of combined anatomical and molecular data strongly support the inclusion of afrosoricids within afrotheria ( asher et al . , 2003 ) .\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , \u00a92005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\ndon ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nnote : this is an amended assessment to correct the order of the assessors .\nthis species is listed as vulnerable under criterion b1ab ( iii ) . it has an extent of occurrence ( eoo ) of ca . 10 , 000 km\n, it is known from fewer than 10 locations , and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat .\nit is threatened by deforestation and habitat fragmentation , through conversion to cultivated areas and general logging activities .\nthis species is known from only a few sites in northeastern madagascar . there is some doubt about a record from anjanaharibe - sud special reserve as it was collected from an owl pellet . it has been recorded between 500 and 940 m asl .\nit is a poorly - known species that has only been recorded in the eastern lowland rain forests . it is possibly a semi - fossorial species which is believed to be forest dependent . the ecology of the species is not known .\nit has been recorded from two protected areas : ambatovaky special reserve and anjanaharibe - sud special reserve . it has been recorded in the future protected area of makira . further studies are needed into the taxonomy , distribution , population , biology , ecology and threats to this species .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nenglish - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 2nd ed . , 3rd printing\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vols . 1 & 2\nwith contributions by bernadette n . graham , adam p . potter , and mariana m . upmeyer\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nas part our commitment to scholarly and academic excellence , all articles receive editorial review .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\nthe following material is adapted from an article published in 2007 : stephenson , p . j . ( 2007 ) . mammals from another time : tenrecs in madagascar . africa geographic , march 2007 , vol 15 ( 2 ) : 34 - 41 .\nthe island continent of madagascar was part of a large land mass that broke away from africa some 165 million years ago . as tectonic plates shifted subtly on the earth ' s surface , the land mass moved out slowly into the indian ocean . other chunks of land later floated off to leave the island the size and shape we now know , situated 400 km off the mozambique coast for the last 80 millions years .\nat that time the island was probably a mix of habitats much as it is today : thick rain forest on the east coast , deciduous forests in the west , deserts with spiny succulent plants in the south - west , and amid the forests of the high plateau a mosaic of grasslands grazed by giant tortoises and walked upon by 3 - 4 metre tall elephant birds . mammals had evolved from therapsid reptiles and were spreading across africa , but none had appeared on madagascar , as its reptiles were from a different stock .\nwhat happened next is only conjecture , but sometime around 60 million years ago a small mammal - perhaps no more than 5 or 6 g in weight with a primitive body plan and physiology - was washed out to sea from africa . perhaps it was on a log that had fallen into a river from the coastal forest of what is now kenya . currents and winds moved the mammal across the channel until it arrived on madagascar . perhaps the founder was joined by others ; perhaps it was a pregnant female . whatever the case , the animals multiplied . and then evolution kicked in !\nvery few other mammals ever made the same journey . eventually rodents , a mongoose - like carnivore and a primitive primate crossed the channel and gave rise to species found nowhere else on earth . a pygmy hippopotamus also crossed but madagascar never saw cats , dogs or large herbivores .\nmost tenrecs died out on mainland africa and are known only from fossil records ; all except one small lineage that evolved to fill a specialized aquatic niche - the otter shrews ( see section\ntenrecs in africa \u2013 the otter shrews\n) . however , tenrecs still inhabit madagascar today in an abundance and diversity not seen in any other mammalian family .\nbut then there are species not just from another time , but also from another world . streaked tenrecs ( hemicentetes ) are so unique nothing like them ever evolved elsewhere . their black and pale striped body is covered in spines , with a head crest of quills that can be erected . when irritated the animal makes head butting movements , trying to leave the barbed spines in the nose of its aggressor . a patch of spines on the back form what is known as a stridulating organ - the spines can rub together and produce a type of ultrasound that keeps the family groups together . tongue clicks made by the animals are thought to be a type of echolocation , perhaps used for hunting prey .\nin spite of their many adaptations , tenrecs still exhibit a number of characteristics which make them distinct from other small mammals and which were probably typical of the earliest mammals . such traits include nocturnal activity patterns , small body size , the retention of a cloaca as a common uro - genital opening , abdominal testes , poor eyesight and a dependence on their sense of smell and hearing . they are also considered primitive physiologically , since all species have relatively low body temperatures and metabolic rates relative to their body size , and several specied enter torpor regularly .\ntenrecs are probably most closely related to golden moles ( chrysochloridae ) . along with golden moles , scientists now consider tenrecs part of the afrotheria , a grouping of african mammals with evolutionary connections that also contains the aardvark , sengis ( or elephant - shrews ) , hyraxes , elephants and sea cows .\nsix malagasy tenrecs appear in the iucn red list of 2006 . endangered species are considered more threatened than vulnerable species . data deficient species require more information before an assessment can be completed .\nspecial attention needs to be paid urgently to aquatic tenrecs . research should be conducted into their habitat needs and factors affecting their distribution . land - use and fishing practices may need to be changed in areas where they occur . although small mammals are often neglected in large conservation programmes , aquatic tenrecs would make ideal flagship species for integrated forest and freshwater conservation programmes in eastern madagascar . work to conserve forest habitats and maintain clear , unsilted streams will benefit a range of other plant and animal life as well as aquatic tenrecs .\ntenrecs are a unique and diverse family of mammals , from another world and another time . they make up a significant component of madagascar\u2019s faunal diversity and no doubt hold the answer to many scientific questions on the evolution and adaptation of mammals . let ' s hope that current conservation efforts ensure that their time is not up yet !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\njavascript is disabled for your browser . some features of this site may not work without it .\ngoodman , steven m . raxworthy , christopher j . maminirina , claudette p . olson , link e .\nlatest build fri , 29 jun 2018 05 : 39 : 03 utc . served by aws - prod"]}
-{"id": 20, "summary": [{"text": "neofriseria baungaardiella is a moth of the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by huemer and karsholt in 1999 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in greece , southern spain and portugal . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "neofriseria baungaardiella", "paragraphs": ["neofriseria baungaardiella huemer & karsholt , 1999 ; microlep . europe 3 : 170 , 33 ; tl : gekenland molivos lesvos\nneofriseria caucasicella sattler , 1960 ; dt . ent . zs . 7 ( 1 - 2 ) : 50\nneofriseria kuznetzovae bidzilya , 2002 ; shilap revta lepid . 30 ( 119 ) : ( 239 - 243 )\nneofriseria turkmeniella ; bidzilya , 2009 , shilap revta lepid . 37 ( 147 ) : 303 ( note )\nneofriseria sceptrophora ; piskunov , 1987 , vestn . zool . 1987 ( 2 ) : 10 ; [ nhm card ]\nneofriseria hitadoella karsholt & vives , 2014 ; shilap revta lepid . 42 ( 168 ) : 651 ; tl : spain , huelva , los bermejales , niebla\nneofriseria turkmeniella piskunov , 1987 ; vestn . zool . 1987 ( 2 ) : 11 ; tl : turkmen ssr , distr . mary , badkhyz state reserve\nneofriseria caucasicella ; piskunov , 1987 , vestn . zool . 1987 ( 2 ) : 8 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ me3 ] , 168 , 33\nneofriseria sattler , 1960 ; dt . ent . zs . 7 ( 1 - 2 ) : 16 - 17 [ key ] , 48 ; ts : lita peliella treitschke\nneofriseria peliella ; piskunov , 1987 , vestn . zool . 1987 ( 2 ) : 9 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ me3 ] , 169 , 33 ; [ fe ]\nneofriseria singula ; piskunov , 1987 , vestn . zool . 1987 ( 2 ) : 11 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ me3 ] , 169 , 33 ; [ fe ]\nneofriseria pseudoterrella ; piskunov , 1987 , vestn . zool . 1987 ( 2 ) : 9 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ me3 ] , 171 , 33 ; [ fe ]\n= ; [ nhm card ] ; piskunov , 1987 , vestn . zool . 1987 ( 2 ) : 11 ; [ me3 ] , 169 , 33\ngelechia pseudoterrella rebel , 1928 ; zs . \u00f6st . entver . 13 : 51 ; tl : spain\ngelechia sceptrophora meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 276 ; tl : asia minor , kasikoparan\nlarva on atraphaxis spinosa , a . badghysi , a . pyrifolia bidzilya , 2009 , shilap revta lepid . 37 ( 147 ) : 303\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nwalsingham , 1896 gelechia suppeliella , sp . n . , distinguished from peliella , tr . ent . mon . mag . 32 : 250 - 251\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nlike most websites we use cookies . this is to ensure that we give you the best experience possible .\ncontinuing to use urltoken means you agree to our use of cookies . if you would like to , you can learn more about the cookies we use .\ncab direct is the most thorough and extensive source of reference in the applied life sciences , incorporating the leading bibliographic databases cab abstracts and global health . cab direct provides a convenient , single point of access to all of your cabi database subscriptions .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\naustria , belgium , britain , germany , denmark , spain , italy , corsica , latvia , lithuania , luxembourg , netherlands , norway , poland , portugal , romania , sardinia , slovakia , the soviet union - the european part , finland , france , czech republic , switzerland , sweden , estonia .\nregions of the russian federation : the volga - don , the european central european south taiga , mid - volzhsky , south ural .\naustria , belarus , belgium , the british isles , germany , greece ( mainland ) , denmark ( mainland ) , spain ( mainland ) , italy ( mainland ) , corsica , latvia , lithuania , luxembourg , netherlands , norway ( mainland ) , poland , portugal ( mainland ) , romania , russia , sardinia , slovakia , slovenia , ukraine , finland , france ( mainland ) , czech republic , switzerland , sweden , estonia .\n[ 10 ] de jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) ( 2011 ) fauna europaea version 2 . 4 ( faunaeur . org )\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more"]}
-{"id": 21, "summary": [{"text": "dugesia ( pronounced , d ( y ) \u00fc\u02c8j\u0113zh ( \u0113 ) \u0259 ) is a genus of dugesiid triclad that contains some common representatives of the class turbellaria .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "these common flatworms are found in freshwater habitats of africa , europe , middle east , asia and australia .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "dugesia is best known to non-specialists because of its regeneration capacities .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "dugesia is the type genus of the family dugesiidae . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "dugesia", "paragraphs": ["on the taxonomic status of dugesia gonocephala and dugesia subtentaculata ( turbellaria , tricladida , paludicola ) .\na new freshwater planarian , dugesia japonica , commonly but erroneously known as dugesia gonocephala ( dug\u00e8s ) .\na subterminal opening of the ejaculatory duct , as found in dugesia superioris , occurs in no less than 26 species of dugesia : dugesia bakurianica porfirjeva , 1958 , dugesia biblica benazzi & banchetti , 1972 , dugesia leporii pala et al . , 2000 , and dugesia sicula lepori , 1948 , from the western palaearctic ; dugesia aethiopica stocchino et al . , 2002 , dugesia arabica harrath & sluys , 2013 , dugesia astrocheta marcus , 1953 , dugesia lanzai banchetti & del papa , 1971 , dugesia lamottei de beauchamp , 1952 , dugesia neumanni ( neppi , 1904 ) and dugesia myopa de vries , 1988b from the afrotropical region ; the other 15 species are distributed in the oriental region , eastern palaearctic and australasian region , viz . dugesia andamanensis ( kaburaki , 1925 ) , dugesia austroasiatica kawakatsu , 1985 , dugesia batuensis ball , 1970 , dugesia bengalensis kawakatsu , 1983 , dugesia burmanensis ( kaburaki , 1918 ) , dugesia deharvengi kawakatsu & mitchell , 1989 , dugesia indica kawakatsu , 1969 , dugesia indonesiana kawakatsu , 1973 , dugesia japonica ichikawa & kawakatsu , 1964 , dugesia leclerci kawakatsu & mitchell , 1995 , dugesia lindbergi de beauchamp , 1959 , dugesia nannophallus ball , 1970 , dugesia novaguineana kawakatsu , 1976 , dugesia tamilensis kawakatsu , 1980 , and dugesia uenorum kawakatsu & mitchell , 1995 . however , in all of these species the ejaculatory duct is ventrally displaced , except for dugesia bakurianica in which the ejaculatory duct is central . therefore , a dorsal course of the ejaculatory duct and a subterminal opening of the duct represents a new diagnostic combination in the genus dugesia .\ndescrizione di dugesia biblica , nuova microspecie del \u201cgruppo dugesia gonocephala \u201d trovata nel fiume giordano ( israele ) .\ndugesia hepta , nuova specie di planaria d\u2019acqua dolce di sardegna appartenente alla superspecie dugesia gonocephala ( dug\u00e8s ) ( turbellaria , tricladida ) .\neduard sol\u00e0 marked\nfile : dugesia artesiana 3054 . jpg\nas trusted on the\ndugesia artesiana sluys & grant , 2007\npage .\ngeographic distribution of dugesia superioris ( indicated by an asterisk ) and dugesia sp . nmnh 55294 ( indicated by black diamond ) in the lake ohrid region .\ntaxonomy and geographical distribution of dugesia japonica and d . ryukyuensis in the far east\nidentification and characterization of a novel multifunctional placenta specific protein 8 in dugesia japonica .\neduard sol\u00e0 marked\nfile : dugesia artesiana 3054 . jpg\nas hidden on the\ndugesia artesiana sluys & grant , 2007\npage . reasons to hide : duplicate\nswitch from asexual to sexual reproduction in the planarian dugesia ryukyuensis . - pubmed - ncbi\ndescrizione della planaria dugesia lanzai , n . sp . del kenya ( africa ) .\ndescrizione di dugesia sicula , nuova specie di triclade d\u2019acqua dolce dei dintorni di catania .\na review of chromosomal variation in dugesia japonica and d . ryukyuensis in the far east\nstructural analysis of n - glycans of the planarian dugesia japonica . - pubmed - ncbi\nregeneration in an evolutionarily primitive brain - - the planarian dugesia japonica model . - pubmed - ncbi\nproduction of asexual and sexual offspring in the triploid sexual planarian dugesia ryukyuensis . - pubmed - ncbi\na molecular cytogenetic comparison of planarians from the \u2018 dugesia gonocephala group\u2019 ( platyhelminthes , tricladida ) .\non the species of the dugesia gonocephala group ( platyheminthes , turbellaria , tricladida ) from greece .\na new species of freshwater planarian belonging to the genus dugesia ( platyhelminthes , tricladida ) from sardinia .\nidentification and characterization of a novel multifunctional placenta specific protein 8 in dugesia japonica . - pubmed - ncbi\nhow often does reproduction occur ? dugesia tigrina can mate and / or reproduce many times in its life .\nthe dugesia can reproduce sexually , and all dugesia are hermaphrodites . two dugesia will pair up and fertilize each other ' s eggs . those eggs are then released in a cocoon . if there is not another dugesia present , one can reproduce asexually through a process called transverse fission . the organism will pull itself in half and the tail portion will regenerate a new head , and the head portion will regenerate a new tail . this process can be replicated in the lab by using a razor blade or scalpel to cut the dugesia in half . in a couple of weeks , you should have two dugesia swimming around in your petri dish .\nichikawa , a . & kawakatsu , m . , 1964 . a new freshwater planarian , dugesia japonica , commonly but erroneously known as dugesia gonocephala ( dug\u00e8s ) . annot . zool . japon , 37 : 185\u2013194 .\nswitching from asexual to sexual reproduction in the planarian dugesia ryukyuensis : bioassay system and basic description of sexualizing process .\nthe genus dugesia in australia , with its phylogenetic analysis and historical biogeography ( platyhelminthes , tricladida , dugesiidae ) .\nstocchino ga , manconi r . overview of life cycles in model species of the genus dugesia ( platyhelminthes : tricladida )\na synopsis of the nominal species of the subgenus dugesia ( platyhelminthes , tricladida , paludicola ) from africa and madagascar .\nafrican planarians : dugesia aethiopica sp . n . ( platyhelminthes , tricladida ) from lake tana ( nw ethiopia ) .\nteshirogi , w . & itagaki , g . , 1965 . the chromosomes of dugesia species , a japanese freshwater planarian known as dugesia gonocephala . zool . mag . ( t\u00f4ky\u00f4 ) , 74 : 38\u201345 . ( in japanese with english summary )\nswitching from asexual to sexual reproduction in the planarian dugesia ryukyuensis : change of the fissiparous capacity along with the sexualizing process .\nreproductive strategies , karyology , parasites , and taxonomic status of dugesia populations from yemen ( platyhelminthes , tricladida , dugesiidae ) .\nfluvial basin history in the northeastern mediterranean underlies dispersal and speciation patterns in the genus dugesia ( platyhelminthes , tricladida , dugesiidae ) .\neduard sol\u00e0 marked\nfile : daborensisdistribution . jpg\nas trusted on the\ndugesia aborensis ( whitehouse , 1913 )\npage .\nkenk , r . , 1940 . the reproduction of dugesia tigrina ( girard ) . am . nat . , 74 : 471\u2013475 .\nthat kenk ( 1978 ) identified his dugesia material from ohrid ( nmnh 55294 ) as dugesia gonocephala is hardly surprising in view of the fact that at that time many european populations were assigned to dugesia gonocephala sensu lato . the precise anatomy of dugesia gonocephala sensu stricto was only resolved by de vries and ball ( 1980 ) and de vries ( 1984a , 1986 ) . a comparison with kenk\u2019s specimen quickly learns that this animal does not conform to dugesia gonocephala because it does not exhibit the muscular ridges , the elongated penis papilla , or the two penial folds ( cf . de vries and ball 1980 , de vries 1984a ) . in the presence of a small dorsal penial fold and a central ejaculatory duct the animal resembles dugesia benazzii lepori , 1951 , dugesia elegans de vries , 1984 , dugesia taurocaucasica ( livanov , 1951 ) and dugesia effusa , the latter recently described from the greek island chios ( sluys et al . in prep . ) . dugesia benazzii from corsica and sardinia is characterized by a pointed diaphragm and a penial fold , the position of which is variable but which is usually located dorsally ; the size of the penial fold is also variable ( lepori 1951 , de vries 1984b ) . in dugesia benazzii ectal reinforcement is restricted to the region of the oviducal openings , the latter being symmetrically arranged . in contrast , in the nmnh 55294 specimen the oviducts open asymmetricaly into the bursal canal , while the ectal reinforcement extends further on the bursal canal .\neduard sol\u00e0 marked\nfile : d aborensis . jpg\nas trusted on the\ndugesia aborensis ( whitehouse , 1913 )\npage .\ndugesia superioris . holotype zma v . pl . 7153 . 1 , sagittal reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus ( anterior to the left ) .\na karyological study on populations of dugesia gonocephala s . l . ( turbellaria , tricladida ) . italian journal of zoology 66 : 245\u2013253 .\ndugesia deharvengi sp . n . , a new troglobitic freshwater planarian from tham kubio cave , thailand ( turbellaria ; tricladida ; paludicola ) .\nmolecular barcoding and phylogeography of sexual and asexual freshwater planarians of the genus dugesia in the western mediterranean ( platyhelminthes , tricladida , dugesiidae ) .\nendemic freshwater planarians of sardinia : redescription of dugesia hepta ( platyhelminthes , tricladida ) with a comparison of the mediterranean species of the genus .\na karyological study by deri et al . ( 1999 ) identified for the pogradec population a complement of 24 standard chromosomes with one b - chromosome , suggesting a tri - ploid condition with a haploid number of n = 8 . moreover , their karyometric analysis indicated a probably aneutriploid condition , due to a constant excess of small , medium - sized chromosomes . a haploid number with n = 8 represents the most common chromosome number among dugesia species . dugesia superioris shares the tri - ploid condition with a haploid number of n = 8 with only a few other species from the western palaearctic region , viz . dugesia benazzii lepori , 1951 , dugesia etrusca benazzi , 1946 , dugesia liguriensis de vries , 1988a , and dugesia subtentaculata ( cf . benazzi and benazzi - lentati 1976 , ribas 1990 , pala 1993 , cf . l\u00e1zaro et al . 2009 ) .\nsaccomanno , r . 2014 .\ndugesia tigrina\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\nfurther contributions to the taxonomy and biogeography of the subgenus dugesia ( platyhelminthes : tricladida : paludicola ) in the mediterranean region and the middle east .\nkawakatsu , m . , teshirogi , w . , \u00f4gawara , g . & tarui , y . , 1965 . photographic gleanings of planarians . i . dugesia japonica ichikawa et kawakatsu and dugesia gonocephala ( dug\u00e8s ) . collect . & breed . ( t\u00f4ky\u00f4 ) , 27 : 330\u2013335 . ( in japanese )\nswitching from asexual to sexual reproduction in the planarian dugesia ryukyuensis : change of the fissiparous capacity along with the sexualizing p . . . - pubmed - ncbi\nbessho y , ohama t , osawa s . planarian mitochondria i . heterogeneity of cytochrome c oxidase subunit i gene sequences in the freshwater planarian , dugesia japonica .\ntcen - 49 , a monoclonal antibody that identifies a central body antigen in the planarian dugesia ( girardia ) tigrina . implications for pattern formation and positional signalling mechanisms\ntcav - 1 , a monoclonal antibody specific to epithelial pharyngeal cells in the planarian dugesia ( girardia ) tigrina . application to pattern formation of the pharynx during regeneration\neduard sol\u00e0 marked\nfile : d aborensis . jpg\nas hidden on the\ndugesia aborensis ( whitehouse , 1913 )\npage . reasons to hide : duplicate\nfor the genus dugesia a dorsal course of the ejaculatory duct was reported for the first time by stocchino et al . ( 2005 ) for the endemic sardinian species dugesia hepta pala , casu & vacca , 1981 . however , in this species the opening of the duct is located laterally on the right side , near the tip of the penis papilla . moreover , this species is characteri - zed by a ventro - lateral penial fold , which is absent in the new species . dugesia superioris therefore represents the second species of the genus showing a dorsal course of the ejaculatory duct . further , another important difference between dugesia hepta and dugesia superioris is the haploid chromosome number , which counts n = 7 in the former ( pala et al . 1981 ) and n = 8 in the latter ( deri et al . 1999 , see below ) .\nto cite this page : saccomanno , r . 2014 .\ndugesia tigrina\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\nkenk , r . , 1941 . induction of sexuality in the asexual form of dugesia tigrina ( girard ) . j . exp . zool . , 87 : 55\u201369 .\ntherefore , the dugesia specimen nmnh 55294 may well represent a new species . however , on the basis of only the presently available material we refrain from describing it as new . furthermore , the asymmetrical openings of the vasa deferentia into the seminal vesicle of this animal represents a highly unusual condition for a species of dugesia and needs to be checked on additional material .\nthe penial fold of dugesia taurocaucasica is considerably larger than the one in nmnh 55294 , while the fold is also traversed by the abundant secretion of cyanophilic glands , which discharge through the lining epithelium of the penial fold . furthermore , in dugesia taurocaucasica the ectal reinforcement layer on the bursal canal extends for a considerable distance towards the copulatory bursa ( porfirjeva and dyganova 1987 ) .\nreexamination of freshwater planarians found in tanks of tropical fishes in japan , with a description of a new species , dugesia austroasiatica sp . n . ( turbellaria ; tricladida ; paludicola ) .\nsulle caratteristiche morfologiche e sulla posizione sistematica della planaria di sardegna e corsica gi\u00e0 ascritta a dugesia gonocephala ( dug\u00e8s ) . atti societ\u00e0 toscana di scienze naturali 58 ( b ) : 1\u201322 .\npattee , e . , 1970 . coefficients thermiques et \u00e9cologie de quelques planaires d ' eau douce . 4 . la reproduction de dugesia gonocephala . ann . limnol . 6 : 293\u2013304 .\nkawakatsu , m . , oki , i . , tamura , s . & sugino , h . , 1976b . studies on the morphology , karyology and taxonomy of the japanese freshwater planarian dugesia japonica ichikawa et kawakatsu , with a description of a new subspecies , dugesia japonica ryukyuensis subspec . nov . bull . fuji women ' s coll . , no . 14 , ser . ii : 81\u2013126 .\nsugino , h . , 1969 . collecting , breeding and experiments of a common japanese freshwater planarian , dugesia japonica ( with annotations and an appendix written by m . kawakatsu : on the physiological races of\ndugesia elegans from rhodes differs from nmnh 55294 in the presence of a much larger seminal vesicle , a stubbier diaphragm , and the situation that its bursal canal epithelium is infranucleated ( de vries 1984a ) .\ntamura , t . , yamayoshi , t . , oki , i . & kawakatsu , m . , 1979 . karyological and taxonomic studies of dugesia japonica ichikawa et kawakatsu . ii . chromosomes of dugesia japonica japonica collected from eighteen localities in japan . proc . jap . soc . syst . zool . , no . 17 : 1\u201314 ( + pls . 1\u20132 ) . ( in japanese with english summary )\nan asexual population of dugesia sp . was collected in 2006 by r . manconi from voskopoj\u00eb , an albanian locality situated south - west of lake ohrid . unfortunately , we have been unable to ascertain the taxonomic status of this population due to the lack of sexual specimens ( stocchino and manconi , pers . obs . ) . however , according to the phylogeographic analysis of l\u00e1zaro et al . ( 2009 ) this population is molecularly identical to the pogradec population and therefore should be assigned also to dugesia superioris . it is noteworthy that the voskopoj\u00eb locality is outside of the ohrid basin and therefore signals a wider distribution of dugesia superioris .\nthe planarian does not have gills or lungs , it obtains its oxygen by simple diffusion over its flat body . the dugesia cannot survive outside of the water , so biologists studying it must make sure that the specimen has plenty of water that is aerated . the dugesia does have an excretory system to remove wastes . tiny cells , called flame cells , line the lateral edge of the organism and function to remove waste .\nmore recently , a phylogeographic analysis of two albanian populations , one from pogradec and the other from voskopoj\u00eb ( populations 30 and 31 , respectively in l\u00e1zaro et al . 2009 ) , revealed that they belong to the same clade , which is well - separated from other species and populations of dugesia in the western mediterranean region , thus pointing to a new species ( l\u00e1zaro et al . 2009 ) . in a second study , which included other and more eastern mediterranean species of dugesia , the population from pogradec ( population 15 in sol\u00e0 et al . 2013 ) also sat on its own branch , separate from all other populations of dugesia examined .\nthese are planarian worms , a type of flatworm in the phylum platyhelminthes and the class turbellaria . they are very common classroom organisms , with a simple body plan . the species in the photo here is dugesia subtentaculata .\nthe species dugesia effusa differs from nmnh 55294 in the presence of a short , valve - like diaphragm , a large intrabulbar seminal vesicle , a highly glandular penis papilla , and symmetrical oviducal openings into the bursal canal .\ntamura , s . , yamayoshi , t . , oki , i . , murayama , h . & kawakatsu , m . , 1978 . karyological and taxonomic studies of dugesia japonica ichikawa et kawakatsu . i . chromosomes of the animals of dugesia japonica japonica collected from five localities in the central part of honsh\u00fb and shikoku , japan . ibid . , no . 15 : 8\u201318 ( + pls . 1\u20132 ) . ( in japanese with english summary )\nhirose , e . , kat\u00f4 , f . & sugino , h . , 1974 . chromosomes of freshwater planarian , dugesia japonica , ii . zool . mag . ( t\u00f4ky\u00f4 ) , 83 : 442 . ( in japanese )\nkawakatsu , m . , 1975 . problems on the morphological variation and the taxonomic position of a japanese freshwater planarian , dugesia japonica ichikawa et kawakatsu . zool . mag . ( t\u00f4ky\u00f4 ) , 84 : 444 . ( in japanese )\ntanaka , i . , 1965 . observation on the breeding of dugesia japonica ichikawa et kawakatsu from okinawa ( with an appendix written by m . kawakatsu ) . collect . & breed . ( t\u00f4ky\u00f4 ) , 27 : 458\u2013459 . ( in japanese )\nokugawa , k . i . , 1957 . an experimental study of sexual induction in the asexual form of japanese freshwater planarian , dugesia gonocephala ( dug\u00e8s ) . ibid . , ser . b , no . 11 : 8\u201327 ( + pls . 1\u20136 ) .\nsugino , h . , hirose , e . & kat\u00f4 , f . , 1973 . the chromosomes of a japanese freshwater planarian , dugesia japonica ichikawa et kawakatsu . nature study ( \u00f4saka ) , 19 , no . 4 : 41\u201343 . ( in japanese )\nokugawa , k . i . , 1955 . on the supernumerary sexual organs of dugesia gonocephala ( dug\u00e8s ) , induced by the low temperature . bull . kyoto gakugei univ . , ser . b , no . 6 : 1\u201314 ( + pls . i\u2013ii ) .\nthe dugesia does have a simple nervous system that includes a ganglia located in its anterior region to serve as a brain . as such , the dugesia exhibits the trait of cephalization , where the majority of its sense organs are located in the anterior region . it has a triangular head with two prominent eyespots . upon closer inspection of the eyes , you can see that they have a curious cross - eyed expression to them . the presence of the two eyes and lateral horns on the head indicate that the planarian has bilateral symmetry .\nthe planarian , dugesia dorotocephala ( woodworth ) , was studied in the laboratory and field as a predator of all developmental stages of culex peus speiser . reproduction by transverse fission was accelerated by higher feeding rates and probably by crowding . decreased feeding in culture could be offset by increasing the density of dugesia . experimental field populations of culex larvae were reduced by 90 + % in 26 days during july and august , 1973 . mucus secretions effectively immobilized prey larvae and their body fluid was consumed . mucus was also used to produce cemented sand anchors for attachment to larvae and pupae . group feeding without internecine activity was observed whereby as many as 12 dugesia collectively ensnarled a single prey . field and laboratory observations indicated optimum temperatures for feeding and reproduction were 20\u201326\u00b0c . feeding ceased above 29\u00b0c ; mortality ensued at 30\u00b0c .\ndugesia is a genus of dugesiidae freshwater flatworms that includes around 75 species , all of them with a similar external appearance : triangle - shaped head with two eyes , and an elongated body . the different species are classified on the basis of the morphology of their copulatory apparatus .\nboddington , m . t . & mettrick , d . f . , 1974 . the distribution , abundance , feeding habits and population biology of the immigrant triclad , dugesia polychroa ( platyhelminthes : turbellaria ) in toronto harbour , canada . j . anim . ecol . 43 : 681\u2013699 .\ndugesia superioris differs from its congeners in particular in ( a ) the dorsal course of the ejaculatory duct , with its sub - terminal opening , ( b ) the asymmetrical openings of the oviducts into the bursal canal , and ( c ) the openings of vasa deferentia at about halfway along the seminal vesicle .\ndugesia superioris is characterized by the presence of the following features : dorsal course of the ejaculatory duct ; subterminal opening of the ejaculatory duct ; asymmetrical openings of the oviducts into the bursal canal ; openings of vasa deferentia at halfway along the seminal vesicle ; plump penis papilla ; small diaphragm ; triploid chromosome complement of 24 + 1b - chromosomes .\nkawakatsu , m . , oki , i . , tamura , s . , yamayoshi , t . & takahashi , n . , 1980 . morphological , karyological and taxonomic studies of dugesia japonica ichikawa et kawakatsu from the tsushima islands . proc . jap . soc . syst . zool . , no . 19 : 1\u201310 ( + pls . 1\u20132 ) .\noki , i . , tamura , s . , kawakatsu , m . & sugino , h . , 1976 . morphological and karyological reexamination of the taxonomy of the freshwater planarian dugesia japonica , i . chromosomal analysis of the animals from different localities in japan and korea . zool . mag . ( t\u00f4ky\u00f4 ) , 85 : 507 . ( in japanese )\ndugesia superioris . photomicrographs of the copulatory apparatus . a holotype zma v . pl . 7153 . 1 , sagittal section showing the penis bulb and the penis papilla with the ejaculatory duct b paratype cgas pla 6 . 3 , transverse section of the penis papilla and the ejaculatory duct surrounded by numerous glands c paratype cgas pla 6 . 3 , transverse section of the bursal canal .\noki , i . , tamura , s . , yamayoshi , t . , kawakatsu , m . , hauser , j . & friedrich , s . m . g . , 1980 . karyological and taxonomic studies of freshwater planarians in brazil . ii . chromosomes of dugesia species from south brazil . zool . mag . ( t\u00f4ky\u00f4 ) , 89 : 628 . ( in japanese )\nokugawa , k . i . & kawakatsu , m . , 1954a . studies on the fission of japanese freshwater planaria , dugesia gonocephala ( dug\u00e8s ) . i . comparative studies on fission rates and frequencies of sexual and asexual races influenced by temperatures , starvation and distilled water . ibid . , ser . b , no . 4 : 25\u201334 . ( in japanese with english summary )\nkawakatsu , m . , oki , i . , tamura , s . & sugino , h . , 1976a . morphological and karyological reexamination of the taxonomy of the freshwater planarian dugesia japonica , ii . considerations about the subdivision of the species into two subspecies , with special reference to their subspeciations and phylogenetical problems . zool . mag . ( t\u00f4ky\u00f4 ) , 85 : 508 . ( in japanese )\nfree - living flatworms like the planaria are grouped into the class turbellaria . the most common species studied in the lab is the brown planaria , dugesia . the animal has an acoelomate body ( no internal cavity to hold organs ) , no anus and lacks a circulatory system . most are scavengers and will eat other animals that have sank to the bottom of their ponds , hence why you can use liver to capture them .\nkawakatsu , m . , oki , i . , tamura , s . , yamayoshi , t . , hauser , j . & friedrich , s . m . g . , 1980 . karyological and taxonomic studies of freshwater planarians in brazil . i . review of the previous studies , with special reference to the taxonomy of dugesia species from south brazil . zool . mag . ( t\u00f4ky\u00f4 ) , 89 : 628 . ( in japanese )\na new species of the genus dugesia is described from the lake ohrid region in the western part of the balkan peninsula , forming the first fully documented species description for this genus in the ohrid area . the morphological species delimitation is supported by complementary molecular , karyological , and cytogenetic data available from the literature . therefore , species delineation is based on a truly integrative approach . further , a short account on the degree of freshwater planarian endemicity in the ohrid region is provided .\nin this paper we report on a new species of freshwater planarian of the genus dugesia , forming the first fully documented species description for this genus in the ohrid area . our morphological species delimitation was supported by complementary molecular , karyological , and cytogenetic data available from the literature . therefore , our species delineation is based on a truly integrative approach . further , we provide a short account on the biogeographical patterns in freshwater planarians and their degree of endemicity in the ohrid region .\nkawakatsu , m . , 1971 . problems on the morphological variation and the physiological races of a japanese freshwater planarian , dugesia japonica ichikawa et kawakatsu . in : eds . kawakatsu , m . & iba , m . , comm . compil . sci . papers publ . occ . retir . prof . hisao sugino at the age of sixtyfive , ser . turbellarians , biol . lab . \u00f4saka ky\u00f4iku univ . , \u00f4saka , pp . 43\u201352 . ( in japanese with english summary )\nstudies on the phylogeny of dugesia ( sluys et al . 1998 and references therein ) considered the asymmetrical penial papilla to constitute an important taxonomic feature . however , this asymmetry related to the apomorphic presence of a ventral ejaculatory duct . our present study shows that in future analyses this asymmetry needs to be specified by adding a third character state to character ( 1 ) ( sluys et al . 1998 , p . 277 and table ii ) , i . e . ejaculatory duct located dorsally .\nthe pogradec population had already been subjected to karyological , cytogenetic , and phylogeographic studies before anything was known about the anatomy of the specimens ( see above ) . all of these analyses pointed to a situation that this dugesia population differs considerably from congeneric populations . therefore , it was unsurprising that the anatomy of the pogradec animals suggested also that they represent a new species . as a result of the cumulation of the evidences from these independent datasets , the present delineation of the new species is based on a truly integrative approach to taxonomy .\na molecular cytogenetic comparison of several species and populations of the genus dugesia revealed that these planarians from pogradec besides two telomeric nor loci , also have a ribosomal site located in an intercalated position on the long arm of one of the largest chromosomes ( batistoni et al . 1999 ) . this peculiar condition differs from other planarian taxa , in which 18s + 28s rrna genes appeared preferentially located on telomeric regions of medium - sized chromosomes , and was interpreted by the authors as a structural chromosomal rearrangement , such as a paracentric inversion , suggesting a case of speciation .\nin conclusion , it appears that d . sicula has reached a large proportion of the area of its potentially favourable distribution in the mediterranean basin , being a remarkable case of a broad colonisation , in extreme contrast with the rest of mediterranean dugesia species , with all of them being endemic or with very restricted distributions . d . sicula expansion is now limited to spreading to new freshwater basins within the areas it currently inhabits . however , future changes increasing the temperature , such as those predicted by climate change hypothesis , could expand its fitted area to more northern and interior areas .\ndendrocoelum adenodactylosum is very common in the lake , in its tributary streams and springs and also in lake prespa , a nearby lake southeast of lake ohrid that is a major water supplier for the latter . six species are found in surrounding streams and springs and do not occur in the lake proper , viz . dugesia superioris , dendrocoelum jablanicense ( stankovi\u0107 & kom\u00e1rek , 1927 ) , schmidtea lugubris ( schmidt , 1861 ) , crenobia alpina montenigrina ( mr\u00e1zek , 1904 ) , planaria torva ( m\u00fcller , 1774 ) , and polycelis tenuis ijima , 1884 . dendrocoelum jablanicense is endemic of the lake ohrid region , while the others concern widespread species .\na review of previous studies on the taxonomy , karyology and chorology of a polymorphic species dugesia japonica from the far east is presented . two subspecies are now known : d . j . japonica ( n = 8 , 2x = 16 , 3x = 24 ) and d . j . ryukyuensis ( n = 7 , 2x = 14 , 3x = 21 ) . an attempt has also been made to determine the definition of the b - chromosome as lb and sb and the variation of the karyotypes of both subspecies is described . every known karyotype of d . japonica is classified into six groups ( see table 2 ) . d . japonica from many localities has a diploid karyotype ( 2x ) , a triploid karyotype ( 3x ) and an orthoploidic mixoploid karyotype of 2x & 3x . the origin and the karyological significance of these karyotypes are discussed .\na unique aspect of planarians is that they can regenerate a brain from somatic pluripotent stem cells called neoblasts , which have the ability to produce themselves ( self - renew ) and to give rise to all missing cell types during regeneration . recent molecular studies have revealed that the planarian brain is composed of many distinct neuronal populations , which are evolutionarily and functionally conserved ones , and acts as an information - processing center to elicit distinct behavioral traits depending on a variety of signals arising from the external environment . how can planarians regenerate such a brain ? on the basis of our recent findings , here we review the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate the stem cell dynamics involved in the brain regeneration of the planarian dugesia japonica . our findings suggest the possible value of in vivo planarian studies for guiding regenerative medicine to treat neurodegenerative diseases via interlinking stem cell biology and regeneration biology .\ndugesia sicula is the only species of its genus not presenting an endemic or restricted distribution within the mediterranean area . it mostly comprises fissiparous populations ( asexual reproduction by body division and regeneration ) , most likely sexually sterile , and characterized by an extremely low genetic diversity interpreted as the consequence of a recent anthropic expansion . however , its fissiparous reproduction can result in an apparent lack of diversity within the species , since genetic variation within individuals can be as large as between them because most individuals within a population are clones . we have estimated haplotype and nucleotide diversity of cytochrome oxidase i within and among individuals along the species distribution of a broad sample of d . sicula , including asexual and the two only sexual populations known today ; and predicted its potential distribution based on climatic variables . our aim was to determine the centre of colonisation origin , whether the populations are recent , and whether the species is expanding .\nasexual worms of fissiparous strain of the planarian dugesia ryukyuensis switch from asexual to sexual reproduction , if they are fed with sexually mature worms of bdellocephala brunnea . this suggests that the sexually mature worms have a sexualizing substance ( s ) that induces the sexuality in the asexual worms . here , we found by analysis of the sexualization that the cessation of the fission , namely their asexual reproduction , occurs immediately after the acquisition of sexuality . this result suggests that the downstream mechanisms induced by the putative sexualizing substance in b . brunnea become responsible for the cessation of fission . we also found that the decapitation triggers fission in the worms even after the acquisition of sexuality if they are not sexually mature , while the fully sexualized worms never fission even though they are decapitated . this result suggests that the cessation of fission takes place via at least two steps : ( 1 ) the mechanisms associated with the cephalic system ; ( 2 ) other mechanisms independent of cephalic control .\nto investigate the relationship between phylogeny and glycan structures , we analyzed the structure of planarian n - glycans . the planarian dugesia japonica , a member of the flatworm family , is a lower metazoan . n - glycans were prepared from whole worms by hydrazinolysis , followed by tagging with the fluorophore 2 - aminopyridine at their reducing end . the labeled n - glycans were purified , and separated by three hplc steps . by comparison with standard pyridylaminated n - glycans , it was shown that the n - glycans of planarian include high mannose - type and pauci - mannose - type glycans . however , many of the major n - glycans from planarians have novel structures , as their elution positions did not match those of the standard glycans . the results of mass spectrometry and sugar component analyses indicated that these glycans include methyl mannoses , and that the most probable linkage was 3 - o - methylation . furthermore , the methyl residues on the most abundant glycan may be attached to the non - reducing - end mannose , as the glycans were resistant to \u03b1 - mannosidase digestion . these results indicate that methylated high - mannose - type glycans are the most abundant structure in planarians .\nan assay system has been established for the sexual induction in the oh strain , an exclusively fissiparous ( asexual ) strain , of dugesia ryukyuensis by feeding them with sexually matured worms of bdellocephala brunnea , an exclusively oviparous ( sexual ) species . in this assay system , asexual worms gradually differentiated sexual organs , namely the ovary , testis , genital pore and yolk gland in this order , and eventually mated and laid cocoons filled with fertilized eggs . although the oh strain worms were believed not to have any sexual organs , a pair of undeveloped ovaries with a few oogonia were detected by an intensive histological search . along with the progression of sexualization , five distinct stages were histologically recognized : in the first stage , the ovaries became larger enough to be externally apparent ; oocytes appeared first at stage 2 ; the primordial testes emerged at stage 3 ; a genital pore opened , yolk gland primordia developed and spermatocytes appeared at stage 4 ; and finally at stage 5 matured spermatozoa and yolk glands were formed . worms in stages 1 and 2 but not in later stages returned asexual if feeding on b . brunnea was interrupted . furthermore , when the worms at stage 3 onwards were cut posterior to the ovaries , all the tail regenerants developed eventually into fully sexualized worms . taking these results in account , we have concluded that the process of sexualization has a point - of - no - return between stages 2 and 3 . it is likely also that the testes , even the primordia , play an important role in the maintenance and development of sexuality .\nn2 - an assay system has been established for the sexual induction in the oh strain , an exclusively fissiparous ( asexual ) strain , of dugesia ryukyuensis by feeding them with sexually matured worms of bdellocephala brunnea , an exclusively oviparous ( sexual ) species . in this assay system , asexual worms gradually differentiated sexual organs , namely the ovary , testis , genital pore and yolk gland in this order , and eventually mated and laid cocoons filled with fertilized eggs . although the oh strain worms were believed not to have any sexual organs , a pair of undeveloped ovaries with a few oogonia were detected by an intensive histological search . along with the progression of sexualization , five distinct stages were histologically recognized : in the first stage , the ovaries became larger enough to be externally apparent ; oocytes appeared first at stage 2 ; the primordial testes emerged at stage 3 ; a genital pore opened , yolk gland primordia developed and spermatocytes appeared at stage 4 ; and finally at stage 5 matured spermatozoa and yolk glands were formed . worms in stages 1 and 2 but not in later stages returned asexual if feeding on b . brunnea was interrupted . furthermore , when the worms at stage 3 onwards were cut posterior to the ovaries , all the tail regenerants developed eventually into fully sexualized worms . taking these results in account , we have concluded that the process of sexualization has a point - of - no - return between stages 2 and 3 . it is likely also that the testes , even the primordia , play an important role in the maintenance and development of sexuality .\nab - an assay system has been established for the sexual induction in the oh strain , an exclusively fissiparous ( asexual ) strain , of dugesia ryukyuensis by feeding them with sexually matured worms of bdellocephala brunnea , an exclusively oviparous ( sexual ) species . in this assay system , asexual worms gradually differentiated sexual organs , namely the ovary , testis , genital pore and yolk gland in this order , and eventually mated and laid cocoons filled with fertilized eggs . although the oh strain worms were believed not to have any sexual organs , a pair of undeveloped ovaries with a few oogonia were detected by an intensive histological search . along with the progression of sexualization , five distinct stages were histologically recognized : in the first stage , the ovaries became larger enough to be externally apparent ; oocytes appeared first at stage 2 ; the primordial testes emerged at stage 3 ; a genital pore opened , yolk gland primordia developed and spermatocytes appeared at stage 4 ; and finally at stage 5 matured spermatozoa and yolk glands were formed . worms in stages 1 and 2 but not in later stages returned asexual if feeding on b . brunnea was interrupted . furthermore , when the worms at stage 3 onwards were cut posterior to the ovaries , all the tail regenerants developed eventually into fully sexualized worms . taking these results in account , we have concluded that the process of sexualization has a point - of - no - return between stages 2 and 3 . it is likely also that the testes , even the primordia , play an important role in the maintenance and development of sexuality .\nabstract =\nan assay system has been established for the sexual induction in the oh strain , an exclusively fissiparous ( asexual ) strain , of dugesia ryukyuensis by feeding them with sexually matured worms of bdellocephala brunnea , an exclusively oviparous ( sexual ) species . in this assay system , asexual worms gradually differentiated sexual organs , namely the ovary , testis , genital pore and yolk gland in this order , and eventually mated and laid cocoons filled with fertilized eggs . although the oh strain worms were believed not to have any sexual organs , a pair of undeveloped ovaries with a few oogonia were detected by an intensive histological search . along with the progression of sexualization , five distinct stages were histologically recognized : in the first stage , the ovaries became larger enough to be externally apparent ; oocytes appeared first at stage 2 ; the primordial testes emerged at stage 3 ; a genital pore opened , yolk gland primordia developed and spermatocytes appeared at stage 4 ; and finally at stage 5 matured spermatozoa and yolk glands were formed . worms in stages 1 and 2 but not in later stages returned asexual if feeding on b . brunnea was interrupted . furthermore , when the worms at stage 3 onwards were cut posterior to the ovaries , all the tail regenerants developed eventually into fully sexualized worms . taking these results in account , we have concluded that the process of sexualization has a point - of - no - return between stages 2 and 3 . it is likely also that the testes , even the primordia , play an important role in the maintenance and development of sexuality .\n,\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nis a triclad turbellarian found across north america . human activities have extended the range of\nto parts of northwestern europe and eastern asia , with notable population densities in great britain and japan .\n( cash , et al . , 1993 ; gee , et al . , 1998 ; pickavance , 1971 ; sluys , et al . , 2010 )\nis typically present in lakes , ponds , and streams in temperate regions . it shows negative phototaxis and dwells in the benthic zones of freshwater biomes as a result . the microhabitats for this organism include the undersides of rocks , plant material , and other types of debris found on lake and stream beds . the existing literature does not specify a depth range for the organism , but studies indicate the presence of\n( folsom and clifford , 1978 ; gee , et al . , 1998 ; stokely , et al . , 1965 ; takano , et al . , 2007 )\nis colloquially known as a flatworm , and it has a body that is flattened dorsoventrally . additionally , the body plan exhibits cephalization , and the body surface is covered with cilia used to facilitate gliding locomotion . sensory lobes known as auricles make the head region look triangular , and eyespots called ocelli are found on the head . in terms of coloration , the body is typically brown with white and yellow spots . the average length of\nis 9 to 15 mm , but body dimensions can vary due to the organism ' s ability to regenerate lost parts .\n( pickavance , 1971 ; salo and baguna , 1984 ; sluys , et al . , 2010 ; smales and blankespoor , 1978 )\nthat are produced sexually hatch from a cocoon , and are typically 2 . 0 to 4 . 5 mm in length when first hatched . they are transparent , and have visible yellow yolk cells . as they grow , they use up the yolk , and the spots of pigment grow and darken . individuals are considered mature after reaching a mean length of 9 mm .\nis hermaphroditic , and only some populations reproduce sexually . there is no courtship process , and when one individual encounters another , it glides on top of it . they either both face the same direction or opposite directions , and the top flatworm moves its head back and forth over either the head or dorsal side of the bottom flatworm , stimulating it . after several minutes , both lift their tail ends , maneuvering so that both ventral sides meet , and the penes are mutually inserted . copulation can last 1 minute to 1 . 5 hours , and ends when the pair separates and leaves . individuals can mate many times in their lives .\nreproduces both sexually and asexually . some populations reproduce solely sexually , while others reproduce only by fission , and still other populations reproduce both ways . high temperatures ( at approximately 26\u00b0c ) permit asexual transverse fission , whereas lower temperatures ( approximately 20\u00b0c ) yield a preference for sexual reproduction . some populations therefore switch from asexual fission to mating seasonally . reproduction for\nreaches its peak during the summer months . an adult delivers a cocoon that attaches to surfaces by means of a short stalk . the cocoons have mean diameter of 1 . 30 mm and give rise to a mean of about 4 newborns upon hatching . an individual can produce multiple cocoons during its lifetime .\n( folsom and clifford , 1978 ; vowinckel and marsden , 1971 ; vreys , et al . , 2002 )\nproduces a cocoon for every group of offspring produced , and provides provisioning . otherwise , there is no parental care .\ndo not show any signs of degenerative aging due to their regenerative capabilities . it is reported that the mortality rates of fed individuals are negligible because they are solely due to experimental accidents . it is also presented in the literature that\nis able to reabsorb its body tissues and shrink in size to prevent death from famine .\nis free - swimming and exhibits gliding locomotion with the help of mucus secretions as well as cilia that cover the body surface . individuals can be found both independently or in groups . group foraging has been observed to increase rates of daily per capita ingestion , which drives increased rates of asexual fission .\n( cash , et al . , 1993 ; pickavance , 1971 ; smales and blankespoor , 1978 )\nis considered one of the most primitive animal forms known to possess a central nervous system for higher order perception and integration . these flatworms are equipped with two eyespots called ocelli that appear as dark pigment cups on the anterior dorsal surface .\nalso has two earlike lobes as part of its anterior head region that function in tactile and chemical sensation . these structures , called auricles , have receptors and cilia on them to facilitate such sensation and perception . gliding mobility is facilitated by cilia covering the body surface , and the organism shows negative phototaxis upon exposure to light .\n( smales and blankespoor , 1978 ; takano , et al . , 2007 )\nuses its mucus secretions not only for gliding locomotion but also for capturing prey items . it has been observed that\nexhibits a threshold temperature for feeding . feeding is significantly reduced or completely stops below a critical temperature of 6\u00b0c .\nfunctions to inhibit being captured by these organisms . group foraging is reported to increase survival rates .\n( cash , et al . , 1993 ; davies and reynoldson , 1969 )\nserves as prey to a variety of animals , including fish , amphibians , and insects . it is also a predator itself of insects , aquatic worms , and crustaceans . as a significant predator of insect larvae , particularly mosquitoes ,\nhas been introduced to catch basins in ontario to successfully limit the population growth of immature mosquitoes . however , mosquito populations were not observed to be effectively controlled after introducing these flatworms to vernal pools in north dakota .\n( cash , et al . , 1993 ; davies and reynoldson , 1969 ; meyer and learned , 1981 )\nis equipped with a central nervous system ( cns ) for integrative neuronal communication and has regenerative abilities . consequently , this flatworm has been increasingly used as a model organism for educational and research purposes to better understand both tissue regeneration as a result of wear and tear and brain development as the main neural processing center in animals . genetic research at the molecular level is currently underway for these organisms to attempt to shed light on human growth , development , and tissue turnover . additionally ,\nhas been introduced to some bodies of water in an attempt to control mosquito populations through larval predation by these flatworms , to varying degrees of success .\n( meyer and learned , 1981 ; salo and baguna , 1984 ; takano , et al . , 2007 )\nit is suggested that feeding populations of this species do not age and are therefore considered immortal due to their regenerative capabilities .\nin terms of its growth and regenerative patterns are regulated by a temporal pattern . the rate of mitosis is observed to have an initial maximum 4 to 12 hours after injury , fall to a minimum at 1 day , and then rebound to attain a second maximum after 2 to 3 days . anterior and posterior regenerative patterns show the most rapid rate of mitotic activity residing near the site of a wound and diminishing at body sections away from an injured body section .\nrosario saccomanno ( author ) , the college of new jersey , keith pecor ( editor ) , the college of new jersey , angela miner ( editor ) , animal diversity web staff .\nliving in the nearctic biogeographic province , the northern part of the new world . this includes greenland , the canadian arctic islands , and all of the north american as far south as the highlands of central mexico ."]}
-{"id": 22, "summary": [{"text": "dichomeris dysnotata is a moth in the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by janse in 1954 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in namibia and south africa . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "dichomeris dysnotata", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for dysnotata definition . you find here dysnotata meaning , synonyms of dysnotata and images for dysnotata copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word dysnotata . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word dysnotata and , of course , dysnotata synonyms and on the right images related to the word dysnotata .\ntrichotaphe dysnotata janse , 1954 ; moths s . afr . 5 ( 4 ) : 414\nvad betyder dichomeris ? h\u00e4r finner du 2 definitioner av dichomeris . du kan \u00e4ven l\u00e4gga till betydelsen av dichomeris sj\u00e4lv\ndichomeris \u00e4r ett sl\u00e4kte av fj\u00e4rilar som beskrevs av h\u00fcbner 1818 . dichomeris ing\u00e5r i familjen st\u00e4vmalar .\ndichomeris acmodeta ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 12\ndichomeris agorastis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 13\ndichomeris albula ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 13\ndichomeris apicispina ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14\ndichomeris apludella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14\ndichomeris bifurca ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 15\ndichomeris bomiensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16\ndichomeris bucinaria ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16\ndichomeris consertella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 18\ndichomeris cuprea ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 18\ndichomeris cuspis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 18\ndichomeris diffurca ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20\ndichomeris fareasta ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20\ndichomeris fuscahopa ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21\ndichomeris fuscanella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21\ndichomeris gansuensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21\ndichomeris hodgesi ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22\ndichomeris jiangxiensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23\ndichomeris lativalvata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23\ndichomeris lespedezae ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23\ndichomeris lutilinea ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25\ndichomeris manticopodina ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25\ndichomeris menglana ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26\ndichomeris millotella viette , 1956 ; nat . malgache 8 ( 2 ) : 212\ndichomeris minutia ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26\ndichomeris mitteri ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 27\ndichomeris molybdoterma meyrick , 1933 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 12 ) : 353\ndichomeris ningshanensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 27\ndichomeris nivalis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 27\ndichomeris paulianella viette , 1956 ; nat . malgache 8 ( 2 ) : 213\ndichomeris polygona ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 29\ndichomeris polypunctata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 29\ndichomeris qingchengshanensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 30\ndichomeris quadratipalpa ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 30\ndichomeris quadrifurca ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 30\ndichomeris sexafurca ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 31\ndichomeris shenae ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 31\ndichomeris spicans ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32\ndichomeris spuracuminata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32\ndichomeris stasimopa meyrick , 1937 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 3 ) : 94\ndichomeris strictella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32\ndichomeris synergastis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32\ndichomeris tersa ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33\ndichomeris varifurca ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 34\ndichomeris violacula ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 34\ndichomeris wuyiensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 34\ndichomeris yuebana ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 34\ndichomeris yunnanensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 35\ndichomeris zymotella viette , 1956 ; nat . malgache 8 ( 2 ) : 215\ndichomeris junisonensis matsumura , 1931 ; 6000 illust . insects japan . - empire : 1082\ndichomeris acritopa meyrick , 1935 ; mat . microlep . fauna chin . prov . : 72\ndichomeris dolichaula meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 67\ndichomeris loxonoma meyrick , 1937 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 4 - 5 ) : 123\ndichomeris nyingchiensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 254\ndichomeris fuscahopa li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 242\ndichomeris fuscusitis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 243\ndichomeris gansuensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 247\ndichomeris hodgesi li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 232\ndichomeris jiangxiensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 244\ndichomeris junisonis [ sic ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23\ndichomeris yunnanensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 254\ndichomeris cuspis park , 1994 ; insecta koreana 11 : 19 ; tl : gangweon prov . , korea\ndichomeris derasella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 19 ; [ fe ]\ndichomeris fareasta park , 1994 ; insecta koreana 11 : 15 ; tl : gangweon prov . , korea\ndichomeris lamprostoma ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23 ; [ fe ]\ndichomeris mitteri park , 1994 ; insecta koreana 11 : 17 ; tl : gangweon prov . , korea\ndichomeris praevacua ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 :\ndichomeris strictella park , 1994 ; insecta koreana 11 : 11 ; tl : gangweon prov . , korea\ndichomeris acritopa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 12\ndichomeris adelocentra ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 13\ndichomeris albiscripta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 13\ndichomeris allantopa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 13\ndichomeris amphichlora ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 13\ndichomeris ampliata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14\ndichomeris anisospila ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14\ndichomeris antiloxa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14\ndichomeris antisticta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14\ndichomeris asodes ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 15\ndichomeris barymochla ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 15\ndichomeris brachygrapha ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16\ndichomeris brachyptila ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16\ndichomeris caerulescens ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16\ndichomeris cellaria ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16\ndichomeris centracma ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17\ndichomeris ceponoma ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17\ndichomeris charonaea ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17\ndichomeris chartaria ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17\ndichomeris chinganella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17\ndichomeris chlanidota ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17\ndichomeris cinnabarina ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17\ndichomeris citharista ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17\ndichomeris clarescens ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17\ndichomeris cocta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17\ndichomeris contentella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 18\ndichomeris corniculata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 18\ndichomeris crepitatrix ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 18\ndichomeris deceptella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 19\ndichomeris deltoxyla ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 19\ndichomeris diacrita ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 19\ndichomeris dicausta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 19\ndichomeris doxarcha ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20\ndichomeris eridantis ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20\ndichomeris eucomopa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20\ndichomeris excoriata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20\ndichomeris ferrata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20\ndichomeris ferruginosa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20\ndichomeris frenigera ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21\ndichomeris fungifera ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21\ndichomeris geochrota ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21\ndichomeris horoglypta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22\ndichomeris ignorata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22\ndichomeris illicita ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22\ndichomeris illucescens ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22\ndichomeris imbricata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22\ndichomeris immerita ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22\ndichomeris indiserta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22\ndichomeris intensa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22\ndichomeris isoclera ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23\ndichomeris leptosaris ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23\ndichomeris leucothicta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 24\ndichomeris levigata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 24\ndichomeris lissota ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 24\ndichomeris litoxyla ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 24\ndichomeris lupata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25\ndichomeris macroxyla ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25\ndichomeris malachias ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25\ndichomeris malacodes ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25\ndichomeris melanortha ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26\ndichomeris melitura ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26\ndichomeris mesoglena ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26\ndichomeris metatoxa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26\ndichomeris metuens ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26\ndichomeris microdoxa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26\ndichomeris microsphena meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 166 ; tl : java , buitenzorg\ndichomeris oceanis ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 27\ndichomeris olivescens ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 28\ndichomeris ostracodes ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 28\ndichomeris pelitis ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 28\ndichomeris petalodes ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 28\ndichomeris planata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 29\ndichomeris polyaema ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 29\ndichomeris praealbescens ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 29\ndichomeris procrossa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 29\ndichomeris pseudometra ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 30\ndichomeris ptychosema ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 30\ndichomeris sciodora ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 31\ndichomeris semnias ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 31\ndichomeris siranta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 31\ndichomeris summata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32\ndichomeris synclepta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32\ndichomeris tephroxesta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33\ndichomeris testudinata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33\ndichomeris tetraschema ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33\ndichomeris thyrsicola ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33\ndichomeris toxolyca ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33\ndichomeris traumatias ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33\ndichomeris uranopis ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33\ndichomeris viridella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 34\ndichomeris indigna ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 54 ( note )\ndichomeris ceratomoxantha ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 63 ( note )\ndichomeris adelocentra meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 10 ) : 305 ; tl : java , butenzorg\ndichomeris albula park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 22 ; tl : taipei co . , taiwan\ndichomeris baccata meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 621 ; tl : brazil , teff\u00e9\n= dichomeris bisignella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16\ndichomeris brachygrapha meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 10 ) : 305 ; tl : assam , khasis\ndichomeris bucinaria park , 1996 ; tinea 14 ( 4 ) : 230 ; tl : pintung co . , taiwan\ndichomeris chalcophaea meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 434 ; tl : queensland , brisbane\ndichomeris fida meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 620 ; tl : brazil , para\ndichomeris fusca park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 49 ; tl : taichung co . , taiwan\ndichomeris fuscalis park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 16 ; tl : taipei co . , taiwan\ndichomeris harmonias meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 504 ; tl : china , shanghai\ndichomeris horiodes meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 620 ; tl : brazil , parintins\ndichomeris horoglypta meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 202 ; tl : hasimoto , japan\ndichomeris ingloria meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 621 ; tl : peru , lima\ndichomeris leptosaris meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 202 ; tl : hokkaido , japan\ndichomeris leucothicta meyrick , 1919 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 8 ) : 235 ; tl : bombay , dharwar\ndichomeris lucrifuga meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 620 ; tl : brazil , para\ndichomeris lutivittata meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 434 ; tl : queensland , brisbane\ndichomeris mesoctenis meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 434 ; tl : queensland , brisbane\ndichomeris mesoglena meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 619 ; tl : coorg , pollibetta\ndichomeris metuens meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 201 ; tl : seneng , java\ndichomeris ochthophora meyrick , 1936 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 2 ) : 46 ; tl : taihoku , formosa\ndichomeris orientis park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 36 ; tl : kaohsiung co . , taiwan\ndichomeris praevacua meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 504 ; tl : china , shanghai\ndichomeris quercicola meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 433 ; tl : punjab , kangra\ndichomeris saturata meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 621 ; tl : brazil , obidos\ndichomeris sciodora meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 504 ; tl : assam , khasis\ndichomeris symmetrica park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 20 ; tl : taitung co . , taiwan\ndichomeris syndias [ sic , recte syndyas ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32\ndichomeris thermodryas meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 621 ; tl : peru , iquitos\ndichomeris trilobella park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 42 ; tl : pingtung co . , taiwan\ndichomeris anisospila meyrick , 1934 ; dt . ent . z . iris 48 : 34 ; tl : guangdong , china\ndichomeris argentaria meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 304 ; tl : barberton\ndichomeris cotifera meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 303 ; tl : barberton\ndichomeris cuprea li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 237 ; tl : shaanxi\ndichomeris exsecta meyrick , 1927 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 12 ) : 354 ; tl : rhodesia , mazoe\ndichomeris ignorata meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 165 ; tl : java , preangor , 5000ft\ndichomeris melanortha meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 510 ; tl : bombay , poona\ndichomeris monorbella viette , 1988 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 93 ( 3 - 4 ) : 104\ndichomeris squalens meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 282 ; tl : british guiana\nresupina omelko , 1999 ; keys ins . russian far east 5 ( 2 ) : 107 ; ts : dichomeris okadai moriuti\ndichomeris tactica meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 152 ; tl : ecuador , huigra , 4500ft\ndichomeris acrolychna meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 112 ; tl : brazil , para\ndichomeris allantopa meyrick , 1934 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 16 - 17 ) : 512 ; tl : nilambur , madras\ndichomeris alogista meyrick , 1935 ; mat . microlep . fauna chin . prov . : 72 ; tl : hunan , china\ndichomeris brachymetra meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 620 ; tl : peru , chosica , 2800m\ndichomeris brachyptila meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 584 ; tl : upper burma , myitkyina\ndichomeris ceponoma meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 151 ; tl : coorg , dibidi , 3500ft\ndichomeris davisi park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 35 ; tl : taiwan , taipei co . , sirin\ndichomeris ellipsias meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 114 ; tl : peru , iquitos\ndichomeris lushanae park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 22 ; tl : taiwan , taipei co . , sozan\ndichomeris moriutii ; li , zhen , kendrick & sterling , 2010 , shilap revta lepid . 38 ( 149 ) : 73\ndichomeris physocoma meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 286 ; tl : sierra leone , mabang\ndichomeris procyphodes meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 115 ; tl : brazil , parintins\ndichomeris rhodophaea meyrick , 1920 ; in alluaud & jeannel , voyage afr . orientale , ins . l\u00e9p . 2 : 73\ndichomeris simaoensis ; li , zhen , kendrick & sterling , 2010 , shilap revta lepid . 38 ( 149 ) : 74\ndichomeris stratigera meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 111 ; tl : brazil , parintins\ndichomeris subdentata meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 113 ; tl : brazil , santarem\ndichomeris testudinata meyrick , , 1934 ; dt . ent . z . iris 48 : 34 ; tl : guangdong , china\ndichomeris thalamopa meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 112 ; tl : brail , t\u00e9ffe\ndichomeris xanthodeta meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 305 ; tl : three sisters\ndichomeris zonata ; li , zhen , kendrick & sterling , 2010 , shilap revta lepid . 38 ( 149 ) : 74\ndichomeris liui li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 234 ; tl : jiangxi , china\ndichomeris qinlingensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 235 ; tl : shaanxi , china\ndichomeris aequata meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 282 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\ndichomeris agathopa meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 85 ; tl : rhodesia , umtali\ndichomeris anisacuminata li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 231 ; tl : china , jiangxi\ndichomeris antizyga meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 303 ; tl : barberton , pretoria\ndichomeris aphanopa meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 83 ; tl : rhodesia , umtali\ndichomeris apicispina li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 241 ; tl : jiangxi , china\ndichomeris asteropis meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 83 ; tl : rhodesia , umvuma\ndichomeris attenta meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 84 ; tl : rhodesia , umvuma\ndichomeris bifurca li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 251 ; tl : jiangxi , china\ndichomeris bodenheimeri ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16 ; [ afromoths ]\ndichomeris bomiensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 238 ; tl : china , xizang\ndichomeris cachrydias meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 283 ; tl : british guiana , mallali\ndichomeris decusella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 19 ; [ afromoths ]\ndichomeris diffurca li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 253 ; tl : fujian , china\ndichomeris eustacta meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 84 ; tl : rhodesia , umtali\ndichomeris excepta meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 9 ) : 279 ; tl : nyassaland , mt . mlanje\ndichomeris hylurga meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 83 ; tl : rhodesia , salisbury\ndichomeris impigra meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 305 ; tl : barberton , haenertsburg\ndichomeris indiserta meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 285 ; tl : malay states , kuala lumpur\ndichomeris lativalvata li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 248 ; tl : jiangxi , china\ndichomeris manticopodina li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 239 ; tl : shaanxi , china\ndichomeris menglana li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 257 ; tl : yunnan , china\ndichomeris ningshanensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 245 ; tl : shaanxi , china\ndichomeris nivalis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 249 ; tl : jiangxi , china\ndichomeris opsonoma meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 281 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\ndichomeris pladarota meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 84 ; tl : rhodesia , umtali\ndichomeris polygona li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 243 ; tl : sichuan , china\ndichomeris qingchengshanensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 245 ; tl : sichuan , china\ndichomeris quadratipalpa li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 238 ; tl : shaanxi , china\ndichomeris quadrifurca li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 252 ; tl : fujian , china\ndichomeris sexafurca li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 249 ; tl : jiangxi , china\ndichomeris shenae li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 246 ; tl : jiangxi , china\ndichomeris spicans li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 247 ; tl : jiangxi , china\ndichomeris spuracuminata li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 230 ; tl : shaanxi , china\ndichomeris stromatias meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 23 ; tl : zululand , nkwaleni\ndichomeris tersa li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 241 ; tl : shaanxi , china\ndichomeris varifurca li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 250 ; tl : jiangxi , china\ndichomeris violacula li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 237 ; tl : gansu , china\ndichomeris wuyiensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 255 ; tl : jiangxi , china\ndichomeris xestobyrsa meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 82 ; tl : rhodesia , salisbury\ndichomeris yuebana li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 236 ; tl : shaanxi , china\ndichomeris obscura li & zheng , 1997 ; entomologia sin . 4 ( 3 ) : 223 ; tl : fengxian , shaanxi , 1600m\ndichomeris angustiptera li & zheng , 1997 ; entomologia sin . 4 ( 3 ) : 228 ; tl : fengxian , shaanxi , 1600m\ndichomeris acrogypsa turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 168 ; tl : queensland , rosewood\ndichomeris aculata ; ponomarenko & ueda , 2004 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 55 ( 3 ) : 147 ( note )\ndichomeris ampliata meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 175 ; tl : khasis\ndichomeris cirrhostola turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 169 ; tl : queensland , adavale\ndichomeris deltaspis ; ponomarenko & ueda , 2004 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 55 ( 3 ) : 155 ( note )\ndichomeris excoriata meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 174 ; tl : khasis\ndichomeris ferrata meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 174 ; tl : khasis\ndichomeris ferrogra li & wang , 1997 ; entomologia sin . 4 ( 3 ) : 225 ; tl : mengla , yunnan , 630m\ndichomeris ferruginosa meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 173 ; tl : khasis\ndichomeris heteracma meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 622 ; tl : brazil , teff\u00e9 ; peru , iquitos\ndichomeris instans meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 619 ; tl : peru , iquitos ; brazil , teff\u00e9\ndichomeris lividula park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 57 ; tl : taiwan , hualien co . , pianau - col\ndichomeris oleata meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 305 ; tl : barberton , three sisters\ndichomeris ostracodes meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 583 ; tl : upper burma , lashio , 3000ft\ndichomeris petalodes meyrick , 1934 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 16 - 17 ) : 512 ; tl : nilambur , madras , india\ndichomeris pleuroleuca turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 169 ; tl : queensland , eidsvold\ndichomeris ptychosema meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 175 ; tl : khasis\ndichomeris rectifascia li & zheng , 1997 ; entomologia sin . 4 ( 3 ) : 220 ; tl : kangxian , gansu , 800m\ndichomeris simaoensis li & wang , 1997 ; entomologia sin . 4 ( 3 ) : 221 ; tl : simao , yunnan , 325m\ndichomeris summata meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 172 ; tl : khasis\ndichomeris varronia busck , 1913 ; ins . inscit . menstr . 1 ( 7 ) : 89 ; tl : kitty , british guiana\ndichomeris ventosa meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 304 ; tl : barberton , three sisters\ndichomeris zonata li & wang , 1997 ; entomologia sin . 4 ( 3 ) : 222 ; tl : simao , yunnan , 325m\ndichomeris tostella ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 72 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ]\ndichomeris amphicoma meyrick , 1912 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1911 ( 4 ) : 695 ; tl : brazil , santos\ndichomeris antisticha meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 285 ; tl : costa rica , vulkan irazu , 4000ft\ndichomeris fluitans meyrick , 1920 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 17 ( 4 ) : 284 ; tl : natal , howick\ndichomeris litoxyla meyrick , 1937 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 4 - 5 ) : 123 ; tl : yakovlevka , primorkii krai , russia\ndichomeris nessica walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 95 ; tl : panama , la chorrera\ndichomeris taiwana park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 48 ; tl : taiwan , nantou co . , sunmoon lake , 760m\ndichomeris zomias meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 283 ; tl : british guiana , bartica and mallali\ndichomeris hirculella busck , 1909 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 11 ( 2 ) : 89 ; tl : east river , connecticut\ndichomeris clarescens meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 174 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon\ndichomeris dysorata turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 170 ; tl : new south wales , syndey\ndichomeris elegans park , 2001 ; insecta koreana 18 ( 4 ) : 308 ; tl : taiwan , pingtung co . , kenting park , 50m\ndichomeris jugata walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 97 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa\ndichomeris mengdana li & zheng , 1997 ; entomologia sin . 4 ( 3 ) : 227 ; tl : mengda , xunhua , qinghai , 2240m\ndichomeris miltophragma meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 115 ; tl : brazil , para , obidos , parintins\ndichomeris ptilocompa meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 113 ; tl : brazil , teff\u00e9 ; peru , jurimaguas\ndichomeris substratella walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 93 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa\ndichomeris vadonella viette , 1955 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 123 : 108 ; tl : ne . madagascar , maroantsetra , ambodivoangy\ndichomeris xerodes walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 100 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa\n= dichomeris setosella ; sattler , 1973 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 28 ( 4 ) : 221\ndichomeris glenni clarke , 1947 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 49 ( 7 ) : 187 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois\ndichomeris aomoriensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14 ; ponomarenko , 1998 , far east . ent . 67 : 12\ndichomeris ardesiella walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 96 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , cordova\ndichomeris arotrosema walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 95 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , atoyac\ndichomeris asodes meyrick , 1939 ; trans . r . ent . soc . lond . 89 ( 4 ) : 54 ; tl : telawa , java\ndichomeris erixantha ; meyrick , 1921 , ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 83 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]\ndichomeris eucomopa meyrick , 1939 ; trans . r . ent . soc . lond . 89 ( 4 ) : 54 ; tl : telawa , java\ndichomeris loxospila ; [ nhm card ] ; li , zhen , kendrick & sterling , 2010 , shilap revta lepid . 38 ( 149 ) : 77\ndichomeris lypetica walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 91 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft\ndichomeris crepitatrix meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 173 ; tl : n . coorg , 3500ft\ndichomeris dignella walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 91 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft\ndichomeris excavata busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 18 ; tl : porto bello , panama\ndichomeris hexasticta walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 94 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft\ndichomeris imbricata meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 175 ; tl : n . coorg , 3500ft\ndichomeris lutea park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 59 ; tl : taiwan , nantou co . , meifeng , 30km s tayuling , 2200m\ndichomeris lutilinea ponomarenko & park , 1996 ; korean j . appl . ent . 35 ( 2 ) : 118 ; tl : chuncheon , kangweon prov .\ndichomeris metrodes meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 172 ; tl : hambantota , ceylon ; bombay\ndichomeris olivescens meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 175 ; tl : kandy and maskeliya , ceylon\ndichomeris thalpodes meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 111 ; tl : brazil , para ; peru , r . napo\ndichomeris tristicta busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 17 ; tl : trinidad river , panama\ndichomeris melanophylla ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 114 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]\ndichomeris angulata ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 14 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14\ndichomeris bulawskii ponomarenko & park , 1996 ; korean j . appl . ent . 35 ( 2 ) : 114 ; tl : 27km sw slavjanka , primorskii krai\ndichomeris fusca ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 60 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 49\ndichomeris linealis ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 83 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 24\ndichomeris lividula ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 83 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 24\ndichomeris lushanae ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 86 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25\ndichomeris lutea ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 86 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25\ndichomeris ochreata ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 102 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 27\ndichomeris taiwana ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 135 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32\ndichomeris trilobella ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 141 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33\ndichomeris illusio hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 101 , pl . 2 , f . 38 ; tl : hastings , florida\ndichomeris imitata hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 104 , pl . 3 , f . 5 ; tl : devers , texas\ndichomeris angulata park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 43 ; tl : taiwan , nantou co . , leinhauchi forest station , 15km sw puli , 750m\ndichomeris aprica ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 15 ; li & sattler , 2012 , zootaxa 3373 : 57\ndichomeris enoptrias ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20\ndichomeris hoplocrates ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22\ndichomeris issikii ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23\ndichomeris ochreata park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 32 ; tl : taiwan , nantou co . , mei - feng , 30km s tayuling , 2200m\ndichomeris pyrrhoschista ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 30\ndichomeris sciritis ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 31 ; li & sattler , 2012 , zootaxa 3373 : 57\ndichomeris synergastis ponomarenko & park , 1996 ; korean j . appl . ent . 35 ( 2 ) : 116 ; tl : yong - in , kyunggi prov .\ndichomeris viridescens ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 34\ndichomeris offula hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 117 , pl . 3 , f . 21 ; tl : ithaca , new york\ndichomeris crepida hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 118 , pl . 3 , f . 22 ; tl : mcclellanville , south carolina\ndichomeris santarosensis hodges , 1985 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 87 ( 2 ) : 456 ; tl : santa rosa national park , guanacaste , costa rica\ndichomeris nenia hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 40 , pl . 4 , f . 2 ; tl : bandera co . , texas\ndichomeris hypochloa walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 102 , pl . 3 , f . 23 ; tl : mexico , sonora\ndichomeris caia hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 62 , pl . 4 , f . 7 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois\ndichomeris laetitia hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 88 , pl . 2 , f . 22 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois\ndichomeris aleatrix hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 91 , pl . 2 , f . 27 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois\ndichomeris furia hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 93 , pl . 2 , f . 30 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois\ndichomeris baxa hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 105 , pl . 3 , f . 10 ; tl : presidio of monterey , california\ndichomeris cinnamicostella ; walsingham , 1911 , biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 103 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndichomeris costalis busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 18 ; tl : tabogilla i . and porto bello , panama\ndichomeris habrochitona walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 102 , pl . 3 , f . 26 ; tl : panama , tabernilla\ndichomeris quercicola ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 30 ; ponomarenko , 1998 , far east . ent . 67 : 13\ndichomeris carycina ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 43 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndichomeris caryophragma ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 43 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndichomeris diacnista ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 43 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndichomeris lypetica ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 54 ( note ) ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndichomeris tactica ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 60 ( note ) ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndichomeris latescens ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 63 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndichomeris siren hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 64 , pl . 4 , f . 9 ; tl : henson creek , oxon hill , maryland\ndichomeris vindex hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 83 , pl . 2 , f . 9 - 10 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois\ndichomeris gleba hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 87 , pl . 2 , f . 18 - 20 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois\ndichomeris legnotoa hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 101 , pl . 4 , f . 10 ; tl : largo , pinellas co . , florida\ndichomeris mimesis hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 101 , pl . 2 , f . 39 ; tl : salmon , anderson co . , texas\ndichomeris simulata hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 104 , pl . 3 , f . 4 ; tl : canadian , hemphill co . , texas\ndichomeris percnopolis walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 93 , pl . 3 , f . 11 ; tl : guatemala , zapote , 2000ft\ndichomeris renascens walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 96 , pl . 3 , f . 14 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa\ndichomeris xuthostola walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 101 , pl . 3 , f . 18 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa\ndichomeris sylphe hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 58 , pl . 1 , f . 22 ; tl : archbold biological staion , lake placid , florida\ndichomeris ardelia hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 62 , pl . 4 , f . 8 ; tl : archbold biological station , lake placid , florida\ndichomeris kimballi hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 71 , pl . 1 , f . 30 ; tl : archbold biological staion , lake placid , florida\ndichomeris aglaia hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 85 , pl . 2 , f . 15 ; tl : lake placid , florida , archbold biological station\ndichomeris anisacuminata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14 ; li , zhen , kendrick & sterling , 2010 , shilap revta lepid . 38 ( 149 ) : 74\ndichomeris argigastra walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 99 , pl . 3 , f . 16 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , atoyac\ndichomeris autometra ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 15 ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 )\ndichomeris crambaleas ; [ nhm card ] ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 18\ndichomeris melanota walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 94 , pl . 3 , f . 13 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , cordova\ndichomeris okadai ; [ nhm card ] ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 28\ndichomeris prensans meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 111 ; tl : brazil , para , parintins , manaos ; peru , iquitos ; british guiana , bartica\ndichomeris sciastes walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 90 , pl . 3 , f . 10 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , atoyac\ndichomeris gausapa hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : pl . 1 , f . 8 ; tl : madera canyon , 4880 ' , santa rita mts , arizona\n= dichomeris acuminata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 13 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 34\ndichomeris solatrix hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 48 , pl . 1 , f . 15 ; tl : pe\u00f1a blanca canyon , santa cruz co . arizona\n= dichomeris punctidiscella ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 56 ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 36\ndichomeris copa hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 92 , pl . 2 , f . 28 ; tl : snyder heights 1100 ' , ithaca , new york\ndichomeris achne hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 87 , pl . 2 , f . 34 ; tl : parker is . , highlands co . , florida\ndichomeris euprepes hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 110 , pl . 4 , f . 11 ; tl : big black mnts , letcher co . , kentucky\ndichomeris carinella walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 99 , pl . 3 , f . 20 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft\ndichomeris fuscusitis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21 ; zhao , park , bae & li , 2017 , zootaxa 4273 ( 2 ) : ( 216 - 234 )\ndichomeris intensa meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 173 ; tl : maskeliya and puttalam , ceylon ; cuddapah , 4000ft , n . coorg\ndichomeris leucostena walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 94 , pl . 3 , f . 12 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft\ndichomeris blanchardorum hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 43 , pl . 1 , f . 10 - 11 ; tl : laguna atascosa , cameron co . , texas\ndichomeris gnoma hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 106 , pl . 3 , f . 11 ; tl : shingle creek road , keremeos , british columbia , canada\ndichomeris mercatrix hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 110 , pl . 3 , f . 15 ; tl : mclean bogs reserve , tompkins co . , new york\ndichomeris bulawskii ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16 ; ponomarenko & ueda , 2004 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 55 ( 3 ) : 151 ( note )\ndichomeris diva hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 57 , pl . 1 , f . 21 ; tl : 1 mi s patagonia , santa cruz co . , arizona\ndichomeris fistuca hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 68 , pl . 1 , f . 25 ; tl : wedge plantation , mccellanville , charleston co . , south carolina\ndichomeris atomogypsa ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 72 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 15\ndichomeris alphito hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 88 , pl . 2 , f . 21 ; tl : madera canyon , 4880 ' , santa rita mts , arizona\ndichomeris pelta hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 99 , pl . 2 , f . 36 ; tl : wedge plantation , mcclellanville , charleston co . , south carolina\ndichomeris acrochlora ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 112 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 12\ndichomeris sybilla hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 121 , pl . 3 , f . 24 ; tl : madera canyon , 4880 ' , santa rita mts , arizona\ndichomeris evitata walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 99 , pl . 3 , f . 15 ; tl : panama , volcan de chiriqui , 2000 - 3000ft\ndichomeris harmonias ; [ nhm card ] ; park , 1991 , ann . hist . - nat . mus . hung . 83 : 121 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21\ndichomeris xanthoa hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 102 , pl . 3 , f . 2 ; tl : ft . niobrara national wildlife refuge , cherry co . , nebraska\ndichomeris bolize hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 100 , pl . 2 , f . 37 ; tl : hackberry lake , valentine national wildlife refuge , cherry co . , nebraska"]}
-{"id": 23, "summary": [{"text": "plectrohyla celata , also known as the oaxaca treefrog , is a species of frog in the family hylidae .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "it is endemic to mexico and only known from the northern slope of cerro pel\u00f3n , in sierra de ju\u00e1rez in northern oaxaca .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "after having not been seen after 1984 , it was feared that the species might be extinct .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "however , the species was rediscovered in field surveys in 2011 \u2013 2014 . ", "topic": 6}], "title": "plectrohyla celata", "paragraphs": ["chapters : plectrohyla guatemalensis , plectrohyla tecunumani , plectrohyla teuchestes , plectrohyla chrysopleura , plectrohyla quecchi , plectrohyla glandulosa , plectrohyla pokomchi , plectrohyla ameibothalame , plectrohyla acanthodes , plectrohyla arborescandens , plectrohyla cyanomma , plectrohyla robertsorum , plectrohyla celata , plectrohyla crassa , plectrohyla matudai , plectrohyla pachyderma , plectrohyla sabrina , rana - de arbol moteada , plectrohyla psiloderma , plectrohyla cyclada , plectrohyla charadricola , plectrohyla exquisita , plectrohyla calthula , plectrohyla calvicollina , plectrohyla pentheter , plectrohyla labedactyla , plectrohyla sagorum , plectrohyla hazelae , plectrohyla avia , plectrohyla ixil , plectrohyla lacertosa , plectrohyla bistincta , plectrohyla hartwegi , plectrohyla pycnochila , plectrohyla cembra , plectrohyla chryses , plectrohyla ephemera , plectrohyla siopela , plectrohyla dasypus , plectrohyla psarosema , plectrohyla mykter . source : wikipedia . pages : 92 . not illustrated . free updates online . purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher ' s book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge . excerpt : plectrohyla guatemalensis is a species of frog in the hylidae family . it is found in el salvador , guatemala , honduras , and mexico . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and rivers . it is threatened by habitat loss . ] . . . more : http : / / urltoken\ngeorgina santos - barrera , luis canseco - m\u00e1rquez 2004 . plectrohyla celata . the iucn red list of threatened species 2004 : e . t55438a11311593 . urltoken\nplectrohyla celata \u2014 faivovich , haddad , garcia , frost , campbell , and wheeler , 2005 , bull . am . mus . nat . hist . , 294 : 105 .\nsarcohyla celata \u2014 duellman , marion , and hedges , 2016 , zootaxa , 4104 : 18 . provisional placement .\nthis species was previously included in the genus hyla but has recently been moved to the genus plectrohyla ( faivovich et al . 2005 ) .\nwill find all uses of\n. . . hyla\nanywhere in a record : e . g . , hyla , hylidae , plectrohyla , ptychadena hylaea , adenomera hylaedactyla\na revision of the family hylidae from 2016 places this species in the genus sarcohyla , but this classification is not yet widely adopted and as of late 2016 , the amphibian species of the world labels it as\nprovisional\n. it belongs to the\nplectrohyla bistincta group\nwith the genus plectrohyla , all of them moved to sarcohyla in the 2016 revision .\nthe natural habitats of this species are pristine cloud forest with low or moderate streams , its probably breeding habitat . it is known from elevations between 2 , 640 and 2 , 670 m ( 8 , 660 and 8 , 760 ft ) above sea level . at night , these frogs were found submerged on the bottom of large pools or at the edges of pools , with only their heads above water , and escaping to deeper water if disturbed . by day , they occurred near the same pools but mostly sitting on rocks several centimeters above the water . the only other anuran in the habitat was what at the time was identified as plectrohyla siopela , but later described as a new species , plectrohyla celata .\nhyla celata toal and mendelson , 1995 , occas . pap . mus . nat . hist . univ . kansas , 174 : 3 . holotype : ku 137103 , by original designation . type locality :\n0 . 9 km n cerro pel\u00f3n , sierra de ju\u00e1rez , oaxaca , mexico , 2670 m ( 17\u00b0 30\u2032 n , 96\u00b0 30\u2032 w )\n.\nplectrohyla cyanomma , also known as the blue - eyed aquatic treefrog , is a species of frog in the family hylidae . it is endemic to mexico and only known from the northern slope of cerro pel\u00f3n , in sierra de ju\u00e1rez in northern oaxaca . it is feared that the species might be extinct .\nplectrohyla cyanomma was once relatively common and conspicuous in its habitat . however , it was last collected in 1980 , and is possibly now extinct . the stream at the type locality is still in good condition , so the decline might be caused by chytridiomycosis . habitat loss is occurring elsewhere in the area and could have contributed to the overall decline of this species .\nin the hyla bistincta group according to the original publication . in the plectrohyla bistincta group of faivovich , haddad , garcia , frost , campbell , and wheeler , 2005 , bull . am . mus . nat . hist . , 294 : 105 . see account by duellman , 2001 , hylid frogs middle am . , ed . 2 : 977 - 979 . see illustration , map , description of geographic range and habitat , and conservation status in stuart , hoffmann , chanson , cox , berridge , ramani , and young , 2008 , threatened amph . world : 268 , who noted that the species may be extinct .\nfor review of genus and phylogenetics see duellman and campbell , 1992 , misc . publ . mus . zool . univ . michigan , 181 : 1 - 31 . wilson , mccranie , and cruz - d\u00edaz , 1994 , proc . biol . soc . washington , 107 : 67 - 78 , discussed the phylogeny of the genus as did duellman , 2001 , hylid frogs middle am . , ed . 2 : 1045 - 1048 . keys to , accounts of , and discussions of phylogenetics of the species in honduras provided by mccranie and wilson , 2002 , amph . honduras : 285 - 311 . caldwell , 1974 , occas . pap . mus . nat . hist . univ . kansas , 28 : 1 - 37 , defined and discussed the hyla bistincta group ( now part of plectrohyla ) . toal and mendelson , 1995 , occas . pap . mus . nat . hist . univ . kansas , 174 : 1 - 20 , provided a key to the hyla bistincta group . in the hylini of faivovich , haddad , garcia , frost , campbell , and wheeler , 2005 , bull . am . mus . nat . hist . , 294 : 89 . wiens , fetzner , parkinson , and reeder , 2005 , syst . biol . , 54 : 25 , considered plectrohyla to be part of their enlarged hyla .\nplectrohyla cyanomma is a large , robust frog . adult males measure 52\u201356 mm ( 2 . 0\u20132 . 2 in ) and females 52\u201365 mm ( 2 . 0\u20132 . 6 in ) in snout\u2013vent length . the tympanum is partly or completely concealed . the fingers have vestigial webbing whereas the toes are moderately webbed . the dorsum is uniform olive - green with few tiny , bright yellow spots ; the olive - green fades to pale blue around vent and along outer edge of forearm and tarsus . the venter and chin are greenish - yellow , as are the outer toes and fingers . the ventral surfaces of limbs to the inner toes and fingers bright are yellow - orange . the iris is pale bluish - gray . males have enlarged non - projecting prepollex ( the\nspikethumb\n) but not nuptial excrescences .\noccasional papers of the natural history museum , the university of kansas , lawrence , kansas .\nin copyright . digitized with the permission of the university of kansas natural history museum .\n< mods xmlns : xlink =\nurltoken\nversion =\n3 . 0\nxmlns : xsi =\nurltoken\nxmlns =\nurltoken\nxsi : schemalocation =\nurltoken urltoken\n> < titleinfo > < title > a new species of hyla ( anura : hylidae ) from cloud forest in oaxaca , mexico , with comments on the status of the hyla bistincta group < / title > < / titleinfo > < name > < namepart > toal , kevin r < / namepart > < / name > < name > < namepart > mendelson , joseph r . < / namepart > < / name > < typeofresource > text < / typeofresource > < genre authority =\nmarcgt\n> < / genre > < note type =\ncontent\n> 174 < / note > < relateditem type =\nhost\n> < titleinfo > < title > occasional papers of the natural history museum , the university of kansas , lawrence , kansas . < / title > < / titleinfo > < origininfo > < place > < placeterm type =\ntext\n> lawrence , kan . : < / placeterm > < / place > < publisher > the university , < / publisher > < / origininfo > < part > < detail type =\nvolume\n> < number > 174 < / number > < / detail > < extent unit =\npages\n> < start > 1 < / start > < end > 20 < / end > < / extent > < date > 1995 - 09 - 20 < / date > < / part > < / relateditem > < identifier type =\nuri\n> urltoken < / identifier > < accesscondition type =\nuseandreproduction\n> in copyright . digitized with the permission of the university of kansas natural history museum . < / accesscondition > < / mods >\n@ article { bhlpart13092 , title = { a new species of hyla ( anura : hylidae ) from cloud forest in oaxaca , mexico , with comments on the status of the hyla bistincta group } , journal = { occasional papers of the natural history museum , the university of kansas , lawrence , kansas . } , volume = { 174 } , copyright = { in copyright . digitized with the permission of the university of kansas natural history museum . } , url = urltoken publisher = { lawrence , kan . : the university , 1994 - 1996 . } , author = { toal , kevin r and mendelson , joseph r . } , year = { 1995 - 09 - 20 } , pages = { 1 - - 20 } , }\nty - jour ti - a new species of hyla ( anura : hylidae ) from cloud forest in oaxaca , mexico , with comments on the status of the hyla bistincta group t2 - occasional papers of the natural history museum , the university of kansas , lawrence , kansas . vl - 174 ur - urltoken pb - the university , cy - lawrence , kan . : py - 1995 - 09 - 20 sp - 1 ep - 20 sn - 0091 - 7958 au - toal , kevin r au - mendelson , joseph r . er -\nbiodivlibrary @ jzed _ trees @ kew _ laa awesome ! we ' re so honored to have this treasure in # bhlib . thanks @ kew _ laa ! now we can enjoy p\u2026 urltoken\nthis species is known from the sierra de ju\u00e1rez , east of oaxaca city , in south - eastern mexico , at 2 , 640 - 2 , 890m asl .\nthis has always been a rare species , but it appears to have gone into serious decline , and has not been recorded since 1984 . recent surveys to locate it have been unsuccessful , and it might now be extinct .\nthis species has disappeared in suitable habitat , probably due to chytridiomycosis . the fragmentation and disturbance of the forest due to logging and other human activities , and the continuing desiccation of streams , has probably also contributed to the disappearance of this species .\nthe range of this species is not within any protected area . urgent restoration and protection of the remnants of cloud forest in the sierra de ju\u00e1rez is required . a field study is necessary to evaluate the population status of this species , and whether or not it still survives in the wild . in view of the threat of chytridiomycosis , surviving individuals might need to form the basis for the establishment of an\nlisted as critically endangered because its area of occupancy is less than 10km2 , its distribution is severely fragmented , and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat , and in the number of mature individuals , in oaxaca , mexico .\n* will not find nomina inquirenda ; use basic search ( above ) for that purpose .\nwill find all uses of\nhyl . . .\nanywhere in a record : e . g . , hylarana , hyla , hylidae , hylinae , hylaedactyla .\nwill find all records that contain stand - alone uses of hyla : e . g . , hyla , hyla arenicolor\ninterprets this as\nlithobates or pipiens\nso will find the union of all records that contain either\nlithobates\nor\npipiens\n: e . g . , lithobates omiltemanus , hylorana pipiens\ninterprets this as\nlithobates and pipiens\nso will return all records that have the character string\nlithobates pipiens\nanywhere within a record : e . g . , all members of the lithobates pipiens complex .\noaxaca treefrog ( liner and casas - andreu , 2008 , herpetol . circ . , 38 : 19 ) .\nplease note : these links will take you to external websites not affiliated with the american museum of natural history . we are not responsible for their content .\nfor access to available specimen data for this species , from over 350 scientific collections , go to vertnet .\ncopyright \u00a9 1998 - 2018 , darrel frost and the american museum of natural history . all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nfrost , d . r . 2015 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 6 . 0 ( 14 january 2016 ) . new york , usa . available at : urltoken .\ncritically endangered ( possibly extinct ) b2ab ( iii , v ) ver 3 . 1\njustification : listed as critically endangered because its area of occupancy is less than 10km2 , its distribution is severely fragmented , and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat , and in the number of mature individuals , in oaxaca , mexico .\nthe range of this species is not within any protected area . urgent restoration and protection of the remnants of cloud forest in the sierra de ju\u00e1rez is required . a field study is necessary to evaluate the population status of this species , and whether or not it still survives in the wild . in view of the threat of chytridiomycosis , surviving individuals might need to form the basis for the establishment of an ex - situ population .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\n1 . forest - > 1 . 6 . forest - subtropical / tropical moist lowland suitability : suitable 1 . forest - > 1 . 9 . forest - subtropical / tropical moist montane suitability : suitable 5 . wetlands ( inland ) - > 5 . 1 . wetlands ( inland ) - permanent rivers / streams / creeks ( includes waterfalls ) suitability : suitable\n1 . land / water protection - > 1 . 1 . site / area protection 1 . land / water protection - > 1 . 2 . resource & habitat protection 2 . land / water management - > 2 . 3 . habitat & natural process restoration 3 . species management - > 3 . 4 . ex - situ conservation - > 3 . 4 . 1 . captive breeding / artificial propagation\n1 . residential & commercial development - > 1 . 1 . housing & urban areas\n2 . agriculture & aquaculture - > 2 . 1 . annual & perennial non - timber crops - > 2 . 1 . 2 . small - holder farming\n5 . biological resource use - > 5 . 3 . logging & wood harvesting - > 5 . 3 . 5 . motivation unknown / unrecorded\n8 . invasive and other problematic species , genes & diseases - > 8 . 1 . invasive non - native / alien species / diseases - > 8 . 1 . 2 . named species\n1 . research - > 1 . 2 . population size , distribution & trends 1 . research - > 1 . 5 . threats\nduellman , w . e . 2001 . the hylid frogs of middle america . society for the study of amphibians and reptiles , ithaca , new york , usa .\nfaivovich , j . , haddad , c . f . b . , garcia , p . c . o . , frost , d . r . , campbell , j . a . and wheeler , w . c . 2005 . systematic review of the frog family hylidae , with special reference to hylinae : phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision . bulletin of the american museum of natural history 294 : 1 - 240 .\niucn . 2004 . 2004 iucn red list of threatened species . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 23 november 2004 ) .\nlips , k . r . , mendelson iii , j . r . , munoz - alonso , a . , canseco - marquez , l . and mulcahy , d . g . 2004 . amphibian population declines in montane southern mexico : resurveys of historical localities . biological conservation 119 : 555 - 564 .\ntoal , k . r . and mendelson iii , j . r . 1995 . a new species of hyla ( anura : hylidae ) from cloud forest in oaxaca , mexico , with comments on the status of the hyla bistincta group . occasional papers natural history museum university of kansas : 1 - 20 .\nthis species is known from the sierra de jurez , east of oaxaca city , in south - eastern mexico , at 2 , 640 - 2 , 890m asl .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nevi , an amazon company , was founded in 2005 under the name true knowledge . the team started out with a mission to make it possible to access the world ' s knowledge simply by asking for information using natural language .\nwe\u2019re part of the amazon alexa team based in amazon ' s innovative cambridge development centre , alongside other amazon teams including prime air , core machine learning , amazon devices and amazon web services .\nthey are called spikethumb because of the spike on their thumbs , which is called a prepollex . the genus name comes from the\n, 2005 : systematic review of the frog family hylidae , with special reference to hylinae : phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision .\nborror , donald j . ( 1988 ) . dictionary of word roots and combining forms : compiled from the greek , latin , and other languages , with special reference to biological terms and scientific names ( 11 . print . ed . ) . mountain view , calif . : mayfield pub . co . isbn 0874840538 .\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nspikethumb frogs ( liner , 1994 , herpetol . circ . , 23 : 25 ; frank and ramus , 1995 , compl . guide scient . common names amph . rept . world : 62 ; liner and casas - andreu , 2008 , herpetol . circ . , 38 : 19 ) .\nhighlands of nuclear central america , from southern mexico through the highlands of guatemala and northern el salvador to central and northern honduras ; undetermined larvae and subadult from cerro saslaya , nicaragua .\ncopyright \u00a9 1998 - 2013 , darrel frost and the american museum of natural history . all rights reserved .\nspecies description : campbell , j . a . and duellman , w . e . 2000 . new species of stream - breeding hylid frogs from the northern versant of the highlands of oaxaca , mexico . scientific papers of the natural history museum of the university of kansas : 1 - 28 .\ngroup according to duellman ( 1970 ) . some specimens had previously been assigned to hyla arborescandens ( duellman 1970 ; caldwell 1974 ; toal 1994 ; toal and mendelson 1995 ; mendelson and toal 1996 ) and\n( toal and mendelson 1995 ) . at night , the dorsum becomes pale tan , venter creamy white , and anterior and posterior surfaces dull yellowish tan . by day , dorsum tan with dark green reticulations and greenish wash posteriorly on body . iris dark copper color . fingers are webbed basally and the toes are about two thirds webbed . a distinct tympanum is present . head as wide as body but slightly wider than long . head width is 33 . 0 % svl , head length is 32 . 5 % svl . snouth moderately short and rounded in dorsal view , bluntly rounded in lateral view . loreal region slightly concave . lips moderately thin but not flared . nostrils slightly protuberant , internarial region is slightly depressed . tympanum oval , slightly higher than long ; annulus is distinct and separated from eye by about 150 % legnth of tympanum . diameter of tympanum is 42 . 1 % diameter of eye . short ulnar tubercles form a row along the ventrolateral edge of the forearm , almost forming a low fold . width of disc on third finger is greater than diameter of tympanum . cloacal opening is directed posteroventrally at upper level of thighs . vocal sac is single , median , subgular . externally very similar to\n. only tadpoles at gosner ( 1960 ) stage 25 are known . similar to\nin the presence of two rows of small marginal papillae , absence of submarginal papillae , presence of fine serrations on the beaks , and a denticle formula of 2 / 4 .\nmost specimens are from cloud forests at elevations between 1600 and 2180 m on the northern versant of the sierra juarez . at night , both sexes were found on low vegetation or boulders adjacent to small streams , but one male was found in a spray zone .\nsexual dimorphism is present in that males are significantly smaller than females , two males from higher elevations ( cerro machin , 2370 m , and cerro san felipe , 2670 m ) have svls of 37 . 5 and 38 . 0 mm while two females from the same areas have svls of 48 . 8 and 49 . 1 mm . seems to be active year round .\nspecies group , with descriptions of three new species ( anura : hylidae ) . ' '\ncampbell , j . a . , and duellman , w . e . ( 2000 ) . ' ' new species of stream - breeding hylid frogs from the northern versant of the highlands of oaxaca , mexico . ' '\ngosner , k . l . ( 1960 ) . ' ' a simplified table for staging anuran embryos and larvae with notes on identification . ' '\nmendelson , j . r . , iii , and toal , iii , k . r . ( 1996 ) . ' ' a new species of\ntoal , k . r . , iii , and mendelson , j . r . , iii ( 1995 ) . ' ' a new species of\n( anura : hylidae ) from the sierra de juarez , oaxaca , mexico . ' '\n> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed jul 9 , 2018 .\n> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed 9 jul 2018 .\nthis species is known from cerro san felipe , northern oaxaca and so la de vega and la cofradia , central oaxaca , mexico . it occurs at elevations from 1 , 540 - 2 , 650m asl and is currently known from only five localities . it might occur a little more widely .\nthis species occurs in cerro peln and cerro humo chico in the sierra de jurez , north - eastern oaxaca , mexico . it is currently known from only three localities . it is found from 2 , 640 - 2 , 670 m asl .\nthis species is found in sierra de jurez , north - central oaxaca city , and cerro san felipe and cerro machin , oaxaca , mexico . it is also recorded from the sierra madre del sur ( puerto del gallo ) in south - western guerrero and oaxaca . it is known from elevations of 2 , 200 - 2 , 865m asl . with increased survey work , it is quite likely to be found elsewhere , especially in intervening areas between known sites .\nthe specific name cyanomma is derived from the greek words kyanos (\nblue\n) and omma (\neye\n) and refers to the blue eyes of this species .\nkeep an open eye in panama and you might just see a panamanian golden frog . local legend used to promise luck to anyone who spotted the frog in the wild and that when the frog died , it would turn into a gold talisman , known as a huaca . nowadays , you\u2019ll see the frogs on decorative cloth molas made by the kuna indians , on t - shirts , as inlaid design on a new overpass in panama city and even on lottery tickets . in the market at el valle de ant\u00f2n , you will see them by the thousands either as enamel - painted terracotta or on hand - carved tagua nuts . the one place you probably won\u2019t see a panamanian golden frog , however , is in their native home\u2014the crystal clear streams of the ancient volcanic crater of el valle de ant\u00f2n . in the mountain forests you may spot other similar - looking extant species such as atelopus varius , but the only local and true panamanian golden frogs atelopus zeteki are those breeding in captivity at the el valle amphibian conservation center ( evacc ) at the el nispero zoo .\nin the early 2000\u2019s conservationists warned that this day - glo yellow emblem of panama was in grave danger of extinction . in emergency response , project golden frog was established to create captive assurance colonies of this species , just in case the scientists\u2019 worst fears came to pass and the species went extinct in the wild . in 2006 , just as the scientists had predicted , the chytridiomycosis disease hit el valle . the panamanian golden frog\u2014whose populations were already under pressure due to collectors and habitat loss\u2014was decimated . suddenly , panama\u2019s unique harelquin frog species joined the ranks of at least 30 other harlequin frogs that are most likely extinct in the wild . luckily , panama\u2019s charismatic namesake was part of an aza species survival plan . today , the captive population is being carefully managed and bred for long - term survival by a number of zoos and aquaria in the united states and panama . the animals in these assurance colonies have served their intended purpose and provide an insurance policy for the species , guaranteeing that this important panamanian cultural symbol will never be lost all together .\na tragedy has thus been averted . instead of a dire warning of the future fate of the planet , panamanian golden frogs are now a symbol of hope . exiled frogs are playing the role of a flagship species , bringing the story of global amphibian declines to world wide audiences in zoos and aquaria , magazines and films . as the logo of the panama amphibian rescue and conservation project , the panamanian golden frog is a powerful symbol uniting 8 key institutions . together , we have embarked on this ambitious national program to build capacity at the summit municipal park in panama and to create assurance colonies of other amphibian species from eastern panama before it is too late . we are also actively working with some of the world\u2019s leading researchers like reid harris and louise rollins - smith to develop a cure that will allow us to control the further spread of chytridiomycosis . our great hope is that one day we may re - establish wild populations of panamanian golden frogs back into their rightful home in the streams of el valle . until then , we embrace panama\u2019s living gold as a symbol of hope and achievement in showing us how we can preserve panama\u2019s amphibian biodiversity .\nit\u2019s difficult to communicate the extent of the amphibian crisis using only numbers . the 2008 global amphibian assessment lists 120 potentially extinct species and 39 extinct amphibian species . of these , 94 had chytridiomycosis listed as a likely threat associated with their disappearance . most of the missing species are from central and south america , but we are also losing species from north america , the caribbean , australia , the middle east , asia and australia .\nnow let\u2019s try and put those numbers into the context of our mammal - centric world . think of a whole bunch of endangered mammals from around the world : a jaguar , panthera onca , a baird\u2019s tapir , tapirus bairdii , the golden lion tamarin , leontopithecus rosalia , a mountain pygmy possum , burramys parvus , dama gazelle , nanger dama , and the new guinea big - eared bat , pharotis imogene . repeat that exercise 25 times , and you\u2019ll have some idea of what we have probably already lost in the amphibian world .\nhere is a roll - call of missing amphibians . those marked with an ( ex ) are classified by the iucn as extinct . those with an asterisk * next to them have had chytridiomycosis suggested as one of the threats associated with their disappearance .\nhave you seen any of these missing amphibians ? do you think that other species should be added ? use the comments field below to tell us your thoughts . for another list of possibly extinct species , grouped by countries , see amphibia web .\non june 18 , africam safari launched in m\u00e9xico the panama amphibian rescue and conservation project to rescue endangered amphibians in eastern panama threatened by a lethal fungus which is wiping out these incredible creatures . the project also aims to develop a cure for this disease in the wild . africam is partnering with 8 other institutions in the us and panama to save these threatened neotropical frogs .\nthe mexican launch was attended by panama\u2019s ambassador in m\u00e9xico , mr . ricardo alem\u00e1n alfaro and the honorary consul in puebla mr . mario riestra venegas .\nmrs . amy camacho , africam safari general director , explained the current extinction crisis to the audience and press representatives . she outlined the scope of the project and africam\u2019s involvement .\nhis excellency mr . alem\u00e1n alfaro offered his support for this project , pledging to help in every way possible , especially in developing proper links with other panamanian institutions involved in the conservation of local wildlife .\nen junio 18 del 2009 , africam safari hizo el lanzamiento en m\u00e9xico de un ambicioso proyecto llamado proyecto de investigaci\u00f3n y conservaci\u00f3n de anfibios para rescatar un gran n\u00famero de especies de anfibios que habitan en el este de panam\u00e1 . para el lanzamiento fueron invitados especialmente el embajador de panam\u00e1 en m\u00e9xico su excelencia miguel alem\u00e1n alfaro y el c\u00f3nsul honorario de panam\u00e1 en puebla el lic . mario riestra venegas .\neste proyecto lo llevar\u00e1 a cabo un consorcio de 8 instituciones entre ellas africam safari , el instituto smithsonian , la universidad de vanderbilt y el zool\u00f3gico del summit . el proyecto tiene como objetivos el trabajo cooperativo interinstitucional para prevenir la extinci\u00f3n de docenas de especies de anfibios y desarrollar estrategias y t\u00e9cnicas contra la amenaza de una enfermedad letal para los anfibios causada por un hongo y que es llamada \u201cquitridiomicosis\u201d .\namy camacho , la directora de africam safari inform\u00f3 a los presentes y a los representantes de la prensa acerca de la crisis de extinci\u00f3n por la que est\u00e1n pasando los anfibios actualmente , acerca de los objetivos y alcances del proyecto y c\u00f3mo africam se involucrar\u00e1 en el proyecto .\nsu excelencia el embajador alem\u00e1n alfaro coment\u00f3 que la embajada ayudar\u00e1 en todo lo que le sea posible para el buen desarrollo de este proyecto , especialmente en el \u00e1rea del desarrollo de contactos con las instituciones gubernamentales y no gubernamentales que se dedican a la protecci\u00f3n de la flora y fauna en panam\u00e1 .\njune 18th , 2009 : the rumor has been confirmed and in fact a giant panamanian golden frog has taken up residence on the chase bank building located on the corner of pikes peak and tejon \u2013 check it out ! the frog will be up for three months .\nwe had a great media event earlier today , so watch for us on the news and in the paper . the event included the unveiling of the new josh & john\u2019s ice cream flavor , panamanian golden fudge . they will rotate the flavor on their menu and 50 % of the proceeds of this ice cream will be donated to the cheyenne mountain zoo !\nin 2004 , the panamanian golden frog was garnering attention as a group of zoos , universities and researcher known as project golden frog were responding to the ongoing decline and disappearance of this species in the wild while developing populations of captive golden frogs as a safeguard against extinction . one of their goals at the time was \u201cour expectation that this species holds the potential to rally public support for amphibian conservation throughout the neotropics\u201d . at the same time , the chytrid fungus was winding its way through western panama heading directly for the only known habitat of the panamanian golden frog .\nit seemed like a simple idea at the time . houston zoo staff thought it was would be in the best interest of this species to build a small facility where we could house this species in its range country until we had a better idea of when amphibians in the region could safely be released back into the wild , safe from the chytrid fungus which has now moved through western panama and is heading for the eastern side of the panama canal .\nbut what about all the other amphibians in the region , surely they are in need of protection as well ? from this one species , it was decided that a larger focus , based on the 15 - 20 species potentially threatened with extinction due to the chytrid fungus , should be protected within what was soon to become the el valle amphibian conservation center .\nevacc center $ 250 , 000 , 50 plus partners , 17 species and 600 individuals later \u2013 el valle amphibian conservation center in el valle de anton , panama opened its doors to the public in may of 2009 and has been the focus of media attention , animal planet specials , and news articles over the past 2 years . it even has its own 15 minute documentary called leap of faith and spanish version un salto de fe . so now we wait for a cure and manage the individuals we have collected with support from the zoos , schools , corporations and private individuals .\nactually , we cannot wait . the fungus is jumping the canal zone and heading into the largest contiguous tract of rainforest not currently affected by the fungus \u2013 called the darien gap . we do not know how many species exist within the darien gap , undiscovered species that could disappear before we ever knew they had existed .\nin 2008 , the houston zoo and zoo new england partnered on the design and development of an amphibian pod which is now housed at the summit municipal parque . this pod is actually a shipping container based on models developed by groups in australia and england and modified to maintain amphibians where each pod can safely house 1 - 2 species of individual amphibians ; managing and reproducing them through their life history stages . this was simply the first phase of what you will see here on these pages in months to come . the panama amphibian rescue and conservation program has brought together partners for eastern panama while the el valle amphibian conservation center continues to focus on western panama . and hopefully together , these partners can hold the line against what seemed to be the imminent extinction of dozens of amphibians within panama\u2019s borders .\nthat\u2019s the name of cheyenne mountain zoo\u2019s new frog rescue exhibit , now open in the zoo\u2019s aquatics building . the exhibit highlights our role in combatting global amphibian declines including the zoo\u2019s partnership in the panama amphibian rescue and conservation project . exhibit highlights include african clawed frogs , leopard frogs and giant african bullfrogs and also features the zoo\u2019s other amphibian conservation efforts including :\nthe wyoming toad project \u2013 wyoming toads are the only north american amphibians listed as extinct in the wild . found only in the 50 sq . mi . area of the laramie basin in wyoming , these toads began a rapid decline in the 1970\u2019s due to pollution , pesticide runoff , habitat destruction and fungal disease . in 1988 , a few toads were caught and a captive breeding program started to protect against extinction . cheyenne mountain zoo cares for a collection of these critically endangered toads in our off - exhibit amphibian conservation center . in 2008 our toads produced over 3 , 000 tadpoles ! 2 , 500 of those were released back into the wild . we are currently releasing tadpoles into the laramie basin and participating in survey studies to determine their population in the wild .\nthe boreal toad project \u2013 boreal toads are colorado\u2019s only alpine toad and live above 8 , 000 feet . the populations located in the southern rocky mountains have experienced dramatic population declines over the past two decades from infection by the chytrid fungus , batrachochytrium dendrobatidis . cheyenne mountain zoo holds a captive population of boreal toads in our amphibian conservation center for scientific research . we have participated in a throat pattern identification study and are planning to conduct a health evaluation regarding diet and water quality , and the effect it has on spinal related deformities . both of these studies help field biologists with boreal toads in the wild .\nconserving mantella frogs \u2013 there are five critically endangered mantella frogs , native only to madagascar , that are being over - collected for the pet trade . habitat loss and disease also threaten the survival of those still in the wild . cheyenne mountain zoo has obtained a collection of mantella frogs from a trusted captive breeding source and is now captive breeding mantilla frogs to support other aza institutions and help avoid the collection of wild mantilla frogs in the future . in 2008 - 2009 , the zoo\u2019s quarter\u2019s for conservation program also supported madagasikara voakajy , a conservation and research program in madagascar , which aims to protect mantella frogs and their habitat through local community education . cheyenne mountain zoo staff also developed a flash card game to help schools in madagascar teach about their local frogs and the challenges they face in the wild . through our support they will further their efforts in field research and community education .\nover the last year i have spent countless hours talking to people , explaining why i\u2019m an amphibian conservationist battling to save some of the 2000 - odd species of amphibians that are facing extinction . i\u2019ll bet that the bird conservationists saving warblers don\u2019t get that question as often as i do , because birds clearly do matter . birds are a very accessible form of wildlife , you can see them in your back yards , and they are the sound of nature . just a few adrenalin - filled moments spent watching a woodpecker and a cardinal having a fight at a bird feeder is enough escapism to lift the burdens of a hard day in the office . yet frogs do matter for all these reasons and more . the main difference between frogs and birds is that the bird folks are organized and the amphibian conservationists are only just starting to get their act together . birdlife international has 4000 full - time employees , rspb has 1 , 300 staff , the audubon society has 600 employees . even ducks unlimited has 500 employees \u2013 all working full time applying their skills to bird conservation ! yet in the whole amphibian world there are only a handful of people are working full - time to mitigate the threats facing amphibians . faced with this dearth of capacity it is no wonder that just 12 % of birds are in danger of extinction compared to 32 % of amphibians . since 1980 we have lost just 5 species of birds but over 120 species of amphibians !\nthat still doesn\u2019t answer the question why does it matter if they go extinct ? humans have many different kinds of value systems . the most obvious one is goods and services that can be exchanged for cash . the best example of the direct value of amphibians is frog legs . these are a culinary curiosity and have obvious direct value that can easily be quantified in dollars . most people would be surprised to hear that between 1996 and 2006 , over 100 , 000 tons of frogs legs were imported and had a value approaching half a billion dollars ! every year 100 million to 400 million wild - caught animals are imported and exported to nearly every country in the world .\nthis public service announcement from the vancouver aquarium elegantly captures how important amphibians are to controlling pests . however , it is difficult to figure out how much these ecosystem services are worth if people aren\u2019t paying for them , they are indirect values . the trouble is it\u2019s tough to know how much something is really worth unless someone is willing to pay for it . one example that gives us a clue about what people may be willing to sacrifice for these indirect services is from india . in 1981 the indian the frog leg trade peaked , when more than 4 , 000 tons were exported , mainly to europe earning revenues of $ 9 . 3 million . in 1987 , however , india banned frog legs exports , arguing that the cost of importing more pesticides to combat pests in rice paddies devoid of amphibians was outstripping revenues earned from frog leg exports . this contention also contributed to the listing of two species that were targeted specifically for food on appendix ii in cites .\nmany people will justify saving the rain forest , because we don\u2019t know what aids cure might be out there , and we don\u2019t want it to go extinct before we find out where to get it , something that we\u2019ll call option values . well , one of my collaborators , an incredible lady by the name of louise rollins - smith recently discovered that the white\u2019s tree frog from australia produces a kind of chemical called a caerin ( pronounced see - rin ) that can block hiv transmission to t - cells ! in fact , frog - skins are a real pharmacopeia something i\u2019ve tried to communicate in this illustration below .\nthe gastric brooding frog from australia may have held a cure for peptic ulcers , a condition that affects millions of people around the world each year . unfortunately though , its potential benefits went extinct along with both species in its genus in the 1980\u2019s . looking at this diagram makes one realize that some values are difficult to prescribe in dollar terms . it makes you think about what we are loosing when you hear stories like one from my colleagues in panama who recently discovered 10 new species in panama - after they had already gone extinct !\namenity values are difficult to quantify in dollar terms , yet frogs are one of the most commonly used animals in classroom education in western countries . 44 - 64 % of all colleges and secondary schools surveyed in georgia , usa used amphibians for educational purposes . and how many of us had our first real wildlife experiences catching frogs and kissing them to see if they turned into a prince ? or chasing a bullfrog across the garden lawn in a frog - jumping competition with your friends ?\nethical values are , in my mind , the real justification for saving a species . many people will spend countless millions on a work of art , a unique object of beauty and fascination that enriches our lives simply because it exists . i feel the same way about a species , when we lose it , it can never be replaced . like many people before me i find frogs fascinating creatures . in africa , the ancient egyptian goddess of fertility , hequet , was often depicted as a frog . in asia chan chu , the three - legged money frog is a popular chinese symbol for prosperity and it is said to bring wealth into your life . in the america\u2019s pre - columbian indigenous people crafted frogs in gold and clay talismans called huacas . today , golden frogs are considered lucky , and adorn panamanian lottery tickets and crowd tables in tourist markets . in more contemporary settings , one has to wonder what the value is of modern cultural icons such as kermit or the budweiser trio of frogs named bud , wei and ser ?\nso you may be saying right now \u2013 i\u2019m not convinced , frogs creep me out . that\u2019s ok , but i would beg to differ with you because i know that frogs do matter . i just want to keep them around so that your children and their children can form their own opinions . not just by looking at catalogues of extinct species in a library somewhere , but by exploring a stream with their friends and discovering these incredible creatures for themselves .\nit\u2019s official . the deadly amphibian chytrid fungus batrachochytrium dendrobatidis ( bd ) has now spread across the panama canal into eastern panama according to a study recently published in ecohealth . elsewhere in central and south america , this disease has spread through mountainous regions . according to karen lips , a conservation biologist who has studied the problem for years , when bd arrives at a site , about half of the species vanish and the remaining species experience massive die - offs .\nconservationists have been fretting for years about what might happen to eastern panama\u2019s 120 - odd amphibian species when bd hits . bd is a disease that cannot tolerate extremely hot temperatures , so it tends to be most devastating in cooler mountainous regions of the tropics that remain cool and moist year - round . the mountainous regions of eastern panama are one of the last remaining strongholds of na\u00efve amphibian populations in the new world , and species that tend to have a highland distribution and small ranges are the most vulnerable to extinction .\nto add another layer of complexity to this problem , there are many species new to science that we could lose before they are even discovered . according to dr . andrew crawford who studies amphibian genetics , \u201ceastern panama has been relatively poorly explored by herpetologists and it is likely that there are several species new to science that live only in this region . what is particularly worrying is that we are facing a huge biodiversity threat , but we don\u2019t have a good idea of just how many species are at stake\u201d ."]}
-{"id": 24, "summary": [{"text": "scopula compensata , the small frosted wave , is a moth of the family geometridae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by walker in 1861 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in south-eastern north america , including alabama , florida , georgia and south carolina .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 15 millimetres ( 0.59 in ) . ", "topic": 9}], "title": "scopula compensata", "paragraphs": ["might this be s . compensata ? it was photographed on the same night as the other one ( 369904 ) but this one has somewhat darker markings .\nat outdoor light . i have had difficulties with these moths of which i have photographed several , all with barely visible or no\nsmudges\n( robert zimlich ' s term ) at the pm line . yesterday i photographed one with distinct smudges that otherwise matches the one of this post perfectly in terms of forewing pattern and size . unfortunately , this moth was in a too badly battered condition to justify posting , but i now have confidence in the id of my tentative compensata photos . this one provides a september image for florida .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click ' save settings ' to activate your changes .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nproject noah is a tool to explore and document wildlife and a platform to harness the power of citizen scientists everywhere ."]}
-{"id": 25, "summary": [{"text": "gonospira holostoma is a species of air-breathing land snail , terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family streptaxidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "this species is endemic to mauritius . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "gonospira holostoma", "paragraphs": ["html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nevi , an amazon company , was founded in 2005 under the name true knowledge . the team started out with a mission to make it possible to access the world ' s knowledge simply by asking for information using natural language .\nwe\u2019re part of the amazon alexa team based in amazon ' s innovative cambridge development centre , alongside other amazon teams including prime air , core machine learning , amazon devices and amazon web services .\nnatural history museum ( 2014 ) . dataset : collection specimens . resource : specimens . natural history museum data portal ( data . nhm . ac . uk ) . urltoken\nan open source project by the natural history museum ' s biodiversity informatics group ."]}
-{"id": 26, "summary": [{"text": "devon loch ( 1946 \u2013 1963 ) was a racehorse , which fell on the final straight while leading the 1956 grand national .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "owned by queen elizabeth the queen mother and ridden by dick francis , devon loch had won two races already that season and finished third in the national hunt handicap chase at cheltenham .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "his progress was helped when the favourite , must , and a previous winner , early mist , fell early on .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "he went to the front of the race with three jumps remaining , cleared the last half a length ahead of e.s.b. , and took a commanding lead on the final stretch .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "then , in front of the royal box just 40 yards from the winning post and five lengths ahead , he suddenly inexplicably jumped into the air and landed on his stomach , allowing e.s.b. to overtake and win .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "although jockey dick francis tried to cajole the horse , it was unable to continue .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "afterwards , the queen mother said : \" oh , that 's racing . \"", "topic": 14}, {"text": "it is still uncertain and debated to this day as to why devon loch jumped ; some reports claimed he suffered a cramp in his hindquarters causing the collapse .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "another report asserted that a shadow thrown by the adjacent water-jump fence ( which horses only traverse on the first circuit of the aintree course ) may have baffled devon loch into thinking a jump was required and \u2013 confused as to whether he should jump or not \u2013 he half-jumped and collapsed .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "jockey dick francis later stated that a loud cheer from the crowd , for an expected royal winner , distracting the horse is a more likely explanation .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "reports that the horse had suffered a heart attack were dismissed , as devon loch recovered far too quickly for this to have been the case .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he lived another six years , being put down during or shortly after the cold winter of 1962 \u2013 3 . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "devon loch", "paragraphs": ["just over sixty years ago devon loch , a horse owned by the queen mother , was set to win the grand national . for over four miles devon loch had soared over thirty fences and was clear of the field . with 50 yards to go victory was assured . but as hats were being thrown in the air and punters counting their winnings , devon loch fell . its race was over .\nevery now and then you ' ll hear the term ' he did a devon loch ' which was a phrase coined after his famous fall .\nbut that day a phrase entered the culture : \u2018doing a devon loch\u2019 , capturing that all too common experience of seizing defeat from the jaws of victory .\nwhat did you think when my horse fell down ?\ninquired the queen mother , owner of the stricken devon loch , when the two met after the race .\nthe jockey didn ' t respond and d loch corrected himself . . . . but belly flopped .\nesb ' s jockey , d . dick , cheerfully admitted afterwards that he had given up hope of catching devon loch . he had his head down , he said , resigned to second place .\nthis was the 1956 grand national in which the late dick francis galloped towards the finish line on the queen mother\u2019s horse , devon loch . dick was just yards away from the finish line and was undoubtedly about to win the race when suddenly devon inexplicably jumped up and fell to his stomach .\nit was as if he thought there was a fence in front of him . esb who was behind , swooped past devon loch who was still scrambling to his feet and went on to win the grand national .\nwithout wishing to put any extra pressure on ranieri and his players , it is starting to look as though it would take a devon loch - style collapse for leicester to miss out on a place in the top four .\nfamous for sustainably - sourced seafood , our loch fyne seafood & grill restaurants open daily to serve our guests fresh and delicious meals .\narmorial iii , the tallest horse in the field of 29 , sprang into the lead in the first circuit , with eagle lodge , sandew , much obliged , gentle moya and devon loch - the latter taking his jumps with care and complete confidence .\nenjoy some time out at this contemporary self - catering barn dwelling squirrelled away in the picturesque teign valley , devon .\nso , did dick not feel a touch guilty that he had been the jockey to have profited from devon loch ' s inexplicable fall ?\nnaaaagh . he was brought to a ruddy standstill by a riderless horse at the first fence after the canal turn . but for that , he might have won by rights and devon loch would have been long forgotten . that said , i ' ve always felt sorry for the queen mum because she ' s such a smashing person . she ' s a star , she is .\nfailure can be a great teacher but a poor master . we have all \u2018done a devon loch\u2019 . so let\u2019s learn from it and what this kind of experience tells us about how to look after and prepare ourselves better . i look forward to seeing you in the winner\u2019s paddock !\njessica ennis is almost there . it would take a devon loch - style collapse to deny her the gold medal now . going into the 800 metres , the final event of the heptathlon , she leads the field by 188 points . that equates to a country mile in layman terms .\nflaunting all that is good and great about sunny south devon , phillimores is an intriguing self - catering holiday cottage blending the traditional and the stylish . this 17th century cottage is idyllically cosseted in a wooded valley not far from kingsbridge in the ever - popular south hams region of devon .\neven 46 years on , what happened next remains one of sport ' s greatest mysteries ; 50 yards from the line and with the entire nation cheering a royal victory , devon loch pricked up his ears , appeared to jump a phantom obstacle , and belly - flopped to the turf with his four legs splayed out like bambi on ice .\ncycle to - a day at historic braunton burrows is great . cyclists can enjoy the 30 - mile tarka trail tracking the scenic coastline of north devon .\nbut with only ten horses left at the run in to the straight the crowd surged to the rails and the cheers all centred on the faraway , bobbing head and swinging hooves of devon loch . with three others he took the last thorn fence with great lift and rhythm . you could see some of the hooves hitting the brushwood but no one came down . devon loch got first into stride and was soon pounding past the stands , five lengths clear of esb , with francis already stretching out a hand for his bay - leaves . then the astonishing happened . devon loch ' s hind - legs buckled and he went down on his stomach . in what can have been no more than two seconds - but it seemed like an age - francis threw his weight forward and his mount struggled to his feet . could be still do it ? it looked as though he might . the first royal victory in the national since 1900 , the 7 # 163 ; 8 , 000 prize and what a reception with it ! - only forty yards away .\nthe same year that devon loch was running , robert zajonc was doing work that would help us understand the \u2018audience effect\u2019 \u2013 why we perform a task more poorly in front of an audience than we do when we are alone . anyone who has watched a child struggle to play a piece of music at a school performance that you\u2019ve heard them play perfectly at home is familiar with this effect .\nset in an area of outstanding natural beauty near lyme regis on the devon border , this stylish architect - designed self - catering home boasts dramatic far - reaching woodland vistas .\n` go on then you , lucky devil ,\nmuttered dave dick grudgingly as dick francis galloped off towards the growing crescendo of noise at the winning post . for four miles , dick and the gallant esb had soared over aintree ' s 30 fences ; now , as they cleared the last but a few hoofbeats behind devon loch , francis accelerated away from them in search of his place in grand national legend .\nfor out - of - the - ordinary luxury self - catering holidays in extraordinary locations , our hand - picked collection of iconic homes include luxury cottages in devon . find out more about our\neveryone was trying to resolve the puzzle of devon loch ' s failure - while esb , a most honourable winner was rather starved of attention as no other national victor has been before - and there were a host of theories . frightened by the noise of the crowd , some said : or he slipped on a muddy patch and could not regain his stride ; or he was out off by the shadow of the water jump on his left .\nimpeccable interiors , sea - salted air and panoramic views over woolacombe bay make tamarisk beach house an idyllic retreat for families and surfers looking for luxury self - catering accommodation by the sea in north devon .\nbordering the pretty dartmoor village of lustleigh , this luxury self - catering cottage flaunts timeless tranquillity in its original cobbles , thick granite walls and neat slate roof , offering an indulgent couples\u2019 retreat in devon ' s wild heart .\nyou know watching that film , just before the final jump , if you look at devon loch ' s hind legs , they were almost\nloose\nlooking for a better term ? like the human adage\nmy legs felt like jelly\n. i can see it clearly in the video starting around 1 : 04 and onward , look at his hind legs . he just looked spent . . . maybe like marathon runner whose legs just fall out from underneath him , it looks just about the same . .\non the outward run into the country on the second circuit , after two miles of extremely fast going , the fences began to take their toll . nine horses fell in the last ten jumps . at becher ' s , sundew , who had been helping to make the pace with armorial iii , went down on landing . the main group , including devon loch and many of the leading fancies , were now a good many lengths behind , but all coming up fast enough to spread the many hopes among the crowd .\nplot your country escape to this luxury holiday cottage in north bovey ; one of devon ' s most idyllic villages set within the rugged beauty of dartmoor national park . the riddle is the type of cottage you might find on the pages of a storybook .\nthe effect of the tragic climax on the more hard - bitten ones of the racing fraternity was not the least curious feature of the day . used to the ups and downs of the track , in and out of the money by the hour , surely they could ride this emotional blow ? but no . devon loch had caught many of them in the middle of a cheer with all defences down .\nno more racing today for me ,\nsaid one horsey veteran with a sigh as he slumped on the seat near me .\ni am very , very upset .\nfar from the crowds , the hartland heritage coast is a halcyon world of pebble beaches and beatrix potter wildlife backed by a deep blue sea . set between appledore and clovelly , the creamery was made for those hidden - away self - catering holidays in devon .\ncinnamon cottage is a thatched luxury self - catering cottage in the quaint village of higher ashton in devon . with the traditional thatched roof crowning the elegant and intriguingly beautiful interiors within , family holidays in the rolling devonshire countryside have never looked so tempting . . .\nthis enchanting 400 year old millhouse is chock - full of old - world charm . set in the south hams near dartmouth , the dreamy south devon coast is almost within touching distance and short stroll through the valley leads to the sheltered cove of blackpool sands .\nit would have been hard to find a theatre - producer able to build up a race to such a climax . the luck of jumping , which put most of the favourites out of the race well before devon loch and three others leapt into sight in the home straight , ensured that the weight of the cheering all bent itself to the encouragement of the queen mother ' s horse . the favourite , must , and the fancied high guard ( with a . p . thompson up , riding in his last national ) and two other runners went down as the cavalcade cleared the first jump .\nnestled on the banks of the river yealm in south devon ' s yachty haven of newton ferrers is the oh - so - stylish beauport . this stunning self - catering luxury cottage exudes a restful ambiance echoic of the rippling river which sits at the bottom of the garden .\nit is better to look at newspaper stills of the event , rather than the old grainy film . off track , coming to the inside fence , there is a ditch in the field - approximately 1 metre broad . devon lock takes a moderate leap exactly at the point of this ditch .\nnone of the thousands who saw it will easily shake off the memory of devon loch ' s collapse in front of the royal box today within forty yards and a few seconds of triumph ; or the utterly poignant spectacle of the royal jockey r . francis , cast as the day ' s tragic hero , walking away from his crippled mount , too distressed to look anywhere . aintree was on its feet to roar it home for a great grand national victory ; hats , racecards , emotions all in the air . a moment later , as a certain winner buckled in its stride , the cheering thousands gave a loud\nah !\nof dismay and crumpled into silence . i have never seen a race crowd - or any sporting crowd - more bewildered .\nclearing the last and going on to the long run in , the jockey was later to write in an autobiography\nnever had i felt such power in reserve , such confidence in my mount , such calm in my mind\nand it was clear that there was only going to be one winner , however disaster was to strike 50 yards from home when all the men in the stand were throwing up their hats into the air to salute a great win for devon , dick and the queen mother . suddenly the horse seemed to jump in the air and then completely collapsed onto his stomach , the horse got to his feet and his jockey tried to summon the horse to carry on but it was soon obvious that the horse could not carry on and as esb ran past to win , it was clear to all the shocked crowd that\nall looked good for his crack at the title . his progress was helped when two of the market leaders fell at the first both must ( the favourite ) and also early mist ( a previous winner ) this was to leave m ' as - tu - vu in the lead and devon was going well in mid division . the horse had no problem with the obstacles and only had one problem on the fist circuit when a horse fell in front of him and he had to swerve to miss it , he did this in great style and went on to complete the first circuit by jumping ' the chair ' the biggest fence in the race easily , and then cleared the water to go back to the start for another circuit . his jockey was impressed with the ease his horse was showing indeed even turning in for the final straight his jockey could see all around him hard at work and he still had a ' double hand full ' .\nfrancis will at least earn his sombre niche in sporting history among the great failures . the ryder cup has been won and lost by a putt and cup final hopes dashed by one twisted knee . but this was even more suddenly dramatic . the closer comparison is with , say , those marathon runners who have dropped within sight of the tape after a gruelling 26 miles like peters at vancouver or dorando in the olympics of 1908 .\ni do not think any of these theories quite explain it . his sudden collapse looked to me to be of the same kind as the marathon runner ' s ; namely , cramp and exhaustion , leaving francis for all his crouching determination and skill , helpless to do anything about it .\nthe crowd was shocked : almost hamstrung itself . it was like a modern nightmare , the will without the power . but down went the hind legs again as esb rushed triumphantly past . francis dismounted , threw down his whip and wept when he heard the applause for his effort . the last of the bitter pill was that he might have broken the national record has he finished : esb was only four fifths of a second outside it .\nthe queen mother , who has been on her feet with the rest ( and so were the queen and princess margaret ) accepted the tragedy in regal fashion , and something more than that . when the winning owner , mrs carver , expressed her sympathy , queen elizabeth smiled and said .\noh that ' s racing !\nshe went at once to see her crestfallen jockey and later came to the windows of the stand to smile and wave to the crowd .\nbut you could see others weighing up the form for the next race . and , watching them trail over to out their money on , it looked rather like that gesture of wartime pilots , going up into action at once after a disaster , simply to recover their nerve .\n\u00a9 2018 guardian news and media limited or its affiliated companies . all rights reserved .\njamie vardy scores leicester\u2019s second goal against stoke city at the king power stadium . photograph : michael regan / getty images\nclaudio ranieri has likened leicester city\u2019s pursuit of the premier league title to a horse race and said he was prepared to \u201cwhip them\u201d in march and take a bit of advice from sir alex ferguson .\non this evidence there will be no need for the italian to get off his saddle , or call ferguson for that matter , as leicester , playing like thoroughbreds , returned to the top of the table . perhaps more significantly , they have opened up a 10 - point lead over fifth - placed manchester united with 15 games remaining .\nwhile it is true that leicester have some particularly tricky fixtures coming up , starting with an unpredictable liverpool side at home on tuesday week and followed by back - to - back trips to manchester city and arsenal , the run - in looks much more benign once those games have been negotiated .\nthis turned into a vintage leicester performance , one of those days when everything went right for them on an afternoon that finished with their supporters singing : \u201cwe\u2019re gonna win the league\u201d .\nit was only the second game that leicester have won since beating chelsea in the middle of december , the first time that jamie vardy has scored in eight matches and riyad mahrez also looked much like his old self . three big boxes were ticked in that respect .\ndanny drinkwater also deserves more than a passing mention . an unsung hero in this leicester team , the former manchester united midfielder opened the scoring with his first premier league goal and also played the through ball that released vardy for their second .\nby that point stoke were as good as raising the white flag and when leonardo ulloa slid in leicester\u2019s third , following a lovely piece of skill from mahrez , their misery was complete .\nit was certainly not much of a way for mark hughes to celebrate his 500th game in management and tempting , given how poorly the visitors performed , to think that stoke\u2019s players had one eye on tuesday\u2019s capital one cup semi - final second leg against liverpool . hughes hopes that ryan shawcross , who limped out of this game in the first half with a back problem , could be fit to play at anfield and also backed his players to bounce back .\nranieri , in contrast , is able to switch off for a few days and has encouraged his players to put their feet up while he goes back to italy . \u201cit was very important to be top of the premier league at the end of january because now comes a very tough february , with liverpool , arsenal and manchester city to come , \u201d the leicester manager said .\n\u201cit is unbelievable but it is good . we are ready to fight . now the players will have three days off so they can clear their minds and then they will come back and we start to work hard again . this league for us is very exciting . \u201d\nso much about leicester\u2019s display gave ranieri pleasure , including drinkwater\u2019s goal . he has been encouraging the 25 - year - old to shoot more often and that advice paid off three minutes before half time . philipp wollscheid only half cleared marc albrighton\u2019s corner and drinkwater , loitering on the edge of the area , drilled a 20 - yard shot that took a deflection off marc wilson , shawcross\u2019s replacement , before beating jack butland .\nalthough joselu\u2019s free header from a glen johnson cross finally forced kasper schmeichel into a save in the 61st minute , that was pretty much stoke\u2019s only attempt on goal . shortly after that chance leicester doubled their lead when vardy , running on to drinkwater\u2019s lofted pass , skipped around butland and tapped into an empty net from an acute angle .\nwith mahrez becoming more and more influential , leicester were starting to enjoy themselves and added a third three minutes from time . ulloa flicked on schmeichel\u2019s punt upfield and vardy , gambling on the argentinian winning that header , chased the ball into the inside right channel before picking out mahrez .\nafter a lovely nutmeg of wollscheid , mahrez was able to tee up ulloa and leicester were rampant .\nhughes had long seen enough . \u201cit wasn\u2019t a great day for us . we didn\u2019t produce anything of note , to be honest , \u201d the stoke manager said . \u201cfrom our point of view we\u2019re looking to bounce back quickly . we\u2019ve got a huge game on tuesday and i back my team to respond . \u201d\nthe times and the sunday times and carefully selected third parties use cookies on this site to improve performance , for analytics and for advertising . by browsing this site you are agreeing to this . for more information see our privacy and cookie policy .\nwe have noticed that there is an issue with your subscription billing details . please update your billing details here\nthe subscription details associated with this account need to be updated . please update your billing details here to continue enjoying your subscription .\nplease update your billing details here to continue enjoying your access to the most informative and considered journalism in the uk .\nwe\u2019ve added tags to the bottom of all article pages allowing you to further explore the topics you\u2019re interested in .\njohnson - thompson rose to twelfth place after jumping 6 . 19 metres stu forster / getty\nthat means that ennis , one of the best 800 metres runners in the field , can afford to run 13 seconds slower than a woman she is usually much faster than . austra skujyte , of lithuania , remains second after russia\u2019s tatyana chernova , the world champion , failed to mount a lasting challenge . the russian goes into the final event in sixth place , some 314 points adrift . the olympic champion - for a few more hours anyway - nataliya dobrynska , pulled out of the event\u2026\nwelsh national anthem just before wales beat england 30 - 3 . saturday 16th march 2013\n. all this added up to what should have been a happy occasion but fate got in the way and another grand national story was entered in the history books .\nwas not favorite on that day because two past winners and a future winner were in the race but never the less the horse was fancied by his connections having showed his ability by wining twice that year and also running up a good third at cheltenham that season .\nprobably the most disappointed person on that day was hm the queen mother but as this remarkable national hunt enthusiast who ' s only concern on the day was for the horse , trainer and jockey , indeed on meeting esp ' s winning trainer and jockey later it was they who were full of tears and the queen mum was later to say when asked of the incident when being interviewed on the television that ' s racing ( a lesson to us all ) .\nmany theories have been given up to what happened on that day . the jockey said\ni ' m convinced that the roar of the crown frightened the horse\n, a police officer on duty that day said\nthere was a dark wet patch on the course and that caused the horse to stumble\n, it is also said that the shadow of a fence caused the horse to think there was a fence there and it spooked him . i guess the real reason will never be known but the horse when checked at the stable afterwards was found to be in good health and never showed any sign of an abnormality indeed he went on to win twice after . the theory that i think is most likely is the shadow because this ' jumping of no fence ' is not unique even in the grand national as in 1901 the winner a horse called grundon also did this trick it was reported that he jumped a footpath that he thought was a fence !\nas can be seen here was a dejected and was inconsolable on the day and now has a successful career as a writer of racing related thrillers but even he must admit that life is stranger than fiction .\nnew customers only , place a \u00a310 bet on any sportsbook market - min stake \u00a310 at odds of at least 1 . 5 ( 1 / 2 ) \u2014 and we\u2019ll give you \u00a330 in free bets . only deposits made using cards or paypal will qualify for this promotion . free bets are valid for 30 days and must be used on a sportsbook market . free bets will be awarded after the qualifying bet has been settled . t & cs ; apply . games : one bonus per customer . \u00a310 free to play on ted slot game , offer valid for 7 days . opt in on games promotions page . x15 wagering applies . t & cs ; apply .\nnew customers only . uk + ire only . promo code ' g30 ' required . min first bet \u00a310 with odds of 1 / 2 or more . must be placed within 14 days of account reg . \u00a330 credited as 3 x \u00a310 free bets . not valid with cashout . free bet valid for 4 days .\nmin deposit \u00a35 and 1x settled bet requirement to release bet credits . min odds , bet and payment method exclusions apply . returns exclude bet credits stake . time limits and t & cs ; apply .\nuk + ire only . min first bet \u00a35 at odds 1 / 2 or more . tote and pool excluded . must be placed within 14 days of account reg . \u00a320 credited as 4 x \u00a35 free bets . not valid with cash out . free bet valid for 4 days . free bet stake not returned .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ni was absolutely delighted , ma ' am ,\nreplied dave dick without thinking .\nthough dick francis would become the queen mum ' s favourite author , she retained a soft spot for laugh - a - minute dave dick , who never failed to make her chortle with his stream of roguish one - liners .\ndespite my tactlessness ,\ndick told me shortly before his death 14 months ago ,\ni like to think we ' ve become great friends . she even invited me to be guest of honour at the official royal ascot lunch to celebrate her 400th winner as an owner . but that was another right royal cock - up wasn ' t it ? my invitation was sent to another dave dick in scotland . sat right next to hm he was . ` who are you ? ' demands the queen mum . ` dave dick ' says he . ` oh , no , you ' re not ' says she . and , of course , he was dave dick . . . just not the right dave dick ' .\nit was one of those inane questions hacks sometimes ask for no apparent reason when we find ourselves in the company of greatness and suddenly can ' t think of a thing to say .\ni don ' t suppose you ever rode red rum ?\ni recently inquired of lester piggott at a racing lunch , regretting the words even as they were being uttered .\nround aintree ?\ni ventured ( in for a penny in for a pound ) .\nlester bestowed a piteous look upon his hapless inquisitor before granting me the most gracious of explanations .\nno . i won on red rum on the flat at aintree in 1967 when he was a two - year - old . but my family had a lot of connections with the grand national - and , you can look it up .\nand look it up i did . did you know that lester ' s father , keith piggott , trained 1963 winner ayala for pierre raymond , better known in hairdressing circles as ` mr teasie weasie ' ? or that his grandfather , ernie piggott , won the national three times as a jockey aboard jerry m in 1912 , followed by poethlyn in 1918 ( when the wartime race was run at gatwick ) and again 1919 ?\nalthough the cheltenham gold cup remains the ` holy grail ' for jockeys , trainers and owners , the grand national has been the undisputed ` people ' s race ' for 163 years . curiously , however , aintree gained social respectability only in 1900 when the prince of wales ' horse , ambush ii , rode to victory .\nthereafter , grand national - winning owners have sashayed into the unsaddling enclosure in all shapes and guises ; from sir charles assheton - smith ( 1912 , 1913 ) , lady nelson ( 1915 ) and lord airlie ( 1924 ) , to holiday camp magnate fred pontin ( 1971 ) , comedian freddie starr ( 1994 ) and footballer ricky george ( 1998 ) , scorer of the winning goal in hereford ' s famous 2 - 1 defeat of mighty newcastle united in the fa cup in 1972 .\nwhen i was a lad i always wanted to be a jockey , but the rest of my family were boxers ; except for my dad , that is , he was an alsatian .\ni ' ve got four flat horses in training . the others are round , but i love ' em all to bits just the same .\nno , thank you , paul ( the man with the microphone was called ` bob ' ) and may i say how much i like the dress you ' re wearing .\nand finally - for those interested - after devoting . . . oh , minutes on end , poring over the form - book , consulting meteorologists about the likely going and studying weights , ages and whatnot of past winners , i can now reveal which noble steeds will be carrying the philip family ' s hard - earned cash come 3 . 45 this afternoon :\n2 ) celibate ( which i will most certainly be for the foreseeable future should ' er indoors be less than enamoured by the return on my investment ) .\n3 ) marlborough ( after all , i smoke enough of the wretched things ) .\nbut always remember , i hasten to add , as a wise man once said :\nthe only way to make money following horses is to carry a brush and shovel .\nif you are new to the forums , you must login or register a free account before you can post . the forums and the rest of urltoken has single registration , so your log in information for one will automatically work for the other . disclaimer : the opinions expressed here are the views of the individual and do not necessarily reflect the views and opinions of the chronicle of the horse .\nyour forum sign - up is not complete , you must add an alias / screen name before you can post to the forums . your name and email is not exposed to forum users , only the screen name is accessible or viewable . the forums and the rest of urltoken has single sign - in , so your log in information for one will automatically work for the other . disclaimer : the opinions expressed here are the views of the individual and do not necessarily reflect the views and opinions of the chronicle of the horse .\nplease complete your profile . the forums and the rest of urltoken has single sign - in , so your log in information for one will automatically work for the other . disclaimer : the opinions expressed here are the views of the individual and do not necessarily reflect the views and opinions of the chronicle of the horse .\nin our continuing effort to provide an avenue for individuals to voice their opinions and experiences , we have recently reviewed and updated our forum policies . generally , we have allowed users to share their positive or negative experiences with or opinions of companies , products , trainers , etc . within the industry , and that is not changing . when it came to overt criminal allegations , however , those discussions have in the past needed to stem from a report by a reputable news source or action by law enforcement or the legal system . we are now expanding our policies to allow posters to share their own first - hand experiences involving overt criminal allegations , such as animal abuse or neglect , theft , etc . , but only if they publicly provide their full first and last name along with the post . we still will not allow anonymous postings alleging criminal activity . so , a user may now make a specific claim against a named individual or company , but it must be a first - hand account , and they have to identify themselves . users have always been legally responsible for their posts , and nothing has changed there , but we want to loosen the reins a bit and further allow the free flow of discussion and information relevant to the horse community . we are not providing a free - for - all of anonymous rumor - mongering . as enduring advocates for the welfare of the horse , we want to provide a forum for those willing to sign their name and shine a light on issues of concern to them in the industry . the full revised rules are posted at the top of each forum for reference .\njust curious if more educated eyes could tell from the video , what caused him to fall ? did he just slip ? or did he injure himself ? couldn ' t find a lot googling . at first i laughed , thought it was just bad luck . but if you watch them walk away , it looked like his front left was buckling under his weight . . . not sure if it was just fatigue , or if it was broken . poor guy , though . . . urltoken\nthat question has been solidly debated ever since 1956 and even the jockey , dick francis , could not explain it . horse wasn ' t damaged .\npick up dick francis ' s book the sport of queens : the autobiography of dick francis . his 1993 revision has a lengthy chapter on the race and his thoughts on the cause of the freak fall . he laments losing a race every jockey dreams of winning in such a bizarre fashion . he also wrote that losing that race in that way was integral to the man he became - and for that he had no regrets .\nthanks for the info . . . had never heard the story before , didn ' t realize it was such a huge event , much less an unexplained one . i love dick francis novels , have never read his autobio before .\ndarkmoonlady , that ' s the impression i got . maybe he just wasn ' t fit enough ? or was worked too hard that week ? or who knows . being the queen ' s horse , i can ' t imagine him not recieving the best possible care , but horses are still horses .\ni think i remember dick francis ' theory was that he recoiled from the sound . francis said that the roar of the crowd in the stretch was unlike anything he had ever heard before on the track - people cheering for the certain royal victory . he says the horse hesitated a little in the stretch , then pricked his ears , then jumped back at the onslaught of sound as soon as he pricked them .\ni always attributed it to the hand of god . the crone on the throne has never won , too bad that does not cause the overthrow of the empire but every little bit helps !\nwe , too , will be remembered not for victories or defeats in battle or in politics , but for our contribution to the human spirit .\njfk\nouch . that ' s unfortunate . what a way to go down in history , especially for a good horse who otherwise had a successful career .\nlike the baseball player tommy john whose name is now used to describe surgery for ailing pitchers .\nthe horse had imagined the ditch continues below his head and , reigned out , beyond his immediate vision .\nit ' s always looked to me like the horse tried to jump something in the stretch . it ' s one of those great mysteries of the grand national .\nthere were many theories , some conspiratorial , like that someone let off a shot to put him off his stride , but the noise was lost in the roar . some think he mistook the jump on the adjacent track for a split second and almost made an attempt to jump it .\npowered by vbulletin\u00ae version 5 . 2 . 5 copyright \u00a92000 - 2018 , jelsoft enterprises ltd .\nall times are gmt - 5 . this page was generated at 02 : 08 pm .\nthe queen mother famously said , \u201coh that\u2019s racing . \u201d dick francis retired from the sport the following year and became a crime writer !\nwe always welcome comments and more information about our films . all posts are reactively checked . libellous and abusive comments are forbidden .\nlife before health and safety laws ! men working at huge heights , balancing on girders and cranes , working on the world ' s tallest skyscrapers .\nrms titanic was the second of three olympic - class vessels . she was the first - but not the last - of them to sink with loss of life .\nsee howard carter at the tomb of tutankhamun , archaeological digs , and treasures from ancient egypt on display in this collection of films .\na hand - picked selection of 91 still images from the queen ' s 91 years and her record - breaking reign .\nforget about the brad pitts and leonardo dicaprios of today . take a look at the original hollywood hunks !\nwe bring you 10 more tragedies that took place when british path\u00e9 ' s camera reels were rolling .\nyour current browser isn ' t compatible with soundcloud . please download one of our supported browsers . need help ?\nwhy do so many of us fall at that last hurdle ? business is no different . consider delivering a pitch , and the stress involved in the preparation and delivery . it\u2019s going well and the win seems assured \u2013 then as the final question rolls in , one of the team makes a basic error , misjudging their audience or failing to address the client\u2019s key concerns . and yet , you believed you had been so well - 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after shaldon and has been brought bang into the 21 st century with an armoury of quirky mod cons , making it an ingeniously designed retreat for two .\nin the heart of dartmoor national park lies a sublime self - catering abode named peacock blue ; the haute design and stylish interiors fuses with vintage finds and sophisticated flourishes to create this sublime luxury home stay . a unique and vibrant abode which design aficionados will lust over .\nsleeps : up to 4 guests alternative group option : up to 2 guests pets : two dogs are very welcome , or three on prior request . memory foam dog bed included .\nset between the yachting havens of kingsbridge and salcombe , dusky cottage sits on a country lane leading down to hope cove . push open the sky - blue gate and you ' ll be smitten ; this luxury thatched cottage is sure to capture the hearts of all the family .\nstargazer is a luxury self - catering home perfect for families who are looking for an idyllic devonshire holiday between moor and sea in the historic town of modbury .\nsimple and elegant , this large south hams self - 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-{"id": 27, "summary": [{"text": "dolichoderus ypsilon is a species of ant in the genus dolichoderus .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "described by forel in 1902 , the species is found in areas in western australia in australia . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "dolichoderus ypsilon", "paragraphs": ["the above specimen data are provided by antweb . please see dolichoderus ypsilon for further details\n: 259 - worker ; type locality : albany [ 35 / 117 ] , western australia ( dolichoderus ( hypoclinea ) ypsilon rufotibialis ) .\ncombination in dolichoderus ( hypoclinea ) : emery , 1913a pdf : 13 ; in dolichoderus ( diceratoclinea ) : wheeler , 1935c pdf : 69 .\nclark , j . ( 1930 ) the australian ants of the genus dolichoderus ( formicidae ) . subgenus hypoclinea mayr . australian zoologist , 6 , 252\u2013268 .\nclark , j . 1930b . the australian ants of the genus dolichoderus ( formicidae ) . sugenus hypoclinea mayr . aust . zool . 6 : 252 - 268 ( page 258 , raised to species )\nclark , j . 1930b . 1930 293 the australian ants of the genus dolichoderus ( formicidae ) , subgenus hypoclinea mayr . australian zoologist 6 : 252 - 268 ( 20 . viii . 1930 ) .\ncavill , g . w . k . & hinterberger , h . ( 1960a ) the chemistry of ants . iv . terpenoid constituents of some dolichoderus and iridomyrmex species . australian journal of chemistry , 13 , 514\u2013519 . urltoken\nshattuck , s . o . & marsden , s . 2013 . australian species of the ant genus dolichoderus ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . zootaxa 3716 , 101\u2013143 ( doi 10 . 11646 / zootaxa . 3716 . 2 . 1 ) .\ndazzini valcurone , m . & fanfani , a . ( 1982 ) nouve formazioni glandolari del gastro in dolichoderus ( hypoclinea ) doriae em . ( formicidae , dolichoderinae ) . pubblicazioni dell ' istituto di entomologia agraria dell ' universit\u00e0 di pavia , 19 , 1\u201318 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nandr\u00e9 , e . ( 1896 ) fourmis nouvelles d ' asie et d ' australie . revue d ' entomologie ( caen ) , 15 , 251\u2013265 .\nblum , m . s . & hermann , h . r . ( 1978 ) venoms and venom apparatuses of the formicidae : dolichoderinae and aneuretinae . handbuch der experimentellen pharmakologie , 48 , 871\u2013894 . urltoken\ncavill , g . w . k . & hinterberger , h . ( 1960b ) dolichoderine ant extractives . in : pavan , m . & eisner , t . ( eds . ) , xi . internationaler kongress f\u00fcr entomologie . wien 1960 . verhandlungen . band iii . symposium 3 , symposium 4 . istituto di entomologia agraria dell ' universit\u00e0 di pavia , pavia , pp . 53\u201359 .\nclark , j . ( 1934 ) new australian ants . memoirs of the national museum of victoria , 8 , 21\u201347 .\ncrawley , w . c . ( 1922 ) new ants from australia ( concluded from vol . ix . p . 449 ) . annals and magazine of natural history , ( 9 ) 10 , 16\u201336 . urltoken\ncrozier , r . h . ( 1970 ) karyotypes of twenty - one ant species ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) , with reviews of the known ant karyotypes . canadian journal of genetics and cytology , 12 , 109\u2013128 . urltoken\ndon , w . ( 2007 ) ants of new zealand . otaga university press , dunedin , new zealand , 239 pp .\nemery , c . ( 1887 ) catalogo delle formiche esistenti nelle collezioni del museo civico di genova . parte terza . formiche della regione indo - malese e dell ' australia . [ part ] . annali del museo civico di storia naturale , 24 , 209\u2013240 .\nfanfani , a . & dazzini valcurone , m . ( 1991 ) metapleural glands of some dolichoderinae ants . ethology ecology and evolution special issue , 1 , 95\u201398 . urltoken\nforel , a . ( 1902 ) fourmis nouvelles d ' australie . revue suisse de zoologie , 10 , 405\u2013548 .\nforel , a . ( 1907 ) formicidae . in : michaelsen , w . & hartmeyer , r . ( eds . ) , die fauna s\u00fcdwest - australiens . vol . 1 . jena , g . fischer , pp . 263\u2013310 .\nforel , a . ( 1915 ) results of dr . e . mj\u00f6bergs swedish scientific expeditions to australia 1910 - 13 . 2 . ameisen . arkiv f\u00f6r zoologi , 9 ( 16 ) , 1\u2013119 . urltoken\nfreeland , j . , crozier , r . h . & marc , j . ( 1982 ) on the occurrence of arolia in ant feet . journal of the australian entomological society , 21 , 257\u2013262 . urltoken\nheterick , b . e . ( 2009 ) a guide to the ants of south - western australia . records of the western australian museum supplement , 76 , 1\u2013206 .\nimai , h . t . , crozier , r . h . & taylor , r . w . ( 1977 ) karyotype evolution in australian ants . chromosoma ( berlin ) , 59 , 341\u2013393 . urltoken\nlowne , b . t . ( 1865 ) contributions to the natural history of australian ants . entomologist , 2 , 331\u2013336 .\nmann , w . m . ( 1916 ) the stanford expedition to brazil , 1911 , john c . branner , director . the ants of brazil . bulletin of the museum of comparative zoology , 60 , 399\u2013490 .\nmayr , g . ( 1876 ) die australischen formiciden . journal des museum godeffroy , 12 , 56\u2013115 .\nmcareavey , j . ( 1949 ) australian formicidae . new genera and species . proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales , 74 , 1\u201325 .\nroger , j . ( 1862 ) einige neue exotische ameisen - gattungen und arten . berliner entomologische zeitschrift , 6 , 233\u2013254 . urltoken santschi , f . ( 1916 ) deux nouvelles fourmis d ' australie . bulletin de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 entomologique de france , 1916 , 174\u2013175 .\nwheeler , g . c . & wheeler , j . ( 1951 ) the ant larvae of the subfamily dolichoderinae . proceedings of the entomological society of washington , 53 , 169\u2013210 .\nwheeler , g . c . & wheeler , j . ( 1966 ) ant larva of the subfamily dolichoderinae : supplement . annals of the entomological society of america , 59 , 726\u2013732 .\nwheeler , g . c . & wheeler , j . ( 1974 ) ant larvae of the subfamily dolichoderinae : second supplement ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . pan - pacific entomologist , 49 , 396\u2013401 .\nwheeler , w . m . ( 1934 ) contributions to the fauna of rottnest island , western australia . no . ix . the ants . journal of the royal society of western australia , 20 , 137\u2013163 .\nyou must log in to access this functionality . you may create an account , or log in anonymously , here .\nraised to species : forel , 1907j pdf : 284 ; clark , 1930b pdf : 258 .\nsee also : shattuck & marsden , 2013 pdf : 140 , fig . 27 .\n2 times found in native veg . , rural environ . , 0 times found in banksia / agonis woodland , white soil , 1 times found in mixed native / exotic veg . , rural environ . , 0 times found in state forest .\n2 times soil , 1 times tree - trunk , 0 times on ground .\nantweb content is licensed under a creative commons attribution license . we encourage use of antweb images . in print , each image must include attribution to its photographer and\nfrom urltoken\nin the figure caption . for websites , images must be clearly identified as coming from urltoken , with a backward link to the respective source page . see how to cite antweb .\nantweb is funded from private donations and from grants from the national science foundation , deb - 0344731 , ef - 0431330 and deb - 0842395 . c : 1\nthis species is restricted to south - west western australia . the male was described by forel ( 1907 ) .\npronotum rounded , lacking spines ; propodeum with elongate spines directed upward at angle of 45\u00b0 or less to horizontal plane , the angle between them at least 90\u00b0 ; dorsum of petiolar node angular , base of propodeal spines forming a\nv\nwith a narrowly rounded angle connecting their bases ; legs entirely light red or orange .\nthe following information is derived from barry bolton ' s new general catalogue , a catalogue of the world ' s ants .\n: forel , 1915b : 76 . raised to species : forel , 1907h : 284 ; clark , 1930b : 258 .\nclark ( 1930 ) - black . legs and spines red , mandibles and coxae darker red .\nshining . head punctate , the punctures shallow , the spaces between them finely reticulate . pronotum and mesonotum with somewhat similar punctures , but more scattered . top of the node coarsely rugose . gaster microscopically punctate .\nhair yellow , long and erect , abundant throughout , shorter and suberect on the antennae and legs . pubescence very fine and adpressed on the antennae , coxae and legs , longer and more abundant on the gaster , where it forms a yellowish clothing , not hiding the sculpture .\nshattuck and marsden ( 2013 ) - generally similar but with legs more yellow ( slightly less red ) in some individuals . also , a few specimens have the sculpturing on the mesosomal dorsum reduced medially , this region being nearly smooth .\nmeasurements ( n = 5 ) . ci 92\u201396 ; ei 20\u201325 ; el 0 . 21\u20130 . 29 ; hl 1 . 14\u20131 . 29 ; hw 1 . 05\u20131 . 22 ; ml 1 . 60\u20131 . 81 ; mtl 0 . 95\u20131 . 15 ; proni 69 . 93\u201374 . 15 ; pronw 0 . 76\u20130 . 90 ; si 109\u2013118 ; sl 1 . 22\u20131 . 36 .\nclark ( 1930 ) - yellowish red , gaster darker , apical segments brown .\nopaque . scutellum , epinotum , node and gaster more or less shining . head and mesonotum very finely reticulate and with some very shallow scattered punctures .\nhair yellow , erect , abundant throughout . pubescence whitish , hardly apparent , except on the antennae and legs .\nemery , c . 1913a [ 1912 ] . hymenoptera . fam . formicidae . subfam . dolichoderinae . genera insectorum 137 : 1 - 50 ( page 13 , combination in d . ( hypoclinea ) )\nforel , a . 1902j . fourmis nouvelles d ' australie . rev . suisse zool . 10 : 405 - 548 ( page 461 , worker described )\nforel , a . 1907j . formicidae . in : michaelsen , w . , hartmeyer , r . ( eds . ) die fauna s\u00fcdwest - australiens . band i , lieferung 7 . jena : gustav fischer , pp . 263 - 310 . ( page 284 , male described )\nforel , a . 1907j . formicidae . in : michaelsen , w . , hartmeyer , r . ( eds . ) die fauna s\u00fcdwest - australiens . band i , lieferung 7 . jena : gustav fischer , pp . 263 - 310 . ( page 284 , raised to species )\nforel , a . 1915b . results of dr . e . mj\u00f6bergs swedish scientific expeditions to australia 1910 - 13 . 2 . ameisen . ark . zool . 9 ( 1 16 : 1 - 119 ( page 76 , race of scabridus )\nwheeler , w . m . 1935c . myrmecological notes . psyche ( camb . ) 42 : 68 - 72 ( page 69 , combination in d . ( diceratoclinea ) )\nthis page was last modified on 19 august 2017 , at 19 : 25 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhymenoptera name server , 10 - may - 2001 , website ( version 0 . 021 )\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nforel , a . 1902 ,\nfourmis nouvelles d ' australie\n, revue suisse de zoologie , vol . 10 , pp . 405 - 548\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 1ec31f6d - 6f90 - 4683 - 82e0 - fdc6619c0f80\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 29cd60e2 - fcb6 - 4b84 - 8fdd - 478c3e6c9ce5\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 307ce5e7 - 3076 - 419c - b378 - e057ded67912\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 3442bc97 - 7c20 - 4c48 - 8777 - 366d32ae8790\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 5d07e23e - 8f39 - 4e94 - 9ef5 - 7117d13891e9\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : b1d7e7b7 - 83f9 - 49b7 - a957 - 6121aa65956f\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : b434c31a - d402 - 451b - 8069 - a9007b5b3f10\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : bb89d01d - 85df - 49ff - b198 - d1c8c7dd526c\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : ebe18303 - 4e46 - 4439 - 98d3 - ea02369b0b2c\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 17381e7f - dca2 - 44f5 - a520 - aef936a38702\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nemery , c . 1912b . 1912 519 hymenoptera fam . formicidae subfam . dolichoderinae in wytsman , p . ( ed . ) genera insectorum 137 1 - 50 , 2 pls .\nforel , a . 1902b . 1902 689 fourmis nouvelles d ' australie . revue suisse de zoologie 10 : 405 - 548 .\nforel , a . 1907a . 1907 734 formicidae . in michaelsen , w . and hartmeyer , r . , ( eds . ) die fauna s _ dwest - australien . band 1 lieferung 7 : 263 - 310 . jena : gustav fischer .\nthe source code for museums victoria collections is available on github under the mit license ."]}
-{"id": 28, "summary": [{"text": "scoparia vinotinctalis is a moth in the crambidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by hampson in 1896 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in india , where it has been recorded from the nilgiri plateau . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "scoparia vinotinctalis", "paragraphs": ["vad betyder scoparia ? h\u00e4r finner du 2 definitioner av scoparia . du kan \u00e4ven l\u00e4gga till betydelsen av scoparia sj\u00e4lv\nscoparia \u00e4r ett sl\u00e4kte av fj\u00e4rilar som beskrevs av adrian hardy haworth 1811 . enligt catalogue of life ing\u00e5r scoparia i familjen crambidae , men enligt dyntaxa \u00e4r tillh\u00f6righeten ist\u00e4llet fam [ . . ]\nscoparia ustimacula c . felder , r . felder & rogenhofer in c . felder , r . felder & rogenhofer , 1875\nscoparia rotuellus ( c . felder , r . felder & rogenhofer in c . felder , r . felder & rogenhofer , 1875 )\nli , w . c . ( 2012 ) . one new species of the genus scoparia haworth , 1811 from china ( lepidoptera : crambidae , scopariinae ) . shilap revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda 40 ( 157 ) 73 - 75 .\nscoparia is a grass moth genus ( family crambidae ) of subfamily scopariinae . some authors have assigned the synonymous taxon sineudonia to the snout moth family ( pyralidae ) , where all grass moths were once also included , but this seems to be in error .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\na new species of fish , pseudoliparis swirei , published in zootaxa ( 4358 : 161 - 177 ) by gerringer , m . e et al . was voted among top 10 new species described in 2017 .\na new species of madagascan crickets described by mustafa \u00fcnal and george beccaloni in zootaxa was featured in a national geographic story . well done mustafa and george !\na new species of wolf spider , lycosa aragogi , is named after aragog\u2014the famous fictional spider from \u201charry potter\u201d book series by j . k . rowling . the new species is similar to the animatronic puppet version of the character used in the film \u201charry potter and the chamber of secrets\u201d , which is actually based on a wolf spider . the naming of the new species is dedicated to the 20th anniversary of harry potter book series .\nmariah o . pfleger , r . dean grubbs , charles f . cotton , toby s . daly - engel\nidentification of nipaecoccus ( hemiptera : coccomorpha : pseudococcidae ) species in the united states , with descriptions of nipaecoccus bromelicola sp . n . and the male of n . floridensis beardsley\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nas part our commitment to scholarly and academic excellence , all articles receive editorial review .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\nas of 2012 , there were about 231 species . species occur on every continent except\n, 1984 : contribution \u00e0 l ' \u00e9tude des scopariinae . 4 . r\u00e9vision des types d\u00e9crits de la r\u00e9gion pal\u00e9arctique occidentale , description de dix nouveaux taxa et \u00e9bauche d ' une liste des esp\u00e8ces de cette r\u00e9gion . ( lepidoptera : crambidae ) .\n, 1985 : contribution \u00e0 l ' \u00e9tude des scopariinae . 5 . quatre nouveaux taxa d ' afghanistan . ( lepidoptera : crambidae ) .\n, 1986 : contribution \u00e0 l ' \u00e9tude des scopariinae . 6 . dix nouveaux taxa , dont trois genres , de chine et du nord de l ' inde . ( lepidoptera : crambidae ) .\n, 1998 : the scopariinae and heliothelinae stat . rev . ( lepidoptera : pyraloidea : crambidae ) of the oriental region - a revisional synopsis with descriptions of new species from the philippines and sumatra .\n, 1998 : notes on the scopariinae from taiwan , with descriptions of nine new species ( lepidoptera : crambidae ) .\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 3 / 28 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\nauthors : hampson , george francis , sir , bart . , 1860 - 1936 bell , thomas reid davys scott , francis burgess , 1885 -\nclick here to view book online to see this illustration in context in a browseable online version of this book .\nplease note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\naustria , belgium , great britain , hungary , germany , denmark , greece , ireland , italy , latvia , lithuania , luxembourg , netherlands , norway , poland , romania , sicily , slovakia , the soviet union - the european part , finland , france , czech republic , switzerland sweden , estonia .\nregions of the russian federation : european north - west , central european , european southern taiga , the western caucasus , kaliningrad , karelia , mid - volzhsky , south ural .\naustria , belarus , belgium , bosnia and herzegovina , the british isles , france , germany , greece ( mainland ) , denmark ( mainland ) , ireland , spain ( mainland ) , italy ( mainland ) , latvia , lithuania , luxembourg , macedonia , netherlands , norway ( mainland ) , the channel islands , poland , portugal ( mainland ) , russia , romania , sicily , slovakia , slovenia , faroe islands , finland , france ( mainland ) , croatia , czech republic , switzerland , sweden , estonia , yugoslavia .\n[ 10 ] de jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) ( 2011 ) fauna europaea version 2 . 4 ( faunaeur . org )\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\ni / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken"]}
-{"id": 29, "summary": [{"text": "seriola is a genus of bony fish , commonly known as amberjacks .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "nine extant species are currently recognized , although these were formerly split into many more .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "also , several species are currently placed in several other genera of carangidae that were originally described under seriola .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "they are a large , carnivorous finfish popularly known for the firm texture and rich flavour of their flesh , which make them an ideal fish for aquaculture .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "because specimens caught can weigh up to 41 kg ( 90 lb ) , and are powerful swimmers and hunters , they are also highly prized by sport fisherman .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "most seriola species are either benthic , demersal or pelagic , and can be found down to 200 m in depth .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "all 9 species cover most of the globe in terms of distribution , usually in coastal waters .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "most are shown to be pelagic spawners , releasing eggs into the open ocean habitat until hatching , and they do this through dioecious , external reproduction .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "most seriola species are found in schools , and have diets consisting of fish , squid and other invertebrates . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "seriola", "paragraphs": ["fao . 2008 . cultured aquatic species information programme seriola quinqueradiata ( temminck & schlegel 1845 ) . urltoken seriola _ quinqueradiata / en\nwe cultured seriola lalandi for 488 days in a ras with artificial sea water .\ngarc\u00eda - g\u00f3mez a . 1993 . primeras experiencias de crecimiento de juveniles de seriola mediterr\u00e1nea ( seriola dumerili , risso 1810 ) alimentados con una dieta semih\u00fameda . bol . inst . esp . oceanog . 9 ( 2 ) : 347 - 360 .\nscientific synonyms and common names seriola rivoliana cuvier , 1833 synonyms : seriola rivoliana valenciennes , in cuv . val . , 1833 , hist . nat . poiss . , 9 : 207 ( ' archipel ' = brazil ) . holotype : mnhn no . a 6633 ( ' archipel ' ) . seriola falcata valenciennes , in cuv . val . , 1833 , hist . nat . poiss . , 9 : 210 ( ' golfe du mexique ' ) . holotype : mnhn no . a 781 . seriola bonariensis valenciennes , in cuv . val . , 1833 , hist . nat . poiss . , 9 : 211 ( ' buenos ayres ' ) . holotype : mnhn no . a 6619 . seriola dubia lowe , 1839 , proc . zool . soc . london , 7 : 81 ( ' madeira ' ) . seriola dubia : lowe , 1840 : 5 g\u00fcnther , 1860 , 2 : 463 . seriola rivoliana : carus , 1893 : 672 nichols , 1946 : 260 randall , 1968 : 103 , fig . 118 blache et al . , 1970 : 309 , fig . 808 . seriola bonariensis : barnard , 1927 : 556 . seriola falcata : fowler , 1936 : 680 nichols , 1946 : 259 maul , 1948 : 151 albuquerque , 1954 - 1956 : 672 . seriola colburni evermann & clark , 1928 seriola songoro smith , 1959 common names : almaco jack [ en ] charuteiro [ pr ] edregal lim\u00f3n [ es ] s\u00e9riole limon [ fr ]\ngarc\u00eda - g\u00f3mez a . 2000 . recent advances in nutritional aspects of seriola dumerili . cah options m\u00e9dit\u00e9rr . 47 : 249 - 257 .\nmiranda i . t . & peet c . 2008 . farmed yellowtail seriola spp . japan and australia final report , october 22 , 2008 .\ngarc\u00eda a . & d\u00edaz m . v . 1995 . culture of seriola dumerili . cah . opt . m\u00e9diterr . 16 : 103 - 114 .\nholthus p . 2009 . seriola & cobia aquacultre dialogue . meeting summary . world wildlife fund , september 2009 . veracruz , mexico . www . worldwildlife .\na yellowtail kingfish , seriola lalandi , at the solitary islands , new south wales . source : rick stuart - smith / reef life survey . license : cc by attribution\nmoran d , gara b , wells rmg ( 2007 ) energetics and metabolism of yellowtail kingfish ( seriola lalandi valenciennes 1833 ) during embryogenesis . aquaculture 265 : 359 - 369\nsanzo , l . 1930b . contributo alla conoscenza dello sviluppo nei carancidi : seriola dumerilii risso . boll . zool . , napoli , 1 : pp . 33 - 34 .\nseriola and cobia , also known as amberjack , yellowtail kampachi , hamachi and hiramasa , are large , carnivorous finfish known for their firm texture and rich flavor . they also are prized by sport fishermen , in part because they can weigh up to 90 pounds . most seriola is farmed , mainly in japan ( where the industry started about 50 years ago ) and australia . the seriola aquaculture industry is set for significant growth . most cobia is caught in the wild by sport fishermen . but the cobia aquaculture industry has started to grow over the past few years , particularly in west virginia , puerto rico and belize . seriola and cobia are usually produced in cages , some close to land and some in the open ocean . several land - based tank trials also are underway with both fish species . cobia is usually sold fresh and served in the form of grilled or poached fillets . seriola is increasingly served raw in sushi .\nmoran d , smith ck , gara b , poortenaar cw ( 2007 ) reproductive behaviour and early development in yellowtail kingfish ( seriola lalandi valenciennes 1833 ) . aquaculture 262 : 95 - 104\nsanzo , l . 1933b . uova , larve e stadi giovanili di seriola dumerilii risso . memorie r . com . talassogr . ital . , 205 : 1 - 12 , 1 pl .\npoortenaar cw , hooker sh , sharp n ( 2001 ) assessment of yellowtail kingfish ( seriola lalandi lalandi ) reproductive physiology , as a basis for aquaculture development . aquaculture 201 : 271 - 286\n( of seriola boscii valenciennes , 1833 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of seriola gigas poey , 1860 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of seriola rhombica smith , 1959 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of seriola tapeinometopon bleeker , 1853 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of seriola tapeinometapon bleeker , 1853 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of seriola sparna jenkins , 1903 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of seriola purpurascens temminck & schlegel , 1845 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of seriola simplex ramsay & ogilby , 1886 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of seriola dumerilii ( risso , 1810 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of seriola purpurescens temminck & schlegel , 1845 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nscientific synonyms and common names seriola dumerili ( risso , 1810 ) synonyms : caranx dumerili risso , ichth . nice : 175 , pl . 6 ( fig . 20 ) ( nice ' ) . holotype : mnhn no . b 868 ( nice ) . trachurus aliciolus rafinesque , 1810 , caratt . gen . spec . sicil . : 42 , pl . 11 ( fig . 2 ) ( sicily ) . seriola dumerili : risso , 1826 : 424 valenciennes , 1843 : 57 de buen , 1926 : 103 weber & beaufort , 1931 : 297 de buen , 1935 : 107 , fig . 56 nobre , 1935 : 273 fowler , 1936 : 678 tortonese , 1947 : 171 tortonese & trotti , 1949 : 83 cadenat , 1951 : 167 , fig . 97 ben - tuvia , 1953 : 19 dollfus , 1955 : 145 furnestin et al . , 1958 : 447 , fig . 51 dollfus , 1960 : 105 tortonese , 1961 : 357 randall , 1968 : 102 , fig . 117 bini , 1968 , 5 : 65 , col . fig . wheeler , 1969 : 329 , fig . 107 . seriola dumerilii : valenciennes , in cuv . val . , 1833 , 9 : 201 , fig . 258 moreau , 1881 : 462 , fig . 131 carus , 1893 : 672 sanzo , 1930 : 33 lozano rey , 1952 : 591 , col . pl . 46 ( fig . 2 - 5 ) dieuzeide et al . , 1954 : 225 , fig . seriola tapeinometopon : giglioli , 1880 : 27 carus , 1893 : 672 . seriola dumerili dumerili : albuquerque , 1954 - 1956 : 670 . seriola purpurescens temminck & schlegel , 1844 seriola simplex ramsay & ogilby , 1887 seriola rhombica smith , 1959 common names : accola [ mlt ] greater amberjack [ en ] insk [ eg ] may\u00e0tico [ he ] orfan [ hr ] pez de lim\u00f3n [ es ] poisson limon [ fr ] ricciola [ it ] sarikuyruk [ tu ] seriola [ it ] seriole [ fr ] s\u00e9riole couronn\u00e9e [ fr ] serviola [ es ]\ntachihara k . , ebisu r . & tukashima y . 1993 . spawning , eggs , larvae and juveniles of the purplish amberjack seriola dumerilii . bull . jpn . soc . sci . fish . 59 : 1479 - 1488 .\nhutson ks , ernst i , mooney aj , whittington id . 2007 . metazoan parasite assemblages of wild seriola lalandi ( carangidae ) from eastern and southern australia . parasitol . int . 56 ( 2 ) : 95 - 105 .\nchambers c . b . & ernst i . 2005 . dispersal of skin fluke benedenia seriolae ( monogenea : capsalidae ) by tidal currents and implications for sea - cage farming of seriola spp . aquaculture , 250 : 60 - 69 .\nlazzari a . , fusari a . , boglione c . , marino g . & di francesco m . 2000 . recent advances in reproductional and rearing aspects of seriola dumerili . cah . options m\u00e9diterr . 47 : 241 - 247 .\npapandroulakis n . , mylonas c . , maingot e . & divanach p . 2005 . first results of greater amberjack ( seriola dumerili ) larval rearing in mesocosm . aquaculture , 250 ( 1 - 2 ) : 155 - 161 .\ncarton , a . g . & m . r . vaughan 2010 . behavioural and anatomical measures of visual acuity in first - feeding yellowtail kingfish ( seriola lalandi ) larvae . environ . biol . fish . 89 : 3 - 10\nandaloro f . & pipitone c . 1997 . food and feeding habits of the amberjack , seriola dumerili in the central mediterranean sea during the spawning season . cah . biol . mar . , 38 ( 2 ) : 91 - 96 .\nmazzola a . , fava loro e . & sara g . 2000 . cultivation of the mediterranean amberjack , seriola dumerili ( risso , 1810 ) , in submerged cages in the western mediterranean sea . aquaculture . 181 : 257 - 268 .\nmylonas c . c . , papandroulakis n . , smboukis a . , papadaki m . & divanach p . 2004 . induction of spawning of cultured greater amberjack ( seriola dumerili ) using gnrha implants . aquaculture 237 , 141 - 154 .\npapadakis i . e . , chatzifotis s . , divanach p . & kentouri m . 2008 . weaning of greater amberjack ( seriola dumerilii risso 1810 ) juveniles from moist to dry pellet . aquaculture international , 16 : 13 - 25 .\nyokoyama h . , yanagida t . & takemaru i . 2006 . the first record of kudoa megacapsula ( myozoa : multivalvulida ) from farmed yellowtail seriola quinqueradiata originating from wild seedlings in south korea . fish pathol . 41 : 159 - 163 .\ngillanders bm , ferrell dj , andrew nl ( 1999 ) size at maturity and seasonal changes in gonad activity of yellowtail kingfish ( seriola lalandi ; carangidae ) in new south wales , australia . nz j mar freshw res 33 : 457 - 468\nmicale v . , maricchiolo g . & genovese l . 1999 . the reproductive biology of the amberjack , seriola dumerilii ( risso 1810 ) . i . oocyte development in captivity . aquac . res . 30 ( 5 ) : 349 - 355 .\nthis circumglobal species is restricted to subtropical waters , and consisting of a series of disjunct subpopulations , many of which until recently were considered to represent distinct species . until recently , most of the literature in the eastern pacific referred to this species are seriola dorsalis .\nharris p . j . 2004 . analytical report . age , growth , and reproduction of greater amberjack , seriola dumerili , in the southwestern north atlantic . marine resources research institute , south carolina department of natural resources , charleston , south carolina , 35 pp .\nmasumoto , t . 2002 . yellowtail , seriola quinqueradiata . in : c . d . webster & c . e . lim ( eds . ) , nutrient requirements and feeding of finfish for aquaculture , pp 131 - 146 . cab international , wallingford , uk .\nmarino g . , mandich a . , massari a . , andaloro f . & porrello s . 1995 . aspects of reproductive biology of the mediterranean amberjack ( seriola dumerili risso ) during spawning period . j . appl . ichtiol . 11 , 9 - 24 .\nhamasaki k . , tsuruoka k . , teruya k . , hashimoto h . , hamad k . , hotta t . & mushiake k . 2009 . feeding habits of hatchery - reared larvae of greater amberjack seriola dumerili . aquaculture 3 - 4 : 216 - 225 .\nclark , t . d . & seymour , r . s . ( 2006 ) . cardiorespiratory physiology and swimming energetics of a high - energy - demand teleost , the yellowtail kingfish ( seriola lalandi ) . j . exp . biol . 209 : 3940 - 3951 .\nyanase , k . , n . a . herbert & j . c . montgomery . 2012 . disrupted flow sensing impairs hydrodynamic performance and increases the metabolic cost of swimming in the yellowtail kingfish , seriola lalandi . the journal of experimental biology 215 : 3944 - 3954 .\nalcaide e . , sanjuan e . , de la g\u00e1ndara f . & garc\u00eda - g\u00f3mez a . 2000 . susceptibility of amberjack ( seriola dumerili ) to bacterial fish pathogens . bull . eur . ass . fish . pathol . 20 ( 3 ) : 153 - 156 .\nmunro , i . s . r . [ 1956\u2013 ] 1961 . handbook of australian fishes . nos . 1\u201342 . australian fisheries newsletter 15 - 17 , 19 , 20 : 1 - 172 [ published as separates 1956 - 1961 ] ( p . 802 as seriola grandis )\nmandich a . , massari a . , bottero s . , pizzicori p . , goos h . & marino g . 2004 . plasma sex steroid and vitellogenin profiles during gonad development in wild mediterranean amberjack ( seriola dumerili ) . mar . biol . 144 : 127 - 138 .\nskaramuka b . , kozul v . , teskeredzic z . , bolotin j . & onofri v . 2001 . growth rate of tank reared mediterranean amberjack , seriola dumerili ( risso 1810 ) fed on three different diets . j . appl . ichthyol . 17 : 130 - 133 .\nbrown , e . v . & nishimura , s . 1977 . yellowtail ( seriola quinqueradiata ) . in : e . e . brown , ( ed . ) , world fish farming cultivation and economics , pp . 297 - 309 . the avi publishing company , inc . , usa .\ntalbot c . , garc\u00eda - g\u00f3mez a . , de la g\u00e1ndara f . & muraccioli p . 2000 . food intake , growth , and body composition in mediterranean yellowtail ( seriola dumerilii ) fed isonitrogenous diets containing different lipid levels . cah . options m\u00e9dit\u00e9rr . 47 : 259 - 266 .\njover m . , garc\u00eda - g\u00f3mez a . , tom\u00e1s a . , de la g\u00e1ndara f . & p\u00e9rez l . 1999 . growth of mediterranean yellowtail ( seriola dumerili ) fed extruded diets containing different levels of protein and lipid . aquaculture 179 ( 1 - 4 ) : 25 - 33 .\nkozul v . , skaramua b . , kraljevic m . , dulcic j . & glamuzina b . 2001a . age , growth and mortality of the mediterranean amberjack seriola dumerili ( risso 1810 ) from the south - eastern adriatic sea . j . appl . ichthyol . 17 : 134 - 141 .\nkozul v . , skaramuka b . , glamuzina b . , glav ic n . & tutman p . 2001b . comparative gonadogenesis and hormonal induction of spawning of cultured and wild mediterranean amberjack ( seriola dumerili , risso 1810 ) . sci . mar . 65 ( 3 ) : 215 - 220 .\njerez s . , samper m . , santamar\u00eda f . j . , villamandos j . e . , cejas j . r . & felipe b . c . 2006 . natural spawning of greater amberjack ( seriola dumerili ) kept in captivity in the canary islands . aquaculture , 252 : 199 - 207 .\ngillanders , b . m . , ferrell , d . j . , andrew , n . l . 2001 . estimates of movement and life - history parameters of yellowtail kingfish ( seriola lalandi ) : how useful are data from a cooperative tagging programme ? marine and freshwater research 52 : 179 - 92 .\nmartinez - takeshita n , purcell cm , chabot cl , craig mt , corinne n . paterson cn , hyde jr & allen lg . ( 2015 ) a tale of three tails : cryptic speciation in a globally distributed marine fish of the genus seriola . copeia 103 ( 2 ) : 357\u2013368 . doi : urltoken\nkawabe k . , kato k . , kimura j . , okamura y . , ando k . , saito m . & yoshida k . 1996 . rearing of broodstock fish and egg - taking from amberjack seriola dumerili in chichijima , ogasawara islands , southern japan . suisan zoyozhoku 44 : 151 - 157 ( in japanese with english abstract ) .\nmontero f . e . , crespo s . , padr\u00f3s f . , de la g\u00e1ndara f . , garc\u00eda - g\u00f3mez a . & raga j . a . 2004 . effects of the gill parasite zeuxapta seriolae ( monogenea : heteraxinidae ) on the amberjack seriola dumerili risso ( teleostei : carangidae ) . aquaculture 232 ( 1 - 4 ) : 153 - 163\nstuart - smith , j . , pecl , g . , pender , a . , tracey . s . , villanueva , c . & smith - vaniz , w . f . 2016 . southernmost records of two seriola species in an australian ocean - warming hotspot . marine biodiversity : 4pp . doi : 10 . 1007 / s12526 - 016 - 0580 - 4 abstract\nas with most types of aquaculture species , the farming of cobia and seriola can have a negative impact on the environment and society . to address these impacts , wwf has created the seriola and cobia aquaculture dialogue . the inaugural meeting of the dialogue was held february 2009 in seattle , washington . two additional public dialogue meetings have been held since then : september 2009 in mexico and february 2013 in japan . the next public dialogue meeting will be in october 2013 in japan . over the course of the dialogue , participants will identify the key environmental and social impacts associated with the farming of four types of seriola ( s . rivoliana , s . quinqueradiata , s . dumerilli and s . lalandi ) and cobia . they will then create principles for addressing each impact . next they will develop criteria that will aim to provide direction on how to reduce each impact and the indicators that will address how to measure the extent of each impact . all of this information will be the framework for creating measurable , performance - based standards for the industry . when finalized , the standards will be given to a new organization , the aquaculture stewardship council , that will be responsible for working with independent , third party entities to certify farms that are in compliance with the standards . all dialogue meetings will be open and transparent . reports , presentations and other documents related to the dialogue will be posted on this website . also posted for public comment will be the draft principles , criteria , indicators and standards for seriola and cobia .\nrodr\u00edguez - barreto d . , jerez s . , cejas j . r . , mart\u00edn m . v . , acosta n . g . , bola\u00f1os a . & lorenzo a . 2012 . comparative study on lipid and fatty acid composition in different tissues of wild and cultured female broodstock of greater amberjack ( seriola dumerili ) . aquaculture , 360 - 361 : 1 - 9 .\nwhittington i . d . , corneillie s . , talbot c . , morgan j . a . t . & adlard r . d . 2001 . infections of seriola quinqueradiata ( temminick & schlegel ) and s . dumerili ( risso ) in japan by benedenia seriiolae ( monogenea ) confirmed by morphology and 28s ribosomal dna analysis . j . fish dis . 24 : 421 - 425 .\nwwf has identified farmed shrimp and salmon as priority commodities because , collectively , they represent the largest share of the global farmed seafood market . consequently , they can have a significant negative impact on the places and species we seek to protect . additionally , we are working to advance responsible seafood farming for abalone , bivalves ( clams , mussels , scallops and oysters ) , cobia , freshwater trout , pangasius , seriola , and tilapia .\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 8 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 29 - 35 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 18 - 22 . bluish grey or olivaceous above , silvery white below ; amber stripe along midside of body ; fins dusky ( ref . 3197 ) . second dorsal and anal fins with low anterior lobe ( ref . 26938 ) . species of seriola lack scutes ( ref . 37816 ) .\nadults are benthopelagic in coastal and oceanic waters , off kelp beds and rocky areas ( eschmeyer et al . 1983 ) , sometimes entering estuaries ( may and maxwell 1986 ) . they are mostly solitary but can sometimes be found in small groups and can be found near rocky shores , reefs and islands ( kailola et al . 1993 ) . schools of juveniles are generally found in offshore waters , often near or beyond the continental shelf ( smith 1987 ) . seriola lalandi congregates in large offshore shoals in depths of 50 m , but occasionally ventures into surf zones in pursuit of prey . this species feeds primarily on small fishes and squids . it is also an excellent sport fish ( smith - vaniz in press ) . it is mainly caught on hook - and - line by sport fishers , but is also caught in seines and bottom trawls ( smith - vaniz 1984 ) . if seriola banisteri is conspecific , as believed , then the maximum verified size is 193 cm total length and 58 . 4 kg ( smith - vaniz in press ) .\ncircumglobal . indo - west pacific : south africa , persian gulf , southern japan and the hawaiian islands , south to new caledonia ; mariana and caroline islands in micronesia . western atlantic : bermuda ( ref . 26938 ) , nova scotia , canada to brazil ; also from the gulf of mexico and the caribbean sea ( ref . 9626 ) . eastern atlantic : british coast ( vagrant ) to morocco and the mediterranean . distribution in eastern central atlantic along the african coast is not well established due to past confusion with seriola carpenteri ( ref . 7097 ) .\nthe morphology of seriola dumerili changes considerably from juveniles to adults . body elongated , fusiform , moderate height , somewhat compressed laterally and covered with small cycloid scales . the total number of gill rakers decreases with size , from 15\u201322 at 2\u20137 cm in length , to 11\u201319 at sizes greater than 20 cm in length . two dorsal fins , the first with seven hard spines and the second with one hard spine and multiple soft rays ( 29\u201335 ) . colour yellow - green in juveniles and blue - olive laterally and silver ventrally in adults . black lateral band from eye to anterior base of dorsal fin , excluding the neck . the juveniles show 5 vertical , dark body bands and a sixth band at the end of the caudal peduncle .\nthis circumglobal species is restricted to subtropical waters and consists of a series of disjunct subpopulations , many of which until recently were considered to represent distinct species . in the indo - pacific , it is known from south africa , walters shoals , amsterdam island , japan , australia news zealand , new caledonia , rapa , pitcairn islands , easter island and hawaii . it is also found in the eastern pacific ( galapagos islands and the west coast of the united states ) ( smith - vaniz in press ) and southwest atlantic , from southern brazil and argentina . seriola lalandi also inhabits the eastern atlantic , known only from st helena island and south africa . it occurs at depths of one to 146 m ( r . myers pers . comm . 2015 ) .\nthe development of new species is a high priority for the diversification of the chilean aquaculture sector . the yellowtail kingfish ( seriola lalandi ) is a promising candidate for commercial production in recirculating aquaculture systems ( ras ) . this paper presents data on the culture of yellowtail kingfish in a marine ras working for 488 days using artificial sea water . growth performance , feed conversion , feeding rate , condition factor and mortality were determined for fish having an average initial weight ( \u00b1s . d . ) of 0 . 7 \u00b1 0 . 2 g up to a final average weight of 2006 \u00b1 339 . 0 g . the ras configuration ( drum filter , protein skimmer with ozone , biological nitrification and denitrification , carbon dioxide removal and oxygenation ) showed performance stability under the conditions assayed ( low water renewal rate ) . total ammonia nitrogen and nitrite - nitrogen concentration averaged 0 . 74 \u00b1 0 . 42 mg / l and 0 . 21 \u00b1 0 . 24 mg / l respectively . after installation , the denitrification reactor kept nitrate - nitrogen concentrations below 40 mg / l . nitrate - nitrogen was totally reduced at oxidation reduction potential values between \u2212150 and \u2212250 mv . water temperature averaged 22 . 6 \u00b1 1 . 4 \u00b0c and oxygen was maintained close to saturation levels . carbon dioxide concentration was in average 8 . 3 \u00b1 2 . 47 mg / l and ph 7 . 5 \u00b1 0 . 1 . water renewal rate was 0 . 45 % of the total system volume per day . the system proved the capability to maintain optimal water quality and secured animal welfare .\ngreater amberjack is a valuable food fish that sells well in the traditional fish markets as well as having potential for value - added products . farmed fish can be sold at different sizes ( whole or slices ) depending on the country . the preference in sizes affects market prices . in malta small sizes reach 15\u201320 usd per kg while larger fish fetch lower market prices , typically 10 - 15 usd per kg , because large fish are only suitable for steaks . however , prices in italy and spain for the largest fish are similar or even higher the smaller fish in malta . hong kong prices of cultured greater amberjack are slightly lower than the wild fish , but range from 10 to 20 usd per kg , while in japan the price is higher ( 20\u201330 usd per kg ) than other cultured seriola species because of the better texture of its flesh which is firmer and less buttery , and can sometimes reach up to 50 usd per kg . the price differences in europe according to the size will vary with the marketing strategy in the future . for now , whilst the production cost of the fry is very high , and because the culture technology is still being developed and refined , this benefit could be utilized . the optimum strategy may be to utilize the fast growth of the fish and sell at a larger size for a wider variety of value added products . greater amberjack has an existing reputation as a quality ingredient for sushi and sashimi and is very adaptable to a wide variety of prepared products including asian or american style marinated fillets or pieces . it would therefore be advisable to develop an active marketing strategy alongside any development of production capacity in order to exploit the full potential of this species .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the family .\n, select country and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by eagbayani , 30 . 11 . 04 , , php script by cmilitante , 05 / 11 / 2010 , last modified by cmilitante , 14 / 03 / 2013\nseafood is one of the most popular sources of protein worldwide . almost half of the seafood we eat comes from farms . and seafood farming\u2014also known as aquaculture\u2014is the fastest growing food production system in the world .\nthe rapid expansion of the aquaculture industry has not come without impacts . as a conservation organization , wwf is concerned about the negative effects the industry has had\u2014 and could continue to have\u2014on the environment and society . we know that when done responsibly , aquaculture\u2019s impact on wild fish populations , marine habitats , water quality and society can be significantly and measurably reduced .\nshrimp farming is associated with mangrove destruction , water pollution , and illegal fishing and labor practices , but wwf is working with some of the world\u2019s most innovative and conscientious farmers to demonstrate that shrimp production can be environmentally sustainable , socially responsible , and economically viable .\neighty - five percent of the world\u2019s marine stocks are either fully exploited or overfished , driving accelerated growth in the farmed seafood industry . with annual revenue in excess of $ 60 billion , that industry is on the verge of surpassing the total volume of wild - caught product .\nfarmed seafood provides an answer to increasing demand for protein sources as the world\u2019s population becomes more affluent , urbanized and approaches 9 billion before 2050 .\nchemicals and excess nutrients from food and feces associated with aquaculture farms can disturb the flora and fauna on the ocean bottom .\nexcessive use of chemicals\u2014such as antibiotics , anti - foulants and pesticides\u2014or the use of banned chemicals can have unintended consequences for marine organisms and human health .\nviruses and parasites that transfer between farmed and wild species as well as among farmed species present a risk to wild populations or other farms .\nescaped farmed species can compete with wild fish and interbreed with local wild stocks of the same population , altering the overall pool of genetic diversity .\naquaculture must responsibly source and reduce its dependency upon fishmeal and fish oil\u2014a primary ingredient in feed\u2014so as not to put additional pressure on the world\u2019s fisheries . fish caught to make fishmeal and fish oil currently represent one - third of the global fish harvest .\nexcess food and fish waste increase the levels of nutrients in the water and have the potential to lead to oxygen - deprived waters that stress aquatic life .\nseafood farming often employs a large number of workers on farms and in processing plants , potentially placing labor practices and worker rights under public scrutiny . additionally , conflicts can arise among users of the shared coastal environment .\nwe are on the forefront of spreading awareness among aquaculture producers about the importance of responsible practices if they are to survive in their present business model . wwf actively supports producers in implementing responsible practices through aquaculture improvement projects . in the same way , wwf encourages large retailers and restaurant chains to adopt responsible seafood procurement policies that call for sourcing responsibly farmed seafood products .\nin 2004 , we initiated and coordinated the aquaculture dialogues , a series of eight roundtables that included over 2 , 000 farmers , retailers , ngos , scientists and other important stakeholders within the aquaculture industry . together , the group committed to developing measurable and performance - based standards for responsibly farmed seafood . these standards focus on measureable performance and encourage innovation to reduce environmental impacts .\nin 2009 , wwf co - founded the aquaculture stewardship council ( asc ) with the dutch sustainable trade initiative ( idh ) to manage the global standards and certification programs . asc works with accreditation services international ( asi ) to accredit independent certification bodies to audit and certify compliant farms . wwf also engages with governments in countries that produce and export farmed seafood to design regulatory policy that will support a responsible aquaculture industry . we encourage financial institutions to be diligent in placing sustainability filters on loan applications for aquaculture operations .\nclick here to read more about why wwf cares about the production of meat , poultry , dairy and seafood .\nget email about important conservation news and how you can help wwf protect the diversity of life on earth .\nmake a symbolic animal adoption to help save some of the world ' s most endangered animals from extinction and support wwf ' s conservation efforts .\nworld wildlife fund 1250 24th street , n . w . washington , dc 20037\nlatin word diminutive with the meaning of a large earthenware pot ( ref . 45335 )\nmarine ; reef - associated ; oceanodromous ( ref . 51243 ) ; depth range 1 - 360 m ( ref . 11441 ) , usually 18 - 72 m ( ref . 9626 ) . subtropical ; 45\u00b0n - 28\u00b0s , 180\u00b0w - 180\u00b0e\nmaturity : l m 99 . 5 , range 80 - 127 cm max length : 190 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 3397 ) ; common length : 100 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 3197 ) ; max . published weight : 80 . 6 kg ( ref . 3287 ) ; max . reported age : 15 years ( ref . 113943 )\nadults found in deep seaward reefs ; occasionally entering coastal bays . they feed primarily on fishes such as the bigeye scad , also on invertebrates ( ref . 4233 ) . small juveniles associate with floating plants or debris in oceanic and offshore waters . juveniles form small schools or solitary ( ref . 5213 ) . eggs are pelagic ( ref . 4233 ) . utilized fresh and frozen ; eaten pan - fried , broiled and baked ( ref . 9987 ) . reported to cause ciguatera in some areas ( ref . 26938 ) .\nspawning happens during the summer , in areas near the coast . embryo development lasts about 40 hours at 23\u00b0 and larval development 31 - 36 days . egg size 1 . 9 mm , larval at hatching 2 . 9 mm .\npaxton , j . r . , d . f . hoese , g . r . allen and j . e . hanley , 1989 . pisces . petromyzontidae to carangidae . zoological catalogue of australia , vol . 7 . australian government publishing service , canberra , 665 p . ( ref . 7300 )\n) : 16 . 9 - 29 , mean 27 . 1 ( based on 3486 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5020 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01622 ( 0 . 01238 - 0 . 02125 ) , b = 2 . 92 ( 2 . 84 - 3 . 00 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 5 \u00b10 . 0 se ; based on diet studies .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( k = 0 . 18 ; tm = 4 ; tmax = 15 ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate to high vulnerability ( 54 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nmarine ; reef - associated ; depth range 5 - 245 m ( ref . 90102 ) , usually 30 - 35 m ( ref . 40849 ) . subtropical ; 43\u00b0n - 38\u00b0s , 180\u00b0w - 180\u00b0e\ncircumglobal . indo - west pacific : kenya south to south africa ( ref . 3287 ) and east to mariana and wake islands in micronesia , north to the ryukyu islands , south to new caledonia and the kermadec islands ( ref . 8879 ) . absent from the red sea and french polynesia . likely at seychelles ( ref . 1623 ) . eastern pacific : usa to peru , including galapagos islands ( ref . 2850 ) . western atlantic : cape cod , usa to northern argentina ( ref . 9626 ) . distribution in the eastern atlantic is not well established . recently recorded from lampedusa island in the mediterranean ( ref . 47878 ) .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 160 cm fl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 40637 ) ; common length : 90 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5450 ) ; max . published weight : 59 . 9 kg ( ref . 40637 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 8 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 27 - 33 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 18 - 22 .\nadults are benthopelagic in outer reef slopes and offshore banks to 160 m or more . they form small groups ( ref . 9283 , 26235 , 58302 ) . young often seen around floating objects ( ref . 4887 , 48635 ) . they feed mainly on fishes , but also on invertebrates . eggs are pelagic ( ref . 4233 ) . marketed fresh and salted or dried ( ref . 9283 ) . may cause ciguatera poisoning , particularly in coral reef areas ( ref . 5217 ) . uncommon on east indian reefs but occasionally found in cool upwelling areas of lesser sunda islands of indonesia ( ref . 90102 ) .\nmyers , r . f . , 1991 . micronesian reef fishes . second ed . coral graphics , barrigada , guam . 298 p . ( ref . 1602 )\n) : 22 . 1 - 28 . 6 , mean 27 . 3 ( based on 201 cells ) .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01905 ( 0 . 00755 - 0 . 04806 ) , b = 2 . 97 ( 2 . 75 - 3 . 19 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 5 \u00b10 . 7 se ; based on diet studies .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : very low , minimum population doubling time more than 14 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : high to very high vulnerability ( 74 of 100 ) .\ndescription inhabits deep seaward reefs occasionally entering coastal bays . feeds primarily on fishes such as the bigeye scad , also . . .\ndescription inhabits deep seaward reefs occasionally entering coastal bays . feeds primarily on fishes such as the bigeye scad , also feeds on invertebrates ( ref . 4233 ) . small juveniles associate with floating plants or debris in oceanic and offshore waters . juveniles form small schools or solitary ( ref . 5213 ) . distribution in eastern central atlantic along the african coast is not well established due to past confusion with @ s . carpenteri @ ( ref . 7097 ) . the species is rarely exotic ( ref . 637 ) . flesh is edible ( ref . 5521 ) . utilized fresh and frozen ; eaten pan - fried , broiled and baked ( ref . 9987 ) . [ details ]\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nvan der land , j . ; costello , m . j . ; zavodnik , d . ; santos , r . s . ; porteiro , f . m . ; bailly , n . ; eschmeyer , w . n . ; froese , r . ( 2001 ) . pisces , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 357 - 374 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nscott , w . b . ; scott , m . g . ( 1988 ) . atlantic fishes of canada . canadian bulletin of fisheries and aquatic sciences . no . 219 . 731 pp . [ details ]\nwelshman , d . , s . kohler , j . black and l . van guelpen . 2003 . an atlas of distributions of canadian atlantic fishes . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nmceachran , j . d . ( 2009 ) . fishes ( vertebrata : pisces ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 1223\u20131316 in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . [ details ]\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nrisso , a . ( 1810 ) . ichthyologie de nice ou histoire naturelle des poissons du d\u00e9partement des alpes - maritimes . schoell , paris . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 175 [ details ]\nwheeler , a . ( 1992 ) . a list of the common and scientific names of fishes of the british isles . j . fish biol . 41 ( suppl . a ) : 1 - 37 ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 175 [ details ]\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of caranx dumerili risso , 1810 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of trachurus aliciolus rafinesque , 1810 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of trachurus fasciatus rafinesque , 1810 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of regificola parilis whitley , 1948 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nintergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhong kong marine fish database . afcd . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\njoin us to make change . speak up for species and places through wwf ' s action center .\nhelp wwf conserve the world ' s wildlife and their homes by symbolically adopting a tiger .\nmarine ; brackish ; benthopelagic ; depth range 3 - 825 m ( ref . 4517 ) . subtropical ; 18\u00b0c - 24\u00b0c ( ref . 6390 ) ; 55\u00b0n - 57\u00b0s , 180\u00b0w - 180\u00b0e\ncircumglobal in subtropical waters : series of disjunct populations . indo - pacific : south africa , walter shoals , amsterdam island , japan , australia , new zealand , new caledonia , hawaii , rapa , pitcairn island , and easter island . eastern pacific : british columbia , canada to chile ( ref . 2850 ) , including desventuradas is . and juan fern\u00e1ndez is . ( ref . 89357 ) . eastern atlantic : st . helena , south africa ( ref . 7097 ) .\nmaturity : l m ? , range 51 - ? cm max length : 250 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 27865 ) ; common length : 80 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 9137 ) ; max . published weight : 96 . 8 kg ( ref . 40637 ) ; max . reported age : 12 years ( ref . 72462 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 5 - 6 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 33 - 35 ; anal spines : 2 - 3 ; anal soft rays : 20 - 21 . the only jack without scutella on the caudal peduncle . dark blue dorsally and almost white ventrally ; with a well defined line of demarcation between the two colors .\nadults are benthopelagic in coastal and oceanic waters , off kelp beds and rocky areas ( ref . 2850 ) , sometimes entering estuaries ( ref . 9563 ) . they are solitary or in small groups and can be found near rocky shores , reefs and islands ( ref . 6390 ) . schools of juveniles are generally found in offshore waters , often near or beyond the continental shelf ( ref . 27865 ) . they prefer warmer water ( 18 - 24\u00b0c ) although they are occasionally found in cooler water ( ref . 27128 ) . adults feed on small fish , squid and crustaceans ( ref . 27121 ) . marketed fresh and salted or dried ( ref . 9283 ) .\n) : 9 - 23 , mean 14 . 9 ( based on 1169 cells ) .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01820 ( 0 . 00972 - 0 . 03408 ) , b = 2 . 93 ( 2 . 76 - 3 . 10 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 2 \u00b10 . 1 se ; based on diet studies .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : low , minimum population doubling time 4 . 5 - 14 years ( k = 0 . 13 ; tm = 2 ; tmax = 12 ) .\nprior r = 0 . 6 , 2 sd range = 0 . 45 - 0 . 80 , log ( r ) = - 0 . 51 , sd log ( r ) = 0 . 14 , based on : 2 k , 1 tgen , 1 tmax , records\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : high to very high vulnerability ( 69 of 100 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : this species is a circumglobal species restricted to subtropical waters , consisting of a series of disjunctive subpopulations . although highly sought after by sport fishers in some parts of its range and commercial exploitation in parts of its range , significant global population declines have not been reported and are not suspected . its range coincides with numerous marine protected areas . it is therefore listed as least concern .\nargentina ; australia ; brazil ; chile ( easter is . ) ; colombia ; costa rica ; ecuador ( ecuador ( mainland ) , gal\u00e1pagos ) ; fiji ; french polynesia ; french southern territories ( amsterdam - st . paul is . ) ; japan ; mexico ; new caledonia ; new zealand ; nicaragua ; norfolk island ; panama ; peru ; pitcairn ; saint helena , ascension and tristan da cunha ( saint helena ( main island ) ) ; south africa ; tonga ; united states ( hawaiian is . ) ; uruguay\nthere is limited population information available for this species . however , based on museum collections , this species may be common in parts of its range , with 210 global occurrences with each lot containing mostly one to five individuals , but some having upwards of 30 individuals ( accessed through the fishnet2 portal , www . fishnet2 . org , 2015 - 10 - 12 ) . in the eastern central atlantic ( eca ) , this species is very abundant at st . helena and elsewhere ( w . smith vaniz pers comm . 2013 ) . population data based on the cecaf south working ( 2009 ) , which covers guinea bissau to angola , aggregated catch landings for carangidae species from 1994 through 2008 show an increase up to 20 , 000 metric tonnes in 2001 and are stable until 2008 , when they drop to 12 , 000 metric tonnes , but not all countries are reporting ( fao cecaf 2009 ) . based on eca country reported landings to fao for carangids not elsewhere included , landings peaked between 1970 to 1980 , averaging around 24 , 000 metric tonnes per year , and then in 1980 fell to an average of 18 , 000 metric tonnes per year , fluctuating between 16 , 000 and 18 , 000 metric tonnes per year and remaining relatively stable since .\nthis species is of minor commercial importance but is a highly sought after sportfish ( w . smith - vaniz pers . comm . 2015 ) . this species is caught with seines , bottom trawls and on hook - and - line ( smith - vaniz in press ) . it is marketed fresh and salted or dried ( smith - vaniz 1995 ) .\nin the eastern central atlantic , catches for this species are not reported separately , and carangid species are mainly caught in the inshore fishery using purse - seines and in both industrial and artisanal fisheries . elsewhere , this species is a highly sought after sport fish . however , there have been no observed or suspected population declines resulting from these exploitation events .\nthere are currently no conservation measures in place for this species . however , its range overlaps with numerous protected areas ( iucn unep 2014 ) .\nsmith - vaniz , w . f . & williams , i . 2015 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nbody elongated , somewhat compressed , and without scutes on lateral line . dorso - posterior corner of maxillary angular . pectoral fin almost same length as pelvic fin . body with longitudinal yellow stripe . bears two free spines in front of the anal fin . anal fin is shorter than the weak dorsal fin , whereas the short spines of the first dorsal fin are not free , but interconnected by a membrane . fast swimming pelagic carnivorous fish , feeding by day on smaller fish , such as mackerels , horse - mackerels , sardines and squids .\njapanese amberjack culture has a long history , having begun in 1927 in the kagawa prefecture of japan when wild caught juvenile amberjacks were first reared in shore enclosures . over time , this type of culture became obsolete , due to problems related to poor water quality and excessive waste accumulation within the system . commercial production of japanese amberjack began in the 1940s , and production began to expand rapidly in the 1960s , exceeding 43 000 tonnes by 1970 . by 1995 it had reached a peak of nearly 170 000 tonnes but ranged between 139 000 and 162 000 between 1996 and 2003 ; no further growth trend is apparent . however , it is important to note that fish farmers have been able to maintain total production level at these significant levels despite a fall in the number of wild caught juveniles ( mojako ) .\njapanese amberjack features in the fisheries of the western central pacific ocean , from japan and the eastern korean peninsular to the hawaiian islands but its farming occurs mostly in japan , the republic of korea being the only other country reporting production to fao . in japan this species is the most cultured fish , its meat being relished as sashimi . the aquaculture production of\nconstituted about 57 percent of the total farmed marine finfish production in japan in 2003 .\njapanese amberjack is endemic to japan and adjacent areas . it spawns along the 200 m contour in the east china sea ; juveniles migrate north to near hokkaido , feeding for three to five years until reaching sexual maturity ; then they migrate south for spawning . adults of 70 - 80 cm sl approach the western coast of kochi prefecture , japan in march - april . from season to season , various sizes can be caught in different parts of japan ; therefore , special names are given to them in different regions . the common name of japanese amberjacks varies with size . in japan , those that are < 50 g are called mojako , those between that and 5 000 g named hamachi , and those > 5 000 g termed buri . this species is highly piscivorous species and , in the fisheries , reaches a maximum size of 150 cm tl and 40 kg . in nature , it feeds on microorganisms and small fishes while drifting north with the seaweed . small mojako ( 4 to 5 mm ) stay under or inside floating seaweed ; larger fish ( 0 . 5 to 2 cm ) swim below the surface . after reaching a size of 10 to 14 cm , they disperse from the floating seaweed and swim towards the shore . the optimum rearing water temperature for japanese amberjack is 20 - 29 \u00bac and the optimum salinity is 30 - 36\u2030 .\naquaculture of amberjack is primarily dependent on seed supply from wild . soon after spawning , larvae less than 15 mm long are brought near the coast by the kuroshio current , where they are caught in fine mesh nets , and sold to fry specialists . wild seed is also imported from other countries , such as the republic of korea and viet nam . although artificial propagation of japanese amberjacks has been successful , the number of juveniles produced through induced breeding has not reached a level where it can make a significant contribution to the demand of juveniles for aquaculture . in fact , there remain some problems in larval rearing : feeding is particularly critical , as imbalanced larval feed has leads to heavy mortalities . efforts are being made to improve this situation . the design of suitable larval feed by using mass - produced food organisms , such as rotifers and brine shrimp nauplii fortified with n - 3 highly unsaturated fatty acids ( hufa ) and formulated feeds may soon make the production of healthy fry in large numbers possible .\nwild caught japanese amberjack juveniles ( < 10 g ) , are reared in 5x5x5 m net pens and sold to growers when the fish have grown to 50 - 100 g . the first task of the fry specialists is to grade the larvae into small , medium , and large categories ; a failure to grade early can result in high mortality from cannibalism . after grading , the larvae are stocked into floating nylon net - pens . in 5 x 5 x 5 m net pens the stocking rate of 0 . 5 - 10 g mojako ranges from 10 000 to 30 000 and the harvest size ranges from 20 - 200 g with average survival of 90 percent . it is important to feed wild caught juveniles with good quality feed while the fish are on the collecting boat , to avoid growth related problems in the late grow - out phase ; weak individuals are eliminated . small juvenile amberjacks are sensitive to feed deprivation , and a prolonged fasting period before first feeding in net pens has a negative effect on subsequent growth rate .\n) . japanese amberjack culture expanded due to the massive catches of the low - cost fish used for feeding , such as sand - lance and sardine around japan . the availability of freezing equipment made it possible for the farmers to feed minced frozen sardine and supported the further development of farming . however , in recent years , there has been decline in the sardine resources caught around japan and the cost has therefore increased . this has forced many farmers to change from feeding fish to the use of formulated feed . formulated feed production has increased and the amount of extruded pellets is now about 40 percent of the total food used for japanese amberjack production , on an ' as fed ' basis . feeding extruded pellets for the first year of culture during the growing season ( high water temperature ) is popular . however , the use of raw fish or moist pellets is still common when water temperatures are reduced ( < 15 \u00bac ) ."]}
-{"id": 30, "summary": [{"text": "impages cinerea , common name the grey atlantic auger , is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family terebridae , the auger snails . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "impages cinerea", "paragraphs": ["as an authority for recognizing both impages and hastula and for putting both of those in impages as valid species .\nimpages acuminata lamarck , j . b . p . a . de , 1822\n- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : impages cinerea ( i . von born , 1778 ) - id : 2131050020\nhastula c . cinerea vs hastula c . salleana - let ' s talk seashells !\nterebra cinerea luctuosa ( var . ) hinds , r . b . , 1844 : mazatlan , mexico - n peru\nto biodiversity heritage library ( 10 publications ) ( from synonym terebra jamaicensis c . b . adams , 1850 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 12 publications ) ( from synonym hastula cinerea ( born , 1778 ) ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 75 publications ) ( from synonym terebra cinerea ( born , 1778 ) ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 8 publications ) ( from synonym hastula luctuosa ( hinds , 1958 ) ) to encyclopedia of life ( from synonym terebra cinerea ( born , 1778 ) ) to encyclopedia of life to usnm invertebrate zoology mollusca collection ( from synonym hastula cinerea ( born , 1778 ) ) to usnm invertebrate zoology mollusca collection ( from synonym terebra jamaicensis c . b . adams , 1850 )\n( of hastula cinerea ( born , 1778 ) ) bratcher t . & cernohorsky w . o . ( 1987 ) . living terebras of the world . a monograph of the recent terebridae of the world . american malacologists , melbourne , florida & burlington , massachusetts . 240pp . [ details ]\n( of terebra cinerea ( born , 1778 ) ) dautzenberg , ph . ( 1929 ) . contribution \u00e0 l ' \u00e9tude de la faune de madagascar : mollusca marina testacea . faune des colonies fran\u00e7aises , iii ( fasc . 4 ) . soci\u00e9t\u00e9 d ' editions g\u00e9ographiques , maritimes et coloniales : paris . 321 - 636 , plates iv - vii pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of hastula cinerea ( born , 1778 ) ) rosenberg , g . ; moretzsohn , f . ; garc\u00eda , e . f . ( 2009 ) . gastropoda ( mollusca ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 579\u2013699 in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of terebra jamaicensis c . b . adams , 1850 ) adams , c . b . 1850 . description of supposed new species of marine shells which inhabit jamaica . contributions to conchology , 4 : 56 - 68 , 109 - 123 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nterryn , y . ( 2007 ) . terebridae : a collectors guide . conchbooks & natural art . 59pp + plates . [ details ]\n( of hastula luctuosa ( hinds , 1958 ) ) bratcher t . & cernohorsky w . o . ( 1987 ) . living terebras of the world . a monograph of the recent terebridae of the world . american malacologists , melbourne , florida & burlington , massachusetts . 240pp . [ details ]\n( of terebra acuta deshayes , 1857 ) bratcher t . & cernohorsky w . o . ( 1987 ) . living terebras of the world . a monograph of the recent terebridae of the world . american malacologists , melbourne , florida & burlington , massachusetts . 240pp . [ details ]\n( of buccinum cinereum born , 1778 ) dautzenberg , ph . ( 1929 ) . contribution \u00e0 l ' \u00e9tude de la faune de madagascar : mollusca marina testacea . faune des colonies fran\u00e7aises , iii ( fasc . 4 ) . soci\u00e9t\u00e9 d ' editions g\u00e9ographiques , maritimes et coloniales : paris . 321 - 636 , plates iv - vii pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of buccinum cinereum born , 1778 ) bratcher t . & cernohorsky w . o . ( 1987 ) . living terebras of the world . a monograph of the recent terebridae of the world . american malacologists , melbourne , florida & burlington , massachusetts . 240pp . [ details ]\n( of terebra jamaicensis c . b . adams , 1850 ) bratcher t . & cernohorsky w . o . ( 1987 ) . living terebras of the world . a monograph of the recent terebridae of the world . american malacologists , melbourne , florida & burlington , massachusetts . 240pp . [ details ]\n( of terebra laurina hinds , 1844 ) bratcher t . & cernohorsky w . o . ( 1987 ) . living terebras of the world . a monograph of the recent terebridae of the world . american malacologists , melbourne , florida & burlington , massachusetts . 240pp . [ details ]\n( of terebra luctuosa hinds , 1844 ) bratcher t . & cernohorsky w . o . ( 1987 ) . living terebras of the world . a monograph of the recent terebridae of the world . american malacologists , melbourne , florida & burlington , massachusetts . 240pp . [ details ]\nbratcher t . & cernohorsky w . o . ( 1987 ) . living terebras of the world . a monograph of the recent terebridae of the world . american malacologists , melbourne , florida & burlington , massachusetts . 240pp . [ details ]\nrosenberg , g . ; moretzsohn , f . ; garc\u00eda , e . f . ( 2009 ) . gastropoda ( mollusca ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 579\u2013699 in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nterryn , y . ( 2007 ) terebridae : a collectors guide : conchbooks & natural art . 59pp + plates .\nterryn , y . ( 2007 ) . terebridae : a collectors guide . < em > conchbooks & natural art . < / em > 59pp + plates .\nborn , i . 1778 . index rerum naturalium musei c\u00e6sarei vindobonensis . pars i . ma . testacea . verzeichni\u00df der nat\u00fcrlichen seltenheiten des k . k . naturalien cabinets zu wien . erster theil . schalthiere . - pp . [ 1 - 40 ] , 1 - 458 , [ 1 - 82 ] . vindobon\u00e6 . ( kraus ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nan educational resource dedicated mainly to the photography and diversity of marine life that can be found in coastal waters and intertidal areas of great britain and ireland .\nscroll down and rollover titles to change screen image or click on title to view image .\nthe specimen above was collected by odoardo ravelo in sand and mud at a depth of 6m , at higuerote , edo miranda , venezuela . july 2009 .\naphotomarine supports open source data recording and sharing for the benefit of wildlife , recorders , research , science and education . the project recommends the following websites and works with the following bodies and organisations .\nthe conchological society of great britain and ireland helping to understand , identify , record , and conserve molluscs .\nthe marine biological association or mba , based in plymouth , is one of the world\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s longest - running societies dedicated to promoting research into our oceans and the life they support . since 1884 the mba has been providing a unified , clear , independent voice on behalf of the marine biological community . it has a growing membership in over 40 countries .\nthe cisfbr or cornwall and isles of scilly federation of biological recorders is an independent umbrella organisation supporting independent recorders and recording groups in the county of cornwall .\nthe cornish biodiversity network or cbn is the largest open source wildlife database in cornwall that sends open source data to the nbn ( national biodiversity network ) . it is a new recording system based on the erica database , the largest recording resource in cornwall . the cbn best supports the activities and needs of the independent recording community and recording groups in cornwall .\nthe national biodiversity network or nbn is a charity that supports open source data sharing and recording supporting conservation , science and education .\nwhy do recorders need open source ?\n. simply because it supports the core values of wildlife recording and the free use of records and data over a very wide network that includes partners like the natural history museum . the link here is to the nbn atlas . the link here is to the nbn atlas .\nthe taxonomy used here is based on that of the following database , which is also used by the mba , nhm and the nbn .\nover 99 % of the species records on aphotomarine are open source but they are also copyright david fenwick . species records published on aphotomarine may not be used on any database , list or distribution map , without a signed user agreement . cornish records that appear on aphotomarine are recorded using the erica database to benefit recording in cornwall and scientific and historical recording in general . no financial benefit must be taken from any record produced by david fenwick , records are of educational benefit only . records by david fenwick must ' ' never ' ' be financially traded .\nthe main objective of this website is in furthering environmental awareness and education through the medium of photography . to increase awareness and access to the wildlife of the region and help\npeople find and identify it . sometimes the difference between species is obvious but many species can only be determined by observing microscopic characteristics that are specific to any one species .\nyou will be directed to the entry page of the digitized work . go to the page you need in the navigation system there .\nthe basic data of this taxon were entered by hand , consulting the original description , and following animalbase standard .\nusing cookies on urltoken shellauction uses cookies only for technical reasons and to facilitate and speed up your site navigation . by continuing to browse , you accept the use of cookies ; if you do not wish to receive them please disable them or not navigate this website further . more info cookies on urltoken\nutilizzo dei cookies su urltoken shellauction utilizza i cookies esclusivamente per ragioni tecniche e per facilitare e velocizzare la navigazione del sito . continuando a navigare accetti l ' utilizzo dei cookies , se non desideri riceverli ti invitiamo a disabilitarli oppure a non navigare questo sito ulteriormente . altre informazioni sui cookies di urltoken\nwe ' ve updated our privacy policy and by continuing you ' re agreeing to the updated terms .\nwhen you visit our site , preselected companies may use cookies or other certain information on your device to serve relevant ads and for analytics purposes . learn more\ndiscussions , photo series , how to identify or distinguish a species or between species .\njust because two taxa interbreed does not necessarily mean that they are not different species . it certainly makes it difficult to apply the biological species concept . however , the number of species that do interbreed from time to time is legion . competent taxonomists in all fields can cite examples . many toads in the united states that are considered separate species by herpetologists interbreed in areas of disturbed habitats which is nearly everywhere now .\ni understand this does not help with the hastula problem . but it might suggest that it is going to be a difficult problem to get an absolute answer to .\nterryn y . ( 2007 ) . terebridae : a collectors guide . conchbooks & naturalart .\nmacroevolution of venom apparatus innovations in auger snails ( gastropoda ; conoidea ; terebridae ) .\nincludes in its abstract the statement :\nthe non - monophyly of most terebrid genera analyzed indicates that the current genus - level classification of the group is plagued with homoplasy and requires further taxonomic investigations .\n, and a later draft appears in lee ( 2009 : 125 * ) .\n. regrettably that issue in not available on - line . i concluded that the two were allopatric and closely - related , certainly meeting criteria for subspecies : a carolinian one ( jax to se fl , reconstituting itself in w florida and inhabiting almost all the continental shoreline of the gulf of mexico ) and a caribbean one , extending well into brasil . the zoogeographic interfaces provided evidence of incomplete reproductive isolation .\nas for generic assignment , i suppose it ' s essential to first decide which of the two candidates more closely resembles our gray augers . although there are important non - conchological characters , e . g . , the proboscis and radula , i think shell characters might be sufficient .\nor does it merit full generic recognition . all of a sudden i have a sense of d\u00e9j\u00e0 - vu ; as i recall , this issue that has been bandied about for some time . i think any decision in this regard must be informed by a more holistic ( read anterior digestive tract ) data matrix . this cop - out appears in the terebrid literature repeatedly .\nmarlo , i know you like definitive and\naccepted\nsystematics , so maybe you ' ll conform to the worms / terryn fiat , but there certainly isn ' t any evidence that the later work utilized any criteria other than conchological for its generic parsing . thus there is good reason to hang on to the earlier hastula for the topical species - level taxa .\nas the question - man used to say : ' my two cents worth . '\nit ' s worth bearing in mind that terryn is responsible for the worms classification using terryn ' s book as the reference , so the two together constitute one opinion rather than an independent support for its use .\nthe dna paper definitely suggests that more work is needed ; of course , that ' s true for almost any organism . whether a particular group deserves to have a genus name or not is ultimately a subjective decision . analyses can will tell whether a particular group seems coherent or not , and we can say that\nif a is considered a genus , b is a similar group and probably should be treated in a similar manner\n. but there ' s no magic amount of difference in dna , anatomy , or shell that must or must not be a genus .\ni framed this string in terms of controversy and got little response . where\u2019re the hornets ? so , here\u2019s a little stirring in hopes i\u2019ll learn what it is i misunderstand .\nuntil dna analysis demonstrates otherwise . so , it comes down to nomenclature . i prefer\n[ note : i am not saying dna analysis is the only measurement . a group of characters ( protoconch , sculpture , radula , color , habitat , reproduction , etc . ) taken together can , as a whole , show that there is sufficient dissimilarity that separate species are at hand . but , a few slight differences in size , shape , degree of expression , color , etc . of a few characters are too easily explained by allopatric genetic drift , diet , habitat , sex , polymorphism , and inadequate breath of the writer\u2019s examination of populations ( or just plain biased observations ) to be accepted as the basis for speciation . ]\n* i know the iczn accepts \u201csubspecies\u201d as a rank within the classification system . and , i can accept the utility of doing so . it is the terminology to which i object . the term \u201cform\u201d would be far more accurate on its face and the botanical nomenclature clearer ; namely\nwe have to admit , we like to classify things ( as shell enthusiasts we are worst than most ) . biological systems defy neatly classifying organisms . and that complication extends to questions as to when is something a genus , family , class etc . dna does inform us what is most closely related to what unless you are in my world of microbes where organisms swap dna all the time . talk about a mess !\npersonally , when it comes to identification of my shell collection , i blow with the wind . let the conchologists mix it up and follow their lead . they may ultimately be right , they may ultimately be wrong . it is an artificial human endeavor applied to a biological systems where there are few ' laws ' . think about it , even central ' theories ' of biology have fallen flat . the cell theory ( the smallest living entity is a cell , what of slime molds , phycomycota , streptomyces ) . ' one gene , one protein theory ' it fell when we realized that different tissues transcribe genes in different tissues . so if we fundamentally have trouble holding onto theories in living systems , with a few exceptions , notably of the theory of evolution . ergo in living systems it is going to be fundamentally difficult to have universal ways to speciate all organisms .\nit may be irritating that our endeavors to explain the\nmessy\nbiological world have fallen flat or constantly changing as new discovers are made . however , i prefer this to a world where everything is solved or most of the earths biota is described , or more likely extinct , leaving many biologists wondering what to do with their time . i love the fact that i can go out and conduct surveys in the pacific northwest where i discover on average 2 new freshwater or terrestrial mollusks . the possibilities that new species or ideas can still be discovered get me out of bed everyday .\ngreat commentaries ! doug ' s report of a minuscule alternation of the genome ( e . g . , the single gene alteration of the monk flower petal coloration ) initiating reproductive isolation of a morph has its parallel in malacology and seems quite relevant to marlo ' s predicament .\nto lecithotrophy in marine prosobranchs ( marien ? ) seem to be analogous to the monk flower story . each of these situations is accompanied by a small morphological change ( one character state ) , but in each instance reproductive isolation can be inferred , convincingly so in some instances , e . g . clausiliids in the carpathians and\n. it is not unreasonable to expect acquisition of further alterations in the genome of each divergent stock to generate further morphologic and physiologic divergences and ultimately enough accrual of distinctive characters to satisfy even the most devout lumper .\nspeciation is a dynamic process . it has to begin somewhere , and , by strict criteria , is not complete in that instant . that ' s why the concept of\nsubspecies ,\nwith all its arbitrary encumbrances , is a tenable construct to define a phylogenetic relationship between the initiating event , be it\n) , and the emergence consensus sibling species . is this so messy ?\n( ignoring mutation producing new ones ) . however , that can take a long time , so that a population has two very different versions of a gene within it . and an occasional hybridization event can put odd genes into a population . a definitive answer on dna patterns requires thorough sampling of multiple genes across the range of the species of interest .\na further problem on subspecies is that , given the lack of official standardization , old below - species names are to be credited as subspecies . sometimes these were merely intended as recognition of individual variation , the modern concept of variety , but they get credited as subspecies . those wanting to have or to sell as many kinds as possible like to recognize more forms . thus , there is a need to distinguish between what is thought to be a type of individual variant ( such as an albino ) and what is thought to be distinctive of a large population that eventually intergrades with other populations .\nthank you for the monk flower ( did not hear about this one before ) and summary . great to see confirmed , in a way , what i ' ve been thinking ever since i took sem photos of iniforis turrithomae and\n, now more than 30 years ago . of course there was nothing smart about that because the alternative option ( that the planktotrophic\ncame from very different lineages and just happened to converge to identicality in every teleoconch character ) totally lacks parsimony .\ntalking gastropods : the fun part of all this is that you can have two bona fide species with exactly the same genome - if one accepts that by - practical - definition the switch in larval development is the start of a new species . i do believe , however , that successful speciation ( mostly the switch from r to k strategy , perhaps also the reverse ) is near entirely\ni thought r and k reproductive strategies were part of a continuum . it seems to me , at least in the example you cite , that\nas for peripatry vs . sympatry : the former certainly helps restrict gene flow , but is it necessary in any of the scenarios we ' ve discussed .\ni hesitate to step into these deep waters , but just to mix things up a bit . the widespread european\ncan be found in freshwater as well as brackish water within tidal influence - thus at times salt water . specimens from these two extremes have been shown to be genetically the same species , but they cannot interbreed because neither can tolerate the habitat of the other . this is surely a setup for allopatric speciation , but where they are on that genetic trail is unknown . another interesting case , now talking about planktotrophy and lecithotrophy , is\nas a planktotrophic spawner , until przeslawski , 2008 , 2011 ) discovered that sometimes the egg capsules hatched out lecithotropic juveniles . it seems the majority of the time the eggs hatch typical planktotrophic veligers , but every now and then they develop in the egg and hatch out as crawl - away juveniles . if further research bears this out , it means a chance to actually observe as a major phenotype change takes place , and eventually maybe parapatric speciation .\nthese critters do not read our biology texts and so do not know or always follow the rules . sure is interesting though . . .\nprzeslawski , rachael . 2008 . temporal patterns of gastropod egg mass deposition on southeastern australian shores , marine and freshwater research , 59 : 652 .\nprzeslawski , rachaeil . 2011 . notes on the egg capsule and variable embryonic development of nerita melanotragus ( gastropoda : neritidae ) , molluscan research , 31 ( 3 ) : 152 - 158 .\ni think it is more all - or - nothing like , as once demonstrated in the paper by johannesson ( 1988 ) on rockall ( peripheral ! ) littorinids . and there is always a distinct morphological gap between the two protoconch types , and nothing inbetweenish . regarding chirality , that ' s more problematical in terms of speciation , because the next step : getting offspring , is so much harder . hence the low incidence . for instance in 60 my of conus history , there was only one lefty ( unless your name is ed petuch ) , whereas left handed specimens are less rare ( and there has been one case of a cluster of left - handed cones - in the mediterranean if i remember correctly - but that went nowhere either ) .\nin terms of hastula species on treasure coast i usually find in shell hash in splash zone . the ones i find on higher section of beach once in a while tend to be worn . at least in winter that only when i ' m in fla they ' re uncommon . they are fragile beached compare to american auger with lips damages , missing tips . found one juvenile and it ' s see thru bluish white . worn shells tend to be golden tan in color . hadn ' t seen any white and doesn ' t exist in fossil form on treasure coast .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 strict / / en\nplacing orders is easy as 1 - 2 - 3 . here ' s how\nvaried colors from yellowish - orange to grayish . a pair makes for a nice display .\nthe very tip of the nuclear whorl is missing as is typical for this species .\nhastula luctuosa is the name applied to the eastern pacific specimens of this widely ranging species . formerly placed in the genus hastula .\na less extremely sculptured form with only a hint of punctations described from the hawaiian islands .\nquite variable throughout its indo - pacific range . the form puncticulata described from hawaii has much deeper punctations in the interspaces between the ribs ; more uncommon that the peasii form . the validity of the forms is probably nill since integrades are frequently found .\nlong considered a subspecies , t . a . brachygyra has most recently been synonymized with t . argus .\nslight lip roughness . very little , if any , color - pattern variation .\nall content on this web site is \u00a9 2018 , worldwide specimen shells . all right reserved . no content may be reproduced , or retransmitted without prior written approval from the copyright holder .\ndautzenberg , ph . ( 1929 ) . contribution \u00e0 l ' \u00e9tude de la faune de madagascar : mollusca marina testacea . faune des colonies fran\u00e7aises , iii ( fasc . 4 ) . soci\u00e9t\u00e9 d ' editions g\u00e9ographiques , maritimes et coloniales : paris . 321 - 636 , plates iv - vii pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nyou selected terebra exacuminata ( sacco , 1891 ) . this is a synonym for :\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c1faa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322fc869 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322fc9b6 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 32336b46 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 32336cc1 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 326341d6 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 383d1507 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nbieler r . bouchet p . dijkstra h . faber m . finn j . garcia - alvarez o . gofas s . la perna r . marshall b . moretzsohn f . neubauer t . a . rosenberg g . sartori a . f . schneider s . taylor j . ter poorten j . j . & vos c . ( eds ) . ( 2018 ) . worms mollusca : molluscabase ( version 2018 - 06 - 06 ) . in : roskov y . , abucay l . , orrell t . , nicolson d . , bailly n . , kirk p . m . , bourgoin t . , dewalt r . e . , decock w . , de wever a . , nieukerken e . van , zarucchi j . , penev l . , eds . ( 2018 ) . species 2000 & itis catalogue of life , 30th june 2018 . digital resource at urltoken species 2000 : naturalis , leiden , the netherlands . issn 2405 - 8858 .\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 95ed0efd - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\n. if you continue to use the site we will assume that you agree with this .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more"]}
-{"id": 31, "summary": [{"text": "the gold spangle ( autographa bractea ) is a moth of the family noctuidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in europe , across western siberia and the altai mountains , the northern caucasus , northern turkey and northern iran .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "its wingspan is 42 \u2013 50 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are brown and gray with large rhomboid golden marks .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings and body are lighter grayish brown .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the moth flies from july to august depending on the location , and migrates long distances .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "the larvae feed on a wide range of plants including hieracium , tussilago farfara , plantago , crepis paludosa , taraxacum , urtica , lamium , stachys and eupatorium cannabinum . ", "topic": 13}], "title": "gold spangle", "paragraphs": ["gold spangle ( autographa bractea ) - norfolk moths - the macro and micro moths of norfolk .\nchamaecyparis pisifera \u2018gold spangle\u2019 is a fairly fast growing , upright conical selection of sawara cypress with bright gold foliage that grows as a combination of typical short sprays , thread - leaf and contorted branchlets . the degree of gold or yellow is also quite variable . as a very vigorous grower , these trees benefit from periodic shearing to maintain tidiness . after 10 years of growth , a mature specimen will measure 7 . 5 feet ( 2 . 5 m ) tall and 4 feet ( 1 . 3 m ) wide , an annual growth rate 8 inches ( 20 cm ) or more .\nthree well known forms of c . pisifera are : ( 1 ) c . pisifera f . filifera ( threadbranch sawara cypress featuring drooping , whip or cord - like branches covered primarily with scale - like adult leaves ) , ( 2 ) c . pisifera f . plumosa ( plume sawara cypress featuring feathery , airy and ferny branches covered with part adult / part juvenile leaves ) and ( 3 ) c . pisifera f . squarrosa ( moss sawara cypress featuring branches with soft , needle - like juvenile leaves ) . genus name comes from greek chamai meaning dwarf or to the ground and kyparissos meaning cypress tree . specific epithet comes from the latin word pissum meaing pea and ferre meaing to bear in reference to the very small rounded cones . \u2018gold spangle ' is an upright broad - pyramidal form that features bright yellow thread - like foliage . it typically starts out as a low - growing shrubby plant , but will rise to 10 - 12 ' tall over the first 10 - 15 years , eventually maturing to as much as 25 - 35 ' tall .\nmuch of the immense task of data abstracting and entry from printed and manuscript sources as well as preliminary editing and name - checking was carried out by volunteers . many of these were school students on work - experience placements during 1993 - 2000 from , initially , the coopers ' company and coborn school , upminster , and later from other schools in greater london : christopher andrewes , simon bennett ( 1994 nhm vacation studentship ) , steven bond , michael brownlow , emma causer , laurence cooper , ailsa cranfield ( 1998 nuffield studentship ) , emily dwiar , andrew enever , jane feehan , madeleine ferry , max friedman , edward gold , jennifer hodgkinson , christopher joint , fateha khatun ( 1996 nuffield studentship ) , james lowe , louisa marchant , gemma millward , christopher milne , carolyn oughton , william perkins , rebecca reith , eleanor resheph , clare sambidge , neil shaftain , stephen sloan , helen stevens , samuel tarry , david taylor and thomas yeatman .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ngaden s . robinson , phillip r . ackery , ian j . kitching , george w . beccaloni and luis m . hern\u00e1ndez\nrecords of caterpillar hostplants are scattered through published and manuscript sources worldwide and are difficult to retrieve . many rearing records are never published and so are not accessible to other entomologists . but collected hostplant records form a valuable scientific resource that can be used eventually to answer broader biological questions about how lepidoptera and plants interact ( eg , letourneau , hagen & robinson , 2001 ) . it provides information of immediate relevance to agriculture , ecology , forestry , conservation and taxonomy .\nhosts brings together an enormous body of information on what the world ' s butterfly and moth ( lepidoptera ) caterpillars eat . the web - based version presented here offers a synoptic data set drawn from about 180 , 000 records comprising taxonomically ' cleaned ' hostplant data for about 22 , 000 lepidoptera species drawn from about 1600 published and manuscript sources . it is not ( and cannot be ) exhaustive , but it is probably the best and most comprehensive compilation of hostplant data available .\nwe hope that it will be useful to a wide range of biologists and that it will act as a spur to further recording and analysis of caterpillar - plant interactions .\nhosts can be searched in two ways , using text search and drill - down search modes .\nin text search mode , use either lepidoptera or hostplant criteria or a combination of the two . hosts operates only using scientific names . it is not possible to search for the hostplants of the red admiral butterfly but a search for hostplants using its scientific name , vanessa atalanta , will be successful . enter the generic name ( vanessa ) in the - lepidoptera criteria - genus box ; enter atalanta in the species : box ; click search .\nhint : leave the ' starts with ' command as the default and in the species entry box omit the last few letters of the species - name ( eg , atalant ) . this will get around the problem of variable gender - endings . hosts uses original orthography of species - group names as far as possible , but some checklists follow the convention of altering the species - group name to accord with the presumed gender of the generic name ( eg flava , flavus ) .\nrestrict or refine searches using additional criteria ; choosing ' usa ' from the drop - down location box and entering [ starts with ] ' urt ' in the hostplant family box will return hostplant records of vanessa atalanta from urticaceae in the usa .\nhint : restricting location may deliver a very incomplete subset of records : in the previous example all records specified as from the nearctic region ( usa + canada ) would be missed .\ndrill - down search mode allows the user to home in from the starting - point of either the lepidoptera or the plant family . choose a family group from the drop - down box and allow time for all genera of that family in the database to load to the genus drop - down box ; choose a genus and wait for the species to load . the search button can be pressed at any time , but the record delivery limit may be exceeded at higher taxonomic levels . drill - down search allows the user to see by scrolling all the taxa that are represented in the database . following the previous example , choose nymphalidae , then choose vanessa from the genus drop - down box and then atalanta from the ten possible species of vanessa included in hosts .\nthe preliminary search results pages give family , genus and species of the caterpillar and its hostplant . note that many hostplants are recorded as a plant genus only . clicking the caterpillar name will give the full record . the full record listing gives , additionally , the author of the lepidoptera species , subspecific information on the insect and the plant , if available , together with details of larval damage . laboratory rearings where the food utilised may not be the natural hostplant are indicated . the status of the record ( whether considered true , erroneous or suspect ) is not currently implemented in this version of hosts .\nleguminosae ( c ) - caesalpinioideae . leguminosae ( m ) - mimosoideae . leguminosae ( p ) - papilionoideae .\nall lepidoptera groups are covered and subspecific taxa are differentiated . the original source of the record , original form of the names used ( prior to taxonomic ' cleaning ' and standardisation of nomenclature ) and validation and verification fields are not included . this information is , however , retained in the databases used to generate this site . while we have included species that do not feed on green plants , the known food substrates of these are not listed exhaustively . such species comprise detritophages and predators and include , for example , most tineidae and the stored - products pests . the published compilations from hosts ( see more detail - publications from hosts ) include record status and the sources of all records .\ndetailed published compilations from hosts are available in press . these books give greater detail than the website , together with comprehensive cross - indexes , record status and full bibliographies . they are indispensable tools for naturalists and professional entomologists .\nrobinson , g . s . , ackery , p . r . , kitching , i . j . , beccaloni , g . w . & hern\u00e1ndez , l . m . 2001 . hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of the oriental region . 744 pp .\nrobinson , g . s . , ackery , p . r . , kitching , i . j . , beccaloni , g . w . & hern\u00e1ndez , l . m . 2002 . hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of america north of mexico . 824 pp . [ memoirs of the american entomological institute , volume 69 . ]\nbeccaloni , g . w . , viloria , a . l . , hall , s . k . & robinson , g . s . 2008 . catalogue of the hostplants of the neotropical butterflies / cat\u00e1logo de las plantas hu\u00e9sped de las mariposas neotropicales . m3m - monograf\u00edas tercer milenio , volume 8 . zaragoza , spain : sociedad entomol\u00f3gica aragonesa ( sea ) / red iberoamericana de biogeograf\u00eda y entomolog\u00eda sistem\u00e1tica ( ribes ) / ciencia y tecnolog\u00eda para el desarrollo ( cyted ) / natural history museum , london , u . k . ( nhm ) / instituto venezolano de investigaciones cient\u00edficas , venezuela ( ivic ) . 1 - 536 pp . , 1 fig , 3 tabs .\ngaden robinson was responsible for the overall project design and management of the hosts database , and for records of lepidoptera exclusive of butterflies and bombycoid moths . phillip ackery and george beccaloni were responsible for butterfly data , including data drawn from card catalogues developed by ackery , whilst ian kitching was responsible for hostplant data of bombycoid moths . luis m . hern\u00e1ndez was responsible for abstracting in the latter two years of the project and for development of the bibliography for the hardcopy versions of the data .\nwe are extremely grateful to the many people who contributed their own rearing records of lepidoptera or personal accumulations of data for inclusion in the hosts database , particularly mike bigger ( uk ) , john w . brown ( usa ) , chris conlan ( usa ) , rob ferber ( usa ) , konrad fiedler ( germany ) , jeremy holloway ( uk ) , frank hsu ( usa ) , jurie intachat ( malaysia ) , alec mcclay ( canada ) , bill palmer ( australia ) , pierre plauzoles ( usa ) and the generous individuals who contributed rearing records through the worldwideweb and who are known to us only as an email address .\nwe are particularly grateful to julian donahue and the los angeles county museum of natural history for allowing us to include data on microlepidoptera from the card catalogue prepared by the late j . a . comstock and c . henne , and for access to manuscript records by noel mcfarland .\nmarian fricano ( santa clara university ) and aileen giovanello ( clark university , international internship 1996 ) made substantial contributions of abstracted data ; fran love ( north carolina ) painstakingly checked scanned texts and reformatted them for import to paradox .\nwe are indebted to all our helpers for their diligence , accuracy and patience , and for their unswerving faith that this daunting project would reach a conclusion .\nour colleagues here and overseas provided substantial help , advice and assistance with the checking of names of lepidoptera and with many other aspects of this project : kim and david goodger and jeremy holloway ( macrolepidoptera families ) , martin honey ( noctuoidea ) , brian pitkin ( computing ) , malcolm scoble and linda pitkin ( geometroidea ) , klaus sattler ( gelechioidea ) , michael shaffer ( pyraloidea , thyridoidea , pterophoroidea ) , alma solis ( usda , washington - pyraloidea ) , fernley symons ( oxford university - technical support ) and kevin tuck ( tortricoidea ) . julie harvey and the staff of the bmnh entomology and general libraries provided sterling support in locating obscure source material and intuitively correcting bowdlerized references .\nwe thank the trustees of the loke wan tho memorial foundation for their generous support for this project .\nrobinson , g . s . , p . r . ackery , i . j . kitching , g . w . beccaloni & l . m . hern\u00e1ndez , 2010 . hosts - a database of the world ' s lepidopteran hostplants . natural history museum , london . urltoken . ( accessed : 18 aug . 2010 ) .\nbrummitt , r . k . 1992 . vascular plant families and genera . [ vi ] + 804 pp . , royal botanic gardens , kew .\nkartesz , j . t . 1994 . a synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the unites states , canada and greenland . timber press , portland . 1 , checklist , lxi + 622 pp ; 2 , thesaurus , vii + 816 pp .\nkitching , i . j . & cadiou , j . - m . 2000 . hawkmoths of the world : an annotated and illustrated revsionary checklist . xx + 500 pp . , cornell university press , ithaca .\nkitching , i . j . & rawlins , j . e . 1999 . the noctuoidea . pp . 355 - 401 . in : kristensen , n . p . ( ed . ) lepidoptera , moths and butterflies . 1 . evolution , systematics and biogeography . handbook of zoology , 4 ( 35 ) . lepidoptera . x + 491 pp . de gruyter , berlin .\nletourneau , d . k . , hagen , j . a . & robinson , g . s . 2001 . bt crops : evaluating benefits under cultivation and risks from escaped transgenes in the wild . pp . 33 - 98 . in : letourneau , d . k . & burrows , b . e . ( eds ) , genetically engineered organisms : assessing environmental and human health effects . [ viii ] + 438 pp . , crc press , boca raton .\nmabberley , d . j . 1987 . the plant book . a portable dictionary of the higher plants . xii + 707 pp . , cambridge university press . [ the 1993 reprint edition is currently used in editing . ]\nnielsen , e . s . , edwards , e . d . & rangsi , t . v . ( eds ) 1996 . checklist of the lepidoptera of australia . monographs on australian lepidoptera . 4 . xiv + 529 pp . , csiro , melbourne .\nnye , i . w . b . ( ed . ) 1975 - 91 . the generic names of moths of the world . 1 : 568 pp . ( noctuoidea ( part ) - nye , i . w . b . , 1975 ) ; 2 : xiv + 228 pp . ( noctuoidea ( part ) - watson , a . , fletcher , d . s . & nye , i . w . b . , 1980 ) ; 3 : xx + 243 pp . ( geometroidea - fletcher , d . s . , 1979 ) ; 4 : xiv + 192 pp . ( bombycoidea to zygaenoidea - fletcher , d . s . & nye , i . w . b . , 1982 ) ; 5 : xv + 185 pp . ( pyraloidea - fletcher , d . s . & nye , 1984 ) ; 6 : xxix + 368 pp . ( microlepidoptera - nye , i . w . b . & fletcher , d . s . , 1991 ) . british museum ( natural history ) / the natural history museum , london .\nrawlins , j . e . 1984 . mycophagy in lepidoptera . pp . 382 - 483 . in : wheeler , q . & blackwell , m . ( eds ) fungus - insect relationships . perspectives in ecology and evolution . 514 pp . , columbia university press .\nrobinson , g . s . 1999 . hosts - a database of the hostplants of the world ' s lepidoptera . nota lepidopterologica , 22 : 35 - 47 .\nrobinson , g . s . , ackery , p . r . , kitching , i . j . , beccaloni , g . w . & hern\u00e1ndez , l . m . 2001 . hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of the oriental region . 744 pp . southdene sdn bhd , kuala lumpur .\nrobinson , g . s . , ackery , p . r . , kitching , i . j . , beccaloni , g . w . & hern\u00e1ndez , l . m . 2002 . hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of america north of mexico . memoirs of the american entomological institute , 69 : 1 - 824 .\nscoble , m . j . ( ed . ) 1999 . a taxonomic catalogue to the geometridae of the world ( insecta : lepidoptera ) . 2 vols . csiro publications , melbourne .\nroyal botanic garden edinburgh dipterocarpaceae database : http : / / 193 . 62 . 154 . 38 / diptero /\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\neasily grown in average , medium moisture , well - drained soils in full sun to part shade . best in part shade . prefers moist , fertile soils . avoid wet , poorly - drained soils . shelter from strong winds . pruning is rarely needed . winter burn may occur in some full sun locations .\n, commonly known as sawara cypress , is a large , pyramidal , evergreen conifer that grows in the wild to 50 - 70\u2019 ( infrequently to 150 ' ) tall with a trunk diameter to 5 ' . in cultivation , it more typically matures to a much smaller 20 - 30 ' tall . it is naive to the japanese islands of honshu and kyushu . fine - textured medium green needles are tinted white beneath . cones are small ( 1 / 4\nacross ) and ornamentally insignificant , appearing glaucous green during summer before turning black - brown when ripe . reddish brown bark peels in strips . species plants are rarely sold in commerce , but a large number of more compact cultivars including some dwarfs are available for purchase .\nno serious insect or disease problems . some susceptibility to juniper blight , root rot and certain insect pests such as bagworms .\ndwarf cultivars for rock gardens , foundation plantings or specimen . yellow foliage accent for the landscape .\nthe garden wouldn ' t be the garden without our members , donors and volunteers .\noccupying waste ground , gardens and moorland , this species is widespread and fairly common in the north of britain , but less so in the south , where it is thought to be mainly a migrant .\nthe moth flies during july and august , and can be attracted to light .\nthe caterpillars feed on a range of plants , overwintering in this stage before pupating in late spring .\nukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .\nthe ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .\nlooking for a specific moth species ? enter just part of the name below .\nprocache : v317 render date : 2018 - 07 - 04 06 : 44 : 47 page render time : 0 . 2337s total w / procache : 0 . 2715s\n* click on your approximate section of the country to see a detailed map .\nusda zone : 5 ( - 10 to - 20 f / - 26 . 1 to - 23 . 3 c )\ngrowth size : intermediate : 6 to 12 inches ( 15 - 30 cm ) per year / 5 to 10 feet ( 1 . 5 - 3 m ) after 10 years .\nthis cultivar originated as a branch sport found in the early 1900s on a specimen of ch . pisifera \u2018filifera aurea\u2019 at koster brothers nursery , boskoop , the netherlands . it was later introduced to the nursery trade by a . mesman nursery , also of boskoop .\n13 norfolk records , the first at dilham in 1958 ( g . ford ) .\nrecorded in 9 ( 13 % ) of 69 10k squares . first recorded in 1958 . last recorded in 2015 .\nautographa bractea in norfolk [ 1958 ] rev . guy a . ford . ent . rec . 88 . 1976 .\nunderlying maps using digital map data \u00a9 norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola\u2122 2018 . \u00a9 james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data \u00a9 nola\u2122 2018\nfeatures bright yellow , thread - like foliage all year on arching stems that forms an irregular mound .\nour current selection tops 400 varieties . to include plants we offered previously in your search , select\ncurrent & retired\nbelow .\ndescription : wingspan 40 - 50 mm . forewings brown with a darker median area above the dorsum . there is a large prominent metallic spot in the median area of the wing ; this spot can vary in size between different individuals . hindwings pale fuscous with darker veining and a darker terminal band .\nstatus : widely distributed across all counties but more commonly encountered in down , armagh and parts of fermanagh . it has also been recorded on rathlin island .\necology : an attractive species that has a preference for open habitats including woodland clearings , damp meadows by streams and roadside verges . adults are active from dusk onwards and are attracted to light and flowers . the larvae feed from september to may on a variety of low - growing plants . it overwinters as a larva .\nthe northscaping netps plant search engine has determined that the netps account you have tried to access is inactive at this time . you may wish to contact the nursery or garden center to inquire about the status of their plant finder tool . or , there may be a technical problem with the account .\nnetps error information : error action : [ default ] , error code : [ account . 102 ] , error info : [ netpsid request to database returned ! = ' active ' ]\na resident that is widely distributed but not a common moth in derbyshire . this plusia has been recorded in all areas of the county . it is not common and is primarily an upland species with greatest population in the north . it is quiet rare in the southern lowlands and records could relate to vagrants or immigrants .\n\u2013 the diagnostic feature is the large white mark ( like a warped triangle ) in the centre of the dark bronze coloured forewing . as with all the plusias , several thoracic tufts are striking features .\nby continuing to use the site , you agree to the use of cookies . more information accept\nthe cookie settings on this website are set to\nallow cookies\nto give you the best browsing experience possible . if you continue to use this website without changing your cookie settings or you click\naccept\nbelow then you are consenting to this ."]}
-{"id": 32, "summary": [{"text": "poromya granulata , or the granular poromya , is a species of marine bivalve mollusc in the family poromyidae .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "it is unusual among bivalves in being carnivorous .", "topic": 7}, {"text": "it is found in more northerly parts of the atlantic ocean . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "poromya granulata", "paragraphs": ["variety poromya granulata var . triangularis dall , 1881 accepted as poromya rostrata rehder , 1943\nwhat type of species is poromya granulata ? below , you will find the taxonomic groups the poromya granulata species belongs to .\nwhich photographers have photos of poromya granulata species ? below , you will find the list of underwater photographers and their photos of the marine species poromya granulata .\nhow to identify poromya granulata marine species ? below , you will find the list of main identification criteria and physical characteristics of marine species poromya granulata . for each identification criteria , the corresponding physical characteristics of marine species poromya granulata are marked in green .\nwhere is poromya granulata found in the world ? below , you will find the list and a world map of the geographic distribution where the marine species poromya granulata can be found .\n3b . surface of shell granulose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . poromya cf . granulata\ndrawing is reproduced by permission of the author , brian morton , from the article\nprey capture in the carnivorous septibranch poromya granulata ( bivalvia : anomalodesmata : poromyacea )\n; sarsia , v . 66 , pp . 241 - 256 , 1981 .\ngofas , s . ( 2014 ) . poromya granulata . in : costello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvantidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2014 ) european register of marine species , accessed through pesi at\nporomya cf . granulata ( nyst & westendorp , 1839 ) ( cmphrm 2030a ) . legends : ( a ) and ( c ) external views of the right valve ; ( b ) and ( d ) internal views of the right valve . scale bars : a\u2013d , 1 mm\nbogi , c . ; cantagalli g . ( 1986 ) . prima segnalazione di poromya neaeroides seguenza , 1877 in mar mediterraneo . la conchiglia . 202 - 203 : 18 - 19 . [ details ] available for editors\nbogi , c . ; cantagalli g . ( 1986 ) . prima segnalazione di poromya neaeroides seguenza , 1877 in mar mediterraneo . la conchiglia . 202 - 203 : 18 - 19 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nporomya also possesses red amoebocytes in the blood stream , which seem to carry a hemoglobin pigment . this and the several modifications described above point to a degree of evolutionary development that few other bivalves have achieved in adapting to new niches .\nthree species of bivalves , thyasira succisa , lyonsia norwegica and poromya granulate , were recorded for the first time in the adriatic sea during surveys conducted from 2010 to 2012 on offshore relict sand bottoms at a depth range of 45\u201380 m .\n( of panomya granulata ( nyst & westendorp , 1839 ) ) mayhew , r . and f . cole . 1994 ms . a taxonomic discussion and update of shell - bearing marine molluscs recorded from nw atlantic north of cape cod ( excluding greenland ) , and canadian arctic archipeligo . [ details ]\n( of panomya granulata ( nyst & westendorp , 1839 ) ) abbott r . t . ( 1974 ) . american seashells . the marine mollusca of the atlantic and pacific coast of north america . ed . 2 . van nostrand , new york . 663 pp . , 24 pls . [ october 1974 ] . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of corbula granulata nyst & westendorp , 1839 ) nyst p . h . j . & westendorp g . d . ( 1839 ) . nouvelles recherches sur les coquilles fossiles de la province d ' anvers . bulletin de l ' acad\u00e9mie royale des sciences , des lettres et des beaux - arts de belgique , bruxelles 6 ( 2 ) : 393 - 414 [ details ]\n( of poromya rotundata jeffreys , 1876 ) jeffreys , j . g . ( 1876 ) . new and peculiar mollusca of the kellia , cyprina and corbula families , procured in the valorous expedition . annals and magazine of natural history . 4 : 18 - 490 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 494 [ details ]\n( of poromya anatinoides forbes , 1844 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of poromya rotundata jeffreys , 1876 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of poromya anatinoides forbes , 1844 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in ror ) [ details ]\n( of poromya rotundata jeffreys , 1876 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in ror ) [ details ]\n( of poromya anatinoides forbes , 1844 ) forbes e . ( 1844 ) . report on the mollusca and radiata of the aegean sea , and on their distribution , considered as bearing on geology . reports of the british association for the advancement of science for 1843 . 130 - 193 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 191 [ details ]\nthe foot ( figs 2 b , e , f , 11 c ; f ) of g . coronata extends through the septal pedal gape ( spg ) in the septal membrane ( sem ) . ventrally , the densely ciliated foot , with an overall length ( when contracted ) of 240 to 300 \u03bcm , has a pedal groove ( peg ) that may be the remnant of a juvenile byssal groove if , as in many bivalves , such a structure is produced to assist in the establishment of the juvenile in its chosen habitat . morton ( 1981b ) suggested for poromya granulata that the foot , in addition to being responsible for burrowing , probably also served to push captured prey items into the mouth and seal the opening ; it is likely that the same functions are served by the foot of g . coronata .\nnyst p . h . j . & westendorp g . d . ( 1839 ) . nouvelles recherches sur les coquilles fossiles de la province d ' anvers . bulletin de l ' acad\u00e9mie royale des sciences , des lettres et des beaux - arts de belgique , bruxelles 6 ( 2 ) : 393 - 414 page ( s ) : 6 [ details ]\n( of cumingia parthenopaea tiberi , 1855 ) tiberi n . ( 1855 ) . descrizione di alcuni testacei viventi viventi nel mediterraneo . lettere di nicola tiberi . napoli : gaetano noblie pp . 16 : , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 10 - 12 ; pl . 1 fig . 14 - 18 [ details ]\n( of embla korenii lov\u00e9n , 1846 ) lov\u00e9n , s . l . ( 1846 ) . index molluscorum litora scandinaviae occidentalia habitantium . \u00f6fversigt af kongliga vetenskaps akademiens f\u00f6rhandlingar . ( 1846 ) : 134 - 160 , 182 - 204 . [ offprint : pp . 1 - 50 ] . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ngofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\npoutiers , j . m . ; bernard , f . r . ( 1995 ) . carnivorous bivalve molluscs ( anomalodesmata ) from the tropical western pacific ocean , with a proposed classification and a catalogue of recent species . in : bouchet , p . ( ed . ) r\u00e9sultats des campagnes musorstom 14 . m\u00e9moires du mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle . s\u00e9rie a , zoologie . 167 : 107 - 187 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhuber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of embla korenii lov\u00e9n , 1846 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of cumingia parthenopaea tiberi , 1855 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\njanssen r . , krylova e . m . ( 2014 ) . deep - sea fauna of european seas : an annotated species check - list of benthic invertebrates living deeper than 2000 m in the seas bordering europe . bivalvia . invertebrate zoology . vol . 11 . no . 1 : 43\u201382 [ in english ] . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nbroadly subovate ; anterior broadly rounded , ventral gently curved , posterior subtruncate angled to rather long almost straight sloping posterior dorsal margin .\numbos rather prominent ; posterior set off by a weak ridge running from umbo to posterior ventral junction .\noverall finely granular , granules arranged in radial rows . concentric sculpture of lines and growth stops .\nmostly internal and set on a shallow chondrophore just behind the beaks ; external part small , just behind the beaks .\nrv with a projecting cardinal in front of chondrophore ; lv with a posterior ridge - like lateral behind chondrophore and a socket in front of chondrophore to receive rv cardinal .\nrecorded primarily from northern localities off the north west coast of scotland and the northern north sea . widely distributed in boreal and subarctic waters across the north atlantic . bathymetric ranges from about 70m to the outer shelf and continental margin , becoming progressively deeper further south .\n1981 . the functional morphology of atlantic deep water species of the families cuspidariidae and poromyidae ( bivalvia ) : an analysis of the evolution of the septibranch condition .\n1839 . nouvelles recherches sur les coquilles fossiles de la province d ' anvers .\nbulletins de l ' acad\u00e9mie royale des sciences et belles - lettres de bruxelles .\n2005 . patterns of bathymetric zonation of bivalves in the porcupine sea bight and adjacent abyssal plain , ne atlantic .\nthe marine life information network for britain and ireland ( marlin ) provides information for marine environmental management , protection and education . it is a centre of excellence in spatially based and time - series marine biological information and supports good stewardship in the marine environment .\nnational biodiversity network ' s gateway . use it to explore uk biodiversity data , as contributed by participating data providers .\nmarbef marbef , a network of excellence funded by the european union and consisting of 94 european marine institutes , is a platform to integrate and disseminate knowledge and expertise on marine biodiversity , with links to researchers , industry , stakeholders and the general public .\nobserved in a natural position in the sand , with its inhalant siphon fully extended . note the projecting cowl , which is extended for capture of a 2 . 5 mm long crustacean , typical of food found in its stomach . the 15 tentacles and the siphon are a bright red color .\nspecies in the subclass , anomalodesmata , account for over 70 % of all those benthic and abyssal clams that feed carnivorously or by scavenging tissue fragments - - a mode of feeding that is unusual and not at all characteristic of the vast majority of bivalves .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nturgeon , d . d . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , w . k . emerson , w . g . lyons , w . pratt , et al .\nturgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , et al .\ncommon and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd ed .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\n( nyst & westendorp , 1839 ) . accessed through : costello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvanitidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2018 ) european register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 140843 on 2018 - 07 - 09\ncostello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvanitidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2018 ) . european register of marine species .\ngofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in ror ) [ details ]\nhuber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in ror ) [ details ]\n( of embla korenii lov\u00e9n , 1846 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in ror ) [ details ]\n( of cumingia parthenopaea tiberi , 1855 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in ror ) [ details ]\njanssen r . , krylova e . m . ( 2014 ) . deep - sea fauna of european seas : an annotated species check - list of benthic invertebrates living deeper than 2000 m in the seas bordering europe . bivalvia . invertebrate zoology . vol . 11 . no . 1 : 43\u201382 [ in english ] . [ details ] available for editors\nl\u00e4ngd upp till 13 mm . relativt tunnskalig , sk\u00f6r , v\u00e4nster skalhalva n\u00e5got mindre konvex \u00e4n h\u00f6ger . bucklor n\u00e4ra mittlinjen , bakre del med list fr\u00e5n bucklan till nedre bakkanten . fint granulerad radi\u00e4r skulptur samt koncentriska linjer och tillv\u00e4xtlinjer . mantelbukt bred men grund . skal vitt , periostracum brunaktigt .\nbl\u00e5 punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och \u00f6vriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch . kan inneh\u00e5lla observationer som inte \u00e4r validerade . kartan uppdateras var fj\u00e4rde vecka .\nl\u00e4ngre texter , ut\u00f6ver kriteriedokumentation , har sammanst\u00e4llts av : fredrik pleijel och malin strand 2016 .\ni det avancerade verktyget kan man s\u00f6ka ut och f\u00e5 fram artlistor , t ex arter i ett visst l\u00e4n , i en viss biotop , substrat , som p\u00e5verkas av en hotfaktor , eller som \u00e4r knutna till en sk v\u00e4rdart , t ex tr\u00e4det alm . dessa kan \u00e4ven kombineras .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , knutna till alm , \u00e4r beroende av d\u00f6d ved och som finns i kronobergs l\u00e4n .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , lever i sm\u00e5vatten och som p\u00e5verkas negativt av igenv\u00e4xning .\ndefaultl\u00e4get i verktyget \u00e4r arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade 2015 och dessa \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga s\u00f6kfaktorer . under fliken r\u00f6dlistekategori kan man dock v\u00e4lja att \u00e4ven inkludera arter som inte \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade . om man v\u00e4ljer att inkludera icke r\u00f6dlistade arter beh\u00f6ver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga faktorer . nedan en sammanst\u00e4llning av vad som \u00e4r komplett .\ndenna funktion anv\u00e4nds n\u00e4r du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera . du kan t . ex . navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka p\u00e5 deras namn . du kan ocks\u00e5 v\u00e4lja att anv\u00e4nda knappen \u201dj\u00e4mf\u00f6r arter\u201d f\u00f6r att se bilder , kartor och k\u00e4nnetecken i en j\u00e4mf\u00f6relsevy .\ndu kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via sl\u00e4kttr\u00e4det och d\u00e4r v\u00e4lja arter eller artgrupper till din lista . ett annat s\u00e4tt att g\u00f6ra ditt urval \u00e4r att anv\u00e4nda fliken \u201dfiltrera\u201d , d\u00e4r du kan s\u00f6ka p\u00e5 olika egenskaper . ovanf\u00f6r listan med s\u00f6kresultatet finns en knapp \u201dl\u00e4gg i mitt urval\u201d .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\nchecklist della flora e della fauna dei mari italiani ( parte i ) . bivalvia .\nquantity and biochemical composition of sedimentary organic matter around offshore gas extraction pl . . .\ngas platforms can exert relevant effects on various ecosystem properties of the hosting area , modifying patterns of productivity and particle sedimentation . we hypothesised that the presence of gas platforms is associated with higher organic matter ( om ) contents and we tested the null hypothesis by which benthic trophic conditions do not vary significantly among gas structures with different . . . [ show full abstract ]\nanadara kagoshimensis ( mollusca : bivalvia : arcidae ) in adriatic sea : morphological analysis , molecul . . .\nmorphological analysis , molecular characterization , and information on distribution and density of anadara kagoshimensis ( tokunaga , 1906 ) specimens collected in the adriatic sea were here carried out as based on various material and data from five surveys conducted from 2010 to 2014 , for a total of 329 bottom trawl hauls . the morphological and molecular analyses allowed to clarify the confused . . . [ show full abstract ]\ndistribution of the sea pens virgularia mirabilis and funiculina quadrangularis ( cnidaria anthozoa ) . . .\noccurrence and distribution of the sea pens virgularia mirabilis and funiculina quadrangularis in the northern and central adriatic sea were determined from data collected during five trawl surveys from 2011 to 2015 carried out through rapido trawl . species density data ( number of individuals per km ) were processed to describe their spatial distribution .\noccupation : scientist workplace : murmansk marine biological institute ( mmbi ) taxonomic group : malacostraca , cirripedia , pycnogonida e - mail : o . l . zimina @ urltoken\nnyst , p . h . & g . d . westendorp 1839 nouvelles recherches sur les coquilles fossiles de la province d ' anvers . bulletin de l ' acad\u00e9mie royal ede bruxelles , 6 ( 1 ) : 393 - 414 .\ngofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 180 - 213\nturgeon , d . d . , w . g . lyons , p . mikkelsen , g . rosenberg , and f . moretzsohn . 2009 . bivalvia ( mollusca ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 711\u2013744 in felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , colleg\ndyntaxa ( 2013 ) swedish taxonomic database . accessed at urltoken [ 15 - 01 - 2013 ] .\npoutiers , j . m . & f . r . bernard . 1995 . carnivorous bivalve molluscs ( anomalodesmata ) from the tropical western pacific ocean , with a proposed classification and a catalogue of recent species . in : p . bouchet ( ed . ) , r\u00e9sultats des campagnes musorstom , vol . 14 . m\u00e9moires mus\u00e9um national histoire naturelle , 167 : 107 - 187 .\nhuber m . ( 2010 ) compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom .\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\nby adding new morphological and morphometric data of the shells , the present study may help in the taxonomy of these septibranch species . new collections in the region will probably lead to the discovery of new records of septibranchia .\nanomalodesmata dall , 1889 , which diversified early in the palaeozoic , is a monophyletic clade , globally distributed and represented today by a diverse assemblage of highly specialised marine shallow and deep waters bivalves ( harper et al .\n) . several families of anomalodesmatans have become carnivorous , showing a series of remarkable anatomical and conchological modifications for the capture of small arthropods and polychaetes ( harper et al .\n) . this main group of carnivorous taxa has been grouped together as the \u2018septibranchs\u2019 ( harper et al .\n) . some analyses of molecular and / or morphological data support a deep division of anomalodesmata into three clades : septibranchia and two lineages corresponding to the \u2018lyonsiid\u2019 and largely to the \u2018thraciid\u2019 lineages ( harper et al .\n) . however , the origin of the carnivorous septibranch mode of life remains unresolved , due to conflicting results from different analyses ( bieler et al .\n) . this study will discuss three families within anomalodesmata : poromyidae dall , 1886 , cuspidariidae dall , 1886 , and verticordiidae stoliczka , 1870 .\n) . cuspidariids have separate sexes and are carnivores or detritus consumers . their shell is generally small , thin , inflated , and inequilateral , with a rounded and convex anterior end and rostrate or pointed posterior end ( drawn out into the tubular rostrum in many ) ( olsson\nverticordiidae , known from the early cretaceous , contains highly modified genera , mostly deep - water infauna capturing and feeding on small invertebrates ( coan et al .\n) , 37 species are recorded in these families in brazil : two genus and three species in poromyidae , seven genus and 26 species in cuspidariidae , and five genus and eight species in verticordiidae . studies on the north - north - east coast of brazil are still scarce , with a majority of studies focusing on the south - eastern region ( oliveira\n( dall , 1881 ) in brazilian waters , but did not specify the localities .\nthe present study aims to identify the species of the families poromyidae , cuspidariidae and verticordiidae found in the northern and north - eastern coasts of brazil , reducing the gaps in the geographic distribution and adding new morphological data for the analysed shells .\n) and is presented below . cuspidariidae was the most represented family with four genera and six species :\n2a . rostrum broader than long \u2026\u2026 . . . . . . . . . . . . . myonera aff . paucistriata\n2b . rostrum longer than wide \u2026\u2026 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4\n3a . circular shell with radial ribs and deep lunule . . . . . . . . \u2026 . . \u2026 . . . . . . . . . \u2026 . . . . \u2026 . . . . . . . . . . . trigonulina ornata\n4a . with radial ribs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5\n4b . without radial ribs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6\n5a . strong radial ribs ( 6 to 16 primary ribs ) with interspaces , ribs well marked on the inner surface of the valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cardiomya ornatissima\n5b . variable number of radial ribs ( 14\u201336 ) with interspaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7\n6a . external surface with granules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . plectodon braziliensis\n6b . external surface without granules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cuspidaria sp .\n7a . 14 to 32 radial ribs with different sizes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cardiomya perrostrata\n7b . 15 to 36 radial ribs of equal size , shell with pronounced anterior projection next to umbones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cardiomya cleryana\ndistribution maps by species of the material examined in this study ( n - ne brazil ) . legends : ap amap\u00e1 ; pa par\u00e1 , ce cear\u00e1 , pe pernambuco , al alagoas , se sergipe\nmaterial examined : cmphrm 2030a , 2 right valves , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off par\u00e1 , 0\u00b029\u2032n 47\u00b024\u2032w .\ndescription : valve small ( 5 . 44\u20137 . 63 \u00d7 5 . 59\u20138 . 44 mm ) , ovate , both ends rounded , posterior region aslope . color white to cream , inner surface subnacreous . umbones prominent subcentral , turned to the anterior region . outer surface with minute granules spread over the entire surface . internal margins smooth . right valve with a strong cardinal tooth in front of chondrophore .\n) . in the present study , this species was recorded for off the coast of par\u00e1 ( north brazil ) .\nbecause it has an external surface sculptured with fine granules and right valve with a strong cardinal tooth in front of a chondrophore . other four living genera are recognized in poromyidae :\nleal , 2008 ( shell strongly compressed in the anteroposterior direction ) ( coan et al .\n) , but is distinguished from the latter mainly by the non - elongated posterior end . this difference may be due to the fact that our material is of young specimens . thus , we prefer to identify it as\nmainly by \u201cthe dentition obsolete except the cardinal tooth of the right valve , which itself is sometimes absent in the adult , though observable in the young shells\u201d ( p . 280 ) ( dall\nallen & morgan , 1981 ) , especially regarding ornamentation present in the outer surface .\nhas a \u201cshell smooth , except that a faint impression of radiating lines is left by the epidermis\u201d ( p . 107 ) ( dall\nhas a \u201cshell surface with faint , concentric growth lines , about 13 posterior radial lines of granules , more distinct ventrally\u201d ( p . 521 ) ( allen and morgan\n. unfortunately , it was not possible to identify more accurately the specimens due to the existence of only two young right valves .\ncuspidaria sp . ( cmphrm 3665a ) . legends : ( a ) external view of the left valve ; ( b ) internal view of the left valve . scale bars : a\u2013b , 1 mm\nmaterial examined : cmphrm 3665a , 1 left valve , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off par\u00e1 , 2\u00b029\u203200\u2033n 48\u00b030\u203200\u2033w , 09 december 1970 .\ndescription : shell globose ( 11 . 53 mm in length ) , inequilateral , moderately convex , rostrate posteriorly ( 2 . 50 mm in length ) . color white , not shiny . sculptured with fine radial lines . left valve without teeth , with a small fossete .\nnardo , 1840 because it has a smooth external surface with fine growth lines , without granules . absal\u00e3o and oliveira (\npresent on the continental slope ( 700\u20132 , 000 m ) of the campos basin ( 22\u00b0s ) off southeastern brazil , describing two new species . according to oliveira (\n. unfortunately , it was not possible to identify the specimen at a specific level due to its poor preservation and the existence of a single left valve .\nplectodon braziliensis ( e . a . smith , 1915 ) ( cmphrm 3684a ) . legends : ( a ) external view of the left valve ; ( b ) external view of the right valve ; ( c ) hinge of the left valve ; ( d ) hinge of the right valve . scale bars : a\u2013c , 1 mm ; d , 500 \u03bcm\nsome morphometric data of plectodon braziliensis ( e . a . smith , 1915 ) . comparative data on the length and height of the valves and size of rostrum of the examined material . dimensions in mm . the number in italics means the average value of the measurement\nlegend : cmphrm - a malacological collection \u201cprof . henry ramos matthews\u201d - series a , val . valve , ( n o ) number of examined valves , r right , l left ; * damaged shell\nmaterial examined : cmphrm 3656a , 1 left valve , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off amap\u00e1 , 3\u00b010\u203230\u2033n 49\u00b000\u203218\u2033w , 13 september 1970 ; cmphrm 3658a , 2 right valves , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off amap\u00e1 , 3\u00b044\u203230\u2033n 50\u00b007\u203230\u2033w , 08 may 1971 ; cmphrm 3672a , 1 right valve , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off amap\u00e1 , 3\u00b054\u203200\u2033n 49\u00b047\u203230\u2033w , 09 may 1971 ; cmphrm 3653a , 1 right valve , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off amap\u00e1 , 3\u00b055\u203230\u2033n 49\u00b021\u203230\u2033w , 19 may 1971 ; cmphrm 3655a , 1 valve , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off amap\u00e1 , 4\u00b001\u203230\u2033n 49\u00b053\u203200\u2033w , 09 may 1971 ; cmphrm 3652a , 1 right valve , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off amap\u00e1 , 4\u00b020\u203200\u2033n 50\u00b018\u203200\u2033w , 07 may 1971 ; cmphrm 2020a , 1 right valve and 1 left valve , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off amap\u00e1 , 4\u00b046\u203200\u2033n 50\u00b046\u203230\u2033w , 06 may 1971 ; cmphrm 3667a , 1 right valve , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off par\u00e1 , 1\u00b047\u203200\u2033n 47\u00b049\u203200\u2033w , 20 april 1971 ; cmphrm 3673a , 1 right valve , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off par\u00e1 , 1\u00b055\u203230\u2033n 47\u00b041\u203200\u2033w , 20 april 1971 ; cmphrm 3654a , 3 right valves and 2 left valves , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off par\u00e1 , 2\u00b001\u203200\u2033n 47\u00b032\u203230\u2033w , 20 april 1971 ; cmphrm 3696a , 1 right valve , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off par\u00e1 , 2\u00b006\u203230\u2033n 48\u00b024\u203200\u2033w , 23 april 1971 ; cmphrm 3683a , 1 right valve , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off par\u00e1 , 2\u00b009\u203200\u2033n 47\u00b025\u203230\u2033w , 19 may 1971 ; cmphrm 3684a , 1 right valve and 4 left valves , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off par\u00e1 , 2\u00b053\u203200\u2033n 48\u00b017\u203200\u2033w , 14 september 1970 ; cmphrm 715a , 2 right valves and 5 left valves , canopus , brazil , off cear\u00e1 , 3\u00b013\u2032s 38\u00b031\u2032w , june 1965 to february 1966 ; cmphrm 3697a , 1 right valve , akaroa , brazil , off alagoas , 10\u00b05\u20327\u2033s 35\u00b047\u20322\u2033w , 04 november 1965 ; cmphrm 3682a , 1 left valve , canopus , brazil , off sergipe , 11\u00b019\u20320\u2033s 35\u00b005\u20320\u2033w , 20 march 1966 ;\ndescription : shell elongate ( 19 . 5 \u00d7 12 . 4 mm ) , moderately globose , rostrate posteriorly . dorsal margins obliquely angled on either side of beaks , anterior straight at first , then curving into the rounded end . rostrum rounded posteriorly . color white , inner surface shiny ( polished ) . inequilateral , posterior end longer , umbones slightly opisthogyrate . outer surface with fine growth lines and dense minute granules . hinge in the right valve with elongate ( lamellar ) lateral teeth ( anterior and posterior ) . hinge in the left valve without teeth , with small fossete .\n) . in the present study , this species was recorded for off the north - north - east coast of brazil ( amap\u00e1 , par\u00e1 , cear\u00e1 , alagoas , and bahia ) .\nbecause it has minute granules upon the external surface . according to these authors ,\n( from the pacific ocean ) mainly by a rose - tinged umbo ( pimp\u00e3o et al .\nin the south - western atlantic and extends the northern distribution limit with new records for off the north - north - east coast of brazil ( amap\u00e1 , par\u00e1 , alagoas , and bahia ) . now the amap\u00e1 coast is its most northern limit .\ncardiomya cleryana ( d\u2019orbigny , 1842 ) ( cmphrm 3695a ) . legends : ( a ) external view of the right valve ; ( b ) internal view of the right valve ; ( c ) hinge of the right valve . scale bars : a\u2013b , 1 mm ; c , 500 \u03bcm\nsome morphological and morphometric data of cardiomya cleryana ( d\u2019orbigny , 1842 ) . comparative data on the length and height of the valves and size of rostrum of the examined material . dimensions in mm . the number in italics means the average value of the measurement\nlegend : cmphrm - a malacological collection \u201cprof . henry ramos matthews\u201d - series a , val . valve ; ( n o ) number of examined valves or ribs , r right , l left ; * damaged shell or uncountable\nmaterial examined : cmphrm 3670a , 1 valve , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off amap\u00e1 , 4\u00b027\u203230\u2033n 50\u00b001\u203230\u2033w , 20 april 1971 ; cmphrm 3678a , 1 right valve and 7 left valves , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off amap\u00e1 , 4\u00b035\u203230\u2033n 50\u00b021\u203200\u2033w , 18 may 1971 ; cmphrm 3681a , 1 left valve , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off amap\u00e1 , 3\u00b037\u203200\u2033n 50\u00b001\u203200\u2033w , 08 may 1971 ; cmphrm 3680a , 2 right valves and 2 left valves , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off amap\u00e1 , 2\u00b053\u203200\u2033n 48\u00b017\u203200\u2033w , 14 september 1970 ; cmphrm 3671a , 1 valve , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off par\u00e1 , 1\u00b055\u203230\u2033n 47\u00b041\u203200\u2033w , 20 april 1971 ; cmphrm 3679a , 2 right valves and 2 left valves , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off par\u00e1 , 2\u00b01\u203200\u2033n 47\u00b032\u203230\u2033w , 20 april 1971 ; cmphrm 3693a , 3 right valves and 1 left valve , brazil , pernambuco , itamarac\u00e1 island ; cmphrm 3695a , 1 right valve and 1 left valve , brazil , pernambuco , itamarac\u00e1 island ; cmphrm 3651a , 1 left valve , akaroa , brazil , 9\u00b027\u203208\u2033s 35\u00b007\u203207\u2033w , 08 september 1965 .\ndescription : shell ovate ( 11 . 4 \u00d7 6 . 9 mm ) , inequilateral , longer anteriorly , valves inflated , posteriorly rostrate . rostrum sometimes with fine radial lines . color white . umbones opisthogyrate . sculptured with variable number ( 15\u201336 ) curved radial ribs , that extend beyond the shell edge , yielding a crenulated margin . ribs concentrated in the anterior region , with distance between them increasing from anterior to posterior . hinge in the right valve with strong posterior lateral tooth , small fossete . hinge in the left valve without teeth , with fossete .\n) . in the present study , this species was recorded for off the north - north - east coast brazil ( amap\u00e1 , par\u00e1 , and alagoas ) and itamarac\u00e1 island , pernambuco ( northeast brazil ) .\nspecies found in this study mainly by radial ribs with equal sizes and shortly rostrate posteriorly . the anatomy of the arenophilic system of\nin the south - western atlantic with new records for off the north - north - east coast of brazil ( amap\u00e1 , par\u00e1 , and alagoas ) and itamarac\u00e1 island , pernambuco ( northeast brazil ) . now off the amap\u00e1 coast is its northernmost limit .\ncardiomya ornatissima ( d\u2019orbigny , 1853 ) ( cmphrm 3649a ) . legends : ( a ) external view of the left valve ; ( b ) external view of the right valve ; ( c ) hinge of the left valve ; ( d ) hinge of the right valve . scale bars : a\u2013b , 1 mm ; c\u2013d , 500 \u03bcm\nsome morphological and morphometric data of cardiomya ornatissima ( d\u2019orbigny , 1853 ) . comparative data on the length and height of the valves , size of rostrum and number of ribs of the examined material . dimensions in mm . the number in italics means the average value of the measurement\nlegend : cmphrm - a malacological collection \u201cprof . henry ramos matthews\u201d - series a , val . valve ; ( n o ) number of examined valves or ribs , r right , l left , pr primary ribs , sr = secondary ribs\nmaterial examined : cmphrm 3692a , 2 right valves , 5 left valves and 1 shell , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off amap\u00e1 , 4\u00b048\u203200\u2033n 51\u00b007\u203200\u2033w , 31 may 1971 ; cmphrm 3675a , fragments , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off amap\u00e1 , 4\u00b046\u203200\u2033n 50\u00b046\u203230\u2033w , 06 may 1971 ; cmphrm 2021a , 1 left valve , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off amap\u00e1 , 4\u00b046\u203200\u2033n 50\u00b046\u203230\u2033w , 06 may 1971 ; cmphrm 3688a , 4 left valves , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off amap\u00e1 , 4\u00b035\u203230\u2033n 50\u00b021\u203200\u2033w , 18 may 1971 ; cmphrm 3690a , 1 left valve , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off amap\u00e1 , 4\u00b018\u203248\u2033n 50\u00b017\u203206\u2033w , 27 september 1970 ; cmphrm 3674a , 1 left valve , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off amap\u00e1 , 3\u00b044\u203230\u2033n 50\u00b007\u203230\u2033w , 08 may 1971 ; cmphrm 3691a , 7 right valves , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off amap\u00e1 , 3\u00b010\u203200\u2033n 50\u00b003\u203200\u2033w , 05 may 1971 ; cmphrm 3694a , 2 right valves , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off amap\u00e1 , 2\u00b053\u203200\u2033n 48\u00b017\u203200\u2033w , 14 september 1970 ; cmphrm 3687a , 1 right valve , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off amap\u00e1 , 2\u00b029\u203200\u2033n 48\u00b030\u203200\u2033w , 09 december 1970 ; cmphrm 3676a , 1 left valve , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off amap\u00e1 , 2\u00b06\u203230\u2033n 48\u00b024\u203200\u2033w , 23 april 1971 ; cmphrm 3689a , 5 left valves , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off par\u00e1 , 2\u00b002\u203200\u2033n 48\u00b010\u203200\u2033w , 21 june 1971 ; cmphrm 3677a , 7 right valves and 3 left valves , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off par\u00e1 , 2\u00b01\u203200\u2033n 47\u00b032\u203230\u2033w , 20 april 1971 ; cmphrm 3685a , fragments , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off par\u00e1 , 2\u00b027\u203200\u2033n 47\u00b045\u203200\u2033w , 23 april 1971 ; cmphrm 3686a , 3 left valves , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off par\u00e1 , 1\u00b055\u203230\u2033n 47\u00b041\u203200\u2033w , 20 april 1971 ; cmphrm 714a , 5 right valves and 8 left valves , canopus , brazil , off cear\u00e1 , 3\u00b013\u2032s 38\u00b031\u2032w , june 1965 to february 1966 ; cmphrm 3648a , 1 right valve , akaroa , brazil , off alagoas , 9\u00b02\u203200\u2033s 35\u00b011\u20327\u2033w , 10 september 1965 ; cmphrm 3649a , 2 shells , akaroa , brazil , off alagoas , 9\u00b006\u203209\u2033s 35\u00b008\u203207\u2033w , 10 september 1965 ; cmphrm 3650a , 2 left valves , akaroa , brazil , off alagoas , 9\u00b027\u203208\u2033s 35\u00b007\u203207\u2033w , 08 september 1965 .\ndescription : shell ovate ( 13 \u00d7 8 mm ) , inequilateral , inequivalve , right valve smaller than left one , posteriorly rostrate . color white , inner surface shiny , outer surface with thin light - brown periostracum . subequilateral , posterior end longer , umbones slightly opisthogyrate . right valve convex , with 6\u201311 prominent radial ribs with interspaces , broader in the posterior region , that extend beyond the edge , making the crenulated margin , ribs well marked on the inner surface of the valve ; rostrum truncate , with fine secondary ribs ( 1\u20133 ) and growth lines ; hinge with l elongate ( lamellar ) lateral tooth ( posterior ) , anterior region rounded wih projetion next to umbones , deep fossete . left valve very convex , with 7\u201316 prominent radial ribs with interspaces , broader in the posterior region , that extend beyond the edge , making the crenulated margin , ribs well marked on the inner surface of the valve ; rostrum median truncate , with fine secondary ribs ( 3\u20136 ) and growth lines ; hinge without teeth , with deep fossete .\n) . in the present study , this species was recorded for off the north - north - east coast of brazil ( amap\u00e1 , par\u00e1 , cear\u00e1 , and alagoas ) .\nremarks : cardiomya ornatissima is distinguished from other cardiomya species found in this study mainly by a smaller number of radial ribs that are well - marked on the inner surface of the valve and the presence of secondary ribs in the rostrum .\ncardiomya perrostrata ( dall , 1881 ) . legends : ( a ) external view of the right valve ; ( b ) internal view of the right valve ; ( c ) external view of the left valve ; ( d ) external view of the right valve ( cmphrm 3660a ) ; ( e ) hinge of the right valve . a\u2013c ; e ( cmphrm 3662a ) . scale bars : a\u2013e , 1 mm\nsome morphological and morphometric data of cardiomya perrostrata ( dall , 1881 ) . comparative data on the length and height of the valves , size of rostrum and number of ribs of the examined material . dimensions in mm . the number in italics means the average value of the measurement\nmaterial examined : cmphrm 3661a , 1 left valve , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off amap\u00e1 , 4\u00b027\u203230\u2033n 50\u00b001\u203230\u2033w , 18 may 1971 ; cmphrm 3662a , 1 right valve and 1 left valve , oc . v . almirante saldanha , off amap\u00e1 , 2\u00b053\u203200\u2033n 48\u00b017\u203200\u2033w , 14 september 1970 ; cmphrm 712a , 1 right valve , canopus , brazil , off cear\u00e1 , 3\u00b013\u2032s 38\u00b031\u2032w , june 1965 to february 1966 ; cmphrm 3657a , 10 right valves and 9 left valves , brazil , pernambuco , itamarac\u00e1 island ; cmphrm 3659a , 5 right valves and 2 left valves , brazil , pernambuco , itamarac\u00e1 island ; cmphrm 3660a , 1 left valve , akaroa , brazil , off alagoas , 9\u00b01\u20320\u2033s 34\u00b055\u20322\u2033w , 10 september 1965 .\ndescription : shell small ( 14 . 93 \u00d7 9 . 45 mm ) , with a long , narrow rostrum ( sometimes with fine lines ) . color white , inner surface shiny . subequilateral , posterior end longer , umbones opisthogyrate . sculptured with 14 to 32 radial ribs alternating in size , every other one being slightly larger than the other , stronger in the posterior region . growth lines well marked in some specimens . crenulated margin . hinge in the right valve with posterior lateral teeth , with small fossete . hinge in the left valve without teeth .\n) . in the present study , this species was recorded for off the north - north - east coast of brazil ( amap\u00e1 , cear\u00e1 , and alagoas ) and itamarac\u00e1 island , pernambuco ( northeast brazil ) .\nremarks : cardiomya perrostrata is distinguished from other cardiomya species found in this study mainly by radial ribs with different sizes , a long narrow rostrum , and the presence of two posterior lateral teeth in the right valve , while c . cleryana and c . ornatissima have just one lateral tooth .\nmyonera aff . paucistriata dall , 1886 ( cmphrm 3664a ) . legends : ( a ) external view of the left valve ; ( b ) external view of the left valve . scale bars : a\u2013b , 1 mm\nmaterial examined : cmphrm 3663a , fragments , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off amap\u00e1 , 2\u00b006\u203230\u2033n 48\u00b024\u203200\u2033w , 23 april 1971 ; cmphrm 3664a , 1 left valve , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off par\u00e1 , 1\u00b022\u203200\u2033n 48\u00b013\u203200\u2033w , 20 april 1971 .\ndescription : valve small ( 5 . 01 \u00d7 3 . 08 mm ) , ovate , shortly rostrate ( 1 mm in lenght ) , with 2 strong keels posteriorly ( 3 ribs well marked and one secondary rib ) . outer surface white and shiny . inequilateral , umbones opisthogyrate . sculptured with radial and concentric lines that ceases just before the anterior keel . the space between and behind kells is smooth . left valve without teeth .\n) . in the present study , this species was recorded for off the north brazil ( amap\u00e1 and par\u00e1 ) .\nspecies found in brazil by ovate and shortly rostrate shell with two strong keels posteriorly .\n, but is distinguished from the latter mainly by its radial and concentric lines and a well - marked third rib . unfortunately , it was not possible to identify the specimens at a specific level due to the existence of a single left valve .\ntrigonulina ornata d\u2019orbigny , 1842 ( cmphrm 1864a ) . legends : ( a ) external view of the left valve ; ( b ) external view of the right valve ; ( c ) minute granules of outer surface in detail ; ( d ) internal view of the right ; ( e ) internal view of the left valve . scale bars : a\u2013b , 1 mm ; c , 200 \u03bcm ; d\u2013e , 1 mm\nsome morphological and morphometric data of trigonulina ornata d\u2019orbigny , 1842 . comparative data on the length and height of the valves , size of rostrum and number of ribs of the examined material . dimensions in mm\nlegend : cmphrm - a malacological collection \u201cprof . henry ramos matthews\u201d - series a , val . valve ; ( n o ) number of examined valves or ribs , r right , l left\nmaterial examined : cmphrm 1864a , three right valves and three left valves , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off amap\u00e1 , 4\u00b046\u203200\u2033n 50\u00b046\u203230\u2033w , 06 may 1971 .\ndescription : shell small ( 5 . 6 \u00d7 5 . 9 mm ) , equivalve , ovate to rounded , compressed . color white to cream , inner surface silver - white , outer surface opaque ( not shiny ) . umbones subcentral , turned to the anterior region ; deep lunule . ligament long . outer surface with minute granules . 3 / 4 of the anterior surface of the valve sculptured with 10 to 13 curved , deep radial ribs . posterior region without lines . anteroventral margin crenulated by the strong ribs . hinge in the right valve with small cardinal teeth , below umbones . hinge in the left valve without teeth .\ngeographic distribution : atlantic ocean : bermuda , massachusetts to florida , caribbean , guyane , surinam , brazil ( amap\u00e1 to rio grande do sul ) and sta . helena island ( rios\n) , based on the presence of a series of prominent radial ribs and the crenulation of the posteroventral margin . according to oliveira (\nalthough several studies have been carried out in brazil with the families poromyidae , cuspidariidae , and verticordiidae in the last few years ( e . g . ( oliveira\n) ) the knowledge about these families is still far from complete , as shown by the new records done in this study . the present study shows the possibility of two new species of septibranchs to brazil . however , it was not possible to reach conclusive identifications due to the scarce materials ( one valve of each species ) and its poor preservation .\nthis study provide new knowledge about septibranchia on the brazilian coast , reducing the gaps in the geographic distribution and extending the distribution limits of some species with new records . new collections probably will discover new records of poromyidae , cuspidariidae , and verticordiidae in the region .\n) . the studied material was deposited in the malacological collection \u201cprof . henry ramos matthews\u201d - series a ( cmphrm - a ) of universidade federal do cear\u00e1 ( ufc ) , brazil .\nspecies identification was performed with the aid of a stereoscopic microscope and specialized taxonomic literature . the examined material consists only of empty shells . all unbroken specimens were measured in total length , height , and size of the rostrum ( for members of the cuspidariidae ) with a digital caliper ( precision 0 . 01 mm ) . species with more than one well - preserved shell were photographed under a scanning electron microscope ( sem ) at the museu nacional , rio de janeiro , brazil .\nthe above specimens were used to prepare a dichotomous identification key and redescription of each species .\nthe lists of examined material contain the register number in the cmphrm - a , the number of examined valves , the collector , the country , the state , the geographic coordinates , and the collection date .\nthe authors thank paul valentich - scott , natalia pereira benain and one anonymous referee for valuable comments on the manuscript . the authors wish to also thank jo\u00e3o eduardo pereira de freitas for the photographs used in this study .\ncxb , ss and sgr participated in the acquisition , analysis and interpretation of data . cxb drafted the manuscript . hmc conceived of the study , and participated in its design and coordination and helped to draft the manuscript . all authors read and approved the final manuscript .\nabbott rt . american seashells - the marine mollusca of the atlantic and pacific coast of north america . new york : van nostrand ; 1974 .\nabsal\u00e3o rs , oliveira cdc . the genus cuspidaria ( pelecypoda : septibranchia : cuspidariidae ) from the deep sea of campos basin , brazil , with descriptions of two new species . malacologia . 2011 ; 54 : 119\u201338 .\nallen ja , morgan re . the functional morphology of atlantic deep water species of the families cuspidariidae and poromyidae ( bivalvia ) : an analysis of the evolution of the septibranch condition . philos trans r soc lond . 1981 ; 294 : 413\u2013546 .\nbieler r , carter jg , coan ev . classification of bivalve families . in : bouchet p , rocroi jp , editors . nomenclator of bivalve families , malacologia , vol . 52 . 2010 . p . 113\u201333 .\nbieler r , mikkelsen pm , collins tm , glover ea , gonz\u00e1lez vl , graf dl , et al . investigating the bivalve tree of life \u2013 an exemplar - based approach combining molecular and novel morphological characters . invertebr syst . 2014 ; 28 : 32\u2013115 .\ncoan ev , valentich - scott p . bivalve seashells of tropical west america : marine bivalve mollusks from baja california to northern peru . santa barbara : santa barbara museum of natural history ; 2012 .\ncoan ev , valentich - scott p , bernard fr . bivalve seashells of western north america : marine bivalve mollusks from arctic alaska to baja california . santa barbara : santa barbara museum of natural history monographs 2 ; 2000 .\ncorrea - sandoval a , rodr\u00edguez - castro jh . zoogeograf\u00eda de los bivalvos marinos de la costa de tamaulipas , m\u00e9xico . rev biol mar oceanogr . 2013 ; 48 : 565\u201384 .\ndall wh . reports on the results of dredging , under the supervision of alexander agassiz , in the gulf of mexico and in the caribbean sea ( 1877\u201378 ) , by the united states coast survey steamer \u201cblake\u201d , lieutenant - commander c . d . sigsbee , u . s . n . , and commander j . r . bartlett , u . s . n . , commanding . xv - preliminary report on the mollusca . bull mus comp zool . 1881 ; 9 : 33\u2013144 .\ndall wh . reports on the results of dredging , under the supervision of alexander agassiz , in the gulf of mexico ( 1877\u201378 ) and in the caribbean sea ( 1879\u201380 ) , by the u . s . coast survey steamer \u2018blake\u2019 , lient . - commander c . d . sigsbee , u . s . n . , and commander j . r . bartlett , u . s . n . , commanding . xxix - report on the molluscs part i , brachiopoda and pelecypoda . bull mus comp zool . 1886 ; 12 : 171\u2013318 .\nharper em , dreyer h , steiner g . reconstructing the anomalodesmata ( mollusca : bivalvia ) : morphology and molecules . zool j linnean soc . 2006 ; 148 : 395\u2013420 .\njanssen r , krylova em . deep - sea fauna of european seas : an annotated species check - list of benthic invertebrates living deeper than 2000 m in the seas bordering europe . bivalvia invert zool . 2014 ; 11 : 43\u201382 .\nkrylova em . new taxa and the system of recent representatives of the family poromyidae ( bivalvia , septibranchia , poromyoidea ) . ruthenica . 1997 ; 7 : 141\u20138 .\nlamy d , martin d , romano c , pititto f , mura mp , gil j , et al . compl\u00e9ment \u00e0 l\u2019inventaire des mollusques de guyane . xenophora . 2014 ; 148 : 8\u201319 .\nleal jh . a remarkable new genus of carnivorous , sessile bivalves ( mollusca : anomalodesmata : poromyidae ) with descriptions of two new species . zootaxa . 1764 ; 2008 : 1\u201318 .\noliveira cdc . considera\u00e7\u00f5es sobre a taxonomia de septibranchia ( mollusca : pelecypoda ) e o estado da arte do conhecimento do grupo no brasil . sicardia . 2012 ; 2012 : 1\u201312 .\noliveira cdc , absal\u00e3o rs . primeiro registro de mendicula ferruginosa , kelliella atlantica e lyonsiella subquadrata ( mollusca , pelecypoda ) para \u00e1guas brasileiras . biociencias . 2007 ; 15 : 63\u20137 .\noliveira cdc , absal\u00e3o rs . the genera myonera , octoporia , and protocuspidaria ( pelecypoda , cuspidariidae ) from deep waters of campos basin , rio de janeiro , brazil with descriptions of two new species . am malacol bull . 2009 ; 27 : 141\u201356 .\noliveira cdc , absal\u00e3o rs . review of the septibranchia ( pelecypoda : mollusca ) from deep sea of campos basin , brazil : family verticordiidae , with description of a new species . j mar biol assoc uk . 2010a ; 90 : 809\u201317 .\noliveira cdc , absal\u00e3o rs . review of the septibranchia ( mollusca : pelecypoda ) from the deep sea of campos basin , brazil : family lyonsiellidae , with description of a new species . science . 2010b ; 74 : 305\u201316 .\noliveira cdc , sartori af . discovery and anatomy of the arenophilic system of cuspidariid clams ( bivalvia : anomalodesmata ) . j morphol . 2014 ; 275 : 9\u201316 ."]}
-{"id": 33, "summary": [{"text": "the white-fronted capuchin ( cebus albifrons ) is a species of capuchin monkey , a type of new world primate , found in seven different countries in south america : bolivia , brazil , colombia , venezuela , ecuador , peru , and trinidad and tobago .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "the species is divided into several different subspecies , though the specific divisions are uncertain and controversial .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "this primate is a medium-sized monkey with a light brown back and a creamy white underside .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "like other capuchin monkeys , it is omnivorous , feeding primarily on fruits , invertebrates , other plant parts and sometimes small vertebrates .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "it is predated upon primarily by raptors and probably small cats , especially the margay , though snakes have been known to attack the species .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "it is a polygamous animal and lives on fairly large groups of 15 to 35 individuals , reproductive females give birth to a single young at biennial intervals .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "the species maintains a home range of 1.2 to 1.5 km \u00b2 ( 0.46 to 0.58 sq mi ) and has a complex vocal repertoire .", "topic": 19}, {"text": "it is one of the few primates to have been observed crafting and utilising tools in the wild .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "white-fronted capuchin populations are declining .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "the decline is believed to be caused by human-induced habitat loss and degradation , and hunting .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "in 2008 the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) classified the ecuadorian white-fronted capuchin ( ssp. aequatorialis ) and the trinidad white-fronted capuchin ( ssp. trinitatis ) as critically endangered , and the varied white-fronted capuchin ( ssp. versicolor ) in colombia is classified as endangered .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the total population of the trinidad subspecies was 61 at the last census . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "white - fronted capuchin", "paragraphs": ["species group within the genus cebus , a group that also includes the white - fronted capuchin , the weeper capuchin and the kaapori capuchin .\ninformation on the white - fronted capuchin is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nyou selected santa marta white - fronted capuchin ( english ) . this is a common name for :\nthe white - fronted capuchin is an arboreal , forest dwelling species which feeds mainly on fruit and insects .\nwhite - fronted capuchin at about 1600m elevation in our cerro candelaria reserve . photo : luis recalde / ecominga .\nnumerous subspecies of the white - fronted capuchin have been described , although there is some debate regarding the exact number .\nnotes on interactions between the tayra ( eira barbara ) and the white - fronted capuchin ( cebus albifro . . .\nclassified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) and listed on appendix i of cites ( 2 ) . subspecies : ecuadorian white - fronted capuchin , cebus albifrons aequatorialis , and the trinidad white - fronted capuchin , c . a . trinitatis , are listed as critically endangered ( cr ) , the r\u00edo cesar white - fronted capuchin , c . a . cesarae , is listed as data deficient ( dd ) , the shock - headed capuchin , c . a . cuscinus , is listed as near threatened ( nt ) , the santa marta white - fronted capuchin , c . a . malitiosus , and the varied white - fronted capuchin , c . a . versicolor , are listed as endangered ( en ) and the white - fronted capuchin , c . a . albifrons , is listed as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\na white - fronted capuchin ( cebus albifrons ) . \u00a9 renee lynn , national audubon society collection / photo researchers , inc . reproduced with permission .\nwhite - fronted capuchins are found in rainforest habitats from sea - level to 2000 meters ( hill , 1960 ) .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - white - fronted capuchin ( cebus albifrons )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - white - fronted capuchin ( cebus albifrons )\ntitle =\narkive species - white - fronted capuchin ( cebus albifrons )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthe average body mass for the white - fronted capuchin is about 3 kilograms . this species has relatively long limbs compared to trunk size . the white - fronted capuchin has a prehensile tail . this species is sexually dimorphic . fingers on this species are short and the thumb is opposable ( fleagle , 1988 ) . the premolars of the white - fronted capuchin are large , and the molars are square shaped with a thick enamel to help with cracking nuts ( fleagle , 1988 ) .\nlike other capuchin species , the white - headed capuchin matures slowly . sexual maturity can be reached at 3 years .\nmale white - fronted capuchins are dominant over females , and it has been observed that an alpha male appears to lead the group .\nabout whether there are any subspecies of white - headed capuchin . some authorities consider there to be three subspecies of white - headed capuchin , based on small differences in appearance :\nlike other monkeys of the cebus group , the white - headed capuchin is named after the order of capuchin friars \u2013 the cowls worn by these friars looks like the monkey ' s white fur .\nthe iucn red list and other sources don\u2019t provide the number of the white - fronted capuchin total population size . according to the wikipedia resource the total population size of the trinidad subspecies was 61 individuals at the last census . currently white - fronted capuchins are classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ; however their numbers today are decreasing .\nthis video was taken in the town of misahualli , ecuador . the town has a semi - free ranging population of white - fronted capuchin monkeys , that regularly use rocks to smash open nuts and sticks .\nenglish : white - shouldered capuchin ; french : sajou \u00e0 gorge blanche ; spanish : mono capuchino .\ntail that is often held coiled , giving the white - headed capuchin the nickname\nringtail\n.\nthere is disagreement among primatologists about whether there are any subspecies of white - headed capuchin . some authorities consider there to be three subspecies of white - headed capuchin , based on small differences in appearance :\nthe scientific community has focused on the tool use of brazilian populations of the brown tufted capuchin , cebus apella , the species in the attenborough video . in our ecominga reserves , we do not have this species , but we do have the white - fronted capuchin , cebus albifrons in our cerro candelaria , naturetrek , and rio zunac reserves . one of our forest caretakers , luis recalde , recently managed to photograph this white - fronted capuchin in the cerro candelaria reserve :\nthe white - headed capuchin ( cebus capucinus ) , also known as the white - faced capuchin or white - throated capuchin , is a medium - sized new world monkey of the family cebidae , subfamily cebinae . native to the forests of central america and the extreme north - western portion of south america , the white - headed capuchin is important to rainforest ecology for its role in dispersing seeds and pollen .\nthe white - headed capuchin was originally described by carolus linnaeus in his 18th century work , systema naturae . it is a member of the family cebidae . it is part of the family of new world monkeys containing capuchin monkeys , squirrel monkeys , tamarins and marmosets . it is part of the genus cebus . it is part of the c . capucinus species group . this group also includes the white - fronted capuchin , the weeper capuchin and the kaapori capuchin .\nthe white - headed capuchin has mostly black fur , with white to yellow like fur on the neck , throat , chest , shoulders , and upper arms .\non another occasion , juan pablo reyes and our caretakers set up a camera trap near that reserve to discover what animal was eating our neighbors\u2019 corn . the culprit turned out to be a sneaky white - fronted capuchin :\nwhite - fronted capuchins inhabit northwestern south america , including columbia , ecuador , venezuela , eastern peru , and a good part of amazonian brazil . they like to live in thick primary growth rainforest where traveling from tree to tree can be done easily . white - fronted capuchins also like flooded forests , forests growing between rocks , forests growing in white sand and gravel at the bottom of mesas .\nas white - fronted capuchins are limited to rainforest habitats , they are threatened by habitat destruction from logging and forest clearance . in some areas they are hunted for meat .\nthere are four species of capuchin monkeys found in south america . the brown capuchin ( cebus apella ) lives in tropical and subtropical forests from venezuela to brazil . capuchins are not found in the andes mountains along the western part of the continent . the brown capuchin has tufts a white - fronted capuchin ( cebus albifrons ) . \u00a9 renee lynn , national audubon society collection / photo r\u2026\nthe white - headed capuchin ( cebus capucinus ) is a medium - sized new world monkey of the family cebidae , subfamily cebinae . it is also known as the white - faced capuchin or the white - throated capuchin . it comes from the forests of central america . it also lives in the extreme northwestern part of south america . the white - headed capuchin is important to rain forests because of its role in dispersing seeds and pollen .\nthe white - headed capuchin ( cebus capucinus ) is a medium - sized new world monkey of the family cebidae , subfamily cebinae . it is also known as the white - faced capuchin or the white - throated capuchin . it comes from the forests of central america . it also lives in the extreme northwestern part of south america . the white - headed capuchin is important to rain forests because of its role in dispersing seeds and pollen .\nthe white - headed capuchin is found in much of central america and a small portion of south america . in\n, more than it directly impacts the white - headed capuchin , and so on a net basis deforestation may not be as harmful to the capuchin ' s status .\nthe white - headed capuchin was originally described by carolus linnaeus in his 18th century work , systema naturae . [ 4 ] it is a member of the family cebidae . it is part of the family of new world monkeys containing capuchin monkeys , squirrel monkeys , tamarins and marmosets . it is part of the genus cebus . [ 5 ] it is part of the c . capucinus species group . this group also includes the white - fronted capuchin , the weeper capuchin and the kaapori capuchin . [ 5 ]\nlike other monkeys of the cebus group , the white - headed capuchin is named after the order of capuchin friars \u2013 the cowls worn by these friars looks like the monkey ' s white fur . [ 6 ] [ 7 ]\nthe white - headed capuchin monkey ( cebus capucinus ) , also known as the white - faced capuchin or white - throated capuchin , is a small new world monkey of the family cebidae . native to the forests of south and central america , white - throated capuchins are important to rainforest ecology by their role in dispersing seeds and pollen . like other monkeys in the genus cebus , white - headed capuchins are named after the order of capuchin friars : the cowls worn by these friars closely resemble the monkeys head colouration .\ninsects , ant and wasp larvae and vertebrates become a particularly important part of the white - headed capuchin ' s diet .\nthe white - headed capuchin is known to rub parts of certain plants into their hair . plants used in this manner include\n) , also known as the white - faced capuchin or white - throated capuchin , is a medium - sized new world monkey of the family cebidae , subfamily cebinae . native to the forests of central america and the extreme north - western portion of south america , the white - headed capuchin is important to rainforest ecology for its role in dispersing seeds and pollen .\nthe white - fronted capuchin ( c . albifrons ) is found in the moist forests of venezuela , brazil , bolivia , ecuador , colombia , and on the island of trinidad . this species is slightly smaller than other capuchin monkeys . the colors are similar to weeper and white - faced capuchins , with a pale and broad cap that covers most of the tops of their heads .\nwhite - fronted capuchins assist in dispersing via their feces , the seeds of the fruits that they eat . this may transport propagules somewhere they normally would not get to , far away from the tree they fell from .\nperry , s . ( 1996 ) .\nfemale - female relationships in wild white - faced capuchin monkeys , cebus capucinus .\n.\nperry , s . ( 1997 ) .\nmale - female social relationships in wild white - faced capuchin monkeys , cebus capucinus\n.\nthe white - headed capuchin has a long life span given its size . the maximum recorded life span in captivity is over 54 years .\nother names : black - capped capuchin , brown capuchin , guianan brown capuchin , tufted capuchin ; gekuifde kapucijnaap ( dutch ) ; sajon apelle ( french ) ; macaco prego ( spanish ) ; tjockhuvudtamarin , brun kapucin , gulbr\u00f6stad kapucin , m\u00f6sskapucin ( swedish ) ; c . a . apella : mono capuchin pardo ( spanish ) .\nfactors such as easier access to water and food may have to do with the white - headed capuchin ' s less extensive use of tools .\nperry , s . ( 1997 ) .\nmale - female social relationships in wild white - faced capuchin monkeys , cebus capucinus .\n.\nthe white - headed capuchin can eat a wide variety of fruits as well as caterpillars in the early rainy season ( june to november ) .\nthe black capuchin monkey ( cebus nigritus ) , is a capuchin monkey from south america . it is found in brazil and argentina . the robust tufted capuchin ( cebus nigritus robustus ) , is a subspecies of the black capuchin endemic to brazil . conservation status \u2013 vulnerable .\nthough the white - headed capuchin has perhaps the most extensive and most frequent tool use in comparison to the other gracile capuchins , its tool use is considerably inferior to that of robust capuchins , especially the tufted capuchin . factors such as easier access to water and food may have to do with the white - headed capuchin ' s less extensive use of tools .\nthe white - fronted capuchin is found in the countries of bolivia , brazil , colombia , ecuador , peru , and venezuela . this species prefers to live in primary and advanced secondary forests . this species prefers canopy trees over 30 meters high with crowns 55 meters in diameter ( kinzey , 1997 ) .\nthough the white - headed capuchin has perhaps the most extensive and most frequent tool use in comparison to the other gracile capuchins , its tool use is considerably inferior to that of robust capuchins , especially the tufted capuchin .\nlike other monkeys in the genus cebus , the white - headed capuchin is named after the order of capuchin friars \u2013 the cowls of these friars closely resemble the monkey ' s head coloration . the white - headed capuchin has mostly black fur , with white to yellow like fur on the neck , throat , chest , shoulders , and upper arms . the face is pink or a white - cream color and may have identifying marks such as dark brows or dark fur patches . an area of black fur on the crown of the head is distinctive . it has a prehensile tail that is often held coiled , giving the white - headed capuchin the nickname\nringtail\n.\nwhite - fronted capuchins help to disperse the seeds of fruits they eat in their feces . this may carry propagules to an area that might not normally be reached , far from the perimeter of the tree . ( terborgh , 1992 ) .\n1986 . boa constrictor predation and group response in white - faced cebus monkeys .\nalthough they engage in activity that has been described as\nterritorial\n, more recent research indicates that white - faced capuchin troops tend to behave aggressively to other white - faced capuchin troops regardless of where they meet , and the aggression is not necessarily intended to exclude the other troops from a specific home range .\nlike other capuchin monkeys , the white - headed capuchin matures slowly . sexual maturity is reached at 3 years . on average , females give birth for the first time at 7 years old and give birth every 26 months . males reach maturity at 10 years old . the white - headed capuchin has a long life span . the maximum recorded life span in captivity is over 54 years .\nthe small size of white - fronted capuchins makes them vulnerable to larger predators . these capuchins have adopted a loud alarm call which scares some predators off and may warn others in the group about the presence of predators ( smuts et al . , 1987 ) .\nand agoutis are attracted by feeding white - headed capuchins , looking for fruit that the capuchins drop . several species of bird are also known to follow white - headed capuchins looking for food . these include the double - toothed kite , the white hawk and the\nseveral non - primate animal species tend to follow troops of white - faced monkeys or are otherwise attracted by their presence . white - lipped peccaries and common agoutis are attracted by feeding white - headed capuchins , looking for fruit that the capuchins drop . several species of bird are also known to follow white - headed capuchins looking for food . these include the double - toothed kite , the white hawk and the sharp - shinned hawk .\ncapuchin monkey ,\nmindy ' s memory primate sanctuary website , 2007 .\nthe capuchin monkeys are the group of new world monkeys classified as genus cebus .\nare attracted by feeding white - headed capuchins , looking for fruit that the capuchins drop .\nlike other capuchin species , the white - headed capuchin matures slowly . sexual maturity can be reached at 3 years . but on average , females give birth for the first time at 7 years old and give birth every 26 months thereafter . males attain reproductive maturity at 10 years old . the white - headed capuchin has a long life span given its size . the maximum recorded life span in captivity is over 54 years .\nalthough south american capuchin species often travel with and feed together with squirrel monkeys , the white - headed capuchin only rarely associates with the central american squirrel monkey . this appears to be related to the patchier , more dispersed distribution of food resources in central america and the fact that there is less dietary overlap between the central american squirrel monkey and the white - headed capuchin than between their south american counterparts . therefore , there is less benefit to the central american squirrel monkey in associating with the white - headed capuchin in order to exploit the capuchin ' s knowledge of food resource distribution . in addition , compared to their south american counterparts , male white - headed capuchins are relatively more alert to rival males than to predators , reducing the predator detection benefits that the central american squirrel monkey receives from associating with the white - headed capuchin compared to its south american counterparts . since the squirrel monkeys generally initiate interactions with the capuchins in south america , the fact that similar associations would impose higher foraging costs and impart fewer predator detection benefits to the central american squirrel monkey leads to fewer associations with the white - headed capuchin .\ni haven\u2019t noticed reports in the scientific literature about stone tool use in the white - fronted capuchin , but some friends of mine ( juan medina , oscar valenzuela ) have repeatedly observed complex behaviors in this ecuadorian species . the best place to observe these behaviors is in the jungle town of misahualli , home of a wild population of white - fronted capuchins that has adapted to human city life . juan medina , a guide who spent much time in the town , tells me that just like the brazilian cebus apella , the monkeys there collect large pounding rocks along the rivers and carry them ( sometimes using both hands ) into the town , where they use them to break hard food objects . juan observed that they also use carefully - chosen sticks ( again , brought from a distance ) to dig out carpenter bee larvae from their tunnels . here is a short clip on youtube made by a visitor in misahualli . the stone tool use by the white - fronted capuchin is clearly visible :\nthe black - striped capuchin monkey ( cebus libidinosus ) , is a new world capuchin monkey from south america . it is found in brazil , argentina and paraguay .\nseveral non - primate animal species tend to follow troops of white - faced monkeys or are otherwise attracted by their presence . white - lipped peccaries and common agoutis are attracted by feeding white - headed capuchins , looking for fruit that the capuchins drop . [ 38 ] several species of bird are also known to follow white - headed capuchins looking for food . these include the double - toothed kite , the white hawk and the sharp - shinned hawk . [ 38 ]\nthe white - headed capuchin sometimes interacts with other sympatric monkey species . white - headed capuchins sometimes travel with and even groom geoffroy ' s spider monkeys . however , aggressive interactions between the capuchins and spider monkeys also occur . interactions between the white - headed capuchin and mantled howler are infrequent , and sometimes result in the capuchins threatening the larger howlers . however , affiliative associations between the capuchins and howlers do sometimes occur , mostly involving juveniles playing together .\nthe white - headed capuchin sometimes interacts with other sympatric monkey species . white - headed capuchins sometimes travel with and even groom geoffroy ' s spider monkeys . however , aggressive interactions between the capuchins and spider monkeys also occur . interactions between the white - headed capuchin and mantled howler are infrequent , and sometimes result in the capuchins threatening the larger howlers . however , affiliative associations between the capuchins and howlers do sometimes occur , mostly involving juveniles playing together .\nblond capuchin , cebus queirozi ( new species , mendes pontes et al . 2006 )\nthe white - headed capuchin ' s intelligence and ability to use tools allows them to be trained to assist paraplegics . other species of capuchin monkeys are also trained in this manner . white - headed capuchins can also be trained for roles on television and movies , such as marcel on the television series friends . they were also traditionally used as organ grinder monkeys .\nthe white - headed capuchin ' s intelligence and ability to use tools allows them to be trained to assist paraplegics . other species of capuchin monkeys are also trained in this manner . white - headed capuchins can also be trained for roles on television and movies , such as marcel on the television series friends . they were also traditionally used as organ grinder monkeys .\nthe white - headed capuchin has mostly black fur . it has white or yellow fur on the neck , throat , chest , shoulders , and upper arms . the face is pink or a white - cream color . the face can sometimes have marks like dark brows or dark fur patches . there is also an area of black fur on the top of the head .\nalthough south american capuchin species often travel with and feed together with squirrel monkeys , the white - headed capuchin only rarely associates with the central american squirrel monkey . this appears to be related to the patchier , more dispersed distribution of food resources in central america and the fact that there is less dietary overlap between the central american squirrel monkey and the white - headed capuchin than between their south american counterparts . therefore , there is less benefit to the central american squirrel monkey in associating with the white - headed capuchin in order to exploit the capuchin ' s knowledge of food resource distribution . in addition , compared to their south american counterparts , male white - headed capuchins are relatively more alert to rival males than to predators , reducing the predator detection benefits that the central american squirrel monkey receives from associating with the white - headed capuchin compared to its south american counterparts . since the squirrel monkeys generally initiate interactions with the capuchins in south america , the fact that similar associations would impose higher foraging costs and impart fewer predator detection benefits to the central american squirrel monkey leads to fewer associations with the white - headed capuchin . [ 13 ] [ 43 ] [ 44 ] [ 45 ]\nlike other capuchin monkeys , the white - headed capuchin matures slowly . sexual maturity is reached at 3 years . [ 57 ] on average , females give birth for the first time at 7 years old and give birth every 26 months . [ 13 ] males reach maturity at 10 years old . [ 13 ] the white - headed capuchin has a long life span . the maximum recorded life span in captivity is over 54 years . [ 13 ]\nperry s . rose l . ( 1994 ) . begging and transfer of coati meat by white - faced capuchin monkeys , cebus capucinus . primates 35 ( 4 ) : 409 - 415\nthe white - headed capuchin also uses tools in other ways . it has been known to beat snakes with sticks in order to protect itself or to get the snake to release an infant .\nthe white - headed capuchin can adapt to forest fragmentation better than other species due to its ability to live in a wide variety of forest types and exploit a wide variety of food sources .\ncapuchin monkeys belong to the cebidae family with the marmosets , tamarins , and squirrel monkeys .\n. this appears to be related to the patchier , more dispersed distribution of food resources in central america and the fact that there is less dietary overlap between the central american squirrel monkey and the white - headed capuchin than between their south american counterparts . therefore , there is less benefit to the central american squirrel monkey in associating with the white - headed capuchin in order to exploit the capuchin ' s knowledge of food resource distribution . in addition , compared to their south american counterparts , male white - headed capuchins are relatively more alert to rival males than to predators , reducing the predator detection benefits that the central american squirrel monkey receives from associating with the white - headed capuchin compared to its south american counterparts . since the squirrel monkeys generally initiate interactions with the capuchins in south america , the fact that similar associations would impose higher foraging costs and impart fewer predator detection benefits to the central american squirrel monkey leads to fewer associations with the white - headed capuchin .\nperry , s . , manson , j . & barrett , h . c . ( 2004 ) .\nwhite - faced capuchin monkeys exhibit triadic awareness in their choice of allies .\n.\nwhite - faced capuchin troops occupy home ranges of between 32 and 86 hectares ( 79 and 213 acres ) . they travel between 1 and 3 kilometres ( 0 . 62 and 1 . 86 mi ) daily , averaging 2 kilometres ( 1 . 2 mi ) per day . although they engage in activity that has been described as\nterritorial\n, more recent research indicates that white - faced capuchin troops tend to behave aggressively to other white - faced capuchin troops regardless of where they meet , and the aggression is not necessarily intended to exclude the other troops from a specific home range .\nperry , s . ; manson , j . & barrett , h . c . ( 2004 ) .\nwhite - faced capuchin monkeys exhibit triadic awareness in their choice of allies .\n.\nwhite - faced capuchin troops occupy home ranges of between 32 and 86 hectares ( 79 and 213 acres ) . they travel between 1 and 3 kilometres ( 0 . 62 and 1 . 86 mi ) daily , averaging 2 kilometres ( 1 . 2 mi ) per day . although they engage in activity that has been described as\nterritorial\n, more recent research indicates that white - faced capuchin troops tend to behave aggressively to other white - faced capuchin troops regardless of where they meet , and the aggression is not necessarily intended to exclude the other troops from a specific home range .\none white - faced capuchin monkey sticks its fingers deep into the eye sockets of another capuchin it ' s friends with . a capuchin uses her ally ' s body parts to whack their common enemy . these behaviors become entrenched in the repertoires of the inventors . but in the first case , the behavior spreads to other group members , and in the second case it does not .\nthe white - headed capuchin is regarded as\nleast concern\nfrom a conservation standpoint by iucn . however , its numbers are affected by the fact that it is sometimes captured for the pet trade . its status can also be harmed by deforestation . however , deforestation may also impact its main predator , the harpy eagle , more than it directly impacts the white - headed capuchin , and so on a net basis deforestation may not be as harmful to the capuchin ' s status . the white - headed capuchin can adapt to forest fragmentation better than other species due to its ability to live in a wide variety of forest types and exploit a wide variety of food sources . the white - headed capuchin is important to its ecosystems as a seed and pollen disperser . it also impacts the ecosystem by eating insects that act as pests to certain trees , by pruning certain trees , such as\nseveral species of bird are also known to follow white - headed capuchins looking for food . these include the\nenglish : brown or tufted capuchin ; french : sapajou apelle ; spanish : capuchino de copete .\nthe range of the capuchin monkeys includes central america ( honduras ) and middle south america ( middle brazil , eastern peru , paraguay ) . capuchin monkeys generally resemble the friars of their namesake .\nthe white - headed capuchin was one of the many species originally described by linnaeus in his 18th century work , systema naturae . it is a member of the family cebidae , the family of new world monkeys containing capuchin monkeys , squirrel monkeys , tamarins and marmosets . it is the type species for the genus cebus , the genus that includes all the capuchin monkeys . it is a member of the\nthe kaapori capuchin monkey ( cebus kaapori ) is a capuchin monkey endemic to brazil . this species is found in the brazilian states of para and maranhao . formerly considered a subspecies of the weeper capuchin ( cebus olivaceus ) , it was recently elevated to species status . conservation status \u2013 vulnerable .\ncapuchin monkeys belong to the new world monkey group , native only to central and south america . the capuchin monkey is active during the day and generally lives and travels through trees . [ 1 ]\n, causing them generate more branches and possibly additional fruit , and by accelerating germination of certain seeds when they pass through the capuchin ' s digestive tract . in addition , the white - headed capuchin sometimes kills acacia collinsii plants when it rips through the plant ' s branches to get to resident ant colonies .\nthe white - headed capuchin sometimes interacts with other sympatric monkey species . white - headed capuchins sometimes travel with and even groom geoffroy ' s spider monkeys . [ 11 ] [ 38 ] however , aggressive interactions between the capuchins and spider monkeys also occur . [ 42 ] interactions between the white - headed capuchin and mantled howler are infrequent , and sometimes result in the capuchins threatening the larger howlers . [ 38 ] however , affiliative associations between the capuchins and howlers do sometimes occur , mostly involving juveniles playing together . [ 42 ]\nwhite - faced capuchin troops occupy home ranges of between 32 and 86 hectares ( 79 and 213 acres ) . [ 11 ] they travel between 1 and 3 kilometres ( 0 . 62 and 1 . 86 mi ) daily , averaging 2 kilometres ( 1 . 2 mi ) per day . [ 38 ] although they engage in activity that has been described as\nterritorial\n, more recent research indicates that white - faced capuchin troops tend to behave aggressively to other white - faced capuchin troops regardless of where they meet , and the aggression is not necessarily intended to exclude the other troops from a specific home range . [ 39 ]\nthe white - headed capuchin ' s intelligence and ability to use tools allows them to be trained to assist paraplegics . [ 54 ] other species of capuchin monkeys are also trained in this manner . [ 55 ] white - headed capuchins can also be trained for roles on television and movies , such as marcel on the television series friends . [ 56 ] they were also traditionally used as organ grinder monkeys . [ 57 ]\nfruit can make up between 50 % and 67 % or more of the capuchin ' s diet .\noccasionally eats insects or other small invertebrates . according to a year - long study in peru ' s manu national park , white - fronted capuchins only seek out invertebrates when traveling to fruiting trees , or when droughts reduce fruit availability . other food sources in times of drought include palm nuts , figs , and nectar . ( terborgh , 1992 ) .\nthe weeper capuchin monkey ( cebus olivaceus ) , is a new world capuchin monkey from south america . it is found in brazil , guyana , french guiana , suriname and venezuela . conservation status \u2013 least concern .\nthe white - faced capuchin ( c . capucinus ) is found in central america from the southern region of mexico , south into colombia . white - faced capuchins live in dry or wet forests , and in mangroves . the color of their fur is pale cream to white on their bellies and the upper parts of their arms and legs , with black fur on their backs and lower limbs . they have white fur on their faces and a black cap . many older white - faced capuchins have a ruff ( fringe ) of hair on their foreheads and crowns . the average weight for males is 7 lb ( 3 . 5 kg ) and 5 lb ( 2 . 5 kg ) for females .\nin captivity , it has been known to use tools to get to food or to defend itself , and in one case a white - headed capuchin used a squirrel monkey as a projectile , hurling it at a human observer .\nthe large - headed capuchin monkey ( cebus apella macrocephalus ) , is a subspecies of the tufted capuchin from south america . it is found in brazil , colombia , ecuador and peru . conservation status \u2013 least concern .\nperry , s . ( 1996 ) .\nintergroup encounters in wild white - faced capuchins , cebus capucinus .\n.\nseveral non - primate animal species tend to follow troops of white - faced monkeys or are otherwise attracted by their presence .\nthe diet of the capuchin monkey is more varied than other monkeys in the family cebidae . capuchin monkeys are omnivores , eating not only fruits , nuts , seeds and buds , but also insects , spiders , bird eggs and small vertebrates . capuchin monkeys living near water will also eat crabs and shellfish by cracking their shells with stones .\nthe white - fronted capuchin monkey ( cebus albifrons ) , is a new world primate , endemic to six different countries in south america : bolivia , brazil , colombia , venezuela , ecuador and peru . the species is also divided into several different subspecies . just like any other capuchin monkey , it is also an omnivorous animal , feeding primarily on fruits , although it can also eat invertebrates and other plant parts . it is a polygamous animal and lives on fairly large groups ( 15 up to 35 individuals ) , giving birth to a single young at 2 year intervals . conservation status \u2013 least concern .\nperry , s . ( 1996 . ) .\nintergroup encounters in wild white - faced capuchins , cebus capucinus .\n.\nthe face is pink or a white - cream color and may have identifying marks such as dark brows or dark fur patches .\nthe white - headed capuchin has mostly black fur . it has white or yellow fur on the neck , throat , chest , shoulders , and upper arms . [ 8 ] the face is pink or a white - cream color . the face can sometimes have marks like dark brows or dark fur patches . [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] there is also an area of black fur on the top of the head . [ 8 ] [ 11 ] [ 8 ] [ 12 ]\nwhite - headed capuchins have mostly black fur , with white to yellowish fur around the naked , pinkish face and on the shoulders ; and , of course , white throats . a v - shaped area of black fur on the crown of the head is distinctive . the tip of the tail is often held coiled , giving white - headed capuchins the nickname \u2018ringtail\u2019 . adults may reach a length of 435 millimetres and a weight of 3 . 9 kilograms . their tail is prehensile . conservation status \u2013 least concern .\nboinski , s .\nuse of a club by a wild white - faced capuchin ( cebus capucinus ) to attack a venomous snake ( bathrops asper ) .\namerican journal of primatology 4 , no . 2 ( 1998 ) : 177\u2013179 .\none of the unusual features of the kinship structure of the white - headed capuchin , relative to other primate species , is the high degree of relatedness within groups that results from the long tenures of alpha males who sire most of the offspring .\ngroup size ranges from 15 to 35 members . groups are typically led by a dominant male and female . aggressive interactions constitute only about 10 % of social interactions . white - fronted capuchins are highly social and spend a lot of time in reciprocal grooming , however , dominant males and females receive a large proportion of grooming and rarely groom other individuals ( smuts et al . , 1987 ) .\nthe blond capuchin monkey ( cebus queirozi ) is a claimed new capuchin monkey species that was discovered in early 2006 by zoology researchers from the federal university in pernambuco , near recife , northeastern brazil . pontes said that \u2018as soon as i saw the monkey with its golden - yellow hair and the white tiara on its head , i knew it was a new species\u2019 .\nthe diet can vary between the rainy and dry season . for example , in guanacaste , costa rica the white - headed capuchin can eat a wide variety of fruits as well as caterpillars in the early rainy season ( june to november ) . but during the dry season , only figs and a few other types of fruit are available . during the dry season , chitinous insects , ant and wasp larvae and vertebrates become a particularly important part of the white - headed capuchin ' s diet . access to water can also become an issue during the dry season . the white - headed capuchin likes to drink daily , so in forests where water holes dry up during the dry season , there can be competition between troops over access to the remaining water holes .\nthe diet can vary between the rainy and dry season . for example , in guanacaste , costa rica the white - headed capuchin can eat a wide variety of fruits as well as caterpillars in the early rainy season ( june to november ) . but during the dry season , only figs and a few other types of fruit are available . during the dry season , chitinous insects , ant and wasp larvae and vertebrates become a particularly important part of the white - headed capuchin ' s diet . access to water can also become an issue during the dry season . the white - headed capuchin likes to drink daily , so in forests where water holes dry up during the dry season , there can be competition between troops over access to the remaining water holes .\nare threatened by habitat destruction due to logging and forest clearing . they are not currently endangered because their habitats continue to be fairly widespread and population numbers remain fairly high . white - fronted capuchins are also hunted for meat in some areas . while this hunting is not excessive and simply maintains the population at a slightly lower level , it is a potential threat ( smuts et al . , 1987 ) .\nperry , s . ( 1998 ) .\nmale - male social relationships in wild white - faced capuchins , cebus capucinus .\n.\naccess to water can also become an issue during the dry season . the white - headed capuchin likes to drink daily , so in forests where water holes dry up during the dry season , there can be competition between troops over access to the remaining water holes .\nthe tufted capuchin monkey ( cebus apella ) , also known as brown capuchin or black - capped capuchin is a new world primate from south america . it is one of the more widespread species of primates in the neotropics . tufted capuchins are omnivorous animals , mostly feeding on fruits and invertebrates , although they sometimes feed on small vertebrates ( lizards and bird chicks ) and other plant parts .\nthe diet can vary between the rainy and dry season . for example , in guanacaste , costa rica the white - headed capuchin can eat a wide variety of fruits as well as caterpillars in the early rainy season ( june to november ) . [ 47 ] but during the dry season , only figs and a few other types of fruit are available . [ 47 ] during the dry season , chitinous insects , ant and wasp larvae and vertebrates become a particularly important part of the white - headed capuchin ' s diet . [ 47 ] access to water can also become an issue during the dry season . the white - headed capuchin likes to drink daily , so in forests where water holes dry up during the dry season , there can be competition between troops over access to the remaining water holes . [ 47 ]\n, 1975 . comparison of the behavior and ecology of red colobus and black - and - white colobus monkeys in uganda : a summary . in :\nthe white - headed capuchin also uses tools in other ways . it has been known to beat snakes with sticks in order to protect itself or to get the snake to release an infant . in captivity , it has been known to use tools to get to food or to defend itself , and in one case a white - headed capuchin used a squirrel monkey as a projectile , hurling it at a human observer . some populations also use trees or other hard surfaces as anvils in order to crack mollusks . and it sometimes uses sticks as probes to explore openings .\nduring the mosquito season , capuchin monkeys crush up millipedes and rub the remains on their backs . this acts as a natural insect repellent .\nit is very common in costa rica and panama , but the monkey has been thrown out from honduras and much of nicaragua . many honduran capuchin monkeys were captured and relocated to the island of roat\u00e1n , and many nicaraguan capuchin monkeys were captured and relocated to the island of ometepe .\nit is very common in costa rica and panama , but the monkey has been thrown out from honduras and much of nicaragua . many honduran capuchin monkeys were captured and relocated to the island of roat\u00e1n , and many nicaraguan capuchin monkeys were captured and relocated to the island of ometepe .\nthe white - headed capuchin also uses tools in other ways . it has been known to beat snakes with sticks in order to protect itself or to get the snake to release an infant . in captivity , it has been known to use tools to get to food or to defend itself , and in one case a white - headed capuchin used a squirrel monkey as a projectile , hurling it at a human observer . it has been historically noted that the species is often able to recognize , and therefore avoid baited cage traps , and hidden net snares are often the only way to capture this monkey .\nagile and lean , capuchin monkeys weigh only 3 - 9 pounds ( 1 . 36 - 4 . 9 kilograms ) . the fur of the capuchin monkey varies , but is most commonly seen with cream or light tan coloring around the face , neck and shoulders . the rest of its coat is dark brown . the hair is shorter and darker on the capuchin ' s back than on other parts of its body . the face of this cute monkey will range from white to pink in color . the tail is long , covered in hair and is partially able to wrap around branches .\nthe white - headed capuchin lives in central america and a small part of south america . in central america , its home includes honduras , nicaragua , costa rica and panama . it has also been seen in eastern guatemala and southern belize , but these reports are unconfirmed . in south america the white - headed capuchin lives in the extreme north - western part between the pacific ocean and the andes mountains in colombia and ecuador . it is among the most commonly seen monkeys in central america ' s national parks , such as manuel antonio national park , corcovado national park , santa rosa national park and soberania national park .\nperry , s . ( 1998 ) .\nmale - male social relationships in wild white - faced capuchins , cebus capucinus .\n. behaviour 135 : 1\u201334 .\ncapuchin monkeys live in central america and south america . they make their home in trees , traveling during the day and sleeping in the trees at night .\n. it is mostly black , but with a pink face and white on much of the front part of the body , giving it its common name . it has a distinctive\nthe white - headed capuchin is found in much of central america and a small portion of south america . in central america , its range includes much of honduras , nicaragua , costa rica and panama . it has also been reported to occur in eastern guatemala and southern belize , but these reports are unconfirmed . in south america the white - headed capuchin is found in the extreme north - western strip between the pacific ocean and the andes mountains in colombia and northwestern ecuador . it is among the most commonly seen monkeys in central america ' s national parks , such as manuel antonio national park , corcovado national park , santa rosa national park and soberania national park .\ncapuchin monkeys are featured in the movies outbreak , pirates of the caribbean : the curse of the black pearl ( and its sequels ) , the zookeeper film , george of the jungle , and the hangover part ii . ross geller ( david schwimmer ) on the nbc sitcom friends had a capuchin monkey named marcel .\nuniversity of california - los angeles .\nhow new behaviors appear and spread among capuchin monkeys .\nsciencedaily . urltoken ( accessed august 25 , 2017 ) .\nthe white - headed capuchin lives in central america and a small part of south america . in central america , its home includes honduras , nicaragua , costa rica and panama . [ 3 ] it has also been seen in eastern guatemala and southern belize , but these reports are unconfirmed . [ 3 ] in south america the white - headed capuchin lives in the extreme north - western part between the pacific ocean and the andes mountains in colombia and ecuador . [ 3 ] it is among the most commonly seen monkeys in central america ' s national parks , such as manuel antonio national park , corcovado national park , santa rosa national park and soberania national park . [ 63 ]\nmanson jh , gros - louis j , perry s ( 2004 ) .\nthree apparent cases of infanticide by males in wild white - faced capuchins ( cebus capucinus )\n.\nis one of the smaller species of the capuchin group . the head is small in comparison to the body and the torso is slender with long , narrow limbs .\nwhen presented with a reflection , capuchin monkeys react in a way that indicates an intermediate state between seeing the mirror as another individual and recognizing the image as self .\ntheir body , arms , legs and tail are all darkly ( black or brown ) coloured , while the face , throat and chest are white coloured and their head has a black cap . capuchin monkeys reach a length of 30 to 56 centimetres ( 12 \u2013 22 inches ) , with tails that are just as long as their body . capuchin monkeys weigh up to 1 . 3 kilograms ( 2 \u2013 3 pounds ) , with brains of mass 35 \u2013 40 grams . they are considered the most intelligent new world monkeys .\nthe white - headed capuchin has a polygamous mating system . the male can mate with many females . the dominant male usually fathers most of the young . the dominant male is more likely to mate when the female is the most fertile . dominant males avoid breeding with their own daughters who are members of the troop . this is rare among new world monkeys .\njack , k . & fedigan , l . ( 2004 ) .\nmale dispersal patterns in white - faced capuchins , cebus capucinus part 1 : patterns and causes of natal emigration\n.\njack , k . & fedigan , l . ( 2004 ) .\nmale dispersal patterns in white - faced capuchins , cebus capucinus part 2 : patterns and causes of secondary dispersal\n.\nmanson jh , gros - louis j , & perry s . ( 2004 ) .\nthree apparent cases of infanticide by males in wild white - faced capuchins ( cebus capucinus )\n.\nalso , higher densities of white - headed capuchins are found in older areas of forest and in areas containing evergreen forest , as well as areas with more water availability during the dry season .\nweeper capuchins ( c . nigrivittatus ) are found north of the amazon and north and east of the rio negro in brazil , the guianas , and central venezuela . females weigh less than 5 lb ( 2 . 5 kg ) and males weigh around 6 lb ( 3 kg ) . their colorings are like the white - faced capuchins but there is less contrast between the dark and light colors . they have a narrow crown patch that comes to a marked point on their foreheads . they also live in dry and wet forests and mangroves as do the white - faced capuchin .\nwhite - fronted capuchins are a monkey of the new world and one of the smallest within the capuchin group . their head is small compared to their body , their torso is slender and they have long , narrow limbs . they are a light brown color on their back and lighter underneath , often in shades of red and yellow . the fur on their back is long and soft , in contrast to the short coarser fur of their underparts . the crown of their head has a dark , round patch . females sometimes possess a tuft of hair behind this patch . their face is sparsely covered with pale colored hair , through which their peach - colored flesh can be seen . the color of their limbs ranges from yellows to reddy browns . the males are larger than females and the male\u2019s tail may have a lighter tip ."]}
-{"id": 34, "summary": [{"text": "trigonogenium is a genus of beetles in the family buprestidae , the jewel beetles .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "species are native to chile and argentina .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "species include : trigonogenium angulosum ( solier , 1849 ) trigonogenium biforme cobos , 1986 trigonogenium subaequale ( fairmaire & germain , 1864 )", "topic": 26}], "title": "trigonogenium", "paragraphs": ["trigonogenium is a genus of beetles in the family buprestidae , the jewel beetles . they are native to chile and argentina .\nbuy beetles for sale buprestidae : trigonogenium angulosum obscure form from chile online . worldwide shipping ! beautiful insect beetles for sale buprestidae : trigonogenium angulosum obscure form for sale at the bugmaniac , one of the world ' s largest dealers of preserved dried insects .\nfigures 1 \u2013 5 . 1 . hovorigenium ecuadorense bellamy , 2007 , holotype , female , 7 . 2 mm ( photo by c . l . bellamy ) ; 2 . trigonogenium angulosum ruginosum ( fairmaire , 1868 ) , female , chile \u2013 las trancas , 9 . 5 mm ; 3 . cimrmanium angulinotum gen . nov . , sp . nov . , holotype , female , 11 . 0 mm ; 4 . same , ovipositor ; 5 . same , left antenna .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nhallan , j . ( 2000 - current ) . biology catalog . web compilation accessible at urltoken ( accessed june 2012 ) .\nnomenclator zoologicus . a list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of linnaeus , 1758 to the end of 2004 . digitised by ubio from vols . 1 - 9 of neave ( ed . ) , 1939 - 1996 plus supplementary digital - only volume . urltoken ( as at 2006 ) .\nsn2000 : brands , s . j . ( compiler ) 1989 - 2005 . systema naturae 2000 . amsterdam , the netherlands ( 2006 version ) . available online at urltoken\nthere are no reviews yet . be the first one to write a review .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nb\u00edl\u00fd , svatopluk , 2009 , a new genus and species of the tribe trigonogeniini cobos , 1956 , from belize ( coleoptera : buprestidae ) , zootaxa 2108 , pp . 65 - 68 : 65\ndescription . medium - sized , rather convex , elongate - ovoid , distinctly enlarged posteriorly ; entire dorsal surface except for pronotum with short , recumbent , black ( head ) or grey ( elytra ) pubescence , pronotum glabrous , asetose ; abdominal ventrites with extremely short , grey pubescence ; head deeply impressed above frontoclypeal suture , supraantennal carinae strongly developed ; antennomeres 4\u201311 obtusely serrate , longer than wide ; eyes large , widely reniform , not projecting beyond outline of head ; pronotum with fine , transverse rugae on disc , lateral pronotal margins strongly angulate at posterior fifth , deeply emarginate before posterior angles ; prelateral pronotal carina well - developed , obtuse ; scutellum very small , slightly longer than wide ; elytra nearly regularly convex , enlarged posteriorly with rows of fine , deep , isolated punctures ; elytral epipleura narrow , almost reaching elytral apex ; apical third of elytral margins finely , densely serrate ; prosternal process flat , nearly subparallel , anal ventrite obtusely truncate ; legs long , slender , femora narrowly fusiform , tarsi with ventral adhesive pads on tarsomeres 2\u20134 ; ovipositor long , slender , strongly sclerotised with small , laterally inserted styli .\ngen . nov . ( neuter ) is named after the famous czech traveller , innovator and the last czech polyhistorian , j\u00e1ra cimrman .\nby deeply impressed frons , strongly developed supraantennal carinae , quite characteristic pronotal shape ( fig . 3\n) , transverse rugae on pronotal disc , posteriorly enlarged elytra ( fig . 3\nby the narrow pronotum which is much narrower than the base of elytra ( figs . 2 & 3\n) , much finer dorsal sculpture , slightly prolonged scutellum , longer antennomeres , truncate anal ventrite , frons carinate along inner margins of eyes and by presence of transverse , elytral fields of grey pubescence .\nno known copyright restrictions apply . see agosti , d . , egloff , w . , 2009 . taxonomic information exchange and copyright : the plazi approach . bmc research notes 2009 , 2 : 53 for further explanation ."]}
-{"id": 35, "summary": [{"text": "thiotricha oleariae is a moth of the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by hudson in 1928 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in new zealand , where it has been recorded from the central part of the north island south to stewart island .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "adults are grey with darker markings .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the larvae feed on the foliage of olearia species , including olearia solandri from within a portable case .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "they mine and erode the leaves . ", "topic": 11}], "title": "thiotricha oleariae", "paragraphs": ["oleariae hudson , 1928 ; butt . & moths n . z . : 254\nthiotricha pontifera meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 196\nthiotricha synodonta meyrick , 1936 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 2 ) : 45\nthiotricha fridaella legrand , 1958 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 63 : 142\nthiotricha atractodes meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 502 ; tl : queensland , cairns\nthiotricha complicata meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 122 ; tl : coorg , dibidi\nthiotricha nephodesma meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 125 ; tl : assam , khasis\nthiotricha obvoluta meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 126 ; tl : assam , khasis\nthiotricha oxygramma meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 123 ; tl : assam , khasis\nthiotricha polyaula meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 125 ; tl : assam , khasis\nthiotricha rhodomicta meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 126 ; tl : assam , khasis\nthiotricha synacma meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 124 ; tl : assam , khasis\nthiotricha xanthaspis meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 122 ; tl : assam , khasis\nthiotricha ( thiotrichinae ) ; karsholt , mutanen , lee & kaila , 2013 , syst . ent . 38 : 343\nthiotricha amphixysta meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 500 ; tl : assam , khasis\nthiotricha attenuata ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75\nthiotricha aucupatrix meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 499 ; tl : peru , iquitos\nthiotricha celata ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75\nthiotricha clepsidoxa meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 499 ; tl : ceylon , maskeliya\nthiotricha coleella ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer , 1993 , nota lepid . 16 : 55 ; [ fe ]\nthiotricha hamulata meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 162 ; tl : java , preangor , 5000ft\nthiotricha hexanesa meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 501 ; tl : ceylon , maskeliya\nthiotricha janitrix meyrick , 1912 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 2 ) : 64 ; tl : bengal , pusa\nthiotricha obliquata ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75\nthiotricha rabida meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 500 ; tl : assam , khasis\nthiotricha cuneiformis meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 124 ; tl : coorg , dibidi , 3500ft\nthiotricha pancratiastis meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 426 ; tl : assam , shillong , 5000ft\nthiotricha pyrphora meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 122 ; tl : coorg , dibidi , 3500ft\nthiotricha scioplecta meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 123 ; tl : assam , shilleong , 5000ft\nthiotricha corylella omelko , 1993 ; biol . issl . est . kul ' t . ekosyst . prim . kr . : 209\nthiotricha flagellatrix meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 499 ; tl : assam , shillong , 5000ft\nthiotricha fusca omelko , 1993 ; biol . issl . est . kul ' t . ekosyst . prim . kr . : 204\nthiotricha indistincta omelko , 1993 ; biol . issl . est . kul ' t . ekosyst . prim . kr . : 205\nthiotricha termanthes meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 500 ; tl : assam , shillong , 5000ft\nthiotricha tetraphala meyrick , 1886 ; trans . n . z . inst . 18 : 164 ; tl : dunedin , new zealand\nthiotricha thorybodes meyrick , 1886 ; trans . n . z . inst . 18 : 164 ; tl : christchurch , new zealand\nthiotricha xanthodora meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 24 ; tl : burma , pyinmana\nthiotricha balanopa meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 123 ; tl : assam , khasis ; borneo , kuching\nthiotricha hemiphaea turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 118 ; tl : queensland , toowoomba\nthiotricha acrantha meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 440 ; tl : khasi hills\nthiotricha acronipha turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 118 ; tl : queensland , stradbroke island\nthiotricha characias meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 440 ; tl : palni hills\nthiotricha chrysantha meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 443 ; tl : khasi hills\nthiotricha embolarcha meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 500 ; tl : java , mt . salak , 4500ft\nthiotricha epiclista meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 440 ; tl : khasi hills\nthiotricha grammitis meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 442 ; tl : khasi hills\nthiotricha hoplomacha meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 441 ; tl : khasi hills\nthiotricha rhodopa meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 442 ; tl : khasi hills\nthiotricha argyrea turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 118 ; tl : n . queensland , atherton\nthiotricha clinopeda meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 124 ; tl : coorg , dibidi , 3500ft ; ceylon , maskeliya\nthiotricha galenaea meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 443 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon\nthiotricha glenias meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 439 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon\nthiotricha nephelodesma meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 280 ; tl : new ireland , st . matthias i .\nthiotricha orthiastis meyrick , 1905 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 16 ( 4 ) : 591 ; tl : rawalpindi , punjab\nthiotricha pancratiastis ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75\nthiotricha saulotis meyrick , 1906 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 17 ( 1 ) : 138 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon\nthiotricha scotaea meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 442 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon\nthiotricha trapezoidella ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75\nthiotricha tylephora ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75\nthiotricha centritis meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 439 ; tl : palni hills , 6000ft\nthiotricha galactaea meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 441 ; tl : palni hills , 6000ft\nthiotricha panglycera turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 117 ; tl : n . queensland , cairns and kuranda\nthiotricha prosoestea turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 116 ; tl : n . queensland , kuranda near cairns\nthiotricha anticentra meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 296 ; tl : brisbane , queensland\nthiotricha balanopa ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 82 ( note )\nthiotricha chrysopa meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 293 ; tl : brisbane , queensland\nthiotricha clidias meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 439 ; tl : khasi hills ; maskeliya , celon\nthiotricha cuneiformis ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 82 ( note )\nthiotricha delacma meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 24 ; tl : s . india , palnis , kodaikanal , 7000ft\nthiotricha margarodes meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 294 ; tl : rosewood , queensland\nthiotricha pteropis meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 443 ; tl : khasi hills ; maskeliya , ceylon\nthiotricha tethela ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 82 ( note )\nthiotricha animosella ; meyrick , 1908 , j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 439 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]\nthiotricha majorella ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer , 1993 , nota lepid . 16 : 47 ; [ me3 ] , 37 ( note ) ; [ fe ]\nthiotricha niphastis meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 296 ; tl : york , west australia\nthiotricha arthrodes meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 295 ; tl : sydney , new south wales\nthiotricha oxyopis ; bradley , 1961 , bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 132 ; [ nhm card ]\nthiotricha paraconta meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 295 ; tl : wollongong , new south wales\nthiotricha bullata meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 296 ; tl : broken hill , new south wales\nthiotricha leucothona meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 294 ; tl : murrurundi and sydney , new south wales\nthiotricha oxytheces meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 293 ; tl : brisbane , queensland ; sydney , new south wales\nthiotricha prunifolivora ueda & fujiwara , 2005 ; trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 76 ; tl : japan , honshu , osaka pref . , takatsuki city , bochikoen\nthiotricha parthenica meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 297 ; tl : sydney , new south wales ; george ' s bay , tasmania\nthiotricha angelica bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 131 , pl . 5 , f . 9 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara\nthiotricha eremita bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 132 , pl . 5 , f . 111 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara\nthiotricha melanacma bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 133 , pl . 5 , f . 12 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara\nthiotricha tethela bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 131 , pl . 5 , f . 10 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara\nthiotricha subocellea ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer , 1993 , nota lepid . 16 : 51 ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75 ; [ fe ]\nthiotricha synodonta ; [ nhm card ] ; park , 1991 , ann . hist . - nat . mus . hung . 83 : 121 ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75\nkorea , china ( jilin ) , japan , se . siberia . see [ maps ]\nchinochrysa diakonoff , 1954 ; verh . k . akad . wet . amst . ( 2 ) 50 ( 1 ) : 10\ngelechia ( ptocheuusa ) cleodorella zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 355 , pl . 5 , f . 120 ; tl : bogota\nptocheuusa coleella constant , 1885 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . ( 6 ) 4 : 255 , pl . 10 , f . 16 ; tl : alpes - maritimes\npolyhymno corylella ; ponomarenko , park & bae , 2006 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 9 ( 2 ) : 107\ndissobola meyrick , 1935 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 561\npolyhumno fusca ; ponomarenko , park & bae , 2006 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 9 ( 2 ) : 108\ngemmulans meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 63\npolyhymno ? godmani walsingham , [ 1892 ] ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1891 : 525 ; tl : west indies , st . vincent\npolyhymno indistincta ; ponomarenko , park & bae , 2006 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 9 ( 2 ) : 108\npolyhymno laterestriata walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 78\nlindsayi philpott , 1927 ; trans . n . z . inst . 58 : 84\nherzegovina , croatia , n . italy , s . france ( alpes - maritimes ) , greece . see [ maps ]\nptocheuusa majorella rebel , 1910 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 60 : 28 ; tl : herzegovina\nmicrorrhoda meyrick , 1935 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 586\npolyhymno pontifera ; bae , lee & park , 2014 , ent . res . 44 : 19 ( list )\nlarva on symplocos prunifolia ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 81\neu , european russia , china ( gansu , shaanxi , jilin ) , japan . see [ maps ]\nsyncentritis meyrick , 1935 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 586\nmystax trapezoidella caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 138 ; tl : kasakewitsch\nmystax trichoma caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 136 ; tl : kasakewitsch\npolyhymno tylephora meyrick , 1935 ; mat . microlep . fauna chin . prov . : 68\nanacampsis wollastoni walsingham , 1894 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1894 : 545 ; tl : madeira\n[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nmicrolepidoptera from the solomon islands . additional records and descriptions of microlepidoptera collected in the solomon islands by the rennell island expedition 1953 - 54\nmicrolepidoptera of new guinea , results of the third archbold expedition ( american - netherlands indian expedition 1938 - 1939 ) . part iv\nsystematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa , zugleich als text , revision und supplement zu j . h\u00fcbner ' s sammlung europ\u00e4ischer schmetterlinge , die schaben und federmotten , ( 1847 - ) 1853 - 1855 )\nzeller , 1877 exotische microlepidopteren horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 3 - 493 , pl . 1 - 6\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country ."]}
 {"id": 36, "summary": [{"text": "the manus monarch ( symposiachrus infelix ) is a species of bird in the family monarchidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is endemic to the admiralty islands of papua new guinea .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical mangrove forests .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it is threatened by habitat loss . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "manus monarch", "paragraphs": ["the manus monarch was originally placed in the genus monarcha until moved to symposiachrus in 2009 . alternate names include the admiralty islands monarch , admiralty monarch , admiralty pied monarch , somber monarch and unhappy monarch .\nmanus monarch ( symposiachrus infelix ) is a species of bird in the monarchidae family .\nthe manus monarch ( symposiachrus infelix ) is a species of bird in the family monarchidae . it is endemic to the admiralty islands of papua new guinea .\nfile : black - naped monarch ( hypothymis puella puella ) female on nest . jpg\nfemale pale - blue monarch on a nest constructed on a fork in a tree .\nnot globally threatened . currently considered near - threatened . restricted - range species : present in admiralty islands eba . scarce or locally common . fairly common on manus , . . .\neiao monarch , pomarea fluxa \u2013 extinct ( late 1970s ) . formerly included in p . mendozae\nnuku hiva monarch , pomarea nukuhivae \u2013 extinct ( 20th century ) . formerly included in p . iphis\nua pou monarch , pomarea mira \u2013 extinct ( c . 1986 ) . formerly included in p . mendozae\nclement , p . ( 2018 ) . manus monarch ( symposiachrus infelix ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nthe monarch flycatchers ( monarchidae ) comprise a family of passerine birds which includes boatbills , shrikebills , paradise flycatchers , and magpie - larks .\nthe monarch flycatchers ( monarchidae ) comprise a family of passerine birds which includes boatbills , shrikebills , paradise - flycatchers , and magpie - larks .\nall monarch - flycatchers are arboreal and insectivorous . they forage by gleaning and snatching arthropods from vegetation or , in true flycatcher fashion , they sally after flying insects . monarchids are typically . . .\n14\u00b75\u201315 cm . a small to medium - sized pied monarch with white tail , thin and narrow bill . nominate race has black face , forehead and forecrown to side of neck , bluish - . . .\nthe nests are in turn often aggressively defended by monarch flycatchers . in all species the nest is an open cup on a branch , fork or twig . in some species the nests can be highly conspicuous .\nthe nests are in turn often aggressively defended by monarch flycatchers . in all species the nest is a open cup on a branch , fork or twig . in some species the nests can be highly conspicuous .\nmonarch - flycatchers may be uncommon or abundant , depending on the species and its requirements , and on environmental factors . near armidale , in south - eastern australia , the population density of leaden flycatchers . . .\nmonarch - flycatchers are predominantly birds of the old world tropics , where they are found in sub - saharan africa , madagascar , southern asia , wallacea and australasia and on islands in the indian and pacific . . .\nlist of species of the monarch - flycatchers ( monarchidae ) family . each species provides information on taxonomy , descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation and bibliography .\nthe monarch - flycatcher family , as presently defined , is a diverse group of small , slim - bodied , generally active arboreal birds , many of which are handsomely plumaged . its members range in size from the warbler - like . . .\nmore recently , the grouping has been refined somewhat as the original concept of corvida has proven paraphyletic . the narrower ' core corvine ' group now comprises the crows and ravens , shrikes , birds of paradise , fantails , monarch flycatchers , drongos and mudnest builders .\nmore recently , the grouping has been refined somewhat as the original concept of corvida has proven paraphyletic . the narrower ' core corvine ' group now comprises the crows and ravens , shrikes , birds of paradise , fantails , monarch flycatchers , drongos and mudnest builders . [ 8 ]\nthe majority of the family is found in forest and woodland habitats . species that live in more open woodlands tend to live in the higher levels of the trees but , in denser forest , live in the middle and lower levels . other habitats used by monarch flycatchers include savannah and mangroves , and the terrestrial magpie - lark occurs in most australian habitats except the driest deserts .\nthe majority of the family is found in forest and woodland habitats . species that live in more open woodlands tend to live in the higher levels of the trees but , in denser forest , live in the middle and lower levels . other habitats used by monarch flycatchers include savannah and mangroves , and the terrestrial magpie - lark occurs in most australian habitats except the driest deserts .\nwhile the majority of monarch flycatchers are resident , a few species are partially migratory and one , the satin flycatcher , is fully migratory , although the japanese paradise flycatcher is almost entirely migratory . the asian paradise flycatcher is migratory over the northern parts of its range and sedentary in the tropics , and the african paradise flycatcher makes a series of poorly understood intra - african migratory movements .\nthe monarch - flycatchers are generally monogamous , with the pair bonds ranging from just a single season ( as in the african paradise - flycatcher ) to life ( the elepaio ) . only three species are known to engage in cooperative breeding ; but many species are as yet unstudied . they are generally territorial , defending territories that are around 2 ha in size , but a few species may cluster their nesting sites closely together . nesting sites may also be chosen close to aggressive species , for example leaden flycatchers nests may be located near the nests of the aggressive noisy friarbird . [ 4 ] the nests are in turn often aggressively defended by monarch flycatchers . in all species the nest is an open cup on a branch , fork or twig . in some species the nests can be highly conspicuous .\nwhile the majority of monarch - flycatchers are resident , a few species are partially migratory and one , the satin flycatcher , is fully migratory , although the japanese paradise - flycatcher is almost entirely migratory . the asian paradise - flycatcher is migratory over the northern parts of its range and sedentary in the tropics , and the african paradise - flycatcher makes a series of poorly understood intra - african migratory movements .\ncoates , b . , dutson , g . & filardi , c . ( 2018 ) . monarch - flycatchers ( monarchidae ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nthe monarch flycatchers have a mostly old world distribution . in the western end of their range they are distributed through sub - saharan africa , madagascar and the islands of the tropical indian ocean . they also occur in south and southeastern asia , north to japan , down to new guinea and most of australia . the family has managed to reach many pacific islands , and several endemic genera occur across micronesia , melanesia and polynesia as far as hawaii and the marquesas .\nthe monarch flycatchers have an mostly old world distribution . in the western end of their range they are distributed through sub - saharan africa , madagascar and the islands of the tropical indian ocean . they also occur in south and southeastern asia , north to japan , down to new guinea and most of australia . the family has managed to reach many pacific islands , and several endemic genera occur across micronesia , melanesia and polynesia as far as hawaii and the marquesas .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe ioc world bird list is an open access resource of the international community of ornithologists . our goal is to facilitate worldwide communication in ornithology and conservation based on an up - to - date classification of world birds and a set of english names that follows explicit guidelines for spelling and construction ( gill & wright 2006 ) .\nthe ioc editorial team and advisors update the web - based list quarterly . the updates include changes of recommended names or classification , additions of newly described species , corrections of nomenclature , and updates of species taxonomy .\nthe ioc world bird list complements other primary world bird lists that differ slightly in their primary goals and taxonomic philosophy , i . e . the clements checklist of the birds of the world , the howard & moore complete checklist of the birds of the world , 4 th edition , and hbw alive / bird life international . improved alignment of these independent taxonomic works is a goal of the newly structured international ornithologists union , including a round table discussion at the 2018 meeting in vancouver , british columbia .\nioc world bird list 8 . 1 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 8 . 1\nioc world bird list 8 . 2 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 8 . 2\nioc world bird list 7 . 1 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 7 . 1\nioc world bird list 7 . 2 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 7 . 2\nioc world bird list 7 . 3 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 7 . 3\nioc world bird list 6 . 4 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 6 . 4\nioc world bird list 6 . 3 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 6 . 3\nioc world bird list 6 . 2 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 6 . 2\nioc world bird list 6 . 1 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 6 . 1\nioc world bird list 5 . 4 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 5 . 4\nioc world bird list 5 . 3 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 5 . 3\nioc world bird list 5 . 2 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 5 . 2\nioc world bird list 5 . 1 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 5 . 1\nioc world bird list 4 . 4 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 4 . 4\nioc world bird list 4 . 3 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 4 . 3\nioc world bird list 4 . 2 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 4 . 2\nioc world bird list 4 . 1 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 4 . 1\nioc world bird list 3 . 5 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 3 . 5\nioc world bird list 3 . 4 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 3 . 4\nioc world bird list 3 . 3 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 3 . 3\nioc world bird list 3 . 2 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 3 . 2\nioc world bird list 3 . 1 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 3 . 1\ngill f & d donsker ( eds ) . 2016 . ioc world bird list ( v 6 . 2 ) . doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 6 . 2\nrace coultasi distinctive , with white rump and most of uppertail ( 3 ) , reduced white on wing - coverts ( 1 ) and tendency to form complete white collar ( 1 ) ; further study needed . two subspecies recognized .\nwhat do ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) mean ? learn more about the scoring system .\nsong a series of high - pitched whistles ; long , low whistle and harsh chattering or grating scolding . . .\nno information on diet . usually solitary or in pairs . forages at lower to middle levels in forest trees . forages with tumbling flycatching . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\npreviously included in monarcha , but genetic studies # r # r indicate that such treatment renders monarcha polyphyletic , so separate genera required # r .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nthis species is classified as near threatened because it is thought to have a moderately small population which is likely to be declining owing to ongoing logging activities .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : symposiachrus infelix . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 292 , 585 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nall ranks domain kingdom subkingdom phylum subphylum superclass class subclass infraclass superorder order suborder infraorder superfamily family subfamily tribe subtribe genus subgenus species subspecies variety group ( polytypic ) group ( monotypic ) species split life sp . ssp . intra - specific hybrid interspecific hybrid intergeneric hybrid species pair\nall records ( accepted , rejected , pending ) . to filter / search please enter a phrase . e . g . to filter rejected records , type rejected into the search box , all columns can be filtered .\nhave you seen something interesting ? click submit to share your rare bird sightings via our simple form .\n\u00a9 2018 birdguides , warners group publications plc . all rights reserved . company registered in england no . 2572212 | vat registration no . gb 638 3492 15\nenglish french online dictionary term bank , where you can search in more than 2 million words in categories and different pronunciation options .\nnote : the language you choose must correspond to the language of the term you have entered . for example , if you enter a french term , choose an option under \u201cfrench . \u201d\naccording to some authors , all elements of names of bird species require capital letters except for hyphenated adjectives where the second word is not capitalized , for example , black - crowned night heron .\nmonarque triste : nom fran\u00e7ais uniformis\u00e9 par la commission internationale des noms fran\u00e7ais des oiseaux .\nselon certains auteurs , les noms des esp\u00e8ces d ' oiseaux acqui\u00e8rent une valeur de nom propre ; tous les substantifs g\u00e9n\u00e9riques de m\u00eame que tous les qualificatifs sp\u00e9cifiques qui pr\u00e9c\u00e8dent le substantif g\u00e9n\u00e9rique doivent prendre la majuscule , par exemple : p\u00e9trel minime , petit butor .\naccess a collection of canadian resources on all aspects of english and french , including quizzes .\na collection of writing tools that cover the many facets of english and french grammar , style and usage .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nits natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical mangrove forests . it is threatened by habitat loss .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more\nfollowing the taxonomy applied to hbw alive , derived from the recently published hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world , this family now contains species that were formerly considered to comprise the family mudlarks ( grallinidae ) . see link for information on this group .\nonly subscribers have complete access to the families of the hbw alive . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nsmall to medium - sized passerines with broad - based , often deeply compressed bill , usually slender legs with strongly curved claws , some species with greatly elongated central rectrices ; plumage variable , from modest to brightly coloured , often with rufous , grey , white or black , some species glossy blue .\nthe broad flat bill , the stiff bristles around the nares , and a general similarity in hunting behaviour led early ornithologists to group the world\u2019s numerous \u201cflycatcher\u201d radiations together . with more detailed morphological studies and , later , molecular analyses , these gross similarities . . .\nonly members are able to see the rest of the text . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now .\nmonarchids of both sexes are vocal birds , although , in the case of many sexually dimorphic species , songs are given only by the male . generally , the songs are whistled and the calls are harsh or raspy , . . .\nthe diet of all monarchids that have been sufficiently well studied consists predominantly of insects and small spiders ( araneae ) . this is likely to be true for the family as a whole , although the food . . .\nthe breeding habits of about one third of the species in the family are well known or moderately well known . for the remainder , however , little or , in some cases , no information is available . the nests and / or eggs of some 30 of the family\u2019s 97 species are still undescribed .\nthe majority of the monarchidae are residents or sedentary tropical species , but eight species are migratory or partly migratory . typically , migratory species , including the japanese paradise - flycatcher and the . . .\nlargely as a result of their small size , their forest habitats and their unremarkable calls , monarchs have a very limited relationship with humans . the paradise - flycatchers are visually the most spectacular members . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to access to a lot of extra features !\na detailed list of the species of the family is displayed to our subscribers , showing the following columns : genus , species , common name , conservation status , figure , and the check mark . above the table , a tiny search engine is displayed to facilitate the filtering of the species .\nyou don ' t have any subscription to the hbw alive . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nmonarchids are small insectivorous songbirds with long tails . they inhabit forest or woodland across sub - saharan africa , south - east asia , australasia and a number of pacific islands . only a few species migrate . many species decorate their cup - shaped nests with lichen . [ 1 ]\nmany of the approximately 140 species making up the family were previously assigned to other groups , largely on the basis of general morphology or behaviour . the magpie - lark , for example , was assigned to the same family as the white - winged chough , since both build unusual nests from mud rather than vegetable matter . the australasian fantails were thought to be allied with the fantails of the northern hemisphere ( they have a similar diet and behaviour ) , and so on .\nwith the new insights generated by the dna - dna hybridisation studies of sibley and his co - workers toward the end of the 20th century , however , it became clear that these apparently unrelated birds were all descended from a common ancestor : the same crow - like ancestor that gave rise to the drongos . [ 5 ] on that basis they have been included as a subfamily of the dicruridae , along with the fantails , [ 6 ] although christidis and boles have more recently treated it at familial rank as monarchidae . [ 7 ]\nthe monarchs are small to medium - sized insectivorous passerines , many of which hunt by flycatching .\nfile : asian paradise flycatcher ( terpsiphone paradisi ) - male w img 9283 . jpg\nmulder , raoul ; robert ramiarison and rayonn\u00e9 e . emahalala ( 2003 ) .\nontogeny of male plumage dichromatism in madagascar paradise flycatchers\nmarchant , s ( 1983 ) .\nsuggested nesting association between leaden flycatchers and noisy friarbirds\n.\nsibley , charles gald & ahlquist , jon edward ( 1990 ) : phylogeny and classification of birds . yale university press , new haven , conn .\ncracraft j , barker fk , braun m , harshman j , dyke gj , feinstein j , stanley s , cibois a , schikler p , beresford p , garc\u00eda - moreno j , sorenson md , yuri t , mindell dp ( 2004 ) .\nphylogenetic relationships among modern birds ( neornithes ) : toward an avian tree of life\n. in cracraft j , donoghue mj .\ndel hoyo , j . ; elliott , a . ; christie , d . , eds . ( 2006 ) .\nthis article is part of project bird families , a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each bird family , including made - up families .\nthis article is part of project bird taxonomy , a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on every order , family and other taxonomic rank related to birds .\nthis page uses creative commons licensed content from wikipedia ( view authors ) . please help by writing it in the style of all birds wiki !\ncan ' t find a community you love ? create your own and start something epic .\nsongbirds with long tails . they inhabit forest or woodland across sub - saharan africa , south - east asia , australasia and a number of pacific islands . only a few species migrate . many species decorate their cup - shaped nests with lichen .\n) . only three species are known to engage in cooperative breeding ; but many species are as yet unstudied . they are generally\nmany of the approximately 140 species making up the family were previously assigned to other groups , largely on the basis of general morphology or behaviour . the magpie - lark , for example , was assigned to the same family as the white - winged chough , since both build unusual nests from mud rather than vegetable matter . the australasian fantails were thought to be allied with the fantails of the northern hemisphere ( they have a similar diet and behaviour ) , and so on .\nalthough christidis and boles have more recently treated it at familial rank as monarchidae .\nthe monarchs are small to medium - sized insectivorous passerines , many of which hunt by flycatching .\ngarnett , stephen ( 1991 ) . forshaw , joseph , ed . encyclopaedia of animals : birds . london : merehurst press . pp . 200\u2013201 . isbn 1 - 85391 - 186 - 0 .\nduston , guy ( 2006 ) .\nthe pacific shrikebills ( clytorhynchus ) and the case for species status for the form sanctaecrucis\n( pdf ) . bulletin of the british ornithological club 126 ( 4 ) : 299\u2013308 .\nmulder , raoul ; robert ramiarison and rayonn\u00e9 e . emahalala ( 2003 ) .\nontogeny of male plumage dichromatism in madagascar paradise flycatchers terpsiphone mutata\n. journal of avian biology 33 ( 4 ) : 342\u2013348 . doi : 10 . 1034 / j . 1600 - 048x . 2002 . 02888 . x .\nmarchant , s ( 1983 ) .\nsuggested nesting association between leaden flycatchers and noisy friarbirds\n. emu 83 ( 2 ) : 119\u2013122 . doi : 10 . 1071 / mu9830119 .\nchristidis , l . ; boles , w . e . ( 1994 ) . the taxonomy and species of birds of australia and its territories . melbourne : raou .\nchristidis , l . ; boles , w . e . ( 2008 ) . systematics and taxonomy of australian birds . canberra : csiro publishing . p . 174 . isbn 978 - 0 - 643 - 06511 - 6 .\ncracraft j , barker fk , braun m , harshman j , dyke gj , feinstein j , stanley s , cibois a , schikler p , beresford p , garc\u00eda - moreno j , sorenson md , yuri t , mindell dp ( 2004 ) .\nphylogenetic relationships among modern birds ( neornithes ) : toward an avian tree of life\n. in cracraft j , donoghue mj . assembling the tree of life . new york : oxford univ . press . pp . 468\u201389 . isbn 0 - 19 - 517234 - 5 .\ndel hoyo , j . ; elliott , a . ; christie , d . , eds . ( 2006 ) . handbook of the birds of the world , volume 11 : old world flycatchers to old world warblers . barcelona : lynx edicions . isbn 84 - 96553 - 06 - x .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe satin flycatcher is fully migratory , breeding in southern australia and migrating to northern australia and new guinea .\n, defending territories that are around 2 ha in size , but a few species may cluster their nesting sites closely together . nesting sites may also be chosen close to aggressive species , for example\nasian paradise flycatcher terpsiphone paradisi male at ananthagiri hills , in rangareddy district of andhra pradesh , india .\ngarnett , stephen ( 1991 ) . forshaw , joseph . ed . encyclopaedia of animals : birds . london : merehurst press . pp . 200\u2013201 . isbn 1 - 85391 - 186 - 0 .\nduston , guy ( 2006 ) . [ expression error : missing operand for >\nthe pacific shrikebills ( clytorhynchus ) and the case for species status for the form sanctaecrucis\n] ( pdf ) . bulletin of the british ornithological club 126 ( 4 ) : 299\u2013308 .\nmulder , raoul ; robert ramiarison and rayonn\u00e9 e . emahalala ( 2003 ) . [\n^ sibley , charles gald & ahlquist , jon edward ( 1990 ) : phylogeny and classification of birds . yale university press , new haven , conn .\nchristidis l , boles we ( 1994 ) . the taxonomy and species of birds of australia and its territories . melbourne : raou .\nchristidis l , boles we ( 2008 ) . systematics and taxonomy of australian birds . canberra : csiro publishing . pp . 174 . isbn 9780643065116 .\ncracraft j , barker fk , braun m , harshman j , dyke gj , feinstein j , stanley s , cibois a , schikler p , beresford p , garc\u00eda - moreno j , sorenson md , yuri t , mindell dp ( 2004 ) .\nphylogenetic relationships among modern birds ( neornithes ) : toward an avian tree of life\n. in cracraft j , donoghue mj . assembling the tree of life . new york : oxford univ . press . pp . 468\u201389 . isbn 0195172345 .\ndel hoyo , j . ; elliot , a . & christie d . ( editors ) . ( 2006 ) . handbook of the birds of the world . volume 11 : old world flycatchers to old world warblers . lynx edicions . isbn 849655306x .\nune fen\u00eatre ( pop - into ) d ' information ( contenu principal de sensagent ) est invoqu\u00e9e un double - clic sur n ' importe quel mot de votre page web . la fen\u00eatre fournit des explications et des traductions contextuelles , c ' est - \u00e0 - dire sans obliger votre visiteur \u00e0 quitter votre page web !\nles jeux de lettre fran\u00e7ais sont : \u25cb anagrammes \u25cb jokers , mots - crois\u00e9s \u25cb lettris \u25cb boggle .\nlettris est un jeu de lettres gravitationnelles proche de tetris . chaque lettre qui appara\u00eet descend ; il faut placer les lettres de telle mani\u00e8re que des mots se forment ( gauche , droit , haut et bas ) et que de la place soit lib\u00e9r\u00e9e .\nil s ' agit en 3 minutes de trouver le plus grand nombre de mots possibles de trois lettres et plus dans une grille de 16 lettres . il est aussi possible de jouer avec la grille de 25 cases . les lettres doivent \u00eatre adjacentes et les mots les plus longs sont les meilleurs . participer au concours et enregistrer votre nom dans la liste de meilleurs joueurs ! jouer\nla plupart des d\u00e9finitions du fran\u00e7ais sont propos\u00e9es par sensegates et comportent un approfondissement avec littr\u00e9 et plusieurs auteurs techniques sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9s . le dictionnaire des synonymes est surtout d\u00e9riv\u00e9 du dictionnaire int\u00e9gral ( tid ) . l ' encyclop\u00e9die fran\u00e7aise b\u00e9n\u00e9ficie de la licence wikipedia ( gnu ) .\nles jeux de lettres anagramme , mot - crois\u00e9 , joker , lettris et boggle sont propos\u00e9s par memodata . le service web alexandria est motoris\u00e9 par memodata pour faciliter les recherches sur ebay .\nchanger la langue cible pour obtenir des traductions . astuce : parcourir les champs s\u00e9mantiques du dictionnaire analogique en plusieurs langues pour mieux apprendre avec sensagent .\ncopyright \u00a9 2000 - 2016 sensagent : encyclop\u00e9die en ligne , thesaurus , dictionnaire de d\u00e9finitions et plus . tous droits r\u00e9serv\u00e9s .\nles cookies nous aident \u00e0 fournir les services . en poursuivant votre navigation sur ce site , vous acceptez l ' utilisation de ces cookies . en savoir plus\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\navibase has been visited 263 , 298 , 907 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\navibase has been visited 263 , 289 , 695 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nspecial thanks to tropical birding for outstanding photo contributions to the bird data family of apps .\nthis application is created by interactive maps . you can also have your visited countries map on your site . if you see this message , you need to upgrade your flash player ."]}
-{"id": 37, "summary": [{"text": "the black carp ( mylopharyngodon piceus ) or black chinese roach is a species of cyprinid fish and the sole species of the genus mylopharyngodon .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it is native to lakes and rivers in east asia , ranging from the amur basin , through china , to vietnam .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "it is widely cultivated for food and chinese medicine .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "the black carp can reach up to 1.8 m ( 5.9 ft ) in length and 35 kg ( 77 lb ) in weight .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "it generally feeds on snails and mussels .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the average length is 60 \u2013 120 cm ( 23.5 \u2013 47 in ) .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "black carp , together with bighead , silver , and grass carps , make up the culturally important \" four famous domestic fishes \" used in polyculture in china for over a thousand years , and known as \" asian carp \" in the united states .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "black carp are not as widely distributed worldwide as the other three .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "in china , black carp are the most highly esteemed and expensive foodfish among the four domestic fishes , and partly because of its diet and limited food supply , is the most scarce and expensive in the marketplace . ", "topic": 15}], "title": "black carp", "paragraphs": ["more information on black carp and black carp distribution in the united states : u . s . geological survey animated map * u . s . geological survey black carp fact sheet identification of black carp and grass carp\nurltoken - black carp university of georgia . center for invasive species and ecosystem health .\nfws fact sheet on black carp draft environmental assesment draft economic analysis asian carp prevention and control act ( hr . 3049 and s . 1402 )\nblack carp ( jul 2002 ; pdf | 449 kb ) doi . fws . invasive species program .\nblack carp feed on mollusks and snails , consuming up to 20 % of their body weight per day .\nblack carp found at river mile 137 of illinois river in april of 2017 . photo courtesy of aaron roberts\nwhile adult black carp have been found sporadically in the mississippi , the november discovery near cape girardeau of juvenile fish among the hundreds of fish caught showed the black carp population in the river is higher than scientists expected , missouri department of conservation resource scientist quinton phelps said , and that there\u2019s a \u201chigh probability\u201d that more black carp were caught .\nwhat to do if you think you have found an asian carp ( 2010 ; pdf | 584 kb ) asian carp regional coordinating committee . see asian carp newsroom for updated news regarding asian carp response in the midwest .\nresembles many of the carp species in the united states . including its asian cousins : grass carp ( ctenopharyngodon idella ) silver carp ( hypophthalmichthys molitrix ) largescale silver carp ( hypophthalmichthys harmandi ) bighead carp ( hypophthalmichthys nobilis ) common goldfish ( carassius auratus ) crucian carp ( carassius carassius ) mud carp ( cirrhinus molitorella ) also resembles the common carp ( cyprinus carpio ) ( common carp are european , not asian , and are sometimes considered\nnative\nbecause they have been in the us since the 1800s )\na black carp captured this april in the illinois river by a commercial fisher highlights a unique partnership between fishers , the illinois department of natural resources , and southern illinois university . for surrendering this black carp , the commercial fisher received a $ 100 bounty , and in turn , helped resource agencies learn a little more about the range of black carp in the illinois river . the black carp was found south of peoria , illinois near copperas creek lock and extends the upstream detection of the species by 110 miles .\nnonindigenous aquatic species database . fact sheet - black carp . usgs , gainesville , fl . [ accessed sep 16 , 2014 ] .\nu . s . present : the black carp has been reported in arkansas , illinois , mississippi , and missouri . texas : while the black carp has been used in aquaculture in states as close as louisiana for decades , currently there are no reported texas invasions .\nillustrations and detailed information useful for the positive identification of this species appear in nico et al . ( 2005 ) and schofield et al . ( 2005 ) . an identification key to introduced asian carps and other cyprinids , including black carp , is provided by schofield et al . ( 2005 ) . the black carp closely resembles the grass carp ctenopharyngodon idella . the two species are similar in overall body shape , size and placement of fins . both black carp and grass carp have very large scales . in contrast to grass carp , the black carp is slightly darker in coloration ( not black ) and its pharyngeal teeth ( throat teeth ) are large and similar in appearance to human molars , an adaptation for crushing the shells of mollusks ( nico et al . 2005 ) commercial fishers in louisiana have noted that black carp also have a somewhat pointed snout , a character they find useful in distinguishing it from grass carp . juveniles and larvae may be difficult to distinguish from those of grass carp and certain other cyprinids . illustrations and descriptions of juvenile and larval asian carps , including black carp , appear in nico et al . ( 2005 ) and chapman ( 2006 ) .\nthe black carp is one of four species of asian carp that threaten waterways in the central united states . as molluscivores , black carps consume native freshwater mussels and snails that live in our large rivers . 26 freshwater mussel species native to illinois are state - threatened or endangered , twelve of which are federally listed . the asian carp regional coordinating committee\u2019s collaborative 2017 asian carp action plan recognizes the informational needs for black carp control and management , and is further addressing this need in the annual monitoring and response plan which focuses on the upper illinois waterway .\ncommercial fishers are valuable in the cooperative effort to better understand black carp because they are skilled in fishing large rivers throughout the region . beyond the illinois river , the bounty program also accounts for the majority of adult black carp reported in the rest of the country . in addition to commercial fishers , recreational anglers and bowfishers should be aware of these invasive fish and what to do if one is harvested . in appearance , black carp closely resemble the more common grass carp , another asian carp which is also found in large rivers of the central united states . proper identification of black carps is an essential component of the bounty program .\nthere is high potential that the black carp would negatively impact native aquatic communities by feeding on , and reducing , populations of native mussels and snails , many of which are considered endangered or threatened ( nico et al . 2005 ) . given their size and diet preferences , black carp have the potential to restructure benthic communities by direct predation and removal of algae - grazing snails . mussel beds consisting of smaller individuals and juvenile recruits are probably most vulnerable to being consumed by black carp ( nico et al . 2005 ) . furthermore , based on the fact that black carp attain a large size ( well over 1 meter long ) , both juvenile and adult mussels and snails of many species would be vulnerable to predation by this fish ( nico et al . 2005 ) . fish farmers report that black carp are very effective in reducing the numbers of snails in some ponds . recently , wui and engle ( 2007 ) argued that black carp can eliminate 100 % of the snails in a single pond . although their assumption that black carp are capable of eliminating all common pond snails in ponds is open to debate , the effectiveness of black carp in significantly reducing snail populations in aquaculture ponds indicates that any black carp occurring in the wild may cause significant declines in certain native mollusk populations in north american streams and lakes ( nico et al . 2005 ) . because the life span of black carp is reportedly over 15 years , sterile triploid black carp in the wild would be expected to persist many years and therefore have the potential to cause harm native mollusks by way of predation ( nico et al . 2005 ) .\nblack carp would compete with mollusk - eating native fish , including freshwater drum , redhorse species and the state threatened lake sturgeon , for limited food resources .\nthere is high potential that the black carp will negatively impact native aquatic communities by feeding on , and reducing , populations of native mussels and snails , many of which are considered endangered or threatened . given their size and diet preferences , black carp also have the potential to restructure benthic communities by direct predation and removal of algae - grazing snails and native mussels . furthermore , because the black carp can attain a large size ( well over 1 meter long ) , juvenile and adult mussels and many species of snails would be vulnerable to predation . since the life span of the black carp is reportedly over 15 years , sterile triploid black carp in the wild are expected to persist many years and therefore have the potential to cause harm native mollusks by way of predation . also , black carp juveniles feed on zooplankton and insect larvae while adults feed on benthic invertebrates such as snails and mussels , so many different resources maybe become exhausted .\nchick et al . ( 2003 ) believed that their illinois capture was the first wild record of black carp in the united states , but nico et al . ( 2005 ) provided new information indicating that louisiana commercial fishers had been collecting black carp in louisiana since the early 1990s . however , until recently the louisiana commercial fishers thought that the black carp in their nets were just an unusual type of grass carp\u2014somewhat darker and with a higher dorsal fin and more pointed head or snout ( nico et al . 2005 : xiii ) . the black carp that escaped in missouri may have been triploid and thus considered sterile ( anonymous 1994b ) . however , it also was rumored that these fish may have been brood stock . all wild black carp examined to date taken in louisiana waters have been found to be diploid ( nico et al . 2005 ) .\nnonindigenous aquatic species database : point map - black carp doi . usgs . wetland and aquatic research center . provides detailed collection information as well as animated map .\nbecause it\u2019s a federal offense to carry a live black carp across state lines , anyone who finds one should kill it and try to bring it to authorities without freezing it , said chapman , who is expecting to get funding this fall to develop a bait that targets black carp while not endangering other species or the public .\nblack carp , like the other asian carps , are able to invade novel habitats and ecosystems readily due to a variety of factors . first , the carp are aggressive and prodigious feeders . individuals may consume as much as 20 % of their body mass in one day . further , black carp are explosive breeders . gaining sexual maturity after a few years , these carp may lay hundreds of thousands of eggs in one brood . unfortunately , as the carp mature and grow they produce even more eggs and increase their fecundity , allowing for further invasions .\nnonindigenous aquatic species database : fact sheet - black carp doi . usgs . wetland and aquatic research center . provides distribution maps and collection information ( state and county ) .\nblack carp was first imported into the united states in the 1970s , and by the 1990s this species was being used in fish farms in several southern states to control pond snails . black carp were reported as having escaped into the osage river from a missouri fish farm during a major flood in april 1994 . due to its widespread use to control snails , escapees from aquaculture ponds have probably added to the wild population . during recent years there have been reports of black carp being captured in the wild . the first published report was that of a single black carp taken by a commercial fisher from horseshoe lake in southern illinois in march 2003 . other reports of captures have surfaced since .\nvoucher preserved specimens of the two wild - caught black carp taken in illinois are deposited in the ichthyological collection of southern illinois university - carbondale . several wild - caught black carp taken in louisiana waters were preserved and are in the possession of biologists at louisiana state university and at the u . s . geological survey - gainesville center in florida .\ndevaney et al . ( 2009 ) performed ecological niche modeling to examine the invasion potential for black carp and three other invasive cyprinids ( grass carp ctenopharyngodon idella , common carp cyprinus carpio , and tench tinca tinca ) . the majority of the u . s . between the mississippi river basin and the atlantic coast had a moderate to high predicted ecological suitability for this species , with the mississippi river drainage ( where individuals of black carp have been caught in the wild ) having the highest overall predicted suitability .\nin aquaculture ponds ( nico et al . 2005 ) . the first known record of an introduction of black carp into open waters occurred in missouri in 1994 when thirty or more black carp along with several thousand bighead carp reportedly escaped into the osage river , missouri river drainage , when high water flooded hatchery ponds at an aquaculture facility near lake of the ozarks . recently , owners of the missouri facility where the escapes reportedly took place have denied that black carp ever escaped from their facility ( nico et al . 2005 ) . in any case , flooding of aquaculture facilities and associated numbers and types of escaped fishes are very poorly documented in the public record . there is evidence that large portions of the lower mississippi river basin where aquaculture farms are present have been subject to large - scale floods on a number of occasions over the past few decades . consequently , it is likely that the source of some or all of the black carp present in the lower mississippi river basin . nearly all fish farms with black carp are in lowland areas and flood events increase the probability that more black carp will eventually escape fish farms ( nico et al . 2005 : 245 ) . there is also risk that black carp may be spread by other means . according to one aquaculture farmer , hundreds of young black carp were accidentally included in shipments of live baitfish sent from arkansas to bait dealers in missouri as early as 1994 ( nico et al . 2004 : 5 ) . in addition , because of the continued widespread distribution of grass carp across the united states , there remains the possibility that shipments may inadvertently contain black carp ( nico et al . 2005 ) . juveniles , in particular , are difficult to distinguish from grass carp young . as such , nico et al . ( 2005 ) expressed concern over the increased risk that the species be misidentified and unintentionally introduced as\ngrass carp\nto some areas .\nblack carp have been used in the aquaculture industry for decades so its removal in the near future seems unlikely . however , scientists , worried about an escape / colonization event , have urged fish farmers to use triploid black carp . these triploid individuals are sterile , so even if they do escape it will not lead to a breeding population . in fact , it is not illegal ( thanks to the lacey act ) to transport viable black carp across states . the lacey act has largely prevented the unwanted spread of black carp across the us . there is evidence that wild populations of black carp may have been present in the lower mississippi river basin , largely in and around the red river of louisiana , since the early 1990s . reproduction in the mississippi river has not been documented , but new information and recent collections suggest this species has likely established in the lower part of the mississippi basin .\nthe black carp is a blackish brown fish with blackish grey fins , an elongated and laterally compressed body . they average more than 3 feet in length and 33 pounds in weight , but can reach 5 feet in length and weigh up to 150 pounds . individuals of the species are known to live for at least 15 years . young black carp are difficult to distinguish from young grass carp ( ctenopharyngodon idella ) , another non - native species .\nmississippi national river and recreation area - asian carp overview doi . national park service .\nofficials are asking the public to help stop the spread of black carp by not dumping their bait buckets indiscriminately and stocking ponds with fish from licensed vendors , phelps said . and in some states along the mississippi \u2014 including missouri , ohio , illinois and tennessee \u2014 any black carp caught in the wild can earn a $ 100 reward from southern illinois university , using money from the illinois department of resources .\nthe native range of black carp includes most major pacific ocean drainages of eastern asia from the amur river basin south to the west - pearl river basin , and possibly the red river of northern vietnam .\npriority species : asian carp washington state recreation and conservation office . washington invasive species council .\nben - ami , f . , & heller , j . 2001 . biological control of aquatic pest snails by the black carp mylopharyngodon piceus . biological control , 22 ( 2 ) , 131 - 138 .\nthe black carp is a bottom - dwelling molluscivore that has been used by u . s . fish farmers to prey on and control disease - carrying snails in their farm ponds ; more recently , this species has been proposed as a biological control for the introduced zebra mussel dreissena polymorpha . although the subject has been debated , to date , there is no experimental evidence that indicates black carp would be effective in controlling zebra mussels . because black carp do not have jaw teeth and their mouths are relatively small , it is unlikely that these fish are capable of breaking apart zebra mussel rafts ( nico et al . 2005 ) .\naquatic invasive species : black carp ( apr 2009 ; pdf | 216 kb ) indiana department of natural resources . see also : invasive species for exotic animal and plant pests invading indiana , causing economic and visual damage\nif they become established in the great lakes , black carp could pose a major threat to michigan\u2019s native mussel populations , many of which are endangered , threatened , of special concern , or in need of conservation .\nu . s . habitat : a freshwater fish , the black carp has found suitable habitat in the united states . the great lakes and mississippi river ( and others ) , offer the necessary habitat for a rapid growth in the population numbers of these fish . there are plenty of snail and mussel species for the fish to eat , however many of those species are already endangered and could be pushed to extinction by the black carp .\nchick , j . h . , r . j . maher , b . m . burr , m . r . thomas . 2003 . first black carp captured in u . s . science . 300 : 1876 - 1877 .\nwui , y . - s . & engle , c . r . 2007 . the economic impact of restricting use of black carp for snail control on hybrid striped bass farms . north american journal of aquaculture 69 : 127 - 138 .\nthis 2008 photo provided by the u . s . geological survey shows jeremy haley holding a 50 - pound black carp at the usgs laboratory , in columbia , mo . the discovery of two juvenile black carp in a ditch attached to the mississippi river in missouri is a troubling sign that the invasive species is reproducing in the wild , which could threaten already - endangered mollusks and native fish species in the river , research scientists said . ( duane chapman / u . s . geological survey via ap )\nnico , l . g . , j . d . williams , and h . l . jelks . 2005 . black carp : biological synopsis and risk assessment of an introduced fish , american fisheries society special publication 32 , bethesda , md . 337 p .\nkansas city \u2022 the discovery of two juvenile black carp in a ditch connected to the mississippi river in missouri is the first , troubling sign that the invasive species is reproducing in the wild and becoming more of a threat to already endangered mollusks and some native fish , scientists say .\nblack carp were brought to the u . s . in the 1970s to help fish farms fight snails , which carry parasites that are dangerous to several fish species . no native fish is as efficient and , at the time , farmers and the government didn\u2019t want to use chemicals .\nfactsheet : asian carp pennsylvania state university . pennsylvania sea grant . see also : aquatic invasive species : resources for additional species information\n\u201cscientists really thought there were not enough adult black carp in the wild to find each other and reproduce , \u201d phelps said . \u201cbut what we found through this sampling is evidence there are enough to reproduce , and those young are surviving to a point where we are collecting them . \u201d\nscientists from federal agencies including the u . s . fish and wildlife service and u . s . geological survey provide valuable analysis of the surrendered black carps . the most recent black carp reported near peoria , illinois was 28 inches in length and weighed eight pounds . analysis by the u . s . fish and wildlife service indicates that this fish was fertile , referred to as diploid , which is consistent with most fish recently captured in the bounty program . since the establishment of the bounty program in 2015 , 37 black carps have been collected . of these , 26 were collected in 2016 alone . four have been found in the illinois river .\nthis species was first brought into the united states in the early 1970s as a\ncontaminant\nin imported grass carp stocks . these fish came from asia and were sent to a private fish farm in arkansas ( nico et al . 2005 ) . subsequent introductions of black carp into this country occurred in the early 1980s . during this period it was imported as a food fish and as a biological control agent to combat the spread of yellow grub\nto report a black carp captured in the central united states from the mississippi , illinois , ohio or wabash rivers , please call a number below during regular business hours or report to your local natural resource agency . fish should be held cold , on ice , not alive , until passed to a natural resource agent .\nnico , l . g . , j . d . williams , and h . l . jelks . 2005 . black carp : biological synopsis and risk assessment of an introduced fish , american fisheries society special publication 32 , bethesda , md . t . a . crowl . 1990 . life - history strategies of freshwater snail in response to stream permanence and predation : balancing conflicting demands . oecologia 84 : 238\u2013243 . w . l . shelton , a . soliman and s . rothbard . 1995 . experimental observation on feeding biology of black carp ( mylopharyngodon piceus ) . bamidgeh 47 : pp . 59\u201367 . internet sources urltoken urltoken urltoken urltoken urltoken\n\u201ceveryone is up in arms about damage from species like feral hogs , whitetail deer , and other native terrestrial species , \u201d he said . \u201cthe impact doesn\u2019t seem to be as bad when the damage is under the water . but ( black carp ) is no different or less destructive than other invasive species\u2019 interaction with native wildlife . \u201d\n* updated on may 23 , 2017 to reflect the reported capture of a black carp at douglas lake near chillicothe , illinois , adjacent to the illinois river at approximately river mile 182 . the report was from a commercial fisher , although no specimen was provided . more information can be found on u . s . geological survey ' s nonindigenous aquatic species page .\nblack carp can grow to 150 pounds and are the most efficient prey of mollusks in freshwater streams , according to duane chapman , a research fish biologist with the u . s . geological survey . that\u2019s a problem because the mississippi river basin has the most diverse mollusk population in the world , and three - fourths of the mussel species are threatened or endangered , he said .\nschramm , h . l . , jr . & basler , m . c . 2005 . evaluation of capture methods and distribution of black carp in arkansas , louisiana , and mississippi : final report 1 june 2004 - 31 may 2005 submitted to region 4 , u . s . fish and wildlife service , fisheries , atlanta , georgia . mississippi state , mississippi : u . s . geological survey , mississippi cooperative fish and wildlife research unit .\naquatic invasive species : asian carp risk analysis for arizona ( oct 2011 ; pdf | 316 kb ) arizona game and fish department . see also : aquatic invasive species for additional risk analyses and related species information\nfreshwater aquatic invasive species in rhode island - asian carp ( sep 2010 ; pdf | 553 kb ) rhode island department of environmental management . office of water resources . see also : aquatic invasive animals for species of concern\ndevaney , s . c . , k . m . mcnyset , j . b . williams , a . t . peterson , and e . o . wiley . 2009 . a tale of four\ncarp\n: invasion potential and ecological niche modeling . plos one 4 ( 5 ) : e5451 .\nthis species can be found in rivers , streams , or lakes ; however , it requires large rivers to reproduce ( nico et al . 2005 ) . reproduction takes place in late spring and summer when water temperatures and / or water levels rise ( nico et al . 2005 ) . both male and female black carp are broadcast spawners ; females are capable of releasing hundreds of thousands of eggs into flowing water , which then develop in the pelagic zone ( nico et al . 2005 ) . after fertilization , the eggs become semiboyant ( sukhanova , 1967 as cited in nico et al . 2005 ) . they hatch in 1 to 2 days , depending on water temperatures , and the yolk sac is absorbed in 6 to 8 days ( nico et al . 2005 ) . they become sexually mature at 4 to 6 years after which they migrate back to their spawning grounds ( nico et al . 2005 ) . successful reproduction is known only from riverine habitats ( nico et al . 2005 ) . their lifespan probably exceeds 15 years ( biro , 1999 ) .\npictures | can ' t connect to mysql database fbwebwritev4 . errorcode : too many connections\n$ 0 . 99 for first month , then $ 9 . 99 after that .\npartly cloudy . a stray shower or thunderstorm is possible . high 91f . winds light and variable . .\nbut it\u2019s not just about losing the mollusk species \u2014 there\u2019s a domino effect . lose the mollusks and there could be poorer water quality because some species clean impurities , as well as losing a food source for fish , muskrats , raccoons , otters and some birds , the conservation department said .\n\u201ca great number of species are in danger , species we\u2019ve done a great deal of work to protect , \u201d chapman said . \u201cnow we have this new threat coming in . conceivably , one large fish in the wrong place could cause the extinction of an endangered species in one place in a year , before we even know it\u2019s there . \u201d\n\u201ceveryone was trying to help the environment , but it\u2019s turned out to be a mistake , with potentially serious consequences , \u201d chapman said . it\u2019s unclear how the species escaped from fish farms into the mississippi river , he said , though some blame flooding .\nanother important step is being mindful of rules involving invasive species and the potential dangers of bringing them into the country , phelps said .\ngrabenhorst grading , inc . - always quality . always trusted . - call us today ! ( 636 ) 281 - 3317\n\u00a9 copyright 2018 urltoken , 900 n . tucker blvd . st . louis , mo | terms of use | privacy policy\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe nonindigenous occurrences section of the nas species profiles has a new structure . the section is now dynamically updated from the nas database to ensure that it contains the most current and accurate information . occurrences are summarized in table 1 , alphabetically by state , with years of earliest and most recent observations , and the tally and names of drainages where the species was observed . the table contains hyperlinks to collections tables of specimens based on the states , years , and drainages selected . references to specimens that were not obtained through sighting reports and personal communications are found through the hyperlink in the table 1 caption or through the individual specimens linked in the collections tables .\nbased on asian records , large adults may be more than 1 . 5 m total length and 70 kg or more in weight ; the largest specimen , unconfirmed , from the chang ( yangtze ) river basin reportedly measured 2 . 2 m .\nmost major pacific drainages of eastern asia from the pearl river ( zhu jiang ) basin in china north to the amur river ( heilong jiang ) basin of china and far eastern russia ; possibly native to the honghe or red rivers of northern vietnam ( nico et al . 2005 ) .\ntable 1 . states with nonindigenous occurrences , the earliest and latest observations in each state , and the tally and names of hucs with observations\u2020 . names and dates are hyperlinked to their relevant specimen records . the list of references for all nonindigenous occurrences of mylopharyngodon piceus are found here .\n( richardson , 1846 ) . pages 345 - 365 in p . banarescu ( ed . ) . the freshwater fishes of europe : volume 5 / i , cyprinidae 2 / i . aula - verlag , wiebelsheim , germany .\nchapman , d . w . ( editor ) 2006 . early development of four cyprinids native to the yangtze river , china . reston virginia : us geological survey data series 239 . ( available online as urltoken\nschofield , p . j . , j . d . williams , l . g . nico , p . fuller , and m . r . thomas . 2005 . foreign nonindigenous carps and minnows ( cyprinidae ) in the united states\u2014a guide to their identification , distribution , and biology . scientific investigations report 2005 - 5041 . u . s . geological survey , tallahassee , florida . 103 p . ( available online at urltoken\nnico , l . g . , and m . e . neilson , 2018 , mylopharyngodon piceus ( richardson , 1846 ) : u . s . geological survey , nonindigenous aquatic species database , gainesville , fl , urltoken revision date : 6 / 27 / 2018 , peer review date : 4 / 1 / 2016 , access date : 7 / 9 / 2018\nthis information is preliminary or provisional and is subject to revision . it is being provided to meet the need for timely best science . the information has not received final approval by the u . s . geological survey ( usgs ) and is provided on the condition that neither the usgs nor the u . s . government shall be held liable for any damages resulting from the authorized or unauthorized use of the information .\nthe data represented on this site vary in accuracy , scale , completeness , extent of coverage and origin . it is the user ' s responsibility to use these data consistent with their intended purpose and within stated limitations . we highly recommend reviewing metadata files prior to interpreting these data .\ncitation information : u . s . geological survey . [ 2018 ] . nonindigenous aquatic species database . gainesville , florida . accessed [ 7 / 9 / 2018 ] .\ncontact us if you are using data from this site for a publication to make sure the data are being used appropriately and for potential co - authorship if warranted . for queries involving fish , please contact pam fuller . for queries involving invertebrates , contact amy benson .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\ninjurious wildlife doi . fws . fish and aquatic conservation . includes species listed as injurious wildlife under the federal lacey act , which makes it illegal in the u . s . to import , export , or transport between states without a permit . see also : injurious wildlife : a summary of the injurious provisions of the lacey act ( dec 2017 ; pdf | 401 kb )\ntexas commission on environmental quality , galveston bay estuary program ; houston advanced research center ( harc ) .\ninvaders factsheet : asian carps ontario ' s invading species awareness program ( canada ) .\npest risk assessment for asian carps in oregon ( dec 15 , 2009 ; pdf | 90 kb ) oregon state library . oregon documents repository . prepared by : portland state university , center for lakes and reservoirs\nintegrated taxonomic information system . mylopharyngodon piceus . [ accessed jan 16 , 2016 ] .\nto view pdf files , you must have adobe\u00ae acrobat\u00ae installed on your computer . to view multimedia files , you must have adobe\u00ae flash\u00ae installed on your computer .\nbrowsers that can not handle javascript will not be able to access some features of this site .\nif possible , please take one or more photos of the invasive species you are reporting . also make note of the location , date and time of the observation . this will aid in verification of your report . you may be asked to provide your name and contact information if follow - up is needed .\nhabitat : large rivers and lakes but require large rivers for reproduction ( water current keeps their eggs from sinking to the bottom ) .\ndiet : their diet consists primarily of mussels and snails , but also includes freshwater shrimp , crayfish , and insects .\nu . s . distribution : reported in arkansas , illinois , louisiana , mississippi and missouri .\npotential means of introduction : illinois river or flood connections with great lakes waters .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nhas been assessed as data deficient , due to the lack of information regarding species population size , current population , impacts of threats and harvest trends .\nhas originally an east asian distribution , from in most pacific river drainages , from the amur river to the west river ( xi jiang ) ( kottelat and freyhof 2007 ) . introduced in many countries worldwide for control populations of molluscan vectors of fish and human parasites . furthermore , used to removed dreissena mussels that clog hydroelectric plants .\nnaturally reproducing populations established only in amu darya ( turkmenistan ) and possible in tone drainages ( japan ) ( freyhof and kottelat 2007 ) .\nin the second half of the 20th century , a massive decline in the abundance of this species was observed in its native distribution range . its current population trend is unknown .\ninhabits large lowland river and lakes , preferably with clear water and high oxygen concentration ( kottelat and freyhof 2007 ) .\nspawns for the first time at 6 - 11 years , females later than males ( at about 1000 mm sl and 15 kg , males at 900 mm and 11 kg , fecundity is about 700 - 800 thousand eggs ) . migrates upriver and spawns in open water during flood phase . eggs are pelagic or semipelagic and hatch while drifting downstream . if the river flow is blocked or if available river stretches are too short , eggs cannot drift for long enough and fail to develop . larvae migrate into floodplain lakes and channels with little or no current . larvae feed on zooplankton , then on ostracods and aquatic insects . at about 120 mm sl , juveniles start to feed on small snails and clams . larger juveniles and adults feed almost entirely on molluscs ( source : kottelat and freyhof 2007 ) .\nmajor threats to this species are overfishing , river modifications such as dam construction and the conversion of floodplains into agriculture land and water pollution .\nit is not known if there are any conservation measures in place . more research is needed .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nphotographer : rob cosgriff affiliation : illinois natural history survey source : urltoken copyright : ( cc by - ny 3 . 0 )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nillinois dnr : 217 . 557 . 0719 or 618 . 462 . 0362 southern illinois university : 618 . 453 . 6089 u . s . geological survey : 573 . 876 . 1866"]}
-{"id": 38, "summary": [{"text": "the large tree finch ( camarhynchus psittacula ) is a species of bird in the darwin 's finch group of the tanager family thraupidae .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "it is endemic to the galapagos islands .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "large tree finch", "paragraphs": ["large tree finch ( camarhynchus psittacula ) is a species of bird in the thraupidae family .\nprotection / threats / status : the large tree - finch is common within its range , and its populations appear to be stable . this species is not currently threatened .\nthe large tree - finch is the largest and heaviest bodied of the three tree - finch species , imaginatively named the large , medium and small tree - finches . large tree - finches have a big and deep bill with a strongly arched culmen , being approximately as long as it is deep . the fine tips of the mandibles actually cross a feature that is difficult to see on live birds . males show a dark hood , greenish back and whitish underparts . this species is found in a number of the islands in the galapagos archipelago , and in many it is sympatric with the small tree - finch ( c . parvulus ) . it is never as common as the small tree - finch and it is found in areas with taller and larger trees .\nhabitat : the large tree - finch frequents mainly humid evergreen forest between 300 and 700 metres of elevation . however , during the dry season , it may move to lower areas with deciduous trees , shrubs and opuntia cacti .\nthe breeding season is associated with rains , involving abundant food resources . the large tree - finch is monogamous and the pair defends a small territory . they often have long - term pair - bonds . the male is territorial and guards the female during the egg - laying .\nintroduction : the large tree - finch is the largest of the genus camarhynchus . this is mainly an arboreal species and an insect - eater . both scientific and french names could illustrate the repetitive song of this species , but also its strongly arched bill a bit similar to that of a parrot .\ncalls and songs : sounds by xeno - canto the large tree - finch\u2019s call is a nasal \u201ctzeeuu\u201d . the song is a series of repeated notes \u201cchu - tzee chu - tzee chut - zee\u201d . this song can be given by both mates . like in other darwin\u2019s finches , the song includes various trills and buzzes .\nconservation and research actions underway no actions are currently known . conservation and research actions proposed implement a full - scale monitoring programme across the gal\u00e1pagos islands . ensure that management activities to control invasive alien plant species do not have a negative impact on large tree - finch . investigate drivers behind observed declines and assess the impact of philornis downsi on the population . protect and enhance existing habitat .\nbehaviour in the wild : the large tree - finch feeds primarily on arthropods , but it also takes cactus fruits and other fruits , flowers and seeds . during the nesting season , the chicks are fed with a mixed diet including arthropods , fruits and seeds . outside the breeding season , it feeds mainly on seeds according to the size of its bill . it forages in trees , probing and biting into the bark of twigs , in order to extract insects and larvae , but also caterpillars .\nidentification : the largest of the tree finches with a large , rather parrot - like bill , the tips of the mandibles crossing . adult male : head , neck , breast and mantle black when fully mature , the remainder of the upperparts being olive - grey with some dark streaking . underparts pale , often with a yellow tinge . female / immature : upperparts olive - grown with faint streaking . underparts paler and virtually unstreaked .\n13 cm , largest tree - finch . deep bill , approximately as long as it is deep . mandible tips cross slightly when bill closed . male has upperparts greyish - olive and whitish below , with blackish hood . female is dull greyish brown ( jaramillo and sharpe 2015 ) . voice song a repeated series of 4 - 6 notes given in pairs\nchu - tzee chu - tzee chut - zee\n. call includes a nasal\ntzeeuu\n.\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nsacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .\nashpole , j , butchart , s . , ekstrom , j . , fisher , s . , harding , m . , sharpe , c . j .\njustification : this species has been uplisted to vulnerable . the species has declined significantly on the island of santa cruz and is likely to also be declining on other islands within its range , owing to habitat loss and degradation .\nthis species is endemic to the gal\u00e1pagos islands , ( ecuador ) , with breeding populations on isabela , santa cruz , santa f\u00e9 , fernandina , santiago , marchena , pinta and r\u00e1bida ( castro and phillips 1996 , stotz et al . 1996 ) . it is extinct on pinz\u00f3n ( castro and phillips 1996 ) and thought to be extinct on floreana ( kleindorfer et al . 2014 , jaramillo and sharpe 2015 ) .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but this species is described as ' uncommon ' in at least parts of its range ( stotz et al . 1996 ) . on the island of santa cruz its population has been estimated at 9 , 000 singing males ( dvorak et al . 2012 ) . however no data exists for the islands of isabela and santiago . trend justification : the population is suspected to be decreasing rapidly . on the island of santa cruz , the species reportedly declined significantly in the dry zone between 1997 and 2010 , but not in the scalesia zone ( dvorak et al . 2012 ) . habitat alteration , introduced pathogens and parasites and changes in insect availability may have contributed to declines . on the islands of isabela and santiago , where native forest has also been degraded ( by introduced herbivores ) population declines are also suspected ( dvorak et al . 2012 ) .\nthis species inhabits lowland deciduous and montane evergreen forest , between 300 and 700 m altitude ( stotz et al . 1996 ) . on santa cruz in the dry zone it is restricted to areas with tall palo santo bursera graveolens trees , it is also found in the scalesia zone and locally in the agricultural zone ( dvorak et al . 2012 ) . it feeds on the fruits of native plant species , and on insects for which it forages under leaves and excavates dead branches ( castro and phillips 1996 ) . it may move to lower elevations during the dry season ( jaramillo and sharpe 2015 ) .\nthe species is likely to be affected by a number of threats . development , introduced herbivores , the spread of invasive alien plant species and the herbicides used to manage these invasions may all have contributed to unfavourable habitat conditions for the species on santa cruz ( dvorak et al . 2012 ) . the introduced parasitic fly philornis downsi is known to have a negative impact on nesting success in gal\u00e1pagos finches and the species may be susceptible to avian pox . severe weather and changes in rainfall patterns owing to climate change also pose a threat .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nthere are many ways to contribute\u2014we need species information , photographs , audio , video , translations , maps , distribution data , and bird sightings . there ' s a role for everyone !\n) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe adult male of the nominate race has greyish - olive upperparts with blackish feather centres . the tail is short . the underparts are whitish with yellowish - buff wash . lower breast and flanks are streaked dark . the undertail - coverts are buffy - white and unstreaked . the head is dark , forming a blackish hood extending down to throat and breast . the deep , relatively long bill has strongly arched culmen . it is black when breeding , and dull orange with dark culmen outside the breeding season . the eyes are dark brown . legs and feet are black .\nthe female has duller greyish - brown upperparts . the upperwing is brownish with two narrow pale wingbars . the underparts are whitish with indistinct dark streaking on breast , variable according to each bird . from belly to undertail - coverts , the plumage is plain pale buff . the head is greyish - brown with pale supercilium . the bill is dull orange with darker culmen . the eyes are dark . legs and feet are blackish .\nthe immature male resembles female , with blackish forehead , face and lower throat .\nsubspecies and range : there are three subspecies . c . p . habeli occurs on pinta and marchena islands , in n galapagos islands . this race is smaller than nominate . the male is darker too . the bill is longer , with less arched culmen .\nc . p . affinis is found on fernandina and isabela islands , in w galapagos islands . this one is smaller than nominate , with smaller bill too .\nc . p . psittacula ( here described and displayed ) occurs on santiago , r\u00e1bida , santa cruz , santa fe and floreana , in c and s galapagos islands .\nthis species is resident in its range , only performing some altitudinal movements during the dry season .\nreproduction of this species : the breeding season occurs during the wet period . the male builds the nest , a spherical structure with lateral entrance towards the top . the nest is made with dry grasses , moss and lichen .\nthe female lays 4 whitish eggs with darker spots . she incubates alone during 12 days . the chicks are fed by both parents . they fledge about 13 - 15 days after hatching .\ndarwin finches , or galapagos finches , are small land birds with generally dull black , brown or olive , often streaky , plumage ; short tails ; and short , rounded wings . their bills vary greatly in size and shape ( a fact which was instrumental in inspiring charles darwin\u2019s thinking in relation to the theory of evolution \u2013 and hence the name given to this fascinating group of species ) .\nare you sure you want to leave this form and resume later ? if so , please enter a password below to securely save your form .\nthere was an error displaying the form . please copy and paste the embed code again .\nthere was an error initializing the payment processor on this form . please contact the form owner to correct this issue .\nnote : quasar expeditions is committed to ensuring your privacy as a visitor . we do not sell or rent emails or phone numbers provided . read our complete privacy policy .\nchat live with a travel expert and get your questions answered right away . mon - fri 9am - 6 : 30pm pst\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\ncamarhynchus psittacula psittacula : galapagos islands ( seymour , barrington , santa cruz , floreana , pinz\u00f3n , r\u00e1bida , santiago is . )\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 298 , 442 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nthe checklists are descriptive documents of the species that are part of a concrete taxonomic group or a group of species that are part of an specific analysis .\nthese documents have a structure that includes a list of the authors , a description of the taxonomic group or subject , and a list of the species that are part of the list .\nthe checklists aren ' t updated regularly , since they require revisions from groups of authors before their publication .\na complete set of a checklist include a pdf document and a table in csv format .\ngustavo jim\u00e9nez - uzc\u00e1tegui , david a . wiedenfeld , f . hern\u00e1n vargas , howard l . snell .\nnathalia tirado - sanchez , john mccosker , diego ruiz , angel chiriboga , stuart banks .\nyves finet , nathalia tirado - sanchez , angel chiriboga , diego ruiz , stuart banks .\nfrank bungartz , frauke ziemmeck , alba y\u00e1nez ayabaca , fredy nugra , andr\u00e9 aptroot .\nanne gu\u00e9zou , susana chamorro , paola pozo , ana mireya guerrero , rachel atkinson , chris buddenhagen , patricia jaramillo d\u00edaz , mark gardener .\ngustavo jim\u00e9nez - uzc\u00e1tegui , javier zabala , brian milstead , howard l . snell .\nto get up - to - date information about our work , please subscribe to our e - newsletter or follow us on our social media platforms .\nevery single donation we receive , no matter how small , counts as we are completely dependent on the generosity of others to carry out our scientific projects . we need your passion , loyalty and continual support .\nthe \u201ccharles darwin foundation for the galapagos islands\u201d , in french \u201cfondation charles darwin pour les \u00eeles galapagos\u201d , association international sans but lucratif ( \u201caisbl\u201d ) , has its registered office located at dr\u00e8ve du pieur\u00e9 19 , 1160 brussels , and is registered under the trade registry of brussels under the number 0409 . 359 . 103 ."]}
-{"id": 39, "summary": [{"text": "idiosoma nigrum , also called black rugose trapdoor spider , occurs only in south-western australia , in dry woodlands east of the darling scarp and north to moore river .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "females can reach a length of about 30 mm , males about 18 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "i. nigrum digs burrows up to 32 cm deep . ", "topic": 28}], "title": "idiosoma nigrum", "paragraphs": ["ecologia environment ( 2013 ) . blue hills idiosoma nigrum targeted survey 2012 . sinosteel midwest corporation . urltoken\necologia environment ( 2010a ) . weld range idiosoma nigrum population genetic study . sinosteel midwest corporation . available from : urltoken .\nidiosoma nigrum main , 1952 : 133 , pl . i , f . 2 - 5 , f . 2c ( d f ) . idiosoma nigrum main , 1957a : 439 , f . 2g - h , 9d , 14b , 24b ( d m ) . idiosoma nigrum main , 1985a : 13 , f . 23 , 27 , 215 ( m f ) . idiosoma nigrum rix et al . , 2018b : 18 , f . 1 - 3 , 26 - 56 ( m f ) .\nshield - backed trapdoor spider ( idiosoma nigrum ) conservation plan ( avon catchment council ( acc ) , 2007 ) [ state species management plan ] .\necologia environment ( 2009a ) . shield - back spider idiosoma nigrum survey . weld range iron ore project . sinosteel midwest corporation . available from : urltoken .\ngray , m . ( 2014 ) . idiosoma nigrum ( family idiopidae ) . species bank . australian biological resources study , canberra . available from : urltoken .\nanonymous ( 2010 ) . idiosoma nigrum . form to nominate a western australian species for listing as threatened , change of category or delisting . available from : urltoken .\navon catchment council ( acc ) ( 2007 ) . shield - backed trapdoor spider ( idiosoma nigrum ) conservation plan . avon catchment council , western australia . available from : urltoken .\ncitation : department of the environment ( 2018 ) . idiosoma nigrum in species profile and threats database , department of the environment , canberra . available from : urltoken . accessed tue , 10 jul 2018 05 : 15 : 41 + 1000 .\nmain , b . y . ( 2003 ) . demography of the shield - back trapdoor spider idiosoma nigrum main in remnant vegetation of the western australian wheatbelt . records of the south australian museum , monograph series . 7 : 179 - 185 .\nthe closest relatives to the shield - backed trapdoor spider are idiosoma sigillatum and idiosoma hirsutum , both of which lack the hardened shield on the abdomen ( anonymous 2010 ) .\nin synonymy : idiosoma hirsutum main , 1952 = idiosoma sigillatum ( o . pickard - cambridge , 1870 ) ( rix et al . , 2017a : 593 ) . idiosoma pulleinei ( hogg , 1902 ) = idiosoma subtriste ( o . pickard - cambridge , 1877 ) ( main , 1957a : 428 , sub aganippe ) . idiosoma schomburgki ( karsch , 1878 , t from idiommata ) = idiosoma subtriste ( o . pickard - cambridge , 1877 ) ( main , 1985a : 12 , sub aganippe ; placed by raven , 1985a : 161 in misgolas ) .\nthreatened species scientific committee ( tssc ) ( 2013cb ) . commonwealth listing advice on idiosoma nigrum ( shield - back trapdoor spider ) . canberra : department of sustainability , environment , water , population and communities . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 14 - may - 2013 .\ndepartment of sustainability , environment , water , population and communities ( 2013g ) . approved conservation advice for idiosoma nigrum ( shield - back spider ) . canberra : department of sustainability , environment , water , population and communities . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 14 - may - 2013 .\nidiops sigillatus o . pickard - cambridge , 1870c : 105 , pl . 8 , f . 1 ( d m ) . idiosoma sigillatum ausserer , 1871a : 150 . acanthodon sigillatum simon , 1892a : 91 . idiosoma sigillatum pocock , 1897a : 109 ( d f ) . idiosoma sigillatum simon , 1903a : 901 , f . 1053 ( f ) . idiosoma hirsutum main , 1952 : 132 , f . 2b ( d f ) . idiosoma sigillatum main , 1952 : 131 , f . 1a - c , 2a ( m ) . idiosoma hirsutum main , 1957a : 440 , f . 15a - b ( considered a possible hybrid of i . sigillatum x aganippe rhaphiduca rainbow & pulleine , 1918 ) . idiosoma sigillatum main , 1964 : 32 , f . a - d , f ( m ) . idiosoma hirsutum main , 1985a : 54 ( considered a valid species ) . idiosoma sigillatum main , 1985a : 14 , f . 26 , 190 , 216 ( m f ) . idiosoma sigillatum rix et al . , 2017a : 593 , f . 83 - 84 , 87 , 91 , 93 , 97 ( m , s of i . hirsutum ) . idiosoma sigillatum rix et al . , 2018b : 64 , f . 4 - 6 , 351 - 372 ( m f ) .\nin synonymy : aganippe o . pickard - cambridge , 1877 = idiosoma ausserer , 1871 ( rix et al . , 2017a : 590 ) anidiops pocock , 1897 = idiosoma ausserer , 1871 ( rix et al . , 2017a : 590 )\nthe shield - backed trapdoor spider ( idiosoma nigrum ) belongs to the suborder mygalomorphae , commonly known as \u201ctrapdoor\u201d and \u201cfunnel - web\u201d spiders . they are primarily terrestrial burrowing spiders which occasionally make tubular silk nests on tree trunks . mygalomorphs are able to persist in small isolated areas due to their low dispersion powers , long life cycle and sedentary life style ( main , 1987a ) .\nidiosoma gardneri rix & harvey , in rix et al . , 2018b : 38 , f . 167 - 179 ( d m ) .\nidiosoma gutharuka rix & harvey , in rix et al . , 2018b : 39 , f . 180 - 192 ( d m ) .\nidiosoma incomptum rix & harvey , in rix et al . , 2018b : 41 , f . 193 - 205 ( d m ) .\nidiosoma kwongan rix & harvey , in rix et al . , 2018b : 53 , f . 272 - 284 ( d m ) .\nidiosoma clypeatum rix & harvey , in rix et al . , 2018b : 25 , f . 79 - 100 ( d m f ) .\nidiosoma corrugatum rix & harvey , in rix et al . , 2018b : 30 , f . 101 - 122 ( d m f ) .\nidiosoma dandaragan rix & harvey , in rix et al . , 2018b : 32 , f . 132 - 144 ( d m f ) .\nidiosoma formosum rix & harvey , in rix et al . , 2018b : 35 , f . 145 - 166 ( d m f ) .\nidiosoma intermedium rix & harvey , in rix et al . , 2018b : 43 , f . 206 - 227 ( d m f ) .\nidiosoma mcnamarai rix & harvey , in rix et al . , 2018b : 57 , f . 307 - 328 ( d m f ) .\nidiosoma jarrah rix & harvey , in rix et al . , 2018b : 46 , f . 7 , 228 - 249 ( d m f ) .\nidiosoma kopejtkaorum rix & harvey , in rix et al . , 2018b : 50 , f . 9 , 250 - 271 ( d m f ) .\nidiosoma mcclementsorum rix & harvey , in rix et al . , 2018b : 55 , f . 8 , 285 - 306 ( d m f ) .\nidiosoma schoknechtorum rix & harvey , in rix et al . , 2018b : 60 , f . 10 , 329 - 350 ( d m f ) .\nidiosoma arenaceum rix & harvey , in rix et al . , 2018b : 23 , f . 11 - 12 , 57 - 78 ( d m f ) .\nidiosoma galeosomoides rix , main , raven & harvey , in rix et al . , 2017a : 599 , f . 99 , 116 - 128 ( d f ) .\naganippe winsori faulder , 1985 : 89 , f . 9a - c ( d m ) . idiosoma winsori rix et al . , 2017a : 601 ( t from aganippe ) .\naganippe cupulifex main , 1957a : 436 , f . 7f , 9b , 12a , 13c ( d m f ) . idiosoma cupulifex rix et al . , 2017a : 599 ( t from aganippe ) .\naganippe castellum main , 1986b : 101 , f . 2 , 4a - h ( d m f ) . idiosoma castellum rix et al . , 2017a : 594 , f . 89 , 92 , 95 ( m , t from aganippe ) .\naganippe montanus faulder , 1985 : 85 , f . 5a - c , 6a - c , 7a - c , 8a - b ( d m f ) . idiosoma montanum rix et al . , 2017a : 601 ( t from aganippe ) .\naganippe planites faulder , 1985 : 91 , f . 10a - c , 11a - c , 12a - c , 13a - b ( d m f ) . idiosoma planites rix et al . , 2017a : 571 ( t from aganippe ) .\naganippe occidentalis hogg , 1903b : 309 , f . 1 - 2 ( d m ) . aganippe occidentalis main , 1957a : 414 , f . 11b ( m , d f ) . idiosoma occidentale rix et al . , 2017a : 571 ( t from aganippe ) .\nnomina dubia : idiosoma modestum ( rainbow & pulleine , 1918 : 98 , pl . 21 , f . 47 - 48 , f , australia ( south australia ) , originally in aganippe ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 000633 ] - - rix et al . , 2017a : 592 . idiosoma pelochroa ( rainbow & pulleine , 1918 : 100 , pl . 21 , f . 51 , f , originally in aganippe , australia ( south australia ) ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 000636 ] - - rix et al . , 2017a : 592 . idiosoma robustum ( rainbow & pulleine , 1918 : 97 , pl . 21 , f . 45 - 46 , f , originally in aganippe , australia ( south australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 000639 ] - - rix et al . , 2017a : 592 . idiosoma simpsoni ( hickman , 1944a : 22 , f . 7 - 10 , f , originally in aganippe , australia ( south australia ) ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 000640 ] - - rix et al . , 2017a : 592 . idiosoma whitei ( rainbow , 1915 : 774 , pl . 67 , f . 1 - 2 , f , originally in aganippe , australia [ south australia ] ) - - rix et al . , 2017a : 590 , contra main , 1957a : 426 , sub anidiops .\naganippe smeatoni hogg , 1902 : 126 , f . 23 , pl . 13 , f . 7 ( d m ) . aganippe smeatoni simon , 1903a : 901 , f . 1054 - 1055 ( m ) . aganippe smeatoni main , 1957a : 429 , f . 11a ( m , d f ) . idiosoma smeatoni rix et al . , 2017a : 601 ( t from aganippe ) .\naganippe berlandi rainbow , 1914a : 199 , f . 9 - 13 ( d m ) . aganippe berlandi faulder , 1985 : 83 , f . 1a - c , 2a - c , 3a - c , 4a - b ( m , d f ) . aganippe berlandi main , 1985a : 51 ( not a junior synonym of a . smeatoni hogg , 1902 ) . idiosoma berlandi rix et al . , 2017a : 594 , f . 96 ( m , t from aganippe ) .\naganippe rhaphiduca rainbow & pulleine , 1918 : 93 , pl . 21 , f . 38 - 42 ( d m f ) . aganippe raphiduca main , 1957a : 433 , f . 2e - f , 7d , 12b - c , 13d , 26a - g , 27a - c ( m ) [ 13a - b is eucanippe nemestrina per rix et al . , 2018 : 153 ] . aganippe raphiduca main , 1964 : 34 , f . e - h ( m ) . idiosoma rhaphiduca rix et al . , 2017a : 571 ( t from aganippe ) .\nanidiops manstridgei pocock , 1897a : 114 ( d f ) . anidiops manstridgei simon , 1903a : 903 , f . 1052 . anidiops manstridgei rainbow & pulleine , 1918 : 101 , pl . 21 , f . 52 - 54 ( f ) . anidiops manstridgei main , 1957a : 426 , f . 2c - d , 3b , 5a , 10a - c ( m , s ) . anidiops manstridgei main , 1985a : 16 , f . 20 - 21 , 192 ( f ) . idiosoma manstridgei rix et al . , 2017a : 600 , f . 132 - 144 ( m , t from anidiops ) .\naganippe subtristis o . pickard - cambridge , 1877c : 28 , pl . 6 , f . 3 ( d f ) . idiommata schomburgki karsch , 1878c : 820 ( d m ) . aganippe subtristis simon , 1892a : 106 , f . 104 . aganippe pulleinei hogg , 1902 : 128 , f . 24 , pl . 13 , f . 3 - 4 ( d m f ) . aganippe subtristis simon , 1903a : 901 , f . 1050 . aganippe subtristis rainbow & pulleine , 1918 : 91 , pl . 21 , f . 32 , 35 - 37 ( d m ) . aganippe subtristis main , 1957a : 428 , f . 7c ( m , s ) . aganippe subtristis main , 1964 : 34 , f . a - d ( m ) . aganippe subtristis main , 1985a : 12 , f . 13 , 15 - 18 , 24 - 25 , 188 - 189 ( m f , s ) . idiosoma subtriste rix et al . , 2017a : 601 ( t from aganippe ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nfor information to assist regulatory considerations , refer to policy statements and guidelines , the conservation advice , the listing advice and / or the recovery plan .\ndepartment of sustainability , environment , water , population and communities ( 2013 ) .\n. canberra : department of sustainability , environment , water , population and communities . available from :\nrecovery plan not required , the approved conservation advice for the species provides sufficient direction to implement priority actions and mitigate against key threats ( 26 / 04 / 2013 ) .\nthe distribution shown is generalised from the departments species of national environmental significance dataset . this is an indicative distribution map of the present distribution of the species based on best available knowledge . some species information is withheld in line with sensitive species polices . see map caveat for more information .\nthere is currently some discussion about whether the species found in the rangelands of the midwest region is the same as that found in the wheatbelt and the coastal regions of the midwest . there appears to be some taxonomic differences in the male morphology ( framenau pers . comm . cited in anonymous 2010 ) and these are currently being investigated ( anonymous 2010 ) . there are only two significant populations in the wheatbelt , east yorkrakine and minnivale , and these would be particularly important if the species is polyphyletic ( i . e . if it has a northern and southern species ) ( anonymous 2010 ) .\nthe shield - backed trapdoor spider is dark brown to black , large ( females up to 30 mm in body length ) and with a distinctive thick and hard cuticle on the abdomen . the end of the abdomen is flattened into a shield and the sides are deeply corrugated . the burrows always have a lightweight , leaf litter and silk door , with leaf and twig trip - lines fanning out from the centre of the front of the burrow rim ( gray 2014 ) .\nthe shield - backed trapdoor spider is endemic to semi - arid south - west western australia ( wa ) . it occurs in a number of severely fragmented populations in the central and northern wheatbelt ( e . g . minnivale and east yorkrakine ) ( main et al . 2000 cited in tssc 2013ca ) . further north , the species occurs in more arid areas in the midwest ( e . g . large isolated ranges at jack hills ( tssc 2013ca ) , weld range ( ecologia environment 2009a ) and blue hills ( ecologia environment 2013 ) ) and coastal areas of the midwest ( e . g . zuytdorp station north of the murchison river and nanga station south of shark bay ) ( main et al . 2000 cited in anonymous 2010 ) . the arid midwest populations are naturally fragmented or isolated because they persist only on ranges , but the wheatbelt and coastal midwest populations are all severely fragmented as a result of land clearing ( anonymous 2010 ) .\nthe avon catchment council ( 2007 ) includes a number of eastern records ( e . g . at westonia in 2007 ) that are not reported elsewhere ( e . g . tssc 2013cb ) . post - 1980 , verified records only extend as far east into the wheatbelt as durokoppin and trayning ( ala 2014 ) .\nin 2010 , there were around 6100 burrows databased , although some of these would have been inactive or burrows of juveniles . the overwhelming majority ( around 5400 ) of these are from midwest ranges and were recorded as part of the environmental impact assessment process . many wheatbelt records , outside of the main populations at minnivale and east yorkrakine , were recorded decades ago and many of these are likely to be extinct ( anonymous 2010 ) .\nthe species extent of occurrence is approximately 21 000 km\u00b2 . it is highly likely that the species occurs throughout much of the midwest region in association with large ranges with deep gullies and possibly with breakaways ( anonymous 2010 ) .\nthe species occurs in three areas at weld range ( weld range north , weld range south and hampton hill ) over an area of 15 km . in one study , the mean number of burrows per hectare in the area ranged between 11 . 3 - 43 . 9 ( ecologia environment 2009a ) . genetic studies indicated a strong population subdivision between weld range north and weld range south ( ecologia environment 2010a ) . the collections at weld range extended the species distribution by approximately 200 km further north , into more arid areas ( ecologia environment 2009a ) .\nat blue hills , one study showed the mean number of burrows per hectare of 4 . 08 in an area of 13 ha ( ecologia environment 2013 ) .\nsurvey work has been carried out at minnivale and east yorkrakine nature reserves , karara , weld range and jack hills mining leases and , more recently , on likely conservation areas and department of environment and conservation managed lands through the northern wheatbelt and the southern / central midwest ( anonymous 2010 ) . these surveys did not detect the species in much of the northern wheatbelt and southern midwest . these surveys demonstrated that there are unlikely to be any populations in the interior of the wheatbelt and midwest until you reach the large banded iron formation ranges of the midwest to the north and the higher rainfall of the central wheatbelt to the south ( anonymous 2010 ) .\nthis work also showed that there is a likelihood that the species occurs throughout more of the midwest region than currently known , with up to 60 sites identified as possibilities ( anonymous 2010 ) . however more than half of these occur east of the current known eastern extent , and a number of mining tenements in these areas have not found the species despite significant survey work . at least half a dozen occur further north than the northern known extent . there are about 20 sites that have a high potential for harbouring significant populations of this species ( anonymous 2010 ) .\nin 2010 , there were seven locations with populations larger than 30 shield - backed trapdoor spider individuals ( anonymous 2010 ) . ecologia environment ( 2009a ) estimated that there is over 1000 ha of suitable habitat in weld range that could support over 20 000 individuals . based on detected adults , the site is estimated to have an effective population size of approximately 4000 with wilgie mia and weld range north supporting the largest effective populations 2300 and 1000 , respectively ( ecologia environment 2009a ) . proposed mining activity in the area is estimated to impact 11 % of the population ( ecologia environment 2009a ) .\ntotal population reduction has not been investigated , but data from a study in east yorkrakine reserve from 1989 to 1999 showed a 95 % reduction in abundance at the site ( main 2003 ) . future reductions are possible due to ongoing threats in the wheatbelt and mining in the vicinity of populations at karara , weld range and jack hills ( anonymous 2010 ) .\nin the wheatbelt , the shield - backed trapdoor spider typically inhabits clay soils whereas the arid midwest populations are associated with rocky habitats , primarily in positions with increased moisture retention properties like gullies and drainage lines on southern facing slopes ( anonymous 2010 ; ecologia environment 2009a ) . the wheatbelt and coastal midwest populations are in areas with more consistent annual rainfall than those in the arid midwest , which is likely to be why the populations in these areas are primarily found in sheltered habitat ( anonymous 2010 ) . in the wheatbelt , populations are associated with eucalypt woodland and acacia shrubland , and in the arid midwest they are associated with acacia shrubland ( anonymous 2010 ) .\nleaf litter and twigs are extremely important to the species as it provides material for the burrows , reduced soil moisture loss and increased prey availability ( anonymous 2010 ) . the species avoids areas of dense leaf litter as juveniles are unable to dig their initial hole in such areas ( main 1992 cited in ) . areas of lower grazing pressure may suport greater population abundance ( ecologia environment 2009a ) .\nin the wheatbelt , habitat critical to the species is identified as open york gum ( eucalyptus loxophleba ) , salmon gum ( e . salmonophloia ) and wheatbelt wandoo ( e . capillosa ) woodland , where jam ( acacia acuminata ) forms a sparse understorey in heavy clay soils ( acc 2007 ) .\nin a study at weld range , all burrows were found within boundaries of drainage lines underneath predominantly acacia vegetation ( mulga ( acacia aneura ) , a . sp . weld range , dead finish ( a . tetragonophylla ) , a . ramulosa , a . craspedocarpa , a . paraneura ) and also underneath hakea preissii and eremophila glutinosa ) . of 1708 burrows detected , 33 % were on slope - foot - plain , 30 % on the plain , 27 % on slopes and 10 % on hilltop - slope - foot ( ecologia environment 2009a ) . burrows were found in soil dominated by clay and rocks ( 54 % ) , or clay , rock and sand ( 38 % ) . the average leaf litter of sites ranged between 7 - 100 % with a mean of 59 % ( ecologia environment 2009a ) .\nin a study at blue hills , 53 burrows were recorded under a . ramulosa or a . caesaneura , in microhabitat ranging from loamy plains to rocky hillslopes ( ecologia environment 2013 ) . the average leaf litter of sites ranged between 25 - 98 % with a mean of 63 % ( ecologia environment 2013 ) .\nin a study at mummaloo , of a 52 quadrat survey the species was detected at 14 locations ( bennelongia 2012 ) . two records occurred in ecualyptus woodland and twelve occurred in mixed species shrubland . the eucalypt woodland consists of york gum , salmon gum and gimlet ( e . salubris ) with callitris columellaris usually present and occasionally casuarina obesa . the understorey contains 5 - 60 % cover of eremophila spp . , acacia spp . and allocasuarina spp . . the mixed species shrubland consists of melaleuca stereophloia , callitris columellaris and casuarina obesa ( of no more than 55 % overall cover ) , and 10 - 100 % cover of shrub species , especially kimberly ' s wattle ( acacia anthochaera ) and allocasuarina acutivalvis subsp . prinsepiana ( bennelongia 2012 ) .\nthe shield - backed trapdoor spider is protected from dessication partly through a deep burrow that extends into humid soil . additionally it has an extraordinary thickened abdominal integument ( tough outer protective layer ) . this is dorsally corrugated and posteriorly truncated with large button - like sigilla ( seal ) and in some parts of the geographic range has stout spines along the ridges . this morphology reduces evaporative water loss in contrast to most species in the related genus aganippe . the enlarged eyes and long legs together with the attached twiglines to the buttom rim are advantageous for foraging ( main 2010 ) .\nspiderlings generally construct their burrows within a very short distance ( several centimetres ) of the matriarch female , forming a family cluster that is typical of mygalomorph spiders ( a group of large spiders that include tarantulas , trapdoor spiders and funnel - web spiders ) that do not have aerial dispersal . gene flow is maintained through the dispersal of mature males in search of females for mating ( travelling up to 500 m ) the only time males leave their burrows . females spend their entire life in the one burrow or within its proximity ( anonymous 2010 ) . the population at weld range north was shown to have uninterrupted gene flow over a range of at least 6 km ( ecologia environment 2010a ) .\nboth males and females reach maturity after approximately 5 - 6 years . males die shortly after reaching sexual maturity and mating , whereas females may live as long as 20 years , reproducing several times ( anonymous 2010 ) . it is believed that males mature and mate after the first significant rains of the year , dispersing up to 500 m ( main unpub . data cited in anonymous 2010 ) . there is some evidence that females may store sperm ( main unpub . data cited in anonymous 2010 ) but whether this means that males only mate with virgin females or whether adult females mate repeatedly during their life is unclear . it is also unknown whether males mate within their matriarchal unit and whether they mate with more than one female ( anonymous 2010 ) . the very low dispersal capabilities of the males mean that fragmentation and isolation are likely to be playing a major role in the declining populations in the wheatbelt ( anonymous 2010 ) .\nthe shield - backed trapdoor spider is an opportunistic feeder and feeds primarily on ants , but also includes beetles , cockroaches , millipedes and moths ( clark & spier - ashcroft 2003 ) . the species relies on the twigs and leaves they have attached to the rim of their burrow for the detection of prey within the vicinity of their burrow ( anonymous 2010 ) . this reliance on leaf litter means that leaf litter loss through inappropriate fire regimes and management may impact significantly on the species ability to feed ( anonymous 2010 ) .\nsearching for burrows during the wetter parts of the year is the most common and most effective way of surveying for the shield - backed trapdoor spider . the burrow is quite distinctive but can be easily mistaken for other twig - lining species . the burrow has two tufts of leaf litter radiating out from the centre of the burrow rim , similar to a moustache . the atrium of the burrow is cup shaped and narrows to the main shaft of the burrow . it is this characteristic that is often missed or misinterpreted by surveyors ( anonymous 2010 ) . searching for burrows within and on the edges of leaf litter in suitable habitats is the most effective approach for detection . pit traps placed around vegetation in suitable habitats during autumn can be used to catch wandering males ( anonymous 2010 ) .\nsecondary salinisation : the widespread clearing of the wheatbelt has resulted in the water table rising and an increase in salinisation close to the surface . this results in vegetation changes that directly affect the shield - backed trapdoor spider because of it\u2019s reliance on the vegetation and associated leaf litter for habitat ( anonymous 2010 ) .\ngrazing : grazing by stock and feral animals affects both the wheatbelt and midwest populations largely through the disturbance of leaf litter , vegetation and soil . work in the midwest has shown that areas where grazing occurs have fewer emergents and juveniles ( ecologia environment unpub . data cited in anonymous 2010 ) .\nfragmentation and clearing : the clearing of habitat has resulted in the severe fragmentation of populations in the wheatbelt . the populations at karara , weld range , jack hills and blue hills will all be negatively affected by land clearing because of the mining operations ( anonymous 2010 ; ecologia environment 2009a , 2013 ) , which will fragment these significant populations . dust pollution associated with mining could negatively impact the species\nvibrations : vibrations associated with vehicles and exploration drilling have the potential to affect nearby populations . recent work at jack hills and weld range has shown a possible reduction in emergents and juveniles within 50 m of exploration drilling pads ( phoenix environmental unpub . data cited in anonymous 2010 ) . exploration restrictions have been put in place at weld range and jack hills based on this research .\ninappropriate fire : in the wheatbelt , the combination of fragmentation and intense fire has a high potential to result in local extinctions , with little to no chance of recolonisation ( main 1995 ) . intense fires can not only remove burrow doors but also remove all the leaf litter , providing no material for reparation work and dramatically affecting the prey population ( anonymous 2010 ) .\nlack of litter management in reserves : although the species requires leaf litter to survive , excessive , deep litter canrestrict the establishment of emergent burrows , forcing them further away from vegetation and exposing them to the elements that likely decrease their chances of surviving to adulthood . similarly deep litter reduces the chances of understorey vegetation growing , reducing the diversity of invertebrates and the health of the habitat and increases the chances of hot , intense fires going through a population ( anonymous 2010 ) .\nrecovery actions for this species are provided in the conservation advice for the shield - backed trapdoor spider ( tssc 2013ca ) and the avon catchment shield - backed trapdoor spider conservation plan ( acc 2007 ) at the start of the profile .\natlas of living australia ( ala ) ( 2014 ) . atlas of living australia . available from : urltoken .\nbancroft , w . & m . bamford ( 2012 ) . karara iron ore project : annual monitoring survey of the shield - backed trapdoor spider 2010 to 2012 . prepared for : karara mining limited .\nbennelongia ( 2012 ) . mummaloo hill project : short - range endemic invertebrates . prepared for top iron . available from : urltoken .\nclarke , g . & f . spier - ashcroft ( 2003 ) . a review of the conservation status of selected australian non - marine invertebrates . environment australia , canberra . available from : urltoken .\nmain , b . y . ( 1992 ) . the role of life history patterns and demography of mygalomorph trapdoor spiders for assessing persistence in remnant habitats of the western australian wheatbelt . report for the world wide fund for nature , world wide fund for nature , sydney .\nmain , b . y . ( 1995 ) . survival of trapdoor spiders during and after fire . calm science supplement . 4 : 207 - 216 .\nmain , b . y . ( 2010 ) . interactions of water , plants and ground - dwelling fauna : water harvesting and tapping by trapdoor spiders . landscapes : the journal of the international centre for landscape and language . 4 ( 1 ) .\nanonymous ( 2009 ) . australian faunal directory . australian biological resources study . available from : urltoken .\nepbc act email updates can be received via the communities for communities newsletter and the epbc act newsletter .\nthis database is designed to provide statutory , biological and ecological information on species and ecological communities , migratory species , marine species , and species and species products subject to international trade and commercial use protected under the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 ( the epbc act ) . it has been compiled from a range of sources including listing advice , recovery plans , published literature and individual experts . while reasonable efforts have been made to ensure the accuracy of the information , no guarantee is given , nor responsibility taken , by the commonwealth for its accuracy , currency or completeness . the commonwealth does not accept any responsibility for any loss or damage that may be occasioned directly or indirectly through the use of , or reliance on , the information contained in this database . the information contained in this database does not necessarily represent the views of the commonwealth . this database is not intended to be a complete source of information on the matters it deals with . individuals and organisations should consider all the available information , including that available from other sources , in deciding whether there is a need to make a referral or apply for a permit or exemption under the epbc act .\nthis \u20183 year plan\u2019 presents strategic direction to ensure wheatbelt nrm effectively responds to national , state and regional nrm needs . this will be achieved by engaging our community to actively support and progress our strategic objectives . this \u20183 year plan\u2019 is supported each year by an operations plan that sets out how resources will be allocated and utilised in progressing the strategic objectives in this document .\nthe wheatbelt regional nrm strategy guides nrm investment priorities within the region . the regional community provided important guidance to the development of the strategy , which reflects their values and understanding of the environment they live in and know .\nthe western australian government 2018 - 19 community stewardship grants are now open and wheatbelt nrm is supporting our community to apply .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 695e1e77 - a2b7 - 4786 - 9502 - 81be54ac63d9\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : a5fba25c - 9301 - 4111 - bd1d - f020b12a5b0a\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : e67764dc - eda3 - 4e87 - aec6 - 15c1bee8e0a9\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : b1892325 - 13b1 - 4247 - a2e0 - 986a69278e48\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 301255\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nwe love australia : its environment and its people . that ' s why we want to be a part of its sustainable development to ensure we preserve its unique , fragile beauty . through our work and shared passions , we strive to achieve sensible , measurable , realistic outcomes that are good for our clients ' businesses and the natural environment .\nphoenix has a core team of highly skilled , passionate environmental professionals that strikes the right balance of scientific credibility , practical application and business sense .\ncommunication and collaboration are the cornerstones of our client relationships . we offer personalised service and ready access to experienced senior staff . meticulously developed , our business and data management systems ensure efficiency and data accuracy . we pursue innovative approaches to overcome complex issues , manage risk , and minimise constraints and operational costs .\nthe phoenix botany team has broad botanical knowledge and offers a diverse range of services underscored by a reputation for delivering high quality , robust assessments .\nour rehabilitation framework , developed over several years is sufficiently adaptable to manage these challenges and sufficiently transparent to satisfy regulators .\nstriking the right balance between science and practicality , the phoenix vertebrate fauna team is comprised of career zoologists with intimate knowledge of wa species .\nphoenix is the industry leader in targeted terrestrial invertebrate surveys , including short - range endemic ( sre ) assessments .\nphoenix offers complete subterranean survey solutions that are well - planned and employ cutting - edge , best practice field and laboratory methods .\nphoenix ' s invertebrate team offers a wealth of experience in invertebrate taxonomy and aquatic ecosystem management , which delivers clear impact management , mitigation strategies and baseline information .\nphoenix employs people with a diverse range of experiences and skills that are capable of reading between the lines , identifying and stitching together the key environmental factors of any project .\nphoenix ' s team of taxonomists offers extensive experience in invertebrate species systematics and biology and fast turnaround times that effectively eliminate costly project delays .\nthese spiders are restricted to the northern wheatbelt region in western australia . they are currently ( 2017 ) the only species listed as threatened under federal legislation ( epbc act ) . they are believed to be threatened by habitat destruction and fragmentation . a number of spider species have a rugose abdomen like this and are subject to a taxonomic study by michael rix ( queensland museum ) and collaborators .\nn . b . : considered a senior synonym of aganippe o . pickard - cambridge , 1877 ( type a . subtristis o . pickard - cambridge , 1877 ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidergen : 00072 ] and of anidiops ( type a . manstridgei pocock , 1897 ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidergen : 00073 ] by rix et al . , 2017 : 590 ; transferred from the ctenizidae to the idiopidae by raven , 1985a : 138 .\n| | australia ( western australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 050288 ]\n| | australia ( new south wales ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 000630 ]\n| | australia ( western australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 000631 ]\n| | australia ( western australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 050289 ]\n| | australia ( south australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 050290 ]\n| | australia ( western australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 000632 ]\n| | australia ( western australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 050291 ]\n| | australia ( western australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 050292 ]\n| | australia ( western australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 049619 ]\n| | australia ( western australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 050293 ]\n| | australia ( western australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 050294 ]\n| | australia ( western australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 050295 ]\n| | australia ( western australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 050296 ]\n| | australia ( western australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 050297 ]\n| | australia ( western australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 050298 ]\n| | australia ( western australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 050299 ]\n| | australia ( western australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 000644 ]\n| | australia ( western australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 050300 ]\n| | australia ( western australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 050301 ]\n| | australia ( new south wales ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 000634 ]\n| | australia ( western australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 000806 ]\n| | australia ( western australia , south australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 000635 ]\n| | australia ( new south wales ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 000637 ]\n| | australia ( western australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 000638 ]\n| | australia ( western australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 050302 ]\n| | australia ( western australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 000807 ]\n| | australia ( south australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 000641 ]\n| | australia ( south australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 000642 ]\n| | australia ( victoria ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 000643 ]\nthese spiders , from the sub - order orthognatha ( mygalomorphae ) or primitive spiders , are famous for their falsely suggested\ndeadly\nbites . more about the exaggerated poisonous of these and other spiders can be read here . the bird - eating spider and tarantula , which is a common name for these spiders , the goliath spider ( theraposa blondi ) which is the largest spider on the world with a leg span of 30 cm and a weight of 130 grams , sydney funnel web spider ( atrax robustus ) and the mouse spider ( missulena ) are names given to species belonging to the order . in europe only two members of this sub - order can be found . in australia 13 % ( > 240 ) of the spiders belong to the mygalomorphae . the ancestral lineage of these spiders goes back over 360 million years .\nmost of these spiders live fearful lives buried deep in holes . many species react on unexpected events by cowering in fear , unable to move , or by violently plunging their pickaxe fangs . ( more about the fangs ) the spider can often be spotted when the males start searching for females and leave their burrows . females are more difficult to find because they can live for several years in their burrow with out leaving it .\nthe two long spinnerets at the back end of their abdomen and their large fangs that move up and down instead of sideways , like the modern spiders , are characteristic for this order .\ndistribution the eastern mouse spider ( missulena bradleyi ) lives in eastern australia from queensland to victoria . the redheaded mouse spider ( missulena occatoria ) occurs across most of the mainland , except southern victoria and northern australia . the male of this species has a bright red cephalothorax . the northern mouse spider ( missulena pruinosa ) is found in northern australia around darwin . one species has been described outside australia in chile .\nmissulena bradleyi rainbow , 1914 ; new south wales missulena dipsaca faulder , 1995 ; australia missulena granulosa o . p . - cambridge , 1869 ; western australia missulena hoggi womersley , 1943 ; western australia missulena insignis o . p . - cambridge , 1877 ; australia missulena occatoria walckenaer , 1805 ; southern australia missulena pruinosa levitt - gregg , 1966 ; western australia , northern territory missulena reflexa rainbow & pulleine , 1918 ; south australia missulena rutraspina faulder , 1995 ; western australia , south australia , victoria missulena torbayensis main , 1996 ; western australia missulena tussulena goloboff , 1994 ; chile\nthere are over 150 species in the family barychelidae in australia . males are called silverbacks because they are silvery coloured on the head . females have dark to golden brown hairs on their heads .\nidiomata are funnel web spiders that build their burrows with a door . not all genera in this family have a door to close their burrow . the flask - like chambers are just below the ground .\nthey are mostly terrestrial spiders , which build typical silk - lined tubular burrow retreats , with a collapsed\ntunnel\nor open\nfunnel\nentrance from which irregular trip lines radiate out over the ground . exceptions , which lack trip lines but may have trapdoors , are those hadronyche from south australia , like\nthe silk entrance tube may be split into 2 openings , in a y or t form . in the case of\nthe burrow may be in the hollow of a tree trunk or limb , many meters above ground level .\nadult male spiders leave the burrow permanently to seek a mate . such wandering male spiders may enter houses , sometimes even find their way into clothing , and thus account for many bites . most funnel - web spiders are ground or log dwellers but at least two are tree dwellers (\n, the sydney funnelweb spider , has a distribution centering on sydney , extending north to the hunter river , south to shoalhaven river , and narrowing westwards as far as lithgow .\nhas a considerably wider distribution ; being the coastal areas and highland forest regions from tasmania to queensland .\nthe australian funnel - web spiders ( family hexathelidae , simon , 1892 ) are probably the most dangerous spiders we can encounter . the most famous spider is the sydney funnel web ( atrax robustus ) . chances to be bitten are small . there are only two cases of envenomation annually in the last 10 years . funnel - web spiders belong to the family hexathelidae and two ( atrax and hadronyche ) of the eleven genera are considered dangerous . of the 40 described species in this family , the six red printed species caused severe envenomation .\nhadrochyne spiders are medium sized spiders with a size varying between 10 and 50 mm . the largest species , hadronyche formidabilis measures between 40 and 50 mm . the sparsely haired spiders are coloured between brown to black . not all species are dangerous but a bite from a funnel web spider should always be treated seriously .\nthe southern tree funnel - web spider , hadronyche cerberea , is common around sydney and in the central coast regions . they make their silk - lined retreats in rough - barked trees often covered with bark and other wood particles .\nthis family contains six subfamilies with 38 genera and 329 species , widely distributed worldwide . in australia 86 species in at least six genera are described .\nthese spiders live in silk - lined burrows up to 20 cm deep . some species close the burrow with a lid .\nthis is a large family of trap door spiders with about 270 species , mostly found in the southern hemisphere , worldwide . eight genera with about 70 species live in australia . all australian genera are endemic with the exception of misgolas that also occurs in new zealand . almost all members of this family live in arid areas where they live in burrows up to 60 cm deep .\nmisgolas spiders are 15 - 30 mm in length and commonly found in eastern australia . the spider can of course bite but the toxin is not dangerous . the penetration of the fangs throught the skin may hurt .\nthis is a large family with 111 genera and 883 species world wide . their body size varies from 13 to 90 mm . the largest spider theraphosa blondi also belongs to this family . spiders of this family are called tarantulas or bird - eating spiders . this is a very common name but it often refers to these spiders .\nin australia inly six species occur ; selenocosmia crassipes , selenocosmia stirlingi , selenocosmia strenua , selenocosmia subvulpina , selenotholus foelschei , selenotypus plumipes .\na famous member is the barking spider or whistling spider selenocosmia crassipes . she makes a rasping sound with her mouthparts that can be heard from a one meter distance . spiders from this family make burrows that can reach a length of two meters when the spider is mature . young spiders can be found under rocks and roots . the spider lives in north eastern australia and papua new guinea . the spider is quite large with a body length of 70 to 90 mm . measured from the tip on her legs she can be 200 mm in length .\nfunnel web tarantulas occur almost worldwide in the tropics . the 175 world wide and 90 australian members of this family often build messy funnel webs . most species are uncommon and live in remote areas . most species are small hairy and dark brown to black . sometimes they can be found in holes in trees . their spinnerets are moderate long .\ncethegus ischnotheloides has a body length of 15 mm . this spider lived in a dense web on the ground between shrub in leinster , western australia .\nfor full functionality of this site it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\npossible taxa information in external databases . this is subject to revision in urls and sites . please contact the data centre if you find any problems or wish to advise of another useful resource .\nthe scientific data on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution 3 . 0 unported license ."]}
-{"id": 40, "summary": [{"text": "bilobata subsecivella is a moth in the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by zeller in 1852 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in south africa , india , indonesia ( java ) and new zealand .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the species was first recorded from new zealand as stomopteryx simplicella , but was redescribed as a new species based on comparison of the genitalia .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "furthermore , the white mark at three-fourths of the forewings which is found in both these species , is reduced to a mere spot in columbina ( while it often forms an almost complete fascia in simplicella ) . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "bilobata subsecivella", "paragraphs": ["host : grapholita critica ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) , etiella behrii ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) , bilobata subsecivella ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) on peanut ( arachis hypogaea ) , phthorimaea operculella ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) on potato ( solanum tuberosum ) ( gauld , 1980 ) .\nbiloba argosticha janse , 1954 ; moths s . afr . 5 ( 4 ) : 304\nbiloba torninotella janse , 1954 ; moths s . afr . 5 ( 4 ) : 304\n[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nzeller , 1852 lepidoptera microptera quae j . a . wahlberg in caffrorum terra collegit k . vetenskakad . handl . 1852 : 1 - 120\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\n\u009b\u0016\b e\u00b3e\u00b8\u00ed\u00eb\u00ba\u0087t\u00a2 ; o\u00e36\u00a4h\u0012\u00bb5\u00f5\u0007\u00be\u00ff\u001a\u0089e % / d # \u00e3m\u00ef\u00f4r\u008b . \u001b\u0014\u00abd\u00e58\u00fd\u00a6\u00a5\u00fb\u008cd2\u00e8\u0084\u00f2\u00ed\u00a2\u009dm\u00d7\u00e6\u00b6\u00ed | w\u0081 ( \u00a5\u00b467\u00abi \u00a2\u00e7\u0094\u00fd\u0091\u00e2 [ k\u00f5\u0018f < z\u00acl\u0086\u0000\u00b7\u0095\u008cxi # za\u00ef $ \u0099 \u00f6 % + \u0097m & u7 ; \u00b7 = q7\u0012\u00fa\u00e9 + \u00fcliu\u0096\u0013 [ $ \u0016v $ \u008f i $ g \u008en\u00e6i $ j\u00e8 { \u00aav\u000fc\u00e9\u0018\u00ec6p\u00a4\u0090 # \u008bi\u00ae \\ gf\u0011 j\u0086mluh\u00f1\u00fdfoh f ; \u00f0\u00efii\u0015 \\ 7\u00a63 { \u00b5\u009dl\u00f9\u00f9\u0006\u00bb\u007f\u00b4\u00a9\u00e4oa\u0098\u0095\u00ed ( \u0015\biq @ \u00e3\u00a1\u00e1\u0083 [ \u00a6 $ \u00a3\u00b2\u00e2\u00fa\u00aa\u00ae > \u008b\u00f2 va\u00f3x | \u00e0\u00e6\u0019 % \u00ecuu ] \u0006 $ \u00f1\u00a3\u0092\u0091\u00a5e\u00e50\u00aa\u0005 \\ \u0088f\u0093\u0003\u00f6 ) qp \u00ee . \u00f29\u00e7h\u0093\u00e2\u00af\u00ae\u0080qz\u00e2r\u00e6\u008a \u00e1\u00eb\u0098\u008d \u00bd\u00ba\u00ec . $ \u00fc * 0 \u00e5\u00a8 ^ g\u008d\u0091\u009ef\u00e0k\u009a\u00a9\u00e6\u0080\u00f8\u0013tk / \u0014h\u0090 . \u00e1a\u00b4\u0083\u0087\u0011\u00ed\n\u008enw\u00f1 | \u00ef\u00b6\u008b\u00ac\u00e8\u0086\u00d7 \u00e1 : . $ \u000fg\u00f3\u00a7s\u00b6\u009b\u008c\u00fa2\u00ec\u0086\u0084k9r\u0080\u0090\b\u008b\u0094 \u00f6 % \u009e\u00a9 ~ \u00f1\u00e0\u00fe\u00ba\u00f0 $ \u0081\u0083\u00a5zw\u00957\u00d7uy ( \u00bb\u00e8 \u00ea\u00e8\u00ef ! 6km\u0093\u00e6\u00a1 - \u0083\u00f6t\u0088\u0083\u00f6\u00e8\u00a5\u00ad\u0093f / xvn\u00a3\u0097\u00f6 & \u008d [ } \u00194 ` \u0013\u00f2hec\u0019 , } \u00f2\u00f2\u00e9\u00a5o ^ : \u00bd\u00f4\u00e9 \u0012\u0019fa @ \u00eb \u009aod\u00e9sx\u00fc @ \u00b0\u008b | $ \u00b1 \u00976i\u008a ' g\u00e9z\u00e2\u0099m8\u00b2\u00ab\u00aa \u0082\u00a4\u00df\u00eb1rp\u00e5i\u00f0\u008a \u00bbx\u00b6x\u00e2q1e * \u00bbk\u009eh\u00b2\u008b = \u0091d ? 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\u00e7\u00f8\u001b _ \u00fb ^ \u007f\u00fe\u00ebk\u00df\u00fc\u00af\u00f8\u0089 } \u0089mj \u00ea\u0090 & \u00b7\u0005\u008a\u00f6\u00f2 % t\u0005\u0092\u0014 / \u00e0 : \u00f0a\u0082vh\u00e9\u00a2dj ( \u00a5\u00fdgxw\u0002\u00a2\u00ebzt\u0090 ` u\u0007\u0014\u00a8\u00e3\u00ba\u00a9\u00aa\u00a2\u0015u\u009d\u008a\u00aama\u00f3z\u00a1\u0016\u0089j\u00e2\u0015\u007f\u00f0l\u0015\u0089\u00b3\u00f7 \\ ' \u009d\u00aa - \u0096\u00ef = \u00f7\u00e4\u00e8\u007f\u00bc\u00efy\u009f\u00f3 { \u0012\u0092\u00e4\u00faz ) \u00f6\u00e4 ) vh\u00a4uri\u0014a\u00a2\u00ab\u0080x8\u0095\u00a8\u00903t . \u00e1cv\u0092\u00fa\u0011\u000e\u00e3\u00efjq \u0005x ? \u00e6\u0012\u00af\u0002i\u00b8\u0010\u00e1\u00a3n\u00f6\u0083i\u00a3\u009f\u00f5\u00e1 > \u00f6 v\u0081\u0097s\u0081\u00e6\u0004\u008a\u00e3\u00ae8f\u00f1\u009d\u00f0 \u0083\u00fa z \u0094 ( mp\u00b2\u0098\u00aa\u00edh\u0088\u0098g + \u00e2y\u0001o\u00bf ? k\u00ec\u00b7\u000fn x\u0014\u00e6 ] \u00e90\u00f6sm\u0083\u0013\u00fb\u00b9 lux\u00f6 = \u008e\u00f0\u00eci\u00f3\b\u0015\u0010\u00eb\u00b1k\u00f0 . \u00a5 _ v\u0086\u00f5\u0083h\u0094 uf\u00f5s\u00e8\u009c\u00ea\u00b3 + v5co\u00f0j\u00a1\u008c\u00e8\u00e4\u00ea\u00b3\u000f\u009f \u0015\u00e0q\u0002\u00f8\u00aa ` \u0007\u00f2 c\u008e\u001b\u00e5\u00af $ ns\u00a7\u0013nd ] \u00ac\u00adg\u00f9\u00fa\u00ee\u00f3\u009c ; \u00ef\u0080\u00adwmop\u00e8 @ n\u007f\u00a8\u0003\u0095go\u00ee\u00bd\u00b1\u00e1\u000e\u00b6 < { \u00fdm\u00f8\u0003\u00ef\u00bf\u009f\u00f5\u00f3 \u00f8 : \u00e80z0\u00a6\u00e1\u00f2\u0005\u00fd\u00ec ' \u0091\u0000 = \u0006\u00b5\u0093a / \u00bb\u0006 \u00f9\u0002\u00ae\u0092 _ \u00e9\u00f9\u0001\u00fc\u00ee\u00fa\u00a5\u00aa6\u00bd } \u00fb \u00a5 * \u00f7wk\u00e6 = \u00ed\u008eu\u00f3o\u0091\u0095 { \u008dv\u0092lz\u00f5\u00ee \u00b7\u00e7\u00ec\u008fn { \u00fca\u0010\u00b8\u00f71\u00fb\u00ef\u00eb [ 4\u0092\u0084\u00bb\u00a3 \u00f4\u00bd\u00e9\u00f8\u008e | \u00a8\u000e\u00ff\u00e6 \\ \u00bc\u0095\u00fb\u001a : \u00bc ` 28\u0019\u00bb\n^ ilj\u00d7\u0083 \u0097\u00e0\u00aa\u00e3\u0089\u00e0\u00f0\n\u009fh\u00e0\u001ab \u00e1fqa\u00fd0\u00e4\u0014\u009e\u000e\u0091\u00b9\u00f0\u00e2\u00ee = } so7m\u00abgh\u00ba\u00a1\u00bb0 \u0082c\u00f8\u00109\u00e2 < \u00e2 > \u00e4\u008c\u00f9n\u0090\u0013\u00ec { \u008e\u00f7 < \u007f\u0094 & \u00f1\u00a4\u00efg\u00ec . \u00b7\u00f3\u00e3 \\ \u00e0c\u009e\u00f0 \u00ef\u008bj\u009e\u00ed\u00b1\u00ed\u0089 ' { \u0098\u00fd\u00b1\u00fd\u00f2\u0018 { a\u00b8 m\u00e6o\u00ba\u00bdk\u00fd\u00fe\u0002\u00b2e . o\u00f0\u001b\u0093wt [ \u00e7\u0001b\u0089\u0019cq\u000e\u008e\u00e8\u0003\u00a6 \u00fb\u00e4\u009c\u00f2\u00a1\u0010 \u00eaa\u0012\u0084\u009cb\u00f3\u00e3\u0000\u00ed + & \u00fb\u008d \u00e1\u0007 * \u00b5\u007fuz\u00ac\u00f0\u00b2 ( o\u00e3\u00e9j\u001ao\u00fap \u0097\u0094r\u00e1\u0094 ' \u00e9h\u00e5da $ n\u00f6\u0017lb\u009d\u00e2i q\u00e3\u008cw\u00e2 , \u00e0\u00f8\u0093\u00f8\u0097 0\u00e2\u00f0\u0082h\u0012\u0089v\u0018 \u00a3 > \u0096\u0090\u0019k\u00ed c\u00e8\u00f2\u0012 \u0087sng\u00b0\u00e8 ( \u00ef\u00fe2\u00bd\u00e1\n\u0011\u0082e\u0006\u00be\u00a4 < \u00fb\u00f9\u00f9 @ \u0011\u0002\u00e1 x8\u00e8\u009b\u00af\u00e8\u0081\u00b73\u00be\n2\u00e6\u00fez\u00f0\u00fc \u008e\u0016\u00ae\u0087\u00bc\u00e6\n\u00aa\u00f2\u0090 p\u00e8\u0001\u00ee\u0011\u00e0 ( \u0006 - i \u00168\u0092\u00b2\u00f1x9 ~ q\u00ecr\u00f5 \u00ea / . \u00bd\u008c\u008f\u00e2 ; / n\u00ec\u00fc\u00bb\u00e6\u00e8\u0096\u0015\u00fd\u009b 9\u00ea\u00e8c\u00aa ; \u00aa u\u00ab\u0013\u00f5\u00e9\u007fo ` \u00ee\u00e2\u0017v\u00fd\u00e1\u00a5\u00ea ? \u00aa\u00e7o\u00fc\u00f0\u000e\u0013\u00e7 > 5\u00ef\u000e\u0000x\u00f4\u008c\u0090\u00fd8t\u00bf\b6\u00fd\u00e18r \u00fb\u0099\u00a2b\u00bb\u007f\u00bd\u00b7\u00f8\u0099\u00e2c\u00e2\u0014 ? \u00a5 | \u00a5\u00f93\u00ee\u0004\u00e2 \u00e4\u000fm\u0083\u0014\u00e2\u00f4t \u00b5r = \u009e \u00a2l\n\u00e1 \u0005 \u0000\u0007\u00a7b\u00f5\u0093 \u00f1\u00e1\u00e8\u00af\u00a3\u00b6\u00e8s\u00b9\u0014n\u00e5k\u00f1\u00a1\u00e9\u0087\u0018\u008e ! ] \u00ec\u0006\u00860\u0083\u00e9\u00f4\u00fb\u0098x \u00e2\u00aa1h\u00e9\u00eb 1u\u00b2rf\u009b \u0086\u0015\u00ae2 \u0012 \u008d\u009f4\u00ebd = , | \u008c ' n = \u00ac\u00e6\u00b0 , \u00e2 e\u00easx\u00e1\u00ebr\b\u00f1\u00f4hd\u00ac\u00f8x\u00a2 / \u00f3 \u00f15 < \u0016t\u0005\u0098\u0012l\u00f8\u0016 hyhn\u00e9 $ _ \u00b1 ~ \u00a6\u00f3\u00bb\u00eb\u00e2\u00f1\u00e5 % \u00f2\u0089\u00eb\u00ab\u00af\u008dn\u00bc\u00ae\u0006\u00f6\u008e\u008c\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nmadagascar , reunion , seychelles . also australia , cyprus , india , thailand .\ntemelucha minuta is easily recognizable due to its small size and the m + cu vein of the fore wing basally spectral .\nthe coloration is known to be highly variable in this widespread species , which is a common parasitoid of p . operculella , the potato tuber moth ( gauld 1980 ) . the darkest malagasy specimens have extensive brown markings on the face so that the anterior half of genae and mesoscutum may be almost entirely black . lighter specimens have yellow notauli and the mesopleura with a yellow longitudinal band ( rousse et al . , 2011 ) .\ngauld , i . d . 1980 . notes on an economically important species of temelucha forster ( hymenoptera : ichneumonidae ) and a preliminary key to australian species . bulletin of entomological research . 70 , 43\u201347 .\nmorley , c . 1913 . the fauna of british india including ceylon and burma , hymenoptera , vol . 3 . ichneumonidae . london , british museum . 531pp .\nphotographs by agni\u010dle touret - alby \u00a9 mnhn ( specimens database urltoken ) . map illustration \u00a9 simon van noort ( iziko museums of south africa ) .\ncitation : van noort , s . 2018 . waspweb : hymenoptera of the afrotropical region . url : urltoken ( accessed on < day / month / year > ) .\nlike most websites we use cookies . this is to ensure that we give you the best experience possible .\ncontinuing to use urltoken means you agree to our use of cookies . if you would like to , you can learn more about the cookies we use .\ncab direct is the most thorough and extensive source of reference in the applied life sciences , incorporating the leading bibliographic databases cab abstracts and global health . cab direct provides a convenient , single point of access to all of your cabi database subscriptions .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n[ south africa , kwazulu - natal ] , natal , weenen , ix\u2013x . 1925 , leg . s . p . thomasset ."]}
-{"id": 41, "summary": [{"text": "the slender treeshrew ( tupaia gracilis ) is a treeshrew species within the tupaiidae .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "it is native to borneo and inhabits foremost lowland old forest . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "slender treeshrew", "paragraphs": ["the slender treeshrew ( tupaia gracilis ) is a treeshrew species in the tupaiidae family . it is found in indonesia and malaysia .\nfirst footage of the slender treeshrew ( tupaia gracilis ) , a scarce bornean endemic and the least common treeshrew in sabah . it was captured in a lowland forest , in sintopy with tupaia tana .\nis a species of treeshrew in the tupaiidae family . it is found in indonesia and malaysia .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nborneo , sarawak , baram dist . , apoh river at base of mt . batu song .\nborneo below 1 , 200 m , including sabah and sarawak ( malaysia ) and kalimantan ( indonesia ) except se ; west to islands of karimata , belitung , and bangka , and north to banggi isl .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : listed as least concern as although the species is not common and its habitat continues to decline in the face of ongoing forest loss in the lowlands of borneo , the species shows some adaptability to disturbed environments , and it is unlikely that past or future declines over 10 years would not be at a rate that would warrant listing in a threatened category .\nthis species is found on borneo below 1 , 200 m , in sabah and sarawak ( malaysia ) and kalimantan ( indonesia ) except in the south - east ; west to the islands of karimata , belitung , and bangka , and north to banggi island ( helgen 2005 ) . it is sympatric with tupaia minor , t . longipes , and t . tana on borneo ( .\nthis species is somewhat rare ( k . h . han pers . comm . ) . it seems patchily distributed , being present at low densities in some sites , but apparently absent from other forested areas ( r . stuebing pers . comm . ) .\nthis species is found in lowland old growth forests , secondary forest and in older ( > 5years ) tree plantations ( r . stuebing pers . comm . ) .\nthe major threat to this species is loss of habitat due to logging , agricultural expansion and conversion of land to plantations .\nit occurs in several protected areas throughout its range , including lanjak - entimau wildlife sanctuary ( han and engkamat 2000 ) . the preservation of old and regenerating forested areas , and natural forest remnants within tree plantations , will benefit this species . it is listed on cites appendix ii .\nthis errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .\n( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t41495a115189017 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , \u00a92005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\ndon ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .\nemmons , l . h . 2000 . tupai : a field study of bornean treeshrews . university of california press , berkeley , ca , usa .\nhan , k . h . and engkamat , l . 2000 . a species inventory of small mammals for the development of lanjak - entimau wildlife sanctuary as a totally protected area . proceedings of international itto workshop 2000 development of lanjak - entimau wildlife sanctuary as a totally protected area phase ii : 120\u2013134 . malaysia .\nhelgen , k . m . 2005 . order scandentia . in : d . e . wilson and d . a . reeder ( eds ) , mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , pp . 104 - 109 . johns hopkins university press , baltimore , maryland , usa .\niucn . 2016 . the iucn red list of threatened species . version 2016 - 3 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 07 december 2016 ) .\niucn . 2017 . the iucn red list of threatened species . version 2017 - 1 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 27 april 2017 ) .\npacifici , m . , santini , l . , di marco , m . , baisero , d . , francucci , l . , grottolo marasini , g . , visconti , p . and rondinini , c . 2013 . generation length for mammals . nature conservation 5 : 87\u201394 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nenglish - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers\nyou can copy this taxon into another guide . if you are one of the editors of this guide it should copy everything , but if you ' re not , it will only copy the licensed content .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 frameset / / en\nurltoken\nproject noah is a tool to explore and document wildlife and a platform to harness the power of citizen scientists everywhere .\nthanks andhi , i always refer it as squirell in the past , not anymore . stick with tupaia or tupai : ) glad to know that we still have heaps of these in the wild ."]}
-{"id": 42, "summary": [{"text": "zafeen ( 25 april 2000 ) was a french-bred thoroughbred racehorse and sire .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "trained in the united kingdom , he showed good form as a two-year-old in 2002 , winning two of his six races including the mill reef stakes and finishing second in the prix morny .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "in the following year he finished second in the 2000 guineas , won the st james 's palace stakes at royal ascot and was rated the best three-year-old over one mile in europe and north america .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he was retired to stud at the end of the year and had moderate success as a sire of winners . ", "topic": 7}], "title": "zafeen", "paragraphs": ["drowne ' s mature reaction to losing the ride on zafeen should come as no surprise to those who have seen his career blossom .\nridden by pat smullen , refuse to bend held off outsiders zafeen and norse dancer to win a tightly - fought contest at newmarket .\nthen came a bolt from the blue when zafeen ' s owner , jaber abdullah , decided that his star miler needed a different rider .\nthis is probably only for tb readers - but does anyone know or have any progeny by the tb stallion zafeen ? one of our clients has just foaled down one of her mares by zafeen and wants to know if this youngster is showing the normal behaviour for a zafeen foal ( the mare has foaled previously ) . also interested to know ourselves anyway , as have another mare coming into us for foaling down which will be a zafeen foal . would like to know if they all portray the same type of temperament . thanks . feel free to pm if you ' d rather .\nhow is the mare bred ? maybe the caro influence in zafeen is not a good mix ? though gone west is usually a chilling out factor for temperaments ime . . .\nit was great to have two winners at royal ascot after the setback with zafeen and both mick and roger have some lovely horses to look forward to ,\nhe added .\nmajor general mohammed al marri , khalifa al zafeen and humaid bin dimas , presented ideas for the management of the award which can be implemented in the future cycles of the award .\nbut refuse to bend , ridden by pat smullen , got his nose in front two furlongs out and held off the late challenge of zafeen to claim the first classic of the season .\nzafeen is to be given a mid - season break before taking in a group one contest over a mile with the sussex stakes at goodwood high on his trainer mick channon\u2019s priority list .\nthere ' s nothing new about rich men losing patience when things go wrong in racing , and abdullah felt zafeen would benefit from a change in personnel ahead of the biggest meeting of the year .\nit was in easy conditions that zafeen flopped in the irish 2000 guineas but he had his favourite lightening fast ground when landing last week\u2019s group one three - year - old race under darryll holland .\n1 refuse to bend ( p smullen ) 9 - 2 2 zafeen ( s drowne ) 33 - 1 3 norse dancer ( p robinson ) 100 - 1 20 ran . dist : \u00bel , hd\nsoumillon managed to get off a series of rides at deauville to secure the mount on kalaman , who looked distinctly unlucky when second to zafeen in the st james ' s palace stakes at royal ascot in june .\njust over a month ago steve drowne was getting on with business in his quiet yet efficient way and looking forward to the ride of his life aboard zafeen in the st james ' s palace stakes at royal ascot .\nchannon has long regarded the three - year - old as a top - class prospect , having trained his half - brother zafeen to win the 2003 st james ' s palace stakes and finish second in that season ' s 2 , 000 guineas .\nthis is two time winning shamardal mare texas queen\u2019s first foal . texas queen is from the immediate family of champion 3yo in europe ( 2003 ) zafeen \u2013 whose wins include the gr . 1 st . james\u2019 palace and the gr . 2 mill reef stakes .\ntrade fair and zafeen will carry the hopes of the three - year - old division in the group one second showpiece on wednesday but they will have trouble coping with dubai destination if the godolphin colt is in the same explosive form as when winning the queen anne stakes at ascot in june .\nzafeen ( fr ) b . h , 2000 { 21 - a } dp = 6 - 7 - 11 - 0 - 0 ( 24 ) di = 3 . 36 cd = 0 . 79 - 11 starts , 3 wins , 4 places , 0 shows career earnings : $ 559 , 248\nbut sir michael stoute is adamant the best has not been seen of kalaman , who was deprived of a group one notch to his belt when he suffered severe interference in the home straight before flashing home for second place behind zafeen in the st james ' s palace stakes at royal ascot last month .\nif the alarm bells ring when assessing trade fair , who has raced only on good or fast ground , they will reach a cresendo with the mention of zafeen , whose only poor run this year came in the irish 2 , 000 guineas at the curragh , where the ground was badly rain - affected .\nsheikh mohammed was also accompanied during the tour by khalifa saeed suleiman , director - general of protocols and hospitality department in dubai , eng . khalifa al zafeen , ceo of dubai airports , major general obaid mohair , deputy director - general of the general directorate of residency and foreign affairs in dubai and others .\nfor those breeders who have not yet had a chance to visit overbury stud to see the stallions , proclamation and zafeen will be on show in the ring at tattersalls on thursday , 7 february at 10am , prior to the february sale . for closer inspection , they will be stabled in further paddocks at the sales complex .\nby zafonic ( 1990 ) european horse of the year , dewhurst s ( g1 ) , 2 , 000 guineas ( g1 ) , etc . sire of 656 foals aged three and up , including iffraaj , count dubois , xaar , zafeen , zee zee top , flashy wings , pacino , zipping , alrassaam , dupont , trade fair , etc .\ntwice - raced moresweets \u2018n lace , a zafeen filly , needs to win . if able to perform anything like , will oblige and considerably enhance her stud value , just in time for the northern hemisphere season that commences halfway through next month . you willl definitely be on a 100 per cent trier and unfortunately , that\u2019s not always the case , is it ?\nlooks and pedigree : both are correct , impressive individuals , from different ( but equally successful ) branches of the mr prospector line \u2013 which is noted for speed and brilliance . proclamation hails from one of the aga khan ' s first families , while zafeen is from a young and especially precocious damline . i ' d enjoy welcoming you to overbury to inspect them .\nsharp\nwould be a very mild word to describe the temperament of this one particular foal . maybe the mare who is coming to us this weekend to foal down ( in foal to zafeen ) may be different - because we certainly hope so after hearing what this other one has been like ! perhaps also , it ' s in the handling . thanks for responding .\nzafeen , too , was rated the best miler of his generation , his st james ' s palace stakes win assessed as even better than refuse to bend ' s 2 , 000 guineas and six perfections ' breeders ' cup mile . he was also top class at two , winning the mill reef stakes having run a close second in a lightning fast prix morny . in other words , they are both easily good enough to excel at stud .\nwe\u2019ve been thrilled at how well both champion milers have been supported since retiring to overbury . proclamation , now in his second season at stud , covered more dams of group winners than any stallion in britain or ireland standing at the equivalent of \u00a35 , 000 or less . zafeen ' s first book in 2006 included no fewer than 44 two - year - old winners or dams of two - year - old winners \u2013 exactly the kind of mares that can help him off to a flying start . his first foals sold in 2007 , making up to \u00a378 , 000 and averaging almost five times his stud fee . with proclamation standing at \u00a34 , 000 and zafeen at \u00a33 , 000 , we believe both represent outstanding value . not only are they both beautifully bred individuals but , as you can see from our stallion pages on the website , they have the racecourse form to back it up . and as for conformation , you\u2019ll be able to judge this for yourself on thursday or give us a call to arrange to visit them at home , here at overbury .\nnext up for oasis dream was the 2002 group one middle park stakes at newmarket , where he would go up against several horses with major race wins to their name . \u2018zafeen\u2019 and \u2018elusive city\u2019 were just two of the horses with major honours that were tipped for success . fortune rode him brilliantly , tracking the leaders and taking over the lead a furlong out , to give the horse his first group one victory in a race record time of 1 : 09 . 61 . that would be his last race as a two - year - old and also the last time jimmy fortune would ride him\nzafonic ( usa ) ( bay 1990 - stud 1994 ) . head of the 1992 2yo & 1993 3yo european classifications . 5 wins - 4 at 2 - from 6f to 1m , \u00a3374 , 713 , the two thousand guineas , gr . 1 . brother to sw zamindar . sire of 521 rnrs , 359 wnrs , 53 sw , inc . xaar ( longchamp prix de la salamandre , gr . 1 ) , count dubois , zafeen , zee zee top , dupont , alrassaam , attima , iffraaj , flashy wings , zipping , pacino , shenck , trade fair , kavafi , banknote , clearing , kareymah , etc .\nrefuse to bend was , of course , an unbeaten g1 - winning two - year - old , but he clearly got even better as he got older . winner of the g1 national stakes at the curragh as a juvenile , refuse to bend maintained his unbeaten record when winning the 2 , 000 guineas in 2003 , defeating zafeen by three - quarters of a length with the remaining 18 runners following the pair home at intervals . lack of stamina proved his undoing when he was unplaced in the derby , but he bounced back in his next start when justifying odds - on favouritism in the group three desmond stakes at the curragh .\nmon fils won the first mill reef stakes graduating to take the 2000 guineas the following year . other notable winners include magic of life ( 1987 ) who won the following season ' s coronation stakes ; firebreak ( 2001 ) who went on to win the hong kong mile and two renewals of the godolphin mile in dubai ; zafeen ( 2002 ) who next season finished second to refuse to bend in the 2000 guineas before winning the st james ' s palace stakes ; excellent art ( 2006 ) ( pictured above ) who won the next year ' s st james ' s palace stakes and then notched up three high profile seconds in the sussex stakes , queen elizabeth ii stakes and breeders ' cup mile .\nparticularly sire of alrassaam , arabesque , attima , aynthia , banknote , bibury flyer , bodyguard , californian , canasita , clearing , corsario , count dubois , dreams come true , dupont , endless summer , flashy wings , guest connections , herodotus , hockney , ibn al haitham , iffraaj , i ' m in love , inhabitant , kareymah , kavafi , le z\u00e8le , legal approach , lucidor , maybe forever , mooring , morning eclipse , munsef , nota bene , nufoos , organizer , ozone layer , pacino , shenck , soft centre , spanish don , summerhill parkes , trade fair , undeterred , urg\u00e8le , xaar , yawmi , zachariah , zafeen , zante , zarfoot , zato , zavone , zee zee top , zipping , . . .\n12 b invincible spirit \u2013 lethal quality ( elusive quality ) . sister to promising , winner and 2nd gr . 3 prestige stakes , 3rd gr . 3 fred darling stakes , 2017 , and lethal promise ( winner at 2 , also 4th grangecon stud stakes \u2013 gr . 3 , 2018 ) . dam stakes - placed sprinter in the us , half - sister to changing karma , listed - placed in the us . out of winning half - sister to diffident ( won diadem stakes \u2013 gr . 2 , prix de ris - orangis \u2013 gr . 3 etc ) . further family of zafeen ( gr . 1 winner ; sire ) , opening verse ( gr . 1 winner ; sire ) , atlantic sport ( listed winner ; sire ) , nouriya ( listed winner ) etc\n- ya hajar ( lycius ) , 2 wins , prix du calvados ( gr . 3 ) , 47 547 euros . dam of 3 winners . - zafeen - min asl wafi ( octagonal ) , placed in england . dam of 2 winners . - atlantic sport ( machiavellian ) , 3 wins , fortune stakes ( l . ) , 2nd premio bersaglio ( l . ) , 3rd thoroughbred st . ( l . ) , 4th doncaster mile ( l . ) , \u00a3 88 396 ( 11 ) - fantastic dubai ( storm cat ) , 2 wins in england and in the emirates - happy today ( gone west ) , 1 win in england , 2nd fielden st . ( l . ) ( 11 ) - akeed wafi ( street cry - 2009 ) , 1 win in ireland ( 11 ) - n . ( raven ' s pass - 2010 )\n10 f teofilo \u2013 majestic sakeena ( king\u2019s best ) winner , 2nd pretty polly stakes \u2013 listed , lyric fillies\u2019 stakes \u2013 listed , 3rd lord weinstock memorial ballymacoll stakes \u2013 listed . 1 / 2 sister to nouriya ( won lyric fillies\u2019 stakes \u2013 listed , john musker fillies\u2019 stakes \u2013 listed ; dam of gr . 3 winner and gr . 2 - placed aljazzi ) , yuften ( won balmoral handicap , 3rd lady wulfruna stakes \u2013 listed , 4th prix jean prat , gr . 1 , sovereign stakes , gr . 3 ) , zanotti ( winner ) . dam 1 / 2 sister to shy lady ( listed winner ; dam of zafeen , won st . james\u2019s palace stakes \u2013 gr . 1 ; sire , and ya hajar , won prix du calvados \u2013 gr . 3 ) . family of opening verse ( gr . 1 ; sire ) , diffident ( gr . 2 ; sire ) etc\n14 b galileo \u2013 majestic sakeena ( king\u2019s best ) . placed at 3 years . half - sister to nouriya ( won lyric fillies\u2019 stakes \u2013 listed , john musker fillies\u2019 stakes \u2013 listed ; dam of gr . 2 winner aljazzi ) , lady nouf ( 2nd pretty polly stakes \u2013 listed , lyric fillies\u2019 stakes \u2013 listed , 3rd lord weinstock memorial ballymacoll stakes \u2013 listed ) , yuften ( won balmoral handicap , 3rd lady wulfruna stakes \u2013 listed , 4th prix jean prat , gr . 1 , sovereign stakes , gr . 3 ) , zanotti ( winner ) . dam 1 / 2 sister to shy lady ( listed winner ; dam of zafeen , won st . james\u2019s palace stakes \u2013 gr . 1 ; sire , and ya hajar , won prix du calvados \u2013 gr . 3 ) . family of opening verse ( gr . 1 ; sire ) , diffident ( gr . 2 ; sire ) etc\n12 f dansili ( gb ) \u2013 majestic sakeena ( king\u2019s best ) won 2 races . 1 / 2 sister to nouriya ( won lyric fillies\u2019 stakes \u2013 listed , john musker fillies\u2019 stakes \u2013 listed ; dam of gr . 3 winner aljazzi ) , lady nouf , winner and 2nd pretty polly stakes \u2013 listed , lyric fillies\u2019 stakes \u2013 listed , 3rd lord weinstock memorial ballymacoll stakes \u2013 listed , yuften ( won balmoral handicap , 3rd lady wulfruna stakes \u2013 listed , 4th prix jean prat , gr . 1 , sovereign stakes , gr . 3 ) , zanotti ( winner ) . dam 1 / 2 sister to shy lady ( listed winner ; dam of zafeen , won st . james\u2019s palace stakes \u2013 gr . 1 ; sire , and ya hajar , won prix du calvados \u2013 gr . 3 ) . family of opening verse ( gr . 1 ; sire ) , diffident ( gr . 2 ; sire ) etc\n14 f galileo \u2013 nouriya ( danehill dancer ) ran once . half - sister to aljazzi ( won 5 races inc . duke of cambridge stakes \u2013 gr . 2 , atalanta stakes \u2013 gr . 3 , snowdrop fillies\u2019 stakes \u2013 listed , dick hern fillies\u2019 stakes \u2013 listed etc , also 2nd duke of cambridge stakes \u2013 gr . 2 , 3rd bet365 mile \u2013 gr . 2 ) , lady nouf ( 2nd pretty polly stakes \u2013 listed , lyric fillies\u2019 stakes \u2013 listed , 3rd lord weinstock memorial stakes \u2013 listed ) , yuften ( won balmoral handicap , 3rd lady wulfruna stakes \u2013 listed , 4th prix jean prat \u2013 gr . 1 ) . dam won lyric fillies\u2019 stakes \u2013 listed , john musker fillies\u2019 stakes \u2013 listed , out of half - sister to shy lady ( listed winner ; dam of zafeen , won st . james\u2019s palace stakes \u2013 gr . 1 ; sire , and ya hajar , won prix du calvados \u2013 gr . 3 ) . family of opening verse ( gr . 1 ; sire ) , diffident ( gr . 2 ; sire ) etc\n07 b danehill dancer \u2013 majestic sakeena ( king\u2019s best ) won 3 races inc . lyric fillies\u2019 stakes \u2013 listed , john musker fillies\u2019 stakes \u2013 listed . dam of aljazzi , won 4 races inc . atalanta stakes \u2013 gr . 3 , snowdrop fillies\u2019 stakes \u2013 listed and dick hern fillies\u2019 stakes \u2013 listed , and 2nd duke of cambridge stakes \u2013 gr . 2 , 3rd bet365 mile \u2013 gr . 2 . 1 / 2 sister to lady nouf ( 2nd pretty polly stakes listed , lyric fillies\u2019 stakes \u2013 listed , 3rd lord weinstock memorial stakes \u2013 listed ) , yuften ( won balmoral handicap , 3rd lady wulfruna stakes \u2013 listed , 4th prix jean prat , gr . 1 , sovereign stakes , gr . 3 ) , zanotti ( winner ) . dam 1 / 2 sister to shy lady ( listed winner ; dam of zafeen , won st . james\u2019s palace stakes \u2013 gr . 1 ; sire , and ya hajar , won prix du calvados \u2013 gr . 3 ) . family of opening verse ( gr . 1 ; sire ) , diffident ( gr . 2 ; sire ) etc\ni ' m not entirely sold on any of the options available , mostly because i think something your mare could use is some sharpen up , and none of them carry sharpen up . while i realize that orpen is not danzig , sharpen up has been a good cross with danzig in general and orpen ' s genetic sibling danehill in particular , with horses like danehill dancer , dylan thomas , mount nelson , boscobel , vital equine , dream scheme , etc . i really , really like her with three valleys . he is from the one of the best families in the studbook , and more to the point one that has a good affinity for danzig blood . he is advertised at gbp 5000 on the juddmonte website . it ' s more than you ' d planned , but juddmonte may be willing to make a deal with you . he ' s a lot of horse for the money , and had he not been disqualified from the middle park stakes he ' d have started for more than he did . also carrying sharpen up is the halling son norse dancer , standing for gbp2500 at wood farm . of the four you listed , i like firebreak best , followed by zafeen .\n\u00a359 . 70 to a \u00a31 stake . pool : \u00a345 , 839 . 74 - 559 . 76 winning units\n\u00a329 . 50 to a \u00a31 stake . pool : \u00a34 , 170 . 62 - 104 . 32 winning units\ndistances : hd , 1\u00bel , 1\u00bdl time : 1m 12 . 03s ( slow by 2 . 23s ) total sp : 114 %\ndistances : 2\u00bdl , nk , \u00bel time : 57 . 41s ( slow by 0 . 21s ) total sp : 111 %\ndistances : hd , \u00bel , 3l time : 1m 38 . 66s ( slow by 1 . 46s ) unplaced fav : whatsthemessage 5 / 2f total sp : 111 %\ndistances : 1\u00bel , nse , nk time : 2m 53 . 43s ( slow by 7 . 43s ) unplaced fav : luv u whatever 5 / 2f total sp : 111 %\ndistances : 4l , \u00bel , nk time : 1m 29 . 63s ( slow by 2 . 33s ) total sp : 116 %\ndistances : hd , 1\u00bcl , 2\u00bel time : 1m 31 . 16s ( slow by 3 . 86s ) unplaced fav : different journey 5 / 2f total sp : 117 %\nwas keen early but made some good late progress and looks one for nurseries .\n\u00a3144 . 30 to a \u00a31 stake . pool : \u00a363 , 971 . 93 - 323 . 42 winning units\n\u00a324 . 00 to a \u00a31 stake . pool : \u00a34 , 618 . 12 - 141 . 81 winning units\ndistances : 4\u00bdl , 1\u00bdl , shd time : 1m 13 . 63s ( slow by 3 . 13s ) total sp : 115 %\ndistances : 1\u00bdl , 1\u00bcl , shd time : 1m 39 . 73s ( slow by 2 . 03s ) unplaced fav : shamaheart 7 / 2f total sp : 117 %\ndistances : nk , 18l , 8l time : 2m 34 . 18s ( slow by 2 . 68s ) total sp : 108 %\ndistances : nk , 4l , nk time : 2m 2 . 05s ( slow by 1 . 75s ) unplaced fav : lamloom 9 / 4j total sp : 109 %\ndistances : 7l , 9l , nk time : 1m 38 . 94s ( slow by 1 . 24s ) total sp : 114 %\ndistances : 1l , nk , 2l time : 1m 29 . 86s total sp : 113 %\ndistances : hd , 2\u00bcl , 1\u00bcl time : 1m 31 . 21s unplaced fav : alfirak 6 / 4f total sp : 119 %\ndistances : \u00bel , 1\u00bcl , nk time : 2m 11 . 38s ( slow by 3 . 38s ) unplaced fav : check your pockets 9 / 4f total sp : 112 %\npick six : not won . 24 , 281 . 38 carried forward to roscommon tuesday . tote aggregates : 2017 ; 296 , 281 . 2018 ; 128 , 518\n\u00a320 . 90 to a \u00a31 stake . pool : \u00a388 , 688 . 16 - 3 , 097 . 60 winning units\n\u00a311 . 10 to a \u00a31 stake . pool : \u00a36 , 385 . 65 - 424 . 16 winning units\ndistances : nk , nk , 1l time : 1m 13 . 14s ( slow by 2 . 94s ) total sp : 123 %\ndistances : \u00bel , 2l , hd time : 1m 13 . 86s ( slow by 3 . 66s ) total sp : 121 %\ndistances : nk , 1\u00bcl , 1l time : 2m 12 . 59s ( slow by 8 . 09s ) total sp : 111 %\ndistances : shd , hd , 2l time : 1m 45 . 90s ( slow by 5 . 30s ) unplaced fav : brigand 11 / 10f total sp : 111 %\ndistances : 2l , nse , 2l time : 1m 48 . 09s ( slow by 7 . 49s ) total sp : 122 %\ndistances : 4\u00bdl , nk , 1l time : 2m 32 . 25s ( slow by 8 . 75s ) total sp : 113 %\n\u00a3134 . 50 to a \u00a31 stake . pool : \u00a370 , 403 . 42 - 382 . 07 winning units\n\u00a331 . 10 to a \u00a31 stake . pool : \u00a37 , 689 . 58 - 182 . 62 winning units\ndistances : 1\u00bel , 1l , nk time : 1m 15 . 80s ( slow by 3 . 60s ) total sp : 125 %\ndistances : nk , 1\u00bel , hd time : 1m 31 . 96s ( slow by 5 . 86s ) unplaced fav : cupid ' s arrow 4 / 1j , be bold 4 / 1j total sp : 122 %\ndistances : \u00bdl , 13l , nse time : 2m 40 . 17s ( slow by 5 . 17s ) total sp : 119 %\n\u00a3294 . 80 to a \u00a31 stake . pool : \u00a364 , 468 . 45 - 159 . 62 winning units\n\u00a354 . 30 to a \u00a31 stake . pool : \u00a35 , 729 . 64 - 77 . 96 winning units\ndistances : 6l , shd , 4\u00bdl time : 5m 49 . 80s ( slow by 14 . 80s ) unplaced fav : master sunrise 6 / 4f total sp : 115 %\nnewton geronimo was withdrawn . price at time of withdrawal 13 / 8f . rule 4 applies to all bets - deduction 35p in the pound\ndistances : 1\u00bdl , hd , 2\u00bdl time : 3m 42 . 80s ( slow by 2 . 80s ) unplaced fav : tommy hallinan 9 / 4j total sp : 117 %\ndistances : 6l , 11l , hd time : 5m 44 . 60s ( slow by 22 . 60s ) total sp : 116 %\ndistances : nk , 2l , 1\u00bel time : 3m 44 . 70s ( slow by 4 . 70s ) unplaced fav : excellent team 100 / 30f total sp : 113 %\ndistances : 1\u00bel , \u00bdl , nk time : 2m 2 . 21s ( slow by 0 . 21s ) total sp : 120 %\npari - mutuel ( all including 1 euro stake ) : win 2 . 90 place 1 . 70 , 2 . 00 , 4 . 40 df 7 . 80 sf 12 . 90\ndistances : \u00bel , \u00bdl , nse time : 2m 31 . 62s ( slow by 2 . 62s ) unplaced fav : north hunter 12 / 5f total sp : 121 %\npari - mutuel ( all including 1 euro stake ) : win 25 . 60 place 5 . 70 , 2 . 90 , 2 . 80 df 110 . 70 sf 295 . 60\ndistances : hd , \u00bel , \u00bdl time : 1m 27 . 55s ( slow by 4 . 25s ) total sp : 120 %\npari - mutuel ( all including 1 euro stake ) : win 5 . 50 place 1 . 80 , 2 . 40 , 1 . 60 df 28 . 80 sf 58 . 00\ndistances : nse , 1\u00bdl , snk time : 1m 52 . 14s ( slow by 3 . 64s ) unplaced fav : flowrider evensf total sp : 121 %\npari - mutuel ( all including 1 euro stake ) : win 1 . 50 ( coupled with flowrider ) place 1 . 80 , 1 . 90 sf 8 . 00\npari - mutuel ( all including 1 euro stake ) : win 2 . 30 place 4 . 10 , 5 . 10 , 4 . 10 df 64 . 60 sf 146 . 60\ndistances : hd , 1l , snk time : 1m 25 . 85s ( slow by 2 . 55s ) total sp : 121 %\npari - mutuel ( all including 1 euro stake ) : win 5 . 50 place 2 . 00 , 3 . 80 , 3 . 00 df 31 . 40 sf 55 . 20\npari - mutuel ( all including 1 euro stake ) : win 5 . 70 place 1 . 90 , 2 . 20 , 1 . 90 df 26 . 60 sf 50 . 50\ndistances : snk , 1\u00bcl , 1\u00bel time : 2m 3 . 57s ( slow by 1 . 57s ) unplaced fav : ducale di maremma 14 / 5f total sp : 121 %\npari - mutuel ( all including 1 euro stake ) : win 11 . 80 place 3 . 70 , 3 . 10 , 6 . 60 df 37 . 80 sf 87 . 60\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwinx ' s staying power as one of the world ' s top rac . . .\nt . j . comerford , assistant trainer for aidan o ' brie . . .\nowner : mr . jaber abdullah breeder : gainsborough stud management ltd . winnings : 11 starts : 3 - 4 - 0 , $ 559 , 248 1st : st james ' s palace s . ( gb - gr . 1 ) 1 mile ; mill reef s . ( gb - g2 ) 1200m 2nd : prix morny ( fr - g1 ) , 2000 guineas ( gb - g1 ) , greenham s . ( gb - g3 ) . 2006 : at overbury stud , simon sweeting tel : ( 01386 ) 725552 . urltoken in 2010 to haras du petit tellier in normandy , france . ( close )\nfor inquiries related to this message please contact support . for sales inquiries , please visit urltoken\nif you believe this to be in error , please confirm below that you are not a robot by clicking\ni ' m not a robot\nbelow .\nplease make sure your browser supports javascript and cookies and that you are not blocking them from loading . for more information you can review the terms of service and cookie policy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nability : proclamation was an exceptional champion miler , rated above both shamardal and dubawi , either of whom would have been a good champion in a normal year . his jersey stakes win , and his sussex stakes triumph \u2013 both coming from last to first , circling his opponents with a brilliant swoop of acceleration \u2013 were very impressive : timeform rated him 130 , a horse of extremely rare gifts .\n( 1 ) to deliver information efficiently to users who request information from overbury stud , and who supply us with their name , mobile number and other details .\n( 2 ) to allow us to improve our website by gathering anonymous data about you and your browsing habits , analysing which webpages visitors access , and seeing how many return to our website . this is done using google analytics and involves cookies being set on visitors\u2019 computing devices . these cookies gather no personal details about you , and all visitors remain anonymous . we do not allow third parties any access to the data from these cookies , such as advertisers or partners , no third parties such as advertisers have access to this data , nor does our website ever place any cookies on behalf of any third parties .\nall modern web browsers allow the user to refuse to accept cookies for a particular website or for all websites , and this option is usually accessible through preferences or tools . more detail on how businesses use cookies is available at urltoken . you can opt out of google analytics altogether and for all websites by installing the simple add - 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quality security and do our utmost to protect user privacy .\nas described in our principles above , we will not sell , trade , or rent your personal information to third parties \u2013 ever . please note that we reserve the right to access and disclose individually identifiable information to comply with applicable laws and lawful government requests , to operate our systems properly and to protect both ourselves and our users .\nyou can ask us to show you the data we have about you at any time and you have the right to edit or erase this data . to do this , please write to :\nplease note that such written requests will need to be accompanied by photocopies of a household or utility bill in your name and of the photo page of your driving licence or passport . please also include a daytime telephone number and email address so that we can verify that the request to access your data is coming from you , and not someone else .\nshould we elect to change our privacy policy we will post the changes here .\nwe ' ve detected that javascript is disabled in your browser . would you like to proceed to legacy twitter ?\ntwitter may be over capacity or experiencing a momentary hiccup . try again or visit twitter status for more information .\nyou can add location information to your tweets , such as your city or precise location , from the web and via third - 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down menu ( bottom / left of this page ) , and vice versa . to report a problem please use the contact us form at the foot of the full site version of the forum page .\npowered by vbulletin\u00ae version 4 . 2 . 3 copyright \u00a9 2018 vbulletin solutions , inc . all rights reserved .\nsky sports news takes you through all of the day ' s racing news , plus alex hammond ' s tip of the day .\nfollow the latest from the written press with the best gossip and speculation from the papers .\nsky has launched a pub finder for eager fans wanting to find a venue to watch sky sports .\nget a sports star to visit your old secondary school as part of our free schools initiative .\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nthe table in the second section of this article covers the first season sires you should expect to see represented by 2yos in the 2009 season . this section provides details on the information in the table and the links from it .\nthe table provides links to a picture of the sire from the the sire ' s name and the , most recent , season page for the sire ' s sire from it ' s name in the second column .\nmuch of the information in the table is self explanatory but a few items need to be noted . the first column gives the horses name and it ' s height were available . for example the sire acclamation is 16 hands high as given in the table . see the\non this site if you require an explanation of the use of ' hands ' in denoting a horse ' s height . in some cases the height is given in metres where the horse in at stud outside of the british & ireland . for comparison 1 . 60 metres is equivalent to a hands heights of 15 . 3 ( i . e . 160 centimetres is very close to the 63 inches that\n15 . 3hh\nrepresents ) .\nfor the most part . note that many of the coolmore ( magnier , et al ) and darley ( maktoum family ) sires will be ' shuttle sires ' and will move to the southern hemisphere ( usually australia which ranks second only to the usa in the total number of foals produced each year ) to cover mares outside of the european ( i . e . northern hemisphere ) breeding season . the thoroughbred horse has a gestation period of around 11 months which means that the covering season in the northern hemisphere encompasses the period from february through to june . this means the stallion can then be moved to the southern hemisphere to cover during their breeding season which is from august through to december . this six month relative ' shift ' between the hemispheres means that a 3yo australian bred sprinter born in , for example , october will be classed as a 4yo if it came to race in britain because of our january 1st ' birthday ' for all thoroughbreds . the southern hemisphere group birthday is on july 1st .\nthe ' fee ' column usually gives the cost of having a mare covered by the stallion in 2009 currently and not in 2006 when these sires first went to stud ( in the northern hemisphere ) . note that the widespread economic downturn in 2008 has affected thoroughbred breeding as well and many studs have downgraded all their sire covering fees to reflect the depressed economic market . therefore a downgrade in covering fee for 2009 may not indicate a sire getting below average results , or getting elderly & unfashionable , as it normally would .\n. yearlings which did not reach their reserve price ( equals ' not sold ' and the abbreviation ' ns ' used on the b2yor website ) or were bought back by their owners ( and therefore ' retained ' with ' rtnd ' used as the b2yor abbreviation ) are not included .\nfor those who do not understand the term ' median ' a short description is useful . the median figure is produced by ranking all the sire ' s yearling sales in a group from highest to lowest . the ' middle ' figure down this ranking is then chosen as the median figure . if there are an even number of figures in the list the middle two are chosen , added together and divided by two to get the median . why bother with a median figure ? the main reason is that averages can be misleading and distorted by a small number of notably high prices . if a sire has 5 yearlings sold , for example , and four sell for 10 , 000 gns and one sells for 60 , 000 gns the average figure is 20 , 000 gns but 80 % of his yearlings made much less than that so it is not a representative figure . the median in the example would be a representative 10 , 000gns . comparing the average and median figures for the sire gives an indication of how ' consistent ' the sales prices were ( how small the overall range was ) .\nnote that the averages are given in the archaic ' guineas ' denomination because the major european auction house ( tattersalls ) still sell using them and in britain this has long been the traditional unit of sale . the ' guinea ' is ' one pound and one shilling ' in pre - metric british currency which equates to \u00a31 . 05 now . therefore , a sale at the level of\n10 , 000 guineas\nmeans a pounds sterling value of \u00a310 , 500 prior to any sales taxes and other costs .\nnote that the majority of european sales now use the euro ( \u20ac ) as the sales unit and reporting currency . the second biggest british based auction house ( doncaster bloodstock sales ) has recently linked up with the irish based\ngoffs\ncompany and now sell in euros .\nwon 2 from 2 , both at 8f , in a sep 26th maiden and the group 3 bresford stakes at the curragh on oct 13th .\nwon 2 from 3 in a 7f maiden on may 14th & the 6f group 2 railway stakes at the curragh on june 29th . 11th of 12 in the 7f group 1 dewhurst stakes at 10 / 1 on oct 18th .\nran twice . placed in 6f maidens at salisbury & newmarket on sep 9 & oct 3rd .\nwon 3 from 4 , all runs at 6f . unplaced in windsor maiden on aug 12th debut . won a maiden on aug 29th , a nursery off or85 on sep 13th & the listed rockingham stakes at york on oct 12th .\nwon 2 from 2 . a 7f maiden on sep 14th & the 8f group 2 beresford stakes at the curragh on oct 12th .\nwon 1 from 2 in a 6f maiden on debut on july 17th . 3rd of 5 in a 7f conditions race on sep 8th .\nwon 2 from 5 in france . began career with places in 6f listed & group 3 events on aug 9th & oct 1st . then won listed races over 5 - 6f by nov 12th either side of a second place in the 6f group 2 criterium de maisons lafitte behind whipper ( q . v . ) .\nwon 2 from 3 runs , all at 6f , in an aug 2nd newmarket maiden & the group 2 gimcrack stakes on aug 21st . fourth , at 6 / 1 , in the 6f group 1 middle park stakes to oasis dream on october 3rd\nwon 3 from 3 in a 6f maiden on june 4th , the 7f group 3 superlative stakes on july 8th & the 7f group 1 national stakes at the curragh on sep 19th .\nwon 4 from 6 starting in 5f maiden & conditions races on may 22nd & june 5th . won the 6f group 3 prix de cabourg on aug 4th and the 6f group 2 mill reef stakes ( from the still active irony ) on sep 21st . also placed in the 6f coventry stakes & 4th in the group 1 prix morny ( with still active whitbarrow behind )\nwon 2 from 2 in a 6f maiden on oct 17th & the 7f group 3 killavullen stakes , from nonentities , eight days later .\nwon 2 from 5 in a york 7f maiden on sep 4th & the 7f group 3 somerville tattersalls stakes at newmarket on oct 2nd . 14th of 16 in the 7f group 1 dewhurst stakes later that month & 3rd of 5 in an 8f group 1 in france on nov 2nd .\nwon 1 from 4 in an 8f goddwod maiden on sep 26th after prior 2nd places in 7f conditions & listed races ( ( to later older grade 1 winner right approach & multiple ayr gold cup winner funfair wane ) . 4th of 8 in a sub - standard italian group 1 gran criterium over 8f later .\nwon 2 from 4 in a 6f maiden on may 26th debut & 6f group 3 july stakes on july 11th . also placed in the group 2 coventry stakes ( as 2 / 1f ) and the 6f group 1 prix morny .\nwon 2 from 2 , both over 8f , in a newmarket maiden on aug 13th & the group 1 racing post trophy on oct 23rd .\nwon 4 from 7 in a 6f maiden on may 29th debut , 6 . 3f group 3 anglesey stakes july 18th , 7f group 2 futurity stakes at the curragh on aug 21st & the 7f group 1 prix legadere on october 3rd . also placed second in the 6f group 1 phoenix stakes & the 7f group 1 dewhurst stakes ( to shamardal q . v . ) . unplaced in the coventry stakes .\nwon 3 from 4 , all at 6f , in a july 25th maiden , conditions event on aug 10th and the group 3 sirenia stakes . placed second debut at 33 / 1 .\nwon 4 from 6 in a 6f maiden may 24th , 7f listed chesham stakes june 18th , 7f group 2 futurity stakes aug 23rd & the 8f group 1 gran criterium in milan on oct 19th .\nwon 3 from 8 , all at 5f , in his first three races in a march 21st maiden , may 3rd conditions event and the listed marble hill stakes on may 22nd . placed 4 times later , 3 in group 1 races , in ireland & france over 6 - 7f .\nwon 3 from 3 in a 6f maiden on july 16th , 7f group 2 vintage stakes july 28th & the 7f group 1 dewhurst stakes on oct 16th . nominated champion european 2yo .\nwon 1 from 3 , all at 7f , in a newbury maiden on his second start on sep 21st . 3rd on his debut at newmarket on aug 23rd and later 3rd in the 7f group 1 dewhurst stakes on oct 19th .\nwon 3 from 5 in the 5 . 5f group 1 prix morny on aug 31st & the 6f group 2 criterium de maisons laffitte on oct 31st . unplaced in three other group races at 5 - 6f between jul 5th & oct 3rd including 4th in the 6f group 1 middle park stakes .\nwon 2 from 6 in a 6f salisbury maiden on july 26th & the 6f group 2 mill reef stakes . 5th in the 6f group 1 middle park stakes & 4th in the 7f group 1 dewhurst stakes in october to finish his season .\n2000 foal , 16 . 3hh . trained by mick channon for owner jaber abdullah . at 2yo won 2 from 6 in a 6f salisbury maiden on july 26th & the 6f group 2 mill reef stakes . 5th in the 6f group 1 middle park stakes & 4th in the 7f group 1 dewhurst stakes in october to finish his season . at 3yo placed second in the 2 , 000 guineas at 33 / 1 and unplaced in the irish 2 , 000 guineas at 11 / 1 . later that season won the 8f group 1 st james ' s place stakes .\nretired to stud in britain and a first season sire in 2009 . 17 yearlings sold in 2008 for an average of 11 , 800 guineas .\nplus gst payment on 42 - day ppt , free return ( conditions apply ) . standing at haunui stud , nz\nworld - class sire of champion two - year - olds , g1 sprinters and milers , classic fillies and derby winners . proven g1 cross for danehill mares , his best yet is two - time champion miler ribchester .\n1st dam : pastorale by nureyev . 2 wins ( 8f ) at 3 . dam of 13 foals , 12 to race , 11 winners :\nfarraaj ( g dubai destination ) 6 wins ( 7f - 10\u00bdf ) , 2 to 5 , winter derby ( g3 ) , churchill s , 2nd somerville tattersall s ( g3 ) , 3rd breeders\u2019 cup juvenile turf ( g1 ) , mackinnon s ( g1 ) .\nkareymah ( f zafonic ) 3 wins ( 7f ) at 2 , prix du calvados ( g3 ) , sweet solera s .\ntaqdeyr ( g dubai destination ) 4 wins ( 7f ) at 3 and 4 , 3rd guisborough s .\njathaabeh ( f nashwan ) 2 wins ( 8f ) at 3 . dam of :\nmijhaar ( g shirocco ) braveheart s , 3rd wolferton h , hambleton s .\n2nd dam : park appeal by ahonoora . champion two - year - old filly in england and ireland , 5 wins ( 6f - 8f ) , 2 to 4 , cheveley park s ( g1 ) . sister to nashamaa . dam of 9 winners :\ncape cross ( c green desert ) 5 wins , 2 to 5 , lockinge s ( g1 ) , queen anne s ( g2 ) , 3rd prix jacques le marois ( g1 ) . sire .\nvincennes ( f king\u2019s best ) 3 wins at 3 , kolner herbst - stuten - meile ( g3 ) .\nphoenix park ( c sadler\u2019s wells ) 3 wins at 4 and 6 , prix du carrousel .\ngreat britain ( c green desert ) winner at 3 and 5 , al quoz sprint .\ndiktat ( c warning ) haydock park sprint cup s ( g1 ) . sire .\nrecite ( f forty niner ) winner . dam of : one spirit ( f invincible spirit ) owenstown stud s , 2nd solonaway s ( g3 ) ; some spirit ( f invincible spirit ) 2nd fairy bridge s ( g3 ) .\n3rd dam : balidaress by balidar . 3 wins at 3 and 4 . dam of 8 winners :\nalydaress ( f alydar ) 3 wins at 3 , irish oaks ( g1 ) . dam of :\nlaiyl ( f nureyev ) winner at 3 . dam of : layman ( c sunday silence ) prix de cabourg ( g3 ) , sovereign s ( g3 ) , 2nd prix morny ( g1 ) . sire .\nshadayid ( f shadeed ) champion two - year - old filly in europe , 1 , 000 guineas ( g1 ) , prix marcel boussac ( g1 ) . dam of : bint shadayid ( f nashwan ) prestige s ( g3 ) , 3rd 1 , 000 guineas ( g1 ) ; imtiyaz ( c woodman ) glasgow s , 2nd prix jean prat ( g1 ) . grandam of : farhaan ( c jazil ) 2nd shoemaker mile s ( g1 ) . third dam of : takaful ( c bernardini ) vosburgh s ( g1 ) , 2nd allen h jerkins s ( g1 ) , 3rd toboggan s ( g3 ) .\ndumaani ( c danzig ) keio hai spring cup ( g2 ) . sire .\nfath ( c danzig ) lennox s ( g3 ) , 2nd middle park s ( g1 ) . sire .\nnashamaa ( c ahonoora ) 4 wins , 2 to 4 , ballymacoy s ( g3 ) . sire .\nbin ajwaad ( c rainbow quest ) gladness s ( g3 ) . sire .\nrussian rhythm ( f kingmambo ) 1 , 000 guineas ( g1 ) . grandam of : zonderland ( c dutch art ) sovereign s ( g3 ) , 2nd celebration mile s ( g2 ) ; spangled ( f starspangledbanner ) sceptre s ( g3 ) ; marenko ( f exceed and excel ) fred darling s ( g3 ) .\nflames of paris ( f blushing groom ) unraced . dam of : hot snitzel ( g snitzel ) btc cup ( g1 ) .\nwokingham s , 6f , york , beating beckermet , fire up the band , country reel , continent .\n, 7f , goodwood , beating jedburgh , assertive , nayyir , etlaala , jeremy .\n, 6f , newmarket , to les arcs , beating ashdown express , amadeus wolf , moss vale , takeover target , falkirk ."]}
-{"id": 43, "summary": [{"text": "erelieva parvulella is a species of snout moth in the genus erelieva .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by charles russell ely in 1910 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in north america , including illinois and tennessee . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "erelieva parvulella", "paragraphs": ["erelieva heinrich , 1956 ; bull . u . s . natl . mus . 207 : 308 ; ts : pempelia quantulella hulst\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nneunzig , h . h . , 1990 . moths of america north of mexico , fascicle 15 . 3 , p . 126 ; pl . 5 . 35 - 36 . order\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhodges , r . w . et al . , eds . 1983 . check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico . e . w . classey limited and the wedge entomological research foundation , london . 284 pp .\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\ndistribution data for u . s . states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\ndata and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish , wildlife , and plants in idaho .\nthis information is not automatically synchronized with globiz and can sometimes be lagging behind .\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\n[ nacl ] ; hodges , 1983 check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico check list lep . am . n of mexico\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on image to enlarge .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy ."]}
-{"id": 44, "summary": [{"text": "bida radiosella is a moth in the xyloryctidae family , and the only species in the genus bida .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it was described by walker in 1863 and is found in australia , where it has been recorded from new south wales , south australia , tasmania , victoria and western australia .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 23 \u2013 29 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are white with all veins marked with fine fuscous lines mixed posteriorly with blackish .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there are three pale fuscous longitudinal streaks , the first from the base beneath the costa to the costa beyond the middle , extending along it to near the apex , the second median , from the base to the apex , united with the first at the base , finely edged with dark fuscous beneath on the basal third , and above from one-third to three-fifths , the third is less marked , subdorsal and runs from near the base to near the tornus .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there are indications of faint pale fuscous streaks , between the veins towards the tornus .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are whitish-grey . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "bida radiosella", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for radiosella definition . you find here radiosella meaning , synonyms of radiosella and images for radiosella copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word radiosella . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word radiosella and , of course , radiosella synonyms and on the right images related to the word radiosella .\nbida is a monotypic moth genus in the family xyloryctidae described by francis walker in 1864 . its only species , bida radiosella , described by the same author one year earlier , is found in australia , [ 1 ] where it has been recorded from new south wales , south australia , tasmania , victoria and western australia .\nwalker , 1864 . tineites . list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum . vol . 29 . 562\u2013835 pp . [ 824 ] . type species : bida crambella walker , 1864 by monotypy .\nwalk . meyrick , 1906 . descriptions of australian tineina . transactions of the royal society of south australia 30 : 33\u201366 .\nfletcher , t . b . , 1929 , a list of generic names used for microlepidoptera . memoirs of the department of agriculture of india , 11 : 1 - 244 [ 32 ] .\nwalker , 1864 . common , in nielsen , e . s . , edwards , e . d . & rangsi , t . v . 1996 . checklist of the lepidoptera of australia . monogr . aust . lepid . 4 : i\u2013xiv , 1\u2013529 & cd\u2013rom [ 86 ] .\nwalker , 1864 , junior subjective synonym of cryptolechia zeller , [ oecophoridae , depressariidae ] beccaloni , g . w . , scoble , m . j . , robinson , g . s . & pitkin , b . ( editors ) . 2003 . the global lepidoptera names index ( lepindex ) . world wide web electronic publication . urltoken [ accessed 5 april 2010 ] .\nwalker , 1864 . [ oecophoridae , oecophorinae ] b . pitkin and p . jenkins ,\nbutterflies and moths of the world : generic names and their type - species , 2004 . world wide web electronic publication . urltoken [ accessed 7 april 2010 ]\ncorpus sat robustum : proboscis conspicua . palpi squamosi , subarcuati , capitis latitudine plus duplo longiores ; articulus 3us 2o vix brevior . pedes longiusculi , sat graciles . alae anticae longae , lanceolatae , acutae , margine exteriore recto perobliquo .\nallied to oecophora . body rather stout . proboscis distinct . palpi squamous , very slightly curved , more than twice longer than the breadth of the head ; third joint setiform , nearly as long as the second . legs smooth , rather long and slender . wings long , lanceolate ; fringe moderately long . fore wings acute ; exterior border straight , very oblique ; second inferior vein near the first and the third ; fourth remote from the third .\nhead with appressed scales ; tongue developed . antennae in male serrulate , minutely ciliated ( 1 / 3 ) , basal joint moderate , without pecten . labial palpi extremely long , recurved , second joint much exceeding base of antennae , rough - scaled beneath , terminal joint as long as second , somewhat thickened with scales towards base , acute . forewings with 2 from 4 / 5 , 7 and 8 stalked , 7 to apex , 11 from before middle . hindwings 1 , elongate - ovate , cilia 1 / 3 ; 3 and 4 connate , 5 - 7 nearly parallel . allied to\n] , but differing from both in the rough scales of second joint of palpi , which are also exceptionally long .\nnew south wales , south australia , tasmania , victoria , western australia . endemic . ( edwards , 2003 ) .\nwalker , 1863 , crambites & tortricites , list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum . vol . 2 8 . 287\u2013561 pp . [ 539 ] . holotype bmnh \u2642 , tasmania .\nwalker , 1864 . tineites , list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum . vol . 29 . 562\u2013835 pp . [ 824 ] .\nmeyrick , 1906 . descriptions of australian tineina . transactions of the royal society of south australia 30 : 33\u201366 . holotype bmnh \u2642 , south australia .\nwalk . tillyard , r . j . , 1926 , insects of australia and new zealand . sydney , angus & robertson . 1 - 560 . ( 424 , pl . 28 : 21 . )\n( walker , 1864 ) . common , in nielsen , e . s . , edwards , e . d . & rangsi , t . v . 1996 . checklist of the lepidoptera of australia . monogr . aust . lepid . 4 : i\u2013xiv , 1\u2013529 & cd\u2013rom [ 86 ] .\nwalker , [ oecophoridae , depressariinae ] beccaloni , g . w . , scoble , m . j . , robinson , g . s . & pitkin , b . ( editors ) . 2003 . the global lepidoptera names index ( lepindex ) . world wide web electronic publication . urltoken [ accessed 5 april 2010 ] .\nalba ; thorax fusco bivittatus ; alae anticae longae , apice rotundate , vitis duabus strigisque nonnullis aeneo - fuscis , vitta 2a nigro submarginata , venis nigricantibus ; posticae cinereae .\nwhite . antennae brown , stout , minutely serrated and setulose . thorax with a brown stripe on each side . anterior legs mostly brown . wings long , rounded at the tips . fore wings with two aeneous - brown stripes ; first stripe subcostal , joining the costa beyond the middle ; second extending to the tip of the wing , partly bordered with black in front ; some aeneous - brown streaks between the veins , which are blackish ; fringe interlined with pale brown ; under side brown ; exterior border very oblique . hind wings cinereous . length of the body 5 lines [ 10 . 6mm ] ; of the wings 15 lines [ 31 . 7mm ] .\nwhitish . fore wings with three fawn - coloured stripes ; first stripe subcostal ; second extending to the tip of the wing ; third near the interior border , extending to the interior angle ; veins blackish . length of the body 6 ? lines [ 12 . 7mm ? ] ; of the wings 16 lines [ 33 . 9mm ] .\nblackheath , new south wales : melbourne , victoria ; mount lofty , south australia ; in november , three specimens .\nwalk . ( pl . 28 , fig 21 ) is a fine australian species with grey forewings marked with whitish rays . ( tillyard , 1926 ) .\n\u2642 genitalia . albany , w . a . , 5 october 1951 , collected by i . f . b . common . anic slide no . g141 , dissected by i . f . b . common , 1956 . photomicrograph taken at anic , canberra .\naedeagus . albany , w . a . , 5 october 1951 , collected by i . f . b . common . anic slide no . g141 , dissected by i . f . b . common , 1956 . photomicrograph taken at anic , canberra .\n\u2642 genitalia . 2 mls s of ulladulla , nsw , 15 october 1956 , collected by i . f . b . common and m . s . upton . anic slide no . g3297 , dissected by i . f . b . common 1984 . photomicrograph taken at anic , canberra .\naedeagus . 2 mls s of ulladulla , nsw , 15 october 1956 , collected by i . f . b . common and m . s . upton . anic slide no . g3297 , dissected by i . f . b . common 1984 . photomicrograph taken at anic , canberra .\nnew south wales , south australia , tasmania , victoria , western australia . endemic .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nwalker , f . 1863 ,\ntortricites & tineites\n, list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum , vol . 28 , pp . 287 - 561\nwalker , f . 1864 ,\ntineites\n, list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum , vol . 29 , pp . 562 - 835\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 9e337148 - 71dc - 4871 - 96da - c9f24d7e9b1e\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 297569\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation , google , and apple . you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date ? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques ; in live mode . quite the same wikipedia . just better .\nthis page was last edited on 15 february 2018 , at 20 : 37 .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 unported license . non - text media are available under their specified licenses . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the annotation score provides a heuristic measure of the annotation content of a uniprotkb entry or proteome . this score < strong > cannot < / strong > be used as a measure of the accuracy of the annotation as we cannot define the \u2018correct annotation\u2019 for any given protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / annotation _ score ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this indicates the type of evidence that supports the existence of the protein . note that the \u2018protein existence\u2019 evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence ( s ) displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ existence ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides any useful information about the protein , mostly biological knowledge . < p > < a href = ' / help / function _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\ncytochrome c oxidase is the component of the respiratory chain that catalyzes the reduction of oxygen to water . subunits 1 - 3 form the functional core of the enzyme complex . co i is the catalytic subunit of the enzyme . electrons originating in cytochrome c are transferred via the copper a center of subunit 2 and heme a of subunit 1 to the bimetallic center formed by heme a3 and copper b .\n< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000256\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> function < / a > section describes the catalytic activity of an enzyme , i . e . the chemical reaction it catalyzes . this information usually correlates with the presence of an ec ( enzyme commission ) number in the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section . < p > < a href = ' / help / catalytic _ activity ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> ' function ' < / a > section describes the metabolic pathway ( s ) associated with a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / pathway ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\nthis protein is involved in the pathway oxidative phosphorylation , which is part of energy metabolism .\n< p > the < a href =\nurltoken\n> gene ontology ( go ) < / a > project provides a set of hierarchical controlled vocabulary split into 3 categories : < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ ontology ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > uniprotkb keywords constitute a < a href =\nurltoken\n> controlled vocabulary < / a > with a hierarchical structure . keywords summarise the content of a uniprotkb entry and facilitate the search for proteins of interest . < p > < a href = ' / help / keywords ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information about the protein and gene name ( s ) and synonym ( s ) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / names _ and _ taxonomy _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides an exhaustive list of all names of the protein , from commonly used to obsolete , to allow unambiguous identification of a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ names ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section indicates the name ( s ) of the gene ( s ) that code for the protein sequence ( s ) described in the entry . four distinct tokens exist : \u2018name\u2019 , \u2018synonyms\u2019 , \u2018ordered locus names\u2019 and \u2018orf names\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been imported from another database using automatic procedures . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000313\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section indicates if the gene coding for the protein originates from the hydrogenosome , the mitochondrion , the nucleomorph , different plastids or a plasmid . the absence of this section means that the gene is located in one of the main chromosomal element ( s ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / encoded _ on ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides information on the name ( s ) of the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / organism - name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section shows the unique identifier assigned by the ncbi to the source organism of the protein . this is known as the \u2018taxonomic identifier\u2019 or \u2018taxid\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ identifier ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section contains the taxonomic hierarchical classification lineage of the source organism . it lists the nodes as they appear top - down in the taxonomic tree , with the more general grouping listed first . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ lineage ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on the location and the topology of the mature protein in the cell . < p > < a href = ' / help / subcellular _ location _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> ' subcellular location ' < / a > section describes the extent of a membrane - spanning region of the protein . it denotes the presence of both alpha - helical transmembrane regions and the membrane spanning regions of beta - barrel transmembrane proteins . < p > < a href = ' / help / transmem ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain ( s ) present in a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / family _ and _ domains _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> family and domains < / a > section describes the position and type of a domain , which is defined as a specific combination of secondary structures organized into a characteristic three - dimensional structure or fold . < p > < a href = ' / help / domain ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000259\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018family and domains\u2019 section provides information about the sequence similarity with other proteins . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ similarities ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry . it also includes information pertinent to the sequence ( s ) , including < a href =\nurltoken\n> length < / a > and < a href =\nurltoken\n> molecular weight < / a > . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequences _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> sequence < / a > section indicates if the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > displayed by default in the entry is complete or not . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the checksum is a form of redundancy check that is calculated from the sequence . it is useful for tracking sequence updates . < / p > < p > it should be noted that while , in theory , two different sequences could have the same checksum value , the likelihood that this would happen is extremely low . < / p > < p > however uniprotkb may contain entries with identical sequences in case of multiple genes ( paralogs ) . < / p > < p > the checksum is computed as the sequence 64 - bit cyclic redundancy check value ( crc64 ) using the generator polynomial : x < sup > 64 < / sup > + x < sup > 4 < / sup > + x < sup > 3 < / sup > + x + 1 . the algorithm is described in the iso 3309 standard . < / p > < p class =\npublication\n> press w . h . , flannery b . p . , teukolsky s . a . and vetterling w . t . < br / > < strong > cyclic redundancy and other checksums < / strong > < br / > < a href =\nurltoken\n> numerical recipes in c 2nd ed . , pp896 - 902 , cambridge university press ( 1993 ) < / a > ) < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018sequence\u2019 section is used for sequence fragments to indicate that the residue at the extremity of the sequence is not the actual terminal residue in the complete protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / non _ ter ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\nkf395531 genomic dna translation : ags83570 . 1 kf395639 genomic dna translation : ags83678 . 1 kf398002 genomic dna translation : ags86041 . 1 kf400178 genomic dna translation : ags88217 . 1 kf401053 genomic dna translation : ags89092 . 1 kf402213 genomic dna translation : ags90252 . 1 kf402347 genomic dna translation : ags90386 . 1 kf402372 genomic dna translation : ags90411 . 1 kf405946 genomic dna translation : ags93985 . 1\n< p > this section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence ( s ) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds ( 100 % , 90 % and 50 % ) based on their membership in uniprot reference clusters ( < a href =\nurltoken\n> uniref < / a > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / similar _ proteins _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than uniprotkb . < p > < a href = ' / help / cross _ references _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides general information on the entry . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ information _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides a mnemonic identifier for a uniprotkb entry , but it is not a stable identifier . each reviewed entry is assigned a unique entry name upon integration into uniprotkb / swiss - prot . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides one or more accession number ( s ) . these are stable identifiers and should be used to cite uniprotkb entries . upon integration into uniprotkb , each entry is assigned a unique accession number , which is called \u2018primary ( citable ) accession number\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / accession _ numbers ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section shows the date of integration of the entry into uniprotkb , the date of the last sequence update and the date of the last annotation modification ( \u2018last modified\u2019 ) . the version number for both the entry and the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > are also displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ history ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section indicates whether the entry has been manually annotated and reviewed by uniprotkb curators or not , in other words , if the entry belongs to the swiss - prot section of uniprotkb ( < strong > reviewed < / strong > ) or to the computer - annotated trembl section ( < strong > unreviewed < / strong > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nmany of the caterpillars of this family bore into timber , hence their common name : timber moths .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken"]}
+{"id": 63, "summary": [{"text": "dichomeris gleba is a moth in the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by hodges in 1986 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from illinois , arkansas , missouri , texas , colorado and new mexico .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 16 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults have been recorded on wing from june to august and in november . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "dichomeris gleba", "paragraphs": ["vad betyder dichomeris ? h\u00e4r finner du 2 definitioner av dichomeris . du kan \u00e4ven l\u00e4gga till betydelsen av dichomeris sj\u00e4lv\ndichomeris \u00e4r ett sl\u00e4kte av fj\u00e4rilar som beskrevs av h\u00fcbner 1818 . dichomeris ing\u00e5r i familjen st\u00e4vmalar .\ndichomeris gleba hodges , 1986 , n . sp . , mona fascicle 7 . 1\ndichomeris gleba hodges , r . w . , 1986 | butterflies and moths of north america\nthe forest had three areas when created : gleba balata with , gleba tufari with and gleba jacar\u00e9 with .\ndichomeris gleba is a moth in the gelechiidae family . it was described by hodges in 1986 . it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from illinois , arkansas , missouri , texas , colorado and new mexico .\nits boundaries are : north to the cologne gral . diaz , south establishing livestock loma por\u00e1 , the cologne to the east and west pikyry colonies gleba 2 and gleba 3 .\ngleba is the fleshy spore - bearing inner mass of certain fungi such as the puffball or stinkhorn .\nthe gleba is a solid mass of spores , generated within an enclosed area within the sporocarp . the continuous maturity of the sporogenous cells leave the spores behind as a powdery mass that can be easily blown away . the gleba may be sticky or it may be enclosed in a case ( peridiole ) .\ngleba cordata is a species of sea butterfly , a floating and swimming sea snail or sea slug , a pelagic marine gastropod mollusk in the family cymbuliidae .\nit is a tissue usually found in an angiocarpous fruit - body , especially gasteromycetes . angiocarpous fruit - bodies usually consist of fruit enclosed within a covering that does not form a part of itself ; such as the filbert covered by its husk , or the acorn seated in its cupule . the presence of gleba can be found in earthballs and puffballs . the gleba consists of mycelium , and basidia and may also contain capillitium threads .\ngleba is a village in the administrative district of gmina kadzid\u0142o , within ostro\u0142\u0119ka county , masovian voivodeship , in east - central poland . it lies approximately south - west of kadzid\u0142o , north - west of ostro\u0142\u0119ka , and north of warsaw .\ngleba found on the fruit body of species in the family phallaceae is typically gelatinous , often fetid - smelling , and deliquescent ( becoming liquid from the absorption of water ) . it is formed on the exterior face of the cap or the upper part of the fruit body . the foul smell helps to attract insects that help disperse the spores . chemicals that contribute to the odor include methylmercaptan and hydrogen sulfide .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhodges , r . w . , 1986 . moths of america north of mexico , fascicle 7 . 1 , p . 87 ; pl . 2 . 18 - 20 . order\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nthe wingspan is about 16 mm . adults have been recorded on wing from june to august and in november .\nsearch their arrest records , driving records , contact information , photos and more . . .\ncopyright 2018 peekyou . com . a patent pending people search process . all rights reserved .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nhtml public\ni / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken"]}
+{"id": 69, "summary": [{"text": "lycodon cavernicolus , also known as gua wang burma wolf snake , is a species of colubrid snake found in peninsular malaysia .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "it was first described in 2014 . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "lycodon cavernicolus", "paragraphs": ["a\u00ednda ningu\u00e9n contribu\u00edu con rexistros de datos para lycodon cavernicolus . aprende a contribu\u00edr .\ntop : jaw of lycodon aulicus from jackson & fritts 2004 middle : lycodon zoosvictoriae from neang et al . 2014 bottom : lycodon cavernicolus from grismer et al . 2014\nlycodon cavernicolus grismer , quah , anuar m . s . , muin , wood & nor 2014\nlycodon cavernicolus grismer , quah , anuar m . s . , muin , wood & nor , 2014\nlycodon cavernicolus grismer , quah , anuar , muin , wood & nor , 2014 , sp . nov . - plazi treatmentbank\nregions according to the tdwg standard , where < em > lycodon cavernicolus < / em > occurs , not a & nbsp ; precise distribution map .\nnote that this is not a & nbsp ; precise distribution map , but region standardised by tdwg world geographical schema , where < em > lycodon cavernicolus < / em > occurs .\nfigure 4 . left : ventral pattern of the holotype of lycodon cavernicolus sp . nov . lsuhc 9985 . right : ventral pattern of the paratype lsuhc 10500 . photos by l . l . grismer\nlycodon cavernicolus , grismer , l . lee , quah , evan s . h . , anuar , shahrul , muin , mohd abdul , wood , perry l . & nor , siti azizah mohd , 2014\nlycodon\n. the reptile database . www . reptile - database . org .\nlycodon zawi\n. the reptile database . www . reptile - database . org .\nthe specific epithet \u201ccavernicolus\u201d is an adjective derived from the latin caverna meaning \u201ccave\u201d and the latin cola meaning \u201cdweller of\u201d and refers to this species being a cave - dweller .\nnota bene : a binomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than lycodon .\nhans - martin braun added the english common name\nmountain wolf snake\nto\nlycodon ruhstrati fischer 1886\n.\nhans - martin braun added the german common name\nberg - wolfszahnnatter\nto\nlycodon ruhstrati fischer 1886\n.\nhans - martin braun added the english common name\nwhite plum blossom snake\nto\nlycodon ruhstrati fischer 1886\n.\nsiler et al . ( 2013 ) concluded that dinodon species are nested within the lycodon tree and noted that dinodon ( the more recently described genus ) should therefore be treated as a junior synonym of lycodon . based on their own molecular phylogenetic studies , guo et al . ( 2013 ) also suggested that dinodon should be synonymized with lycodon . lei et al . ( 2014 ) also found that dinodon species are nested within lycodon . based on molecular phylogenetic and morphological analyses , lei et al . further concluded that oligodon multizonatum ( an endemic species known from sichuan and possibly gansu provinces in china ) actually falls within lycodon as well .\nlanza , b . ( 1999 ) a new species of lycodon from the philippines , with a key to the genus . tropical zoology , 12 , 89\u2013104 .\ngaulke , m . 2002 . a new species of lycodon from panay island , philippines ( reptilia , serpentes , colubridae ) . spixiana , 25 , 85\u201392 .\nlanza , b . 1999 . a new species of lycodon from the philippines , with a key to the genus ( reptilia serpentes colubridae ) . tropical zoology , 12 , 89\u2013104 .\njackson , k . and t . h . fritts . 2004 . dentitional specialisations for durophagy in the common wolf snake , lycodon aulicus capucinus . amphibia - reptilia 25 : 247 - 254 < link >\nvogel , g . & luo , j . ( 2011 ) a new species of the genus lycodon ( boie , 1826 ) from the southwestern china ( squamata : colubridae ) . zootaxa , 2807 , 29\u201340 .\nlei , j . , x . sun , k . jiang , et al . 2014 . multilocus phylogeny of lycodon and the taxonomic revision of oligodon multizonatum . asian herpetological research 5 ( 1 ) : 26\u201337 .\nvogel , g . & david , p . ( 2010 ) a new species of the genus lycodon ( boie , 1826 ) from yunnan province , china ( serpentes : colubridae ) . bonn zoological bulletin , 57 , 289\u2013296 .\nguo , p . , l . zhang , q . liu , et al . 2013 . lycodon and dinodon : one genus or two ? evidence from molecular phylogenetics and morphological comparisons . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 68 : 144\u2013149 .\na new species of the genus lycodon fitzinger , 1826 is described from the cardamom mountains of southwest cambodia . lycodon zoosvictoriae distinctly differs from all other species of lycodon in southeast asia by a combination of its morphometric characters and unique coloration . the new species has 17 dorsal scales at midbody ; 2 + 2 temporals ; 8 supralabials ; 10 infralabials ; loreal separated from internasal and orbit ; 213 ventrals ; 85 subcaudals ; pale tan brown ground color ; irregular dark brown blotches on anterior part , 31 transverse blotches on posterior part of body and 26 blotches on tail . given its submontane type locality , the new species could prove to be endemic to the cardamom mountains of southwestern cambodia and probably southeast thailand .\nfigure 3 . dorsal ( upper ) and lateral ( lower ) head views of the holotype of lycodon cavernicolus sp . nov . lsuhc 9985 showing the location of head scales . f = frontal ; if = infralabial ; in = internasal ; l = loreal ; lat = lower anterior temporal ; lpt = lower posterior temporal ; m = mental ; mpt = middle posterior temporal ; n = nasal ; p = parietal ; pf = prefrontal ; po = postocular ; pp = postparietal ; pro = preocular ; r = rostral ; sl = supralabial ; so = suprocular ; uat = upper anterior temporal ; and upt = upper posterior temporal .\nzhang , j . , jiang , k . , vogel , g . & rao , d . ( 2011 ) a new species of the genus lycodon ( squamata : colubridae ) from sichuan province , china . zootaxa , 2982 , 59\u201368 .\nsiler , c . d . , c . h . oliveros , a . santanen , and r . m . brown . 2013 . multilocus phylogeny reveals unexpected diversification patterns in asian wolf snakes ( genus lycodon ) . zoologica scripta , 42 : 262\u2013277 .\nsiler , c . d . , oliveros , c . h . , santanen , a . & brown , r . m . ( 2013 ) multilocus phylogeny reveals unexpected diversification patterns in asian wolf snakes ( genus lycodon ) . zoologica scripta , 42 , 262\u2013277 . urltoken\nsiler , c . d . , c . h . oliveros , a . santanen , and r . m . brown . 2013 . multilocus phylogeny reveals unexpected diversification patterns in asian wolf snakes ( genus lycodon ) . zoologica scripta 42 ( 3 ) : 262 - 277 .\nvogel , g . , nguyen , t . q . , kingsada , p . & ziegler , t . ( 2012 ) a new species of the genus lycodon boie , 1826 from laos ( squamata : colubridae ) . north - western journal of zoology , 8 , 344\u2013352 .\nregarding inferences about the historical biogeography of lycodon , siler et al . ( 2013 ) note that with few exceptions , the results observed in their study are consistent with many of the biogeographic expectations for vertebrates in asia and the philippines ( see siler et al . 2013 for details and discussion ) .\nneang , t . , t . hartmann , s . hun , n . j . souter , and n . m . furey . 2014 . a new species of wolf snake ( colubridae : lycodon fitzinger , 1826 ) from phnom samkos wildlife sanctuary , cardamom mountains , southwest cambodia . zootaxa 3814 : 68 - 80 < link >\ngrismer , l . lee ; evan s . h . quah , shahrul anuar m . s , , mohd abdul muin , perry l . wood , jr & siti azizah mohd nor 2014 . a diminutive new species of cave - dwelling wolf snake ( colubridae : lycodon boie , 1826 ) from peninsular malaysia . zootaxa 3815 ( 1 ) : 051\u2013067\nfitzinger li . 1826 . neue classification der reptilien nach ihren nat\u00fcrlichen verwandtschaften . nebst einer verwandtschafts - tafel und einem verzeichnisse der reptilien - sammlung des k . k . zoologischen museums zu wien . vienna : j . g . heubner , five unnumbered + 67 pp . + one plate . ( lycodon , new genus , p . 57 ) . ( in german and latin ) .\ngrismer , l . lee , quah , evan s . h . , anuar , shahrul , muin , mohd abdul , wood , perry l . & nor , siti azizah mohd , 2014 , a diminutive new species of cave - dwelling wolf snake ( colubridae : lycodon boie , 1826 ) from peninsular malaysia , zootaxa 3815 ( 1 ) , pp . 51 - 67 : 56 - 61\ngrismer , l . l . , e . s . h . quah , s . anuar , m . a . muin , p . l . wood jr , and s . a . m . nor . 2014 . a diminutive new species of cave - dwelling wolf snake ( colubridae : lycodon boie , 1826 ) from peninsular malaysia . zootaxa 3815 : 51 - 67 < link >\nboulenger ga . 1893 . catalogue of the snakes in the british museum ( natural history ) , volume i . , containing the families . . . colubrid\u00e6 aglyph\u00e6 , part . . london : trustees of the british museum ( natural history ) . ( taylor and francis , printers ) . xiii + 448 pp . + plates i - xxviii . ( genus lycodon , p . 348 , figure 23 ) .\nvogel , g . , david , p . , pauwels , o . s . g . , sumontha m . , norval g . , hendrix , r . , vu , n . t . & ziegler , t . ( 2009 ) a revision of lycodon ruhstrati ( fischer 1886 ) auctorum ( squamata colubridae ) , with the description of a new species from thailand and a new subspecies from the asian mainland . tropical zoology , 22 , 131\u2013182 .\ntype locality : gua wang burma , perlis state park , perlis , peninsular malaysia ( 6\u00b041 . 594n 100\u00b011 . 400e at 175 m elevation ) .\nnote : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .\nholotype : lsuhc 9985 , adult female , collected on 12 march 2011 by evan s . h . quah and shahrul anuar m . s . paratype . juvenile male ( lsuhc 10500 ) has the same data as the holotype except for being collected on 23 may 2010 .\nthis database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .\n, named for large teeth in both jaws . asian wolf snakes are placed in the genera\n, is a small , drab species with a metallic sheen and lives chiefly on lizards . it can grow to lengths of about 50 cm ( 20 inches ) . the\nsnake , ( suborder serpentes ) , any of more than 3 , 400 species of reptiles distinguished by their limbless condition and greatly elongated body and tail . classified with lizards in the order squamata , snakes represent a lizard that , over the course of evolution , has undergone structural reduction , \u2026\nreptile , any member of the class reptilia , the group of air - breathing vertebrates that have internal fertilization , amniotic development , and epidermal scales covering part or all of their body . the major groups of living reptiles\u2014the turtles ( order testudines ) , tuatara ( order rhynchocephalia\u2026\nvertebrate , any animal of the subphylum vertebrata , the predominant subphylum of the phylum chordata . they have backbones , from which they derive their name . the vertebrates are also characterized by a muscular system consisting pimarily of bilaterally paired masses and a central nervous system\u2026\nchordate , any member of the phylum chordata , which includes the vertebrates , the most highly evolved animals , as well as two other subphyla\u2014the tunicates and cephalochordates . some classifications also include the phylum hemichordata with the chordates . as the name implies , at some time in the life\u2026\nwe welcome suggested improvements to any of our articles . you can make it easier for us to review and , hopefully , publish your contribution by keeping a few points in mind .\nencyclop\u00e6dia britannica articles are written in a neutral objective tone for a general audience .\nyou may find it helpful to search within the site to see how similar or related subjects are covered .\nat the bottom of the article , feel free to list any sources that support your changes , so that we can fully understand their context . ( internet urls are the best . )\nyour contribution may be further edited by our staff , and its publication is subject to our final approval . unfortunately , our editorial approach may not be able to accommodate all contributions .\nour editors will review what you ' ve submitted , and if it meets our criteria , we ' ll add it to the article .\nplease note that our editors may make some formatting changes or correct spelling or grammatical errors , and may also contact you if any clarifications are needed .\nanimal , ( kingdom animalia ) , any of a group of multicellular eukaryotic organisms ( i . e . , as distinct from\u2026\nhorse , ( equus caballus ) , a hoofed , herbivorous mammal of the family equidae . it comprises a single species , \u2026\ncorrections ? updates ? omissions ? let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article ( requires login ) .\nif you prefer to suggest your own revision of the article , you can go to edit mode ( requires login ) .\nour editors will review what you\u2019ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article .\nnew & recent described flora & fauna species from all over the world esp . asia , oriental , indomalayan & malesiana region\ngrismer , l . l . , evan s . h . quah , shahrul a . m . s . , mohd . a . muin , perry j . l . wood & siti a . m . nor . 2014 . a diminutive new species of cave - dwelling wolf snake ( colubridae :\n\u0e1b\u0e49\u0e32\u0e22\u0e01\u0e33\u0e01\u0e31\u0e1a : 2014 , asia , author : l . l . grismer , author : quah , conservation , herpetology - frog ; reptile snake , karst - limestone , peninsular malaysia , peninsular thailand , serpentes - snake , southeast asia , zootaxa\nwuodendron b . xue , y . h . tan & chaowasku wuodendron praecox ( hook . f . & thomson ) b . xue , y . h . tan & x . l . hou in xue , tan . . .\n[ botany \u2022 2017 ] begonia fulgurata | \u0e14\u0e32\u0e14\u0e14\u0e32\u0e23\u0e32\u0e23\u0e31\u0e28\u0e21\u0e35 \u2022 a new species ( sect . diploclinium , begoniaceae ) from chiang mai , northern thailand\nbegonia fulgurata c . - i peng , c . w . lin & phutthai \u0e14\u0e32\u0e14\u0e14\u0e32\u0e23\u0e32\u0e23\u0e31\u0e28\u0e21\u0e35 | | doi : 10 . 3767 / blumea . 2017 . 62 . 03 . 01 urltoken be . . .\nchamaelirium viridiflorum l . wang , z . c . liu & w . b . liao in liu , feng , wang & liao , 2018 . doi : 10 . 11646 / phytotaxa . 357 . . . .\ngreat - billed seed - finch sporophila maximiliani ( cabanis , 1851 ) in ubaid , silveira , medolago , et . al . , 2018 . doi : 10 . 11646 / . . .\nendocerids with their filtering apparatus in mironenko , 2018 . doi : 10 . 1080 / 08912963 . 2018 . 1491565 reconstruction by andre . . .\naristolochia tongbiguanensis j . y . shen , q . b . gong & s . landrein in gong , landrein , xi , et al . , 2018 . doi : 10 . 6165 / tai . . . .\nbagualosaurus agudoensis pretto , langer & schultz , 2018 doi : 10 . 1093 / zoolinnean / zly028 illustration : jorge blanco c . . .\nthe hypothetical phylogenetic relationships of ceratosaurs based on current topologies . the main source is from wang et al . ( 2016 . . .\nnipponosaurus sachalinensis nagao , 1936 in takasaki , chiba , kobayashi , et al . , 2018 \u30cb\u30c3\u30dd\u30ce\u30b5\u30a6\u30eb\u30b9 | | doi : 10 . 1080 / 08912963 . 2017 . . . .\nbegonia medogensis jianw . li , y . h . tan & x . h . jin in li , tan , wang , et al . , 2018 . doi : 10 . 3897 / phytokeys . 103 . 25392 . . .\non this day ( july 10th ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\nanomaloglossus meansi : a new species of cryptic forest frog from the wokomung and ayanganna sky islands of southern guyana .\nthe benefits and costs of academic travel . or\nthere and back again ; again and again\ncanon renueva su gama de 70 - 200 mm f : 2 . 8 y f : 4\nplants go extinct , but sometimes species are rediscovered . this one after 151 years .\ni ' m killing antediluvian salad but even in death there is rebirth . . .\nnecps carnivorous plant show : sept . 9 - 10 at tower hill botanical garden\nthis is a particularly beautiful species of centrolenid - the granular glass frog , cochranella granulosa .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nl . lee grismer department of biology , la sierra university , 4500 riverwalk parkway , riverside , california 92515 usa .\nevan s . h . quah school of biological sciences , universiti sains malaysia , 11800 usm , pulau pinang , penang , malaysia .\nshahrul anuar m . s school of biological sciences , universiti sains malaysia , 11800 usm , pulau pinang , penang , malaysia . center for marine and coastal studies , universiti sains malaysia , 11800 minden , pulau pinang , malaysia\nmohd abdul muin school of biological sciences , universiti sains malaysia , 11800 usm , pulau pinang , penang , malaysia .\nperry jr l . wood department of biology , brigham young university , 150 east bulldog boulevard , provo , utah 84602 usa .\nsiti azizah mohd nor school of biological sciences , universiti sains malaysia , 11800 usm , pulau pinang , penang , malaysia .\nl . lee grismer , evan s . h . quah , shahrul anuar m . s , mohd abdul muin , perry jr l . wood , siti azizah mohd nor\nalstr\u00f6m , p . , davidson , p . , duckworth , j . w . , eames , j . c . , trai , t . l . , nguyen , c . , ollson , u . , robinson , c . & timmins , r . ( 2010 ) description of a new species of phylloscopus warbler from vietnam and laos . ibis , 152 , 145\u2013168 .\nburbrink , f . t . , lawson , r . & slowinski , j . b . ( 2000 ) mitochondrial dna phylogeography of the polytypic north american rat snake ( elaphe obsoleta ) : a critique of the subspecies concept . evolution , 54 , 2107\u20132118 . urltoken\nchan , k . o . , van rooijen , j . , grismer , l . l . , belabut , d . , akil , m . a . m . m . , jamaludin , h . , gregory , r . & norhayati a . ( 2010 ) first report on the herpetofauna of pulau pangkor , perak , malaysia . russian journal of herpetology , 17 , 139\u2013146 .\nclements , r . , sodhi , n . s . , schilthuizen , m . & ng , p . k . l . ( 2006 ) limestone karsts of southeast asia : imperiled arks of biodiversity . bioscience , 56 , 733\u2013742 . h urltoken ; 2\ndowling , h . g . ( 1951 ) a proposed standard system of counting ventral in snakes . journal of herpetology , 1 , 97\u201399 .\ndrummond , a . j . , ashton , b . , buxton , s . , cheung , m . , cooper , a . , duran , c . , field , m . , heled , j . , kearse , m . , markowitz , s . , moir , r . , stones - havas , s . , sturrock , s . , thierer , t . & wilson , a . ( 2011 ) geneious v5 . 4 . available from : urltoken ( accessed 3 june 2014 )\ngrismer , l . l . ( 2011a ) lizards of peninsular malaysia , singapore and their adjacent archipelagos . edition chimaira , frankfurt am main , 728 pp .\ngrismer , l . l . ( 2011b ) field guide to the amphibians and reptiles of the seribuat archipelago , peninsular malaysia . edition chimaira , frankfurt am main , 258 pp .\ngrismer , l . l . , anuar , s . , muin , m . a . , quah , e . s . h . & wood , p . l . jr . ( 2013 ) phylogenetic relationships and description of a new upland species of bent - toed gecko ( cyrtodactylus gray , 1827 ) of the c . sworderi complex from northeastern peninsular malaysia . zootaxa , 3616 ( 3 ) , 239\u2013252 . urltoken\ngrismer , l . l , , belabut , d . m , quah , e . s . h . , chan , k . o . , wood , p . l . jr . & hasim , r . ( 2014c ) a new species of karst forest - adapted bent - toed gecko ( genus cyrtodactylus gray , 1827 ) belonging to the c . sworderi complex from a threatened karst forest in perak , peninsular malaysia . zootaxa , 3755 ( 5 ) , 434\u2013446 . urltoken\ngrismer , l . l . , chan , k . o . , nurolhuda , n . & sumontha , m . ( 2008a ) a new species of karst dwelling gecko ( genus cnemaspis strauch 1887 ) from the border region of thailand and peninsular malaysia . zootaxa , 1875 , 51\u201368 .\ngrismer , l . l . , grismer , j . l . , wood , p . l . jr . & chan , k . o . ( 2008b ) the distribution , taxonomy , and redescription of the geckos cnemaspis affinis ( stoliczka 1887 ) and c . flavolineata ( nicholls 1949 ) with descriptions of a new montane species and two new lowland , karst - dwelling species from peninsular malaysia . zootaxa , 1931 , 1\u201324 .\ngrismer , l . l . , grismer , j . l . , wood , p . l . jr . , ngo , v . t . & chan , k . o . ( 2011 ) herpetology on the fringes of the sunda shelf : a discussion of discovery , taxonomy , and biogeography . bonner zoologische monographien , bonn , 57 , 57\u201397 .\ngrismer , l . l . , norhayai , a . , chan , k . o . , belabut , d . , muin , m . a . , wood , p . w . jr . & grismer , j . l . ( 2009 ) two new diminutive species of cnemaspis strauch 1887 ( squamata : gekkonidae ) from peninsular malaysia . zootaxa , 2019 , 40\u201356 .\ngrismer , l . l . , wood , p . l . jr . , anuar , s . , quah , e . s . h . , muin , m . a . , maketab , m . , chan , k . o . , heinz , h . m . , sumarli , a . s . - i . , loredo , a . i . & heinz , h . ( 2014b ) the phylogenetic relationships of three new species of the cyrtodactylus pulchellus complex ( squamata : gekkonidae ) from poorly explored regions in northeastern peninsular malaysia . zootaxa , 3786 ( 3 ) , 359\u2013381 . urltoken\ngrismer , l . l . , wood , p . l . jr . , chan , k . o . , anuar , s . & muin , m . a . ( 2014a ) cyrts in the city : a new bent - toed gecko ( genus cyrtodactylus ) is the only endemic species of vertebrate from batu caves , selangor , peninsular malaysia . zootaxa , 3774 ( 4 ) , 381\u2013394 . urltoken\ngrismer , l . l . , wood , p . l . jr . , maketab , m . , chan , k . o . , heinz , h . m . , sumarli , a . s . - i . , chan , j . a . & loredo , a . i . ( 2013 ) a new species of karst - adapted cnemaspis strauch , 1887 ( squamata : gekkonidae ) from a threatened karst region in pahang , peninsular malaysia . zootaxa , 3746 ( 3 ) , 463\u2013472 . urltoken\ngrismer , l . l . , wood , p . l . jr . , quah , e . s . h . , shahrul , a . , muin , m . a . , sumontha , m . , norhayati , a . , bauer , a . m . , wangkulangkul , s . , grismer , j . l . & pauwels , o . s . g . ( 2012 ) a phylogeny and taxonomy of the thai - malay peninsula bent - toed geckos of the cyrtodactylus pulchellus complex ( squamata : gekkonidae ) : combined morphological and molecular analyses with descriptions of seven new species . zootaxa , 3520 , 1\u201355 .\nhuelsenbeck , j . p . , ronquist , f . , nielsen , r . & bollback , j . p . ( 2001 ) bayesian inference of phylogeny and its impact on evolutionary biology . science , 294 , 2310\u20132314 . [ washington d . c . ]\njenkins , p . d . , kilpatrick , c . , william , c . , robinson , m . f . & timmins , r . j . ( 2004 ) morphological and molecular investigations of a new family , genus and species of rodent ( mammalia : rodentia : hystricognatha ) from lao pdr . systematics and biodiversity , 2 , 419\u2013454 . urltoken\nkiew , r . ( 1998 ) limestone , quartzite and ultramafic vegetation . in : soepadmo , e . ( ed . ) , the encyclopedia of malaysia : plants . editions didier miller , singapore , pp . 26\u201327 .\nloredo , a . i . , wood , p . l . , jr . , quah , e . s . h . , anuar , s . h . , greer , l . , norhayati , a . & grismer , l . l . ( 2013 ) cryptic speciation within asthenodipsas vertebralis ( boulenger , 1900 ) ( squamata : pareatidae ) , the description of a new species from peninsular malaysia , and the resurrection of a . tropidonotus ( lidth de jude , 1923 ) from sumatra : an integrative taxonomic analysis . zootaxa , 3664 ( 4 ) , 505\u2013524 . urltoken\nmaddison , d . r . & maddison , w . p . ( 2005 ) macclade 4 : analysis of phylogeny and character evolution . version 4 . 08a . available from : urltoken ( accessed 3 june 2014 )\nprice , l . ( 2001 ) caves and karst of peninsular malaysia . gua publications , malaysia , pp . 3\u201398 .\nronquist , f . , teslenko , m . , van der mark , p . , ayres , d . l . , darling , a . , h\u00f6hna , s . , larget , b . , liu , l . , suchard , m . a . & huelsenbeck , j . p . ( 2012 ) mrbayes 3 . 2 : efficient bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space . systematic biology , 61 , 539\u2013542 . urltoken\nstamatakis , a . ( 2006 ) raxml - vi - hpc : maximum likelihood - based phylogenetic analyses with thousands of taxa and mixed models . bioinformatics , 22 , 2688\u20132690 . urltoken\nstamatakis , a . , hoover , p . & rougemont , j . ( 2008 ) a rapid bootstrap algorithm for the raxml web servers . systematic biology , 57 , 758\u2013771 . urltoken\ntamura , k . , peterson , d . , peterson , n . , stecher , g . , nei , m . & kumar , s . ( 2011 ) mega5 : molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood , evolutionary distance , and maximum parsimony methods . molecular biology and evolution , 28 , 2731\u20132739 . urltoken\ntweedie , m . w . f . ( 1983 ) the snakes of malaya . 3rd edition . singapore national printers , singapore , pp . 167 , pls . 1\u201312 .\nvermeulen , j . & whitten , t . ( 1999 ) biodiversity and cultural property in the management of limestone resources \u2013 lessons from east asia . world bank , washington , d . c . , 120 pp .\nwilcox , t . p . , zwickl , d . j . , heath , t . a . & hillis , d . m . ( 2002 ) phylogenetic relationships of the dwarf boas and a comparison of bayesian and bootstrap measures of phylogenetic support . molecular phylogenetics and evolution , 25 , 361\u2013371 . h urltoken\nwood , p . l . jr . , quah , e . s . h . , anuar , s . & muin , m . a . ( 2013 ) a new species of lowland karst dwelling cnemaspis strauch 1887 ( squamata : gekkonidae ) from northwestern peninsular malaysia . zootaxa , 3691 ( 5 ) , 538\u2013558 . urltoken\nwoodruff , d . s . ( 2010 ) biogeography and conservation in southeast asia : how 2 . 7 million years of repeated environmental fluctuations affect today ' s patterns and the future of the remaining refugial - phase biodiversity . biodiversity conservation , 19 , 919\u2013941 . urltoken\nwoxvold , i . a . , duckworth , j . w . & timmins , r . j . ( 2009 ) an unusual new bulbul ( passeriformes : pycnotidae ) from the limestone karst of lao pdr . forktail , 25 , 1\u201312 .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\n9985 ) collected on 12 march 2011 by evan s . h . quah and shahrul anuar m . s . from gua wang burma , perlis state park , perlis , peninsular malaysia ( 6 \u00b0 41 . 594 n 100 \u00b0 11 . 400 e at 175 m in elevation ) .\n10500 ) has the same data as the holotype except for being collected on 23 may 2010 .\ngroups by having the combination of an elongate loreal scale that enters the orbit ; 245 ( male ) and 232 ( female ) ventral scales ; 113 ( male ) and 92 ( female ) paired subcaudal scales ; a single precloacal plate ; nine or 10 supralabials ; 10 or 11 infralabials ; a maximum total length of 508 mm for the single female ; relative tail length 0 . 25\u20130 . 27 ; venter immaculate as juveniles and with dark edging on the posterior margins of the ventral scales in adults ; and bands in juveniles that are white ( tables 2 , 3 ) .\n\u20135 ) . head flattened anteriorly , distinct from the neck ; snout elongate ; nostril oval , large , in the middle of the nasal ; eye large , with a vertically elliptic pupil ; rostral triangular , hardly visible from above ; nasal vertically divided by a furrow along posterior margin of nostril ; two square internasals , in wide , medial contact , and in contact with two large , subrectangular prefrontals posteriorly ; single , azygous , subpentagonal frontal , longer than wide ; two large , elongate parietals , contacted laterally by upper anteriror and posterior temporals and a larger paraparietal ; 1 / 1 wide , triangular supraocular ; 1 / 1 small preocular , located above the posterior portion of loreal ; 2 / 2 postoculars of similar size ; 1 / 1 narrow , elongate loreal entering orbit , in contact with second , third , and fourth supralabials ventrally , the prefrontal and preocular dorsally , the nasal anteriorly ; 9 / 10 supralabials all higher than wide except last scale in the series ; first and second supralabials in contact with nasal ; fourth , fifth , and sixth supralabials entering orbit ; seventh supralabial largest ; upper row of two ( long anterior and short posterior ) temporals ; lower row of three ( two anterior and one posterior ) temporals ; a middle posterior temporal ventral to upper posterior temporal and dorsal to lower posterior temporal ; posterior temporals smaller than anterior temporals ; 11 / 11 infralabials ; first pair of infralabials separated medially by deep , medial groove ; first five infralabials in contact with first pair of chinshields ; anterior and posterior pair of chinshields elongate , generally same size and shape , and bearing a deep , medial groove that is confluent with groove separating first pair of infralabials .\nbody elongate , somewhat laterally compressed ; svl 406 mm ; tal 102 mm ; tl 508 mm . 232 ventrals ( plus two preventrals ) , 92 paired , subcaudals ; anal single ; dorsal scales in 17 \u2013 17 \u2013 15 rows , the eight medial rows weakly keeled ; vertebral row not enlarged ; no apical pits .\n, 5 ) . body and tail nearly uniformly light - brown ; body bearing 36 faint , lighter colored bands ; tail bearing 29 similarly colored bands ; head coloration same as that of the faint bands ; venter ground color beige ; posterior edges of ventral scales edged in light - brown , generally beginning with ventral scale 40 ; subcaudals mottled with light - brown .\nfrom throughout its range are listed in table 3 . the paratype is a hatchling and bears a bold , contrasting , dorsal color pattern similar to that of juvenile\n( fig . 5 ) . its venter however , is nearly immaculate unlike the holotype whose ventrals are edged posteriorly with dark - brown ( fig . 4\n) . it also has 45 irregularly shaped , whitish bands with darkened centers on the body and 41 similarly colored caudal bands . a wide , white band covers the occipital and posterior temporal regions . the anterior 11 bands on the body are more widely separated and distinct than the posterior body and caudal bands . presumably , the banding pattern fades considerably with maturity as in\n\u201d is an adjective derived from the latin caverna meaning \u201ccave\u201d and the latin cola meaning \u201cdweller of\u201d and refers to this species being a cave - dweller .\nnatural history . both the holotype and paratype were found deep within gua wang burma cave approximately 200 m from the cave entrance ( fig . 6\n) . both specimens were found at approximately 1100 hrs . the holotype was observed scaling a vertical wall approximately 2 m above the ground while exploring nooks and crevices . she was gravid but expelled two eggs soon after capture . the paratype was found crawling over a slanting cave wall approximately 3 m above the ground in a more exposed area . other species of amphibians and reptiles observed in the cave or near the cave entrance were the bufonid\nsp . nov . extends through march . the only potential food source we found deep within cave is\n( juvelies ) which are also known to occur on the cave walls ( grismer et al . 2012 ) .\ngroup by having a single loreal scale that enters the orbit as opposed to the loreal scale not entering the orbit . from the species of the\ngroup it differs by having more ventral scales ( 232\u2013245 vs . 182\u2013227 collectively ) ; more subcaudal scales in the male ( 113 vs . 65\u201392 collectively ) ; a much smaller adult female total length ( 508 vs . 615\u2013762 collectively ) ; more caudal bands ( 29\u201341 vs . 7\u201323 collectively ) ; and a belly pattern that lacks wide , dark bands or dark spots ( table 2 ) .\nby the loreal and internasals being separat as opposed to contacting and having an uncorrected p - distance of 9 . 3 % ( table 4 ) .\nfigure 6 . microhabitat inside the gua wang burma cave at the type locality in perlis state park , perlis . photos by l . l . grismer .\nno known copyright restrictions apply . see agosti , d . , egloff , w . , 2009 . taxonomic information exchange and copyright : the plazi approach . bmc research notes 2009 , 2 : 53 for further explanation .\nupdate 1st june , 2018 : we just set up snake _ id , a cool new page that simplifies snake identification . be sure to check it out !\nimages provided by flickr - / inaturalist - api . sporadic false assignments may occur .\n? ? ? to ? ? ? meter above sea level ( a . s . l . )\n\u00a9 2002\u20132012 mdi biological laboratory . all rights reserved . \u00a9 2012\u20132018 mdi biological laboratory & nc state university . all rights reserved . data updated june 26 , 2018 revision 15488\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nthe phylogenetic results of siler et al . ( 2013 ) provide evidence of deeply divergent lineages within some taxa ( l . effraensis , l . subcinctus ) that may represent cryptic species . some of the lineage diversity revealed appears to correspond to taxonomic entities previously identified ( currently recognized as subspecies or synonyms ) and some does not . on the other hand , as noted above , genetic results suggest that species diversity within several clades may be overestimated , rather than underestimated , by current taxonomic treatments . between these two extremes lie species with moderate genetic structure observed among populations ( l . muelleri , l . aulicus complex ) .\n( guo et al . 2013 and references therein ; siler et al . 2013 and references therein )\npyron , r . a . , h . k . dushantha kandambi , c . r . hendry , et al . 2013 . genus - level phylogeny of snakes reveals the origins of species richness in sri lanka . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 66 : 969\u2013978 .\nmish fc ( editor in chief ) . 2004 . merriam - webster ' s collegiate dictionary , eleventh edition . springfield , massachusetts : merriam - webster , incorporated . 40a + 1 , 623 pp . isbn 0 - 87779 - 809 - 5 . (\nlycopodium\n, p . 742 ;\nodonate\np . 860 ) .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : a72cb320 - 8375 - 4854 - 942f - a025734f852e\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : beb61503 - f9a1 - 4ef9 - 9f01 - 7ea999f95966\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : e5cdd7ed - 6fcf - 491e - 92a8 - d1955d939986\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : c54c823c - 2131 - 48c0 - 8875 - b4af04a48cb6\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 246472\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nneang thy , timo hartmann , seiha hun , nicholas j . souter , neil m . furey . 2014 . a new species of wolf snake ( colubridae :\nfor professional , respectful , and non - lethal snake removal and consultation services in your town , try wildlife removal usa .\nalthough cyrtodactylus vilaphongi was the 10 , 000th reptile species for a while , the order and position of entries in the reptile database is constantly changing . although new species get added to the end of the list , it ' s common for two or more existing species to get synonymized or merged , which moves the position of all subsequent species up . furthermore , sometimes species that were described long ago and subsequently synonymized are revalidated , leading to ' new ' species that aren ' t really new in the sense that they have existed before . finally , often existing species get split up , leading to additions that aren ' t as dramatic as legitimate new discoveries . this last complication is on the rise now that molecular systematics has enabled us to describe the cryptic diversity of some lineages , which are not all that morphologically distinct but may contain considerable genetic diversity .\nat the time of my email to peter last month , c . vilaphongi was the 9988th species , and ( happily ) , a new snake , siphlophis ayauma , was # 10 , 000 . although this has probably changed again by now , i ' m going to operate under the assumption that , since we can ' t really say with certainty that any particular species was # 10 , 000 , if it was a snake , it was probably one of the 11 brand new snake species that have been described so far this year . you can read about many of these on the blog ' species new to science ' , but i ' m going to highlight them in a little more detail here .\neutrachelophis bassleri and its weird penis from myers & mcdowell 2014 a color photo of e . bassleri was published in echevarr\u00eda & venegas 2015\nharvey bassler , a petroleum geologist , explored many of the amazon ' s upper tributaries for his work during the 1920s and 30s , during which time he collected over 4 , 200 snakes on the side . bassler deposited his magnificent collection in the american museum of natural history in 1934 , and on march 6th this year\nhas extremely unusual heimpenes tipped with a dome - like structure so strange ( at least within the world of snake hemipenes ) that the authors wrote\nwe have seen nothing quite like [ it ] .\nhemipenes were traditionally considered one of the most taxonomically - important structures in snakes\nbecause they were considered to be evolutionarily neutral ( that is , unlikely to change in response to selection ) , but a growing awareness that evolution by both natural and especially sexual selection can influence the morphology of male genitalia led these authors to recognize that these two snakes were in fact close relatives . although we await molecular confirmation , the authors propose a mechanism by which differential expression of\non january 12th , 2008 , a group of american and ecuadorian herpetologists stopped for lunch at a grilled - chicken restaurant in paute , azuay province , ecuador . they noticed a peculiar sun - faded snake on display in a jar of alcohol that they couldn ' t quite put a name to . following negotiation with the restaurant owner , the specimen was acquired and determined to belong to the genus\n, but could not be identified to any known species . a few months later , another specimen was found alive about 100 miles to the north , and two more were discovered in 2011 about the same distance to the south . a fifth individual is now recognized to have been hiding out unnoticed in the collection of the museo de zoolog\u00eda , pontificia universidad cat\u00f3lica del ecuador . because of its red - banded head and its occurrence in the mountains near cold ( achachay ) streams , the new species was named\nafter the kichwa spirit aya uma , a good spirit devil who derives strength from nature , particularly from cold mountain pacchas ( cascades ) and is represented in kichwa folklore as having a colorful red - banded head . this is the seventh species in the genus , the third species known from ecuador , and the first new species of\n.\namaru\nmeans\nsnake\nin kichwa , and is also the name of a snake deity who influences water and the economy . this diurnal snake lays clutches of 9 - 13 eggs underground in galleries and under decaying logs , and probably eats frogs and lizards . it is a close relative of the\n) are a small and unusual group of vipers found in sub - saharan africa . they were once thought to be the most primitive vipers and were placed in their own subfamily , but they are now grouped with the\nafter the late jens rasmussen , a dutch expert on african snakes who died in 2005 . this species is found only in the watershed between the congo and zambezi basins , where it co - occurs with three other species of\nfrom northwestern zambia with black markings and low ventral scale counts . in 2013 , someone sent him a picture of one eating a toad ( another unusual adaptation that night adders share with\n) , which prompted him to look again at the unusual specimens and describe them as a new species . few molecular data are available for\nbrazil is graced with nearly 400 species of snakes , including 30 of the world ' s ~ 80 species of coralsnakes . the morphology of coralsnakes is highly variable , and there are many misidentified specimens in museum collections , so it is often difficult to recognize new species . a group of brazilian herpetologists working on the tri - colored coralsnakes from the endangered northeastern coastal forests discovered a new species , which they described in the june 5th issue of\n( if any of these dates are your birthday , then you share a birthday with that of a new species of snake ! ) .\n) are named for their fearsome - looking fang - like anterior maxillary teeth . unlike\n, wolfsnake teeth are not grooved or hollow and they have no venom . instead , their strongly arched upper jaw helps them feed on skinks , whose hard , cylindrical bodies fit snugly into their diastema , or the gap between their anterior and posterior teeth . the wolf - like anterior teeth keep the skink from being squeezed out of the mouth , while the posterior teeth slice through the skink ' s cycloid scales . at least 16 of the nearly 60 species of\nfrom a limestone cave in peninsular malaysia . the latter is a cave - adapted species , both specimens of which were found climbing several feet above the cave floor , in total darkness . it ' s likely that they eat a cave - adapted gecko . many of the caves in this region are in immediate danger of being quarried for cement before their endemic fauna and flora can be fully documented . both of these species were also described in\n, with the stated goal of aiding conservation efforts by circumventing the lengthy delays normally associated with publication of new science . since its inception in 2001 ,\ncloudogram\nof crotalus triseriatus species group showing the new nine - species arrangement from bryson et al . 2014\nspecies group , which contains small montane rattlesnakes found in mexico and the southwestern usa . although five species were historically recognized within the group , an analysis of seven nuclear genes revealed that there are at least nine species , including two that were previously recognized as subspecies and two more that have not heretofore been formally recognized . the paper described the two new species :\n. the authors of this paper suggest that these rattlesnakes speciated rapidly from a single common ancestor during the uplifting of the trans - mexican volcanic belt near the end of the neogene period 2 . 6 million years ago , which makes sense because they are not very mobile and populations of their common ancestor likely would have become isolated from one another on various\nsky islands\nof suitable habitat during the genesis of this new mountain range . many species are endemic to the high - altitude pine - oak forests and grasslands of this region , which has become famous\n( 10 or 12 ) , the central pair of which are strongly keeled , giving the snake a distinctly flat - backed appearance . this species is found in riparian forests along rocky streams in coastal brazil , not too far south of the new coralsnake ( above ) .\n, from near the border of china , india , and burma . which is relatively closely related to the\n) . more new species from both of these groups will likely follow , given the taxonomic untidiness of their genera .\nthanks to peter uetz at the reptile database for sharing with me some inside information , and to the authors of these papers for their photos .\nnewspaper clipping from 10 january 1960 showing broadley with his amputated finger . you can see more at the finger ' s facebook page or listen to broadley describe the experience here .\nangarita - sierra , t . 2014 . hemipenial morphology in the semifossorial snakes of the genus ninia and a new species from trinidad , west indies ( serpentes : dipsadidae ) . south american journal of herpetology 9 : 114 - 130 < link >\nbroadley , d . g . 2014 . a new species of causus lichtenstein from the congo / zambezi watershed in north - western zambia ( reptilia : squamata : viperidae ) . arnoldia zimbabwe 10 : 341 - 350 < link >\nbryson , r . j . , c . w . linkem , m . e . dorcas , a . lathrop , j . m . jones , j . alvarado - diaz , c . i . grunwald , and r . w . murphy . 2014 . multilocus species delimitation in the crotalus triseriatus species group ( serpentes : viperidae : crotalinae ) , with the description of two new species . zootaxa 3826 : 475 - 496 < link >\ncope , e . d . 1895 . the classification of the ophidia . transactions of the american philosophical society 18 : 186 - 219 < link >\ndowling , h . g . 1967 . hemipenes and other characters in colubrid classification . herpetologica 23 : 138\u2013142 < link >\nguo , p . , q . liu , l . zhang , j . x . li , y . huang , and r . a . pyron . 2014 . a taxonomic revision of the asian keelback snakes , genus amphiesma ( serpentes : colubridae : natricinae ) , with description of a new species . zootaxa 3873 : 425 - 440 < link >\nfernandes , d . and b . hamdan . 2014 . a new species of chironius fitzinger , 1826 from the state of bahia , northeastern brazil ( serpentes : colubridae ) . zootaxa 3881 : 563 - 575 < link >\nk\u00f6hler , g . and m . kieckbusch . 2014 . two new species of atractus from colombia ( reptilia , squamata , dipsadidae ) . zootaxa 3872 : 291 - 300 < link >\nlinnaeus , c . 1758 . systema natur\u00e6 per regna tria natur\u00e6 , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . tomus i . editio decima , reformata . [ 10th ed . ] . laurentii salvii , holmiae , stockholm , sweden < link >\nmyers , c . w . and s . b . mcdowell . 2014 . new taxa and cryptic species of neotropical snakes ( xenodontinae ) , with commentary on hemipenes as generic and specific characters . bulletin of the american museum of natural history 385 : 1 - 112 < link >\npires , m . g . , n . j . da silva jr . , d . t . feitosa , a . l . d . c . prudente , g . a . p . filho , and h . zaher . 2014 . a new species of triadal coral snake of the genus micrurus wagler , 1824 ( serpentes : elapidae ) from northeastern brazil . zootaxa 3811 : 569 - 585 < link >\nsalazar - valenzuela , d . , o . torres - carvajal , and p . passos . 2014 . a new species of atractus ( serpentes : dipsadidae ) from the andes of ecuador . herpetologica 70 : 350 - 363 < link >\nschneider , n . , t . q . nguyen , m . d . le , l . nophaseud , m . bonkowski , and t . ziegler . 2014 . a new species of cyrtodactylus ( squamata : gekkonidae ) from the karst forest of northern laos . zootaxa 3835 : 80 - 97 < link >\nsheehy , c . m . , m . h . y\u00e1nez - mu\u00f1oz , j . h . valencia , and e . n . smith . 2014 . a new species of siphlophis ( serpentes : dipsadidae : xenodontinae ) from the eastern andean slopes of ecuador . south american journal of herpetology 9 : 30 - 45 < link >\nteyni\u00e9 , a . , a . lottier , p . david , t . q . nguyen , and g . vogel . 2014 . a new species of the genus opisthotropis g\u00fcnther , 1872 from northern laos ( squamata : natricidae ) . zootaxa 3774 : 165 - 183 < link >\nuetz , p . 2010 . the original descriptions of reptiles . zootaxa 2334 : 59 - 68 < link >\nvogel , g . , p . david , and i . sidik . 2014 . on trimeresurus sumatranus ( raffles , 1822 ) , with the designation of a neotype and the description of a new species of pitviper from sumatra ( squamata : viperidae : crotalinae ) . amphibian and reptile conservation 8 : 1\u201329 < link >\nzaher , h . , j . c . arredondo , j . h . valencia , e . arbel\u00e1ez , m . t . rodrigues , and m . altamirano - benavides . 2014 . a new andean species of philodryas ( dipsadidae , xenodontinae ) from ecuador . zootaxa 3785 : 469\u2013480 < link >\nzhu , g . - x . , y . - y . wang , h . takeuchi , and e . - m . zhao . 2014 . a new species of the genus rhabdophis fitzinger , 1843 ( squamata : colubridae ) from guangdong province , southern china . zootaxa 3765 : 469 - 481 < link >\nanother fascinating post . changing taxonomy plays havoc with people who try to keep a tally of the reptiles that they have encountered . i try to maintain a bird list and keep track of it all on , ebird . they drive me nuts by constantly informing me that i need to update my records to reflect changes in bird taxonomy . i do not even try to remember all the new names of old bird species . i have no idea what my real life list is .\nthanks john ! i agree , it is quite complicated . i use ebird as well , and i have to admit that i ' ve found the way they handle taxonomy to be quite painless . i ' ve heard that this is not the case on other bird life - listing websites , however .\ni am a phd student at utah state university , where i study the physiology and ecology of lizards and snakes . my research is quite narrow compared to the fascinating field of snake ecology , which i write about here to indulge my broader interests . my work brings me into frequent contact with the need for snake conservation , which requires holistic conservation of ecosystem structure and function , on which human society depends . i believe that we can only accomplish this goal through education , and that is partly why i decided to publish this blog . the title is a quote by david quammen , one of the best science writers around , and the mudsnake in the logo is from dum\u00e9ril , bibron , & dum\u00e9ril ' s nine - volume early 19th century opus , erp\u00e9tologie g\u00e9n\u00e9rale .\nclick here to read this post in spanish ! haga clic aqu\u00ed para leer este blog en espa\u00f1ol ! figure from laszlo 1975 recently somebod . . .\nif you have found a snake shed that you wish to identify in the usa or canada , click here for a guide . click here to view the spanish . . .\nclick here to view this post in spanish ! haga clic aqu\u00ed para ver este blog en espa\u00f1ol ! i noticed that a huge proportion of the hits on . . .\nclick here to read this post in spanish ! haga clic aqu\u00ed para leer este blog en espa\u00f1ol ! solenoglyphous fangs of a gaboon viper snake . . .\nclick here to read this post in spanish haga clic aqu\u00ed para leer este blog en espa\u00f1ol global distribution of all snake species combin . . .\ncontinent : asia distribution : taiwan , china ( jiangxi , fujian , guangdong , northward to anhui and west to sichuan [ elevation 800 - 1850 m ] and se gansu ) , n vietnam ( elevation 500 - 1500 m ) ruhstrati : taiwan ( endemic ) abditus : type locality : u bo region , phong nha \u2013 ke bang np , quang binh province , vietnam . type locality : s\u00fcd - formosa [ = south taiwan ] , china ."]}
+{"id": 105, "summary": [{"text": "auzata semilucida is a moth in the drepanidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by chu and wang in 1988 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in china ( sichuan ) .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the length of the forewings is 9-10 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults have a large translucent patch on the hindwings . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "auzata semilucida", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for semilucida definition . you find here semilucida meaning , synonyms of semilucida and images for semilucida copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhave a fact about auzata semilucida ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for auzata semilucida ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nauzata semilucida is a moth in the drepanidae family . it was described by chu and wang in 1988 . it is found in china ( sichuan ) .\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word semilucida . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word semilucida and , of course , semilucida synonyms and on the right images related to the word semilucida .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nthe length of the forewings is 9 - 10 mm . adults have a large translucent patch on the hindwings .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncajviewer7 . 0 supports all the cnki file formats ; adobereader only supports the pdf format .\nbhou io xiang henordokcidenia kolegio de agrikulturo la shaanxi - a ir . stltuto de zoologio ; studo drepanedoj el shaanxi provinco ( lepidoptera : drepanidae ) [ j ] ; entomotaxonomia ; 1982 - 04\nchou io xiang he nordokcidenta kolegio de agrikulturo , wugong , shaanxi . la shaanxi - a instituto de zoologio , xi ' an , shaanxi . ; studo de drepanedoj el yunnan provinco ( lepidoptera : drepanidae ) [ j ] ; entomotaxonomia ; 1984 - z1\nguo zheng - fu ~ 1 , ding dong - sun ~ 2 ( 1 . jiangxi provincial academy of forestry , nanchang , jiangxi 330046 , china ; 2 . jiangxi provincial station of forest disease and pest control , nanchang , jiangxi 330077 , china ) ; butterfly fauna analysis of the natural reservation of guanshan , jiangxi province [ j ] ; entomological journal of east china ; 2005 - 02\nxie xiao - jian1 , ren ze - jun1 , ding dong - sun1 , lin yu - jian2 ( 1 . forest pest control station of jiangxi province , nanchang , 330077 ; 2 . college of agronomy , jiangxi agriculture university , nanchang 330045 ) ; the species of lymantriidae insects from jiangxi province [ j ] ; jiangxi plant protection ; 2007 - 01\nding dongsun1 , zhu xianchao2 , huang xianlin3 , qiu ningfang1 ( 1 . jiangxi forest pest control station , nanchang jiangxi 330077 , china ; 2 . leqing city yandang town forest station , leqing zhejiang 325614 , china ; 3 . leqing city xiangyang town forest station , leqing zhejiang 325619 , china ) ; tettigonioidae and geographical distributions of insect from jiangxi lushan nature reserve [ j ] ; jiangxi forestry science and technology ; 2007 - 03\nzhen benguang1 , chen chunquang1 , zhuo chuansen1 , cheng yong1 , jia fenghai2 ( 1 . jinggang mountain national reserve management bureau , ji ' an jiangxi 343600 , china ; 2 . nanchang university , nanchan jiangxi 330031 , china ) ; lepidoptera lycaenidae new records in jiangxi [ j ] ; jiangxi forestry science and technology ; 2007 - 04\nsong hong - min1 , 2 , zhang qing - fen1 , han xue - mei1 , xu yan1 , 3 , xu ru - mei 1 * * ( 1 ministry of education laboratory for biodiversity science and ecological engineering , beijing normal university , beijing 100875 , china ; 2 ministry of laboratory for biological - active substances and functional food , beijing union university , beijing 100083 , china ; 3 institute of animal and plant quarantine , administry of quality supervise and inspection and quarantine , beijing 100029 , china ) ; climex : professional biological software for predicting potential distribution of species . [ j ] ; entomological knowledge ; 2004 - 04\nliu yuanfu , associate professor ( the research institute of tropical forestry , caf guangzhou 510520 ) . ; the insect fauna of the jianfengling forest area , hainan island - - thyrididae [ j ] ; forest research ; 1993 - 03\nding dong - sun1 , zeng zhi - jie1 , chen chun - fa1 , lin yu - jian2 , wu he - ping3 , xu xiang - rong3 , yu ze - ping3 ( 1 . forest pest control and quarantine bureau of jiangxi , nanchang 330077 , jiangxi , china ; 2 . jiangxi agricultural university , nanchang 330045 , jiangxi , china ; 3 . guanshan mountain natural reserve in jiangxi , yifeng 336300 , jiangxi , china ) ; insect fauna analysis of guanshan mountain natural reserve in jiangxi [ j ] ; forest research ; 2009 - 03\n\u00a92006 tsinghua tongfang knowledge network technology co . , ltd . ( beijing ) ( ttkn ) all rights reserved\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nby hong - fu chu and lin - yao wang in 1988 . it is"]}
+{"id": 125, "summary": [{"text": "eupithecia sibylla is a moth in the family geometridae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in the regions of los gatos ( osomo province ) , antofagasta ( antofagasta province ) , atacama ( chanaral and huasco provinces ) , coquimbo ( el qui , limari , and choapa provinces ) , valparaiso ( petorca and los andes provinces ) , santiago ( santiago province ) , o'higgins ( cachapoal province ) , maule ( curico , talca , and linares provinces ) and biobio ( nuble province ) in chile .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the habitat consists of the northern desert , northern coast , intermediate desert , coquimban desert , central andean cordillera , central valley , valdivian forest and the northern valdivian forest biotic provinces .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "the length of the forewings is about 7 \u2013 8.5 mm for males and 7 \u2013 10.5 mm for females .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are pale grey , with darker scales indicating cross lines and with a variable amount of reddish brown scaling opposite the end of the cell .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are pale greyish white , but slightly darker distally , and with grey and greyish black scales along the anal margin . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "eupithecia sibylla", "paragraphs": ["sibylla rubens studied voice ( concert and opera ) at the staatliche musikhochschule in trossingen and at the hochschule f\u00fcr musik in frankfurt and in master classes with edith mathis .\nsibylla schwarz , also known as sibylle schwartz [ in ] ( 14 february 1621 in greifswald \u2013 31 july 1638 in greifswald ) was a german poet of the baroque era .\nvargas , h . a . ; l . e . parra ; h . e . vargas & d . e . bobadilla . 2002 . aspectos biol\u00f3gicos de eupithecia sibylla buttler 1882 ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) . gayana 66 : 103 _ 106 . [ links ]\n168 sibylla is a large main - belt asteroid , discovered by canadian - american astronomer j . c . watson on september 28 , 1876 . based upon its spectrum this object is classified as a c - type asteroid , which indicates it is very dark and composed of primitive carbonaceous materials . 168 sibylla is a cybele asteroid , orbiting beyond most of the main - belt asteroids .\nherbulot , c . 2001 . on neotropical eupithecia . spixiana 24 : 196 . [ links ]\nthe eupithecia ( lepidoptera , geometridae ) of chile . bulletin of the amnh ; v . 186 , article 3\netymology . eupithecia landryi is named in honor of dr . bernard landry by his outstanding contributions on lepidoptera of the galapagos islands , ecuador .\nrindge , f . h . 1991 . the eupithecia of chile ( lepidoptera , geometridae ) ii . american museum novitates 3020 : 1 _ 14 . [ links ]\neupithecia yubitzae vargas & parra , 2004 was until recently the only species of this genus known for the coastal valleys of the arica province , northern chile . in march 2009 , male and female of an undescribed species of eupithecia were collected at light . thus , the purpose of this work is to present a description of the adults of this new species .\nrindge , f . h . 1987 . the eupithecia of chile ( lepidoptera , geometridae ) . bulletin of the american museum of natural history 186 : 269 _ 363 . [ links ]\numa nova esp\u00e9cie de eupithecia curtis ( lepidoptera , geometridae ) do vale de azapa , norte do chile . macho e f\u00eamea de uma nova esp\u00e9cie de eupithecia curtis da prov\u00edncia de arica , chile s\u00e3o descritos e ilustrados . a esp\u00e9cie \u00e9 comparada com e . yubitzae vargas & parra , 2004 , da mesma localidade , e e . galapagosata landry & rindge 1995 , das ilhas gal\u00e1pagos , equador .\nlarvae of eupithecia are generally phytophagous . however , many endemic species may be ambush predators in the hawaiian islands ( montgomery 1982 ) . host plants have been mentioned for only six chilean eupithecia , including the families chenopodiaceae , fabaceae and gunneraceae ( ibarra - vidal & parra 1993 ; parra & ibarra - vidal 2002 ; vargas & parra 2002 , 2004 , 2005 ; vargas et al . 2002 ) .\na new species of eupithecia curtis ( lepidoptera , geometridae ) from the azapa valley , northern chile . male and female adults of a new species of eupithecia curtis from the arica province , chile are described and illustrated . the species is compared with e . yubitzae vargas & parra , 2004 , from the same locality , and e . galapagosata landry & rindge 1995 , from the galapagos islands , ecuador .\nvargas , h . a . & l . e . parra . 2002 . notas sobre eupithecia atacama ( vojnits ) ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) . idesia 20 : 27 _ 33 . [ links ]\nthe eupithecia species of the coastal desert of southern peru and northern chile are still poorly known and it is possible that other undescribed species may occur in this area . eupithecia landryi is known only from the type locality , the azapa valley . additional fieldwork along the coastal desert of southern peru and northern chile is necessary for a better knowledge of the geographic distribution of the geometrid moths of this very interesting ecosystem .\neupithecia sibylla is a moth in the family geometridae . it is found in the regions of los gatos ( osomo province ) , antofagasta ( antofagasta province ) , atacama ( chanaral and huasco provinces ) , coquimbo ( el qui , limari , and choapa provinces ) , valparaiso ( petorca and los andes provinces ) , santiago ( santiago province ) , o ' higgins ( cachapoal province ) , maule ( curico , talca , and linares provinces ) and biobio ( nuble province ) in chile . the habitat consists of the northern desert , northern coast , intermediate desert , coquimban desert , central andean cordillera , central valley , valdivian forest and the northern valdivian forest biotic provinces .\nmontgomery , s . l . 1982 . biogeography of the moth genus eupithecia in oceania and the evolution of the ambush predation in hawaiian caterpillars ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) . entomologia generalis 8 : 27 _ 34 . [ links ]\neupithecia curtis , 1825 is a diverse and widespread genus of geometridae with more than 1300 described species ( scoble 1999 ; herbulot 2001 ) . more than 60 species have been reported for the chilean fauna ( herbulot 2001 ) , but only four occur in the northernmost desert ( rindge 1987 , 1991 ; vargas & parra 2004 , 2005 ) . vojnits ( 1985 ) proposed three chilean genera , which were subsequently synonymised with eupithecia by rindge ( 1987 ) . rindge ( 1987 , 1991 ) divided the chilean species into two sections mostly based on the morphology of the sclerites of the male eighth segment . however , additional efforts are required to obtain a better understanding of the phylogenetic relationships of eupithecia .\none of the main scenes of the play is the visit of nero at the oracle of delphi to take the oracle by sibylla , priestess of the oracle , and the reactions of the latter . this work , unlike his first one , the\ndithyramb of rose\n, is a complete tragedy , in terms of genre and structure : with distinct and complete parts both in the dialogue and chorus parts as well as in the plot and characters . the messages of the time for resistance against the oncoming storm and the pursuit of freedom and human dignity through struggle that the work depicts are portrayed through a dense dramaturgical and finely processed storyline of symbolic relations , influences and elements of ancient drama . a vast number of structures and textual ( vocative or expressive ) sequences can be found in\nsibylla\nall of which can be attributed to ancient tragedy ( for instance the way that the landscape of delphi is depicted is similar to certain tragedies on the same topic ) .\nlandry , b . & f . h . rindge . 1995 . additions to the geometridae ( lepidoptera ) of the galapagos islands , ecuador , including a new species of eupithecia . american museum novitates 3118 : 1 _ 10 . [ links ]\nparra , l . e . & h . ibarra - vidal . 2002 . a new species of eupithecia ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) of juan fern\u00e1ndez islands . annals of the entomological society of america 95 : 9 _ 15 . [ links ]\nvargas , h . a . & l . e . parra . 2004 . una nueva especie de eupithecia curtis ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) del extremo norte de chile . revista chilena de historia natural 77 : 485 _ 490 . [ links ]\nvargas , h . a . & l . e . parra . 2005 . descripci\u00f3n de una nueva especie de eupithecia curtis ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) de la pampa del tamarugal , chile . neotropical entomology 34 : 215 _ 219 . [ links ]\nsibylla sambetha ( or simply portrait of a young woman ) is a small oil on oak panel painting by hans memling , completed in 1480 and still in its original frame . it is now in the hans memling museum at the old st . john ' s hospital in bruges and shows a young woman who is not pretty , but nonetheless elegant and well dressed . she is set against a black background and looks out of the picture as if she is at a window . her hands are folded and rest on the lower border of the brown marbled frame , in an early and effective example of trompe - l ' \u0153il .\nibarra - vidal , h . & l . e . parra . 1993 . descripci\u00f3n de los estados preimaginales y aspectos de la historia natural de eupithecia horismoides rindge 1987 ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) , perforados del pec\u00edolo del pangue ( gunnera tinctoria ) . revista chilena de entomolog\u00eda 20 : 35 _ 41 . [ links ]\neupithecia robinsoni sp . nov . is described from the juan fern\u00e1ndez islands . this species is associated with gunnera peltata phil . the egg , larva , pupa , adult , and genitalia are described and illustrated . preliminary results of the natural history of this species are given and compared with biology of e . horismoides rindge , 1987 .\nthe play expresses personal ideas of sikelianos , similar to the ideas of his time , expressed through the theatrical garb of ancient tragedy and the elements that are traditionally used in tragedies ( religious , psychological and other ) . what is important for the understanding of the play are the concepts of the\nmantosyni\n( the art of oracle as an inner power , spiritually superior to the other inner powers of every man ) a property that sibylla has as a mythical figure and symbol and also the concept of the combination of the apollonian and the dionysian element ( the individual , logic - wise , prophetic , cult of apollo in connection with the collective , bacchic - frenzied , ecstatic , joyful worship of dionysus , cults that were in stark contrast before the advent of dionysus in delphi ) .\n. . . actualmente se han registrado 64 especies para la fauna chilena ( herbolut 2001 ) , muchas de las cuales son end\u00e9micas , ya sea del territorio continental o de las islas de juan fern\u00e1ndez ( rindge 1987 ) . por otro lado , la informaci\u00f3n biol\u00f3gica de las diferentes especies chilenas es escasa , solamente se tienen antecedentes sobre cuatro de ellas : e . horismoides rindge y e . robinsoni parra & ibarra - vidal , ambas asociadas a gunneraceae , e . atacama ( vojnits ) , asociada a especies de chenopodiaceae , y e . sibylla , cuyas larvas son ant\u00f3fagas sobre fabaceae ( ibarra - vidal & parra 1993 , parra & ibarra - vidal 2002 , vargas & parra 2002 ) . mediante muestreos tendientes a determinar la diversidad de lepid\u00f3pteros asociados a yaro , acacia macracantha humb . . . .\n. . . en chile esta familia se encuentra representada por m\u00e1s de 450 especies distribuidas en las subfamilias archierinae , ennominae , geometrinae y larentiinae ( parra 1995 ) . eupithecia curtis es uno de los g\u00e9neros m\u00e1s diversos de la subfamilia larentiinae con m\u00e1s de 1 . 300 especies descritas ( scoble 1999 , parra & ibarra - vidal 2002 ) , y es probablemente el g\u00e9nero m\u00e1s ampliamente distribuido . se encuentra bien representado en el neotr\u00f3pico por 352 especies ; sin embargo , es escaso en australia con solo dos especies y est\u00e1 ausente de nueva zelandia ( herbulot 2001 ) . . . .\n. . . sin embargo , a pesar de estas caracter\u00edsticas externas de los imagos , las armaduras genitales de ambos sexos entregan caracteres espec\u00edficos que permiten discriminar claramente una especie de otra ( rindge 1987 , bolte 1990 ) . las especies de eupithecia de chile fueron revisadas por rindge ( 1987 ) , y posteriormente se han efectuado algunas adiciones ( rindge 1991 , parra & ibarra - vidal 2002 ) . actualmente se han registrado 64 especies para la fauna chilena ( herbolut 2001 ) , muchas de las cuales son end\u00e9micas , ya sea del territorio continental o de las islas de juan fern\u00e1ndez ( rindge 1987 ) . . . .\nremarks . eupithecia landryi is the second species of eupithecia described from the coastal valleys of the northern desert of chile . morphology of the male genitalia of e . landryi is strikingly similar to that of e . yubitzae , the other species of the genus recorded in the area , and e . galapagosata landry & rindge , 1995 , from the galapagos islands , ecuador ( landry & rindge 1995 ) . this morphological pattern , characterized by a short and pointed uncus , valvae narrowing distally , long and digitiform papillae , and vesica with at least one cornutus longer than the half of the aedeagus , may indicate a possible phylogenetic relationship among these species . however , some morphological features of the male genitalia allow to separate e landryi from e . galapagosata and e . yubitzae : a reduced number of cornuti , and the shape of the larger cornutus . on the other hand , morphology of the female genitalia of e . landryi is also similar to that of e . yubitzae and e . galapagosata . however , in e . landryi the corpus bursae and the appendix bursae are membranous , and the appendix bursae arises from the lateroposterior area of the corpus bursae , while in e . yubitzae and e . galapagosata the corpus bursae is sclerotized basally , and the appendix bursae , which is sclerotized , arises distally in the corpus bursae .\nthe native tree schinus molle ( anacardiacae ) is reported for the first time as a host plant for larvae of the little known geometrid moth eupithecia yubitzae vargas & parra ( lepidoptera , geometridae ) in the atacama desert of northern chile , based on morphology and dna barcodes . this discovery importantly expands the host range of e . yubitzae , as previous records were restricted to fabaceae trees . larvae were previously known as florivorous , while these were found to be folivorous on s . molle . furthermore , host - associated cryptic larval polychromatism was detected , as larvae collected on s . molle were found to be mostly pale green , contrasting with the dark yellow ground color of the larvae typically collected on fabaceous host plants .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndepartamento de recursos ambientales , facultad de ciencias agron\u00f3micas , universidad de tarapac\u00e1 , casilla 6 - d , arica , chile . havargas @ urltoken\ntype material will be deposited in the museo nacional de historia natural de santiago ( mnnc ) , santiago , chile .\ntype material . holotype male . chile , arica : azapa , arica , chile ; march 2009 ; h . a . vargas coll . ( mnnc ) . paratype : one female , same data as holotype ( mnnc ) .\ndiagnosis . small geometrid moth ( 5 . 9 mm forewing length in the holotype ) with filiform antennae , male with a tuft of elongated , white scales on the ventral surface of the forewing arising near the wing base , among the discal cell and anal veins ; sternite viii composed by two longitudinal sclerotized stripes , each stripe with lateral and median margins broadly concave , anterior and posterior margins round ; male genitalia with vesica bearing two cornuti , the largest cornutus elongated , slightly curved , with a short distal projection ; female genitalia characterized by the presence of two groups of the spine - like signa : one proximal with bigger spine - like signa and another distal with shorter signa .\nmale ( fig . 1 ) . head . front , vertex and occiput light reddish brown ; labial palpi pale brown with scattered dark brown scales , long around 1 . 5 times eye diameter ; antennae filiform , dorsal surface with transversal stripes of scales pale brown and dark brown alternate , ventral surface ciliate ; chaetosema a narrow transverse stripe between vertex and occiput . thorax light reddish brown dorsally with dark brown scales scattered , pale brown laterally . legs yellowish brown with dark brown scales mostly concentrated on the tibia and tarsus , tibiae of middle and hindlegs with one and two pairs of yellowish brown spines , respectively . forewing ( 5 . 9 mm length in the holotype ) : dorsal surface reddish brown with dark brown scales scattered ; ventral surface pale brown with dark brown and light reddish brown scales , a tuft of elongated , white scales arising near the wing base , among the discal cell and the anal veins . hindwing : dorsal color pattern similar to forewing , with a marked basal depression near costal margin for receiving the tuft of the forewing ; ventral color pattern as that of the forewing . abdomen mostly light reddish brown with pale brown and dark brown scales scattered ; tergite viii ( fig . 4 ) with lateral margins broadly concave , posterior margin round ; sternite viii ( fig . 5 ) composed of two longitudinal sclerotized stripes , each stripe with lateral and median margins broadly concave , anterior and posterior margins round .\nmale genitalia ( figs . 3 , 4 ) . uncus short , pointed apex ; tegumen and saccus straight ; juxta ellipsoid basally , with striking lateral constrictions , distal margin broadly concave ; transtilla well developed ; papillae digitiform , elongated , with small setae distally ; valva broad basally , straight toward the apex ; costa not reaching the distal end of the valva , saccular area with a fold at base . aedeagus cylindrical , about 2 / 3 the length of the valva ; vesica with two cornuti , one of them with approximately 3 / 4 the length of the aedeagus , elongated , slightly curved , with a short distal projection ; the other cornutus with approximately 1 / 4 the length of the aedeagus , cylindrical and straight .\nfemale . similar to male . forewing without tuft of scales on the ventral surface . hindwing without a marked basal depression near costal margin on the dorsal surface .\nfemale genitalia ( fig . 6 ) . antrum broad , membranous ; ductus bursae straight , membranous , about 1 / 3 the length of the antrum ; corpus bursae elongated , membranous , with two groups of spine - like signa , one proximal with large signa , and the other distal with smaller signa ; appendix bursae membranous , cylindrical , twice the length of the ductus bursae , arising from the right lateroposterior area ; ductus seminalis arising at apex of the appendix bursae ; sterigma not differentiated ; anterior apophyses straight and long , with a posterior projection at base ; posterior apophyses straight and elongated , reaching the anterior margin of tergite viii .\nscoble , m . j . 1999 . geometrid moths of the world : a catalogue ( lepidoptera , geometridae ) . victoria , csiro publishing , xxv + 1016 p . [ links ]\ncaixa postal 19030 81531 - 980 curitiba pr brasil tel . / fax : + 55 41 3266 - 0502 sbe @ urltoken\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nphotometric observations of this asteroid made at the torino observatory in italy during 1990\u20131991 were used to determine a synodic rotation period of 23 . 82 \u00b1 0 . 004 hours .\nthe length of the forewings is about 7\u20138 . 5 mm for males and 7\u201310 . 5 mm for females . the forewings are pale grey , with darker scales indicating cross lines and with a variable amount of reddish brown scaling opposite the end of the cell . the hindwings are pale greyish white , but slightly darker distally , and with grey and greyish black scales along the anal margin .\nthe woman ' s identity is lost . there have been a number of attempts to associate her with a historical person , including in the 19th century , as willem moreel ' s daughter mary . willem moreel was a magistrate of bruges who commissioned from memling a portrait diptych and , later , a triptych for the church of saint james at bruges which he had founded . but any identities have in turn been rejected ; in the case of mary moreel , she would have been too young in 1480 to be the woman portrayed .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\njavascript is disabled on your browser . please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect \u00ae is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\njavascript is disabled for your browser . some features of this site may not work without it .\nfull - text is provided in portable document format ( pdf ) . to view articles you must have the free adobe acrobat reader . click here to download the latest version . the . epub version displays best on an ipad , but may work on other devices that accept . epub format . download directly to your device\u2019s book reader ( e . g . , ibooks ) or drag into your e - books collection on your computer .\nbulletin of the american museum of natural history the bulletin , published continuously since 1881 , consists of longer monographic volumes in the field of natural sciences relating to zoology , paleontology , and geology . current numbers are published at irregular intervals . the bulletin was originally a place to publish short papers , while longer works appeared in the memoirs . however , in the 1920s , the memoirs ceased and the bulletin series began publishing longer papers . a new series , the novitates , published short papers describing new forms .\ndepartment of library services american museum of natural history central park west at 79th st . , new york , ny 10024 \u00a9 american museum of natural history , 2011\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\nconstrucci\u00f3n de riesgo de incendios forestales en la interfaz urbana - forestal de las comunas del \u00e1rea metropolitana de concepci\u00f3n ( amc ) . proyecto vrid\nthe genus psilaspilates butler , 1893 is redefined and its species are taxonomically revised and described . the species are as follows : p . catillata ( felder & rogenhofer , 1875 ) comb . nov . , p . cautinaria sp . nov . , p . ceres ( butler , 1882 ) , p . concepcionenesis parra sp . nov . , p . obscura parra sp . nov . , p . signistriata ( butler , 1882 ) , and p . stygiana ( butler , 1882 ) comb . nov . keys and distribution . . . [ show full abstract ]\nthe genus ennada blanchard , 1852 is reviewed and redefined . a coniform signum in the genitalia of the female and androconium in the basal third of the costa of the valvae in the male genitalia constitute diagnostic characters for the genus . the genera phyllia blanchard 1852 and anchiphyllia butler 1893 are junior synonyms of ennada . the following species are included : e . flavaria blanchard . . . [ show full abstract ]\ntaxonomy and biological antecedents of microdulia mirabilis ( rothschild 1895 ) ( lepidoptera : saturnii . . .\nthe egg , larvae , pupae , and imago of microdulia mirabilis ( rothschild ) , an insect that defoliates native nothofagus obliqua mirb . ( oerst . ) , are described . m . mirabilis distributes between 35\u00b0 and 47\u00b0s in chile and neuqu\u00e9n , argentina . aspects of the life cycle associated with the duration of different stages of development are given . immature stages , the imago , and the genitalia are illustrated ."]}
+{"id": 292, "summary": [{"text": "chamaita barnardi is a moth of the family erebidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in australia ( including queensland ) .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "adults have off-white forewings with a faint brown pattern . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "chamaita barnardi", "paragraphs": ["chamaita barnardi ( t . p . lucas , 1894 ) ( previously known as nudaria barnardi ) lithosiinae , arctiidae , noctuoidea\nlithosiinae chamaita barnardi female view full size photographer : d . britton \u00a9 australian museum\nchamaita barnardi is a moth of the family erebidae . it is found in australia ( including queensland ) . [ 1 ]\nchamaita barnardi ; [ nhm card ] ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 804 , pl . 41 , f . 30 ; [ aucl ]\nnudaria barnardi lucas , 1894 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . ( 2 ) 8 ( 2 ) : 135 ; tl : geraldton , johnson river , queensland\nchamaita celebensis roepke , 1946 ; tijdschr . ent . 87 : 87 ; tl : todjambu\nchamaita fasciata rothschild , 1916 ; novit . zool . 23 ( 3 ) : 332 ; tl : dampier i .\nchamaita nubifera hampson , 1918 ; novit . zool . 25 : 107 ; tl : philippines , luzon , los ba\u00f1os\nchamaita semifasciata rothschild , 1916 ; novit . zool . 23 ( 3 ) : 332 ; tl : dampier i .\nthis species has two distinct black spots on the forewing , with one near the base of the forewing cell , and one at the tip of the cell . the other species in the genus is s . obducta , which has more brown markings on the forewings , and does not have the distinct black spots . psilopepla mollis is similar , but is smaller , with more transparent wings , and has only one rather indistinct black marking in the forewing cell . chamaita barnardi is smaller , has fewer scales on the wings , and has only a few indistinct pale brown markings on the forewings . males of c . barnardi have highly modified antennal scapes ( base of the antenna )\nchamaita fascioterminata rothschild , 1913 ; novit . zool . 20 ( 1 ) : 219 ; tl : milne bay , british new guinea\nchamaita niveata rothschild , 1913 ; novit . zool . 20 ( 1 ) : 219 ; tl : mt goliath , dutch new guinea\nchamaita nympha ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 530 , f . 384 ; [ nhm card ]\nchamaita edelburga schaus , 1924 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 65 ( 2520 ) : 28 ; tl : mt makiling , luzon , philippines\nchamaita hirta ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 804 , f . 267 ; [ nhm card ]\nchamaita neuropteroides ; [ mob7 ] , 381 ( note ) ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 27\nchamaita metamelaena hampson , 1900 ; cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 565 , pl . 35 , f . 15 ; tl : new guinea , milne bay\nchamaita sundanympha holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 381 , pl . 8 , f . 280 - 281 ; tl : sabah , poring , 1800ft , e of mt . kinabalu\nchamaita niveata ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 805 , pl . 41 , f . 31 ; [ nhm card ]\nchamaita ( nudariini ) ; bendib & minet , 1999 , ann . soc . ent . fr . ( n . s . ) 35 ( 3 - 4 ) : 257 ; [ mob7 ] : 380\nchamaita fascioterminata ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 803 , f . 266 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ mob7 ] , 382 ( note )\nchamaita trichopteroides ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 530 , f . 383 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ mob7 ] : 381 , pl . 8 , f . 278 , 283\nchamaita hamata dubatolov & bucsek , 2013 ; tinea 22 ( 4 ) : 288 , f . 11 - 12 ; tl : vietnam , ngoc linh , kon tum , 14\u00b045 ' - 15\u00b015 ' n ; 107\u00b021 ' - 108\u00b020 ' e\nthe adult moths of this species have off - white forewings with a faint brown pattern . the wingspan is up to 1 . 5 cms .\nseries 2 , volume 8 ( 1894 ) , pp . 135 - 136 ,\nqld : base cableway mt bellenden - ker 80m 17\u00ba16\u2019s 145\u00ba54\u2019e 19 oct 1981 e . d . edwards\nthe majority of images of lithosiinae presented on these pages were taken from specimens housed in the australian national insect collection ( anic ) ( csiro , canberra ) . i would like to thank the staff and researchers at anic for their generous assistance in providing me access to this collection , and i acknowledge the depth of effort and the investment of staff time that has gone into building and curating this splendid resource . in particular , i would like to thank ted edwards and marianne horak for their assistance .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation , google , and apple . you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date ? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques ; in live mode . quite the same wikipedia . just better .\nadults have off - white forewings with a faint brown pattern . [ 2 ]\nthis page was last edited on 20 february 2018 , at 04 : 55 .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 unported license . non - text media are available under their specified licenses . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation .\n= ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ] ; bendib & minet , 1999 , ann . soc . ent . fr . ( n . s . ) 35 ( 3 - 4 ) : 257\nhomopsyche nympha moore , [ 1887 ] ; lepid . ceylon 3 ( 4 ) : 536 , pl . 211 , f . 11 ; tl : ceylon\n[ \u00b2 ] this may require parentheses or not . i don ' t have the necessary information for this taxon .\nlithosiine main lineages and their possible interrelationships . i . - definition of new or resurrected tribes ( lepidoptera : arctiidae )\nthe lithosiids , collected by dr . l . j . toxopeus in central celebes , with remarsk on some allied species\non the lepidoptera in the tring museum sent by mr . a . s . meek from the admiralty islands , dampier and vulcan islands\ncatalogue of the heterocerous lepidopterous insects collected at sarawak , in borneo , by mr . a . r . wallace , with descriptions of new species\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\n( walker ) . they were so numerous they appeared as snowflakes . the tiny moths seemed to be everywhere in the kuranda area even on the busy kennedy highway leading to cairns . as far as i can tell , the larvae are unknown . the following night , there were not so many .\nthese moths measure only 5 - 6 mm so there must have been millions of them emerging at approximately the same time . what triggered such an emergence and where where the larvae ?\nthis little moth seems to be seasonal . it is not always found at lights as are the two below .\nall belong to the tiger moth family , the arctiidae , and are placed in the subfamily lithosiinae . i have dealt with these moths\nthere is so much in this article that i would never thought of on my own . your content gives readers things to think about in an interesting way . thank you for your clear information . pest control san antonio\ndavid and family moved to kuranda , queensland in 2002 , following retirement from csiro canberra , australia . david , barbara and an assortment of wildlife live in a rainforest setting . it is their first experience living in the tropics . david ' s major interest is entomology . he continues research in the orthopteroid insects and is keenly interested in the biology of the rainforest . this blog is a narrative of observations made in and around kuranda . and remember to see more insects go to : urltoken and proceed to the\nalbums\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial - sharealike 3 . 0 unported license .\nborneo ! ! why borneo of all places . well it a place that i have visited about a half dozen times in the last 15 years and it is an interestin . . .\nan interesting dilemma a situation has arisen recently that is worthy of note here . a large stick insect , the giant spiny stick ins . . .\nmeet the green tree snake i\u2019ve been waiting for that spectacular snake shot to introduce the snake fauna of our rainforest , but nothing very . . .\nnothing has been said to date on the lizard fauna in this blog . kuranda has a nice selection of lizards ranging from some very small speci . . .\nwell as a tropical low develops over the city of cairns , the titan arum in the cairns botanic gardens continues to develop . it is a wet time . . .\nlast week during the height of the deluge , i had a look at the light and the tree adjacent to it , a quandong , elaeocarpus sp . , was actually . . .\ncoremata , including hair pencils , is a phenomenon associated with lepidoptera . they are signalling structures produced by males that are see . . .\na few interesting beetles each morning there is an array of beetles of many species at the light sheet . the species component varies with . . .\nthe recent aquisition of a truly giant stick insect has prompted this bit of\ncrowing\n. australia ' s largest insects are to be . . .\nthere are only a few grasshopper species that could be considered as true rainforest inhabitants in northern australia . reasons for this are . . .\nthese small white moths have only a thin layer of scales so that the wings are almost transparent . they are common at light in regions north of brisbane in queensland .\nlithosiinae schistophleps albida female view full size photographer : d . britton \u00a9 australian museum\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more"]}
+{"id": 300, "summary": [{"text": "eupithecia staurophragma is a moth of the family geometridae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is endemic to maui and hawaii .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "it has an unusual shape of the hind wings .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "it is highly variable in color pattern . ", "topic": 23}], "title": "eupithecia staurophragma", "paragraphs": ["eupithecia staurophragma is a moth of the geometridae family . it is endemic to maui and hawaii .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nnishida , g . m . ( editor ) . 2002 . hawaiian terrestrial arthropod checklist , fourth edition . hawaii biological survey bishop museum , bishop museum technical report no . 22 online . available : urltoken\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\ndistribution data for u . s . states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\nhowarth , f . g . and w . p . mull . 1992 . hawaiian insects and their kin . university of hawaii press , honolulu , hawaii . 160 pp .\nscoble , m . j . ( ed . ) , m . s . parsons , m . r . honey , l . m . pitkin , and b . r . pitkin . 1999 . geometrid moths of the world : a catalogue . volumes 1 and 2 : 1016 pp . + index 129 pp . csiro publishing , collingwood , victoria , australia .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nit has an unusual shape of the hind wings . it is highly variable in color pattern .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nthis article was sourced from creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . world heritage encyclopedia content is assembled from numerous content providers , open access publishing , and in compliance with the fair access to science and technology research act ( fastr ) , wikimedia foundation , inc . , public library of science , the encyclopedia of life , open book publishers ( obp ) , pubmed , u . s . national library of medicine , national center for biotechnology information , u . s . national library of medicine , national institutes of health ( nih ) , u . s . department of health & human services , and urltoken , which sources content from all federal , state , local , tribal , and territorial government publication portals ( . gov , . mil , . edu ) . funding for urltoken and content contributors is made possible from the u . s . congress , e - government act of 2002 .\ncrowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .\nby using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . world heritage encyclopedia\u2122 is a registered trademark of the world public library association , a non - profit organization .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg central are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department ."]}
+{"id": 329, "summary": [{"text": "eupithecia luctuosa is a moth in the geometridae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in south-eastern china ( fujian ) .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 17 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the fore - and hindwings are mid brown . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "eupithecia luctuosa", "paragraphs": ["eupithecia luctuosa is a moth in the geometridae family . it is found in south - eastern china ( fujian ) .\nash pug ( angle - barred pug ) ( eupithecia innotata f . fraxinata )\nvespa luctuosa is a species of hornet which is endemic to the philippines . the main subspecies is\nvespa luctuosa luctuosa\n( primarily native to luzon island ) . other known subspecies include\nvespa luctuosa luzonensis\n( primarily native to the visayas , including leyte island and samar island ) and\nvespa luctuosa negrosensis\n( native to negros island ) .\nvespa luctuosa\nis best known for its potent venom .\nthe species name refers to the colouration of the species and is derived from latin\nluctuosa\n( meaning sad ) .\nepiscepsis luctuosa is a moth of the family erebidae . it was described by m\u00f6schler in 1877 . it is found in venezuela , surinam and northern brazil .\nquatiara luctuosa is a species of beetle in the family cerambycidae , and the only species in the genus quatiara . it was described by les\u00e9leuc in 1844 .\nnyctemera luctuosa is a moth of the family erebidae . it is found in papua new guinea , australia and the philippines . the habitat consists of mountainous areas .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nto date 683 species of macro - moth along with 1159 species of micro - moth have been recorded in norfolk since records began in victorian times . this site aims to provide full details of all the species that occur ( or once occurred ) in norfolk , with photographs , descriptions , flight graphs , latest records , distribution maps and more !\nif you have photos of any moths featured on this site , and would like them displayed along with your name and comments . . . please send them in ( any size . jpg images ) .\nplease consider helping with the running costs of norfolk moths . thank you : - )\nunderlying maps using digital map data \u00a9 norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola\u2122 2018 . \u00a9 james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data \u00a9 nola\u2122 2018\nthe wingspan is about 17 mm . the fore - and hindwings are mid brown .\nit is reddish to chocolate brown , bordered by a narrow cream dorsolateral line on each side , beginning at the tip of the snout to above the vent .\nthe height of the shell attains 35 mm , its diameter 44 mm . the solid , heavy shell is depressed , broadly umbilicate , and has a conoidal shape . it is black or purplish . the spire is more or less depressed . the sutures are linear . the shell contains 5 to 6 whorls . the upper ones have a strong carina midway between the sutures . the body whorl is carinated at the periphery and above , generally showing a less prominent carina on the base near the periphery . the aperture is oblique . the arcuate columella is oblique . the umbilicus is broad and deep , with a spiral rib within . this species is characterized by its wide umbilicus and strongly keeled whorls .\nthe forewings are black with a broad irregular diagonal white band and a small white spot near the base . the hindwings are white with broad black margins . adults are variable in both pattern and ground colour . this is a day - flying species .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\nfor the county , we have a total of 203 records from 104 sites . first recorded in 1940 .\n: a very local species in yorkshire but now recorded from all five vice - counties . it is widely distributed in spruce plantations all over northumberland and durham and still increasing its range ( dunn & parrack , 1986 ) , so it may well also turn out to be more widespread in yorkshire .\n: locally common in spruce plantations but not often wandering to other areas . distinctive when fresh ."]}
+{"id": 349, "summary": [{"text": "mohammed ben aarafa , or ben arafa ( 1889 \u2013 17 july 1976 ) was a distant relative of sultan mohammed v of morocco ( arabic : \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f ) ; he was put in mohammed v 's place by the french after they exiled mohammed v to madagascar .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "installed in august 1953 , he abdicated in october 1955 , while mohammed v was still in exile .", "topic": 19}, {"text": "the reign of this \" mohammed vi \" was not recognized in the spanish protected part of morocco .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "protests against ben aarafa helped lead to moroccan independence , which was agreed to between france and mohammed v in 1955 .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "he died in 1976 in france .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "mohammed v 's grandson now reigns in morocco as mohammed vi , ignoring the reign of ben aarafa by using the same regnal number . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "mohammed ben aarafa", "paragraphs": ["assassination attempt on mohammed ben aarafa sultan of . . . assassination attempt on mohammed ben aarafa sultan of . . .\nmohammed ben aarafa , or ben arafa ( 1889 - 1976 ) was a distant relative of sultan mohammed v of morocco ( arabic : \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u200e ) , was put in mohammed v \\ s place by the french after they exiled mohammed v to madagascar . ben aarafa was installed in august 1953 , he abdicated in october 1955 , while mohammed v was still in exile . protests against ben aarafa helped lead to moroccan independence , which was agreed to between france and mohammed v in 1955 . he died in 1976 in france .\nin 1953 , france exiled the highly respected sultan mohammed v and replaced him with the unpopular mohammed ben aarafa . ben aarafa ' s reign was widely perceived as illegitimate , and sparked active opposition to french rule . france allowed mohammed v to return in 1955 , and by 1956 , morocco had regained its independence .\nprotests against ben aarafa helped lead to moroccan independence , which was agreed to between france and mohammed v in 1955 . he died in 1976 in france .\nactually , any things related with\nmohammed ben aarafa\ncan be shipped to any place in ireland , including leinster , ulster , munster , and connacht .\nactually , the goods named\nmohammed ben aarafa\ncan be shipped to any place in the uk , including england , scotland , wales , and northern ireland .\nmohammed ben aarafa - the complete information and online sale with free shipping . order and buy now for the lowest price in the best online store ! discounts & coupons .\ninstalled in august 1953 , he abdicated in october 1955 , while mohammed v was still in exile . the reign of this\nmohammed vi\nwas not recognized in the spanish protected part of morocco . protests against ben aarafa helped lead to moroccan independence , which was agreed to between france and mohammed v in 1955 . he died in 1976 in france . mohammed v ' s grandson now reigns in morocco as mohammed vi , ignoring the reign of ben aarafa by using the same regnal number .\ninstalled in august 1953 , he abdicated in october 1955 , while mohammed v was still in exile . the reign of this\nmohammed vi\nwas not recognized in the spanish protected part of morocco . protests against ben aarafa helped lead to moroccan independence , which was agreed to between france and mohammed v in 1955 . he died in 1976 in france . mohammed v ' s grandson now reigns in morocco as mohammed vi , ignoring the reign of ben aarafa by using the same regnal number .\n\u200e\u200e ) ; he was put in mohammed v ' s place by the french after they exiled mohammed v to madagascar .\nand mohammed v in 1955 . he died in 1976 in france . mohammed v ' s grandson now reigns in morocco as\ntoday the goods named\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin south dakota can be shipped to sioux falls , rapid city , aberdeen , brookings , watertown , mitchell , yankton , pierre , huron , spearfish , vermillion and smaller towns .\nit goes without saying that the found goods by query\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin vermont can be delivered to burlington , south burlington , rutland , barre , montpelier , winooski , st . albans , newport , vergennes , and other cities .\nin other words , any products related with\nmohammed ben aarafa\ncan be shipped to any place in australia , including new south wales , victoria , queensland , western australia , south australia , tasmania , australian capital territory , and northern territory .\nchipolopolo arrive at the mohammed v stadiumthe chipolopolo boys have arrived at the mohammed v stadium in casablanca for their group b match against namibia .\nrelated products in the best online stores . for your convenience the search term is already added to the search box . you can either make a search right now or modify the query somehow ( for example ,\nmohammed ben aarafa 2018\n) .\nshowing page 1 . found 0 sentences matching phrase\nmohammed ben aarafa\n. found in 0 ms . translation memories are created by human , but computer aligned , which might cause mistakes . they come from many sources and are not checked . be warned .\nin other words , the goods related with\nmohammed ben aarafa\ncan be shipped to any place in canada , including ontario , quebec , british columbia , alberta , manitoba , saskatchewan , nova scotia , new brunswick , newfoundland and labrador , and prince edward island .\non 20 august 1953 , the french who were occupying morocco at the time forced mohammed v and his family into exile on corsica . his uncle , mohammed ben aarafa , was placed on the throne . mohammed v and his family were then transferred to madagascar in january 1954 . mohammed v returned from exile on 16 november 1955 , and was again recognized as sultan after active opposition to the french protectorate . in february 1956 he successfully negotiated with france for the independence of morocco , and in 1957 took the title of king .\nmohamed ben arafa was a moroccan alaouite royal of the early 20th century . ben arafa is best known for being the subject of a plot by thami el glaoui , pasha of marrakech to dethrone his cousin mohammed ben youssef . he ruled for a brief period between 1953 and 1955 , when he was enthroned by the french as a replacement of mohammed v . this move was seen by the moroccan public as humiliation and resulted in widespread violence until mohammed v was resorted to his throne . mohamed ben arafa was a nephew of hassan i , after his abdication he retired in tangiers then settled in nice , france where he lived until his death in 1976 .\non 20 august 1953 , the french who were occupying morocco at the time forced mohammed v and his family into exile on corsica . his uncle , mohammed ben aarafa , was placed on the throne . mohammed v and his family were then transferred to madagascar in january 1954 . mohammed v returned from exile on 16 november 1955 , and was again recognized as sultan after active opposition to the french protectorate . in february 1956 he successfully negotiated with france and spain for the independence of morocco , and in 1957 took the title of king .\nusually , the goods related with\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin wyoming can be bought in cheyenne , casper , laramie , gillette , rock springs , sheridan , green river , evanston , riverton , jackson , cody , rawlins , lander , torrington , powell , douglas , worland , and other cities .\ninstalled in august 1953 , he abdicated in october 1955 , while mohammed v was still in exile . the reign of this\nmohammed vi\nwas not recognized in the\nthis page is based on the copyrighted wikipedia article mohammed ben aarafa ; it is used under the creative commons attribution - sharealike 3 . 0 unported license ( cc - by - sa ) . you may redistribute it , verbatim or modified , providing that you comply with the terms of the cc - by - sa\nit goes without saying that the products by request\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin montana can be purchased if you live in billings , missoula , great falls , bozeman , butte , helena , kalispell , havre , anaconda , miles city , belgrade , livingston , laurel , whitefish , lewistown , sidney and smaller towns .\nin other words , the found goods by query\nmohammed ben aarafa\ncan be shipped to any place in new zealand , including north island , south island , waiheke island , and smaller islands . usually , any things related withcan be delivered to the following cities : you can also buy these goods in . . .\nit goes without saying that any things related with\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin west virginia can be delivered to the following cities : charleston , huntington , morgantown , parkersburg , wheeling , weirton , fairmont , martinsburg , beckley , clarksburg , south charleston , st . albans , vienna , bluefield , and other cities and towns .\ntoday the products related to the term\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin connecticut can be delivered to bridgeport , new haven , hartford , stamford , waterbury , norwalk , danbury , new britain , bristol , meriden , milford , west haven , middletown , norwich , shelton , torrington , new london , ansonia , derby , groton , etc .\nno need to say , the products related to the term\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin nebraska can be purchased if you live in omaha , lincoln , bellevue , grand island , kearney , fremont , hastings , norfolk , north platte , papillion , columbus , la vista , scottsbluff , south sioux city , beatrice , lexington . . .\nno doubt , the goods named\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin nevada can be received in such cities as las vegas , henderson , reno , north las vegas , sparks , carson city , fernley , elko , mesquite , boulder city , fallon , winnemucca , west wendover , ely , yerington , carlin , lovelock , wells , caliente .\nof course , the products related to the term\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin delaware can be delivered to the following cities : wilmington , dover , newark , middletown , smyrna , milford , seaford , georgetown , elsmere , new castle , millsboro , laurel , harrington , camden , clayton , lewes , milton , selbyville , bridgeville , townsend , etc .\nfile : inside mohammed v mausoleum . jpg : image : mohammed v morocco 1957 . lowres . jpegmohammed v ( 10 august 1909 \u2013 26 february 1961 ) ( ) was sultan of morocco of morocco from 1927 to 1953 ; he was recognized as sultan again upon his return from exile in 1955 , and as king of morocco from 1957 to 1961 . his full name was sidi mohammed ben yusef , or son of ( sultan ) yusef of morocco , upon whose death he succeeded to the throne . he was a member of the alaouite dynasty . on 20 august 1953 , the french people who were occupying morocco at the time forced mohammed v and his family into exile on corsica . his uncle , mohammed ben aarafa , was placed on the throne . mohammed v and his family were then transferred to madagascar in january 1954 . mohammed v returned from exile on 16 november 1955 , and was again recognized as sultan after active opposition to the french protectorate . in february 1956 he successfully negotiated with france and spain for the independence of morocco , and in 1957 took the title of king .\ninstalled in august 1953 , he abdicated in october 1955 , while mohammed v was still in exile .\nit goes without saying that the goods related with\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin maine can be delivered to portland , lewiston , bangor , south portland , auburn , biddeford , sanford , saco , augusta , westbrook , waterville , presque isle , brewer , bath , caribou , ellsworth , old town , rockland , belfast , gardiner , calais , hallowell , eastport .\nnormally , the products by request\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin the united kingdom can be delivered to london , birmingham , leeds , glasgow , sheffield , bradford , edinburgh , liverpool , manchester , bristol , wakefield , cardiff , coventry , nottingham , leicester , sunderland , belfast , newcastle upon tyne , brighton , hull , plymouth , stoke - on - trent .\nundoubtedly , any products related with\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin australia can be shipped to such cities as sydney , melbourne , brisbane , perth , adelaide , gold coast , tweed heads , newcastle , maitland , canberra , queanbeyan , sunshine coast , wollongong , hobart , geelong , townsville , cairns , darwin , toowoomba , ballarat , bendigo , albury , wodonga , launceston , mackay .\nas usual , the goods related with\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin north dakota can be received in fargo , bismarck , grand forks , minot , west fargo , williston , dickinson , mandan , jamestown , wahpeton , devils lake , watford city , valley city , grafton , lincoln , beulah , rugby , stanley , horace , casselton , new town , hazen , bottineau , lisbon , carrington .\nas you know , any things related with\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin canada can be shipped to such cities as toronto , montreal , calgary , ottawa , edmonton , mississauga , winnipeg , vancouver , brampton , hamilton , quebec city , surrey , laval , halifax , london , markham , vaughan , gatineau , longueuil , burnaby , saskatoon , kitchener , windsor , regina , richmond , richmond hill .\nundoubtedly , the products by request\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin new zealand can be bought in auckland , wellington , christchurch , hamilton , tauranga , napier - hastings , dunedin , lower hutt , palmerston north , nelson , rotorua , new plymouth , whangarei , invercargill , whanganui , gisborne , porirua , invercargill , nelson , upper hutt , gisborne , blenheim , pukekohe , timaru , taupo . . .\nof course , the products by request\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin alaska can be purchased if you live in anchorage , fairbanks , juneau , sitka , ketchikan , wasilla , kenai , kodiak , bethel , palmer , homer , unalaska , barrow , soldotna , valdez , nome , kotzebue , seward , wrangell , dillingham , cordova , north pole , houston , craig , hooper bay , akutan and smaller towns .\nking mohammed v died today after a minor operation . he was 51 years old and had occupied the throne since 1927\nand of course , any things related with\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin idaho can be purchased if you live in boise , meridian , nampa , idaho falls , pocatello , caldwell , coeur d ' alene , twin falls , lewiston , post falls , rexburg , moscow , eagle , kuna , ammon , chubbuck , hayden , mountain home , blackfoot , garden city , jerome , burley , and other cities and towns .\nit goes without saying that any products related with\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin maryland can be delivered to the following cities : baltimore , frederick , rockville , gaithersburg , bowie , hagerstown , annapolis , college park , salisbury , laurel , greenbelt , cumberland , westminster , hyattsville , takoma park , easton , elkton , aberdeen , havre de grace , cambridge , new carrollton , bel air , and other cities and towns .\nfrance ' s exile of sultan mohammed v in 1953 to madagascar and his replacement by the unpopular mohammed ben aarafa , whose reign was perceived as illegitimate , sparked active opposition to the french protectorate all over the country . the most notable occurred in oujda , where moroccans attacked french and other european residents in the streets . operations by the newly created\narmy of liberation\nwere launched in 1955 . the\narmy of liberation\nwas created by the arab maghreb liberation committee in cairo , egypt , to constitute a resistance movement against occupation , like the national liberation front in algeria . its goal was the return of king mohammed v and the liberation of algeria and tunisia as well . france allowed mohammed v to return in 1955 , and the negotiations that led to moroccan independence began the following year .\n\u2014 for those of a similar name , see mohamed v ( disambiguation ) . mohammed v of morocco king of morocco sultan of morocco ( 1957\u201358 ) sultan mohammed v of morocco visiting lawrence livermore lab , united states , in 1957 reign 19 \u2026\nas you know , the goods by request\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin new hampshire can be shipped to manchester , nashua , concord , derry , dover , rochester , salem , merrimack , hudson , londonderry , keene , bedford , portsmouth , goffstown , laconia , hampton , milford , durham , exeter , windham , hooksett , claremont , lebanon , pelham , somersworth , hanover , amherst , raymond , conway , berlin , and so on .\nas you know , the products related to the term\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin new mexico can be shipped to albuquerque , las cruces , rio rancho , santa fe , roswell , farmington , south valley , clovis , hobbs , alamogordo , carlsbad , gallup , deming , los lunas , chaparral , sunland park , las vegas , portales , los alamos , north valley , artesia , lovington , silver city , espa\u00f1ola , and so on .\nand the goods named\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin tennessee can be shipped to memphis , nashville , knoxville , chattanooga , clarksville , murfreesboro , franklin , jackson , johnson city , bartlett , hendersonville , kingsport , collierville , smyrna , cleveland , brentwood , germantown , columbia , spring hill , la vergne , gallatin , cookeville , mount juliet , lebanon , morristown , oak ridge , maryville , bristol , farragut , shelbyville , east ridge , tullahoma .\nthe mohammed v international airport and stade mohamed v of casablanca are named after him , as well as numerous universities and various public spaces across morocco . there is an avenue mohammed v in nearly every moroccan city and a major one in tunis , tunisia .\n\u2191 morocco ' s king mohammed unveils constitutional reforms bbc news ( june 18 , 2011 ) . retrieved february 1 , 2017 .\nand today the goods related with\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin louisiana can be sent to new orleans , baton rouge , shreveport , metairie , lafayette , lake charles , kenner , bossier city , monroe , alexandria , houma , marrero , new iberia , laplace , slidell , prairieville , central , terrytown , ruston , sulphur , harvey , hammond , bayou cane , shenandoah , natchitoches , gretna , chalmette , opelousas , estelle , zachary , and other cities .\nno doubt , the goods named\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin virginia can be shipped to virginia beach , norfolk , chesapeake , richmond , newport news , alexandria , hampton , roanoke , portsmouth , suffolk , lynchburg , harrisonburg , charlottesville , danville , manassas , petersburg , fredericksburg , winchester , salem , staunton , fairfax , hopewell , waynesboro , colonial heights , radford , bristol , manassas park , williamsburg , falls church , martinsville , poquoson , and so on .\nusually , any things related with\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin rhode island can be purchased if you live in providence , warwick , cranston , pawtucket , east providence , woonsocket , coventry , cumberland , north providence , south kingstown , west warwick , johnston , north kingstown , newport , bristol , westerly , smithfield , lincoln , central falls , portsmouth , barrington , middletown , burrillville , narragansett , tiverton , east greenwich , north smithfield , warren , scituate , etc .\nas usual , the goods related with\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin hawaii can be shipped to such cities as honolulu , east honolulu , pearl city , hilo , kailua , waipahu , kaneohe , mililani town , kahului , ewa gentry , mililani mauka , kihei , makakilo , wahiawa , schofield barracks , wailuku , kapolei , ewa beach , royal kunia , halawa , waimalu , waianae , nanakuli , kailua , lahaina , waipio , hawaiian paradise park , kapaa and smaller towns .\nas usual , the products by request\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin iowa can be purchased if you live in des moines , cedar rapids , davenport , sioux city , iowa city , waterloo , council bluffs , ames , west des moines , dubuque , ankeny , urbandale , cedar falls , marion , bettendorf , marshalltown , mason city , clinton , burlington , ottumwa , fort dodge , muscatine , coralville , johnston , north liberty , altoona , newton , indianola . . .\nnormally , the goods named\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin pennsylvania can be purchased if you live in philadelphia , pittsburgh , allentown , erie , reading , scranton , bethlehem , lancaster , harrisburg , altoona , york , wilkes - barre , chester , williamsport , easton , lebanon , hazleton , new castle , johnstown , mckeesport , hermitage , greensburg , pottsville , sharon , butler , washington , meadville , new kensington , coatesville , st . marys , lower burrell , oil city , nanticoke , uniontown and smaller towns .\nin 1944 , moroccan nationalists formed an independence party seeking an end to colonialism , and became known as the istiqlals . in response , the french government arrested all the leaders of the group . following riots in casablanca in 1952 , istiqlal was banned . king mohammad v was exiled to madagascar , and ben aarafa took over , but he was not well - liked by moroccans .\nundoubtedly , the goods by request\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin kentucky can be purchased if you live in louisville , lexington , bowling green , owensboro , covington , hopkinsville , richmond , florence , georgetown , henderson , elizabethtown , nicholasville , jeffersontown , frankfort , paducah , independence , radcliff , ashland , madisonville , winchester , erlanger , murray , st . matthews , fort thomas , danville , newport , shively , shelbyville , glasgow , berea , bardstown , shepherdsville , somerset , lyndon , lawrenceburg , middlesboro , mayfield . . .\nwikimedia commons has media related to [ [ commons : category : { { # property : p373 } } | mohammed v of morocco ] ] .\nthe mohammed v international airport and stade mohamed v of casablanca are named after him , as well as numerous universities and various public spaces across morocco . there is an avenue mohammed v in nearly every moroccan city and a major one in tunis , tunisia . in december 2007 , the jewish daily forward reported on a secret diplomatic initiative by the moroccan government to have mohammed v admitted to the righteous among the nations . . the forward , 12 december 2007\nno need to say , the goods named\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin indiana can be delivered to the following cities : indianapolis , fort wayne , evansville , south bend , carmel , fishers , bloomington , hammond , gary , lafayette , muncie , terre haute , kokomo , noblesville , anderson , greenwood , elkhart , mishawaka , lawrence , jeffersonville , columbus , portage , new albany , richmond , westfield , valparaiso , goshen , michigan city , west lafayette , marion , east chicago , hobart , crown point , franklin , la porte , greenfield , etc .\nas usual , the found goods by query\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin kansas can be purchased if you live in wichita , overland park , kansas city , olathe , topeka , lawrence , shawnee , manhattan , lenexa , salina , hutchinson , leavenworth , leawood , dodge city , garden city , junction city , emporia , derby , prairie village , hays , liberal , gardner , pittsburg , newton , great bend , mcpherson , el dorado , ottawa , winfield , arkansas city , andover , lansing , merriam , haysville , atchison , parsons , and so on .\nnaturally , the goods named\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin georgia can be delivered to the following cities : atlanta , columbus , augusta , macon , savannah , athens , sandy springs , roswell , johns creek , albany , warner robins , alpharetta , marietta , valdosta , smyrna , dunwoody , rome , east point , milton , gainesville , hinesville , peachtree city , newnan , dalton , douglasville , kennesaw , lagrange , statesboro , lawrenceville , duluth , stockbridge , woodstock , carrollton , canton , griffin , mcdonough , acworth , pooler , union city , and other cities and towns .\nusually , the goods related with\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin wisconsin can be sent to milwaukee , madison , green bay , kenosha , racine , appleton , waukesha , oshkosh , eau claire , janesville , west allis , la crosse , sheboygan , wauwatosa , fond du lac , new berlin , wausau . the shipping is also available in brookfield , beloit , greenfield , franklin , oak creek , manitowoc , west bend , sun prairie , superior , stevens point , neenah , fitchburg , muskego , watertown , de pere , mequon , south milwaukee , marshfield , and other cities .\nand today the goods by your query\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin missouri can be shipped to such cities as kansas city , st . louis , springfield , independence , columbia , lee\u2019s summit , o\u2019fallon , st . joseph , st . charles , blue springs , st . peters , florissant , joplin , chesterfield , jefferson city , cape girardeau , oakville , wildwood , university city , ballwin , raytown , liberty , wentzville , mehlville , kirkwood , maryland heights , hazelwood , gladstone , grandview , belton , webster groves , sedalia , ferguson , arnold , affton , and so on .\nduring the 1950s and 1960s , morocco was an artistic center and attracted writers such as paul bowles , tennessee williams , and william s . burroughs . moroccan literature flourished , with novelists such as mohamed choukri , who wrote in arabic , and driss chra\u00efbi , who wrote in french . other important moroccan authors include tahar ben jelloun , fouad laroui , mohammed berrada , and leila abouzeid .\nno need to say , the products related to the term\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin mississippi can be received in such cities as jackson , gulfport , southaven , hattiesburg , biloxi , meridian , tupelo , greenville , olive branch , horn lake , clinton , pearl , ridgeland , starkville , columbus , vicksburg , pascagoula , clarksdale , oxford , laurel , gautier , ocean springs , madison , brandon , greenwood , cleveland , natchez , long beach , corinth , hernando , moss point , mccomb , canton , carriere , grenada , brookhaven , indianola , yazoo city , west point , picayune , petal .\nof course , the goods by your query\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin south carolina can be shipped to columbia , charleston , north charleston , mount pleasant , rock hill , greenville , summerville , sumter , hilton head island , spartanburg , florence , goose creek , aiken , myrtle beach , anderson , greer , mauldin , greenwood , north augusta , easley , simpsonville , hanahan , lexington , conway , west columbia , north myrtle beach , clemson , orangeburg , cayce , bluffton , beaufort , gaffney , irmo , fort mill , port royal , forest acres , newberry , and other cities and towns .\nin december 2007 , the jewish daily forward reported on a secret diplomatic initiative by the moroccan government to have mohammed v admitted to the righteous among the nations . [ 10 ]\nin december 2007 , the jewish daily forward reported on a secret diplomatic initiative by the moroccan government to have mohammed v admitted to the righteous among the nations . [ 6 ]\nas you know , the products related to the term\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin oklahoma can be delivered to oklahoma city , tulsa , norman , broken arrow , lawton , edmond , moore , midwest city , enid , stillwater , muskogee , bartlesville , owasso , shawnee , yukon , ardmore , ponca city , bixby , duncan , del city , jenks , sapulpa , mustang , sand springs , bethany , altus , claremore , el reno , mcalester , ada , durant , tahlequah , chickasha , miami , glenpool , elk city , woodward , okmulgee , choctaw , weatherford , guymon , guthrie , warr acres , and other cities and towns .\nnevertheless , mohammed is highly esteemed by moroccan jews who credit him for protecting their community from the nazi and vichy french government , [ 1 ] and mohammed v has been honored by jewish organizations for his role in protecting his jewish subjects during the holocaust . [ 5 ] some historians maintain that mohammed ' s anti - nazi role has been exaggerated ; historian michel abitol writes that while mohammed v was compelled by vichy officials to sign the anti - jewish dahirs ,\nhe was more passive than moncef bay ( ruler of tunisia during the second world war ) in that he did not take any side and did not engage in any public act that could be interpreted as a rejection of vichy ' s policy .\n[ 4 ]\nnormally , the goods named\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin arkansas can be received in such cities as little rock , fort smith , fayetteville , springdale , jonesboro , north little rock , conway , rogers , pine bluff , bentonville , hot springs , benton , texarkana , sherwood , jacksonville , russellville , bella vista , west memphis , paragould , cabot . delivery is also carried out in searcy , van buren , el dorado , maumelle , blytheville , forrest city , siloam springs , bryant , harrison , hot springs village , mountain home , marion , helena - west helena , camden , magnolia , arkadelphia , malvern , batesville , hope , and other cities .\nusually , the goods by request\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin massachusetts can be delivered to the following cities : boston , worcester , springfield , lowell , cambridge , new bedford , brockton , quincy , lynn , fall river , newton , lawrence , somerville , framingham , haverhill , waltham , malden , brookline , plymouth , medford , taunton , chicopee , weymouth , revere , peabody , methuen , barnstable , pittsfield , attleboro , arlington , everett , salem , westfield , leominster , fitchburg , billerica , holyoke , beverly , marlborough , woburn , amherst , braintree , shrewsbury , chelsea , dartmouth , chelmsford , andover , natick , randolph , watertown , etc .\nno need to say , the goods by your query\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin ireland can be purchased if you live in dublin , cork , limerick , galway , waterford , drogheda , dundalk , swords , bray , navan , ennis , kilkenny , tralee , carlow , newbridge , naas , athlone , portlaoise , mullingar , wexford , balbriggan , letterkenny , celbridge , sligo . and also in clonmel , greystones , malahide , leixlip , carrigaline , tullamore , killarney , arklow , maynooth , cobh , castlebar , midleton , mallow , ashbourne , ballina , laytown - bettystown - mornington , enniscorthy , wicklow , tramore , cavan , and other cities and towns .\nmohammed v was one of the sons of sultan yusef , who was enthroned by the french in september 1912 and his wife lalla yaqut , who was of turkish origin . [ 6 ]\nmohammed v was one of the sons of sultan yusef , who was enthroned by the french in september 1912 and his wife lalla yaqut , who was of turkish origin . [ 2 ]\nand the products related to the term\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin arizona can be delivered to phoenix , tucson , mesa , chandler , glendale , scottsdale , gilbert , tempe , peoria , surprise , yuma , avondale , flagstaff , goodyear , lake havasu city , buckeye , casa grande , sierra vista , maricopa , oro valley , prescott , bullhead city , prescott valley . as well as in apache junction , marana , el mirage , kingman , queen creek , florence , san luis , sahuarita , fountain hills , nogales , douglas , eloy , payson , somerton , paradise valley , coolidge , cottonwood , camp verde , chino valley , show low , sedona . . .\nundoubtedly , the products by request\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin north carolina can be shipped to charlotte , raleigh , greensboro , durham , winston - salem , fayetteville , cary , wilmington , high point , greenville , asheville , concord , gastonia , jacksonville , chapel hill , rocky mount , huntersville , burlington , wilson , kannapolis , apex , hickory , wake forest , indian trail , mooresville , goldsboro , monroe , salisbury , holly springs , matthews , new bern , sanford , cornelius , garner , thomasville , statesville , asheboro , mint hill , fuquay - varina , morrisville , kernersville , lumberton , kinston , carrboro , havelock , shelby , clemmons , lexington , clayton , boone , etc .\nand today any things related with\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin colorado can be delivered to denver , colorado springs , aurora , fort collins , lakewood , thornton , arvada , westminster , pueblo , centennial , boulder , greeley , longmont , loveland , broomfield , grand junction , castle rock , commerce city , parker , littleton , northglenn , brighton , englewood . you can also buy these goods in wheat ridge , fountain , lafayette , windsor , erie , evans , golden , louisville , montrose , durango , ca\u00f1on city , greenwood village , sterling , lone tree , johnstown , superior , fruita , steamboat springs , federal heights , firestone , fort morgan , frederick , castle pines , and so on .\nusually , the products related to the term\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin oregon can be purchased if you live in portland , salem , eugene , gresham , hillsboro , beaverton , bend , medford , springfield , corvallis , albany , tigard , lake oswego , keizer , grants pass , oregon city , mcminnville , redmond , tualatin , west linn , woodburn , forest grove , newberg , wilsonville , roseburg , klamath falls , ashland , milwaukie , sherwood , happy valley , central point , canby , hermiston , pendleton , troutdale , lebanon , coos bay , the dalles , dallas , st . helens , la grande , cornelius , gladstone , ontario , sandy , newport , monmouth , and other cities .\nthere are competing accounts of exactly what mohammed v did or did not do for the moroccan jewish community\nduring the holocaust . [ 1 ] however ,\nthough a subject of debate , most scholars stress the benevolence of mohammed v toward the jews\nduring the vichy era . [ 2 ] mohammed blocked efforts by vichy officials to impose anti - jewish legislation upon morocco and deport the country ' s 250 , 000 jews to their deaths in nazi concentration camps and extermination camps in europe . [ 3 ] the sultan ' s stand was\nbased as much on the insult the vichy diktats posed to his claim of sovereignty over all his subjects , including the jews , as on his humanitarian instincts .\n[ 3 ] partial nazi race measures were enacted in morocco over mohammed ' s objection , [ 3 ] and mohammed did sign , under the instructions of vichy officials , two dahirs ( decrees ) that barred jews from certain schools and positions . [ 4 ]\nof course , the products by request\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin alabama can be bought in birmingham , montgomery , mobile , huntsville , tuscaloosa , hoover , dothan , decatur , auburn , madison , florence , gadsden , vestavia hills , prattville , phenix city , alabaster , bessemer , enterprise , opelika , homewood , northport , anniston , prichard , athens . as well as in daphne , pelham , oxford , albertville , selma , mountain brook , trussville , troy , center point , helena , hueytown , talladega , fairhope , ozark , alexander city , cullman , scottsboro , millbrook , foley , hartselle , fort payne , gardendale , jasper , saraland , muscle shoals , eufaula , and other cities and towns .\nno need to say , the products by request\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin ohio can be received in such cities as columbus , cleveland , cincinnati , toledo , akron , dayton , parma , canton , youngstown , lorain , hamilton , springfield , kettering , elyria , lakewood , cuyahoga falls , euclid , middletown , mansfield , newark , mentor , cleveland heights , beavercreek , strongsville , fairfield , dublin , warren , findlay , lancaster , lima , huber heights , marion , westerville , reynoldsburg , grove city , stow , delaware , brunswick , upper arlington , gahanna , westlake , north olmsted , fairborn , massillon , mason , north royalton , bowling green , north ridgeville , kent , garfield heights and smaller towns .\nnaturally , any things related with\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin new jersey can be bought in newark , jersey city , paterson , elizabeth , edison , woodbridge , lakewood , toms river , hamilton , trenton , clifton , camden , brick , cherry hill , passaic , middletown , union city , old bridge , gloucester township , east orange , bayonne , franklin , north bergen , vineland , union , piscataway , new brunswick , jackson , wayne , irvington , parsippany - troy hills , howell , perth amboy , hoboken , plainfield , west new york , washington township , east brunswick , bloomfield , west orange , evesham , bridgewater , south brunswick , egg harbor , manchester , hackensack , sayreville , mount laurel , berkeley , north brunswick .\nand today any products related with\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin illinois can be delivered to the following cities : chicago , aurora , rockford , joliet , naperville , springfield , peoria , elgin , waukegan , champaign , bloomington , decatur , evanston , des plaines , berwyn , wheaton , belleville , elmhurst , dekalb , moline , urbana , crystal lake , quincy , rock island , park ridge , calumet city , pekin , danville , st . charles , north chicago , galesburg , chicago heights , granite city , highland park , burbank , o ' fallon , oak forest , alton , kankakee , west chicago , east st . louis , mchenry , batavia , carbondale , freeport , belvidere , collinsville , harvey , lockport , woodstock . . .\nno need to say , any products related with\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin washington can be sent to seattle , spokane , tacoma , vancouver , bellevue , kent , everett , renton , federal way , yakima , spokane valley , kirkland , bellingham , kennewick , auburn , pasco , marysville , lakewood , redmond , shoreline , richland , sammamish , burien , olympia , lacey . the shipping is also available in edmonds , puyallup , bremerton , lynnwood , bothell , longview , issaquah , wenatchee , mount vernon , university place , walla walla , pullman , des moines , lake stevens , seatac , maple valley , mercer island , bainbridge island , oak harbor , kenmore , moses lake , camas , mukilteo , mountlake terrace , tukwila , etc .\nas usual , the goods by request\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin minnesota can be received in minneapolis , saint paul , rochester , bloomington , duluth , brooklyn park , plymouth , maple grove , woodbury , st . cloud , eagan , eden prairie , coon rapids , blaine , burnsville , lakeville , minnetonka , apple valley , edina , st . louis park , moorhead , mankato , maplewood , shakopee , richfield , cottage grove , roseville , inver grove heights , andover , brooklyn center , savage , oakdale , fridley , winona , shoreview , ramsey , owatonna , chanhassen , prior lake , white bear lake , chaska , austin , elk river , champlin , faribault , rosemount , crystal , farmington , hastings , new brighton , and so on .\nas always , the goods by your query\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin new york can be purchased if you live in new york , buffalo , rochester , yonkers , syracuse , albany , new rochelle , mount vernon , schenectady , utica , white plains , troy , niagara falls , binghamton , rome , long beach , poughkeepsie , north tonawanda , jamestown , ithaca , elmira , newburgh , middletown , auburn , watertown , glen cove , saratoga springs , kingston , peekskill , lockport , plattsburgh , cortland , amsterdam , oswego , lackawanna , cohoes , rye , gloversville , beacon , batavia , tonawanda , glens falls , olean , oneonta , geneva , dunkirk , fulton , oneida , corning , ogdensburg , canandaigua , watervliet , and other cities and towns .\nno need to say , any products related with\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin michigan can be shipped to detroit , grand rapids , warren , sterling heights , lansing , ann arbor , flint , dearborn , livonia , clinton , canton , westland , troy , farmington hills , macomb township , kalamazoo , shelby , wyoming , southfield , waterford , rochester hills , west bloomfield , taylor , saint clair shores , pontiac , dearborn heights , royal oak , novi , ypsilanti , battle creek , saginaw , kentwood , east lansing , redford , roseville , georgetown , portage , chesterfield township , midland , bloomfield charter township , oakland county , saginaw , commerce , meridian , muskegon , lincoln park , grand blanc , holland , orion , bay city , independence charter township , and other cities .\nand the products by request\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin utah can be delivered to salt lake city , west valley city , provo , west jordan , orem , sandy , ogden , st . george , layton , taylorsville , south jordan , logan , lehi , murray , bountiful , draper , riverton , roy , spanish fork , pleasant grove , cottonwood heights , tooele , springville , cedar city , midvale . the shipping is also available in kaysville , holladay , american fork , clearfield , syracuse , south salt lake , herriman , eagle mountain , clinton , washington , payson , farmington , brigham city , saratoga springs , north ogden , south ogden , north salt lake , highland , centerville , hurricane , heber city , west haven , lindon , and other cities and towns .\nand the goods by request\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin florida can be shipped to such cities as jacksonville , miami , tampa , orlando , st . petersburg , hialeah , tallahassee , fort lauderdale , port st . lucie , cape coral , pembroke pines , hollywood , miramar , gainesville , coral springs , miami gardens , clearwater , palm bay , pompano beach , west palm beach , lakeland , davie , miami beach , boca raton . the shipping is also available in deltona , plantation , sunrise , palm coast , largo , deerfield beach , melbourne , boynton beach , lauderhill , fort myers , weston , kissimmee , homestead , delray beach , tamarac , daytona beach , wellington , north miami , jupiter , north port , coconut creek , port orange , sanford , margate , ocala , sarasota , pensacola , and other cities .\ndespite improvements under mohammed vi , international organizations have continued to criticize the human rights situation in morocco in general ( arrests of suspected islamist extremists during 2004 and 2005 related to the 2003 casablanca bombings ) , and in western sahara in particular .\nthere are competing accounts of exactly what mohammed v did or did not do for the moroccan jewish community\nduring the holocaust . jessica m . marglin , across legal lines : jews and muslims in modern morocco ( yale university press , 2016 ) , p . 201 . however ,\nthough a subject of debate , most scholars stress the benevolence of mohammed v toward the jews\nduring the vichy french era . orit bashkin & daniel j . schroeter ,\nhistorical themes : muslim - jewish relations in the modern modern middle east and north africa\nin the routledge handbook of muslim - jewish relations ( routledge , 2016 ) , p . 54 . mohammed blocked efforts by vichy officials to impose vichy anti - jewish legislation upon morocco and deport the country ' s 250 , 000 jews to their deaths in nazi concentration camps and extermination camps in europe . susan gilson miller , a history of modern morocco ( cambridge university press , 2013 ) , pp . 142 - 43 . the sultan ' s stand was\nbased as much on the insult the vichy diktats posed to his claim of sovereignty over all his subjects , including the jews , as on his humanitarian instincts .\npartial nazi race measures were enacted in morocco over mohammed ' s objection , and mohammed did sign , under the instructions of vichy officials , two moroccan dahir ( decrees ) that barred jews from certain schools and positions . abdelilah bouasria ,\nthe second coming of morocco ' s ' commander of the faithful ' : mohammed vi and morocco ' s religious policy\nin contemporary morocco : state , politics and society under mohammmed vi ( eds . bruce maddy - weitzman & daniel zisenwine , 2013 ) , p . 42 . nevertheless , mohammed is highly esteemed by moroccan jews who credit him for protecting their community from the nazi germany and vichy french government , and mohammed v has been honored by jewish organizations for his role in protecting his jewish subjects during the holocaust . some historians maintain that mohammed ' s anti - nazi role has been exaggerated ; historian michel abitol writes that while mohammed v was compelled by vichy officials to sign the anti - jewish dahirs ,\nhe was more passive than muhammad vii al - munsif ( list of beys of tunis during the second world war ) in that he did not take any side and did not engage in any public act that could be interpreted as a rejection of vichy ' s policy .\nlater on , in response to anti - jewish rhetoric in the wake of the creation of the state of israel , mohammed v warned muslims not to hurt moroccan jews , reminding them that jews had always been protected in morocco . [ 1 ]\nduring the 1990s , king hassan made great strides toward economic and political liberalization . king hassan died on july 23 , 1999 , and was succeeded by his son , mohammed vi , who pledged to continue these reforms . under mohammed vi , the moroccan government has undertaken a number of economic , political , and social reforms , including the 2003 moudawana , a reform of the family status code , and the 2006 equity and reconciliation commission , which investigated allegations of human rights abuse from 1956 to 1999 .\nimage : mohammed v 1954 , madagascar . jpg : mohammed v was one of the sons of sultan yusef of morocco , who was enthroned by the french in september 1912 and his wife lalla yaqut , who was of turkey origin . his first wife was lalla hanila bint mamoun . she was the mother of his first daughter lalla fatima zohra . his second wife was his first cousin lalla abla bint tahar ( ) ( born 5 september 1909 \u2013 died 1 march 1992 ) . she was the daughter of moulay mohammed tahar bin hassan , son of hassan i of morocco . she married mohammed v in 1929 and died in rabat on 1 march 1992 . she gave birth to five children : the future king hassan ii of morocco , princess lalla aicha of morocco , princess lalla malika of morocco , prince moulay abdallah of morocco and princess lalla nuzha of morocco . international business publications , morocco foreign policy and government guide p . 84his third wife was lalla bahia , mother of his last daughter princess lalla amina of morocco .\nnaturally , the products by request\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin texas can be bought in houston , san antonio , dallas , austin , fort worth , el paso , arlington , corpus christi , plano , laredo , lubbock , garland , irving , amarillo , grand prairie , brownsville , mckinney , frisco , pasadena , mesquite , killeen , mcallen , carrollton , midland , waco , denton , abilene , odessa , beaumont , round rock , the woodlands , richardson , pearland , college station , wichita falls , lewisville , tyler , san angelo , league city , allen , sugar land , edinburg , mission , longview , bryan , pharr , baytown , missouri city , temple , flower mound , new braunfels , north richland hills , conroe , victoria , cedar park , harlingen , atascocita , mansfield , georgetown , san marcos , rowlett , pflugerville , port arthur , spring , euless , desoto , grapevine , galveston , and other cities and towns .\nnovember 18th in morocco is known as eid al istiqulal ( independence day ) , and honours the return of king mohammed v to morocco from exile in madagascar . on this day the king proclaimed the freedom of morocco from france and spain who had colonised the country for 44 years\nparliamentary elections were held in november 2002 and were considered largely free , fair , and transparent . at that time , king mohammed vi formed a government appointing then - interior minister driss jettou as prime minister . cabinet level positions were drawn from most major parties in the coalition .\nallait devenir la petite - fille pr\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9e de hassan ii , le roi s\u2019est \u00e9merveill\u00e9 sans aucune g\u00eane des yeux bleus de la nouveau - n\u00e9e . \u00ab elle tient \u00e7a de son arri\u00e8re - grand - m\u00e8re turque \u00bb , faisait - il remarquer en rappelant les yeux azur de la m\u00e8re de mohammed v\nabdelilah bouasria ,\nthe second coming of morocco ' s ' commander of the faithful ' : mohammed vi and morocco ' s religious policy\nin contemporary morocco : state , politics and society under mohammmed vi ( eds . bruce maddy - weitzman & daniel zisenwine , 2013 ) , p . 42 .\nallait devenir la petite - fille pr\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9e de hassan ii , le roi s ' est \u00e9merveill\u00e9 sans aucune g\u00eane des yeux bleus de la nouveau - n\u00e9e . \u00ab elle tient \u00e7a de son arri\u00e8re - grand - m\u00e8re turque \u00bb , faisait - il remarquer en rappelant les yeux azur de la m\u00e8re de mohammed v\nfollowing the 2002 elections , king mohammed vi highlighted several goals toward which the new government should work : expanded employment opportunities , economic development , meaningful education , and increased housing availability . to meet the king ' s objectives , the jettou government embarked on a series of initiatives and reforms , which jettou laid out in his early days as prime minister .\nmorocco has about 230 , 000 students enrolled in fourteen public universities . the most prestigious are mohammed v university in rabat and al akhawayn university in ifrane ( private ) . al - akhawayn , founded in 1993 by king hassan ii and king fahd of saudi arabia , is an english - medium , american - style university comprising about one thousand students . university of al karaouine , in fez , is the oldest university in the world and has been a center for knowledge for more than a thousand years .\nmorocco is home to 14 public universities . mohammed v university in rabat is one of the country ' s most famous schools , with faculties of law , sciences , liberal arts , and medicine . karaouine university , in fes , is a longstanding center for islamic studies and is the oldest university in the maghreb . morocco has one private , english language university , al - akhawayn , in ifrane , founded in 1993 by king hassan ii and king fahd of saudi arabia . the curriculum is based on an american model .\nhowever , under the reign of mohammed vi , and with the launch of the equity and reconciliation commission ( ier ) to investigate the atrocities , morocco is trying to reconcile with the victims . many new laws and codes concerning all aspects of life are being launched . the most notable event was the creation of the mudawana \u2014a family code that was the first unique initiative of its kind in the arab and muslim world . the code gives women more rights . other issues , such as the abolition of capital punishment , are being considered .\nmorocco is a moderate arab state which maintains close relations with europe and the united states . it is a member of the un and belongs to the arab league , arab maghreb union ( uma ) , organization of the islamic conference ( oic ) , and the non - aligned movement . king mohammed vi is the chairman of the oic ' s al - quds jerusalem committee . although not a member of the african union ( formerly the organization of african unity\u2014oau ) , morocco remains involved in african diplomacy . it contributes consistently to un peacekeeping efforts on the continent .\nmohammed v told jewish leaders that in his opinion vichy laws singling out the jews were inconsistent with moroccan law . he believed that jews should be treated equally with muslims . he emphasized that the property and lives of the moroccan jews remained under his protection . \u201cthere are no jews in morocco . there are only subjects , \u201d the king was reported to have said . in a blatant show of defiance the king insisted on inviting all the rabbis of morocco to the 1941 throne celebrations . due to his strong stance , vichy administrators were unable to implement their discriminatory laws and the jewish community was saved .\nas you know , the goods related with\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin california can be received in los angeles , san diego , san jose , san francisco , fresno , sacramento , long beach , oakland , bakersfield , anaheim , santa ana , riverside , stockton , chula vista , fremont , irvine , san bernardino , modesto , oxnard , fontana , moreno valley , glendale , huntington beach , santa clarita , garden grove . it ' s also available for those who live in santa rosa , oceanside , rancho cucamonga , ontario , lancaster , elk grove , palmdale , corona , salinas , pomona , torrance , hayward , escondido , sunnyvale , pasadena , fullerton , orange , thousand oaks , visalia , simi valley , concord , roseville , santa clara , vallejo , victorville . delivery is also carried out in el monte , berkeley , downey , costa mesa , inglewood , ventura , west covina , norwalk , carlsbad , fairfield , richmond , murrieta , burbank , antioch , daly city , temecula , santa maria , el cajon , rialto , san mateo , compton , clovis , jurupa valley , south gate , vista , mission viejo . delivery is also carried out in vacaville , carson , hesperia , redding , santa monica , westminster , santa barbara , chico , whittier , newport beach , san leandro , hawthorne , san marcos , citrus heights , alhambra , tracy , livermore , buena park , lakewood , merced , hemet , chino , menifee , lake forest , napa . as well as in redwood city , bellflower , indio , tustin , baldwin park , chino hills , mountain view , alameda , upland , folsom , san ramon , pleasanton , lynwood , union city , apple valley , redlands , turlock , perris , manteca , milpitas , redondo beach , davis , camarillo , yuba city . and , of course , rancho cordova , palo alto , yorba linda , walnut creek , south san francisco , san clemente , pittsburg , laguna niguel , pico rivera , montebello , lodi , madera , monterey park , la habra , santa cruz , encinitas , tulare , gardena , national city , cupertino . and also in huntington park , petaluma , san rafael , la mesa , rocklin , arcadia , diamond bar , woodland , fountain valley , porterville , paramount , hanford , rosemead , eastvale , santee , highland , delano , colton , novato , lake elsinore , brentwood , yucaipa , cathedral city , watsonville , placentia .\nrabat , morocco cu . new sultan of morocco sidi mohammed ben moulay arafa ( aug . 1953 - sep . 1955 ) . sv . scu . pan , sultan walking towards , preparing to leave for mosque . gv . rabat . lv . sultan leaving palace with procession . scu . sultan leaving palace on horseback . back view of procession towards the mosque . scu . pan , sultan on horseback . cu . car breaking through crowd . lv . assassin attempting to stab sultan , a french officer jumps aboard assassin ' s car , assassin draws knife , officer and assassin wrestling , officer knocks assassin off car , guards pounce on assassin as he falls on the ground . scu . assassin laying on ground , he lifts his head . scu . sergeant major king holding assassin ' s knife looking at his wound . pan down to assassin laying on ground . sv . dead horse laying by assassin ' s car . scu . sultan being helped away from scene . cu . guard . sv . & scu . pan , sultan leaving mosque in carriage escorted by guards . lv . & sv . procession . sv . towards , procession with sultan entering palace . ( f . g . ) ( orig . l . ) film id : 116 . 16 a video from british path\u00e9 . explore our online channel , british path\u00e9 tv . it ' s full of great documentaries , fascinating interviews , and classic movies . urltoken for licensing enquiries visit urltoken british path\u00e9 also represents the reuters historical collection , which includes more than 120 , 000 items from the news agencies gaumont graphic ( 1910 - 1932 ) , empire news bulletin ( 1926 - 1930 ) , british paramount ( 1931 - 1957 ) , and gaumont british ( 1934 - 1959 ) , as well as visnews content from 1957 to the end of 1979 . all footage can be viewed on the british path\u00e9 website . urltoken\nthe constitution grants the king extensive powers ; he is both the political leader and the\ndefender of the faith .\nhe presides over the council of ministers ; appoints the prime minister following legislative elections , and on recommendations from the latter , appoints the members of the government . while the constitution theoretically allows the king to terminate the tenure of any minister and , after consultation with the heads of the higher and lower assemblies , to dissolve the parliament , suspend the constitution , call for new elections , or rule by decree , the only time this happened was in 1965 . the king is formally the chief of the military . upon the death of his father mohammed v , king hassan ii succeeded to the throne in 1961 . he ruled morocco for the next 38 years , until he died in 1999 . his son , king mohamed vi , assumed the throne in july 1999 ."]}
+{"id": 397, "summary": [{"text": "cryptolechia micracma is a moth in the depressariidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by edward meyrick in 1910 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in sri lanka .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 12 \u2013 13 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are deep ochreous-yellow , sprinkled with dark fuscous .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the stigmata is dark fuscous and there is a dark fuscous spot on the costa at two-thirds .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is also a terminal fascia of dark fuscous suffusion or irroration .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings of the males are pale yellowish , while those of the females are light grey . ", "topic": 9}], "title": "cryptolechia micracma", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for micracma definition . you find here micracma meaning , synonyms of micracma and images for micracma copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word micracma . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word micracma and , of course , micracma synonyms and on the right images related to the word micracma .\ncryptolechia micracma meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 1 ) : 162 ; tl : ceylon ; khasis\ncryptolechia micracma is a moth in the depressariidae family . it was described by edward meyrick in 1910 . [ 1 ] it is found in sri lanka . [ 2 ]\ncryptolechia castella zeller , 1852 ; k . vetenskakad . handl . 1852 : 107\ncryptolechia pelophaea meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 6 ) : 192\ncryptolechia straminella zeller , 1852 ; k . vetenskakad . handl . 1852 : 107\ncryptolechia zeloxantha meyrick , 1934 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 15 ) : 478\ncryptolechia chlorozyga meyrick , 1938 ; dt . ent . z . iris 52 : 10\ncryptolechia fascirupta ; wang , 2004 , ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 231\ncryptolechia gei ; wang , 2004 , ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 231\ncryptolechia gypsochra meyrick , 1938 ; dt . ent . z . iris 52 : 10\ncryptolechia hoplostola meyrick , 1938 ; dt . ent . z . iris 52 : 10\ncryptolechia isomichla meyrick , 1938 ; dt . ent . z . iris 52 : 11\ncryptolechia prothyropa meyrick , 1938 ; dt . ent . z . iris 52 : 11\ncryptolechia stadaea meyrick , 1934 ; dt . ent . z . iris 48 : 39\ncryptolechia stictifascia ; wang , 2004 , ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 232\ncryptolechia coriata meyrick , 1914 ; suppl . ent . 3 : 53 ; tl : suisharyo\ncryptolechia fenerata meyrick , 1914 ; suppl . ent . 3 : 53 ; tl : suisharyo\ncryptolechia metacentra meyrick , 1914 ; suppl . ent . 3 : 52 ; tl : kosempo\ncryptolechia mitis meyrick , 1914 ; suppl . ent . 3 : 52 ; tl : kosempo\n( cryptolechia luteotactella , walk . 750 ; c . cognatella , ib . 751 . )\ncryptolechia epistemon strand , 1920 ; archiv naturg . 84 a ( 12 ) : 194 ; tl : suisharyo\ncryptolechia fatua meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 172 ; tl : java , batavia\ncryptolechia modularis meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 172 ; tl : java , gedeh\ncryptolechia anticrossa meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 10 ) : 304 ; tl : queensland\ncryptolechia argometra ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196\ncryptolechia centroleuca meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 17 ) : 513 ; tl : sikkim , darjiling\ncryptolechia chlorozyga ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196\ncryptolechia coriata ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196\ncryptolechia epistemon ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196\ncryptolechia fenerata ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196\ncryptolechia gypsochra ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196\ncryptolechia hoplostola ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196\ncryptolechia isomichla ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196\ncryptolechia metacentra ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196\ncryptolechia mitis ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196\ncryptolechia pelophaea ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196\ncryptolechia picrocentra meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 13 ) : 395 ; tl : assam , khasis\ncryptolechia prothyropa ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196\ncryptolechia sperans meyrick , 1926 ; sarawak mus . j . 3 : 159 ; tl : mt murud , 4500ft\ncryptolechia stadaea ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196\ncryptolechia vespertina ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196\ncryptolechia zeloxantha ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 197\ncryptolechia municipalis meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 10 ) : 316 ; tl : queensland , brisbane\ncryptolechia ? eningiella pl\u00f6tz , 1880 ; stettin ent . ztg 41 ( 7 - 9 ) : 306 ; tl : eningo\ncryptolechia ichnitis meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 7 ) : 222 ; tl : french guiana , r maroni\ncryptolechia laica meyrick , 1910 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1910 : 456 ; tl : borneo , kuching\ncryptolechia perversa meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 7 ) : 222 ; tl : s . india , ootacamund\ncryptolechia ferrorubella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 757 ; tl : australia\ncryptolechia transfossa meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 10 ) : 318 ; tl : peru , cocapata , 12000ft\ncryptolechia aeraria meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 1 ) : 163 ; tl : khasis\ncryptolechia citrodeta meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 13 ) : 394 ; tl : brazil , obidos , r . trombetas\ncryptolechia diplosticha meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 10 ) : 318 ; tl : colombia , san antonio , 6000ft\ncryptolechia hemiarthra meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 18 ) : 546 ; tl : s . india , palnis , 7000ft\ncryptolechia iridias meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 1 ) : 163 ; tl : khasis\ncryptolechia rhodobapta meyrick , 1923 ; trans . proc . n . z . inst . 54 : 166 ; tl : takapuna , auckland\ncryptolechia temperata meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 1 ) : 165 ; tl : simla\ncryptolechia veniflua meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 8 ) : 227 ; tl : colombia , san antonio , 5800ft\ncryptolechia vespertina meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 1 ) : 162 ; tl : khasis\ncryptolechia asemanta dognin , 1905 ; ann . soc . ent . belg . 49 ( 3 ) : 88 ; tl : loja , ecuador\ncryptolechia semibrunnea dognin , 1905 ; ann . soc . ent . belg . 49 ( 3 ) : 88 ; tl : loja , ecuador\ncryptolechia taphrocopa meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 10 ) : 317 ; tl : colombia , mt . tolima , 12500ft\ncryptolechia orthrarcha meyrick , 1930 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 18 - 20 ) : 578 ; tl : algeria , zebch , near sebdu\ncryptolechia tyrochyta meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 1 ) : 164 ; tl : cuddapah , 4000ft\ncryptolechia percnocoma meyrick , 1930 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 18 - 20 ) : 578 ; tl : brazil , nova friburgo , organ mtn\ncryptolechia sciodeta meyrick , 1930 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 18 - 20 ) : 578 ; tl : brazil , nova friburgo , organ mtn\ncryptolechia coriaria meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 6 ) : 173 ; tl : victoria , mt . st . bernard , 5000ft\ncryptolechia holopyrrha meyrick , 1912 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1911 ( 4 ) : 704 ; tl : colombia , san antonio , 5800ft\ncryptolechia alphitias lower , 1923 ; trans . proc . r . soc . s . aust . 47 : 56 ; tl : dorrigo , new south wales\ncryptolechia cornutivalvata wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 203 , 197 ; tl : quannan ( 24 . 7\u00b0n , 114 . 5\u00b0e ) , jiangxi\ncryptolechia acutiuscula wang , 2004 ; ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 228 ; tl : mt . fanjing ( 27 . 55\u00b0n , 108 . 41\u00b0e ) , guizhou , 1300m\ncryptolechia concaviuscula wang , 2004 ; ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 230 ; tl : chishui co . ( 28 . 34\u00b0n , 105 . 42\u00b0e ) , guizhou , 390m\ncryptolechia deflecta wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 197 ; tl : zhouzhi co . ( 34 . 1\u00b0n , 108 . 2\u00b0e ) , shaanxi , 1350m\ncryptolechia denticulata wang , 2004 ; ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 225 ; tl : chishui co . ( 28 . 34\u00b0n , 105 . 42\u00b0e ) , guizhou , 390m\ncryptolechia fasciculifera wang , 2004 ; ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 229 ; tl : mt . fanjing ( 27 . 55\u00b0n , 108 . 41\u00b0e ) , guizhou , 1390m\ncryptolechia fascirupta wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 204 , 197 ; tl : mt . qingcheng ( 30 . 9\u00b0n , 103 . 5\u00b0e ) , sichuan\ncryptolechia furcellata wang , 2004 ; ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 226 ; tl : mt . fanjing ( 27 . 55\u00b0n , 108 . 41\u00b0e ) , guizhou , 530m\ncryptolechia gei wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 210 , 197 ; tl : mt . qingcheng ( 30 . 9\u00b0n , 103 . 5\u00b0e ) , sichuan\ncryptolechia kangxianensis wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 198 , 197 ; tl : kangxian ( 33 . 4\u00b0n , 105 . 5\u00b0e ) , gansu , 800m\ncryptolechia latifascia wang , 2004 ; ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 227 ; tl : mt . fanjing ( 27 . 55\u00b0n , 108 . 41\u00b0e ) , guizhou , 530m\ncryptolechia solifasciaria wang , 2004 ; ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 223 ; tl : mt . fanjing ( 27 . 55\u00b0n , 108 . 41\u00b0e ) , guizhou , 1390m\ncryptolechia spinifera wang , 2004 ; ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 223 ; tl : chishui co . ( 23 . 34\u00b0n , 105 . 42\u00b0e ) , guizhou , 390m\ncryptolechia varifascirupta wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 211 , 197 ; tl : mt . qingcheng ( 30 . 9\u00b0n , 103 . 5\u00b0e ) , sichuan\ncryptolechia muscosa wang , 2004 ; ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 221 ; tl : xishui co . , ( 28 . 19\u00b0n , 106 . 12\u00b0e ) , guizhou , 1200m\ncryptolechia proximideflecta wang , 2004 ; ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 219 ; tl : xishui co . , ( 28 . 34\u00b0n , 105 . 42\u00b0e ) , guizhou , 1200m\ncryptolechia anthaedeaga wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 209 , 197 ; tl : neixiang co . ( 33 . 0\u00b0n , 111 . 8\u00b0e ) , henan , 1350m\ncryptolechia falsivespertina wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 199 , 198 ; tl : zhouzhi co . ( 34 . 1\u00b0n , 108 . 2\u00b0e ) , shaanxi , 1750m\ncryptolechia jigongshanica wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 207 , 197 ; tl : mt . jigong ( 31 . 8\u00b0n , 114 . 1\u00b0e ) , henan , 700m\ncryptolechia microbyrsa wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 198 , 197 ; tl : neixiang co . ( 33 . 0\u00b0n , 111 . 8\u00b0e ) , henan , 650m\ncryptolechia mirabilis wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 208 , 197 ; tl : mt . jigong ( 31 . 8\u00b0n , 114 . 1\u00b0e ) , henan , 700m\ncryptolechia murcidella christoph , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 12 ( 3 ) : 294 , ( 4 ) pl . 8 , f . 67 ; tl : rubas , derbent\ncryptolechia neargometra wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 202 , 197 ; tl : ningshan co . ( 33 . 3\u00b0n , 108 . 3\u00b0e ) , shaanxi , 880m\ncryptolechia paranthaedeaga wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 203 , 197 ; tl : yushan co . ( 28 . 6\u00b0n , 118 . 2\u00b0e ) , jiangxi , 1120m\ncryptolechia stictifascia wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 206 , 197 ; tl : ningshan co . ( 33 . 3\u00b0n , 108 . 3\u00b0e ) , shaanxi , 880m\ncryptolechia zhengi wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 201 , 197 ; tl : zhouzhi co . ( 34 . 1\u00b0n , 108 . 2\u00b0e ) , shaanxi , 1750m\ncryptolechia hamatilis wang , 2004 ; ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 230 ; tl : huguo temple , mt . fanjing ( 27 . 55\u00b0n , 108 . 41\u00b0e ) , guizhou , 1300m\ncryptolechia hydara walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 123 , pl . 4 , f . 11 ; tl : guatemala , totonicapam , 8500 - 10500ft\nwalk . ( cryptolechia luteotactella , walk . , 750 ; c . cognatella , ib . , 751 ; xylorycta luteotactella , meyr . , tr . roy . soc . s . a . , 61 , 1889 ) .\nwalk . ( cryptolechia luteotactella walker , 750 ; c . cognatella , ib . 751 xylorycta luteotactella , meyrick , 61 . ) brisbane : mr . illidge finds the larvae usually between spun - together leaves of banksia integrifolia , occasionally tunnelling the smaller stems . also from ballandean ( 2 , 500 feet ) near wallangarra . ( turner , 1898 ) .\n= ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 195\n= ( hysipelon ) ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 195\nphaeosaces aganopis meyrick , 1905 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 16 ( 4 ) : 605 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon\naliena diakonoff , 1952 ; ark . zool . ( 2 ) 3 ( 6 ) : 87\nleptosaces anticentra meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 1 ) : 155 ; tl : khasis\nargometra meyrick , 1935 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 567\napiletria bibundella strand , 1913 ; archiv naturgesch . 78 a ( 12 ) : 84 ; tl : bibundi\nleptosaces callixyla meyrick , 1888 ; trans . n . z . inst . 20 : 78 ; tl : whangarei ; nelson\nphaeosaces chrysocoma meyrick , 1905 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 16 ( 4 ) : 605 ; tl : pundaly - oya , ceylon\ncoelocrossa meyrick , 1935 \u00b2 ; mat . microlep . fauna chin . prov . : 82\nphaeosaces compsotypa meyrick , 1886 ; trans . n . z . inst . 18 : 172 ; tl : hamilton\nconata strand , 1917 ; arch . naturgesch . 82 a ( 3 ) : 152\neucharistis meyrick , 1931 ; an . mus . nac . hist . nat . buenos aires 36 : 396\nglischrodes meyrick , 1931 ; an . mus . nac . hist . nat . buenos aires 36 : 396\nmelaneulia hecate butler , 1883 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1883 ( 1 ) : 70 ; tl : valvidia\nmelaneulia hecate ; clarke , 1978 , smithson . contrl . zool . 273 : 38 , f . 28 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nphaeosaces liochroa meyrick , 1891 ; trans . n . z . inst . 23 : 98 ; tl : new zealand\nleptosaces mataea meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 1 ) : 156 ; tl : cuddapah , 4000ft\nmellispersa diakonoff , 1952 ; ark . zool . ( 2 ) 3 ( 6 ) : 87\nphaeosaces orthotoma meyrick , 1905 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 16 ( 4 ) : 605 ; tl : peradeniya , ceylon\nbrazil ( rio de janeiro , . . . ) . see [ maps ]\nphaeocausta meyrick , 1934 \u00b2 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 15 ) : 478\neulechria phoebas meyrick , 1907 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 17 ( 3 ) : 742 ; tl : bhotan , 4500ft\npraevecta meyrick , 1929 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 76 : 513\nleptosaces pytinaea meyrick , 1902 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 26 : 157 ; tl : sydney , new south wales\ndepressaria remotella staudinger , 1899 ; naturhist . mus . hamburg 2 ( 6 ) : 111 , f . 27 ; tl : uschuaia\nassam , china ( fujian , sichuan , zhejiang ) , taiwan . see [ maps ]\nsemioscopis viridisignata strand , 1913 ; archiv naturgesch . 78 a ( 12 ) : 83 ; tl : alen\naustralia ( queensland , new south vales , victoria ) . see [ maps ]\nleptosaces schistopa meyrick , 1902 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 26 : 156 ; tl : brisbane , queensland ; glen innes ( 3500ft ) , new south wales ; gisborne , victoria\n[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ \u00b2 ] this may require parentheses or not . i don ' t have the necessary information for this taxon .\nh . sauter ' s formosa ausbeute . pterophoridae , tortricidae , eucosmidae , gelechiadae , oecophoridae , cosmopterygidae , hypomeutidae , sesiadae , glyphipterygidae , plutellidae , teneidae , adelidae ( lep . )\nverzeichniss der von professor dr . r . bucholz in west - africa gesammelten schmetterlinge\nzoologische ergebnisse der expedition des herrn tessmann nach s\u00fcd kamerun und spanisch guinea . lepidoptera . iv\nh . sauter ' s formosa - ausbeute : lithosiinae , nolinae , noctuidae ( p . p . ) , ratardidae , chalcosiidae , sowie nactr\u00e4ge zu den familien drepanidae , limacodidae , gelechiidae , oecophoriidae und heliodinidae\nzeller , 1852 lepidoptera microptera quae j . a . wahlberg in caffrorum terra collegit k . vetenskakad . handl . 1852 : 1 - 120\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation , google , and apple . you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date ? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques ; in live mode . quite the same wikipedia . just better .\nthe wingspan is 12\u201313 mm . the forewings are deep ochreous - yellow , sprinkled with dark fuscous . the stigmata is dark fuscous and there is a dark fuscous spot on the costa at two - thirds . there is also a terminal fascia of dark fuscous suffusion or irroration . the hindwings of the males are pale yellowish , while those of the females are light grey . [ 3 ]\nthis page was last edited on 18 may 2018 , at 00 : 15 .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 unported license . non - text media are available under their specified licenses . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nedit your maps . learn and tell what a subject is about by adding or removing correlations between topics .\nknowledge gamification . play and test knowledge discovery between two topics - ( alpha version ) .\nengage your friends to explore how world knowledge is interconnected . start a map and share it with # chainletterknowledge hastag : get your friends to take the call and extend your discovery , and see where your kick - start will lead !\nengage your friends to extend your story : follow where your kick - start leads .\nenter the forbidden forest : take the challenge to find a fastest path through world knowledge .\n- melameucae turner , 1898 x . melanias lower , 1899 x . melanula ( meyrick , 1890 ) x .\n( meyrick , 1890 ) x . moligera ( meyrick , 1914 ) x . molybdina turner , 1898 x . . .\nxylorycta luteotactella , k - 0050 , kuranda , queensland , collected by david rentz .\n( walker , 1864 . tineites . list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum . vol . 29 . 562\u2013835 pp . [ 750 ] .\nwalker , 1864 . tineites . list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum , 29 . 562\u2013835 pp . [ 751 ] . holotype bmnh \u2642 , sydney , nsw .\nwalk . meyrick , 1890 . descriptions of australian lepidoptera . part i . xyloryctidae . transactions of the royal society of south australia 13 : 23\u201381 [ 61 ] .\n. illidge , 1895 : xylorycts , or timber moths . queensland natural history society transactions , 1 , 29 - 34 [ 30 ] .\nwalk . lower , 1896 : a catalogue of victorian heterocera . part xix . the victorian naturalist , 12 : 149 - 152 [ 151 ] .\nwalk . turner , 1898 . the xyloryctidae of queensland . annals of the queensland museum 4 : 1\u201332 [ 24 ] .\nwalk . tillyard , r . j . , insects of australia and new zealand . sydney , angus & robertson , 1926 . 1 - 560 . [ 426 , pl . 33 : 6 ] .\nwalk . philpott , 1927 : the maxillae in the lepidoptera . transactions and proceedings of the royal society of new zealand , 57 , 721 - 745 [ 735 ] .\nfletcher , t . b . , 1929 , a list of generic names used for microlepidoptera . memoirs of the department of agriculture of india , 11 : 1 - 244 [ 175 , 237 ] .\nwallace , c . r . 1936 . the twig girdler moth of australian nut trees . agric . gaz . n . s . w . 47 ( 10 ) : [ 566 - 568 ] .\n( walk . ) . wallace , 1974 : neodrepta luteotactella ( walk . ) ( lepidoptera : xyloryctidae ) in relation to ornamental plants of the family protaceae . j . ent soc . aust . ( n . s . w . ) 8 [ 38 ] .\ncommon , 1990 , moths of australia , melbourne university press . 227 - 230 ( 229 ) .\nnielsen , e . s . , edwards , e . d . & rangsi , t . v . 1996 . checklist of the lepidoptera of australia . monogr . aust . lepid . 4 : i\u2013xiv , 1\u2013529 & cd\u2013rom [ 87 , 346 : note # 135 ] . syntype ( s ) bmnh 5\u2642 , sydney , nsw .\n( walker ) . cassis , gerasimos , 1995 , a reclassification and phylogeny of the termatophylini ( heteroptera : miridae : deraeocorinae ) , with a taxonomic revision of the australian species , and a review of the tribal classification of the deraeocorinae . proc . entomol . soc . wash . 97 ( 2 ) , pp . 258 - 330 [ 264 ] .\nbeccaloni , g . w . , scoble , m . j . , robinson , g . s . & pitkin , b . ( editors ) . 2003 . the global lepidoptera names index ( lepindex ) . world wide web electronic publication .\nmas . nivea ; caput antice orhraceum ; palpi apice ochracei ; pedes ochracei , tibiis posticis fimbriatis ; alae anticae latiusculae , costa orhracea .\npure . white , smooth , shining . head in front , palpi , except the third joint , legs and costa of the fore wings ochraceous . palpi smooth , slender , much longer than the breadth of the head ; third joint setiform , shorter than the second . antennae smooth , slender . hind tibiae fringed . wings rather broad . fore wings slightly rounded at the tips ; fringe tipped with ochraceous ; exterior border nearly straight , slightly oblique . length of the body 4 \u00bd - 5 lines [ 9 . 5 \u2013 10 . 6mm ] ; of the wings 13 - 14 lines [ 27 . 5 \u2013 29 . 6mm ] .\na . \u2014 e . sydney . from mr . lambert ' s collection .\nmas . argenteo - alba ; oculi ochraceo marginati ; palpi ochracei , articulo 3o albo ; abdomen vix flavescens ; pedes ochracei ; anticae fimbria apice costaque ochraceis .\n. closely allied to c . placidella . silvery white . head above about the eyes , palpi , antennae , legs and costa of the fore wings ochraceous . third joint of the palpi white , shorter than the second . abdomen very slightly tinged with yellow , cinereous beneath . fore wings dark cinereous beneath , except the fringe , which is slightly tipped with ochraceous . hind wings cinereous beneath along the costa and at the tips . length of the body 5 lines [ 10 . 6mm ] ; of the wings 13 lines [ 27 . 5mm ] .\nboth sexes 17 - 26 mm . head white , sides of face broadly orange . palpi orange , terminal joint white . antennae ochreous - whitish , base orange . thorax and abdomen white , anal tuft ochreous - tinged . legs orange , posterior tibiae white . forewings elongate , moderate , costa slightly arched , apex obtuse , hind margin straight , rather oblique ; shining snow - white ; costal edge narrowly orange , sometimes slenderly blackish towards base : cilia white , terminal third orange from below apex to above anal angle . hindwings grey - whitish , posteriorly suffused with light grey ; cilia white .\ni know xylorycta luteotactella occasionally to reside in a tunnel in stems of banksia integrifolia , though usually spinning galleries amongst twigs and leaves , and finally forming a cocoon . ( illidge , 1895 ) .\nof smaller species we may mention neodrepta luteotactella walk . ( pl . 33 , fig . 6 ) with smooth silky white forewings ; ( tillyard , 1926 ) .\nin neodrepta [ luteotactella ] the third segment [ of the maxillary palp ] is elongate , curved and medially constricted , having all the appearance of being the result of the fusion of the third and fourth . ( philpott , 1927 .\nthe larva of n . luteotactella ( walk . ) lives either in a webbing shelter amongst twigs and leaves or in a short tunnel in a twig or the woody fruits of proteaceae , including banksia and hakea , and is a pest of macadamia . ( common , 1970 ) .\nthe smaller species x . luteotactella ( walk . ) ( fig 23 . 10 ) is shining white with the costa of the fore wing yellow . it is found in eastern australia from cooktown to victoria , and is often a pest of native protaceae grown commercially or as ornamentals ( wallace 1974 ) . its larva sometimes lives in a small tunnel it bores in a branch of the food plant , covering the entrance with a web of silk and faecal pellets , but more usually in a silk gallery spun among the foliage associated with webbing and faecal material . the food plants include macadamia , banksia , grevillea , hakea , telopea , lambertia , persoonia , oreocallis , and even the introduced south african leucodendron . ( common , 1990 ) .\nxylorycta luteotactella ( walker , 1864 ) and x . cognatella ( walker , 1864 ) were published simultaneously . priority was given to x . luteotactella ( walker ) by meyrick ( 1890a ) as first reviser . ( common , 1996 ) .\nthere are indications that other termatophylines feed on moth larvae . kundakimuka queenslandica feeds on the xyloryctine moth , xylorycta luteotactella ( walker ) , which feeds on a paperbark species , melaleuca integrifolia . . . .\nthe association of termatophylina indiana with moth larval galleries , suggests that termatophylines may be commonly encountered in sheltered microhabitats . the prey of kundakimuka queenslandica , xylorycta luteotactella , is also known to live in small tunnels , which the moth bores in the branches of their food plant ( common 1990 ) . ( cassis , 1995 ) .\n\u2642 head , k - 0050 , kuranda , queensland . collected by david rentz .\n\u2642 genitalia , k - 0050 , kuranda , queensland . collected by david rentz .\naedeagus ( not to scale ) , k - 0050 , kuranda , queensland . collected by david rentz .\nlarva in habitat , photo macleay museum , sydney ( don herbison - evans ) .\nhakea gibbosa , h . sericea , h . acicularis , banksia marginata , b . integrifolia , b . latifolia , grevillea rosmarinifolia , telopea speciosissima , lambertia formosa , persoonia lanceolata , oreocallis wickhamii , macadamia sp . and the introduced leucospermum cordifolium ( proteaceae ) ."]}
+{"id": 399, "summary": [{"text": "fissicrambus quadrinotellus is a moth in the crambidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by zeller in 1877 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in panama and north america , where it has been recorded from florida and texas .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 20 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults have been recorded on wing from april to may , august to september and in december in the southern united states . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "fissicrambus quadrinotellus", "paragraphs": ["fissicrambus quadrinotellus is a moth in the crambidae family . it was described by zeller in 1877 . it is found in panama and north america , where it has been recorded from florida and texas .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ncontributed by david e . reed on 2 april , 2017 - 4 : 13pm\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on images to enlarge .\nthis system is free software released under gnu / gpl 3 . 0 - portal version 1 . 0\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial - sharealike 3 . 0 united states license .\nthe wingspan is about 20 mm . adults have been recorded on wing from april to may , august to september and in december in the southern united states .\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nas part our commitment to scholarly and academic excellence , all articles receive editorial review .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\ntema fant\u00e1stico , s . a . . im\u00e1genes del tema : molotovcoketail . con la tecnolog\u00eda de blogger .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy ."]}
+{"id": 462, "summary": [{"text": "antispila aurirubra is a moth of the heliozelidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by braun in 1915 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in california .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 7 \u2013 8 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the thorax and forewings are lustrous and of varying colour , according to the direction of light ranging from greenish golden to a brilliant reddish bronze .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the hindwings are dark gray , but purple toward the apex .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the larvae feed on cornus species .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "they mine the leaves of their host plant .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "the mine has the form of a brownish blotch . ", "topic": 11}], "title": "antispila aurirubra", "paragraphs": ["antispila aurirubra is a moth of the heliozelidae family . it was described by braun in 1915 . it is found in california .\nantispila petryi martini , 1899 ; stettin ent . ztg 59 ( 10 - 12 ) : 398\nmartini , 1899 antispila petryi nov . spec . stettin ent . ztg 59 ( 10 - 12 ) : 398 - 405\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhodges , r . w . et al . , eds . 1983 . check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico . e . w . classey limited and the wedge entomological research foundation , london . 284 pp .\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\ndistribution data for u . s . states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\npoole , r . w . , and p . gentili ( eds . ) . 1996 . nomina insecta nearctica : a checklist of the insects of north america . volume 3 ( diptera , lepidoptera , siphonaptera ) . entomological information services , rockville , md .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\nall documents and related graphics provided by this server and any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server are provided\nas is\nwithout warranty as to the currentness , completeness , or accuracy of any specific data . natureserve hereby disclaims all warranties and conditions with regard to any documents provided by this server or any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server , including but not limited to all implied warranties and conditions of merchantibility , fitness for a particular purpose , and non - infringement . natureserve makes no representations about the suitability of the information delivered from this server or any other documents that are referenced to or linked to this server . in no event shall natureserve be liable for any special , indirect , incidental , consequential damages , or for damages of any kind arising out of or in connection with the use or performance of information contained in any documents provided by this server or in any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server , under any theory of liability used . natureserve may update or make changes to the documents provided by this server at any time without notice ; however , natureserve makes no commitment to update the information contained herein . since the data in the central databases are continually being updated , it is advisable to refresh data retrieved at least once a year after its receipt . the data provided is for planning , assessment , and informational purposes . site specific projects or activities should be reviewed for potential environmental impacts with appropriate regulatory agencies . if ground - disturbing activities are proposed on a site , the appropriate state natural heritage program ( s ) or conservation data center can be contacted for a site - specific review of the project area ( see visit local programs ) .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nthe wingspan is 7\u20138 mm . the thorax and forewings are lustrous and of varying colour , according to the direction of light ranging from greenish golden to a brilliant reddish bronze . the hindwings are dark gray , but purple toward the apex .\nthe larvae feed on cornus species . they mine the leaves of their host plant . the mine has the form of a brownish blotch .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence ."]}
+{"id": 470, "summary": [{"text": "asaphocrita sciaphilella is a moth in the blastobasidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in the united states , including kentucky , texas and california .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 18 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are tawny vinous gray with a purplish sheen .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are brownish gray . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "asaphocrita sciaphilella", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for sciaphilella definition . you find here sciaphilella meaning , synonyms of sciaphilella and images for sciaphilella copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word sciaphilella . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word sciaphilella and , of course , sciaphilella synonyms and on the right images related to the word sciaphilella .\nhave a fact about asaphocrita sciaphilella ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for asaphocrita sciaphilella ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nasaphocrita sciaphilella is a moth in the blastobasidae family . it is found in the united states , including kentucky , texas and california .\nasaphocrita sciaphilella ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 711\nasaphocrita protypica meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 6 ) : 178\nasaphocrita obsoletella is a moth in the blastobasidae family which is endemic to finland .\nasaphocrita erae is a moth in the blastobasidae family that is endemic to costa rica .\nasaphocrita reginae is a moth in the blastobasidae family that is endemic to costa rica .\nasaphocrita alogiae is a moth in the blastobasidae family that is endemic to costa rica .\nasaphocrita speie is a moth in the blastobasidae family that is endemic to costa rica .\nasaphocrita fidei is a moth in the blastobasidae family that is endemic to costa rica .\nasaphocrita furciferae is a moth in the blastobasidae family that is endemic to costa rica .\nasaphocrita stellae is a moth in the blastobasidae family that is endemic to costa rica .\nasaphocrita umbrae is a moth in the blastobasidae family that is endemic to costa rica .\nasaphocrita gazae is a moth in the blastobasidae family that is endemic to costa rica .\nasaphocrita gerrulae is a moth in the blastobasidae family that is endemic to costa rica .\nasaphocrita viraginis is a moth in the blastobasidae family that is endemic to costa rica .\nasaphocrita laminae is a moth in the blastobasidae family that is endemic to costa rica .\nasaphocrita lucis is a moth in the blastobasidae family that is endemic to costa rica .\nasaphocrita lunae is a moth in the blastobasidae family that is endemic to costa rica .\nasaphocrita vitae is a moth in the blastobasidae family that is endemic to costa rica .\nasaphocrita magae is a moth in the blastobasidae family that is endemic to costa rica .\nasaphocrita maximae is a moth in the blastobasidae family that is endemic to costa rica .\nasaphocrita aulae is a moth in the blastobasidae family that is endemic to costa rica .\nasaphocrita aurae is a moth in the blastobasidae family that is endemic to costa rica .\nasaphocrita opellae is a moth in the blastobasidae family that is endemic to costa rica .\nasaphocrita blattae is a moth in the blastobasidae family that is endemic to costa rica .\nasaphocrita amatricis is a moth in the blastobasidae family that is endemic to costa rica .\nasaphocrita pallae is a moth in the blastobasidae family that is endemic to costa rica .\nasaphocrita catenae is a moth in the blastobasidae family that is endemic to costa rica .\nasaphocrita animulae is a moth in the blastobasidae family that is endemic to costa rica .\nasaphocrita cenae is a moth in the blastobasidae family that is endemic to costa rica .\nasaphocrita arcis is a moth in the blastobasidae family that is endemic to costa rica .\nasaphocrita collyrae is a moth in the blastobasidae family that is endemic to costa rica .\nasaphocrita coronae is a moth in the blastobasidae family that is endemic to costa rica .\nasaphocrita deae is a moth in the blastobasidae family that is endemic to costa rica .\nasaphocrita planetae is a moth in the blastobasidae family that is endemic to costa rica .\nasaphocrita quietis is a moth in the blastobasidae family that is endemic to costa rica .\nasaphocrita rationis is a moth in the blastobasidae family that is endemic to costa rica .\nasaphocrita aphidiella ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 709\nasaphocrita estriatella ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 710\nasaphocrita fuscopurpurella ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 711\nasaphocrita irenica ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 711\nasaphocrita pineae ; adamski , 1999 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 101 ( 3 ) : 695\nasaphocrita busckiella ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 710 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nasaphocrita plagiatella ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 711 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nasaphocrita plummerella ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 711 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nasaphocrita protypica ; [ nacl ] , # 1170 ; [ nhm card ] ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 711\nbiostor is built by @ rdmpage , code on github . page images from the biodiversity heritage library .\n= ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 709\nmissouri , pennsylvania , massachusetts , new hampshire , new york , mayrland , s . ontario , nova scotia . see [ maps ]\n: pensylvania , hazleton , charleroi ; canada , toronto ; maryland , plummers is .\n= ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 710\nholcocera busckiella dietz , 1910 ; trans . am . ent . soc . 36 : 36 , pl . 2 , f . 19 ; tl : maryland , plummers is .\ncatacrypsis irenica walsingham , 1907 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 33 ( 1567 ) : 208 ; tl : mendocino co . , mouth of albion r . , california ; british columbia , new westminster\nholcocera pineae amsel , 1962 ; z . ang . ent . 49 : 397\nholcocera plagiatella dietz , 1910 ; trans . am . ent . soc . 36 : 40 , pl . 3 , f . 20 ; tl : arizona , williams\nblastobasis plummerella dietz , 1910 ; trans . am . ent . soc . 36 : 8 , pl . 1 , f . 4 ; tl : plummers is . , maryland\n= ; [ nacl ] , # 1212 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 711\n= ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 711\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ spl ] varis , v . ( ed ) , ahola , m . , albrecht , a . , jalava , j . , kaila , l . , kerppola , s . , kullberg , j . , 1995\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nzeller , 1873 beitr\u00e4ge zur kenntniss der nordamerikanischen nachtf\u00e4lter , besonders der microlepidopteren ( 2 ) verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 23 ( abh . ) : 201 - 334 , pl . 3 - 4\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nthe wingspan is about 18 mm . the forewings are tawny vinous gray with a purplish sheen . the hindwings are brownish gray .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nthis article was sourced from creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . world heritage encyclopedia content is assembled from numerous content providers , open access publishing , and in compliance with the fair access to science and technology research act ( fastr ) , wikimedia foundation , inc . , public library of science , the encyclopedia of life , open book publishers ( obp ) , pubmed , u . s . national library of medicine , national center for biotechnology information , u . s . national library of medicine , national institutes of health ( nih ) , u . s . department of health & human services , and urltoken , which sources content from all federal , state , local , tribal , and territorial government publication portals ( . gov , . mil , . edu ) . funding for urltoken and content contributors is made possible from the u . s . congress , e - government act of 2002 .\ncrowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .\nby using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . world heritage encyclopedia\u2122 is a registered trademark of the world public library association , a non - profit organization .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department ."]}
+{"id": 487, "summary": [{"text": "syndemis musculana is a moth of the family tortricidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in europe , china ( heilongjiang , jilin , inner mongolia ) , the korean peninsula , japan , russia ( amur ) and north america .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 15 \u2013 22 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the adults fly from april to july in the temperate parts of their range , such as belgium and the netherlands .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "the caterpillars feed on oaks ( quercus ) , birches ( betula ) , spruces ( picea ) , ragworts ( senecio ) and rubus ( brambles and allies ) .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "less usually , they have been recorded to eat plant refuse and dry leaves . ", "topic": 11}], "title": "syndemis musculana", "paragraphs": ["kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\nharmorullak\u00e4\u00e4ri\u00e4inen\nto\nsyndemis musculana h\u00fcbner 1800\n.\nsyndemis musculana ( dark - barred tortrix ) - norfolk micro moths - the micro moths of norfolk .\nhans - martin braun added the english common name\ndark - barred twist\nto\nsyndemis musculana h\u00fcbner 1800\n.\nkari pihlaviita set\nadult - lateral view - close - up - enlarged\nas an exemplar on\nsyndemis musculana h\u00fcbner 1800\n.\n. . . archips podana \u2022 archips xylosteana \u2022 agapeta hamana \u2022 celypha lacunana \u2022 choristoneura fumiferana \u2022 syndemis musculana \u2022 aethes shakibai \u2022 . . .\nsyndemis musculana is a moth of the family tortricidae . it is found in europe , china ( heilongjiang , jilin , inner mongolia ) , the korean peninsula , japan , russia ( amur ) and north america .\ngenus : syndemis herrich - sch\u00e4ffer , 1851 . syst . bearb . schmett . europ . 4 : 275 . [ bhl ]\ntype - species : tortrix musculana h\u00fcbner , 1799 . samml . eur . schmett . 7 : pl . 16 fig . 98 . [ bhl ]\ntype - species : tortrix musculana h\u00fcbner , [ 1796 - 1799 ] . samml . eur . schmett . 7 : pl . 16 , fig . 98 . . [ bhl ]\nalthough cited by neave , 1940 , nomencl . zool . 4 : 368 , as a nomenclaturally available name herrich - sch\u00e4ffer attributed the name to h\u00fcbner and was using syndemis h\u00fcbner , [ 1825 ] .\nthis study was carried out to clarify the fauna of the tribe archipini , which belongs to the family tortricidae in northeast china . in the present study , fifty - four species of the tribe were recognized and enumerated . based on the present study , two species , archips viola falkovitsh and choristoneura evanidana ( kennel ) , are reported for the first time from china . also five species , archips dichotomus falkovitsh , archips similis ( butler ) , argyrotaenia angustilineata ( walsingham ) , choristoneura longicellana ( walsingham ) , and gnorismoneura orientis ( filipjev ) , are newly recorded from northeast china . all available information , including host plant , distributional range , and biological information , are listed .\nfoundation item : this study was support by kosef ( korea science & engineering foundation ) with the program of \u201ckorea and china young scientist exchange program\u201d ( 2002\u20132003 ) .\nbiography : * byun bong - kyu ( 1963 - ) , male , ph . d . , researcher in korea national rrboretum , korea\n( clerk ) in korea [ j ] . korean j . appl . entomol . ,\nbyun , b . k . , bae , y . s . , park , k . t . 1998 . illustrated catalogue of tortricidae in korea ( lepidoptera ) [ r ] . insects of korea , vol . 2 , pp 317 .\nbyun , b . k . , k . t . park and b . y . lee . 1996 . five species of tortricinae new to korea [ j ] . korean j . entomol . ,\nfalkovitsh , m . i . 1965 . new eastern - asiatic species of leaf rollers ( lepidoptera , tortricidae ) [ j ] . ent . obozr . ,\njaros j . , spitzer , k . , havelka , j . and park k . t . 1992 . synecological and biogeographical outlines of lepidoptera communities in north korea [ j ] . insects of koreana ,\nkawabe , a . 1982 . tortricidae and cochylidae [ c ] . in : h . inoue , s . sugi , h . kuroko , s . moriuti , a . kawabe ( eds ) moths of japan , vol . 1 : 62\u2013258 , vol . 2 : 158\u2013183 , pls . 14\u201331 , 227 , 279\u2013295 .\nkuznetsov , v . i . 1973 . leaf - rollers ( lepidoptera , tortricidae ) of the southern part of the soviet far east and their seasonal cycles [ j ] . ent . obozr . ,\nliu youqiao . 1983a . cochylidae and tortricidae [ c ] . in : animal research institute of chinese academy sciences ( ed ) iconographia heterocerorum sinicorum ( 1 ) beijing : science press , p 28\u201356 , pls . : 6\u20138 . ( in chinese )\nh\u00fcbner ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) [ j ] . zool . res . ,\nliu youqiao , bai jiuwei . 1977 . lepidoptera , tortricidae , part 1 [ c ] . in : economic insect fauna of china ( vol . 11 ) . beijing : science press : p 1\u201393 , 24 pls .\nh\u00fcbner ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) with description of two new species [ j ] . acta zool . sinica ,\nliu youqiao , li guangwu . 2002 . insecta , lepidoptera , tortricidae . [ c ] in : editorial committee of fauna sinica , chinese academy sciences ( ed ) fauna sinica ( vol . 27 ) . beijing : science press , pp . 463 , plates . 1\u2013136 , colour plates 1\u20132 .\nh\u00fcbner ( lepidoptera , tortricidae ) [ j ] . acta zool . cracov . ,\nyasuda , t . 1972 . the tortricinae and sparganothinae of japan ( lepidoptera , tortricidae ) . part i [ j ] . bull . univ . osaka prefect . series b ,\nyasuda , t . 1975 . the tortricinae and sparganothinae of japan ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) . part ii [ j ] . bull . univ . osaka prefect . series b ,\nbong - kyu , b . , shan - chun , y . & cheng - de , l . journal of forestry research ( 2003 ) 14 : 93 . urltoken\non this moth , both forewings and hindwings are primarily grey . the forewing ranges from whitish grey to brownish grey , with darker markings , which vary in intensity . some , especially worn specimens , lack discernable markings .\nit is common throughout britain and ireland in a variety of habitats , including mountains , moorlands and woodlands . it flies in the late afternoon and evening in may and june , coming to light after dusk .\n) , and many other trees , shrubs , herbs and grasses . it is active from july to october , overwintering as a full - grown larva to pupate in spring .\nseveral other polyphagous species have similar brown larvae ; see detailed description below for help in distinguishing them .\n. feeds from a leaf spinning or folded leaf , from july to september , overwintering as a full - grown larva to pupate in april - may .\n: light burnt ochre mottled with darker burnt ochre . clypeus and base of antenna translucent white . pitchy black posterolateral mark . stemmatal area pitchy black .\n: translucent yellowish brown . divided by thin inconspicuous whitish medial line . very large pitchy black lateral mark .\n: often , but not always , noticeably paler dorsally than abdomen ; brownish yellow , contrasting with dark brown dorsal line .\n: dorsally and laterally down to spiracles greyish brown ( or olive , or yellowish green ; bts ) . broad subspiracular band of brownish cream . ventrally greyish cream .\n. the head colour , and patterns on the thoracic shield and anal plate should be compared carefully .\n( dark venter . pinacula as body . plates black . lobe on posterior of anal plate ) ,\n( pinacula whitish . dark venter . compare thoracic shield and anal plate . frequent on\nukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .\nthe ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .\nlooking for a specific moth species ? enter just part of the name below .\nprocache : v317 render date : 2018 - 06 - 29 10 : 57 : 49 page render time : 0 . 3565s total w / procache : 0 . 4073s\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncaracteristic greyish white ground colour and contrasting median fascia . forewing ranges from whitish grey to brownish grey .\nrecorded in 55 ( 80 % ) of 69 10k squares . first recorded in 05 . last recorded in 2018 .\nunderlying maps using digital map data \u00a9 norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola\u2122 2018 . \u00a9 james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data \u00a9 nola\u2122 2018\nclick here to support naturespot by making a donation - small or large - your gift is very much appreciated . thank you .\nwingspan 15 - 22 mm . on this moth , both forewings and hindwings are primarily grey . the forewing ranges from whitish grey to brownish grey , with darker markings which vary in intensity . some , especially worn specimens , lack discernable markings .\nit flies in the late afternoon and evening in may and june , coming to light after dusk .\nthe larva feeds from a leaf spinning or folded leaf on bramble birch and oak and many other trees , shrubs , herbs and grasses . it is active from july to october , overwintering as a full - grown larva to pupate in the spring .\nit is common throughout britain and ireland . in the butterfly conservation\u2019s microlepidoptera report 2011 this species was classified as common .\nquite common in leicestershire and rutland . l & r moth group status = a ( common and resident )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 1 / / en\nurltoken\nnotes : common in open woodland , mature hedgerows and high moorland throughout the british isles . widespread and common in hampshire and on the isle of wight . wingspan 15 - 22 mm . the greyish white or white ground colour and the contrasting median fascia are characteristic [ bradley ] . larva feeds on bramble , oak and birch , living within a spun or rolled leaf , and over - wintering in a cocoon .\nhave you photo of moth but don ' t know what it is ? read this page . read this page or you can ask an expert you can forward the photos to us and we may be able to name it\nenter your email address to subscribe to this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email .\nwe use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website . if you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 3 . 2 / / en\nans less often on grasses or herbaceous plants . it hibernates in that tube and pupates in the larval habitation or amongst ground litter .\nthe adults have been observed from late april till the end of july . most specimens have been seen in may . they fly in late afternoon till dark and later occasionally come to light and sugar .\nbelgium , limburg , kinrooi , 21 may 2005 . ( photo \u00a9 maarten jacobs )\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nbl\u00e5 punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och \u00f6vriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch . kan inneh\u00e5lla observationer som inte \u00e4r validerade . kartan uppdateras var fj\u00e4rde vecka .\ni det avancerade verktyget kan man s\u00f6ka ut och f\u00e5 fram artlistor , t ex arter i ett visst l\u00e4n , i en viss biotop , substrat , som p\u00e5verkas av en hotfaktor , eller som \u00e4r knutna till en sk v\u00e4rdart , t ex tr\u00e4det alm . dessa kan \u00e4ven kombineras .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , knutna till alm , \u00e4r beroende av d\u00f6d ved och som finns i kronobergs l\u00e4n .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , lever i sm\u00e5vatten och som p\u00e5verkas negativt av igenv\u00e4xning .\ndefaultl\u00e4get i verktyget \u00e4r arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade 2015 och dessa \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga s\u00f6kfaktorer . under fliken r\u00f6dlistekategori kan man dock v\u00e4lja att \u00e4ven inkludera arter som inte \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade . om man v\u00e4ljer att inkludera icke r\u00f6dlistade arter beh\u00f6ver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga faktorer . nedan en sammanst\u00e4llning av vad som \u00e4r komplett .\ndenna funktion anv\u00e4nds n\u00e4r du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera . du kan t . ex . navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka p\u00e5 deras namn . du kan ocks\u00e5 v\u00e4lja att anv\u00e4nda knappen \u201dj\u00e4mf\u00f6r arter\u201d f\u00f6r att se bilder , kartor och k\u00e4nnetecken i en j\u00e4mf\u00f6relsevy .\ndu kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via sl\u00e4kttr\u00e4det och d\u00e4r v\u00e4lja arter eller artgrupper till din lista . ett annat s\u00e4tt att g\u00f6ra ditt urval \u00e4r att anv\u00e4nda fliken \u201dfiltrera\u201d , d\u00e4r du kan s\u00f6ka p\u00e5 olika egenskaper . ovanf\u00f6r listan med s\u00f6kresultatet finns en knapp \u201dl\u00e4gg i mitt urval\u201d .\nthe mit license copyright ( c ) 2014 - 2016 google , inc . urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\nthe mit license ( mit ) copyright ( c ) 2011 - 2015 twitter , inc permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright ( c ) 2008 - 2013 sprymedia limited urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright 2008 - 2015 martin wendt , urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\nthe mit license ( mit ) - urltoken copyright ( c ) steven sanderson , the knockout . js team , and other contributors urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright ( c ) 2009\u20132015 permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright 2005 - 2014 openlayers contributors . all rights reserved . redistribution and use in source and binary forms , with or without modification , are permitted provided that the following conditions are met : 1 . redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice , this list of conditions and the following disclaimer . 2 . redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice , this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and / or other materials provided with the distribution . this software is provided by openlayers contributors ` ` as is ' ' and any express or implied warranties , including , but not limited to , the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose are disclaimed . in no event shall copyright holder or contributors be liable for any direct , indirect , incidental , special , exemplary , or consequential damages ( including , but not limited to , procurement of substitute goods or services ; loss of use , data , or profits ; or business interruption ) however caused and on any theory of liability , whether in contract , strict liability , or tort ( including negligence or otherwise ) arising in any way out of the use of this software , even if advised of the possibility of such damage . the views and conclusions contained in the software and documentation are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing official policies , either expressed or implied , of openlayers contributors .\ntype specimens : syntype ( s ) europe : ? locality , ( ? depository ) . .\nt @ rts : online world catalogue of the tortricidae ( ver . 2 . 0 )\nby gilligan , t . m . , j . baixeras , j . w . brown & k . r . tuck . 2012 .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\ntype - species designation : by subsequent designation by fernald , 1908 . genera tortricidae types : 11 , 54 .\nthe wingspan is 15\u201322 mm . the adults fly from april to july in the temperate parts of their range , such as belgium and the netherlands .\nthe caterpillars feed on oaks ( quercus ) , birches ( betula ) , spruces ( picea ) , ragworts ( senecio ) and rubus ( brambles and allies ) . less usually , they have been recorded to eat plant refuse and dry leaves .\n. . . wikipedia , l ' encyclop\u00e9die libre . \u2022 olethreutini \u2022 \u2022 celypha lacunana \u2022 classification \u2022 r\u00e8gne \u2022 animalia \u2022 embranchement \u2022 arthropoda . . .\n. . . celypha lacunana ) \u2022 taxonomische indeling \u2022 \u2022 rijk : \u2022 animalia ( dieren ) \u2022 . . .\n. . . ( bladrollers ) \u2022 geslacht : \u2022 celypha \u2022 \u2022 soort \u2022 celypha lacunana denis & schifferm\u00fcller , 1775 \u2022 \u2022 portaal \u2022 biologie . . .\n. . . portaal \u2022 biologie insecten de brandnetelbladroller ( celypha lacunana ) , is een nachtvlinder uit de familie tortricidae , de . . .\n. . . onderwerp horen , zijn te vinden op de pagina celypha lacunana op wikimedia commons . overgenomen van\nhttp : / / nl . . .\n. . . - sch\u00e4ffer \u2022 1851 \u2022 \u2022 \u2022 \u2022 \u2022 s \u2022 tortricidae \u2022 celypha lacunana \u2022 xxxx xxxx ! xxxx xxxx \u2022 denis & schifferm\u00fcller . . .\na windows ( pop - into ) of information ( full - content of sensagent ) triggered by double - clicking any word on your webpage . give contextual explanation and translation from your sites !\nwith a sensagentbox , visitors to your site can access reliable information on over 5 million pages provided by sensagent . com . choose the design that fits your site .\nthe english word games are : \u25cb anagrams \u25cb wildcard , crossword \u25cb lettris \u25cb boggle .\nlettris is a curious tetris - clone game where all the bricks have the same square shape but different content . each square carries a letter . to make squares disappear and save space for other squares you have to assemble english words ( left , right , up , down ) from the falling squares .\nboggle gives you 3 minutes to find as many words ( 3 letters or more ) as you can in a grid of 16 letters . you can also try the grid of 16 letters . letters must be adjacent and longer words score better . see if you can get into the grid hall of fame !\nmost english definitions are provided by wordnet . english thesaurus is mainly derived from the integral dictionary ( tid ) . english encyclopedia is licensed by wikipedia ( gnu ) .\nthe wordgames anagrams , crossword , lettris and boggle are provided by memodata . the web service alexandria is granted from memodata for the ebay search .\nchange the target language to find translations . tips : browse the semantic fields ( see from ideas to words ) in two languages to learn more .\ncopyright \u00a9 2012 sensagent corporation : online encyclopedia , thesaurus , dictionary definitions and more . all rights reserved .\ncookies help us deliver our services . by using our services , you agree to our use of cookies . find out more\nwe believe that this request has either come from an unwelcome search engine , from a data grabber , or that an attempt is being made to hack the site . as a result your request has been refused . please email us if you believe that our decision is incorrect .\nwir glauben , dass dieser antrag que entweder von einer unwillkommenen suchmaschine gekommen ist , ab dem zeitpunkt grabber , oder que versuch wird gemacht , die website zu hacken . als ergebnis hat ihre anfrage abgelehnt . bitte mailen sie uns , wenn sie que unsere entscheidung glauben , ist falsch .\ncreemos que esta solicitud ha provenir de un motor de b\u00fasqueda no deseado , desde el capturador de fecha , o que un intento que se est\u00e1 haciendo para hackear el sitio . como resultado de su solicitud ha sido rechazada . por favor , correo electr\u00f3nico si usted cree que nuestra decisi\u00f3n es incorrecta .\nnous croyons que cette demande a soit provenir d ' un moteur de recherche importune , de la date grabber , ou que une tentative est fait pour pirater le site . en cons\u00e9quence votre demande a \u00e9t\u00e9 refus\u00e9e . s ' il vous pla\u00eet nous contacter si vous croyez que notre d\u00e9cision est incorrecte .\ncrediamo que questa richiesta \u00e8 sia venuto da un motore di ricerca sgradita , a partire dalla data grabber , o que un tentativo \u00e8 stato fatto per hackerare il sito . di conseguenza la richiesta \u00e8 stata rifiutata . vi preghiamo di inviarci se si ritiene que la nostra decisione non \u00e8 corretta .\nwij geloven que dit verzoek is ofwel afkomstig uit een onwelkome zoekmachine , vanaf de datum grabber , of que een poging wordt gedaan om de site te hacken . als gevolg van uw verzoek is geweigerd . stuur ons een email als u denkt que onze beslissing onjuist is .\nque acreditamos que este pedido tem ou vir de um motor de busca desejados , a partir de uma data grabber , ou que uma tentativa est\u00e1 sendo feita para invadir o local . como resultado o seu pedido foi recusado . por favor envie - nos se voc\u00ea acredita que nossa decis\u00e3o est\u00e1 incorreta .\nws : 14 - 18mm ; bivoltine jul , oct and overwinters ; silver / downy birch ( betula pendula / pubsecens ) ; common in woodland throughout gb . synonym : peronea ferrugana ( pierce & metcalfe ) , acleris tripunctana ( btm )\nground colour pale to reddish ochreous , sometimes with darker strigulation and a few scattered black scales .\nassuming that the illustrations in mbgbi 5 . 1 are incorrectly labelled * : in\nthe aedeagus has a simple apex and 3 short spiniform cornuti . there are also differences in the shape of the sacculus , that of\nthe anterior border of the sterigma has a notch on each side with short lateral projections and shorter medial projections . in\nthe introitus is strongly sclerotised , broader posteriorly and broader than the ductus bursae .\nin razowski ( 1984 , 2001 , 2002 ) are reversed\n- in both sexes . i have not seen these references , but either [ mbgbi5 . 1 has repeated this error ] or [ all other references are incorrect and the synonyms given in mbgbi5 . 1 are reversed ] . images and illustrations showing the preapical aedeagal spine in the male and a notched anterior border to the sterigma with a broad introitus in the female are labelled as\n\u00a71 strumpshaw fen , norfolk ; 01 / 11 / 204 ; fw 7 . 9mm ; female \u00a72 winterton , norfolk ; 09 / 07 / 2015 ; fw 7 . 0mm ; male ; to light \u200b\u00a73 strumpshaw fen , norfolk ; 07 / 08 / 2015 ; male ; fw 7 . 7mm ; to light all images \u00a9 chris lewis"]}
+{"id": 574, "summary": [{"text": "causus defilippii is a venomous viper species found in east africa .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "no subspecies are currently recognized .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "its common name is snouted night adder . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "causus defilippii", "paragraphs": ["heterodon de filippi jan 1863 : 225 heterodon de - filippii \u2014 jan 1865 causus defilippii \u2014 auerbach 1987 : 205 causus defilippii \u2014 welch 1994 : 41 causus defilippii \u2014 mcdiarmid , campbell & tour\u00e9 1999 : 231 causus defilippii \u2014 dobiey & vogel 2007 causus defilippii \u2014 wallach et al . 2014 : 150 causus defilippii \u2014 spawls et al . 2018 : 570\nrelationship between maternal body size and total clutch size in six species of night adders . cama , causus maculatus ; care , causus resimus ; cade , causus defilippii ; carh , causus rhombeatus ; cali , causus lichtensteinii ; casp , causus sp .\nreproductive frequencies in causus species . the upper graph shows the proportion of adult female snakes with vitellogenic follicles or oviductal eggs , whereas the lower graph shows the proportions of adult male snakes with convoluted epididymial ducts . grey bars indicate taxa with small sample sizes . cama , causus maculatus ; cali , causus lichtensteinii ; care , causus resimus ; casp , causus sp . ; cade , causus defilippii ; carh , causus rhombeatus .\nsnouted night adder causus defilippii comments : occurs in the lowveld and lubombo regions , absent from the highveld and middleveld .\nrelationship between prey size and snake jaw size ( upper graph ) or snake body diameter ( lower graph ) . the dotted line indicates equality , where the prey dimension equals the snake dimension . cama , causus maculatus ; care , causus resimus ; cade , causus defilippii ; cali , causus lichtensteinii ; casp , causus sp .\nproportion of snakes found with an indication of a recent meal ( combined information from frog , insects , or faeces ) and proportion of snakes with a frog in the stomach ( black bars ) . numbers provide sample sizes . grey bars indicate small sample sizes . cama , causus maculatus ; cali , causus lichtensteinii ; care , causus resimus ; casp , causus sp . ; cade , causus defilippii ; carh , causus rhombeatus .\npredators of this species in kruger national park include the snouted night adder causus defilippii and herald snake crotaphopeltis hotamboeia ( pienaar et al . 1976 ) .\nseasonal patterns of reproduction in causus species . females were classified as vitellogenic if they contained vitellogenic ( > 10 mm diameter ) . \u2018o\u2019 refers to females with oviductal eggs . males with convoluted epididymial ducts were considered as potentially sexually active . cama , causus maculatus ; cali , causus lichtensteinii ; care , causus resimus ; casp , causus sp .\nverspreiding en biometrische studie van causus maculatus ( hallowell ) en causus rhombeatus ( lichtenstein ) uit c . africa ( serpentes , viperidae ) .\nkento furui added the japanese common name\n\u30ca\u30a4\u30c8\u30a2\u30c0\u30fc\u5c5e\nto\ncausus\n.\nbotha , a . s . 1984 . hatching of snouted night adder , causus defilippii . j . herp . assoc . africa ( 30 ) : 21 - 21 - get paper here\nhaagner , g . v . 1986 . life history note : causus defilippii : reproduction . j . herp . assoc . africa ( 32 ) : 38 - 38 - get paper here\ncreighton , d . ; haagner , g . 1986 . venoms and snakebite : causus defilippii : envenomation . j . herp . assoc . africa ( 32 ) : 31 - 31 - get paper here\ncausus rhombeatus is a venomous viper species endemic to subsaharan africa . no subspecies are currently recognized .\nthe only prey remains found in causus guts were anurans and insect fragments ( table 7 ) . several of the prey taxa that we found had not previously been recorded from these snakes ( table 7 ) .\nthe ecological distribution of causus wagler 1830 ( viperidae ) in nigeria , with special reference to c . resimus ( peters 1862 ) and c . lichtensteini ( jan 1859 ) , two species rarely recorded from this country\nrecent phylogenetic reconstructions agree that causus should be included within the viperidae ( cadle , 1992 ; underwood , 1999 ; lenk et al . , 2001 ; parkinson , campbell & chippindale , 2003 ; nagy et al . , 2005 ) . the genus causus , as presently considered , comprises six recognized species and at least one undescribed species ( pitman , 1974 ; audiens , 1978 ; branch , 1998 ; de massary , 1993 ; chippaux , 2001 ) :\nthe causinae , commonly known as the\nnight adders\n, are a monotypic subfamily of venomous vipers found in sub - saharan africa . this group was made for the genus\ncausus\n. there are currently six species found .\nin all of these respects , night adders differ significantly from the cool - climate ( european and north american ) viperid species that have been the focus of previous study . below , we compare our data on causus with previously published data on other viperid taxa .\npreferred prey are frogs or toads , and thus night adders are confined to mesic habitats ( not rainforest areas ) . c . lichtensteini often found in wooded swamps . c . rhombeatus not seen in primary forests . c . resimus is best adapted to drier habitats and is therefore found in separate environments to c . defilippii in east africa .\nwith an average total length ( body + tail ) of 60 cm ( 24 in ) , this is the largest member of the genus causus . the longest individual ever recorded was a male , 93 cm ( 37 in ) in total length , collected in eastern zimbabwe .\nrelative short , triangular to oval head , covered in large shields . with a length of 2\u20133 mm , the fangs are very short . in contrast , the venom glands are very large , and may even extend into the first third of the body as far as the level of the heart . from a side view , the tip of the snout is pointed , protruding over the lower jaw . in c . defilippii the snout is slightly upturned . round pupils . short , sturdy body , slightly flattened .\nthe longest species of the genus reaches 83 cm svl ( branch , 1998 ) and occupies mesic savannas . it appaers to be found only in the eastern regions of southern africa but its northern limit is unclear . reports from western , central , and eastern africa correspond to another species that , here , we call causus sp . , which is easily distinguished from c . rhombeatus by its higher number of ventral scales .\nthis species is clearly related to causus rhombeatus and , until recently , was considered as one of its subspecies . its limited distribution includes the democratic republic of congo , rwanda , angola , and zambia ( david & ineich , 1999 ) . growing to 65 cm in snout\u2013vent length ( svl ) , this taxon appears to be restricted to moist savannah habitats at elevations from 800 to 1800 m asl ( spawls et al . , 2001 ) .\ncausus often contained large prey . in many cases , the diameter of a prey item ( n = 63 ) exceeded the jaw length and / or body diameter of the snake that had ingested it ( fig . 6 ) . for 11 frogs for which we could confidently measure or estimate prey mass prior to ingestion , the ratio of prey mass to predator mass was in the range 7\u2013150 % ( mean = 51 % , sd = 44 % ) .\nthe degree of sexual size dimorphism ( ssd ) varied among species [ analysis of variance ( anova ) with sex and species as the factors and svl as the dependent variable ; interaction between species and sex : f 5 , 481 = 4 . 16 , p < 0 . 0001 ; table 5 ] . three of the species ( c . lichtensteinii , c . resimus , c . sp . ) displayed similar mean adult body sizes in males and females ; one species ( c . maculatus ) had females larger than males , and two ( c . defilippii , c . rhombeatus ) had males growing significantly larger than females ( table 5 ) .\n\u2018others\u2019 represents localities where less than ten specimens were collected ( kenya : eight c . sp . ; republic of south africa : seven c . rhombeatus ; gaboon : six c . lichtensteinii ; mali : five c . maculatus ; tanganyika : five c . defilippii ; ethiopa : four c . sp . ; east africa : three c . defilippi ; mozambique : three c . defilippi ; burkina : two c . maculatus ; guinea : one c . lichtensteinii and one c . sp . ; liberia : two c . lichtensteinii ; benin : one c . maculatus ; chad : one c . maculatus ; great lakes : one c . defilippi ; mauritania : one c . maculatus ; togo : one c . maculatus ; zambezi : one c . defilippi ; zanzibar : one c . defilippi ) .\nprey items found in the digestive tract of six species of causus . on the x - axis , each number corresponds to one of three stages in digestion : 1 , snakes that contained recently ingested ( hence undigested ) anuran prey in the stomach rarely also had insect fragments in the stomach , but a few had small quantities of faeces in the hindgut ; 2 , of the snakes without identifiable anurans in the stomach , many had many insects fragments that presumably had been part of the stomach contents of digested anurans ; 3 , snakes that abundant faecal material in the hindgut often lacked any identifiable prey items in the stomach .\ncausus also display significant sexual divergence in body proportions ; males of all species have longer tails and smaller heads than females of the same svl , although the magnitude of this sex disparity varies among species ( table 3 ) . increased tail length in male snakes relative to females has been attributed to several selective forces , including sexual selection on males and fecundity selection on females ( king , 1989 ; shine & shetty , 2001 ) . the sex - based divergence in head sizes is more likely to involve food habits , especially prey size : a larger head enables these gape - limited predators to ingest larger prey ( shine , 1991 ; pearson et al . , 2002a , 2002b ) . in some intensively studied species of snakes from other lineages , the sex with the larger relative head size ( generally the female ) does indeed consume larger prey ( houston & shine , 1993 ) .\nmales tended to have longer tails than same - sized females in all species ( sex f 1 , 473 = 54 . 52 , p < 0 . 0001 ; table 5 ) , although the degree of this sex divergence varied interspecifically ( interaction between sex and species ; f 5 , 473 = 4 . 42 , p < 0 . 0001 ) . at the same body length , female causus resimus had wider heads than did conspecific males ( sex effect : f 1 , 420 = 19 . 08 , p < 0 . 0001 , see table 5 ) and in three species ( c . maculatus , c . lichtensteinii , c . sp . , table 5 ) , females had longer jaws than did conspecific males at the same svl . however , the degree of sexual dimorphism in this latter trait also varied among species ( interaction between sex and species ; f 5 , 420 = 2 . 60 , p < 0 . 02 ) . no significant sexual dimorphism was apparent for any of the other traits ( all p > 0 . 05 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nuetz , p . & jir\u00ed hosek ( eds . ) , the reptile database , ( http : / / www . reptile - database . org )\nmcdiarmid , roy w . , jonathan a . campbell , and t ' shaka a . tour\u00e9\nsnake species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , vol . 1\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nnote : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .\nauerbach , r . d . 1987 . the amphibians and reptiles of botswana . mokwepa consultants , botswana , 295 pp .\nbates , m . f . ; branch , w . r . , bauer , a . m . ; burger , m . , marais , j . ; alexander , g . j . & de villliers , m . s . ( eds . ) 2014 . atlas and red list of the reptiles of south africa , lesotho , and swaziland . suricata 1 . south african national biodiversity institute , pretoria , 512 pp .\nbeolens , bo ; michael watkins , and michael grayson 2011 . the eponym dictionary of reptiles . johns hopkins university press , baltimore , usa - get paper here\nboycott , r . c . 1992 . an annotated checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of swaziland . the conservation trust of swaziland - get paper here\nbranch , w . r . ; r\u00f6del , m . - o . & marais , j . 2005 . herpetological survey of the niassa game reserve , northern mozambique - part i : reptiles . salamandra 41 ( 4 ) : 195 - 214 - get paper here\nbranch , william r . 1993 . a photographic guide to snakes and other reptiles of southern africa . cape town : struik publishers , 144 s .\nbroadley , d . & blaylock 2013 . the snakes of zimbabwe and botswana . chimaira , frankfurt , 387 pp . [ book review in sauria 35 ( 2 ) : 59 and copeia 2014 : 388 ] - get paper here\nbroadley , d . g . 1959 . the herpetology of southern rhodesia . part i - - the snakes . bull . mus . comp . zool . harvard 120 ( 1 ) : 1 - 100 [ reprint 1972 ] - get paper here\nbroadley , d . g . 1962 . on some reptile collections from the north - western and north - eastern districts of southern rhodesia 1958 - 1961 , with descriptions of four new lizards . occ . pap . nat . mus . south . rhodesia 26 ( b ) : 787 - 843\nbroadley , d . g . ; doria , c . t . & wigge , j . 2003 . snakes of zambia . an atlas and field guide . edition chimaira , frankfurt , 280 pp . [ review in sauria 26 ( 3 ) : 21 ]\nchifundera , k . 1990 . snakes of zaire and their bites . afr . stud . monogr . ( kyoto ) 10 ( 3 ) : 137 - 157 .\nconradie , werner ; gabriela b . bittencourt - silva , hanlie m . engelbrecht , simon p . loader , michele menegon , crist\u00f3v\u00e3o nanvonamuquitxo , michael scott , krystal a . tolley , 2016 . exploration into the hidden world of mozambique\u2019s sky island forests : new discoveries of reptiles and amphibians . zoosyst . evol . 92 ( 2 ) : 163\u2013180 , doi 10 . 3897 / zse . 92 . 9948 - get paper here\ndobiey , m . & vogel , g . 2007 . venomous snakes of africa / giftschlangen afrikas . edition chimaira , terralog 15 , 150 pp . - get paper here\njan , g . 1863 . enumerazione sistematica degli ofidi appartenenti al gruppo coronellidae . arch . zool . anat . fisiol . 2 ( 2 ) : 213 - 330 [ 1862 ] - get paper here\njan , g . 1865 . iconographie g\u00e9n\u00e9rale des ophidiens . 11 . livraison . j . b . baili\u00e8re et fils , paris - get paper here\nloveridge , arthur 1929 . east african reptiles and amphibians in the united states national museum . bull . us natl . mus . ( 151 ) : 1 - 135 - get paper here\nlyakurwa , john valentine 2017 . the reptiles of the uzungwa scarp forest reserve ( usfr ) : an updated checklist with notes on dagger - tooth vine snake xyelodontophis uluguruensis . journal of east african natural history 106 ( 2 ) : 57 - 65 . - get paper here\nmallow , d . ludwig , d . & nilson , g . 2003 . true vipers : natural history and toxinology of old world vipers . krieger , malabar , florida , 410 pp . [ review in hr 35 : 200 , reptilia 35 : 74 ]\nmcdiarmid , r . w . ; campbell , j . a . & tour\u00e9 , t . a . 1999 . snake species of the world . vol . 1 . herpetologists\u2019 league , 511 pp .\nphelps , t . 2010 . old world vipers . edition chimaira , frankfurt , 558 pp . [ critical review in sauria 33 ( 3 ) : 19 and hr 43 : 503 ]\nphelps , tony 2002 . a study of the black mamba ( dendroaspis polylepis ) in kwazulu - natal , south africa , with particular reference to long - term - refugia . herpetological bulletin ( 80 ) : 7 - 19 - get paper here\nspawls , s . ; howell , k . ; drewes , r . c . & ashe , j . 2002 . a field guide to the reptiles of east africa . academic press , 543 pp . [ reviews in hr 34 : 396 and afr . j . herp . 51 ; 147 ] - get paper here\nspawls , steve ; kim howell , harald hinkel , michele menegon 2018 . field guide to east african reptiles . bloomsbury , 624 pp . - get paper here\nwallach , van ; kenneth l . williams , jeff boundy 2014 . snakes of the world : a catalogue of living and extinct species . taylor and francis , crc press , 1237 pp .\nthis database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .\nour herptile collection of 3 , 200 amphibians and reptiles is an internationally important research collection .\nolive - grey to pinkish - brown coloured viper with series of pale - edged blotches along the back , invariably has a dark v - shaped mark on the head . length up to 1 m .\ntony parker , curator of vertebrate zoology , reveals the weird and wonderful collection of reptiles and amphibians\u2026 in jars ! \u201cone of the things i find compelling about our collection of reptiles and amphibians is that they are stored in glass jars with strange - looking fluids , as if they are museum specimens straight out of the victorian era .\nwe use cookies to allow you to use parts of the site , to provide extra services such as page translation , to help us analyse how our visitors use the site , and for marketing and advertising purposes . the site includes content and tools provided by third parties , such as social media platforms , who may also use cookies to track your use of this site .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nsmall , stout terrestrial vipers , never growing larger than 1 m in length . they are made distinct from other adders due to their round pupils and large scales on the top of their heads ( most vipers have small scales ) .\nkatja schulz marked\nfile : noimage . svg\nas hidden on the\ndiploprora championii ( lindl . ) hook . f . ( 1890 )\npage . reasons to hide : low quality\nkatja schulz marked\nfile : noimage . svg\nas hidden on the\northoceras novae - zeelandiae ( a . rich . ) m . a . clem . , d . l . jones & molloy ( 1989 )\npage . reasons to hide : low quality\nkatja schulz marked\nfile : noimage . svg\nas hidden on the\nophrys omegaifera ( c . alibertis , a . alibertis & h . r . reinhard ) faurh . ( 2002 )\npage . reasons to hide : low quality\nkatja schulz marked\nfile : noimage . svg\nas hidden on the\nhalleorchis szlach . & olszewski ( 1998 )\npage . reasons to hide : low quality\nsmall snakes , less than 1 metre , small head , thick neck , quite stout . dark pattern on paler background or an unmarked velvety green . may be found under logs by firewood collectors who may be bitten on hand , otherwise bites to the foot or ankle .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\nmany major biological radiations have resulted in numerous species that are now distributed widely across the planet . however , for historical reasons , universities and research centres have been based in a highly nonrandom subset of countries , notably in relatively cool - climate northern lands in europe and north america . accordingly , intensive ecological research has been conducted primarily in those countries . an inevitable result has been that , for many biological lineages , our knowledge is based upon a small and potentially nonrepresentative sample of taxa . this limitation of available information severely compromises our ability to make valid generalizations about major adaptive radiations .\nwith an average svl of approximately 40 cm ( branch , 1998 , spawls et al . , 2001 ) , this small species occupies moist and dry savannas from sea level to approximately 1800 m in eastern and southern africa from tanzania and kenya to the republic of south africa .\nthis medium - sized ( up to 70 cm svl ) species occurs in forest habitats from guinea through cameroon , gaboon , the democratic republic of congo and east to uganda , kenya , zambia , and angola ( david & ineich , 1999 ) . the species lives in dense evergreen forests as well as mosaic forest - savannas ( recently deforested areas ) from sea level to approximately 2100 m asl .\nwith a mean svl of approximately 40 cm , this is the most widespread and abundant species within the genus . it is present in most of subtropical africa from mauritania in the west through ethiopia and as far south as the democratic republic of congo , angola , and uganda ( hughes , 1977 ; david & ineich , 1999 ) . the species lives in forested areas and agricultural areas as well as in savannas , and from around sea level to nearly 2000 m asl .\nthis taxon ( approximately 50 cm in mean adult length ) occurs in two disjunct populations , which our unpublished data ( i . ineich , x . bonnet , r . shine , t . shine , f . brischoux , m . lebreton & l . chirio , unpubl . data ) suggest may belong to two different species . the eastern populations live in humid mountains of east africa ( uganda , rwanda , burundi , democratic republic of congo , and ethiopia ) and their coloration in life is light green ( david & ineich , 1999 ) . the western populations inhabit savanna regions of western and central africa from nigeria and cameroon through the central african republic ( car ) , chad , and sudan ; their coloration in life is light brown . they are found at elevations of 150\u2013500 m asl .\nthis as yet undescribed taxon ( i . ineich , x . bonnet , r . shine , t . shine , f . brischoux , m . lebreton & l . chirio , unpubl . data ) is endemic to high - elevation savannas of central cameroon and the western car . another population related to this species occurs in the kerouane area of south - eastern guinea . although eastern african populations clearly do not belong to the \u2018true\u2019 c . rhombeatus , whether or not they are conspecific with the western and central african populations has yet to be assessed . for the present study , we treat all those populations ( except \u2018true\u2019 c . rhombeatus from southern africa ) as conspecific . this species is found in humid lowlands and small rivers , at elevations of 700\u20131950 m asl in cameroon .\nour sample sizes are highest for four taxa from cameroon ; one of these species ( c . maculatus ) was obtained in reasonable numbers in the central african republic as well ( table 1 ) . although we had very small samples for two taxa , we report these data because they are among the first for these poorly - known animals . because some specimens were damaged during collection , our data sets are incomplete for some variables for some animals .\ndata are the mean values with the associated standard errors , and sample size in parentheses . statistical results are derived from one - way analysis of variance with species as the factor . d . f . , degrees of freedom .\ndata for snakes of all age classes were included in these calculations . data are adjusted means [\nrelative to head width ] with standard errors and sample size . statistical analysis : results are derived from analysis of variance with species as the factor , the trait under focus as the dependent variable , and svl ( * ) or head width as a covariate . d . f . , degrees of freedom .\nsex ratios were similar among species ( \u03c7 2 = 5 . 52 , d . f . = 5 , p = 0 . 36 ; table 4 ) . approximately two - thirds of the collected snakes were adults , but the exact proportions differed among species ( comparing the species : \u03c7 2 = 27 . 9 , d . f . = 5 , p < 0 . 001 ; table 4 ) .\nrelative to head width . data are means with standard errors ( n ) . data for the larger sex are indicated by an asterisk ( * ) if the difference in mean values between the sexes was statistically significant ( p < 0 . 05 ) . f , female ; m , male .\nvitellogenesis was observed all year round ( comparing among months , \u03c7 2 = 49 . 5 , d . f . = 55 , p = 0 . 68 ) , and ovulation was not limited to a single period ( fig . 2 ) . similarly , males with convoluted ducts were observed at most times of the year ( \u03c7 2 = 69 . 6 , d . f . = 55 , p = 0 . 09 ) . overall , no clear seasonal pattern was apparent for either male or female reproductive cycles ( fig . 2 ) . one female c . maculatus ( 545 cm svl ) contained both oviductal eggs ( n = 12 , mean diameter 13 mm ) and enlarged vitellogenic ovarian follicles ( n = 8 , mean diameter 4 mm ) , indicating rapid production of successive clutches .\nmean clutch size and relative clutch size ( adjusted to snout\u2013vent length using analysis of covariance ) in the six species are shown . data are means with standard errors ( n ) .\nwe found prey or evidence of a recent meal ( frogs , insect fragments or faeces ) in most of the snakes that we examined ( fig . 4 ) . the proportion of snakes containing prey varied from 67\u201386 % ( comparing among species , \u03c7 2 = 14 . 0 , d . f . = 5 , p = 0 . 016 ) . even if the analysis is restricted to freshly ingested prey ( relatively undigested anuran remains ) , the proportion of recently fed snakes averaged 34 % ( fig . 4 ) . females containing oviductal eggs also frequently contained prey ( 79 of 108 specimens ; 68 % ) ; thus , analysis did not reveal any significant decrease in feeding rate associated with reproduction ( \u03c7 2 = 0 . 45 , d . f . = 2 , p = 0 . 80 ) . we rarely found undigested frogs and insect fragments in the gut simultaneously , and snakes with insect fragments in the stomach rarely contained faeces in the hindgut . however , intact prey items were often found in the stomachs of snakes whose hindguts contained faeces ( \u03c7 2 = 27 . 00 , d . f . = 1 , p < 0 . 001 ; fig . 5 ) . these patterns suggest frequent feeding and rapid passage of prey items through the digestive tract .\nlarger snakes consumed larger prey items ( ancova with prey diameter as the dependent variable , species as the factor and jaw length as the covariate ; effect of jaw size : f 1 , 52 = 24 . 1 , p < 0 . 0001 ; fig . 6 ) . larger snakes not only took larger prey , but also ceased feeding upon small prey ( note the absence of records of small prey items in large snakes in fig . 6 ) . prey sizes relative to predator size differed significantly among species ( ancovas with prey diameter as the dependent variable , species as the factor : f 4 , 57 = 5 . 83 , p < 0 . 001 with svl as the covariate ; f 4 , 52 = 2 . 73 , p = 0 . 04 with jaw length as the covariate ; and f 4 , 57 = 2 . 38 , p = 0 . 06 with body diameter as the covariate ) .\nwe thank sara forniasero , jean marie balouard , lo\u00efc chaigneau , and mac and ben shine for help with dissections , and all the anonymous collectors , especially in rca and cameroon . p . golay provided useful comments . we warmly thank rex cambag for livening up the atmosphere during dissections . the australian research council , and the european community ( programme marie curie ) supported the work financially .\nle cycle sexuel chez vipera aspis ( l . ) dans l ' ouest de la . france\noxford university press is a department of the university of oxford . it furthers the university ' s objective of excellence in research , scholarship , and education by publishing worldwide\nfor full access to this pdf , sign in to an existing account , or purchase an annual subscription .\nthe head has a snout that is relatively blunt ( i . e . , more rounded than in other members of this genus ) , on the sides of which the nostrils are positioned . the circumorbital ring consists of 2 - 3 preoculars , 1 - 2 postoculars , and 1 - 2 suboculars that separate the eye from the supralabials . the temporal scales usually number 2 + 3 , sometimes 2 + 4 , but very rarely 2 + 2 or 3 + 3 . there are 6 supralabial scales , very rarely 7 . the sublabial scales usually number 7 or 10 , rarely 8 , and very rarely 11 , 12 or 13 . the first 3 - 4 sublabials are in contact with the anterior chin shields . the posterior chin shields are small and often indistinguishable from the gulars .\nat midbody there are 15 - 21 rows of dorsal scales that are moderately keeled and have a satiny texture . the ventral scales number 120 - 166 , the subcaudals , most of which are divided , 15 - 36 .\nthe color pattern consists of a ground color that is usually some shade of brown ( possibly pinkish or grayish - brown ) , but occasionally olive green . this is overlaid with a pattern of 20 - 30 rhombic blotches that have pale edges , as well as a sprinkling of black scales and oblique black bars on the sides . each oblique black bar is topped by one or two black spots , each with a pale centre , and strongly resembling an eye . northern populations may be patternless , making them difficult to identify , while in others the pale edges may be missing , the rhombic blotches may be a darker color , or there may even be a dark brown vertebral stripe . the head has a characteristic v - shaped mark that may be solid black , or brown with a black outline .\nrhombic night adder , demon night adder , cape night adder , african night adder , cape viper .\nsavannas of subsaharan africa from nigeria east to sudan , ethiopia , somalia and kenya , south through tanzania , uganda , rwanda , burundi , dr congo , angola , zambia , malawi , zimbabwe , northern botswana , mozambique , swaziland , and eastern south africa to riverdale in the western cape province . no type locality is listed .\nthis is an active species that can often move relatively quickly\u2014up to an estimated speed of 92 cm per second ( 3 feet per second ) . they are usually found on the ground , but have no trouble climbing or swimming . they are largely nocturnal , but are often seen basking in the early morning or late afternoon . however , harper ( 1963 ) reported collecting a dozen specimens that were all active during the heat of the day .\nmost specimens are docile , seldom attempting to bite unless severely provoked . fitzsimons is quoted in pitman ( 1938 ) as saying that , in captivity , they\nbecome so tame that you may allow them to creep , climb and slither round your neck and inside your garments .\nothers , however , are more temperamental .\nwhen seriously disturbed , they will put on a\nferocious\nthreat display that includes coiling up , inflating the body ( making the dark markings stand out ) , hissing and puffing loudly , flattening the anterior portion of the body , and striking frantically . they may also flatten the neck and move forward with the tongue extended , much like a small cobra . striking is done with such vigor that small specimens may lift themselves off the ground entirely .\nthe diet consists mainly of toads , but it also includes frogs and small mammals .\nfemales produce an average clutch of two dozen eggs that require a lengthy incubation period of approximately four months . the hatchlings are 10 - 12 . 5 cm ( 4 - 5 inches ) in total length and feed on tiny frogs and toads .\nrhombic night adder bites can be very serious and in at least one bite a child had to have a fasciotomy . we see a number of small dogs dying and having limbs amputated . a bite from a large individual on a small child could potentially be fatal - please do not underestimate the venom of this snake .\nthe few documented bites involved pain and minor swelling with minimal necrosis . these symptoms usually disappear within 2\u20133 days . there have been no modern well - documented cases to back up earlier claims of fatalities due to bites from this species . venom yield has varied from 20\u201330 mg to 300 mg , but the venom toxicity is low with ld 50 values of 10 . 8 , 14 . 6 , > 16 . 0 mg / kg iv and 15 mg / kg sc being reported .\nphoto by coetzer a ; m . viljoen ; a . van der merwe , 2014 . url : frogmap : 1722\nb . fenoulheti occurs from zeerust ( 2526ca ) in north west province , eastward through limpopo province and northern gauteng to northern and eastern mpumalanga , and extends southward through the northeastern parts of swaziland and kwazulu - natal to st lucia ( 2832ad ) . it also occurs north of the atlas region in zimbabwe and adjacent parts of eastern botswana , southern zambia and namibia\u2019s caprivi strip , as well as the higher - lying parts of southern mozambique ( channing 2001 ) . a population on the western chimanimani mountains of zimbabwe is treated as a distinct subspecies : b . fenoulheti grindleyi poynton 1963 . b . fenoulheti occurs at altitudes ranging from sea level to about 1700 m .\nb . fenoulheti was treated as a subspecies of b . verte bralis by poynton ( 1964 ) , but was later elevated to full species on the basis of differences in its advertisement call ( poynton and broadley 1988 ) . although previously considered to be allopatric , the ranges of these two species are now known to overlap in the north west and extreme western limpopo provinces ( bates 1995 ; jacobsen 1989 ; this atlas ) . a recent study of the mitochondrial dna of bufonids confirmed the species status of b . fenoulheti ( cunningham and cherry 2000 ) .\nthe atlas data are reliable , but there are large gaps in the coverage of this species\u2019 distribution . it is something of a mystery why this species should have been so poorly recorded in large parts of its range ; further surveys are recommended .\nb . fenoulheti inhabits a variety of bushveld vegetation types in the savanna biome and is occasionally found in adjacent grassland . its distribution lies within the summer - rainfall region .\nalthough occasionally found in sandy areas , these frogs usually occupy rocky outcrops , taking refuge between rocks or on soil under stones . in these situations they occur singly or in small groups of 5\u20136 ( or as many as nine ) individuals , often together with scorpions and lizards ( jacobsen 1989 ) . in zimbabwe , they have also been found sheltering under shallow , loose , matted layers of sand and roots overlying rocks ( lambiris 1989b ) . breeding usually takes place in temporary pools , such as those on flat rocky outcrops or shallow rain ponds , sometimes in barren areas .\nbreeding occurs october\u2013february in the kruger national park , but only after heavy rain ( h . braack pers . obs . ) . during the breeding season , males have bright yellow throats and call from exposed positions near the edges of rain pools or while partly submerged near the edge ( lambiris 1989a ; passmore and carruthers 1995 ) . jacobsen ( 1989 ) noted that several frogs appeared on the day after an afternoon rain shower , and some of them were found in amplexus after being placed in bottles . he observed that strings of eggs were abundant at the edge of rain - filled depressions and hatched after about 24 hours .\nthe following observations refer to a population of b . fenoulheti from lobatse , botswana ( power 1927b ) . the species breeds from late november to late january , at which time the males congregate in shallow rock pools . an axillary clasp is used during amplexus . females produce strings of 2000 eggs that are entwined among stones and vegetation . tadpoles feed on algae on the bottom and sides of the pools and take c . 19 days to complete their development and undergo metamorphosis . according to channing ( 2001 ) , strings of eggs are 200 mm long and one clutch consisted of only 245 eggs .\nadults feed on soft - bodied arthropods taken on largely sand - free rock surfaces . frogs kept in sandy terraria often die after ingesting sand particles which apparently cause internal injury ( lambiris 1989a ) .\nb . fenoulheti occurs in several provincial and private nature reserves in limpopo , mpumalanga and kwazulu - natal provinces , as well as in kruger national park . the species is widespread and common within its range and is not considered to be at risk because its habitat is generally well protected .\nweb : frogmap . 2018 . bufo fenoulheti hewitt and methuen , 1913 . animal demography unit . accessed from urltoken ; on 2018 - 07 - 09 09 : 07 : 17 .\nbook : minter l . r . , burger m . , harrison j . a . , braack h . h . , bishop p . j . & kloepfer d . ( eds ) . 2004 . atlas and red data book of the frogs of south africa , lesotho and swaziland . si / mab series no . 9 . smithsonian institution , washington , d . c . published by the smithsonian institution and the avian demography unit ( now animal demography unit ) .\nfrogmap is a citizen science project which aims to determine the distribution and conservation priorities of frogs on the african continent . frogmap is building the 21st century distribution maps for africa ' s amphibians . it is a partnership between the . . . . . and the animal demography unit at the university of cape town .\nthe purpose of the animal demography unit ( adu ) is to contribute to the understanding of biodiversity , and thus provide input to biodiversity conservation . we achieve this through programmes that involve citizen scientists , long - term monitoring , research and innovative statistical modelling . read more . . .\ncopyright ( c ) 2018 frogmap . adu . org . za , all rights reserved . design by free css templates .\nthe night adders can grow to around 60 to 90 centimeters ( 24 to 36 in ) long . they are usually dark gray , light gray , light brown , or black in color with gray or black blotches .\neven though they are called the\nnight adders\n, they are usually active at day , but some are active at night . when they are attacked or disturbed , they usually coil up and start hissing at their enemy to scare it off . some may raise their head and neck off the ground , and with their tongue sticking out , move froward like a the cobra does .\nthey eat mainly toads and frogs , but there are reports of some night adders eating almost everything they can find until they are completely unable to swallow any more food .\nall night adders are oviparous , which means they lay eggs . this is unusual for most vipers , because most vipers are viviparous , they give live birth . they lay around 2 dozen eggs at a time . these eggs take around 4 months to hatch , when they hatch the hatchlings are 4 - 5 inches ( 10 - 12 . 5 cm ) long .\nthe night adders have very big venom glands , which are around 10 centimeters long . but even though the venom glands are very big night adders don ' t always use their venom on their prey . the venom would kill the prey fast enough , but night adders usually seize their prey and swallow it . when someone is bitten by a night adders venom the venom does not spread around the body , and only causes swelling in the place of the bite . there have been no reports of deaths by night adder venom .\nthis page was last changed on 4 february 2014 , at 14 : 29 .\ncontent is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use privacy policy . content of this web page is sourced from wikipedia ( http : / / simple . wikipedia . org ) . some content of the original page may have been edited to make it more suitable for younger readers , unless otherwise noted .\nwell finally i am back\u2026i have been in the field for the last 3 months working on a few projects . filming , collecting dna for mine and some others work and collecting data for a book i am co - writing .\nwe have done over 22000 miles by car . some crazy places , crazy roads , crazy people and some crazy fun . it has been amazing . seen some herps i have always dreamed about\u2026and seen some possibly new species ! also saw my dream find for sa herps , less than 30 ever seen\nmade tons of distribution extensions and documented new behavior on a few species that has never been documented .\nok here are some pics\u2026a very small preview , an extremely small taste of whet we saw and what happened . busy working on the footage , video should be premiered soon ( about a month )\nvery happy devon . thanks for posting . i just have to remember to shrinkwrap my keyboard to protect it from the drool , when you post pics . wow some amazing species you saw . that ' s a sign you don ' t want to see when you ' re walking or cycling - - beware of lions\ni would give a kidney to shoot the stuff that you see on a regular basis .\njust make sure it is on ice . . . i ' ll pm shipping address , please make sure it is not damaged . lol but seriously . . . . this stuff doesn ' t just get found on a regular basis ! work my but off ! ! ! but ah it is fun\nif i ' m giving you a kidney i ' m going to come with it , once i get my shots then you get the kidney .\nthose are absolutely stunning ! i don ' t mind saying that i ' m more than a little bit jealous that you get to be out there doing that - and i don ' t .\noh , and funny . . . even though you posted\nthese are frogs\nvery clearly , i started out by staring at the first frog photo wondering what kind of snake that was .\nawesome pics , , beware of lions ? ? ? lol . i dont think i would be walking on the road , lol\nthose are fabulous photos devon ! if angie and i decide to come to africa for our honeymoon , you gonna be our tour guide ? ( so i can see some of what you were seeing .\n\u201cif we save our wild places , we will ultimately save ourselves . \u201d ~ steve irwin\ngeneral shape very small , cylindrical to slightly depressed , relatively stout , thick bodied snake with a very short tail . can grow to a maximum of about 0 . 45 metres . head is moderate in size and distinct from neck . canthus is obtuse . snout is short , pointed and distinctly upturned . eyes are small to medium in size with round pupils . dorsal scales are soft and feebly keeled with apical pits . dorsal scale count usually 17 - 17 - 12 .\nhabitat elevations up to about 1800 metres but mainly lowland dry to moist savanna , coastal thicket and forest but extending into more arid savanna regions .\nhabits terrestrial , slow moving and mainly nocturnal . in spite of the common name , it is often active during the day . when inactive tends to hide in holes , under bush or fallen logs etc . if disturbed and angered will inflate its body with air and hiss and puff . if provoked it will raise the anterior of the body off the ground , into a coil with the head tilted back and strike , tending to lash rather than stab . males are known to engage in combat during the mating season .\ngeneral : dangerousness unknown , but unlikely to cause significant envenoming , most unlikely to be dangerous .\ndescription : first aid for bites by viperid snakes likely to cause significant local injury at the bite site ( see listing in comments section ) .\ntreatment summary most cases will be minor , requiring observation , symptomatic treatment only . no antivenom available .\ngeneral approach to management it is possible that most cases will be minor , but some cases may be more severe , requiring admission and treatment , so assess carefully before discharge .\n( cc by - sa 3 . 0 ) , or the attribution - noncommerical - sharealike\n( cc by - nc - sa 3 . 0 ) , or the attribution - share alike\n( gpl3 . 0 ) , or in the public domain ( pd ) , as shown in the caption to the image displayed on www . toxinology . com .\ncopyright 2001 - 2018 toxinology , wch . all rights reserved . best viewed in 800x600 resolution or higher .\nupdate 1st june , 2018 : we just set up snake _ id , a cool new page that simplifies snake identification . be sure to check it out !\nimages provided by flickr - / inaturalist - api . sporadic false assignments may occur .\n? ? ? to ? ? ? meter above sea level ( a . s . l . )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nout of the more than 2 , 900 species of snakes in the world about 600 species only are known to be venomous . venomous snakes have highly specialized teeth such as hollow fangs , through which they deliver venom to immobilize prey , or for self - defense . a venomous snake bite quickly affects different organs including the lungs , heart , central nervous system , red blood cells and muscles . venom can be neurotoxic , haemotoxic or myotoxic .\nthough australia is known to be home to the majority of the world ' s most venomous snakes , africa has its share of potentially highly dangerous species : here are the main ones ."]}
+{"id": 613, "summary": [{"text": "dysstroma latefasciata , the siberian carpet , is a moth of the geometridae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found from fennoscandia to eastern siberia and mongolia .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 26 \u2013 35 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults are on wing from the end of june to september .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the larvae feed on vaccinium myrtillus , vaccinium uliginosum , rubus chamaemorus , rhododendron tomentosum and fragaria vesca .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "larvae can be found from august to june .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the species overwinters in the larval stage . ", "topic": 3}], "title": "dysstroma latefasciata", "paragraphs": ["dysstroma latefasciata , the siberian carpet , is a moth of the geometridae family . it is found from fennoscandia to eastern siberia and mongolia .\ne . siberia , nature reserve \u00abbaikalo - lenskyi\u00bb , lake baikal , cape pokoiniki envir . , at light ( kerosene lamp ) , 28 - vii - 2005 , leg . o . berlov the forewing length is 16 mm . det . e . beljaev\ne . siberia , nature reserve \u00abbaikalo - lenskyi\u00bb , lake baikal , cape pokoiniki envir . , at light ( kerosene lamp ) , 28 - vii - 2005 , leg . o . berlov the forewing length is 16 mm . det . j . viidalepp\ne . siberia , nature reserve \u00abbaikalo - lenskyi\u00bb , lake baikal , cape pokoiniki envir . , at light ( kerosene lamp ) , 25 - vii - 2005 , leg . o . berlov the forewing length is 17 mm . det . e . berlov\nbl\u00e5 punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och \u00f6vriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch . kan inneh\u00e5lla observationer som inte \u00e4r validerade . kartan uppdateras var fj\u00e4rde vecka .\ni det avancerade verktyget kan man s\u00f6ka ut och f\u00e5 fram artlistor , t ex arter i ett visst l\u00e4n , i en viss biotop , substrat , som p\u00e5verkas av en hotfaktor , eller som \u00e4r knutna till en sk v\u00e4rdart , t ex tr\u00e4det alm . dessa kan \u00e4ven kombineras .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , knutna till alm , \u00e4r beroende av d\u00f6d ved och som finns i kronobergs l\u00e4n .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , lever i sm\u00e5vatten och som p\u00e5verkas negativt av igenv\u00e4xning .\ndefaultl\u00e4get i verktyget \u00e4r arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade 2015 och dessa \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga s\u00f6kfaktorer . under fliken r\u00f6dlistekategori kan man dock v\u00e4lja att \u00e4ven inkludera arter som inte \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade . om man v\u00e4ljer att inkludera icke r\u00f6dlistade arter beh\u00f6ver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga faktorer . nedan en sammanst\u00e4llning av vad som \u00e4r komplett .\ndenna funktion anv\u00e4nds n\u00e4r du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera . du kan t . ex . navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka p\u00e5 deras namn . du kan ocks\u00e5 v\u00e4lja att anv\u00e4nda knappen \u201dj\u00e4mf\u00f6r arter\u201d f\u00f6r att se bilder , kartor och k\u00e4nnetecken i en j\u00e4mf\u00f6relsevy .\ndu kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via sl\u00e4kttr\u00e4det och d\u00e4r v\u00e4lja arter eller artgrupper till din lista . ett annat s\u00e4tt att g\u00f6ra ditt urval \u00e4r att anv\u00e4nda fliken \u201dfiltrera\u201d , d\u00e4r du kan s\u00f6ka p\u00e5 olika egenskaper . ovanf\u00f6r listan med s\u00f6kresultatet finns en knapp \u201dl\u00e4gg i mitt urval\u201d .\nthe mit license copyright ( c ) 2014 - 2016 google , inc . urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\nthe mit license ( mit ) copyright ( c ) 2011 - 2015 twitter , inc permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright ( c ) 2008 - 2013 sprymedia limited urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright 2008 - 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urltoken copyright ( c ) steven sanderson , the knockout . js team , and other contributors urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright ( c ) 2009\u20132015 permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright 2005 - 2014 openlayers contributors . all rights reserved . redistribution and use in source and binary forms , with or without modification , are permitted provided that the following conditions are met : 1 . redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice , this list of conditions and the following disclaimer . 2 . redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice , this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and / or other materials provided with the distribution . this software is provided by openlayers contributors ` ` as is ' ' and any express or implied warranties , including , but not limited to , the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose are disclaimed . in no event shall copyright holder or contributors be liable for any direct , indirect , incidental , special , exemplary , or consequential damages ( including , but not limited to , procurement of substitute goods or services ; loss of use , data , or profits ; or business interruption ) however caused and on any theory of liability , whether in contract , strict liability , or tort ( including negligence or otherwise ) arising in any way out of the use of this software , even if advised of the possibility of such damage . the views and conclusions contained in the software and documentation are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing official policies , either expressed or implied , of openlayers contributors .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nthe wingspan is 26\u201335 mm . adults are on wing from the end of june to september .\nthe larvae feed on vaccinium myrtillus , vaccinium uliginosum , rubus chamaemorus , rhododendron tomentosum and fragaria vesca . larvae can be found from august to june . the species overwinters in the larval stage .\nsources disagree on the authority for this species . while some sources claim the species was described by staudinger in 1889 , others state it was described by staudinger in 1882 , dahl in 1900 or blocker in 1908 .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nintroduction this is the second and concluding part of the taxo - nomic revision of the tribe cidariini , a member of the subfamily larentiinae ( choi , 2002 ) . the purpose of\u2026\ndie puppen der spanner mitteleuropas . unterfamilie larentiinae , tribus lythriini , xanthorhoini , larentiini und cidariini ( lepidoptera , geometridae )"]}
+{"id": 674, "summary": [{"text": "athrips helicaula is a moth of the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in south africa , where it has been recorded from the northern cape .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 14 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are white , tinged with brownish and irrorated with blackish except on the costa and veins , which form undefined white streaks .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are light grey . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "athrips helicaula", "paragraphs": ["athrips helicaula is a moth of the gelechiidae family . it is found in south africa , where it has been recorded from the northern cape .\nbidzilya o . v . 2010 . a taxonomic review of the genera parapsectris meyrick , 1911 and athrips billberg , 1820 in africa . - esperiana memoir 5 : 341\u2013408 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncape verde , st . vincent [ s\u00e3o vicente ] , e . l . mimosa sp . vii . 1872 , leg . weyenbergh .\nweyenbergh 1873 . note on the lepidopterous fauna of st . vincente , with description of a new species of gelechia . - entomologist ' s monthly magazine 10 : 121\u2013122 .\nthe wingspan is about 14 mm . the forewings are white , tinged with brownish and irrorated with blackish except on the costa and veins , which form undefined white streaks . the hindwings are light grey .\njanse a . j . t . 1958 . the moths of south africa . vi . gelechiadae - \u2014 6 ( 1 ) : 1\u2013144 , pls . 1\u201332 .\nmeyrick e . 1912d . new south african microlepidoptera . - annals of the south african museum 10 ( 3 ) : 53\u201374 .\npovoln\u00fd d . 1989 . two new species of the genus pseudathrips and some new records on the tribe gnorimoschemini ( lepidoptera , gelechiidae ) fro middle east . - acta universitatis agriculturae brno 37 ( 3\u20134 ) : 153\u2013162 .\nmeyrick e . 1914c . descriptions of south african micro - lepidoptera . v . - annals of the transvaal museum 4 ( 4 ) : 187\u2013205 .\nmeyrick e . 1913b . descriptions of south african micro - lepidoptera . iv - annals of the transvaal museum 3 ( 4 ) : 267\u2013336 .\nmeyrick e . 1921b . descriptions of south african micro - lepidoptera . - annals of the transvaal museum 8 ( 2 ) : 49\u2013148 .\nmeyrick e . 1914b . descriptions of south african microlepidoptera . - annals of the south african museum 10 : 243\u2013257 .\njanse a . j . t . 1950 . the moths of south africa . v . gelechiadae . - \u2014 5 ( 2 ) : 61\u2013172 , pls . 33\u201388 .\nzeller p . c . 1852b . lepidoptera microptera , quae j . a . wahlberg in caffrorum terra collegit . - \u2014 : 1\u2013120 .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on images to enlarge .\nthis is a list of moths of the family gelechiidae that are found in south africa . it also acts as an index to the species articles and forms part of the full list of moths of south africa .\nthis page is based on a wikipedia article written by authors ( here ) . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 license ; additional terms may apply . images , videos and audio are available under their respective licenses .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a fact about athreya ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for athreya ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation ."]}
+{"id": 678, "summary": [{"text": "parasthena is a genus of moth in the family geometridae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it consists of only one species , parasthena flexilinea , which is found on sulawesi , the philippines and borneo and possibly on seram and papua new guinea .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the ground colour of the wings is pale grey-brown with fine grey-brown fasciation and black discal spots . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "parasthena", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for parasthena definition . you find here parasthena meaning , synonyms of parasthena and images for parasthena copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word parasthena . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word parasthena and , of course , parasthena synonyms and on the right images related to the word parasthena .\nparsons et al . ( 1999 ) included only 1 species in the genus parasthena .\ngenus : parasthena warren , 1902 . novit . zool . 9 : 361 . [ bhl ]\nparasthena is a genus of moth in the family geometridae . it consists of only one species , parasthena flexilinea , which is found on sulawesi , the philippines and borneo and possibly on seram and papua new guinea .\nparasthena is a genus of moth in the family geometridae . it consists of only one species , parasthena flexilinea , which is found on sulawesi , the philippines and borneo and possibly on seram and papua new guinea .\ntype - species : parasthena flexilinea warren , 1902 . novit . zool . 9 : 362 . [ bhl ]\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ntype specimens : type ( s ) sulawesi ( celebes ) : bonthain , ( ? depository ) . .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\na related , somewhat more strongly marked , undescribed species occurs in seram and new guinea .\nmost records are from g . kinabalu : 450m at poring hot springs to 1930m on the main ascent . one specimen was taken in a cocoa plantation at tuaran in 1997 .\nschmidt , olga , 2015 , list of primary types of the larentiine moth species ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) described from indonesia - a starting point for biodiversity assessment of the subfamily in the region , biodiversity data journal 3 , pp . 5447 - 5447 : 5447\ntype status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 5m , 5f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm\ntype locality : celebes [ sulawesi ] , bonthain , 3000 - 7000 ft .\nno known copyright restrictions apply . see agosti , d . , egloff , w . , 2009 . taxonomic information exchange and copyright : the plazi approach . bmc research notes 2009 , 2 : 53 for further explanation .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nnomenclator zoologicus . a list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of linnaeus , 1758 to the end of 2004 . digitised by ubio from vols . 1 - 9 of neave ( ed . ) , 1939 - 1996 plus supplementary digital - only volume . urltoken ( as at 2006 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe ground colour of the wings is pale grey - brown with fine grey - brown fasciation and black discal spots ."]}
+{"id": 771, "summary": [{"text": "the horned puffin ( fratercula corniculata ) is an auk , similar in appearance to the atlantic puffin .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "it is a pelagic seabird that feeds primarily by diving for fish .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "it nests in colonies , often with other auks . ", "topic": 28}], "title": "horned puffin", "paragraphs": ["description : the horned puffin is very similar to the atlantic puffin , but it has larger bill and size .\nfigure 1 . distribution of the horned puffin in north america and easternmost asia .\n) . the diet of the horned puffin during winter is not well studied . puffin chicks are fed mostly raw fish .\nhorned puffin , adult returning to colony with fish , gambell , ak ; august .\natlantic puffin ( a . k . a . the common puffin ) ( fratercula arctica )\ntufted puffin ( a . k . a . the crested puffin ) ( fratercula cirrhata )\nunlike other puffins , which nest in burrows , the horned puffin typically nests in rock crevices and cliffs .\nthe horned puffin can fly , but it spends more time in the water as it is a better swimmer .\n. nevertheless , predation does not substantially affect horned puffin populations because of their hard - to - reach nesting sites .\nthe horned puffin uses its large bill to catch fish and marine invertebrates . it can dive up to depths of 80 feet to catch its prey . the horned puffin can carry more than one fish in its mouth at a time .\nthe puffin can fly , but it is a better swimmer . in order to get airborne , the puffin must run on the surface of the water for a long distance . the horned puffin also dives off cliffs to take flight .\nthe puffin can fly , but it is a better swimmers . in order to get airborne , the puffin must run on the surface of the water for a long distance . the horned puffin will also will dive off cliffs to take flight .\ngolubova , e . , m . nazarkin . 2009 . feeding ecology of the tufted puffin ( lunda cirrhata ) and the horned puffin ( fratercula corniculata ) in the northern sea of okhotsk .\na ) atlantic puffin : the atlantic puffin ( formerly common puffin ) lives in the north atlantic . it is the smallest of the puffins and is readily separated from the similar horned puffin by the steel - blue triangle at the base of its beak . range : see answer to question # 3 , below .\nthe horned puffin is currently rated as least concern . this bird species has a range and population that are sufficient and stable enough at this point for there to be no concern regarding possible decline . the horned puffin is native to japan , canada , russia and the united states . the range of the horned puffin is estimated to be as much as 1 million square kilometers while the population of this bird species is around 800 , 000 individuals . the prior rating for the horned puffin was lower risk , which was downgraded to least concern in 2004 .\nrhinoceros auklet ( a . k . a . rhino auklet , horn - billed puffin , unicorn puffin ) ( cerorhinca monocerata )\nthe horned puffin carries small fish crosswise in its bill and delivers them to its nestlings . one individual was observed carrying 65 fish at once .\nhorned puffins take advantage of the sea ' s bounty . while nesting and raising their chicks , horned puffins eat mostly fish , bringing back beakfuls of sand lance and capelin to their young . horned puffins can dive up to 80 feet to catch prey .\nhorned puffins are nomadic and move from breeding grounds when they are too iced over .\nthe horned puffin uses its large bill to catch fish and marine invertebrates . it can dive up to depths of 80 feet to catch its prey . the puffin can carry more than one fish in its mouth at a time .\nhorned puffin : tufted puffin has dark underparts and in breeding plumage has pale yellow plumes on head . common and thick - billed murres have entirely dark head , small , dark bill , and white trailing margin on inner wing .\nthe horned puffin is pelagic . a pelagic animal lives on the open sea . in breeding season , it is found on sea cliffs or on rocky islets .\nwehle , d . h . s . 1980 . the breeding biology of the puffins : tufted puffin ( lunda cirrhata ) , horned puffin ( fratercula corniculata ) , common puffin ( f . arctica ) , and rhinoceros auklet ( cerorhinca monocerata ) . phd thesis , univ . of alaska , fairbanks . close\nthe densities of horned puffin colonies are determined by nest site availability . the higher the breeding site above the water , the less favorable it is considered to be .\nthe tufted puffin is the largest puffin and is characterized by long , straw - colored feathers that extend back from its crown during the mating season .\nthe greatest natural predator of the puffin is the great black - backed gull . this gull can catch adult puffins in mid - air . the great black - backed gull will circle high above a puffin colony and pick out a solitary puffin and catch it from behind by dive bombing the unwary puffin .\na striking seabird , the horned puffin nests in colonies on islands and coastlines of alaska . it spends most of the year on the high seas of the northern pacific .\nprotection / threats / status : the horned puffin has large populations , although some declines or fluctuations can be reported . but currently , the species is not globally threatened .\nhatch , s . 2002 . activity patterns and monitoring numbers of horned puffins and parakeet auklets .\ntocidlowski , m . , t . cornish , m . loomis , m . stoskopf . 1997 . mortality in captive wild - caught horned puffin chicks ( fratercula corniculata ) .\ntufted puffin \u2013 north pacific . winters as far south as california or honshu .\nand is useful because the colony is very crowded and a puffin is often crossing another puffin\u2019s territory as it walks . the puffins that are guarding burrows usually assume a\ndiet : the horned puffin feeds primarily on numerous fish species . it also takes squid , crustaceans and marine worms . it performs pursuit - diving and can reach about 40 metres depth .\nhorned puffin : eats small fish and invertebrates . forages by diving from the surface and swimming underwater ; spines on tongue and in mouth act as hooks , better enabling capture of fish .\nhorned puffin : one white egg with small dark spots is laid in a crevice or deep hole among boulders . incubation ranges from 40 to 42 days and is carried out by both parents .\nin captivity the horned puffin does not do well , especially when taken as a chick . a chick ' s diet must be supplemented with vitamins or it dies quickly due to malnourishment and bacterial infections .\namaral , m . j . 1977 . a comparative breeding biology of the tufted and horned puffin in the barren islands , alaska . master ' s thesis , univ . of washington , seattle . close\nthe flight of the horned puffin is characterized by a quick take - off . after taking flight these birds beat their wings in a rapid yet shallow pattern . they fly at least thirty meters above the sea .\nthe horned puffin breeds from northern alaska to british columbia in canada . it winters in the ocean off the coast from alaska to washington . occasionally , stragglers make their way down as far south as southern california .\nthe horned puffin breeds from northern alaska to british columbia in canada . it winters in the ocean off the coast from alaska to washington . occasionally , stragglers will make their way down as far south as southern california .\nthe horned puffin ' s legs are set well back on their bodies and it is not very graceful on land , but it is a very good swimmer . it uses its wings to propel themselves and its legs to maneuver .\na puffin can fly 48 to 55 mph ( 77 to 88 km / hr ) . the puffin beats its wings rapidly to achieve this speed reaching up to 400 beats a minute . the wings can move so fast that they become a blur , giving a flying puffin the appearance of a black and white football .\natlantic puffin \u2013 north atlantic shorelines , moves as far south as morocco and new york in the winter .\na puffin also communicates information in its manner of walking . if the puffin is walking rapidly with its head lowered it is saying ,\ni am just passing through and don\u2019t mean any trouble .\nthis is called a\npuffins live for about 20 years in the wild . the oldest known puffin lived to be 36 years old .\nthe horned puffin ' s legs are set well back on its body , and it is not very graceful on land , but it is a very good swimmer . it uses its wings to propel itself in the water and its legs to maneuver .\nresponsible stewardship of puffin colonies also benefits other seabirds such as terns and storm - petrels , which nest compatibly on the same islands . techniques developed to restore the puffin are also useful in managing endangered seabirds such as roseate terns .\nsealy , s . g . 1973b . breeding biology of the horned puffin on st . lawrence island , bering sea , with zoogeographical notes on the north pacific puffins . pac . sci . no . 27 ( 2 ) : 99 - 119 . close\nmore than 40 seabird species in at least 12 countries have benefitted from the seabird restoration techniques developed by project puffin .\nhorned puffins are migratory seabirds of open ocean waters in the winter and coastal islands and rocky cliffs in the summer breeding season . the \u2018horned\u2019 part of their common name is derived from the small , dark , fleshy , horn - like projection above the eye that is present in breeding season .\nflight : the horned puffin can fly but it is better swimmer than flier . it runs briefly over the water surface while beating its wings before to take off . the flight is rather laboured but strong , with rapid wingbeats . it flies high above the water .\nthat has the puffin stand stiffly erect with its beak next to its body and using slow exaggerated foot movements . this makes the puffin look like a soldier on guard duty , which is just what it is doing by guarding the burrow .\npredators of puffins depend on the puffins as food to feed their own young . although the sight of gulls eating a puffin is not pleasant , predation at large colonies does not hurt the puffin colony because the majority of the puffins survive .\nwhile there is little information on the life span of this species , there have been reports that some horned puffins have lived as long as twenty years .\npiatt , john f . and alexander s . kitaysky . 2002 . horned puffin ( fratercula corniculata ) , version 2 . 0 . in the birds of north america ( p . g . rodewald , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , new york , usa .\n) conducted graduate studies on horned and tufted puffins , adding a wealth of new information on breeding biology , behavior , chick growth , diets , and habitat use in the gulf of alaska and the aleutians islands . since then , only a few studies have added substantially to our knowledge of horned puffins ( hatch and hatch\nhabitat : the horned puffin spends the winter at sea , mainly offshore , within the open water areas of the breeding range to the edge of the continental shelf . during the breeding season , it breeds on rocky offshore islands , rocky cliffs , boulder areas and slopes , rarely in burrows .\nrange : the horned puffin breeds off the coasts of siberia , alaska and british columbia . it winters at sea but infrequently in open ocean and rarely beyond the northern half of the boreal zone . its winter range is closely related to sea surface temperatures and food availability , mainly pelagic fish .\na puffin can dive for up to a minute but most dives usually last 20 to 30 seconds . while underwater , the puffin swims by using its wings to push it along under the water almost as if it were flying , while using its feet as a rudder .\nthe horned puffin winters offshore in adjacent areas to breeding grounds , in open waters . dispersions occur after the breeding season in september - october . the northern populations from bering sea move southwards at least to aleutians . the southern populations appear more sedentary with some s movements , even to oregon and california .\nhorned puffin : found along the pacific coast of north america . breeds from northern alaska south to the british columbia border . spends winters at sea south to washington and oregon ; rarely to california . preferred habitats include cold ocean waters , sea cliffs , and rocky or grass - covered islets and rocks .\nharding , a . m . a . 2001 . the breeding ecology of horned puffins fratercula corniculata in alaska . master ' s thesis , univ . of durham , england . close\ndonations and puffin adoptions are tax - deductible . your tax - deductible donation will help us protect important nesting islands for puffins and other rare seabirds in maine .\nhorned puffins live primarily on the open ocean , but return to coastal nesting grounds in summer , where they mate and raise their chicks . they nest in crevices on cliffs and rocky islands , often in dense , large , mixed colonies with other puffins and auks . unlike tufted puffins that nest in burrows , horned puffins seek our rocky crevices and outcroppings for their nests , though some nest in burrows .\nthe puffin\u2019s scientific name , fratercula arctica dates back to the last half of the 1800 ' s . this name means\nlittle brother of the north\nin latin . little brother alludes to ' little friar ' referring to the puffin ' s black and white plumage which is reminiscent of a friar ' s robes . a second connotation of little friar may be drawn from the puffin ' s sometime habit of holding it ' s feet together when taking off , suggestive of hands clasped together in prayer .\nthe open ocean is the winter habitat for horned puffins . in the breeding season , they seek out coastal islands and rocky cliffs . juveniles spend one to two years at sea before coming to land to molt\n. this involves a puffin puffing up their body to look bigger and opening their wings and beak slightly . the wider the beak is opened the more upset the puffin . the puffin may also stomp its foot in place to show its displeasure . the bright colors of the feet and beak help illustrate these motions . if the aggressive encounter escalates into a full - scale brawl the puffins will lock beaks . they will then attempt to topple each other in a wrestling match by using their feet and wings in a flurry of action . a fight may gather a crowd of 10 or more puffin spectators . the combatants may become so involved in the fight they end up rolling off their rocky perch .\nadopt now and receive : a certificate of adoption , a biography of\nyour\npuffin , and the book how we brought puffins back to egg rock by stephen kress .\nhorned puffins nest in bluffs of fractured rock or crevices in cliff faces near the shoreline . they may also create burrows in upland areas . in the semidi islands , they occur in the same habitat as parakeet auklets (\nthe estimated breeding population for horned puffins today is 1 . 2 million birds , with most breeding on islands off the coast of alaska . the largest breeding populations are in the semidi islands with 350 , 000 breeders .\nwehle , d . h . s . 1976 . summer food and feeding ecology of tufted and horned puffins on buldir island , alaska - 1975 . master ' s thesis , univ . of alaska , fairbanks . close\nrange : this species of puffin breeds from northwestern alaska south along coast to central california , and winters at sea throughout the north pacific . also , on northern coast of asia .\npuffins can carry several fish back to their nest at a time . the average catch is around 10 fish per trip but the record in britain is a whopping 62 fish at once ! the puffin\u2019s beak is specialized to hold all these fish . the puffin\u2019s raspy tongue holds fish against spines on the palate , while it opens its beak to catch more fish .\npetersen , m . r . 1983a .\nhorned puffin ( fratercula corniculata ) .\nin the breeding biology and feeding ecology of marine birds in the gulf of alaska . , edited by p . a . baird and p . j . gould , 401 - 426 . natl . ocean . atmos . admin . , ocseap final rep . 45 : u . s . dep . commer . close\nin the summer breeding season , horned puffins have characteristic white\ncheeks .\n\u009d during winter , the white patch becomes darker and the\nhorn\n\u009d above each eye disappears . the bill becomes smaller and duller .\nhorned puffins prey on fish , squid , and marine worms , but the overall impact of this predation on prey populations is unknown . they have little impact on other auks because of the isolated nesting grounds this species prefers .\nvoice : sounds by xeno - canto the horned puffin appears mostly silent outside the breeding season . however , it can become more vocal at the breeding colony , performing some vocal displays associated with threat and defence behaviour , but also as part of courtship and communication between parents and chicks . during the disputes between two males , we can hear some growling \u201carrr\u201d . but usually , puffins are less vocal than other alcidae species .\npuffins are usually 10 inches tall ( 18 cm ) , which is about the height of a quart jug of milk . the puffin weighs about 500 grams , similar to a can of soda\nreproduction : the horned puffin usually reoccupies the colonies between mid - may and early june . the peak of laying occurs from mid - june to mid - july . fledging takes place in september . this species breeds in small to large colonies . the nest is placed in rock crevice or crack in rock substrate , on cliff face , in cavities under boulders or talus slopes . it nests less commonly in burrows excavated in grassy island slopes .\na mating pair produces one egg , which is oval in shape . if the egg is lost it is replaced in 10 to 21 days . the egg itself is gray with purple dots , a type of spotting that suggests an ancestral habit of laying eggs out in the open . horned puffin eggs quickly become covered in guano and other debris . they incubate for around 41 days , and both males and females participate in caring for and incubating eggs .\nthe horned puffin is a small , pigeon - sized bird with black uppersides and a white chest and undersides . it has a white face and cheeks with a small black\nhorn\nabove its eyes and a thin , dark line that runs from its eyes to the nape of its neck . it has a large , triangular orange bill with a red tip . it has bright orange legs and webbed feet with claws on the ends of them .\nthe horned puffin is a small , pigeon - sized bird with black uppersides and a white chest and undersides . it has a white face and cheeks with a small black\nhorn\nabove its eyes and a thin , dark line that runs from from its eyes to the nape of its neck . it has a large , triangular orange bill with a red tip . it has bright orange legs and webbed feet with claws on the ends of them .\nalaskan natives used horned puffins as food and clothing . parkas are made from the tough skin of this auk and the feathers provide the natives with further insulation . the eggs are still collected as food in the bering straight region with minimal effect on the populations .\npuffins make loud growling calls usually from underground which sounds like a muffled chainsaw . the chicks\npeep\nfor food from parents . choose a call from the list below to hear what a puffin sounds like .\npuffins can also help tourism . communities benefit from having a healthy puffin colony to share with tourists who contribute to the local economy when paying to see the birds , stay in hotels , and dine in restaurants .\nnettleship , d . n . , garcia , e . f . j . & boesman , p . ( 2018 ) . horned puffin ( fratercula corniculata ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\ncleptoparasites are birds that steal a puffin\u2019s food . herring gulls often wait for puffins returning from sea with a beakload of fish , pursue them and steal the fish . they also will pull puffin eggs or chicks from their nest . puffins avoid cleptoparasites by dashing for the safety of the burrow entrance to deliver fish and to avoid gulls . puffins often circle past their burrow a dozen times or more waiting for a chance to safely deliver food .\n, horned puffins , is widespread in the pacific and low arctic . it breeds along the coast of british columbia , on some islands and peninsulas around alaska , and along the bering sea coast of russia . it winters off shore , mainly in the north pacific . the species is commonly found on russian islands but can also be seen off the coast of japan and british columbia , rarely as far south as southern california . horned puffins tend to stay in their breeding grounds during the winter as long as the grounds are not iced over .\nthe horned puffin can be found in the northern pacific ocean , from the coast of japan and south - west canada in the south , up to and including the chukchi sea in the north . it breeds on most of the islands and coasts in this area , up to the north of its range on wrangel island , russia , but can only be found breeding as far south as the queen charlotte islands ( canada ) and sakhalinsk ( russia ) ( del hoyo et al . 1996 ) .\nhorned puffins forage off shore close to their breeding colonies , spending most of the year in coastal waters . they show no preference with respect to water temperature or salinity . they winter off - shore , preferring open water areas with large populations of the pelagic fish on which they feed .\nwhile humans have hurt puffin numbers in the past , we also have the ability to restore and protect colonies . we need to reduce pollution of our coasts and do a much better job managing our fisheries . this benefits seabirds and people .\nthe fact that horned puffins are crevice nesting birds has made studying them and monitoring their populations quite difficult . the nesting sites are hard to locate and it may be impractical to count all individuals . instead , counting of individuals must be done by monitoring bird counts at peak season or by counting birds that have been rafted offshore .\nthe most common time for mating is either morning or evening . birds indicate readiness by head flicking , which may be done either on land or in water . during this display , the bill may be open or closed . members of a pair may mutually bow or put their bills side by side . horned puffins form monogamous pairs .\nthe word puffin is thought to be derived from the word \u2018puff\u2019 which refers to swollen . and it is the puffin chick that contributes best to this name because of its round , puffed look resulting from its dense cover of down feathers - an adaptation for retaining body heat while the parent is off fishing . indeed , they resemble little puff balls with beak and feet . puffins have also been called\nclown of the ocean\nand\nsea parrot\nbecause of their clown - like facial markings and colorful beak ( more like that of toucans ) .\nmembers of the alcidae are known for their penguin - like appearance despite being unrelated to the penguin family . alcids are also known for their habit of nesting in dense colonies . to the people of iceland and the faroe islands , the atlantic puffin and their eggs are also known as food .\nmost puffins do not breed until they are 5 years old . the earliest a puffin may breed is at age 3 but this is only known from zoos . puffins live a long time and use their pre - breeding years to learn about feeding places , choosing a mate and nest sites .\noil spilled by tankers and drilling operations can destroy the waterproofing on puffin\u2019s feathers causing them to die of exposure to cold temperatures . also , they become sick when they swallow oil while attempting to clean their feathers . chemicals from farming that flow from farm to river to ocean can also make puffins sick .\npuffins can carry more than one fish at a time in their beaks . the average is about 10 fish per catch , but one was recorded with 62 fish in its mouth ! a puffin ' s raspy tongue holds fish against spines on the palate , while it opens its beak to catch more fish .\nthe great black - backed gull is the greatest predator puffins face in the natural world . the gulls are big enough to pick puffins out of the air or their burrows . fox and rats are further threats from nature . herring gulls don\u2019t hurt the adult puffins themselves , but will often steal their food , sometimes right out of their beaks . humans have had a great impact on various puffin colonies through the years . puffins were ( and still are ) a source of food , and their skins , with feathers intact , were traditionally sewn together to make a waterproof cloak or coat . overfishing and pollution have also taken their toll on puffin colonies .\nuncontrolled tourism can be harmful to puffin colonies because they need solitude to breed . people who get too close may scare off parents from their duties of feeding their chick . as long as tourists stay on boats at a safe distance and do not disturb the puffins , they can easily enjoy watching a colony during the nesting season .\nfights take place frequently , even on rocky slopes , usually when another puffin is perceived to be invading the occupant\u2019s territory . the intruder is threatened with an open bill that exposes the brightly colored mouth lining , head shaking and flicking ( head jerked upward and bent toward the back ) , and side - to - side body rocking .\nhumans have had a very negative effect on puffins in the past . today , there are threats on land and at sea . for example , over - fishing has caused a disaster for the colony on rost island in norway . in recent years puffin parents have not caught enough fish to feed their chicks . thousands of chicks have starved . this happened because people drastically depleted the herring stocks .\npuffins often live 20 years or more . the oldest known puffin lived to be 36 years . maximum age is difficult to determine because while researchers are able to band birds , puffins abrade these bands by nesting among boulders as well as spending the majority of their lives in the open ocean , which causes leg bands to corrode over time . both these mechanisms cause bands to become too worn to read .\nduring winter , the bills and feet of puffins fade to dull shades of their summer colors . every spring their beaks and feet turn a colorful orange in preparation for the breeding season . the beaks and feet of puffins become brightly colored and the beak increases in size as the bird matures . the size and color of puffin beaks may serve as badges of experience and help birds assess the \u2018quality\u2019 of potential mates .\nafter the egg is hatched , parental care continues for 6 days . feeding of a chick is done during the day by both parents . the chick becomes able to manage its own body temperature between 5 and 6 days after hatching . after this and for the next 35 days , the chick is left alone in the nest while both parents bring it food . there is no evidence of post - fledging care and the chicks depart at night by themselves . horned puffins reach reproductive maturity between 3 and 5 years of age .\nfemale horned puffins lay a single egg in the spring , which is incubated by both parents for 41 days . after the egg hatches , the parents tend the chick closely for the next week . the chick is born altricial , but is able to thermoregulate a little over a week after hatching . after that , the chick is left alone in the nest for the next 37 to 46 days while being attended by the parents only for feeding . pairs defend their nests and males defend their mates . males show a threat display and fight if provoked .\nboth parents incubate the egg . they place the egg under a wing and then lean their body against the egg . the egg hatches in about 40 days and both parents feed and protect the chick . when the chick fledges in 40 days , the parents leave the chick and return to the open ocean . the chick then goes out to the open ocean waters and remains there for at least two years . puffins breed in large colonies with the tufted puffin .\nhorned puffins nest in rock cervices in fragments of rocks at the base of a cliff ( talus or scree ) , among beach boulders , and in cracks and crevices in cliff faces . on a few alaskan islands , they also nest in earthen burrows . they excavate and clean their burrows or crevices using their feet , and occasionally the bill . nesting materials include grass , twigs , feathers , and even materials picked up at sea such as floating algae and plastic fishing line and nets . it is not known whether the male , female , or both prepare the nest .\nthese medium sized sea birds have a stout body , short wings , and feet placed far back on the body . breeding ( alternate ) : . adult horned puffins are black with a large white patch on each side of the face and white underparts from the breast to under the tail feathers . they have a large , parrot - like , oversized bright yellow to reddish - orange bill , the end third of which is red . their legs are yellowish - orange to reddish . their eyelids are red . there is a small leathery \u2018horn\u2019 extending upward from above each eye .\nadult puffins mostly eat small fish , such as sand eels , herring , hake and capelin . puffin diets vary from colony to colony because of the variety of fish around the breeding islands . during winter puffins may also eat crustaceans , but their preferred food is fish . the young puffins are usually fed fish by their parents . parents carry fish in their bills and either drop them on the burrow floor or pass them to the chick . parents usually feed the chick several times each day .\npuffins can serve as food for people . locals of the faroe islands , norway and iceland have hunted puffins for centuries . the lofoten people ( norway ) use special puffin dogs to dig birds from burrows among narrow rocks . the iceland and faroe island locals use a fleyg , which looks like a 4 - meter long lacrosse pole , to catch puffins in flight . hunters who do this require great skill and take pride in only taking puffins that are not bringing back food to their young . this reduces the take of breeders , if successful .\npuffins preen on land and in the water . they rub the side of the bill repeatedly on their oil gland and then smear the secretion over the body feathers to waterproof them . wing - flapping is a common behavior in which the puffin lies to one side on the water so that one wing is under - water while the other is held in the air vertical to the water and flapped three to four times in the air . satisfied that one side is clean ; the bird turns onto its other side and repeats the wing - flapping . these behaviors can be watched at the aquarium\u2019s diving bird habitat in the northern pacific gallery .\npuffin chicks leave a colony when they fledge and head off to the ocean without their parents . they remain in the open ocean until they are 2 - 3 years old . then they return to the vicinity of the colony where they hatched and may nest near the burrow where they hatched . scientists are unsure how puffins find their way home and are still learning how birds migrate . the puffins may make a mental map of their birthplace and use this to return later . they may use stars , the earth\u2019s magnetic field , sounds , smells and the visual cues of the ocean to help them make this map . while the ocean appears uniform to us , to seabirds it holds vast amounts of information we can\u2019t sense . we still have much to learn from the migrations of seabirds .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\nthe global population is estimated to number > c . 1 , 200 , 000 individuals ( del hoyo et al . 1996 ) , while the population in russia has been estimated at c . 100 - 100 , 000 breeding pairs and c . 50 - 10 , 000 wintering individuals ( brazil 2009 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be in decline owing to predation by invasive species and ongoing habitat destruction .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nstill abundant in alaska , but undoubtedly has declined on some islands where foxes or rats have been introduced . puffins are considered especially vulnerable to effects of oil spills .\nocean , nesting colonially in burrows or crevices on sea cliffs . during summer usually on ocean waters fairly close to shore of nesting islands ; at other seasons may be very far offshore . nests mainly on rocky islands .\nforages while swimming underwater . swims rapidly through schools of small fish , catching them in bill .\none . dull white , usually with faint spots of gray , lavender , brown . incubation is by both sexes , 38 - 43 days . young : both parents feed nestling , carrying fish in bill and dropping them in nest or near entrance . adults generally forage in waters close to colony , may make more frequent feeding visits than tufted puffins . young depart from nest at about 38 - 44 days ; unable to fly well at departure , they flutter or tumble down to water and swim out to sea , apparently independent from then on .\nboth parents feed nestling , carrying fish in bill and dropping them in nest or near entrance . adults generally forage in waters close to colony , may make more frequent feeding visits than tufted puffins . young depart from nest at about 38 - 44 days ; unable to fly well at departure , they flutter or tumble down to water and swim out to sea , apparently independent from then on .\nmostly fish . favors small fish , especially sand lance and capelin , also sticklebacks , smelt , and others . food brought to young almost entirely fish . adults also eat many squid , marine worms , and crustaceans .\nbreeds in colonies on islands , usually with other species of auks . nest site is in burrow in ground , 1 - 3 ' or longer , perhaps sometimes with two entrances ; also in natural crevice in cliff or among boulders . burrow ( apparently excavated by both sexes ) may be re - used in following years . nest chamber may by lined with grasses or may be bare .\npoorly known . departs from vicinity of northern colonies in winter ( when surrounding waters frozen solid ) . some reportedly winter near aleutians , others may be far out at sea . in some years , numbers found off california in spring , suggesting that they may have wintered very far offshore ( perhaps hundreds of miles ) and come closer to coast on northward migration . an\ninvasion\nonce reached the northwestern hawaiian islands .\naudio \u00a9 lang elliott , bob mcguire , kevin colver , martyn stewart and others .\nas temperatures rise and sea ice melts , our intrepid correspondent heads north to watch scientists test technologies to better understand the arctic .\njoel sartore wants a close - up of every captive species on earth\u2014as many as 12 , 000 animals\u2014before it ' s too late .\ntell congress to oppose a harmful rider that threatens sage - grouse and other wildlife .\ntell congress and the department of the interior to uphold the country ' s most important bird protection law .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\na pelagic animal lives on the open sea . in breeding season it can be found on sea cliffs or on rocky islets .\nin the summer , puffins come in from the open ocean to mate . puffins form pairs that mate for life . a pair usually builds a nest in a crevice in a cliff or in a hole between boulders . the female lays only one egg a year .\nif you find the information on birdweb useful , please consider supporting seattle audubon . donate\nthis is a large and highly varied group of birds that do not have many outward similarities . most are water birds that feed on invertebrates or small aquatic creatures . the order is well represented in washington , with seven families :\nwrangel i , heard i and coasts of chukotskiy peninsula s through kamchatka and commander is to sea of okhotsk , sakhalin and n kuril is , and n & w alaska ( near barrow ; cape lisburne and diomede is ) s through bering sea to aleutians and e through gulf of alaska s to british columbia ( queen charlotte is ) . chiefly pelagic in winter , dispersing over a large area of the central north pacific .\n36\u201341 cm ; 612 g ; wingspan 56\u201358 cm . large , triangular red - tipped yellow bill , laterally compressed , with orangy rictal rosette at gape , yellowish mouth and tongue . . .\ngenerally silent at sea . at breeding colonies , a low - pitched mooing growl usually comprising a few . . .\nmarine , occurring along sea coasts on rocky cliffs and offshore islands . breeds mainly on rocky . . .\npredominantly an inshore feeder during the breeding season , usually within 1\u20132 km from shore , but sometimes 16 km or more out . . . .\nspring arrival and start of breeding variable , with major movement through bering sea during may and reoccupation of colonies usually mid - . . .\nwinters over a broad area of the central north pacific , generally over deep oceanic waters . it is . . .\nnot globally threatened ( least concern ) . the global population is not known precisely , in part because many of the colonies are remote and the birds nest in rock crevices , . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nthe lights in our diving birds habitat are operated by a computer program that changes the amount of light in the exhibit to match that in their far north natural environment where the summer days of the breeding season are long and the winter at sea days very short . during the winter the habitat becomes dark at about 4 pm .\nsummer : gulf of alaska , aleutian islands , bering and chukchi seas , sea of okhotak , kuril islands , rarely british columbia . winter offshore in the central and north pacific ocean . rarely in southern california in late spring .\nnon - breeding ( basic ) : the white face patches become a smoky grayish - brown in front and silver gray in back . the bill is smaller , duller , and the plate that makes up the outer bill covering is lost . the horn is also absent and feet become a pale fleshy color . body plumage becomes blackish - gray above and brownish - gray below .\njuveniles have coloration similar to that of adults in basic plumage ; however , their face patch is smoky black , their bill is shorter , narrower , and entirely grayish - brown , and their upper body plumage is a dull blackish - brown with the underparts dirty white washed with a brownish - gray color .\nadults are 35 . 6 to 38 . 1 cm ( 14 to 15 in ) long and weigh 400 to 600 g ( 14 . 1 to 21 . 1 oz ) .\npuffins breed in colonies . socially monogamous , they form pair bonds that often last for many years . they arrive at the breeding grounds either in pairs or form pairs shortly after arrival . courtship usually takes place on the water and begins with the male lifting his bill straight up , opening and closing his mouth , and jerking his head while the female hutches over low to the water keeping her head and neck close to her body . these actions are followed by billing in which the two birds face each other , waggle their heads , and touch bills repeatedly while opening and closing their mouths .\nthey walk on rocky surfaces in an upright poison clinging to the uneven path with the clawed feet that they also use in nest preparation .\npuffins are well - suited to life at sea . their feathers are waterproof to keep out the cold water in which they dive to feed . their short , stiff wings help them to \u201cfly\u201d underwater in search of prey . their bones are very strong to withstand the pressure underwater . they can store oxygen in their body tissues and also use anaerobic respiration to enable them to make long dives .\nhistorically , puffins were used for food and clothing by some alaskan and canadian native people such as the aleuts and the inuits . reversible parkas made from the skins of about forty - five puffins were worn feathers outside in rainy weather and feathers inside in cold dry weather . bills were used as ornaments on clothing , in children\u2019s rattles , and on mittens worn in ceremonial dances .\nour puffins eat capelin , squid , krill and silversides , and like to be hand - fed . most come right over for their three daily feedings .\nthey know i ' m the guy with the food ,\n\u009d says aviculturist eric miller .\nmost are quite polite .\n\u009d\nhand - feeding is a form of\nenrichment\n\u009d that keeps our birds happy and stimulated , but it also has practical benefits . by using food as reinforcement , eric hopes to be able to train the birds to step on a scale or undergo medical exams .\ntoday tons of plastic trash swirls on ocean currents and seabirds looking for flashing fishes frequently mistake shiny plastic debris for food . with their stomachs full of plastic instead of fish , many oceanic birds risk starvation . you can help : less plastic on land means less plastic in the sea .\nwhile puffins do fly , they mostly swim while at sea . their legs are set far back on their bodies , which means they ' re not very graceful on land , but they ' re very good swimmers .\npuffins use counter - shading to hide from hungry predators . a dark color on top makes it hard for predators above to see they blend with the dark water . the light color on the underside helps them hide from predators swimming below .\nthe mission of the nonprofit monterey bay aquarium is to inspire conservation of the ocean .\nin alaska , 50 % percent of all individuals live ninety kilometers from the mainland of the west coast , on the semidi islands .\n( freethy , 1987 ; gatson , et al . , 1998 ; harrison , 1983 ; hatch , 1983a )\n( freethy , 1987 ; gatson , et al . , 1998 ; hatch , 1983a )\n( gatson , et al . , 1998 ; hoyo , et al . , 1996 )\nmales may perform a swim display in which they raise themselves from the water and extend their necks upwards . then they flick their heads , and at this time mounting is often observed . mating takes place mostly in water with some rare cases on land .\n(\nalaska seabird information series\n, 2006 ; gatson , et al . , 1998 )\nnot much is known about the molting process besides that it takes place in autumn to winter , and bill ornaments are dropped at the end of caring for the chick .\nlike some other marine birds , females have sperm storage glands . it is not known if they are functional .\n( freethy , 1987 ; gatson , et al . , 1998 ; hatch , 1983b )\nis not well studied . some estimates are that it can survive 20 years or more .\nthese birds are usually not vocal but become so when they are threatened . they are diurnal , and peak time for them to be on land is between 8am and 12pm . they do not interact with other auks in their colonies .\nwinters close to the breeding grounds and individuals are interspersed at low densities . over - wintering locations and patterns , however , are poorly known ."]}
+{"id": 814, "summary": [{"text": "calliotropis oros is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family calliotropidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "subspecies calliotropis oros marquisensis vilvens , 2007 calliotropis oros oros vilvens , 2007", "topic": 27}], "title": "calliotropis oros", "paragraphs": ["how can i put and write and define calliotropis oros in a sentence and how is the word calliotropis oros used in a sentence and examples ? \u7528calliotropis oros\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528calliotropis oros\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528calliotropis oros\u9020\u53e5 , calliotropis oros meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .\ncalliotropis oros vivens , 2007 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\n\n' calliotropis oros\n' is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family calliotropidae .\nnew records of 25 calliotropis species from the indo - pacific area are listed , extending the distribution area of some of them . 30 new species and 1 new subspecies are described and compared with similar calliotropis species : calliotropis conoeides n . sp . , calliotropis helixn . sp . , calliotropis cynee n . sp . , calliotropis chalkeie n . sp . , calliotropis ptykte n . sp . , calliotropis solomonensis n . sp . , calliotropis pistis n . sp . , calliotropis echinoides n . sp . , calliotropis cycloeides n . sp . , calliotropis pyramoeides n . sp . , calliotropis coopertorium n . sp . , calliotropis asphales n . sp . , calliotropis nux n . sp . , calliotropis oros n . sp . , calliotropis oros marquisensis n . ssp . , calliotropis zone n . sp . , calliotropis hysterea n . sp . , calliotropis stegos n . sp . , calliotropis oregmene n . sp . , calliotropis cooperculum n . sp . , calliotropis keras n . sp . , calliotropis denticulus n . sp . , calliotropis dicrous n . sp . , calliotropis rostrum n . sp . , calliotropis pheidole n . sp . , calliotropis siphaios n . sp . , calliotropis nomisma n . sp . , calliotropis nomismasimilis n . sp . , calliotropis elephas n . sp . , calliotropis ostrideslithos n . sp . , calliotropis trieres n . sp .\ncalliotropis ( solaricida ) dall , 1919 represented as calliotropis l . seguenza , 1903\nsubgenus calliotropis ( adamsenida ) habe , 1952 represented as calliotropis l . seguenza , 1903\nsubgenus calliotropis ( solaricida ) dall , 1919 accepted as calliotropis l . seguenza , 1903 ( synonym )\n\u00bb species calliotropis ( calliotropis ) acherontis b . a . marshall , 1979 represented as calliotropis acherontis b . a . marshall , 1979 ( original combination )\n\u00bb species calliotropis ( calliotropis ) blacki b . a . marshall , 1979 represented as calliotropis blacki b . a . marshall , 1979 ( original combination )\n\u00bb species calliotropis ( calliotropis ) delli b . a . marshall , 1979 represented as calliotropis delli b . a . marshall , 1979 ( original combination )\n\u00bb species calliotropis ( calliotropis ) eucheloides b . a . marshall , 1979 represented as calliotropis eucheloides b . a . marshall , 1979 ( original combination )\n\u00bb species calliotropis ( calliotropis ) powelli b . a . marshall , 1979 represented as calliotropis powelli b . a . marshall , 1979 ( original combination )\nsubgenus calliotropis ( schepmanotropis ) poppe , tagaro & dekker , 2006 represented as calliotropis l . seguenza , 1903\n2004 . calliotropis micraulax n . sp . , calliotropis derbiosa n . sp . , calliotropis basileus n . sp . and calliotropis excelsior n . sp . are described and compared with similar eicyclinid spcies . recent indo - pacific species belonging to the genus calliotropis are also listed . 13 pp . , 30 figs , 4 .\nspecies calliotropis ammonaformis [ sic ] accepted as calliotropis annonaformis y . c . lee & w . l . wu , 2001 ( misspelling )\n\u00bb species calliotropis ( solaricida ) infundibulum ( r . b . watson , 1879 ) accepted as calliotropis infundibulum ( r . b . watson , 1879 )\nspecies calliotropis crystalophorus b . a . marshall , 1979 accepted as calliotropis crystalophora b . a . marshall , 1979 ( original combination ; incorrect gender ending )\ncalliotropis granolirata ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1903 ) [ 47 ]\ncalliotropis persculpta ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1903 ) [ 78 ]\nspecies calliotropis arenosa helwerda , wesselingh & s . t . williams , 2014 \u2020\nspecies calliotropis scabriusculus ( r . b . watson , 1879 ) accepted as calliotropis tiara ( r . b . watson , 1879 ) ( incorrect gender ending )\nspecies calliotropis annonaformis y . c . lee & w . l . wu , 2001\nspecies calliotropis regalis ( verrill & s . smith [ in verrill ] , 1880 )\nspecies calliotropis scalaris y . c . lee & w . l . wu , 2001\nspecies calliotropis stellaris y . c . lee & w . l . wu , 2001\ncalliotropis annonaformis lee y . c . & wu w . l . , 2001 [ 9 ]\ncalliotropis seguenza , 1903 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 15 february 2011 .\nspecies calliotropis yapensis s . - q . zhang & s . - p . zhang , 2018\ncalliotropis is a genus of sea snails , marine gastropod mollusks in the family calliotropidae . [ 1 ]\ncalliotropis acherontis marshall , 1979 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis antarctica dell , 1990 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis asphales vilvens , 2007 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis babylonia vilvens , 2006 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis basileus vilvens , 2004 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis blacki marshall , 1979 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis bucina vilvens , 2006 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis canaliculata jansen , 1994 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis carinata jansen , 1994 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis chalkeie vilvens , 2007 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis chenoderma barnard , 1963 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis conoeides vilvens , 2007 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis cooperculum vilvens , 2007 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis coopertorium vilvens , 2007 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis crystalophora marshall , 1979 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis cycloeides vilvens , 2007 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis cynee vilvens , 2007 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis delli marshall , 1979 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis denticulus vilvens , 2007 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis derbiosa vilvens , 2004 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis dicrous vilvens , 2007 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis echidna jansen , 1994 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis echidnoides vilvens , 2007 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis elephas vilvens , 2007 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis eltanini dell , 1990 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis ericius vilvens , 2006 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis eucheloides marshall , 1979 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis excelsior vilvens , 2004 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis grata thiele , 1925 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis helix vilvens , 2007 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis hysterea vilvens , 2007 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis keras vilvens , 2007 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis lamellifera jansen , 1994 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis lateumbilicata dell , 1990 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis micraulax vilvens , 2004 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis niasensis thiele , 1925 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis nomisma vilvens , 2007 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis nomismasimilis vilvens , 2007 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis nux vilvens , 2007 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis oregmene vilvens , 2007 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis ostrideslithos vilvens , 2007 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis pataxo absalao , 2009 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis pelseneeri cernohorsky , 1977 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis pheidole vilvens , 2007 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis pistis vilvens , 2007 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis pompe barnard , 1963 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis powelli marshall , 1979 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis ptykte vilvens , 2007 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis pulvinaris vilvens , 2005 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis pyramoeides vilvens , 2007 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis rostrum vilvens , 2007 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis siphaios vilvens , 2007 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis solariellaformis vilvens , 2006 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis solomonensis vilvens , 2007 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis stegos vilvens , 2007 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis trieres vilvens , 2007 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis velata vilvens , 2006 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis zone vilvens , 2007 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\nspecies calliotropis pataxo absal\u00e3o , 2009 accepted as carenzia trispinosa ( r . b . watson , 1879 )\n, new species and new records of calliotropis ( gastropoda : chilodontidae : calliotropinae ) from indo - pacific .\ncalliotropis abyssicola rehder & ladd , 1973 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis actinophora ( dall , 1890 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis aeglees ( watson , 1879 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis bicarinata ( schepman , 1908 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis calatha ( dall , 1927 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis calcarata ( schepman , 1908 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis chuni ( martens , 1904 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis concavospira ( schepman , 1908 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis galea ( habe , 1953 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis glypta ( watson , 1879 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis hataii rehder & ladd , 1973 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis hondoensis ( dall , 1919 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis infundibulum ( watson , 1879 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis limbifera ( schepman , 1908 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis lissocona ( dall , 1881 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis midwayensis ( lan , 1990 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis multisquamosa ( schepman , 1908 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis muricata ( schepman , 1908 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis ottoi ( philippi , 1844 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis pagodiformis ( schepman , 1908 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis patula ( martens , 1904 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis pulchra ( schepman , 1908 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis reticulina ( dall , 1895 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis rhina ( watson , 1886 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis scalaris lee & wu , 2001 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis spinulosa ( schepman , 1908 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis stellaris lee & wu , 2001 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\nnew records of 25 calliotropis species from the indo - pacific area are listed , extending the distribution area of some of them . 30 new species and 1 new subspecies are described and compared with similar calliotropis species : c . conoeides n . sp . ; c . helix n . sp . ; c . cynee n . sp . ; c . chalkeie n . sp . ; c . ptykte n . sp . ; c . solomonensis n . sp . ; c . pistis n . sp . ; c . echidnoides n . sp . ; c . cycloeides n . sp . ; c . pyramoeides n . sp . ; c . coopertorium n . sp . ; c . asphales n . sp . ; c . nux n . sp . ; c . oros n . sp . ; c . oros marquisensis n . ssp . ; c . zone n . sp . ; c . hysterea n . sp . ; c . stegos n . sp . ; c . oregmene n . sp . ; c . cooperculum n . sp . ; c . keras n . sp . ; c . denticulus n . sp . ; c . dicrous n . sp . ; c . rostrum n . sp . ; c . pheidole n . sp . ; c . siphaios n . sp . ; c . nomisma n . sp . ; c . nomismasimilis n . sp . ; c . elephas n . sp . ; c . ostrideslithos n . sp . ; c . trieres n . sp .\ncalliotropis boucheti poppe , tagaro & dekker , 2006 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis francocacii poppe , tagaro & dekker , 2006 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis gemmulosa ( a . adams , 1860 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis malapascuensis poppe , tagaro & dekker , 2006 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis minorusaitoi poppe , tagaro & dekker , 2006 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis philippei poppe , tagaro & dekker , 2006 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis regalis ( verrill & smith , 1880 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis sagarinoi poppe , tagaro & dekker , 2006 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis stanyii poppe , tagaro & dekker , 2006 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 8 february 2011 .\ncalliotropis vilvensi poppe , tagaro & dekker , 2006 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis virginiae poppe , tagaro & dekker , 2006 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis wilsi poppe , tagaro & dekker , 2006 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis yukikoae poppe , tagaro & dekker , 2006 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis spinosa poppe , tagaro & dekker , 2006 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis metallica ( wood - mason & alcock , 1891 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\nspecies calliotropis rhina ( r . b . watson , 1886 ) accepted as solariella rhina ( r . b . watson , 1886 )\ncalliotropis granolirata ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1903 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis persculpta ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1903 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\naccording to the taxonomy of the gastropoda by bouchet & rocroi , 2005 ) the genus calliotropis is placed in the subfamily calliotropinae within the family chilodontidae .\ncalliotropis annonaformis lee y . c . & wu w . l . , 2001 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\nvilvens c . ( 2007 ) new records and new species of calliotropis from indo - pacific . novapex 8 ( hors s\u00e9rie 5 ) : 1 - 72 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nnew species and new records of calliotropis ( gastropoda : chilodontidae : calliotropinae ) from indo - pacific . 72 p . , 1 map , 251 figs , 34 tables , 4to , paperbound ( novapex vol . 8 sp\ndescription of calliotropis ceciliae new species ( gastropoda : chilodontidae : calliotropinae ) from off chile . in 4\u00b0 , offp . , pp . 5 with 16 figs . ( 15 in color ) . offprint from the nautilus 124 ( 2 )\n( of calliotropis ( solaricida ) dall , 1919 ) marshall b . a . ( 1979 ) . the trochidae and turbinidae of the kermadec ridge ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . new zealand journal of zoology 6 : 521 - 552 page ( s ) : 530 [ details ]\nintergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nvilvens c . ( 2012 ) new species and new records of seguenzioidea and trochoidea ( gastropoda ) from french polynesia . novapex 13 ( 1 ) : 1 - 23 . [ 10 march 2012 ] [ details ]\n- note : several protected species are illustrated here only for identification purposes . they are not for sale . - the photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock , except when only one specimen is offered . we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted ( gamma correction ) .\nin continuing your browsing of this site , you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics . learn more about cookies .\nwarning : the data available reflects the progression status of knowledge or the availability of the inventories . it should never be considered as comprehensive .\nnational inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnovapex hors serie no . 5 \u00ab conchological megadatabase iconographic overview on mollusks | conchbooks\nif you do not have an account yet , you can register here first .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail conchbooks office if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\n2000 . new taxa : calliostoma poppei n . sp . , calliostoma emmanueli n . sp . , calliostoma houarti n . sp . 3 pp . + 2 col . pls , 4 .\ndescription of a new species of calliostoma ( trochidae ) from the philippine ilsands . in 4\u00b0 , offp . , pp . 8 with 2 pls . offprint from novapex 1 ( 3 - 4 )\ndescription of a new species of cantrainea ( turbinidae ) from guadeloupe . in 4\u00b0 , offp . , pp . 4 with 1 pl . offprint from novapex 2 ( 4 )\ndescription of a new species of clanculus ( trochidae ) from the new caledonia . in 4\u00b0 , offp . , pp . 6 with 2 pls . ( 1 in colo ) i . offprint from novapex 1 ( 3 - 4 )\ndescription of spectamen rikae n sp ( trochidae : solariellinae ) from the philippine islands . in 4to , offp . , pp . 4 with 1 pl . offprint from novapex vol . 4\ndescription of a new species of drupa ( muricidae : rapaninae ) from the western indian ocean . in 4to , offp . , pp . 8 with 10 figs . offprint from apex 12 ( 4 )\ndescription of three new species of calliostoma ( trochidae ) from the philippine islands . in 4\u00b0 , offp . , pp . 6 with 2 color pls . offprint from novapex 1 ( 1 )\nthree new calliostoma from the philippines . in 4to , offp . , pp . 8 with 2 pls . and 3 figs . offprint from visaya 4 ( 2 )\n2014 . new records of 4 known calliostomatidae species from madagascar area are listed , extending the distribution area of some of them . 9 new species are described and compared with similar species : calliostoma madatechnema n . sp . , calliostoma textor n . sp . , calliostoma parvajuba n . sp . , calliostoma hematomenon n . sp . , calliostoma subalboroseum n . sp . , calliostoma tumidosolidum n . sp . , calliostoma pyrron n . sp . , calliostoma herberti n . sp . and calliostoma wareni n . sp . 29 pp . , 123 figs , stapled 4 .\ngast\u00e9ropodes terrestres \u00e0 coquille communs d ' europe . tome iii : nord de la france , \u00eeles britanniques , pays - bas , ouest de l ' allemagne et suisse\n2014 [ 2018 ] , 2014 . be careful , there is also the option to buy all four issues of this series together for 60 , - \u0080 under order # 32239 . 72 pp . , 20 pls , br . 8 .\ngast\u00e9ropodes terrestres \u00e0 coquille communs d ' europe . tome ii : sud de l ' italie , malte , sud de l ' espagne et portugal\n2012 . be careful , there is also the option to buy all four issues of this series together for 48 , - \u0080 under order # 32239 . 56 pp . , 16 color pls , stapled 8 .\ngast\u00e9ropodes terrestres \u00e0 coquille communs d ' europe . tome i : sud de la france , nord de l ' italie et nord de l ' espagne\n2012 . be careful , there is also the option to buy all four issues of this series together for 48 , - \u0080 under order # 32239 . 72 pp . , 20 color pls , stapled 8 .\ngast\u00e9ropodes terrestres \u00e0 coquille communs d ' europe . tome iv : c\u00f4te dalmate , gr\u00e8ce continentale et cr\u00e8te\n2015 . be careful , there is also the option to buy all four issues of this series together for 48 , - \u0080 under order # 32239 . 80 pp . , 24 pls , stapled 8 .\ngast\u00e9ropodes terrestres \u00e0 coquille communs d ' europe . tome v : iles grecques , chypre et c\u00f4te occidentale de la turquie\n2018 . be careful , there is also the option to buy all four issues of this series together for 60 , - \u0080 under order # 32239 . 60 pp . , 7 color pls , stapled 8 .\nnew species and new records of calliostomatidae ( gastropoda : trochoidea ) from madagascar . in 4to , original wrappers , pp . 29 with 1 color pl . and 153 figs . novapex hors serie n . 9\nnew species and new records of chilodontidae ( gastropoda : vetigastropoda : seguenzioidea ) from the pacific ocean . in 4to , original wrappers , pp . 67 with 21 color pls . and 18 tables . published in novapex hors serie no . 11\n2008 . 271 pp . , 31 col . pls , 6 vols br . 8 .\ntell us what you ' re looking for and once a match is found , we ' ll inform you by e - mail .\ncan ' t remember the title or the author of a book ? our booksleuth is specially designed for you .\nby using the web site , you confirm that you have read , understood , and agreed to be bound by the terms and conditions . \u00a9 1996 - 2018 abebooks inc . all rights reserved . abebooks , the abebooks logo , abebooks . com ,\npassion for books .\nand\npassion for books . books for your passion .\nare registered trademarks with the registered us patent & trademark office .\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation , google , and apple . you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date ? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques ; in live mode . quite the same wikipedia . just better .\nnew insights into the taxonomy of the seguenzioidea were provided by kano ( 2007 ) . [ 3 ]\nthe size of the shell of species in this genus is small to moderate . the iridescent shell is thin and contains a conspicuous umbilicus . its sculpture shows spiral rows with many tubercles .\nthe shells resemble solariella , but differ in the radula , which is longer , with a larger number of uncini . the teeth of the median part are less denticulated . [ 4 ]\nseguenza l . ( 1903 ) . molluschi poco noti dei terreni terziari di messina . bollettino della societ\u00e0 geologica italiana 21 : 455 - 464 page ( s ) : 462\nkano y . ( 2007 ) .\nvetigastropod phylogeny and a new concept of seguenzioidea : independent evolution of copulatory organs in the deep - sea habitats\n. zoologica scripta 37 ( 1 ) : 1 - 21 . doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1463 - 6409 . 2007 . 00316 . x\nschepman 1908 - 1913 , the prosobranchia of the siboga expedition ; leyden , e . j . brill , 1908 - 13 ( described as the new genus solariellopsis )\nmarshall b . a . ( 1979 ) . the trochidae and turbinidae of the kermadec ridge ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . new zealand journal of zoology 6 : 521 - 552 page ( s ) : 530\nvilvens c . ( 2012 ) new species and new records of seguenzioidea and trochoidea ( gastropoda ) from french polynesia . novapex 13 ( 1 ) : 1 - 23 . [ 10 march 2012 ] page ( s ) : 4\nthis page was last edited on 24 february 2018 , at 04 : 56 .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 unported license . non - text media are available under their specified licenses . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation .\npage 25 and 26 : personidae gray , 1854 . a . g . beu ( pe\npage 47 and 48 : mathildidae dall , 1889 ( 2 m . add . )\npage 59 and 60 : buck , p . h . 1953 . explorers of the p\natoll research bulletin no * 267 avifauna of the southwest islands of . . .\natoll research bulletin no . 361 batiri kei baravi : the ethnobotany of . . .\natoll research bulletin no . 392 the flora of - smithsonian institution . . .\natoll research bulletin no . xxx - database of crustacea ( decapoda . . .\natoll research bulletin no . xxx - decapoda , stomatopoda - ecole . . .\natoll research bulletin no . 517 susan e . richardson - smithsonian . . .\nyou have already flagged this document . thank you , for helping us keep this platform clean . the editors will have a look at it as soon as possible .\nseguenza l . ( 1903 ) . molluschi poco noti dei terreni terziari di messina . bollettino della societ\u00e0 geologica italiana 21 : 455 - 464 page ( s ) : 462 [ details ]\ngrammatical gender feminine , as terminating with the feminine classical greek ( and latin ) noun \u201ctropis\u201d , a keel ( iczn art . 30 . 1 . 1 ) . [ details ]\nforgotten the title or the author of a book ? our booksleuth is specially designed for you .\nby using the web site , you confirm that you have read , understood , and agreed to be bound by the terms and conditions . copyright \u00a9 1996 - 2018 abebooks inc . & abebooks europe gmbh . all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\n, stylotelline , a new sesquiterpene isocyanide from the sponge stylotella sp . application of zd - nmr in structure determination\nthe sesquiterpene isocyanide stylotelline isolated from the marine sponge stylotella sp . was asigned the structure 1a ( absolute stereochemietry ) on the basis of spectral - essentially 2d - nmr - and chemical data .\nalcithoe aillaudorum n . sp . is the first alcithoe known outside new zealand waters ; it is however not consider ed a gondwanian vicariant relict but is probably a recent ' immigrant that dispersed from new zealand to new caledonia via the norfolk ridge . lyria exorata n . sp . is known from capel and kelso banks , two submerged flat plateaus surrounded by abyssal depths in the coral sea . l . habei okutani , 1979 is a new record for new caledonia . records of other lyria are reviewed and summarized . although the distribution of lyria in the western pacific corresponds rather well with the limits of the pacific plate , this distribution appears to be a result of constraints in larval biology rather than a reflection of the plate tectonic history of the area .\ngouiff\u00e8s , dani\u00e8le , juge , m . , grimaud , n . , welin , l . , sauviat , p . , barbin , y . , laurent , dominique , roussakis , c . , henichart , j . p . , verbist , j . f .\ntwo cases of human intoxication causes by the lyophilized powder of lissoclinum bistratum sluiter . a new caledonian ascidian are reported . the symptoms observed were caused by a substance designated bistramide a ( c40h68n2o8 ) of hitherto unknown chemical structure . preliminary toxocological investigations indicate that bistramide a may effect the central nervous system leading to paresthesia ans loss of muscle ton . a progressive decrease in cardiac rythm was also observed in animal . bistramide a ( 1 , 4x10m ) did not alter the resting potential of frog heart and skeletal muscle but reduced the amplitude and duration of cardiac action potential ans prolonged the interval between actions potentials , bistramide a also has a marked cytotoxic effect on cancer cells kb and on normal endothelial cells . howewer , it has not , been possible to relate the cytotoxic property to the symptoms of intoxication . bistramidea may originate from the urochordate itself or from symbiotic algae\ngouiff\u00e8s , dani\u00e8le , moreau , s , helbeque , n . , bernier , j . l . , h\u00e9nichard , jean - pierre , barbin , yann , laurent , dominique , verbist , jean - fran\u00e7ois\nmodern two - dimensional nmr techniques have been used here in order to study the structure of a recently isolated cytotoxic drug , bistramide a . mass spectroscopy indicated a mr of 704 corresponding to an apparent molecular formula of c40h68n2o8 . all structural information was obtained from 1h and 13c nmr . 1h - 1h and 1h - 13c cosy in combination with relayed 1h - 1h - 13c cosy and 1h - 13c coloc were used for obtaining all crucial connectivies required for determing the partial structure of this natural product .\nfour new species and one subspecies are described from deep water in the new caledonian region : amalda fuscolingua , a . aureomarginata , a . coriolis , a . bellonarum and a . hilgendorfi richeri . a . montrouzieri ( souverbie , 1860 ) is redescribed and discussed . sem photographs of radulae are included .\nrecent dredgings in waters around new caledonia revealed two new conus species which are described as conus richeri , n . sp . and conus plinthis , n . sp . both new species are compared to closely related species and their variability is enumerated .\n, corallistin a , a second example of a free porphyrin from a living organism . isolation from the demosponge corallistes sp . of the coral see and inhibition of abnormal cells\nit is shown that the demosponge corallistes sp . ( tetractinomorpha , lithistida , corallistidae ) collected in the coral sea , contains corallistin a ( 1 ) , the second example , of a free porphyrin from a living organism . the compound proved to be active against the kb cell line . in contrast with the geoporphyrins which do not bear any o - atom corallistin a ( 1 ) carries two carboxylic groups .\n, corallistine , a new polynitrogen compound from the sponge corallistes fulvodesmus l . & l .\ntwo polynitrogen compounds 1 - methyl - pteridine - 2 , 4 - dione 1b and corallistine 2 were isolated from new - caledonian sponge corallistes fulvodesmus l . & l . the structure of corallistine was determinated by x - ray single cristal analysis of its 6 ' - isobutyloxycarbonyl derivative 3 .\nthe status of the genera isidella , acanella ans lepidisis in the subfamily keratoisidinae is discussed and the new species isidella trichotoma and acanella dispar are described and illustrated . new records of acanella sibogae nutting are presented and description of the species amplified and supported by new illustrations of colony , polyps , and sclerites . ortomisis crosnieri , a new genus and species of keratoisidinae , is described and illustrated . a new key to genera of isidinae and keratoisidinae\nthree novel polyhydroxylated steroids , ( 25s ) - 5a - cholestane - 3\u00df , 5a , 61\u00df5 , a , 1 6\u00df , 26 - hexol 15 - sulphate ( l ) , ( 25s ) - 5a - cholestane - 3\u00df , 6\u00df , 7a , 8 , 15a , 16\u00df , 26 - hept ( 4o ) l and ( 25s ) - 5a - cholestane - 3\u00df , 4\u00df , 6\u00df , 7a , s , - 15a , 16\u00df , 26 - octol ( 5 ) , have been isolated from a pacific deep - water starfish of the genus rosaster . they cooccurr with two known polyhydroxysteroids ( 2 and 3 ) . the novel compound 5 showed antifungal activity .\ndermomurex ( takia ) wareni n . sp . the third pacific ocean species of takia , is characterized by the structure of its intritacalx ; ponderia elephantina n . sp . is nearest to the southeastern australian p . abies houart , 1986 ; pygmaepterys menoui n . sp . , named from a single specimen , is characterized by having 3 varices on the last whorl , distinctive spiral sculpture and broad protoconch ; trophon multigradus n . sp . , has numerous frilled axial lamellae .\nnew caledonia is an island situated in the south west pacific on the edge of the indo - australian plate ( fig . 1 ) . the morphology of the sea - bed in this r\u00e9gion is extremely complex and very varied structures occur . thus the principal island of new caledonia ( the mainland , or ' grande - terre ' ) , and adjacent islands ( the isle of pines and the belep islands ) are an emerged portion of the norfolk ridge , a geosyncline dating from the mesozoic , which extends to new zealand .\n, aulohalaelurus kanakorum n . sp . , a new species of catshark ( carcharhiniformes , scyliorhinidae , atelomycterinae ) from new caledonia\na new catshark , aulohahaelurus kanakorum n . sp . , is described from an adult male collected from off south - western new caledonia . it is the second species in the genus aulohalaelurus , previously restricted to western australia . the new species is distinct from its allopatric congener , aulohalaelurus labiosus ( waite , 1905 ) , mainly by colour pattern , longer interdorsal space , pelvic - anal distance , shorter prepelvic length , morphology of dermal denticles and higher number of diplospondylous vertebrae . a neotype is also designated for a . labiosus ( waite , 1905 ) .\ntwo 3 beta - methoxy secosteriods , named jereisterol a and b were isolated from the pacific sponge jereicopsis graphidiophora levi & levi . their structures , which combine rare 3 beta - methoxy and seco features , were determined as ( 24 r ) 24 - methyl - 3 - beta - methoxy - 8 - alpha , 9 - alpha - oxido - 8 , 9 - secocholesta - 7 , 9 ( 11 ) - diene ( 1 ) and ( 24r ) 24 - methyl - 3 - beta - methoxy - 8 , 14 - secocholesta - 8 , 14 - dione ( 2 ) .\nthe sponge neosiphonia supertes contains 24 ( 28 ) - dehydroaplysterol [ 1 ] and the new steroid ( 25s ) - 26 - methyl - 24 - methylenecholest - 4 - en - 3 - one [ 2 ] .\nroussakis , c . , robillard , n . , riou , d . , biard , j . f . , pradal , p . , piloquet , p . , debitus , c\u00e9cile , verbist , j . f . , 1991 , effects of bistramide a on a non - small - cell bronchial carcinoma line , cancer chemother pharmacol , 28 , 283 - 292\nthe isolation acd characterization of two novel triterpene glycosides from a sponge of the genus eryhs , collected at a depth of 500 m in the south of new caledonia , are described . the structures are characterized by the presence of a branched oligosaccharide chain , compose\u00ed1 of three ( 1 ) and four ( 2 ) d - galactopyranose units , respectively . analysis of the oligosaccaride structures was achieved by { ' h , ' h } correlation spectroscopy , two - dimensional homonuclear hartmann - hahn , and ' h - detected ( ' h , i3c } one bond ( hmqc ) and multiple - bond ( hmi3c ) shift correlation nmr experiments . the novel lanostane derived aglycone features a mre 14 - carboxyl grdup and a 24 - methylene , 25 - methyl side chain .\nmalochet - grivois , c . , roussakis , christos , robillard , n . , biard , j . f . , riou , d . , debitus , c\u00e9cile , verbist , jean - fran\u00e7ois\nthe antiproliferative activity of two nitrogenous labdane cytotoxic substances from lissoclinum voeltzkowi michaelson ( urochordata ) , dichlorolissoclimide ( p2 ) and chlorolissoclimide ( p1 ) , was studied in vitro on a continuous human non small - cell bronchopulmonary carcinoma line ( nsclc - n6 ) at the cell cycle level . this antiproliferative effect resulted from a blockade of g1 phase cells . mortality occurred , regardless of the degree of cell ploidy , with cell transition to an out - of - cycle situation characteristic of a g1d terminal maturation state .\nmarshall , bruce a . , 1992 , a revision of the recent species of eudolium dall , 1889 ( gastropoda : tonnoidea ) , nautilus , 106 , 1 , 24 - 38\nthe complete absolute stereochemistry of two new cytotoxic marine polypropionaies isolated from the saponified extract of the pulmonate mollusc onchidium sp . , onchitriol i and ii ( 4 , 5 ) was established using mosher - trost ' s methodology .\n, 96 . on the novel free porphyrins corallistin b , c , d , and e : isolation from the demosponge corallistes sp . of the coral sea and reactivity of their nickel ( ii ) complexes toward formylating reagents\nreported here are the novel free porphyrins corallistin b , c , d , and e , isolated as methyl esters 2a , 3a , da , and 5a , respectively , from the sponge corallistes sp . ( lithistida ) collected at the basis of the south new caledonian coral reef . a protocol is also established for formylation of their ni\ncomplexes , which show a different reactivity pattern toward dmf / poci , from metal complexes of deuteroporphyrins . together with corallistin a , previously isolated as the methyl ester la , and the known deuteroporphyrin ix ( isolated as 6a ) also present in the sponge , the new corallistins , which may be thought to derive from protoporphyrin viu heme , account for an amazing 60 % of the etoh extract from the sponge .\nde riccardis , francesco , minale , luigi , iorizzi , maria , debitus , c\u00e9cile , l\u00e9vi , claude , 1993 , marine sterols . side - chain - oxygenated sterols , possibly of abiotic origin , from the new caledonian sponge stelodoryx chlorophylla , journal of natural products , 56 , 2 , 282 - 287\nespada , alfonso , jim\u00e9nez , carlos , debitus , c\u00e9cile , riguera , ricardo , 1993 , villagorgin a and b . new type of indole alkaloids with acetylcholine antagonist activity from the gorgonian villagorgia rubra , tetrahedron letters , 34 , 48 , 7773 - 7776\nmoretti , christian , debitus , c\u00e9cile , fournet , a . , sauvain , m . , bourdy , g . , laurent , d . , 1993 , diversite biologique tropicale et innovation therapeutique . les recherches menees par l\u2019orstom , ann . soc . belge m\u00e9d . trop . , 73 , 169 - 178\nbewley , carole a . , debitus , c\u00e9cile , faulkner , d . john , 1994 , microsclerodermin - a and b - antifungal cyclic - peptides from the lithistid sponge microscleroderma sp , journal of the american chemical society , 116 , 17 , 7631 - 7636\nbouquet - kondracki , m . l . , martin , m . t . , debitus , c\u00e9cile , guyot , m . , 1994 , 12 - epi - heteronemin new sesterterpene from the marine from the marine sponge hyrtios erecta , tetrahedron letters , 35 , 1 , 109 - 110\nkourany - lefoll , elly , lapr\u00e9vote , olivier , s\u00e9venet , thierry , montagnac , alain , pa\u00efs , mary , 1994 , phloeodictines al - a7 and cl - c2 , antibiotic and cytotoxic guanidine alkaloids from the new caledonian sponge , phloeodictyon sp . , tetrahedron letters , 50 , 11 , 3415 - 3426\na large collection of species of the genus munida has been examined and found to contain 56 undescribed species . the specimens examined were caught mainly off new caledonia , chesterfield islands , loyalty islands , matthew and hunter islands . several samples from kiribati , the philippines and indonesia have also been included . the specimens were collected between 6 and 2 049 m . some species previously known in the area ( af . gracilis , m . haswelli , m . microps , m . spinicordata and m . tubercidata ) have been illustrated . these results point up the high diversity of this genus in the region and the importance of several characters in species identification ( e . g . , size and number of lateral spines on the carapace , ornamentation of the thoracic sternites , size of antennular and antennal spines , colour pattern ) .\n, fasciospongides a , b , and c , new manoalide derivatives from the sponge fasciospongia sp .\nthree new manoalide - related sesrerrerpenes . fasciospongides a [ 1 ] , b [ 2 ] , and c [ 3 ] , have been isolated from the sponge fasciospongia sp . and their structures elucidated by spectral methods .\n, deep - water cones ( gastropoda : conidae ) from the new caledonia region .\nbiologically active sesterterpenes of the manoalide family , thorectolide monoacetate ( 1 ) co - occurring with thorectolide ( 2 ) , were isolated from a marine sponge hyrtios sp . collected in new caledonia .\nd ' auria , valeria , zampella , angela , paloma , luigi gomez , minale , luigi , debitus , c\u00e9cile , roussakis , christos , le bert , val\u00e9rie , 1996 , callipeltins b and c ; bioactive peptides from a marine lithistida sponge callipelta sp . , tetrahedron letters , 52 , 48 , 9589 - 9596\n, from inactive nortopsentin d , a novel bis ( indole ) alkaloid isolated from the axinellid sponge dragmacidon sp . from deep waters south of new caledonia , to a strongly cytotoxic derivative\nnortopsentin d ( s ) , a bis ( indo1e ) alkaloid unique for bearing a 2 - amino - methylimidazole appendage at the central lh - imidazol - 5 ( 4h ) - one nucleus , was isolated in abundance , besides the putative biogenetic precursor 6 of its appendage , from the deep - water axinellid sponge dragmacidon sp . structural elucidation of 5 by nmr and ms methods heavily relied on its n - methyl derivatives 8 - 11 . unusually for topsentin - type structures , natural 5 and semisynthetic methyl derivatives 8 and 10 proved inactive on kb tumoural cells , while introduction of the last three methyl groups , amazingly led to highly cytotoxic 11 .\nmontagnac , alain , martin , m . - t . , debitus , c\u00e9cile , pa\u00efs , mary\none known drimane sesquiterpene ( 1 ) and five new ones ( 2 - 6 ) have been isolated from the sponge dysidea fusca . their structures were elucidated mainly by 2d nmr . the relative stereochemistry at c - 11 of 1 has been corrected to h - 11 beta .\nvassas , a . , bourdy , g . , paillard , j . j . , lavayre , j . , pa\u00efs , mary , quirion , j . c . , debitus , c\u00e9cile , 1996 , naturally occurring somatostatin and vasoactive intestinal peptide inhibitors . isolation of haloids from two marine sponges , planta medica , 62 , 28 - 30\n, callipeltoside a : a cytotoxic aminodeoxy sugar - containing macrolide of a new type from the marine lithistida sponge call\u00ecpelta sp .\na cytotoxic glycoside macrolide , callipeltoside a , has been isolated from the marine lithistid sponge callipelta sp . , collected off new caledonia . structural assignent was accomplished through extensive 2d nmr spectroscopy . the complete relative stereochemistry is proposed from the analysis of roesy and noe difference experiments . callipeltoside a ( 1 ) represents the first member of a new class of marine - derived macrolides , containing unusual structural features including a 4 - amino - 4 , 6 - dideoxy - 2 - 0 , 3 - c - dimethyl - & talopyranosyl - 3 , 4 - urethane unit .\n, lutoside : an acyl - l - ( acyl - 6 ' . mannobiosyl ) - 3 - glycerol isolated from the sponge - associated bacterium micrococcus luteus\nlutoside , an unusual acyl - l - ( acyl - 6 ' - mannobiosyl ) - 3 - glycerol 1 was isolated from the sponge - associated bacterial strain microccocus luteus . sructure elucidation was performed by sprectroscopic analysis and chemical transformations .\nan examination of extensive collections made in new caledonia and nearby islands by the orstom center in noum\u00e9a , new caledonia , of collections kept at various museums , and collections of live material made by the author in new caledonia and in queensland , australia , has revealed that a total of 20 species belonging to five genera of trapeziid crabs inhabit the coral sea region . two of the species belonging to the genus trapezia are described as new . the taxonomic status of several species , particularly trapezia cymhce ( herbst , 1801 ) , is also revised .\ndavie , peter j . f . , crosnier , alain , 1997 , crustacea decapoda : deep water xanthoidea from the south - western pacific and western indian ocean , r\u00e9sultats des campagnes musorstom , m\u00e9moires du mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle , 18 , 176 , 337 - 387\nalong with two known cheilanthane sesterterpene lactones , 1 and 2 , eight new related sesterterpenes ( 3 - 10 ) and two new nor - sesterterpenes ( 11 and 12 ) have been isolated from the new caledonian marine sponge petrosuspongia nigra bergquist 1995 ( new genus , new species ) . their structures were determined from 1d and 2d nmr studies and mass spectral data . they exhibited cytoxicity against the nsclc - n6 human bronchopulmunary non - small - cell - lung carcinoma cell lines .\n, callipeitosides b and c , two novel cytotoxic glycoside macrolides from a marine lithistida sponge callipelta sp .\nfollowing the characterization of callipeltoside a ( 1 ) , the first member of a novel class of marine glycoside macrolides , two more bioactive constituents , callipeltoside b ( 2 ) and c ( 3 ) , were isolated from callipelta sp . in very low amounts . the structures , assigned on the basis of spectral analysis , include the same 14 - membered macrolide as in callipeltoside a ( 1 ) but differed in the saccharide moieties .\n, indo - west pacific ranellidae , bursidae and personidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . a monograph of the new caledonian fauna and revisions of related taxa - r\u00e9sultats des campagnes musorstom\n, azt\u00e9quynol a , the first clearly defined , c - branched polyacetylene and the analogue azt\u00e9quynol b . isolation from the tropical marine sponge petrosia sp .\naztequynol a ( 1 ) , isolated from the nepheliospongid sponge , petrosia sp . , from the banc azteque off new caledonia , represents the first case of a structurally defined c - branched polyacetylene based on high - energy collisionally - activated decomposition tandem mass spectrometry of lithium adducts which may have wide application in natural product structural analysis .\nmetabolites isolated from marine inverte - brates , callipeltin a 1 , crambescidin 2 , ptilomycalin a 3 , celeromycalin 4 , gymnochrome b 5 , gymnochrome d 6 and isogymnochrome d 7 previously shown bioactive on either herpes simplex virus 1 ( 2 , 3 , 4 ) or human immunodeficiency virus ( 1 , 5 , 6 , 7 ) , were tested on a new in vitro bioassay using the dengue virus 1 . only gymnochrome d and isogymnochrome d isolated from the living fossil crinoid gymnocrinus richeri are highly potent dengue antiviral agents .\nschubot , florina d . , bilayet hossain , m . , van der helm , dick , pa\u00efs , mary , debitus , c\u00e9cile\nthe structure and absolute configuration ( 3r , 17r ) of the indole alkaloid arborescidine c were determined by x - ray diffraction . the six - membered ring assumes a half - chair conformation and the seven - membered ring has a twist - like conformation . the crystal packing is characterized by intermolecular hydrogen - bonding between the hydroxyl group and nitrogen atom n4 which leads to the formation of infinite chains of molecules along the a - axis of the crystal . the absolute configurations of two related indole alkaloids , arborescidine b and arborescidine d are inferred from the experimentally determined configuration of arborescidin c molecule . a comparison of the present structure with that of a related indole alkaloid akagerine showed significant conformational and configurational differences . crystal data : c16h19n2obr , orthorhombic , p21212 , a = 10 . 3376 ( 8 ) , b = 15 . 461 ( 4 ) , c = 9 . 2094 ( 9 ) a , v = 1471 . 9 ( 6 ) a3 , z = 4 , dcalc = 1 . 510 g cm - 3 , a = 1 . 54178a .\nthe genera cantharus r\u00f6ding , 1798 , pollia gray in sowerby , 1834 , and cancellopollia n . g . ( type species : c . gracilis n . sp . ) are pisaniine buccinids having a small tooth ( labral spine ) at the edge of the crenulated outer lip . as defined and restricted here , these genera have a mainly indo - west pacific distribution . cantharus septemcostatus n . sp . , pollia pellita n . sp . , cancellopollia gracilis n . sp . , and c . ustulata n . sp . , are reported from deep water in the new caledonia region , and cantharus leucotaeniatus kosuge , 1985 and pollia vicdani ( kosuge , 1984 ) n . comb . are from the vanuatu . despite a narrow bathymetric ( 4154 - 560 m ) and horizontal ( northernmost norfolk ridge ) distribution , cancellopollia gracilis exhibits remarkable variation , with highly localised morphs .\ngarcia , angel , lenis , luis a . , jim\u00e9nez , carlos , debitus , cecile , qui\u00f1o\u00e1 , emilio , riguera , ricardo\nsysoev , alexander v . , bouchet , philippe , marshall , bruce a .\none species of gibberula , three species of dentimargo , and one species of protoginella are described as new from bathyal levels south from new caledonia . dentimargo caledonicus ( cossignani , 2001 ) is redescribed and a new type locality is proposed . some elements are given about the apparent distribution of the six species .\nserratifusus darragh , 1969 comprises five r\u00e9cent species , ail from new caledonia , of which three are described as new : serratifusus excelens sp . nov . , s . harasewychi sp . nov . and 5 . sitanius sp . nov . formerly known from new caledonia by only one species , the genus euthria m . e . gray , 1850 is enriched with three new species : euthria cumulata sp . nov . , e . scepta sp . nov . and e . solifer sp . nov .\nsiphonofusus\nvicdani kosuge , 1992 , a species with uncertain generic placement , and previously only known from the philippine islands and australia , is now recorded from off new caledonia ."]}
+{"id": 847, "summary": [{"text": "the pyrenean rock lizard ( iberolacerta bonnali ) is a species of lizard in the family lacertidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is endemic to the pyrenees where it occurs at high altitudes and is only active in summer . ", "topic": 13}], "title": "pyrenean rock lizard", "paragraphs": ["pyrenean rock lizard on wikipedia ( just a ' stub ' when linked ) .\npyrenean rock lizard close - up : note the pale throat and long toes ( cd ) .\npyrenean rock lizard , col de tentes , september 2015 ( jean dunn ) . note the long toes .\nthe pyrenean rock lizard is classified as near threatened ( nt ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nthe peak of thermoregulation effectiveness : thermal biology of the pyrenean rock lizard , iberolacerta bonnali ( squamata , lacertidae ) .\nthe pyrenean rock lizard is endemic to the central pyrenees mountains of france and spain ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 5 ) .\nthe peak of thermoregulation effectiveness : thermal biology of the pyrenean rock lizard , iberolacerta bonnali ( squamata , lacertidae ) . - pubmed - ncbi\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive photo - pyrenean rock lizard on moss\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive photo - pyrenean rock lizard on moss\ntitle =\narkive photo - pyrenean rock lizard on moss\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthe rather uniform grey back of the pyrenean rock lizard is the best identification feature . it is darker on the flanks and has a pale throat .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - pyrenean rock lizard ( iberolacerta bonnali )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - pyrenean rock lizard ( iberolacerta bonnali )\ntitle =\narkive species - pyrenean rock lizard ( iberolacerta bonnali )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\niberolacerta bonnali differs from other pyrenean rock lizard species by the following characters : iberolacerta aranica has the three characteristic big masseteric scales . iberolacerta aurelioi frequently has a yellow underside .\nthe carpetane rock lizard is a small lizard with an exceptionally long tail almost twice the length of its body ! while young . . . more 3 images 0 videos\nthe pyrenean rock lizard iberolacerta bonnali is found in a restricted area in the central pyrenees , in both france and spain , that area being in the high pyrenees ( 1700 to 3000m ) just south of our french pyrenees base in g\u00e8dre ( see map here ) . it\u2019s closely related to the iberian rock lizard and there are two further recently separated species , aran rock lizard iberolacerta aranica and aurelio ' s rock lizard iberolacerta aurelioi confined ( on present knowledge ) to mountain blocks a little farther east , towards andorra .\nhoneyguide has found the pyrenean rock lizard at col de tentes , where these photos were taken , and troumouse . as you might expect , a sunny day while soaking up heat on a rock is the best time to see this species .\nlike other west indian rock iguanas ( cyclura spp . ) , the northern bahamian rock iguana is a large and robust ' dinosaur - like ' lizard . . . more 6 images 0 videos\non this day , we went looking for the first out of three pyrenean endemic lizards . we walked from the ordesa car park towards the circo de cotatuero . along the river on some rocks , i was able to spot the first pyrenean rock lizard (\ncirque de troumouse , september 2012 : pyrenean brook newt habitat ( cd ) .\nmore photos of pyrenean brook newts on www . euro . herp . com .\nbelonging to the lacertidae family , sometimes called the true lizards , the iberian rock lizard has a robust , flattened body with . . . more 3 images 0 videos\nat the ibero - pyrenean suture zone reveals lowland barriers and high - elevation introgression .\nthe saint croix ground lizard is a small lizard characterised by a distinctive pattern of longitudinal stripes down its back and . . . more 8 images 0 videos\nbahamas rock iguanas are part of a group of large , ' dinosaur - like ' lizards known as the west indian rock iguanas ( cyclora . . . more 6 images 0 videos\nthis species\u2019 diet usually consists of grasshoppers , ladybirds , bees and spiders , which it catches by actively searching on the ground . the pyrenean rock lizard typically hunts around rocky ledges near to meadows and streams where its invertebrate prey is most abundant ( 2 ) .\nfound in only one tiny area in spain , the pe\u00f1a de francia rock lizard is probably one of the most threatened vertebrates in europe . . . . more 4 images 0 videos\ndescribed to science as recently as 1993 , the aran rock lizard is known only from a tiny area on the border of france and spain . . . . more 3 images 0 videos\nthe gila monster is the largest lizard in the united states , and one of only two species of venomous lizard in the world . it has . . . more 12 images 14 videos\nmouret v , guillaumet a , cheylan m , pottier g , ferchaud al , et al . ( 2011 ) the legacy of ice ages in mountain species : post - glacial colonization of mountain tops rather than current range fragmentation determines mitochondrial genetic diversity in an endemic pyrenean rock lizard . j biogeogr 38 : 1717\u20131731 .\nthe pyrenean rock lizard is a large lizard growing to a snout - to - vent length of 6 cm ( 2 . 4 in ) with a tail about double its body - length . its dorsal colour is greyish - brown , sometimes finely flecked with dark markings but without significant striping . the flanks are dark , sometimes with slight pale flecking . the underparts are white , greyish or greenish . [ 4 ]\n) that was found on the road . we drove on to france and visited another site for pyrenean rock lizard , near the lac de cap de long . it started to rain a bit . just as the rain stopped and the first sun beams came through , i caught an asp viper near lac d ' oredon .\n) . we went from bagergue towards the estany de liat . from cabana des calhaus upwards , we could find a lot of aran rock lizards . another asp viper was caught and also common frog , palmate newt , fire salamander , common wall lizard and viviparous lizard were seen . of the latter , also eggs where found , as pyrenean populations are oviparous . on the road between salardu and bagergue , stefanie found a dead western whip snake (\nthe pyrenean rock lizard is assessed by the international union for conservation of nature as being\nnear threatened\n. this is because , although the population seems to be stable and the lizard is present in a number of national parks and protected areas , it is vulnerable to disturbance to its habitat from skiing developments , the building of tracks and the overgrazing of cattle . it may also be affected in the future by climate change . [ 1 ]\nvences , miguel ; rey , jorge ; puente , marta ; miramontes , calia ; dominguez , manuel . 1998 . high altitude record of the pyrenean lizard , lacerta bonnali . zeitschrift f\u00fcr feldherpetologie 5 : 249 - 251 .\nabronia fuscolabialis ( mount zempoaltepec alligator lizard ) - status : endangered b1ab ( iii ) ver 3 . 1\nabronia graminea ( terrestrial arboreal alligator lizard ) - status : endangered b1ab ( iii ) ver 3 . 1\n) . afterwards , we continued our walk towards faja rac\u00f3n and then back down to the car park . along this walk , we saw some chamois and at a stream , we found again some pyrenean stream frog and pyrenean brook newt .\njuvenile pyrenean rock lizards are usually uniform grey or greyish - brown on the back and tail , occasionally with some darker markings , while the belly is white with dark spots . on rare occasions the tail may have a bluish colouration ( 2 ) ( 3 ) .\nabronia chiszari ( chiszar ' s arboreal alligator lizard ) - status : endangered b1ab ( iii ) ver 3 . 1\nabronia matudai ( matuda ' s arboreal alligator lizard ) - status : endangered b1ab ( iii ) ver 3 . 1\npyrenean brook newts . top , head and tail if you look carefully , september 2012 . bottom , june 2012 ( cd ) .\nmayer w , arribas o ( 1996 ) allozyme differentiation and relationship among the iberian - pyrenean mountain lizards . herpetozoa 9 : 57\u201361 .\nmil\u00e1 b , surget - groba y , heulin b , gos\u00e1 a , fitze ps . multilocus phylogeography of the common lizard\ninformation on the lizard buzzard is currently being researched and written and will appear here . . . more 6 images 0 videos\nacanthodactylus blanci ( blanc ' s fringe - toed lizard ) - status : endangered b1ab ( iii ) ver 3 . 1\nmouret v , guillaumet a , cheylan m , pottier g , ferchaud al , crochet pa : the legacy of ice ages in mountain species : post - glacial colonization of mountain tops rather than current range fragmentation determines mitochondrial genetic diversity in an endemic pyrenean rock lizard . j biogeogr . 2011 , 38 : 1717 - 1731 . 10 . 1111 / j . 1365 - 2699 . 2011 . 02514 . x .\nwe moved on to our next stay , at the pn ordesa in spain . we stopped near urdos and found green lizard (\nthis species is found in rocky alpine habitats , such as stony meadows , rock outcrops and gravelly slopes . it is an egg - laying species .\ninformation on the bronzeback snake - lizard is currently being researched and written and will appear here . . . more 2 images 0 videos\ninformation on the african large - grain lizard is currently being researched and written and will appear here . . . more 13 images 0 videos\ninformation on the african spiny - tailed lizard is currently being researched and written and will appear here . . . more 8 images 0 videos\nrestricted to theharsh , rocky mountain climate of the pyrenees , the pyrenean rock lizard inhabits alpine and subalpine habitats , including rocky slopes , outcrops and scree ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 5 ) . it is usually found in fairly sheltered habitats ( 3 ) , and may often be found close to alpine meadows , especially near lakes and mountain streams . it occurs between elevations of 1 , 580 and 3 , 060 metres ( 1 ) ( 2 ) .\nthe pyrenean rock lizard is found in france and spain in the pyrenees mountains at altitudes of between 1 , 700 and 3 , 000 metres ( 5 , 600 and 9 , 800 ft ) . its natural habitats are rocky crags and screes in limestone , slate and schist areas . it is frequently found on rocks close to alpine meadows and near torrents and glacial lakes . it is only active for a short period of the year in summer . [ 4 ]\nthe clanwilliam rock - catfish , found only in a few streams in south africa , belongs to the family of austroglanididae catfishes . . . more 3 images 0 videos\nthe specific name , bonnali , is in honor of the count of bonnal who collected amphibians and reptiles while living at montgaillard , hautes - pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es . [ 3 ] the aran rock lizard was initially included here as a subspecies , iberolacerta bonnali aranica , but is now considered a distinct species , iberolacerta aranica .\nprotected areas have long been considered one of the most effective tools to conserve biodiversity , but their effectiveness in securing species under rapid climate change is uncertain ( 6 ) . in total , around three - quarters of the pyrenean rock lizards range is afforded some level of protection by inclusion in a park , reserve or protected area ( 2 ) .\nat lower altitudes in the french pyrenees , the more strongly marked common wall lizard podarcis muralis is , indeed , common . these were photographed in g\u00e8dre .\nthe san salvador iguana is a strikingly handsome lizard , exhibiting an impressive crest of spiny scales down its back and . . . more 7 images 0 videos\nthis medium - sized rodent was believed to be extinct until it was rediscovered in 1996 . these stocky rock - rats are yellowish - brown . . . more 5 images 1 video\nthe pyrenean rock lizard in listed on appendix iii of the bern convention , which aims to conserve the wild flora and fauna of europe and their natural habitats ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ( 7 ) . this species is found in a number of national parks , reserves and other protected areas , including ordesa - monte perdido and aig\u00fcestortes - estany de sant maurici national parks , the biosphere reserve of ordesa - vi\u00f1amala and the the natural park of posets - maladeta in spain ( 1 ) ( 2 ) .\nnamed after the place of its home , the pyrenean desman is a small aquatic insectivore closely related to moles , also known as the . . . more 6 images 1 video\nthe collared iguana is the most common lizard species in the western forests of madagascar and the largest species in the opluridae . . . more 8 images 0 videos\nacanthodactylus schreiberi ( schreiber ' s fringe - fingered lizard ) - status : endangered a2c ; b2ab ( i , ii , iii , iv ) ver 3 . 1\nthe chinese crocodile lizard is so named for the appearance of its tail , which has an enlarged pair of scales running in two . . . more 9 images 1 video\nthe fiji banded iguana is a spectacularly beautiful , large , emerald - green lizard named for the highly distinctive , broad , vertical . . . more 13 images 0 videos\nthe fiji crested iguana is a large stocky lizard , which was first discovered in 1979 . dr john gibbons found the iguana whilst . . . more 5 images 3 videos\nthe spineless forest lizard is one of four calotes species endemic to sri lanka , which all share a common set of characteristics . . . . more 2 images 0 videos\narribas oj : morphological variability of the cantabro - pyrenean populations of zootoca vivipara ( jaquin , 1787 ) with description of a new subspecies . herpetozoa . 2009 , 21 : 123 - 146 .\nthis species ' alternative names , the barbary ape or rock ape are misleading ; for though it lacks a tail , as do apes , it is in fact . . . more 20 images 19 videos\nthe bermuda skink is a small robust lizard . the skin is shiny with conspicuous scales and adults are a dark brown / black colour . . . more 2 images 1 video\nthe chevron skink is new zealand ' s largest living endemic lizard and one of its rarest , and is named after its very distinctive . . . more 5 images 0 videos\nwhile this peculiar reptile may look like a snake , it is actually a lizard . it lacks forelimbs but it does have tiny hindlimbs . . . more 1 image 0 videos\ntennent ' s leaf - nosed lizard is one of five ceratophora species endemic to sri lanka , commonly known as ' horn - nosed . . . more 6 images 0 videos\nstaying in vicdessos , we went towards the port del rat . a first try didn ' t give exactly what we wanted ( though a lot of viviparous lizard , some common frog and a pyrenean brook newt ) . after a phone call to an omniscient informant , we realised that we had been looking in the wrong place and the next day , we went up the mountain once more - this time without the hyla people , as they went home already . this second time was a better try , as now we were able to spot a lot of aurelio ' s rock lizards (\nthis small lizard , from the harsh , rocky environment of the pyrenees , has grey - brown skin on its back , generally patterned with . . . more 3 images 0 videos\nthe brothers island tuatara is one of the oldest animals in the world today . it may look like a lizard but it belongs to the order . . . more 11 images 0 videos\nthe hierro giant lizard is a stocky reptile with a broad head and pronounced jowls ( flesh under the lower jaw ) . it is dark grey . . . more 1 image 0 videos\nthe pygmy lizard is one of 14 agamid species endemic to sri lanka . one of the slowest - moving reptiles in the country , the pygmy . . . more 1 image 0 videos\nthe sail - fin lizard is notable not only for its impressive size of up to a metre in length , but also for its rather spectacular . . . more 6 images 0 videos\nthis plump lizard can grow up to 60 centimetres , making it by far the largest of the chuckwallas ( sauromalus ) , and similar in size . . . more 9 images 0 videos\nmetallinou m , \u010dervenka j , crochet p - a , kratochv\u00edl l , wilms t , geniez p , shobrak my , brito jc , carranza s . species on the rocks : systematics and biogeography of the rock - dwelling\nmayer , werner ; arribas , oscar j . 1996 . allozyme differentiation and relationship among the iberian - pyrenean mountain lizards ( squamata : sauria : lacertidae ) . herpetozoa 9 ( 1 / 2 ) : 57\u00a161 .\ntwo specimens of pyrenean brook newt from berga ( locality 8 in fig . 1 ) and one specimen of the new species from locality b1 from el montseny were stained with alizarin red and cleared in koh and glycerine .\n) . at some ponds near delfia , we found plenty of spanish terrapin , the same amphibians plus larvae of western spadefoot . near the river of rabos , we saw a subadult ocellated lizard (\nmonasterio c , salvador a , iraeta p , d\u00edaz ja ( 2009 ) the effects of thermal biology and refuge availability on the restricted distribution of an alpine lizard . j biogeogr 36 : 1673\u20131684 .\nthe pyrenean brook newt euproctus asper ( or calotriton asper ) , also known as the pyrenean brook salamander , is found only in the pyrenees \u2013 in france , spain and andorra . it lives in cold mountain streams with stony beds , in lakes and sometimes in caves . here , at 700 to 2 , 500 metres ( 2 , 300 to 8 , 200 ft ) , it feeds on insects and other invertebrates and can itself be taken by trout .\nodierna , gaetano ; aprea , gennaro ; arribas , oscar j . ; capriglione , teresa ; caputo , vincenzo ; olmo , ettore . 1996 . the karyology of the iberian rock lizards . herpetologica 52 ( 4 ) : 542 - 550 .\narnold en , arribas o , carranza s ( 2007 ) systematics of the palaearctic and oriental lizard tribe lacertini ( squamata : lacertidae : lacertinae ) , with descriptions of eight new genera . zootaxa 1430 : 1\u201386 .\nthe first seoane ' s viper ( vipera seoanei ) another one jan ( vdv , again the hyla gang leader ) shooting the viper a black one animal showing the so - called bilineata pattern the habitat . . . pyrenean stream frog ( rana pyrenaica )\n) in the ibero - pyrenean region . the species has a broad eurasian distribution composed largely of viviparous lineages , yet individuals in this region belong to an oviparous lineage isolated from the nearest viviparous populations in the french massif central by a gap of unsuitable habitat [\ncitation : rem\u00f3n n , gal\u00e1n p , vila m , arribas o , naveira h ( 2013 ) causes and evolutionary consequences of population subdivision of an iberian mountain lizard , iberolacerta monticola . plos one 8 ( 6 ) : e66034 . urltoken\nthe molecular identity of all pyrenean populations of e . asper contrasts with the relatively high degree of morphological variation in body size , colour pattern , skin granulation and ecology that exists among them ( thorn , 1968 ; clergue - gazeau & mart\u00ednez - rica , 1978 ; clergue - gazeau & bonnet , 1980 ; serra - cobo et al . , 2000a ) . as a result of these differences , many species , subspecies and forms of pyrenean brook newt have been described in the past , all of which are now considered synonyms of e . asper .\ngodinho r , mendon\u00e7a b , crespo eg , ferrand n ( 2006 ) genealogy of the nuclear beta - fibrinogen locus in a highly structured lizard species : comparison with mtdna and evidence for intragenic recombination in the hybrid zone . heredity 96 : 454\u2013463 .\nzamudio kr , sinervo b ( 2003 ) ecological and social contexts for the evolution of alternative mating strategies . in : fox sf , mccoy jk , baird ta , editors . lizard social behavior . baltimore : the johns hopkins university press . 83\u2013106 .\narnold , e . n . ; arribas , o . & carranza , s . 2007 . systematics of the palaearctic and oriental lizard tribe lacertini ( squamata : lacertidae : lacertinae ) , with descriptions of eight new genera . zootaxa 1430 : 1 - 86 .\narribas o and gal\u00e1n p . 2005 . reproductive characteristics of the pyrenean high - mountain lizards : iberolacerta aranica ( arribas , 1993 ) , i . aurelioi ( arribas , 1994 ) and i . bonnali ( lantz , 1927 ) . animal biology 55 ( 2 ) : 163 - 190 .\ncrochet , p . - a . ; o . chaline , y . surget - groba , c . debain and m . cheylan . 2004 . speciation in mountains : phylogeography and phylogeny of the rock lizards genus iberolacerta ( reptilia : lacertidae ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 30 ( 3 ) : 860 - 866 .\npalanca , antonio ; rey , jorge ; riob\u2264 , antonio ; vences , miguel . 1997 . parapatry of two lizard species ( podarcis muralis , lacerta bonnali ) at circo de piedrafita ( alto arag\u00f3n , pyrenees , spain ) . zeitschrift f\u00fcr feldherpetologie 4 : 208 - 210 .\nin july 2004 , i went to the mountains in between france and spain , looking for several pyrenean herpetological endemics and some ( to me new ) species that live in the surrounding area . the first week of the trip , we joined the people from hyla , doing pretty much the same trip at the same time . during the second week , it was just the four of us - jan ( vdb ) , mieke , stefanie and myself . we found 35 species of amphibians ( 15 ) and reptiles ( 20 ) . all pyrenean endemics , known at the time , were observed and a high number of\narribas , o . j . and gal\u00e1n , p . ( 2005 ) reproductive characteristics of the pyrenean high - mountain lizards : iberolacerta aranica ( arribas , 1993 ) , i . aurelioi ( arribas , 1994 ) and i . bonnali ( lantz , 1927 ) . animal biology , 55 : 163 - 190 .\npinho c , harris dj , ferrand n : contrasting patterns of population subdivision and historical demography in three western mediterranean lizard species inferred from mitochondrial dna variation . mol ecol . 2007 , 16 : 1191 - 1205 . 10 . 1111 / j . 1365 - 294x . 2007 . 03230 . x .\npaulo os , dias c , bruford mw , jordan wc , nichols ra : the persistence of pliocene populations through the pleistocene climatic cycles : evidence from the phylogeography of an iberian lizard . proc r soc lond b . 2001 , 268 : 1625 - 1630 . 10 . 1098 / rspb . 2001 . 1706 .\nthe main genetic split in mtdna corresponds generally to the french and spanish sides of the pyrenees as previously reported , in contrast to genome - wide aflp data , which show a major division between nw spain and the rest . both types of markers support the existence of four distinct and geographically congruent genetic groups , which are consistent with major topographic barriers . both datasets reveal the presence of three independent contact zones between lineages in the pyrenean region , one in the basque lowlands , one in the low - elevation mountains of the western pyrenees , and one in the french side of the central pyrenees . the latter shows genetic evidence of a recent , high - altitude trans - pyrenean incursion from spain into france .\nthis species is found in the central pyrenean mountains of france and spain . it was previously thought to be restricted to an area of about 25 km 2 of the mauberme massif , between the ar\u00e1n and ari\u00e9ge valleys , but in 2006 a new population was discovered in mont valier ( france ) . it occurs from 1 , 640 to 2 , 668 m asl .\ntaking an integrative approach , we have uncovered a very old diversification event that has resulted in a case of microendemicity in an arid mountain range . three morphologically and ecologically similar medium sized lizard species were shown to coexist in a very short and narrow mountain stretch of the northern tip of the hajar mountain range of approximately 140 km from north to south and 40 km from east to west ( 4 , 350 km\nthe distribution and age of major lineages is consistent with a pleistocene origin and a role for both the pyrenees and the cantabrian mountains in driving isolation and differentiation of z . vivipara lineages at large geographic scales . however , mountain ranges are not always effective barriers to dispersal , and have not prevented a recent high - elevation trans - pyrenean incursion that has led to asymmetrical introgression among divergent lineages . cytonuclear discordance in patterns of genetic structure and introgression at contact zones suggests selection may be involved at various scales . suture zones are important areas for the study of lineage formation and speciation , and our results show that biogeographic barriers can yield markedly different phylogeographic patterns in different vertebrate and invertebrate taxa .\nadditional fine - scale sampling at contact zones among lineages will also be needed to understand introgression dynamics at other areas , such as the beret site , where all individuals carry french mtdna and spanish ndna , or the contact zone in the western pyrenees between the blue and red clades detected at the iba\u00f1eta site , where individuals show blue central - pyrenean ndna , yet half of them carry red mtdna haplotypes . patterns at these individual sites are similar to those found at some sites in southern france , and a more thorough geographic context provided by finer - scale sampling will be needed to help determine whether they belong to active contact zones with ongoing introgression or instead represent populations left in the genetic wake of a contact zone that shifted away .\n) . the pattern of haplotype frequency and distribution of the ne spain ( blue ) clade reflects higher haplotype diversity on the spanish side of the pyrenees than on the french side , where the relative frequency of haplotype \u201caa\u201d is more pronounced . this pattern , together with the evidence for a recent population expansion in this lineage , suggests that the presence of spanish haplotypes on the french side is the result of a trans - pyrenean colonization of the french side . we estimated time since the population expansion from the distribution of pairwise differences among blue - clade haplotypes , which yielded a value of \u03c4 = 3 . 00 ( 95 % ci : 0 . 00 - 3 . 83 ) . applying a mutation rate of 0 . 01 s / s / myr per lineage , this value corresponds to a time since the expansion of 54 , 744 years , with confidence intervals between the present and 69 , 890 years ago .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nthis species was formerly included in the genus lacerta , but is now included in iberolacerta , following carranza et al . ( 2004 ) , and based on evidence from arribas ( 1998 , 1999 ) , carranza et al . ( 2004 ) , harris et al . ( 1998 ) and mayer and arribas ( 2003 ) .\ncox , n . and temple , h . j . ( global reptile assessment )\njustification : listed as near threatened since although its area of occupancy is less than 2 , 000 km\u00b2 , thus making the species close to qualifying for vulnerable , its population is probably reasonably stable .\nthis species is present in the central pyrenees mountains of france and spain . it ranges from 1 , 580 to 3 , 060 m asl .\nit may be locally common in suitable habitat , being more abundant in subalpine habitats . the populations are fragmented by unsuitable habitat , but are probably stable .\nthis species is found in subalpine and alpine habitats and is most commonly found in rocky slopes , outcrops and similar areas , sometimes close to alpine meadows . it is an egg - laying species .\nthis species is possibly threatened by overgrazing of habitat by cattle , and is inferred to be threatened by future habitat loss through the development of ski resorts , lodges and hotels , the construction of roads and tracks , and the use of all terrain vehicles . it is additionally threatened by the possible development of hydroelectric projects and mining . it is also possible that this species will be significantly impacted by climate change .\nthis species is listed on appendix iii of the bern convention . in spain it is present in the national parks of ordesa - monte perdido and aig\u00fcestortes - estany de sant maurici , the biosphere reserve of ordesa - vi\u00f1amala , the natural park of posets - maladeta and a number of other protected areas .\nvalentin p\u00e9rez - mellado , marc cheylan , i\u00f1igo mart\u00ednez - solano . 2009 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthis species is also potentially threatened by overgrazing of its habitat by livestock , and by the destruction and fragmentation of its habitat due to human developments , including tourist resorts , road construction , hydroelectric projects and mining ( 1 ) ( 2 ) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nendemic a species or taxonomic group that is only found in one particular country or geographic area . incubate to keep eggs warm so that development is possible . invertebrates animals with no backbone , such as insects , crustaceans , worms , molluscs , spiders , cnidarians ( jellyfish , corals , sea anemones ) , echinoderms , and others . ovoviviparous ovovivipary is a method of reproduction whereby the egg shell is weakly formed and young hatch inside the female ; they are nourished by their yolk sac and then \u2018born\u2019 live .\narribas , o . ( 2009 ) lagartija pirenaica - iberolacerta bonnali . in : salvador , a . , marco , a . ( eds . ) enciclopedia virtual de los vertebrados espa\u00f1oles . museo nacional de ciencias naturales , madrid .\nlosange . ( 2008 ) amphibiens et reptiles . editions art\u00e9mis . chamali\u00e8res , france .\ncarvalho , s . b . , brito , j . c . , crespo , e . j . and possingham , h . p . ( 2010 ) from climate change predictions to actions \u2013 conserving vulnerable animal groups in hotspots at a regional scale . global change biology , 16 ( 12 ) : 3257 - 3270 .\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nthis species is affected by global climate change and has been profiled with the support of bank of america merrill lynch . to learn more visit our climate change pages .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nthe following bibliography has been generated by bringing together all references provided by our content partners . there may be duplication .\narribas amo , oscar j . 1993 . estatus espec\u00edfico para lacerta ( archaeolacerta ) monticola bonnali lantz , 1927 ( reptilia , lacertidae ) . bol . r . soc . esp . hist . nat . ( sec . biol . ) 90 ( 1 - 4 ) : 101 - 112 .\narribas , o . j . 1997 . morfologia , filogenia y bibliografia de las lagartijas de alta montana de los pirineos [ microforma ] . tesis doctoral - universitat aut\u00f2noma de barcelona . publicaciones de la universitat aut\u00f2noma de barcelona , 08193 bellaterra ( barcelona ) , 353 pp . isbn 84 - 490 - 0830 - 1 .\narribas , o . j . 1999 . phylogeny and relationships of the mountain lizards of europe and near east ( archaeolacerta mertens , 1921 , sensu lato ) and their relationships among the eurasian lacertid radiation . russ . j . herpetol . 6 ( 1 ) : 1 - 22 .\narribas , oscar j . 2000 . taxonomic revision of the iberian ' archaeolacertae ' iii : diagnosis , morphology , and geographic variation of iberolacerta bonnali ( lantz , 1927 ) ( squamata : sauria : lacertidae ) . herpetozoa 13 ( 3 / 4 ) : 99 - 131 .\narribas , o . j . 1993 . intraspecific variability of lacerta ( archaeolacerta ) bonnali lantz , 1927 ( squamata : sauria : lacertidae ) . herpetozoa 6 ( 3 / 4 ) : 129 - 140 .\nbensettiti , f . & gaudillat , v . 2004 . cahiers d ' habitats natura 2000 . connaissance et gestion des habitats et des esp\u00e8ces d ' int\u00e9r\u00eat communautaire . tome 7 . esp\u00e8ces animales . la documentation fran\u00e7aise . 353 pp .\nberroneau , m . et al . 2010 . guide des amphibiens et reptiles d\u2019aquitaine . association cistude nature , 180 pp .\ncarranza , s . ; e . n . arnold & f . amat . 2004 . dna phylogeny of lacerta ( iberolacerta ) and other lacertine lizards ( reptilia : lacertidae ) : did competition cause long - term mountain restriction ? . systematics and biodiversity 2 ( 1 ) : 57 - 77 .\nengelmann , w . e . et al . 1993 . lurche und kriechtiere europas . neumann verlag ( radebeul , germany ) , 440 pp .\nlantz , l . a . 1927 . quelques observations nouvelles sur l\u00b4herp\u00e9tologie des pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es centrales . extrait de la revue d\u00b4histoire naturelle appliqu\u00e9e premi\u00e8re partie , no . e et 2 : 1 - 14 . ( 13 - 11 )\nlantz , l . a . 1927 . quelques observations nouvelles sur l\u00b4herp\u00e9tologie des pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es centrales . extrait de la revue d\u00b4histoire naturelle appliqu\u00e9e premi\u00e8re partie , no . e et 2 : 1 - 14 . ( 13 - 11 ) .\nmontori , albert ; gustavo a . llorente , miguel \u00e1ngel alonso - zarazaga , \u00f3scar arribas , enrique ayll\u00f3n , jaime bosch , salvador carranza , miguel \u00e1ngel carretero , pedro gal\u00e1n , mario garc\u00eda - par\u00eds , david james harris , javier lluch , rafael m\u00e1rquez , jos\u00e9 antonio mateo , pilar navarro , manuel ortiz , valent\u00edn p\u00e9rez mellado , juan manuel pleguezuelos , vicente roca , xavier santos , miguel tejedo . 2005 . lista patr\u00f3n actualizada de la herpetofauna espa\u00f1ola . asociaci\u00f3n herpetol\u00f3gica espa\u00f1ola , 45 pp .\npottier g . , paumier j . - m . , tessier m . , barascud y . , talho\u00ebt s . , liozon r . , d\u2019andurain p . , vacher j . - p . , barthe l . , heaulm\u00e9 v . , esslinger m . , arthur c . - p . , calvet a . , maurel c . & redon h . 2008 . atlas de r\u00e9partition des reptiles et amphibiens de midi - pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es . les atlas naturalistes de midi - pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es . nature midi - pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es , toulouse , 126 pp .\npottier , g . 2001 . nouvelle donn\u00e9e sur la limite occidentale de r\u00e9partition du l\u00e9zard des pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es iberolacerta bonnali ( lantz , 1927 ) ( sauria , lacertidae ) . bull . soc . herp . fr . 98 : 5 - 9 .\nsindaco , r . & jeremcenko , v . k . 2008 . the reptiles of the western palearctic . edizioni belvedere , latina ( italy ) , 579 pp .\napart from mieke , jan and stefanie ( who put up with me for 2 weeks of massive madness ) and the hyla crew , i would like to thank some people who shared their knowledge on where to find one or several species : on\u00e9sime prud ' homme , gilles pottier , marcus schmitt , pedro janssen , ferran bergall\u00f3 , richard gonzalez , mario garcia - par\u00eds , hellin de wavrin , oscar j . arribas , javier blasco - zumeta , lasse bergendorf , anders selmer , jan van der voort , pascal dubois , henk strijbosch and especially pierre - andr\u00e9 crochet . helping with many localities and information , these people made our trip a true success .\nstefanie and i picked up jan and mieke and we drove from gent ( belgium ) to mimizan ( france ) in the landes area . no real herping on this day , except for some marsh frogs (\n) in a pond on one of the\naires\nwhere we stopped .\n) were present . we drove on , towards iraty forest , and started exploring some streams . soon several species where encountered : common frog (\n) . just next to the campers , in some low shrub , peter found , thanks to the excellent weather conditions , 8 ( eight ! ) individuals of the species . we also found our first slow worms (\n) near puyarruego , without any luck . we did - however - see the first large psammodromus (\nwe drove south and stopped near la granja d ' escarpe . it was really hot and there were no reptiles to be seen . some dragonflies and birds eased that pain . after picking a spot at a camp site in mequinenza , we drove towards a pond near ballobar , where we found viperine snake , iberian water frog and the large tadpoles of western spadefoot (\nwe met with javier blasco - zumeta in pina de ebro . he showed us the los monegros area and we learned a lot about all aspects of flora and fauna of the landscape ( for an impressive species database and much more on his enormous work please visit javier ' s\nwe went back north , to the area around rosas . we found spanish terrapin (\n) , which turned out to be the only really missed species on this trip . apparently , conditions were too dry and a search at night near els estanys did not help , although it did bring a dead marbled newt (\nwe moved back into france . at the lac du salagou , we spent several hours trying to trap the shy water frogs and in the end we were 99 % sure ( intervomeral space etc . ) that we were dealing with graf ' s hybrid frog (\n) . the photomodel - to - be sadly escaped my ( somewhat tired ) grasp , so no decent picture of the beast was made . we gave up , and after a divine meal in st - paul - trois - ch\u00e2teaux , we slept well . the next day , we drove home and , though it was very hot , we were lucky to encounter few traffic jams .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\ndepartment of animal biology , university of salamanca , campus miguel de unamuno , 37007 salamanca , spain . electronic address : zaidaortega @ usal . es .\ndepartment of animal biology , university of salamanca , campus miguel de unamuno , 37007 salamanca , spain .\nwithin its distribution range , it co - occurs with zootoca vivipara and podarcis muralis . zootoca vivipara frequently shows a dark vertebral line which lacks in iberolacerta bonnali . furthermore , iberolacerta bonnali has a characteristic pointed snout . moreover , zootoca vivipara seems to prefer well - vegetated habits ( heathland ) instead of rocky areas \u2013 real syntopy should be rare .\npodarcis muralis frequently shows a dark vertebral line which lacks in iberolacerta bonnali . furthermore , it has dark - spotted , frequently orange throat , whereas iberolacerta bonnali has an unspotted whitish throat . it seems that during the recent years , podarcis muralis has been occupying increasingly high altitudes . presumably , this leads to some crowding out of iberolacerta bonnali .\nthe air holidays shown are atol protected by the civil aviation authority . our atol number is atol 3253 . atol protection extends primarily to customers who book and pay in the united kingdom . click on the atol logo if you want to know more .\nit has a flattened appearance with rough - looking grey or brown skin , which has many granular nodules . the most distinctive feature \u2013 on most of those we\u2019ve seen \u2013 is a bold yellow stripe along the back and tail , sometimes as a broken line , but there\u2019s also a stripeless form .\nwe have been lucky enough to see them several times in the shallow streams in the french pyrenees at the cirque de troumouse . sometimes they swim in the open but they will hide under stones , which may mean a view of just a head or tail , as the photos on the right show .\njust a hint of the lateral stripe on this newt , on the tail , june 2006 ( cg ) .\npurple form of the large marsh grasshopper stethophyma grossum , also at troumouse , sept 2012 ( cd ) .\nalso see our nature notes on welsh poppies in the french pyrenees and elsewhere .\nphotographs on this page by honeyguide leaders ivan nethercoat ( in ) , chris gibson ( cg ) and chris durdin ( cd ) or as credited .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation , google , and apple . you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date ? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques ; in live mode . quite the same wikipedia . just better .\np\u00e9rez - mellado , valentin ; cheylan , marc ; mart\u00ednez - solano , i\u00f1igo ( 2009 ) .\niberolacerta bonalli\n. the reptile database . www . reptile - database . org .\nbeolens , bo ; watkins , michael ; grayson , michael ( 2011 ) . the eponym dictionary of reptiles . baltimore : johns hopkins university press . xiii + 296 pp . isbn 978 - 1 - 4214 - 0135 - 5 . ( iberolacerta bonnali , p . 31 ) .\narribas oj , carranza s ( 2012 ) .\nthe type specimen of iberolacerta bonnali is stored in the natural history museum , london\n. bull . soc . cat . d ' herp . ( butlett\u00ed de la societat catalana d ' herpetologia ) 20 : 124 - 125 .\nlantz al ( 1927 ) .\nquelques observations nouvelles sur l ' herp\u00e9tologie des pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es centrales\n. rev . hist . nat . appl . , paris 8 : 54 - 61 . ( lacerta monticola bonnali , new subspecies , p . 58 ) . ( in french ) .\nthis page was last edited on 23 april 2018 , at 05 : 39 .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 unported license . non - text media are available under their specified licenses . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\ndepartament de biologia animal , universitat de barcelona , av . diagonal 645 , e - 08028 barcelona , spain\nmap showing the distribution range of the thyrrenian brook newts and the western brook newts ( shadowed areas ) . numbers refer to the following localities : 1 , el montseny . 2 , irati . 3 , vidr\u00e0 . 4 , xixarella . 5 , vall d ' en bac . 6 , collada de tosses . 7 , font de l ' \u00fas . 8 , berga . 9 , ordesa . 10 , monrepos . 11 , susqueda . 12 , vilanova de mei\u00e0 , 13 corsica . 14 , sardinia . additional data are given in table 1 .\nin this paper , we use 1208 bp of mtdna , external morphology and osteology to assess the taxonomic status , biogeography and evolution of the european brook newts .\ndetails of material and sequences used in the present study . numbers under locality code refer to geographical localities given in fig . 1 .\ndna sequences were aligned using clustalx ( thompson et al . , 1997 ) with default parameters ( gap opening = 10 ; gap extension = 0 . 2 ) . all the cytb sequences had the same length and therefore no gaps were postulated . these sequences were translated into amino acids using the vertebrate mitochondrial code and no stop codons were observed , suggesting they were probably all functional . although some gaps were postulated in order to resolve length differences in the 12s rrna and 16s rrna gene fragments , all positions could be unambiguously aligned and were therefore included in the analyses .\nthree methods of phylogenetic analysis were employed for all three independent partitions and the combined dataset and their results compared . these were : maximum likelihood ( ml ) , bayesian analysis and maximum parsimony ( mp ) . modeltest v . 3 . 06 ( posada & crandall , 1998 ) was used to select the most appropriate model of sequence evolution for the ml and bayesian analyses of the independent partitions and the combined dataset , under the akaike information criterion . this was , in all four cases , the general time reversible model ( gtr ) taking into account the proportion of invariable sites ( i ) and the shape parameter alpha of the gamma distribution ( g ) . for the mp analyses , apart from an unweighted analysis ( ts = 1 , tv = 1 ) , independent analyses were also carried out for each dataset taking into account the observed transitions ( ts ) / transversions ( tv ) ratios and the presence of saturation in the cytb 3rd codon ts . these were : cytb ( ts = 1 , tv = 4 ) ; cytb ( 3rd codon ts = 0 , tv = 1 ) , 16s rrna ( ts = 1 , tv = 2 ) ; 12s rrna ( ts = 1 , tv = 2 ) ; combined analysis ( ts = 1 , tv = 4 and cytb 3rd codon ts = 0 ) .\nboth ml and mp analyses were performed in paup * v . 4 . 0b10 ( swofford , 1998 ) and included heuristic searches involving tree bisection and reconnection ( tbr ) branch swapping with 10 and 100 random stepwise additions of taxa , respectively . in the mp analyses gaps were included as a fifth state . reliability of the mp and ml trees was assessed by bootstrap analysis ( felsenstein , 1985 ) , involving 1000 replications for the mp analyses and 100 replications for the ml analyses .\ntopological incongruence among partitions was tested using the incongruence length difference ( ild ) test ( mickevich & farris , 1981 ; farris et al . , 1994 ) . in this test , 10 000 heuristic searches were performed after removing all invariable characters from the dataset ( cunningham , 1997 ) . to test for incongruence among datasets we also used a reciprocal 70 % bootstrap proportion ( mason - gamer & kellogg , 1996 ) or a 95 % posterior - probability threshold . topological conflicts were considered significant if two different relationships for the same set of taxa were both supported with bootstrap values \u2265 70 % or posterior - probability values \u2265 95 % .\ntopological constrains to test alternative topologies were constructed using macclade v . 4 . 0 ( maddison & maddison , 1992 ) and compared with optimal topologies using the shimodaira - hassegawa ( sh ) ( shimodaira & hasegawa , 1999 ) test implemented in paup * 4 . 0b10 ( swofford , 1998 ) .\nml estimates of divergence times for the combined dataset were obtained after discovery of lineage rate constancy across the tree using the likelihood ratio test ( huelsenbeck & crandall , 1997 ) . the error associated with finite sampling of nucleotides for reconstructing branch lengths was calculated by a three - step non - parametric bootstrap procedure ( efron & tibshirani , 1993 ) : ( 1 ) 100 data matrices were generated using the seqboot program in phylip 3 . 57 , ( 2 ) the matrices were imported into paup * 4 . 0b10 and 100 trees with branch lengths were obtained using the gtr + i + g model of sequence evolution ( see above ) and the tree of figure 2 as a constraint , and ( 3 ) trees with branch lengths were transformed into trees with node times using treeedit v . 1 . 0 . the different values across the 100 trees were used to calculate the average and the standard deviation for the relevant nodes .\nx - rays images used in the osteological comparisons were taken in a dedicated facility of the natural history museum , london following specific protocols optimized for urodeles . in total , 69 specimens belonging to the salamandridae and covering the whole geographical distribution of the western brook newts were x - rayed ( see appendix 2 ) .\nto calibrate the phylogenetic trees , we used the methods described above ( see material and methods ) and an internal calibration point based on the assumption that divergence between pleurodeles waltl michahelles , 1830 and the ancestor of both north african p . poireti ( gervais , 1835 ) and p . nebulosus ( guichenot , 1850 ) was initiated by a vicariance event at the end of the messinian salinity crisis , approximately 5 . 3 mya , when the opening of the strait of gibraltar separated european and african populations of pleurodeles ( carranza & arnold , 2004 ; carranza & wade , 2004 ) .\nthe results of the combined analyses for the combined dataset are presented in figure 2 and all the different methods employed clearly indicate that euproctus is polyphyletic . to test this result , the log likelihood of the ml tree presented in figure 2 ( \u22126882 . 664 ) was compared with the log likelihood of an ml tree constrained so that euproctus was monophyletic ( \u22126954 . 332 ) . the results of the sh test showed that the constrained tree is significantly different , having a significantly worse log likelihood value than the unconstrained solution ( diff - ln l = 71 . 66744 ; p < 0 . 001 ) , and hence the tree in figure 2 , where euproctus is polyphyletic , is consequently preferred .\nby contrast , the tyrrhenian brook newts form a highly supported monophyletic group ( 100 % in all analyses ) with unresolved affinities to mesotriton and lissotriton . our data support e . montanus and e . platycephalus having diverged from each other approximately 5 . 5 mya , a date that coincides with the end of the messinian salinity crisis and the refilling of the mediterranean sea ( see carranza & arnold , 2004 ) ."]}
+{"id": 875, "summary": [{"text": "the western chorus frog ( pseudacris triseriata ) , also known as striped chorus frog , or midland chorus frog is a species of frog found in canada and the united states . ", "topic": 3}], "title": "western chorus frog", "paragraphs": ["boreal chorus frog looks like the western chorus frog , but they can be differentiated by looking at the legs .\nwestern chorus frog ( great lakes / st . lawrence - canadian shield population )\ngeneral description : the western chorus frog is among minnesota ' s smallest frogs .\nthis is only about the western chorus frog found in many states around missouri .\nthe western chorus frog is one of the first species to call in the spring .\nthe boreal chorus frog is a relatively small frog , adults reaching 30mm in length .\nthe western chorus frog is minnesota ' s smallest frog . the world ' s largest frog , the giant frog of africa , can grow to be almost 12 inches long .\nmillburn , naomi .\nwestern chorus frog diet\naccessed july 09 , 2018 . urltoken\nkramer , d . 1974 . home range of the western chorus frog pseudacris - triseriata - triseriata .\nmillburn , naomi .\nwestern chorus frog diet .\nanimals - urltoken , http : / / animals . urltoken / western - chorus - frog - diet - 4090 . html . accessed 09 july 2018 .\nthe boreal chorus frog is also known as the striped chorus frog because of the three dark , sometimes broken , stripes on its back .\nmillburn , naomi . ( n . d . ) . western chorus frog diet . animals - urltoken . retrieved from http : / / animals . urltoken / western - chorus - frog - diet - 4090 . html\nthe western chorus frog and boreal chorus frog are described as two individual species in some references , and as subspecies in others . their individual ranges in the state are not clearly known .\nprotecting the western chorus frog , great lakes / st . lawrence \u2013 canadian shield population ( 2016 - 07 - 15 )\nin spring 2000 , the western chorus frog was officially designated a vulnerable species under the act respecting endangered and vulnerable species .\nthe boreal chorus frog has the widest distribution of any amphibian in the province .\nresponse statement - western chorus frog , great lakes / st . lawrence - canadian shield population ( 2008 - 11 - 26 )\nsounds : the call of the western chorus frog is a rising creeee that sounds like a fingernail being dragged across a comb .\nin ontario , aside from the 10 % of its habitat that is located in protected wildlife areas , the western chorus frog is not protected by any legislation ( cosewic , 2008 ) . protection of habitat is critical to the survival of the western chorus frog .\ndistribution map of the boreal chorus frog . image by stephen burton , \u00a91999 . .\nconfusing species : confusing species the western chorus frog is almost identical to the boreal chorus frog . it has longer hind legs but is best distinguished by its call or location . in canada their distributions do not overlap .\ndescription of residence for the western chorus frog \u2013 great lakes , st . lawrence - canadian shield population ( pseudacris triseriata ) in canada\ndescription of residence for the western chorus frog \u2013 great lakes , st . lawrence - canadian shield population ( pseudacris triseriata ) in canada\nthe ecomuseum zoo is proud to be associated with each of its partners , working actively in the protection of the western chorus frog .\ncosewic assessment - western chorus frog , carolinian & great lakes / st . lawrence \u2013 canadian shield populations ( 2008 - 08 - 28 )\nboreal chorus frog .\nwikipedia . 2006 . 3 oct 2008 < urltoken > .\nidaho distribution map of the boreal chorus frog . image by stephen burton , \u00a91999 . .\na new species of myxidium ( myxosporea : myxidiidae ) , from the western chorus frog , pseudacris triseriata triseriata , and blanchard ' s cricket frog , a . . . - pubmed - ncbi\ndiet : the western chorus frog feeds upon a number of small invertebrates , such as flies , springtails , spiders , snails , and ants .\nemergency order for the protection of the western chorus frog ( great lakes / st . lawrence - canadian shield population ) ( 2016 - 07 - 15 )\nemergency order for the protection of the western chorus frog ( great lakes / st . lawrence \u2014 canadian shield population ) ( 2016 - 07 - 13 )\nthe call of the western chorus frog , may be heard in spring or after a rainfall in many parts of minnesota . if you track it to its source you will find a small , dark frog .\noutside alberta , the boreal chorus frog is found all across the prairies and into the northwest territories .\nhtml version of\ndescription of residence for the western chorus frog \u2013 great lakes , st . lawrence - canadian shield population ( pseudacris triseriata ) in canada\nboreal chorus frog \u2014 pseudacris maculata . montana field guide . retrieved on october 3 , 2008 , from urltoken\ndescription of residence for the western chorus frog \u2013 great lakes , st . lawrence - canadian shield population ( pseudacris triseriata ) in canada - species at risk public registry\nsummary \u2013 emergency order for the protection of the western chorus frog ( great lakes / st . lawrence \u2013 canadian shield population ) ( 2016 - 07 - 05 )\ndespite being a member of the tree frog family , the boreal chorus frog is a poor climber and is rarely found higher than the branches of a low shrub .\nname recovery strategy for the western chorus frog ( pseudacris triseriata ) , great lakes / st . lawrence \u2013 canadian shield population , in canada status final posting on sar registry\nrecovery strategy for the western chorus frog ( pseudacris triseriata ) , great lakes / st . lawrence \u2013 canadian shield population , in canada ( 2015 - 12 - 01 )\ndescription of residence for the western chorus frog \u2013 great lakes , st . lawrence - canadian shield population ( pseudacris triseriata ) in canada ( 2016 - 07 - 18 )\nlandreth , h . , d . ferguson . 1966 . behavioral adaptations in the chorus frog , pseudacris triseriata .\nstatewide , except in southeastern missouri , where it hybridizes with and also is replaced by the upland chorus frog .\nplatz , j . e . 1989 . speciation within the chorus frog pseudacris triseriata : morphometric and mating call analyses of the boreal and western subspecies . copeia 1989 : 704 - 712 .\ncosewic assessment & update status report on the western chorus frog ( pseudacris triseriata ) carolinian population and great lakes / st . lawrence \u2013 canadian shield population in canada ( 2015 - 11 - 30 )\nthis document assesses the threats to the western chorus frog , great lakes / st . lawrence \u2013 canadian shield population ( western chorus frog ( glslcs ) ) , using the best available information , with the aim of informing an opinion as to whether or not this wildlife species faces imminent threats to its survival or recovery in canada , as per section 80 of the species at risk act ( sara ) .\na new species of myxidium ( myxosporea : myxidiidae ) , from the western chorus frog , pseudacris triseriata triseriata , and blanchard ' s cricket frog , acris crepitans blanchardi ( hylidae ) , from eastern nebraska : morphology , phylogeny , and critical comments on amphibian myxidium taxonomy .\nin contrast to true frogs , the boreal chorus frog lacks dorsolateral folds and has little webbing between its toes on the hind feet .\ndescription of critical habitat for the western chorus frog , great lakes / st . lawrence\u2013canadian shield population , in wellers bay national wildlife area and thousand islands national park of canada ( 2016 - 01 - 09 )\nwestern chorus frogs utilize a variety of habitats where dense thickets are available . these include marshes , swamps , open forests , and fields .\nfrogs - care sheets information about western chorus frogs aquatic / land frogs , characteristics and sexing , description of diet , diet - omnivorous , supplements , nutrition and usage - calcium and vitamins , lighting and uvb , tempatures and humidity , caging , substrate and water needs , this is only about the western chorus frog found in many states around missouri . , maintenance\nwestern chorus frogs also have an array of predatory animals to worry about , such as striped skunks , great blue herons , raccoons , snakes and shrews . since western chorus frogs are so diminutive , bigger varieties of frogs also go after them as prey - - especially when they are juveniles .\n[ westech ] western technology and engineering incorporated . 1998 . wildlife monitoring absaloka mine area 1997 . western technology and engineering , inc . , helena , mt .\ndescription of residence for the western chorus frog \u2013 great lakes , st . lawrence - canadian shield population ( pseudacris triseriata ) in canada\n( 2016 - 07 - 18 ) ( pdf format , 136 . 08 kb )\ndistributions : in canada , the western chorus frog is found only in southern ontario and along the ottawa and upper st . lawrence river valleys in quebec . it is also found through much of the eastern united states and overlaps with the boreal chorus frog in the central united states . it was introduced to corner brook newfoundland in the 1960\u2019s but apparently is now extirpated from there .\nwood frog the wood frog also has a stripe through the eye , but it is larger and has prominent dorsolateral folds ( ridges ) on its back .\nthis frog is very reclusive . it is very rarely seen outside of the breeding season . average life span for those that live to adulthood is 5 years . these frogs live and hibernate beneath logs , rocks , leaves , loose soil , and animal burrows . the western chorus frog is nocturnal and solitary .\nalberta ' s smallest amphibian , the boreal chorus frog grows to only 20 to 40 millimetres ( 0 . 8 to 1 . 6 inches ) long .\nrate this care sheet please keep all comments constructive to western chorus frogs husbandry methods and care . any degrading , sarcastic , or disrespectful comments will be removed .\nthe government of canada has made an emergency order for the protection of the western chorus frog ( great lakes / st . lawrence - canadian shield population ( glslcs ) in the bois de la commune in la prairie , quebec . the objective of the emergency order is to provide protection to the western chorus frog ( glslcs ) by addressing the imminent threat to its recovery , including by protecting the habitat identified in the order to stabilize the metapopulation and help the recovery of the species .\n\u201cthe symbiocit\u00e9 project threatens the metapopulation ( of western chorus frogs ) of la prairie and this metapopulation is necessary for the recovery of the species , \u201d dionne explained .\nalthough there are many types of reproduction in frogs , the boreal chorus frog is rather typical in that it reproduces via external fertilization through amplexus . mating usually occurs during the spring and is initiated by the males calling for females . the boreal chorus frog has a characteristic call ,\nreeeek\n( wikipedia ) . the boreal chorus frogs lay their eggs in clusters that range from 20 - 100 eggs .\nconservation concerns : there is no evidence for decline in ontario populations of the western chorus frog , however , it has declined throughout the st . lawrence valley in quebec as a result of habitat loss . a population introduced to newfoundland is apparently now extirpated .\nwestern chorus frogs thrive on a diet made up of small arthropods such as sowbugs , and also earth\u223cworms , beetles , grubs , ants , crickets , and even spiders .\nthe many names of this species can also be confusing . the common name\nstriped chorus frogs\ncomes from the characteristic 3 stripes down its back . until recently , this species was called western chorus frogs . due to the restricted range east of the mississippi , though , the proper common name is now midland chorus frogs .\npresently , boreal chorus frogs are excluded from areas where pesticides are heavily used .\nwestern chorus frog \u2013 carolinian population the species was considered a single unit and designated not at risk in may 2001 . split into two populations in april 2008 . the carolinian population was designated not at risk in april 2008 . western chorus frog \u2013 great lakes / st . lawrence \u2013 canadian shield population the species was considered a single unit and designated not at risk in may 2001 . split into two populations in april 2008 . the great lakes / st . lawrence \u2013 canadian shield population was designated threatened in april 2008 .\nrange includes portions of southeastern canada and the northeastern united states , from michigan ( lower peninsula ) , southern ontario , and western new york through indiana , ohio , and western pennsylvania to southern illinois , western kentucky , and northwestern tennessee ( lemmon et al . 2007 ) .\nencyclopedia of life , 2016 .\npseudacris triseriata , striped chorus frog\n( on - line ) . encyclopedia of life . accessed november 10 , 2017 at urltoken .\n[ wesco ] western ecological services company . 1983a . wildlife inventory of the knowlton known recoverable coal resource area , montana . western ecological services company , novato , ca . 107 p .\nthe great lakes / st . lawrence and canadian shield population of western chorus frog is present in parts of southern ontario and southwestern quebec . it breeds in temporary wetlands in the spring , and when these areas dry up in summer , it moves to nearby land .\n[ wesco ] western ecological services company . 1983b . wildlife inventory of the southwest circle known recoverable coal resource area , montana . western ecological services company , novato , ca . 131 p .\nhabitat : the western chorus frog\u2019s preferred habitat is forest openings around woodland ponds . they will breed in almost any fishless pond with at least 10 cm of water , including roadside ditches , gravel pits , flooded fields , beaver ponds , marshes , swamps or shallow lakes .\namphibian monitoring in alberta the boreal chorus frog is being monitored under the alberta volunteer amphibian monitoring program ( avamp ) and the researching amphibian numbers in alberta ( rana ) program .\nbreeding interval midland chorus frogs breed once yearly , during a narrow early spring season .\n[ westech ] western technology and engineering incorporated . 1991 . update on the wildlife resources of the little rocky mountains environmental study area . western technology and engineering , inc . , helena , mt .\nthe western chorus frog , great lakes / st . lawrence - canadian shield population , is protected under the federal species at risk act ( sara ) . more information about sara , including how it protects individual species , is available in the species at risk act : a guide .\nthey also think that a major factor in producing the frog\u2019s cryoprotectant is high hepatic glycogen stores .\nbecause this frog is a psedacris , you can find more help reading the pseudacris crucifer caresheet .\nwaage , b . c . 1998 . western energy company rosebud mine 1997 annual wildlife monitoring report december 1 , 1996 to november 30 , 1997 survey period . western energy company , colstrip , mt .\ncook , f . r . 1964a . additional records and a correction of the type locality for the boreal chorus frog in northwestern ontario . canadian field naturalist 78 : 186 - 192 .\nspencer , a . w . 1964 . the relationship of dispersal and migration to gene flow in the boreal chorus frog . phd dissertation . colorado state university , fort collins , co .\nthe purpose of this order is to address the imminent threat to the recovery of the western chorus frog ( great lakes / st . lawrence \u2013 canadian shield population ( glslcs ) ) by providing protection for the la prairie metapopulation through measures that include protection of the habitat identified in the order .\nsmith , p . w . 1956 . the status , correct name , and geographic range of the boreal chorus frog . proceedings of the biological society of washington 69 : 169 - 176 .\nsmith , d . c . 1983 . factors controlling tadpole populations of the chorus frog ( pseudacris triseriata ) on isle royale , michigan . ecology 64 ( 3 ) : 501 - 510 .\ncall : the breeding call is very similar to the boreal chorus frog but is shorter and faster in pulse rate . it resembles the sound of drawing your finger down the teeth of a comb .\nmidland chorus frog home ranges average 2116 square meters , including the breeding pond . they migrate long distances in order to breed ( kramer et al . , 1974 ; landreth and ferguson , 1966 )\nin an unprecedented move , canada\u2019s minister of environment and climate change catherine mckenna issued an emergency protection order wednesday that will shrink the size of an approved housing development already under construction in the south shore community of la prairie in order to protect the habitat of a species at risk : the western chorus frog .\nwestern chorus frog ( pseudacris triseriata ) calling in illinois beach state park . there are thousands of this small but very vocal frogs but i had to spend a lot of time to actually see one of them . to record them the secret is to just leave the camera running and move away for 10 minutes .\nfrogs find out about the common traits of frogs , and about the different frog species found in alberta .\nthe biod\u00f4me , sainte - anne - de - bellevue ecomuseum and the minist\u00e8re des ressources naturelles ( mrn ) are currently working with the western chorus frog restoration team . the aim of this collaboration is to develop expertise in keeping them in captivity , hibernation , reproduction and maintaining a captive population . such knowledge is necessary in case a survival population is needed in the event of a massive population loss in the frog\u2019s natural habitat .\nan excellent off\u223csite link to see the tadpoles and read more about the development of the boreal chorus frog would be to visit the home page of greg sievert . after clicking , scroll down to near page bottom and click on the link to development of boreal chorus frog embryos . the photography is as beautiful as the additional information you will read . he also has some . aiff sound files so you can hear him sing ! : )\nturner , f . b . 1960 . population structure and dynamics of the western spotted frog , rana pretiosa pretiosa baird & girard , in yellowstone park , wyoming . ecol . monogr . 30 ( 3 ) : 251 - 278 .\nmacarthur , d . l . and j . w . t . dandy . 1982 . physiological aspects of overwintering in the boreal chorus frog ( pseudacris triseriata maculata ) . comparative biochemistry and physiology 72a : 137 - 141 .\nwestern chorus frogs begin breeding in march and april . females attach clumps of up to 100 eggs to vegetation . the eggs hatch within 18 days , depending on water temperature . the tadpoles turn into frogs within 90 days after hatching .\nmackessy , s . p . , r . donoho , j . hobert , c . montgomery and k . waldron . 1996 . pseudacris triseriata maculata ( boreal chorus frog ) . herpetological review 27 ( 1 ) : 30 .\nwestern chorus frogs consume carnivorous diets - - with an emphasis on insects . some of these amphibians ' favorite bugs to eat are thrips , leafhoppers , beetles , flies and ants . they also frequently eat spiders , worms and tiny snails .\nplatz , j . e . and d . c . forester . 1988 . geographic variation in mating call among the four subspecies of the chorus frog : pseudacris triseriata ( wied ) . copeia 1988 ( 4 ) : 1062 - 1066 .\ndescription : the western chorus frog is a small , smooth skinned treefrog . colour varies from green - gray to brown . there is a dark stripe through the eye and a white stripe along the upper lip . it is distinguished from most other treefrogs by the three dark stripes down the back . in some individuals the stripes are broken . maximum adult size about 4 cm .\ni have had fun with this frog and raising tadpoles . always let the older frogs go just collect some eggs to raise .\non july 12 and 14 , 2016 , environment and climate change canada will host information sessions on the species at risk act emergency order for the protection of the western chorus frog ( great lakes / st . lawrence - canadian shield population ) . the order is intended to address the imminent threat to the species\u2019 recovery in the municipalities of la prairie , candiac and saint - philippe .\nboreal chorus frogs inhabit sloughs , woodlands , and even open meadows if there is sufficient vegetation to provide cover and moisture .\na 3rd grey tree frog pic shared with us . tomorrow we will be promoting # toadtuesday , maybe we should think about a\u2026 urltoken\nboreal chorus frog tadpoles are quite small when hatched , about four to seven millimetres ( 0 . 16 to 0 . 28 inches ) , but grow to about 30 millimetres ( 1 . 18 inches ) before transforming into juvenile frogs in about two months time .\ntimken , r . no date . amphibians and reptiles of the beaverhead national forest . western montana college , dillon , mt . 16 p .\nquebec\u2019s environment minister noted that the province had already identified and protected 83 per cent of the land covered by the federal order as important habitat for the western chorus frog , and had worked out a plan with the developer to conserve it . as part of that compliance plan , the developer has already built three of four planned reproduction ponds , moved a stream and built a tunnel under a road for the frogs .\nwestern chorus frogs are found throughout minnesota . they like open habitats such as wetlands and fields near trees , but they can also live in cities . these frogs breed in shallow water such as temporary wetlands and ditches . they overwinter under rocks and logs near their breeding ponds .\ngive the frog a glass or plastic bowl of water that is large enough for him to soak his entire body in , but not so deep that he can ' t easily climb out of . remember , they are terrestrial , so too deep and the frog could actually drown !\nreproduction : western chorus frogs breed very early in the spring and may begin as early as march although most calling is in april . they may chorus during the day as well as at night . a series of small egg masses are laid and attached to vegetation . eggs hatch within a few weeks and tadpoles finish transforming by early summer . they are usually mature in one year and rarely live beyond three .\nstebbins , r . c . 2003 . western reptiles and amphibians . 3rd ed . houghton mifflin co , new york , new york . 219 pp .\nwaage , bruce c . , 1993 , western energy company rosebud mine , colstrip , montana : annual wildlife monitoring report ; 1993 field season . april 1993 .\nboreal chorus frogs are at their highest densities during the breeding season . in the spring , adults will congregate at breeding ponds and begin calling .\nbergeron , d . j . 1978a . terrestrial wildlife survey divide mine area , montana 1977 - 1978 . western technology and engineering , inc . helena , mt .\nbutts , t . w . 1997 . mountain inc . wildlife monitoring bull mountains mine no . 1 , 1996 . western technology and engineering . helena , mt .\nscow , k . l . 1980 . terrestrial wildlife survey american colloid study area phillips county , montana . western technology and engineering , inc . , helena , mt .\nstebbins , r . c . 2003 . a field guide to western reptiles and amphibians . 3rd edition . houghton mifflin company , boston and new york . 533 p .\naccount compiled by : staci amburgey reviewed by : lauren livo and brad lambert last updated : 20 march . 2014 by s . amburgey suggested citation colorado partners in amphibian and reptile conservation . 2014 . species account for boreal chorus frog ( pseudacris maculata ) . compiled by staci amburgey . urltoken [ accessed date here ] .\nboreal chorus frogs are not toxic and lack defenses , instead relying on predator avoidance . adults are primarily active at night when detection is more difficult , and coloration and patterning allows for camouflaging in the boreal chorus frog\u2019s grassy habitats ( matthews , 1971 ) . males will cease calling when disturbed . tadpoles may use sudden bursts of speed in order to flee predators . both adults and tadpoles will dive to the bottom of ponds to hide under decaying vegetation and mud when startled .\nbergeron , d . j . 1978b . terrestrial wildlife survey p - m mine area , montana 1977 - 1978 . western technology and engineering , inc . helena , mt .\nbergeron , d . j . 1979 . terrestrial wildlife survey , coal creek mine area , montana 1977 - 1978 . western technology and engineering , inc . helena , mt .\nfarmer , p . 1980 . terrestrial wildlife monitoring study , pearl area , montana june , 1978 - may , 1980 . western technology and engineering , inc . helena , mt .\nwestern technology and engineering , inc . ( westech ) . , 1999 , wildlife monitoring absaloka mine area annual report , 1998 . smp 85005 . osmp montana 0007e . april 1999 .\nwestern technology and engineering , inc . ( westech ) . , 2000 , wildlife monitoring absaloka mine area annual report , 1999 . montana smp 85005 . osmp montana 0007e . february 2000 .\nwestern technology and engineering , inc . ( westech ) . , 2001 , wildlife monitoring absaloka mine area annual report , 2000 . montana smp 85005 . osmp montana 0007e . february 2001 .\nhoppe , d . m . and d . pettus . 1984 . developmental features influencing color polymorphism in chorus frogs . journal of herpetology 18 : 113 - 120 .\nthe best way to survey for boreal chorus frogs is to listen for breeding calls from adult males during the breeding season . in the spring , adults will congregate at breeding ponds and begin calling as soon as most of the snow has melted . although boreal chorus frogs on isle royale can breed and lay eggs from may through early july , the best time for conducting frog call surveys appears to be in may . call surveys can be conducted in the evening or at night but also during the day . visual encounter surveys also can be conducted for adult boreal chorus frogs and their tadpoles at breeding sites in the spring and summer from may until mid - july to mid - august .\nwestern technology and engineering , inc . ( westech ) . , 1997 , wildlife monitoring absaloka mine area annual report , 1996 . montana smp 85005 . osmp montana 0007d . mar . 1997 .\ntordoff , w . , iii . 1969 . gene frequency differences among semi - isolated proximate populations of chorus forgs ( pseudacris ) . journal of herpetology 3 : 194 .\nsmith , d . c . 1987 . adult recruitment in chorus frogs : effects of size and date at metamorphosis . ecology 68 ( 2 ) : 344 - 350 .\nsince chorus frogs are terrestrial , they require a longer than taller habitat in captivity . a vivarium that is 18 x 18 inches ( and larger ) . a height of 1 foot and up is necessary for the tank plantings . be sure to place several of the plants close enough together to create a good hiding place for your frog ( s ) .\nwaage , bruce c . , 2000 , western energy company rosebud mine , colstrip , montana : 1999 annual wildlife monitoring report ; december 1 , 1998 - november 30 , 1999 . february 2000 .\nwestern technology and engineering , inc . ( westech ) . 1994 . wildlife monitoring absaloka mine area annual report , 1993 . montana smp 85005 . osmp montana 0007c . mar . 12 , 1994 .\nwestern technology and engineering , inc . ( westech ) . , 1996 , wildlife monitoring absaloka mine area annual report , 1995 . montana smp 85005 . osmp montana 0007d . febr . 23 , 1996 .\nmcdonald , m . 1982 . terrestrial wildlife inventory , dominy project area , july , 1979 - june , 1981 . draft tech . rep . for western energy co . by westech , helena , mt .\nwaage , bruce c . , 1995 , western energy company rosebud mine , colstrip , montana : 1994 annual wildlife monitoring report ; december 1 , 1993 - november 30 , 1994 . february 27 , 1995 .\nwaage , bruce c . , 1996 , western energy company rosebud mine , colstrip , montana : 1995 annual wildlife monitoring report ; december 1 , 1994 - november 30 , 1995 . february 28 , 1996 .\nwaage , bruce c . , 2001 , western energy company rosebud mine , colstrip , montana : 2000 annual wildlife monitoring report ; december 1 , 1999 - november 30 , 2000 . march 30 , 2001 .\nmaxim technologies , inc . , 2002 , western energy company rosebud mine , colstrip , montana : 2002 annual wildlife monitoring report ; december 1 , 2001 - november 30 , 2002 . febr . 24 , 2002 .\nwaage , bruce c . , 2002 , western energy company rosebud mine , colstrip , montana . 2001 annual wildlife monitoring report ; december 1 , 2000 - november 30 , 2001 . febr . 26 , 2002 .\nplatz , j . e . and a . lathrop . 1993 . body size and age assessment among advertising male chorus frogs . journal of herpetology 27 ( 1 ) : 109 - 111 .\nwaage , bruce c . , 1998 , western energy company rosebud mine , colstrip , montana : 1997 annual wildlife monitoring report ; december 1 , 1996 - november 30 , 1997 survey period . march 23 , 1998 .\nwaage , bruce c . , 1999 , western energy company rosebud mine , colstrip , montana : 1998 annual wildlife monitoring report ; december 1 , 1997 - november 30 , 1998 survey period . february 24 , 1999 .\nthese frogs will eat insects from rolly poly\u2019s to anything small enough to fit in there mouth . no ants . they do prefer live food . dead food can get rotten and will not attract the frog .\nas with other amphibians , midland chorus frogs can act as a critical indicator of environmental health . their permeable skin makes them susceptible to many contaminants , external stimuli and toxins that they are exposed to in both aquatic and terrestrial portions of their life cycle . since their larval and adult forms occupy very different habitats , a decline in frog numbers or population health could signify problems in either environment or both .\ntordoff , w . , iii . 1980 . selective predation of gray jays ( perisoreus canadensis ) upon boreal chorus frogs ( pseudacris triseriata ) . evolution 34 ( 5 ) : 1004 - 1008 .\nthe data they found suggests that the chorus frogs store up liver glycogen to prepare for hibernation and body size and liver glycogen levels must reach a threshold for the animal to survive winter / freezing conditions .\nmidland chorus frogs serve as a food source for their predators and help keep prey populations under control . both adult and larval forms ( tadpoles ) have different but important ecological roles . in both environments these frogs and their larvae serve as predator and prey and do not compete with their parents or offspring . water - breeding amphibians such as midland chorus frogs can channel nutrients from the aquatic to the terrestrial environment .\nwestern technology and engineering , inc . ( westech ) . , 1991 , wildlife monitoring and additional baseline inventory : absaloka mine area annual report , 1991 . montana smp 85005 r1 . osmp montana 0007b . febr . 25 , 1991 .\nboreal chorus frogs can be found throughout much of the state . occurrence becomes patchier to the southeast corner of the state ( after hammerson 1999 , shipley & reading 2006 , and colorado parks & wildlife ) .\nhoppe , d . m . and d . pettus . 1974 . selection factors affcting dorsal color polymorphism in boreal chorus frogs . journal of the colorado - wyoming academy of science 12 ( 5 ) : 73 .\nlemmon , e . , a . lemmon , j . collins , j . lee - yaw , d . cannatella . 2007 . phylogeny - based delimitation of species boundaries and contact zones in the trilling chorus frogs (\nongoing losses of habitat and breeding sites for this small frog due to suburban expansion and alteration in farming practices have resulted in losses of populations and isolation of remaining habitat patches . populations in quebec are documented to have declined at a rate of 37 % over 10 years and are expected to continue to decline . despite there being some areas where chorus frogs remain evident , surveys of populations in ontario indicate a significant decline in abundance of 30 % over the past decade .\nlynch , catherine . 2000 . north american amphibian monitoring program ' s montana frog - call survey , a report on a pilot program in south - central montana started april , 2000 and completed in june 2000 . 36 pp ( unnumbered ) .\nthis frog is most abundant in prairies but also occurs on agricultural lands , in large river floodplains , and on the grassy edges of marshes . after breeding season , they take shelter in animals burrows ; under boards , logs , or rocks ; in clumps of grass ; or in loose soil . breeding sites are usually in flooded fields , ditches , woodland ponds , marshes , and river sloughs as well as farm ponds . this is often the first frog to become active in the spring .\nbehavior : migrations of adults from overwintering sites to breeding locations , and of metamorphs from breeding sites to nearby uplands have been documented , but not in arizona . the location and habitats of this frog outside of the breeding season are unknown in arizona .\nday , d . , p . j . farmer , and c . e . farmer . 1989 . montco terrestrial wildlife monitoring report december , 1987 - july , 1989 . montco , billings , mt , and western technology and engineering , inc . helena , mt .\njenkins j . l . , swanson d . l . liver glycogen , glucose mobilization and freezing survival in chorus frogs , pseudacris triseriata . ( 2005 ) journal of thermal biology , 30 ( 6 ) , pp . 485 - 494 .\nwestern technology & engineering , inc . ( westech ) . , 1991 , 1991 bull mountains mine no . 1 terrestrial wildlife monitoring study . in meridian minerals company bull mountains mine no . 1 permit application , musselshell county , montana . vol . 7 of 14 : section 26\nnatural history : chorus frogs hibernate beneath logs or underground and are freeze - tolerant . they are among the first frogs to emerge in the spring . they feed on small insects and other invertebrates and are eaten by a wide variety of predators .\nlynch , c . 2000 . north american amphibian monitoring program ' s montana frog - call survey : a report on a pilot program in south - central montana started april 2000 and completed in june 2000 . zoo montana conservation through education program , billings mt . 39 p .\nlynch , c . 2001 . north american amphibian monitoring program ' s montana frog - call survey : report on year two of a program in south - central montana started april 2001 and completed in june 2001 . zoo montana conservation through education program , billings mt . 12 p .\ndescription : the green frog is a large , true frog with large , distinct tympanum and prominent dorsolateral ridges . it may be green , bronze or brown , or a combination but is typically green on the upper lip . the belly is white with darker lines or spots . there may be some irregular spotting on the back . it is distinguished from other frogs in that the dorsolateral ridges run only partway down the back and do not reach the groin . the hind legs have dark bars . males have a bright yellow throat . maximum adult size is 10 cm .\nthe call of midland chorus frogs is a short , rising , squeaky trill which sounds like \u201ccree - ee - ee - ee - eek .\nit can be roughly imitated by strumming the teeth of a small , stiff pocket comb from middle to end with a thumbnail ( harding and holman , 1992 ) . their calls are used mainly to attract females to breeding sites during their breeding season . they create a chorus of their calls during their breeding congresses . they also use visual and auditory cues for migration and breeding and rely on their keen vision for capturing prey .\nmuths , e . , d . h . campbell , and p . s . corn . 2003 . hatching success in salamanders and chorus frogs at two sites in colordao , usa : effects of acidic deposition and climate . amphibia - reptilia 24 ( 1 ) : 27 - 36 .\nlemmon , e . m . , lemmon , a . r . , collins , j . t . , lee - yaw , j . a . , and d . c . cannatella . 2007 . phylogeny - based delimitation of species boundaries and contact zones in trilling chorus frogs (\nkeep the temperature of the vivarium comfortable , but not too hot . this frog naturally comes from a temperate climate , hibernating in winter digging into moist soil alongside the banks of water - ways . this makes him used to mild weather . usually , the temperature of your home will also be right for this species .\nlike most small frogs , the diet of midland chorus frogs includes a variety of small invertebrates , such as spiders , ants , flies , and moths . younger , smaller frogs will feed on smaller prey : mites , midges and springtails . tadpoles are herbivorous feeding mostly on algae ( harding and holman , 1992 ) .\nhabitat : this species is typically found on the ground or in low shrubs or grass at or near breeding ponds , which include often shallow and temporary ponds , cattle tanks , lake margins , wet meadows , and roadside ditches . sites without fish are preferred for breeding . the species sometimes breeds in permanent water . this frog is rarely encountered outside of the breeding season .\nmake sure to use a secure , vented lid on the top of the vivarium . if you live in a temperate zone yourself , and use heating in winter , make sure to partially cover up to 1 / 2 of the lid in winters to help hold in humidity . your frog will not hibernate in winters ( it will be too warm in the house to trigger this ) and will need humidity that the heating unit in your house may ' sap ' out of his home without the cover . a measured - cut sheet of acrylic or glass will do . if humidity in the room the frog is in goes below 40 percent , use a humidifier filled with only water in the room to raise it up to a level between 45 and 50 percent .\ntypical predators on adult midland chorus frogs would include birds ( herons , grackles , etc . ) , small mammals ( raccoons , mink , skunks ) , snakes , and larger frogs . young metamorphs and tadpoles are eaten by salamander larvae , crayfish , fish ( if present ) , turtles , and aquatic insects such as water scorpions , diving beetles , and dragonfly larvae .\nbasic frogcare ( choosing healthy frogs , species mixing , feeding , etc . ) vivariums ( to establish and maintain , lighting , substrate ideas , etc . ) vivarium disease - free , how to set up quarantine tank ) water 101 ( how to establish & maintain high quality water ) raising insects ( info about raising your own insects , including fruit flies ) frog breeding ( temperate style setup information )\nthe frog was listed as threatened under canada\u2019s species at risk act in 2010 , by which time over 90 per cent of the species\u2019 historical range in the mont\u00e9r\u00e9gie region had already been lost to development . the metapopulation in la prairie \u2014 a metapopulation is a local population of a species that is linked to other local populations through the movement of individuals \u2014 has lost 60 per cent of its habitat between 1992 and 2013 .\nadults are sexually dimorphic , with females lacking a vocal sac for calling and being generally larger ( 3 - 5 cm ) than males ( 2 . 5 - 4 cm ) in snout to vent length ( svl ) . tadpoles are 1 - 5 cm from snout to tail tip . chorus frogs metamorphose at about 1 . 5 - 2 . 5 cm svl , with no sexually distinguishing characteristics until 1 to 2 years of age ( amburgey ,\nonce a month carefully locate the frog ( s ) inside the tank , then gently place a glass container over them . this will allow you to thoroughly clean the entire tank without having to remove them . spray quat antifungal throughout now . remove any dying moss or other plants and replace . if you have used a sponge filter , then instead of daily water changes , you can change 1 / 2 the water every few days , scrubbing the pool with clean brush to remove scum . replace water with treated water only .\nbreeding begins in late february or early march and peaks in april . males chorus in temporary bodies of water and in fishless farm ponds . the male fertilizes the eggs as the female lays and attaches them to submerged grasses just below the surface , in clusters of 5\u2013300 . these hatch within a week , depending on water temperature . metamorphosis occurs in 6\u20138 weeks . this species overwinters in the ground and does not burrow very deep . a natural antifreeze in their blood keeps them from freezing .\nmidland chorus frogs breed , sometimes in small to large congresses , in shallow pools and temporary waters in or adjacent to marshes , swamps , and swales . during axillary amplexus , males externally fertilize the eggs as they are laid by the female in a pattern typical of most hylids ( halliday and adler , 2002 ) . over most of the range , amplexus and egg laying takes place from late march to early april , but breeding occasionally extends into may in the north ( harding and holman , 1992 ) .\nmale chorus frogs are between 0 . 8 inches long , and females are anywehere between 1 . 2 and 1 . 5 inches from snout to vent . the skin on the dorsum is slightly tubercular , and on the venter it is granular , which is typical of many frogs . the snout is acutely rounded . the toes are only about one - third webbed . the dorsusm is a grayish tan , with brown mid - dorsal and dorsolateral stripes or rows of spots . there is a broad dark brown to black colored stripe from the snout through the eye and the ear ( tympanum ) to the groin . the venter is white .\nrecovery planning environment and climate change canada 15th floor , place vincent massey 351 st . joseph blvd . gatineau , qc k1a 0h3 send e - mail\nto know if this species is protected by provincial or territorial laws , consult the provinces ' and territories ' websites .\nplease note : not all cosewic reports are currently available on the sara public registry . most of the reports not yet available are status reports for species assessed by cosewic prior to may 2002 . other cosewic reports not yet available may include those species assessed as extinct , data deficient or not at risk . in the meantime , they are available on request from the cosewic secretariat .\ncritical habitat descriptions in the canada gazette ( 1 record ( s ) found . )\nher excellency the governor general in council , on the recommendation of the minister of the environment , acknowledges receipt , on the making of this order , of the assessments conducted pursuant to subsection 23 ( 1 ) of the species at risk act by the committee on the status of endangered wildlife in canada ( cosewic ) with respect to the species set out in the annexed schedule .\nher excellency the governor general in council , on the recommendation of the minister of the environment , pursuant to section 27 of the species at risk act , hereby makes the annexed order amending schedules 1 to 3 to the species at risk act .\n2008 annual report to the the minister of the environment and the canadian endangered species conservation council ( cescc ) from the committee on the status of endangered wildlife in canada .\nas part of its strategy for protecting wildlife species at risk , the government of canada proclaimed the species at risk act ( sara ) on june 5 , 2003 . attached to the act is schedule 1 , the list of the species that receive protection under sara , also called the list of wildlife species at risk . please submit your comments by march 20 , 2009 for species undergoing normal consultations and by march 19 , 2010 for species undergoing extended consultations .\npublic registry notice for s . 83 exceptions - former camp ipperwash ( 2015 - 03 - 06 )\nas per the memorandum of understanding between dnd , environment canada , and the parks canada agency : 6 . 1 c ) activities occurring on defence establishments that are considered necessary for public safety in accordance with paragraph a ) and authorized under the national defence act and the explosives act are : remediation of contaminated sites ; and securing , handling , destruction or disposal of unsafe munitions , including unexploded explosive ordnance .\nenvironment and climate change canada\u2019s three - year recovery document posting plan identifies the species for which recovery documents will be posted each fiscal year starting in 2014 - 2015 . posting this three year plan on the species at risk public registry is intended to provide transparency to partners , stakeholders , and the public about environment and climate change canada\u2019s plan to develop and post these proposed recovery strategies and management plans . however , both the number of documents and the particular species that are posted in a given year may change slightly due to a variety of circumstances . last update april 18 , 2018\nif you are already a registered naturewatch user , you will be prompted to create a new password for the new website . your existing data / observations are still on file .\nis a community that engages \u0003all canadians in collecting scientific information \u0003on nature to understand our changing environment .\nlost your password ? get a new one . not registered ? create an account now .\nbiokids is sponsored in part by the interagency education research initiative . it is a partnership of the university of michigan school of education , university of michigan museum of zoology , and the detroit public schools . this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant drl - 0628151 . copyright \u00a9 2002 - 2018 , the regents of the university of michigan . all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 3 . 2 / / en\nreproduction and calls : breeding begins in the spring , often when ice and snow are still present . probably breeds primarily from march to early june in arizona . the male has a surprisingly loud call that sounds like\npprreeep\nor someone running a finger down the teeth of a comb . during peak breeding periods , males call during the day as well as at night . each female lays up to 1 , 500 eggs , which are deposited in small packets of 20 - 100 , and are attached to submerged sticks , leaves , or grass . tadpoles hatch in a few days to a week or more , and metamorphosis occurs in 6 - 13 weeks .\nwe request that if you make use of the textual contents of this site in reports , publications , etc . that you cite and credit the author ( s ) and photographer ( s ) . all photos on this website are copyrighted . however , those found in the species account and habitat sections may be used for any noncommercial scientific , educational , or conservation purposes provided that photographs are not altered and continue to bear the copyright symbol and name of the photographer . please contact the photographer regarding commercial use of copyrighted photographs .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nfrost , d . r . 2015 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 6 . 0 . new york , usa . available at : urltoken .\njustification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , tolerance of some forms of habitat alteration and presumed large population size , despite potential population declines .\nthese frogs are tolerant of some forms of habitat alteration ( e . g . clearing of forest ) , but loss of wetlands , and unknown factors ( possibly including agricultural chemicals , drought , and chytrid fungus ) have caused declines in some areas ( gibbs\nconservation actions many occurrences are in protected areas . research needed in view of reported declines and taxonomic changes affecting the scope of the species , determination of current taxonomic and population status is appropriate .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\n( green , et al . , 2013 ; lemmon , et al . , 2007 ; powell , et al . , 2016 )\n( green , et al . , 2013 ; harding and holman , 1992 ; powell , et al . , 2016 )\n( encyclopedia of life , 2016 ; harding and holman , 1992 ; powell , et al . , 2016 )\nbreeding season egg laying occurs mostly in april , but can extend into may .\ntypical for frogs that lay a large number of eggs , most of the offspring will die before reaching adulthood , though the exact numbers are unknown . however , once these frogs reach maturity , they may live for 2 to 5 years .\n( harding and holman , 1992 ; kramer , 1974 ; pough , et al . , 2004 )\n( encyclopedia of life , 2016 ; harding and holman , 1992 ; pough , et al . , 2004 )\n( encyclopedia of life , 2016 ; pough , et al . , 2004 )\nthis species is considered to be mostly stable . although listed as\nvulnerable\nin quebec ( green et al . , 2013 ) , it has no special status in the united states . it is common in much of its large range . the iucn indicates there has been a decline but the degree is uncertain . like other frogs , they are very susceptible to agricultural chemicals and to baitfish and gamefish introduction into breeding wetlands . their breeding habitat is also vulnerable to destruction due to urban and suburban development ( green et al . , 2013 ) ."]}
+{"id": 1045, "summary": [{"text": "herrerasaurus was one of the earliest dinosaurs .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "its name means \" herrera 's lizard \" , after the rancher who discovered the first specimen .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "all known fossils of this carnivore have been discovered in rocks of carnian age ( late triassic according to the ics , dated to 231.4 million years ago ) in northwestern argentina .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "the type species , herrerasaurus ischigualastensis , was described by osvaldo reig in 1963 and is the only species assigned to the genus .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "ischisaurus and frenguellisaurus are synonyms .", "topic": 21}, {"text": "for many years , the classification of herrerasaurus was unclear because it was known from very fragmentary remains .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it was hypothesized to be a basal theropod , a basal sauropodomorph , a basal saurischian , or not a dinosaur at all but another type of archosaur .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "however , with the discovery of an almost complete skeleton and skull in 1988 , herrerasaurus has been classified as either an early theropod or an early saurischian in at least five recent reviews of theropod evolution , with many researchers treating it at least tentatively as the most primitive member of theropoda .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it is a member of the herrerasauridae , a family of similar genera that were among the earliest of the dinosaurian evolutionary radiation . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "herrerasaurus", "paragraphs": ["herrerasaurus | description herrerasaurus img 9435 . jpg | dinosauria 1 : herrerasaurus | pinterest\nschleich world of history herrerasaurus dinosaur figure . . . schleich world of history herrerasaurus dinosaur figure . . .\nherrerasaurus was in the jurassic park brochure , as an attraction for phase i .\nimage - juvi herrerasaurus . png | the isle wikia | fandom powered by wikia\non the video of herrerasaurus seen on the tour the island website there is a scene comparing the herrerasaurus seen in jurassic park : the game to the actual size of herrerasaurus and it is stated that they can reach 20 ft in length like the real dinosaur .\nbefore 1988 , herrerasaurus \u2014like many prehistoric creatures\u2014was exclusively known from a smattering of very incomplete specimens . thankfully , an american team dug up a reasonably complete herrerasaurus skeleton that year .\nread about herrerasaurus and the triassic world in lecture notes by paul olsen at columbia university .\nthe isle - herrerasaurus gameplay ( 0 . 1 . 0 . 1343 ; dev branch )\nthe herrerasaurus was bigger . he could grow to be about 20 feet long , and weighed over 700 pounds . the herrerasaurus was a hunter\u2026 so watch out if you ever see one !\nthe first herrerasaurus fossil was found in 1958 by don victorino herrera , a local rancher . three partial skeletons have been found . the first herrerasaurus skull wasn ' t found until 1988 .\nthe model used for the herrerasaurus is one of vlad ' s ( swordlord3d ) older models .\nherrerasaurus was one of the top predators of its age \u2013 surpassed only by large rauisuchians such as saurosuchus and prestosuchus . a recently discovered herrerasaurus skull had puncture wounds thought to be from saurosuchus .\nhelpful joints allowed herrerasaurus\u2019 lower jawbones to flex about considerably for added leverage while ensnaring its quarrelsome prey .\nherrerasaurus is listed on the isla sorna map seen in the game , but does not physically appear .\ngerry harding claims the cloned herrerasaurus are classed as early theropods . however , a study by barron , norman and barrett has found that herrerasaurus was more closely related to sauropodomorphs like brachiosaurus . [ 10 ]\nthe computer screens in the film don ' t show a\nherrerasaurus paddock\n( see image ) .\nwhen herrerasaurus lived , dinosaurs were actually quite rare . they had yet to become dominant creatures . close relatives of herrerasaurus lived in north america during the late triassic , but these primitive dinosaurs went extinct by the jurassic .\nthe lower jaw was lined with large , inwardly curving teeth so that herrerasaurus could hold its prey more efficiently .\none specimen of herrerasaurus exhibits unusual pitting in the skull bones . this has been attributed to an infected head injury that later healed . it is likely that these injuries were obtained during a fight with another herrerasaurus . [ 11 ]\nherrerasaurus was bipedal and carnivorous . it would have been one of the very first dinosaurs ever to walk the planet .\na herrerasaurus figure will be featured in a toy - line for jurassic world : fallen kingdom . this has been the first time herrerasaurus has ever physically appeared in a toy set . the toy varsity resemblance to the jp : tg version .\nherrerasaurus was a carnivore , and likely preyed on smaller animals . coprolites found in the ischigualasto formation have been assigned as belonging to herrerasaurus , and if this identification is correct it is evidence that the dinosaur could digest bone . [ 10 ]\naccording to the dinosaur protection group , herrerasaurus is one of the 12 dinosaur species extinct by the setting of the film .\nherrerasaurus ' forelimbs were less than half the length of its hindlimbs but were much longer than those of t . rex .\nherrerasaurus , from the triassic era . now that we ' ve bred them we can easily classify them as early theropod .\nbizarrely , the herrerasaurus sounds in jurassic park : the game seem to be a slowed - down version of the velociraptor calls .\nat the time of the isla nublar incident of 1993 , the herrerasaurus living in jurassic park were not fully grown . [ 8 ]\nthe valley of the moon in argentina , where herrerasaurus was found , is one of the world ' s richest triassic fossil sites .\nthe next significant discovery of herrerasaurus fossils was in 1988 , when a complete skull was discovered by paul sereno and colleagues . [ 7 ]\nherrerasaurus had very little involvement in the incident and farthest they were known to go outside of their paddock was the nearby bone shaker roller coaster .\nchildren become independent from their mothers at about 3 years old ( 0 . 6 ) . most creatures should disregard herrerasaurus unless they lack food . herrerasaurus are extremely vocal , unless they feel they are in immediate danger , in which they will flee . this dinosaur is classified as a scavenger .\nherrerasaurus is one of the best known early dinosaurs . this ferocious predator was named after the farmer who discovered it , victorino herrera , in argentina .\nherrerasaurus was a carnivore . it lived in the triassic period and inhabited south america . its fossils have been found in places such as argentina and argentina .\nherrerasaurus is the oldest and one of the most primitive dinosaurs ever discovered . herrerasaurus was probably not the actual ancestor of all other dinosaurian species , but it is the closest candidate yet discovered to an ancestor , so it gives us a glimpse of what the ancestral dinosaur may have looked like . this makes herrerasaurus one of the most exciting dinosaurs yet discovered . among researchers , there is controversy over how herrerasaurus is related to other dinosaurs . by running this skull through ut\u2019s high - resolution x - ray ct scanner , they can now study internal structures such as its braincase and reconstruct what its brain looked like . with this new information , researchers may now have the evidence they need to solve the problem of where herrerasaurus fits on the family tree of dinosaurs . from the shape of the cavity that once held its brain , they are also forming a picture of its intelligence and behavior . see a full description of the herrerasaurus scan project .\nyou probably think of dinosaurs as giants , but the first dinos were pretty small . some of the earliest ones we know about were called herrerasaurus and eoraptor .\nherrerasaurus was one of the earliest dinosaurs . it walked on two long legs and had sharp teeth . the arms were short and the fingers had sharp claws .\nwhen dennis nedry disabled jurassic park ' s security , herrerasaurus , along with many other dinosaurs , were able to freely go outside of their paddocks . [ 9 ]\nherrerasaurus ( meaning\nherrera ' s lizard\n, after the name of the rancher who discovered the first fossil of the animal ) was one of the earliest dinosaurs . all known specimens of this carnivore have been discovered in rocks of early carnian age ( late triassic , around 228 million years ago ) in northwestern argentina . the type species , herrerasaurus ischigualastensis , was described by osvaldo reig in 1963 and is the only species assigned to the genus . the names ischisaurus and frenguellisaurus are synonymous with herrerasaurus .\nherrerasaurus is a genus of basal theropod from the carnian age of the late triassic period , around 231 million years ago . it contains one species , h . ischigulastensis .\nreig believed herrerasaurus was an early example of a carnosaur , but this was the subject of much debate over the next 30 years , and the genus was variously classified during that time . in 1970 , steel classified herrerasaurus as a prosauropod . in 1972 , peter galton classified the genus as not diagnosable beyond saurischia . later , using cladistic analysis , some researchers put herrerasaurus and staurikosaurus at the base of the dinosaur tree before the separation between ornithischians and saurischians . several researchers classified the remains as non - dinosaurian .\nherrerasaurus likely preyed on small - to - medium sized animals , such as the small ornithschian pisanosaurus , as well as the more plentiful rhynchosaurs and synapsids . it was likely preyed upon by saurosuchus ; puncture wounds matching the large crocodylomorph were found in a herrerasaurus skull . a pit in a skull bone of a specimen was attributed to intraspecific fighting .\nherrerasaurus ( meaning\nherrera ' s lizard\n, after the name of the rancher who discovered the first fossil of the animal ) was one of the earliest dinosaurs . all known specimens of this carnivore have been discovered in rocks of early carnian age ( late triassic , around 228 million years ago ) in northwestern argentina . the type species , herrerasaurus ischigualastensis , was described by osvaldo reig in 1963 [ 1 ] and is the only species assigned to the genus . the names ischisaurus and frenguellisaurus are synonymous with herrerasaurus .\nheight : 1m ( 3 . 28ft ) length : 4m ( 13 . 12ft ) weight : 210 . 01kg ( 463lbs ) top speed : 40kph ( 24 . 85mph ) vision : as a predator , herrerasaurus would have had binocular vision so that it could judge distances and time to attack . skin : there is a possibility that herrerasaurus sported simple feathers , because so many other theropods did . brain : herrerasaurus had a simple , tubular brain , which would have been at the other end of the spectrum from the enlarged and complex brain of the birds . herrerasaurus was no bird brain \u2013 it was much dumber ! prey : herrerasaurus ' forelimbs were equipped with three large , recurved claws for grasping and raking . it even had a semi - opposable thumb to help capture prey . it fed on small and medium - sized herbivores such as pisanosaurus , rhyncosaurs and synapsids . bite : herrerasaurus had a dual - hinged jaw so that it could hold prey more tightly . once a victim had been caught , there would have been no escape .\nmeaning - herrerasaurus means\nherrera ' s lizard\nnamed for don victorino herrera pronounced - her - air - a - sawr - us named by - osvaldo a . reig\nthe upper cladogram presented here follows one proposed analysis by m . d . ezcurra in 2010 . in this review , herrerasaurus is a primitive saurischian , but not a theropod . [ 13 ] the lower cladogram is based on an analysis by m . j . benton , in 2004 . this review indicated herrerasaurus was a basal theropod . [ 14 ]\nherrerasaurus was a dinosaur which lived approximately 231 million years ago\u2014making it one of the earliest dinosaurs to have ever walked the earth that have been found so far . it was first discovered in 1959 by a goat herder named victorino herrera who happened on it by accident . it would be named herrerasaurus in his honor in 1963 . its name literally means \u201c\u201dherrera\u2019s lizard\u201d .\nthe unearthing of a complete skull and skeleton of the early dinosaur herrerasaurus ischigualastensis sheds light on the early evolution of dinosaurs . discovered in the upper triassic ischigualasto formation of argentina , the fossils show that herrerasaurus , a primitive theropod , was an agile , bipedal predator with a short forelimb specialized for grasping and raking . the fossils clarify anatomical features of the common ancestor of all dinosaurs . herrerasaurus and younger dinosaurs from upper triassic beds in argentina suggest that the dinosaurian radiation was well under way before dinosaurs dominated terrestrial vertebrate communities in taxonomic diversity and abundance .\nthe teeth of herrerasaurus indicate that it was a carnivore ; its size indicates it would have preyed upon small and medium - sized plant eaters . these might have included other dinosaurs , such as pisanosaurus , as well as the more plentiful rhynchosaurs and synapsids . herrerasaurus itself may have been preyed upon by giant rauisuchids like saurosuchus ; puncture wounds were found in one skull .\nthe environment herrerasaurus lived in was a volcanically active floodplain , which was covered by forests and had strong seasonal rainfall . the climate was moist and warm , although subject to seasonal variation .\nherrerasaurus was first discovered in 1958 by victorino herrera , a local andean farmer , after whom the animal is named . that skeleton was incomplete , but the discovery of a complete skull in 1988 by palaeontologist paul sereno provided enough information to make a complete reconstruction . herrerasaurus is important because it shows palaeontologists what dinosaurs were like just after or at the time they first evolved .\nalso in the middle to late triassic of south america , other dinosaur relatives have been found which may be closely related to herrerasaurus . these include the incompletely known staurikosaurus pricei from southern brazil and northwestern argentina and ischisaurus cattoi , which is very similar to herrerasaurus and may even be the same species . the north american chindesaurus briansmalli , from the chinle formation , may also be related .\nsouth america may very well be the place where dinosaurs made their grand debut . herrerasaurus , eoraptor , and panphagia \u2014which rank among the earliest dinos yet unearthed\u2014emerged there roughly 231 million years ago .\nit is believed that herrerasaurus was one of the earliest dinosaurs . its body shape suggests that this dinosaur was a very fast hunter , and that it could turn quickly from side to side .\nnotes : found in northwest argentina , herrerasaurus is one of the earliest known dinosaurs , a primitive carnivore . herrerasaurus had four - toed feet and hip bones with both saurischian and ornithischian features . its jaws were double - hinged to allow it to scoop large chunks of meat from its prey . its skeleton was discovered headless and it was 30 years before a skull specimen was found .\ndinosaurs are often said to have \u201cruled\u201d the earth throughout their tenure upon it . yet , as we\u2019ll see , the boxy - headed herrerasaurus hailed from a time in which dinos were hardly dominant .\nfor several years , scientists couldn\u2019t agree about how to classify this odd - looking critter . some felt that herrerasaurus was closely akin to the gigantic , long - necked herbivores known as sauropods . others felt the animal couldn\u2019t even be considered a proper dinosaur at all , but was instead a humble precursor . today\u2019s general consensus , however , cites herrerasaurus as a basal theropod ( or \u201cmeat - eating\u201d dino ) .\nherrerasaurus was one of the earliest dinosaurs . all known fossils of this carnivore have been discovered in upper triassic strata dated to 231 . 4 million years ago ( mya ) in northwestern argentina . [ 1 ]\nincomplete remains of herrerasaurus were discovered in the ischigualasto formation of argentina , and named in 1963 by paleontologist osvaldo reig after the rancher who first noticed the fossils . [ 5 ] it was first believed that the remains were from an early type of carnosaur , but over the following years herrerasaurus was classified on separate occasions as a theropod , a prosauropod , an indeterminate saurischian , and non - dinosaurian . [ 6 ]\nherrerasaurus \u2019 wrist and lower arm look fairly unusual for a reptile from its period , yet they do crudely resemble those of 21st - century avians . herrerasaurus forelimbs utilized a similar range of motion , folded up like a modern pigeon\u2019s , and may have even been decorated with lengthy feathers . what we\u2019re almost certainly seeing here , therefore , is an early step down the evolutionary path to bird wings and , eventually , flight .\nat least four herrerasaurus were created was created by ingen inside their compound on isla sorna and shipped to isla nublar where they lived in their own paddock , but the animal was never seen on - screen . [ 1 ] on the map , herrerasaurus \u2018 enclosure is located at the far northwestern end of the island where the tourist route does not connect . this population went extinct between the 1993 incident and the 1994 cleanup .\nsome theropods survived the great flood . few brave ( or foolish ) souls have managed to subdue them into being mounts , though a temporary role , as the herrerasaurus often turns against its master on a whim .\nreig believed herrerasaurus was an early example of a carnosaur , [ 1 ] but this was the subject of much debate over the next 30 years , and the genus was variously classified during that time . in 1970 , steel classified herrerasaurus as a prosauropod . [ 26 ] in 1972 , peter galton classified the genus as not diagnosable beyond saurischia . [ 27 ] later , using cladistic analysis , some researchers put herrerasaurus and staurikosaurus at the base of the dinosaur tree before the separation between ornithischians and saurischians . [ 15 ] [ 21 ] [ 28 ] [ 29 ] several researchers classified the remains as non - dinosaurian . [ 30 ]\nspecifically , i ' m interested in learning more about the _ herrerasaurus _ skin impressions he mentions . has anyone seen the dinosaur discoveries article ralph tentatively cites ? is it very easy to get a hold of ?\nherrerasaurus was named by paleontologist osvaldo reig after victorino herrera , an andean goatherd who first noticed its fossils in outcrops near the city of san juan in 1959 . these rocks , which later yielded eoraptor , are part of the ischigualasto formation and date from the late ladinian to early carnian stages of the late triassic period . reig named a second dinosaur from these rocks in the same publication as herrerasaurus ; this dinosaur , ischisaurus cattoi , is now considered a junior synonym and a juvenile of herrerasaurus . two other partial skeletons , with skull material , were named frenguellisaurus ischigualastensis by fernando novas in 1986 , but this species too is now thought to be a synonym .\nherrerasaurus was found in the ischigulasto formation of argentina , and was around 6 meters long . it ' s legs were strong , with a short thigh and a rather long foot , indicating it was probably a fairly swift runner .\nseveral of the world ' s most famous dinosaurs are featured attractions of digital morphology . on the following pages you can see the two oldest known dinosaurs , herrerasaurus and eoraptor , along with their younger relatives , syntarsus and allosaurus .\nfragmentary fossil remains of herrerasaurus were first discovered in the early 1960s , but it was not until 1988 , when several skeletons were discovered in the ischigualasto formation of northwestern argentina , that researchers could complete the first picture of the animal .\nsereno , p . c . ( 1993 ) .\nthe pectoral girdle and forelimb of the basal theropod herrerasaurus ischigualastensis\n. journal of vertebrate paleontology 13 : 425\u2013450 . doi : 10 . 1080 / 02724634 . 1994 . 10011524 .\nanother archosaur , at one time considered a dinosaur , was herrerasaurus , from the triassic of argentina . this animal marked the transition between the archosaur stem group and the derived dinosaurs . in all but a few characteristics herrerasaurus is a dinosaur , although a smallish one of 3 - 4 meters in length and a body weight estimated at around 300 kg . . eoraptor , from the same age and area , was another archosaur with a mosaic of dinosaurian and nondinosaurian characteristics .\nalthough herrerasaurus shared the basic body design of future rulers of the earth ( like allosaurus , giganotosaurus , and tyrannosaurus ) , it lived during the triassic period - a time when the dinosaurs were not the most powerful animals on earth . herrerasaurus would have had to run away from the much larger saurosuchus , a giant land - dwelling crocodile relative , and the even larger fasolasuchus tenax , which was the largest meat - eater in argentina during the beginning of the mesozoic era .\ndetails : probably the earliest known theropod , herrerasaurus was much more primitive than later predators . the largest of the early meat - eating dinosaurs , it may have weighed about 400 pounds ( 181 kilograms ) . double - hinged jaws allowed herrerasaurus to grip its prey and to swallow huge chunks of meat . serrated teeth helped it slice the flesh from a fresh kill . evidence of its primitive nature includes such anatomical features as the rectangular shape of its nearly complete skull fossil .\nthe study of early dinosaurs such as herrerasaurus and eoraptor therefore has important implications for the concept of dinosaurs as a monophyletic group ( a group descended from a common ancestor ) . the monophyly of dinosaurs was explicitly proposed in the 1970s by galton and robert t . bakker , who compiled a list of cranial and postcranial synapomorphies ( common anatomical traits derived from the common ancestor ) . later authors proposed additional synapomorphies . an extensive study of herrerasaurus by sereno in 1992 suggested that of these proposed synapomorphies , only one cranial and seven postcranial features were actually derived from a common ancestor , and that the others were attributable to convergent evolution . sereno ' s analysis of herrerasaurus also led him to propose several new dinosaurian synapomorphies .\na complete herrerasaurus skull was not found until 1988 , by a team of paleontologists led by paul sereno . based on the new fossils , authors such as thomas holtz and jose bonaparte classified herrerasaurus at the base of the saurischian tree before the divergence between prosauropods and theropods . however , sereno favored classifying herrerasaurus ( and the herrerasauridae ) as primitive theropods . these two classifications have become the most persistent , with rauhut ( 2003 ) and bittencourt and kellner ( 2004 ) favoring the early theropod hypothesis , and max langer ( 2004 ) , langer and benton ( 2006 ) , and randall irmis and his coauthors ( 2007 ) favoring the basal saurischian hypothesis . if herrerasaurus were indeed a theropod , it would indicate that theropods , sauropodomorphs , and ornithischians diverged even earlier than herrerasaurids , before the middle carnian , and that\nall three lineages independently evolved several dinosaurian features , such as a more advanced ankle joint or an open acetabulum\n. this view is further supported by ichnological records showing large tridactyl ( three - toed ) footprints that can be attributed only to a theropod dinosaur . these footprints date from the ladinian ( middle triassic ) of the los rastros formation in argentina and predate herrerasaurus by 3 to 5 million years .\ncoprolites ( fossilized dung ) containing small bones but no trace of plant fragments , discovered in the ischigualasto formation , have been assigned to herrerasaurus based on fossil abundance . mineralogical and chemical analysis of these coprolites indicates that this carnivore could digest bone .\n[ 7 ] [ 8 ] an artist ' s impression ; feeding on a small synapsid the teeth of herrerasaurus indicate that it was a carnivore ; its size indicates it would have preyed upon small and medium - sized plant eaters . these might have included other dinosaurs , such as pisanosaurus , as well as the more plentiful rhynchosaurs and synapsids . [ 50 ] herrerasaurus itself may have been preyed upon by giant rauisuchids like saurosuchus ; puncture wounds were found in one skull . [ 8 ]\nalso due to this basal status , herrerasaurus ' placement in the dinosaur tree has been rather variable , due to it ' s combination of basal and derived traits . initially described as an early carnosaur , it was then hypothesized to be a prosauropod , a basal saurischian , a basal dinosaur and even outside of dinosauria . currently , there are two hypothesis on the placement of herrerasaurus ; some believe it to be a basal member of saurischia , others believe it to be a basal member of theropoda .\nherrerasaurus ( meaning\nherrera ' s lizard\n, after the rancher who discovered the first specimen ) , was one of the oldest and most primitive theropod . all known fossils of this dinosaur have been discovered in rocks of carnian age ( late triassic according to the ics , dated to 231 . 4 million years ago ) in northwestern argentina . the type species , herrerasaurus ischigualastensis , was described by osvaldo reig in 1963 and is the only species assigned to the genus . ischisaurus and frenguellisaurus are synonyms .\nherrerasaurus is estimated to have measured 3 meters or more in length and up to 350 kilograms in weight . [ 1 ] it had a fairly typical theropod body plan , but its skull more resembled those of earlier and more primitive archosaurs . [ 2 ]\nherrerasaurus was named by paleontologist osvaldo reig after victorino herrera , an andean goatherd who first noticed its fossils in outcrops near the city of san juan in 1959 . [ 1 ] these rocks , which later yielded eoraptor , [ 23 ] are part of the ischigualasto formation and date from the late ladinian to early carnian stages of the late triassic period . [ 24 ] reig named a second dinosaur from these rocks in the same publication as herrerasaurus ; [ 1 ] this dinosaur , ischisaurus cattoi , is now considered a junior synonym and a juvenile of herrerasaurus . [ 11 ] two other partial skeletons , with skull material , were named frenguellisaurus ischigualastensis by fernando novas in 1986 , [ 25 ] but this species too is now thought to be a synonym . [ 11 ]\nthere is no evidence that mosquitoes existed during the triassic period . however , scientists have found amber from that period , meaning that herrerasaurus must have been created using dna from drops of blood or pieces of flesh preserved in amber ( see dna in amber ) .\ncoprolites ( fossilized dung ) containing small bones but no trace of plant fragments , discovered in the ischigualasto formation , have been assigned to herrerasaurus based on fossil abundance . mineralogical and chemical analysis of these coprolites indicates that this carnivore could digest bone . [ 51 ]\nherrerasaurus (\n[ victorino ] herrera ' s lizard\n) was one of the oldest and most primitive theropods , or meat - eating dinosaurs , though in its day it was relatively hyper - advanced . its body displayed many of the same features of the later theropods . it walked on its hind legs and its arms ended in powerful clawed hands for grasping prey . its teeth - like those of most theropods - were shaped like blades and had knife - like serrations running up the front and down the back . its lower jaw had a special hinge about halfway along its length . this joint would have helped herrerasaurus to better hold on to struggling victims . many later theropods also had this hinge . some scientists consider the herrerasaurus to be more carnivorous primitive member of the prosauropoda family .\nthe study of early dinosaurs such as herrerasaurus and eoraptor therefore has important implications for the concept of dinosaurs as a monophyletic group ( a group descended from a common ancestor ) . the monophyly of dinosaurs was explicitly proposed in the 1970s by galton and robert t . bakker , [ 40 ] [ 41 ] who compiled a list of cranial and postcranial synapomorphies ( common anatomical traits derived from the common ancestor ) . later authors proposed additional synapomorphies . [ 15 ] [ 21 ] an extensive study of herrerasaurus by sereno in 1992 suggested that of these proposed synapomorphies , only one cranial and seven postcranial features were actually derived from a common ancestor , and that the others were attributable to convergent evolution . sereno ' s analysis of herrerasaurus also led him to propose several new dinosaurian synapomorphies . [ 3 ]\nan interesting fact about herrerasaurus is that paleontologists have concluded that this dinosaur was a carnivore , but it was probably not the apex predator of its ecosystem . in fact , while it may have lived off of animals such as hyperodapedon and ischigualastia , it may have indeed been hunted itself by some of the top predators of that era\u2014reptiles ! ! yes , reptiles during the triassic were the top predator and there were many that were large enough to give herrerasaurus a hard time . these included postosuchus and saurosuchus , as well as many others .\nthe herrerasaurus was small compared with the giganotosaurus and spinosaurus , who lived much later on . it was only 10 - 13 feet long , however its legs were very strong , and it could sprint about as fast as a 100 - meter runner . for a dinosaur , the herrerasaurus had an unusual flexible - jointed lower jaw which it could slide back and forth . this allowed it to better grasp its prey . it was named after the argentinian goatherd victorino herrera who chanced upon its skeleton in 1959 . hand painted and highly detailed .\nsereno , p . c . ; and novas , f . e . ( 1993 ) .\nthe skull and neck of the basal theropod herrerasaurus ischigualastensis\n. journal of vertebrate paleontology 13 : 451\u2013476 . doi : 10 . 1080 / 02724634 . 1994 . 10011525 .\nfor many years , the classification of herrerasaurus was unclear because it was known from very fragmentary remains . it was hypothesized to be a basal theropod , a basal sauropodomorph , a basal saurischian , or not a dinosaur at all but another type of archosaur . however , with the discovery of an almost complete skeleton and skull in 1988 , herrerasaurus has been classified as either an early theropod or an early saurischian in at least five recent reviews of theropod evolution , with many researchers treating it at least tentatively as the most primitive member of theropoda .\nduring the late fifties , when very little was known about this animal , a partial herrerasaurus skull and skeleton were found by harvard paleontologist alfred romer . unfortunately , these remains were confiscated by the local authorities and held in their custody for two years until romer\u2019s institution finally claimed them .\neoraptor is only slightly younger than herrerasaurus , yet it already shows specialized features indicating that it lies several branches up from the base of the dinosaurian family tree . it is one of the most primitive members of the great lineage theropoda - the theropod dinosaurs - which includes such celebrities as tyrannosaurus rex , allosaurus , deinonychus , and velociraptor . some of these became huge , although most remained small , like eoraptor and herrerasaurus . and it is among these small theropod dinosaurs that we can now trace the ancestry of living birds . see a full description of the eoraptor scan project .\nsereno , p . c . ; and novas , f . e . ( 1993 ) .\nthe skull and neck of the basal theropod herrerasaurus ischigualastensis\n. journal of vertebrate paleontology 13 ( 4 ) : 451\u2013476 . doi : 10 . 1080 / 02724634 . 1994 . 10011525 .\nfor many years , the classification of herrerasaurus was unclear , as the animal was initially known from very fragmentary remains ; it has been hypothesized to be a basal theropod , a basal sauropodomorph , a basal saurischian , or not a dinosaur at all . however , with the discovery of a mostly complete skeleton and skull in 1988 , herrerasaurus has been classified as either an early theropod or an early saurischian in at least five recent reviews of theropod evolution . it was a member of the herrerasauridae , a group of similar animals which were among the earliest of the dinosaurian evolutionary radiation .\nherrerasaurus lived in these jungles alongside a smaller dinosaur , the one metre long eoraptor , as well as saurosuchus , [ 9 ] a huge quadrupedal archosaur . there were also a number of therapsid and reptilian herbivores . the dinosaurs had not yet taken control of the land environments as they did later .\nthis is a history of herrerasaurus before the mankind era and just to give some historical theories and historical description of the small mighty dinosaurs ! support the groovy and subscribe i hope you all have enjoyed stay groovy . my channel : urltoken follow me : urltoken check out my groovy historical blog : urltoken\nherrerasaurus and its closest relatives form the family herrerasauridae . however , where the herrerasaurs fit in the early evolutionary tree of dinosaurs is unclear . most studies have found them to be basal theropods , although it is possible that they are basal saurischians or even non - dinosaurian archosaurs . [ 3 ] [ 4 ]\nbut them being posted elsewhere in great quantity will divert people from going to paleofile in the first place , this forum is fairly popular , search\nherrerasaurus ischigualastensis\non google images and the 21th result is hartman ' s skeletal posted here , the quantity of carnivoraforum post appearing only increases if you have visited the site before , people that do not know about paleofile will probably find the images here first and never go to paleofile , specially if you don ' t mention that they come from there , at least update your post to say from where they come from and a link to the herrerasaurus profile on paleofile .\nget ready to meet some distant relatives , folks ! mammals are the last surviving members of a larger group known as the \u201ctherapsids . \u201d though non - mammalian species were largely on the decline when herrerasaurus came along , fossils from a few varieties have been found in the same deposits as this south american dino .\nfound in the late triassic of the ischigualasto formation of northwestern argentina , herrerasaurus ischigualastensis is an early archosaur and on the verge of being a dinosaur proper . the first specimen was found in 1958 by victorino herrera , for whom the fossil was named . this skeleton was incomplete , but the discovery of a complete skull in 1988 and additional fragments have provided enough information to make a complete reconstruction ; this has also permitted paul sereno at the university of chicago to redescribe herrerasaurus properly in a series of papers published in the journal of vertebrate paleontology . material found thus far suggests that it was a large carnivore about three to four meters long .\nlike all of ingen ' s cloned theropods herrerasaur clones had pronated hands . the herrerasaurus clones had a bright red body with dark red stripes , and white underbelly and some yellow patches . they roamed in packs [ 6 ] and their willingness to pursue their prey over long distances made them highly dangerous . [ 5 ]\nfor many years , the classification of herrerasaurus was unclear , as the animal was initially known from very fragmentary remains ; it has been hypothesized to be a basal theropod , a basal sauropodomorph , a basal saurischian , or not a dinosaur at all . however , with the discovery of a mostly complete skeleton and skull in 1988 , [ 2 ] [ 3 ] herrerasaurus has been classified as either an early theropod or an early saurischian in at least five recent reviews of theropod evolution . it was a member of the herrerasauridae , a group of similar animals which were among the earliest of the dinosaurian evolutionary radiation . [ 4 ] [ 5 ]\nthe forelimbs of herrerasaurus were less than half the length of its hind limbs . the upper arm and forearm were rather short , while the manus ( hand ) was elongated . the first two fingers and the thumb ended in curved , sharp claws for grasping prey . its fourth and fifth digits were small stubs without claws .\nherrerasaurus was somewhere in the ballpark of 12 feet long , yet it would\u2019ve been dwarfed by such non - dinosaurian predators as the 20 - foot quadruped saurosuchus , which also inhabited its territory . carnivorous dinos wouldn\u2019t start topping food chains until the stage was set by a mass extinction that wiped out these competitors 201 million years ago .\nnovas , f . e . ( 1994 ) .\nnew information on the systematics and postcranial skeleton of herrerasaurus ischigualastensis ( theropoda : herrerasauridae ) from the ischigualasto formation ( upper triassic ) of argentina\n. journal of vertebrate paleontology 13 ( 4 ) : 400\u2013423 . doi : 10 . 1080 / 02724634 . 1994 . 10011523 .\nherrerasaurus pronunciation : her - rare - uh - sawr - us translation : herrera lizard also known as : description : carnivore , bipedal order : saurischia suborder : theropoda infraorder : ceratosauria family : herrerasauridae height : 7 feet ( 2 . 1 meters ) length : 15 feet ( 4 . 6 meters ) weight : period : late triassic\nherrerasaurus has all but a few of the characters which define the dinosaurs , lacking only certain features of the hip and leg bones . the pelvic structure is similar to saurichian dinosaurs , which had previously led to herrerasuarus being classified in that group . this arrangement of hip bones , however , is ancestral in the archosaurs and not uniquely derived .\nthe holotype of herrerasaurus ( pvl 2566 ) was discovered in the cancha de bochas member of the ischigualasto formation in san juan , argentina . it was collected in 1961 by victorino herrera , in sediments that were deposited in the carnian stage of the triassic period , approximately 235 to 221 million years ago . herrerasaurus was a lightly built bipedal carnivore with a long tail and a relatively small head . adults had skulls up to 56 cm ( 22 in ) long and were up to 6 metres ( 20 ft ) in total length and roughly 350 kg ( 770 lb ) in weight . smaller specimens were half the size , with skulls only about 30 cm ( 12 in ) long .\nherrerasaurus and eoraptor both date back some 232 million years , to the middle of the triassic . herrerasaurus is the older of the two , but eoraptor is younger by only a split geological second . by comparison , fossils of our own species date back only about 400 , 000 years , so these oldest dinosaurs are more than a thousand times older than the oldest human fossils . while this may seem almost unbelievably ancient by human standards , from a geological perspective dinosaurs are comparatively young . current evidence indicates that the earth is about 4 . 7 billion years old , and that life itself originated more than 4 billion years ago . dinosaurs thus originated after more than 90 % of life ' s history had already passed .\nsystematic relationships of herrerasaurus and its relatives are far from certain . while some analyses suggest they are sister to the dinosaurs , others consider them saurischian or even theropods . the importance of this group is that they give us some idea of the time at which dinosaurs evolved ( towards the end of the triassic ) and what the earliest dinosaurs would have looked like .\nherrerasaurus possesses a long , narrow skull that lacked nearly all the specializations that characterized later dinosaurs , and more closely resembled those of more primitive archosaurs such as euparkeria ( a primitive dinosaurian predecessor from the earlier triassic ) . it had five pairs of fenestrae ( skull openings ) in its skull , two pairs of which were for the eyes and nostrils . between the eyes and the nostrils were two antorbital fenestrae and a pair of tiny , 1 - centimeter - long ( 0 . 4 in ) slit - like holes called promaxillary fenestrae . marked supratemporal depressions for jaw adductor musculature on the skull roof and a well - developed , sliding intra - mandibular joint suggest that herrerasaurus ischigualastensis was an a active predator within its habitat .\nherrerasaurus was a bipedal carnivore that was approximately 20 feet long , 3 feet high at the hip and probably weighed around 700 pounds . it also had an elongated narrow skull that was filled with dozens of serrated teeth for cutting and tearing the flesh of its prey . this dinosaur also had a small front arms that were about half the length of its back legs .\ndue to it ' s basal status , herrerasaurus ' skull was more similar to more basal archosaurs like euparkeria then to more derived theropods ; it had five pairs of fenestrae in it ' s skull , two of which were for the eyes and nostrils . between them was two pairs of antorbital fenestrae and a pair of tiny , slit - like holes called promaxillary fenestrae .\nhumeral robustness as a function of humeral length . select taxa labeled in gray . cera . = cerasinops , gypo . = \u201dgyposaurus\u201d , herr . = herrerasaurus , igua . = iguanodon , mono . = mononykus , post . = postosuchus , psit . = psittacosaurus , scut . = scutellosaurus , stego . = stegosaurus , thec . = thecodontosaurus , tric . = triceratops .\nherrerasaurus had a flexible joint in the lower jaw , allowing it to slide back and forth to deliver a grasping bite . this cranial specialization is unusual among the dinosaurs but has evolved independently in some lizards . the rear of the lower jaw also had fenestrae . the jaws were equipped with large serrated teeth for biting and eating flesh , and the neck was slender and flexible .\nherrerasaurus was a lightly built bipedal carnivore with a long tail and a relatively small head . its length is estimated at 3 to 6 meters ( 10 to 20 ft ) , [ 4 ] and its hip height at more than 1 . 1 meters ( 3 . 3 ft ) . [ 5 ] it may have weighed around 210\u2013350 kilograms ( 463\u2013772 lb ) . [ 5 ]\nherrerasaurus was created by ingen inside their compound on isla sorna [ 3 ] where they were taken care of by the workers there at a young age . [ 4 ] dr . laura sorkin believed that they were created to be a\nsafe\nalternative to velociraptor , since the raptors proved to be too difficult to handle and were said not to be as intelligent . [ 5 ]\nherrerasaurus gives its name to its family , herrerasauridae , a group of similar animals from the late triassic which were among the earliest of the dinosaurian evolutionary radiation . where it and its close relatives lie on the early dinosaur evolutionary tree is unclear . they are possibly basal theropods or basal saurischians but may in fact predate the saurischian - ornithischian split . some analyses , such as nesbitt et al . 2009 , have found herrerasaurus and its relatives in herrerasauridae to be very basal theropods , while others ( such as ezcurra 2010 ) have found them to be basal to the clade eusaurischia , that is , closer to the base of the saurischian tree than either theropods or sauropodomorphs , but not true members of either . the situation is further complicated by uncertainties in correlating the ages of late triassic beds bearing land animals .\nherrerasaurus fossils have been found in the ischigualasto formation of north - western argentina . today this landscape is known as the valley of the moon because of its eerie , moon - like geology . here , palaeontologists have also found eoraptor , another early dinosaur . the ischigualasto landscape was a floodplain dominated by rivers and studded with volcanic activity 230 million years ago . today , it is an arid , barren landscape .\nit is believed that the ischigualasto formation was a volcanically active floodplain during the middle and late triassic period when herrerasaurus lived . the climate was typically warm and moist , although the area experienced seasons throughout the year . [ 8 ] ferns and conifers were likely the dominant vegetation , forming high - altitude forests . [ 9 ] it coexisted with the early dinosaur eoraptor , which was also found in the ischigualasto formation .\nherrerasaurus ' small size means it is easy for it to hide from potential predators or prey in bushes and tall grass . it ' s vocalizations are loud and deep , similar to those of a crocodile . one good strategy to survive is to follow some carnivore / herbivore packs and wait that they kill someone or that someone dies , then go and eat the corpse . just make sure that no one sees you .\nother members of the clade may include eoraptor from the same ischigualasto formation of argentina as herrerasaurus , staurikosaurus from the santa maria formation of southern brazil , [ 16 ] chindesaurus from the upper petrified forest ( chinle formation ) of arizona , and possibly caseosaurus from the dockum formation of texas , although the relationships of these animals are not fully understood , and not all paleontologists agree . other possible basal theropods , alwalkeria from the late triassic maleri formation of india , and teyuwasu , known from very fragmentary remains from the late triassic of brazil , might be related . novas ( 1992 ) defined herrerasauridae as herrerasaurus , staurikosaurus , and their most recent common ancestor . sereno ( 1998 ) defined the group as the most inclusive clade including h . ischigualastensis but not passer domesticus . langer ( 2004 ) provided first phylogenetic definition of a higher level taxon , infraorder herrerasauria .\nherrerasaurus gives its name to its family , herrerasauridae , a group of similar animals from the late triassic which were among the earliest of the dinosaurian evolutionary radiation . where it and its close relatives lie on the early dinosaur evolutionary tree is unclear . they are possibly basal theropods or basal saurischians but may in fact predate the saurischian - ornithischian split . [ 15 ] some analyses , such as nesbitt et al . 2009 , have found herrerasaurus and its relatives in herrerasauridae to be very basal theropods , [ 4 ] while others ( such as ezcurra 2010 ) have found them to be basal to the clade eusaurischia , that is , closer to the base of the saurischian tree than either theropods or sauropodomorphs , but not true members of either . [ 13 ] the situation is further complicated by uncertainties in correlating the ages of late triassic beds bearing land animals . [ 7 ]\nboth of these precious specimens were collected from middle triassic rocks in the ischigualasto basin of argentina . very slightly younger ( late triassic ) dinosaurs have been found in texas , arizona , and new mexico . the ischigualasto region , set aside as a natural preserve , is an area rich in natural beauty and fossils . dr . oscar alcober of the museo de ciencias naturales , san juan , argentina brought herrerasaurus and eoraptor to utct for scanning .\nherrerasaurus had a flexible joint in the lower jaw , allowing it to slide back and forth to deliver a grasping bite . [ 8 ] this cranial specialization is unusual among the dinosaurs but has evolved independently in some lizards . [ 10 ] the rear of the lower jaw also had fenestrae . the jaws were equipped with large serrated teeth for biting and eating flesh , and the neck was slender and flexible . [ 8 ] [ 11 ]\nherrerasaurus is a small animal that can be easily killed by larger creatures , and so it is recommended that you use stealth to ambush prey similar in size to or smaller than you , such as dryosaurus and psittacosaurus . hunting these animals involves taking as many bites as possible and building up the prey animal ' s bleeding level ; eventually forcing them to either sit and heal , leaving themselves open to even more bites , or keep moving and die from blood loss .\nthe paleoenvironment of the ischigualasto formation ( where it was found ) was a volcanically active floodplain covered by forests with strong seasonal rainfall . the climate was moist and warm , [ 7 ] with seasonal variations . [ 8 ] vegetation consisted of ferns ( cladophlebis ) , horsetails , and giant conifers ( protojuniperoxylon ) . these plants formed lowland forests along the banks of rivers . [ 4 ] herrerasaurus remains appear to have been the most common among the carnivores of the ischigualasto formation .\nother members of the clade may include eoraptor from the same ischigualasto formation of argentina as herrerasaurus , staurikosaurus from the santa maria formation of southern brazil , [ 16 ] chindesaurus from the upper petrified forest ( chinle formation ) of arizona , [ 17 ] and possibly caseosaurus from the dockum formation of texas , [ 18 ] although the relationships of these animals are not fully understood , and not all paleontologists agree . other possible basal theropods , alwalkeria from the late triassic maleri formation of india , [ 19 ] and teyuwasu , known from very fragmentary remains from the late triassic of brazil , might be related . [ 20 ] novas ( 1992 ) defined herrerasauridae as herrerasaurus , staurikosaurus , and their most recent common ancestor . [ 21 ] sereno ( 1998 ) defined the group as the most inclusive clade including h . ischigualastensis but not passer domesticus . [ 22 ] langer ( 2004 ) provided first phylogenetic definition of a higher level taxon , infraorder herrerasauria . [ 7 ]\n[ 3 ] [ 4 ] skeleton cast shown alongside the smaller skeleton of eoraptor and a plateosaurus skull , north american museum of ancient life the forelimbs of herrerasaurus were less than half the length of its hind limbs . the upper arm and forearm were rather short , while the manus ( hand ) was elongated . the first two fingers and the thumb ended in curved , sharp claws for grasping prey . its fourth and fifth digits were small stubs without claws . [ 3 ] [ 12 ]"]}
+{"id": 1063, "summary": [{"text": "procometis limitata is a moth in the family autostichidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by meyrick in 1911 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in south africa .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 32 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are pale fuscous irrorated with whitish , with scattered dark fuscous scales .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the costal edge is white from near the base to beyond the middle .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is a fine median streak of white suffusion from the base to two-thirds .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are grey-whitish . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "procometis limitata", "paragraphs": ["have a fact about procometis limitata ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for procometis limitata ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nprocometis limitata meyrick , 1911 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 1 ) : 75 ; tl : waterberg\nprocometis limitata is a moth in the family autostichidae . it was described by meyrick in 1911 . it is found in south africa . [ 1 ] [ 2 ]\nprocometis melanthes turner , 1898 ; ann . qd . mus . 4 : 29\nprocometis phloeodes turner , 1898 ; ann . qd . mus . 4 : 29\nprocometis periscia lower , 1903 ; trans . r . soc . s . austr . 27 ( 2 ) : 200\nprocometis milvina meyrick , 1914 ; ann . transv . mus . 4 ( 4 ) : 199 ; tl : white river\nprocometis ( hyostoma ) acharma meyrick , 1908 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1908 : 731 ; tl : natal\nprocometis ( hyostola ) oxypora meyrick , 1908 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1908 : 730 ; tl : natal\nprocometis ochricilia meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 106 ; tl : transvaal , pretoria\nprocometis coniochersa meyrick , 1922 ; ark . zool . 14 ( 15 ) : 10 ; tl : nw . australia , derby\nprocometis genialis meyrick , 1890 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 13 : 73 ; tl : duaringa , queensland\nprocometis trochala meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 3 ) : 635 ; tl : pusa , bengal\nprocometis bisulcata meyrick , 1890 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 13 : 71 ; tl : sydney , new south wales\nprocometis monocalama meyrick , 1890 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 13 : 72 ; tl : sydney , new south wales\nprocometis stenarga turner , 1902 ; trans . proc . r . soc . s . aust . 26 : 199 ; tl : gisborne , victoria\nprocometis oxypora ; meyrick , 1909 , ann . transv . mus . 2 ( 1 ) : 23 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]\nprocometis aplegiopa turner , 1904 ; trans . r . soc . s . austr . 28 : 245 ; tl : q . , stradbroke is .\nprocometis ( hyostola ) terrena meyrick , 1908 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1908 : 731 ; tl : nyassaland , mpeta , on loangwa river\nprocometis lipara meyrick , 1890 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 13 : 72 ; tl : sydney , blackheath , 3500ft ; bathurst , 2500ft\napiletria acutipennis walsingham , 1891 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1891 ( 1 ) : 106 ; tl : bathurst ( gambia )\ncorcyra brunnea west , 1931 ; novit . zool . 36 : 206 ; tl : formosa , kanshirei\nodites mistharma meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 3 ) : 634 ; tl : puttalam ; trincomali , ceylon\nodites sphendonistis meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 3 ) : 634 ; tl : puttalam , ceylon\nodites spoliatrix meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 509 ; tl : s . india , coimbatore\n[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nresults of dr . e . mj\u00f6berg ' s swedish scientific expedition to australia 1910 - 1913 . microlepidoptera\nwest , 1931 descriptions of new species of japanese , formosan , and philippine pyralidae novit . zool . 36 : 206 - 219\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nbutler a . g . 1880b . on a collection of lepidoptera from madagascar with descriptions of new genera and species . - annals and magazine of natural history ( 5 ) 5 ( 28 ) : 333\u2013344 ; ( 29 ) : 384\u2013395 .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nthe wingspan is about 32 mm . the forewings are pale fuscous irrorated with whitish , with scattered dark fuscous scales . the costal edge is white from near the base to beyond the middle . there is a fine median streak of white suffusion from the base to two - thirds . the hindwings are grey - whitish . [ 3 ]\nann . transv . mus . 3 ( 1 ) : 75 archived 2015 - 05 - 18 at the wayback machine .\nthis page is based on a wikipedia article written by authors ( here ) . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 license ; additional terms may apply . images , videos and audio are available under their respective licenses .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nspinitibia hodgesi ( s . m . lee & r . l . brown , 2010 )\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more"]}
+{"id": 1104, "summary": [{"text": "phyllonorycter genistella is a moth of the gracillariidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is known from the iberian peninsula .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "the larvae feed on genista florida .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "they mine the leaves of their host plant .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "they create an upper-surface tentiform mine . ", "topic": 11}], "title": "phyllonorycter genistella", "paragraphs": ["phyllonorycter genistella is a moth of the gracillariidae family . it is known from the iberian peninsula .\nlastuvka , a . & z . lastuvka - the european phyllonorycter species feeding on the plants of the tribe genisteae ( fabaceae ) , with descriptions of twelve new species ( lepidoptera : gracillariidae ) . in acta universitatis agriculturae et silviculturae mendelianae brunensis 54 ( 5 ) : 65 - 84 . 2006\nenter the name or part of a name you wish to search for . the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard . e . g . ' papilio * ' . keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .\nwe are still having problems with the search feature . unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .\nmuseum f\u00fcr naturkunde leibniz - institut f\u00fcr evolutions - und biodiversit\u00e4tsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwebsite \u00a9 jim wheeler 2016 - 2018 . nola - x database system \u00a9 jim wheeler 2018 . - sponsored by urltoken & urltoken\nthe larvae feed on genista florida . they mine the leaves of their host plant . they create an upper - surface tentiform mine . [ 2 ]\nthis page is based on a wikipedia article written by authors ( here ) . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 license ; additional terms may apply . images , videos and audio are available under their respective licenses .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncitation title :\nfossil - calibrated molecular phylogenies reveal that leaf - mining moths radiated several million years after their host plants\n.\nthis study was previously identified under the legacy study id s1423 ( status : published ) .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\n2011 - 01 - 26 by & van nieukerken , dr erik j . karsholt , dr ole & by prof . jaroslaw buszko\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\na local species that is restricted to the south - east of england where it has a predominantly coastal distribution .\nukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .\nthe ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .\nlooking for a specific moth species ? enter just part of the name below .\nprocache : v317 render date : 2018 - 07 - 07 08 : 52 : 39 page render time : 0 . 3382s total w / procache : 0 . 4109s\nbuggallery v . 1 . 3 \u00a9 2007 - 2018 by boris loboda . php v . 5 . 3 . 3 - 7 + squeeze19 . mysql v . 5 . 5 . 44 - 0 + deb7u1 ."]}
+{"id": 1197, "summary": [{"text": "the scorpion mud turtle ( kinosternon scorpioides ) is a species of mud turtle in the kinosternidae family .", "topic": 21}, {"text": "it is found in mexico , central america and south america . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "scorpion mud turtle", "paragraphs": ["rodrigues , jo\u00e4o fabr\u00eccio mota . 2016 . kinosternon scorpioides ( scorpion mud turtle ) sexual behavior . herpetological review 47 ( 1 ) : 72 - 73\nmagnusson , e . e . 1998 . kinosternon scorpioides ( scorpion mud turtle ) . brazil : roraima . herpetological review 29 ( 3 ) : 173 - get paper here\nthe scorpion mud turtles in dade county , florida , were intentionally released by an animal importer ( king and krakauer , 1966 ) .\nberry , james f . and john b . iverson 2001 . kinosternon scorpioides ( linnaeus ) scorpion mud turtle . catalogue of american amphibians and reptiles ( 725 ) : 1 - 11 - get paper here\nhern\u00e0ndez - ruz , emil jos\u00e8 , roberto portella de andrade , elciomar araujo do oliveira and jamille karina coleho correa . 2016 . kinosternon scorpioides ( scorpion mud turtle ) diet . herpetological review 47 ( 2 ) : 286\nthe scorpion mud turtle is a highly aquatic , adaptable kinosternid that inhabits almost any body of water ( pritchard and trebbau , 1984 ; ernst and barbour , 1989 ; alvarez del toro , 1982 ; berry and iverson , 2001 ) .\nthe reference to\nscorpion\nin this turtle ' s name is apparently based upon the spine on the tip of the tail ( berry and iverson , 2001 ) .\niverson , j . b . 1998 . molecules , morphology , and mud turtle phylogenetics ( family kinosternidae ) . chelonian conservation and biology 3 ( 1 ) : 113 - 117 .\nthe scorpion mud turtle is illustrated by a variety of authors ( pritchard , 1979 ; smith and smith , 1979 ; freiberg , 1981 ; pritchard and trebbau , 1984 ; ernst and barbour , 1989 ; alvarez del toro , 1982 ; murphy , 1997 ; campbell , 1998 ; berry and iverson , 2001 ) .\niverson , john b . ; minh le , colleen ingram 2013 . molecular phylogenetics of the mud and musk turtle family kinosternidae . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 69 ( 3 ) : 929\u2013939 - get paper here\nthe scorpion mud turtle can be immediately identified by its unusual shell , furrowed along the centre . they are aquatic , but during the dry season when ponds dry up they undertake migrations and may be found in dry areas . when threatened they withdraw into the shell , the uniquely - hinged plastron closing behind them like a trapdoor .\niverson , j . b . , & berry , j . f . 1979 . the mud turtle genus kinosternon in northeastern mexico . herpetologica 35 ( 4 ) : 318 - 324 . - get paper here\nacu\u00f1a , r . a . & merch\u00e1n , m . 2003 . biology and taxonomic revision of the red - cheeked mud turtle in costa rica . reptilia ( gb ) ( 26 ) : 30 - 34 - get paper here\nmy female kinosternon scorpioides . she gives me already 5 hatchlings . an aesy turtle to keep . because of the small size .\nis a medium to large kinosternid ( mud turtle ) with a variably domed , oval carapace ( upper shell ) having a length of 92 - 270 mm ( 3 . 6 - 10 . 6 in ) ( pritchard and trebbau , 1984 ; ernst and barbour , 1989 ; berry and iverson , 2001 ) .\nschmidt , k . p . 1947 . a new kinosternid turtle from colombia . fieldiana : zoology 31 : 109 - 112 . - get paper here\nturtle taxonomy working group [ van dijk , p . p . , j . iverson , a . rhodin , h . shaffer , and r . bour ]\nvinke , t . & vinke , s . 2001 . the turtle and tortoise fauna of the central chaco of paraguay . radiata 10 ( 3 ) : 3 - 19\nadditionally , a wide array of regional vernacular names have been applied to this turtle and compiled by several authors ( mittermeier et al . , 1980 ; liner , 1994 ) .\nsince this highly adaptable turtle has ecological similarities to indigenous kinosternids and is a successful generalist , k . scorpioides has a great potential to impact indigenous ecosystems if it ever becomes established .\nthis turtle is primarily omnicarnivorous , voraciously feeding on a wide variety of aquatic invertebrates and vertebrates , including carrion ( pritchard and trebbau , 1984 ; ernst and barbour , 1989 ) .\nlegler , j . m . 1965 . a new species of turtle , genus kinosternon , from central america . univ . kansas publ . mus . nat . hist . 15 : 615 - 625 - get paper here\ncabrera , m . r . & colantonia , s . e . 1997 . taxonomic revision of the south american subspecies of the turtle kinosternon scorpioides . journal of herpetology 31 ( 4 ) : 507 - 513 - get paper here\nberry , j . f . , and j . m . legler . 1980 . a new turtle ( genus kinosternon ) from sonora , mexico . contributions in science . natural history museum of los angeles county 325 : 1 - 12 . - get paper here\nthe name kinosternon was derived from the greek words kinetos , meaning\nmovable\nand sternon , meaning\nchest ,\nin reference to the plastral hinges . the specific name scorpioides is derived from the latin word\nscorpio ,\nprobably in reference to the horny spine on the tip of the tail . together with the latin ending\noides ,\nthe full meaning translates to\nsimilar to a scorpion\n( lemos - espinal & dixon 2013 ) .\niverson , j . [ b . ] 1989 . kinosternon scorpioides ( linnaeus 1766 ) . p . 65 . in : f . w . king and r . l . burke ( editors ) . crocodilian , tuatara , and turtle species of the world . a taxonomic and geographic reference . the association of systematics collections , washington , dc . 216 pp .\nttwg ; rhodin , a . g . j . ; van dijk , p . p . ; iverson , j . b . & shaffer , h . b . [ turtle taxonomy working group ] 2010 . turtles of the world , 2010 update : annotated checklist of taxonomy , synonymy , distribution , and conservation status . chelonian research monographs ( issn 1088 - 7105 ) no . 5 , doi : 10 . 3854 / crm . 5 . 000 . checklist . v3 . 2010 - get paper here\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 frameset / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe nonindigenous occurrences section of the nas species profiles has a new structure . the section is now dynamically updated from the nas database to ensure that it contains the most current and accurate information . occurrences are summarized in table 1 , alphabetically by state , with years of earliest and most recent observations , and the tally and names of drainages where the species was observed . the table contains hyperlinks to collections tables of specimens based on the states , years , and drainages selected . references to specimens that were not obtained through sighting reports and personal communications are found through the hyperlink in the table 1 caption or through the individual specimens linked in the collections tables .\nthe carapace can have three keels ( ridges ) in many individuals ( savage and villa , 1986 ; ernst and barbour , 1989 ) .\nthe plastron ( lower shell ) has two hinges and little or no anal notch on the posterior lobe ( ernst and barbour , 1989 ; berry and iverson , 2001 ) .\nthe first vertebral scute ( shield or lamina ) of the carapace is wider than it is long , and vertebral scutes 1 - 4 have distinct posterior notches ( berry and iverson , 2001 ) .\nthe color of the carapace varies from light brown , to olive , or black ; the head can be brown , gray , or black with a reticulated or spotted pattern of cream , orange , red , pink , or yellow ( pritchard and trebbau , 1984 ; berry and iverson , 2001 ) .\nin most individuals the tip of the tail has a horny spine ( berry and iverson , 2001 ) .\nshould be compared with the anatomical features of other similar - looking north american kinosterids described in other works ( ernst and barbour , 1989 ; ernst et al . , 1994 ; conant and collins , 1998 ) . the individual subspecies ( geographic races ) are defined and described by berry and iverson ( 2001 ) ; they are :\nis indigenous to south - southeastern mexico including isla cozumel ) , southward to belize , and caribbean drainages in honduras , nicaragua , and on isla de san andres , colombia .\ntable 1 . states with nonindigenous occurrences , the earliest and latest observations in each state , and the tally and names of hucs with observations\u2020 . names and dates are hyperlinked to their relevant specimen records . the list of references for all nonindigenous occurrences of kinosternon scorpioides are found here .\nthese turtles are not established in florida because they have not been seen since their release ( king and krakauer , 1966 ) .\nhas been reviewed or summarized by smith and smith ( 1979 ) , iverson ( 1989 , 1991 , 1998 ) , and berry and iverson ( 2001 ) .\nhas been summarized a variety of authors ( smith and smith , 1973 , 1976 , 1979 , 1993 ; pritchard and trebbau , 1984 ; ernst and barbour , 1989 ; iverson , 1992 ; berry and iverson , 2001 ) .\ncan be cannibalistic , biting off the toes and limbs of conspecifics ( pritchard and trebbau , 1984 ) .\nfemales probably lay 1 - 6 hard - shelled eggs ( pritchard and trebbau , 1984 ; ernst and barbour , 1989 ) .\nlike many kinosternids they probably construct a shallow terrestrial nest with little cover ( pritchard and trebbau , 1984 ) .\nalvarez del toro , m . 1982 . los reptiles de chiapas . tercera edici\u00f3n , corregida y aumentada . instituto de historia natural , tuxtla gutierrez , chiapas , mexico . 248 pp .\nberry , j . f . , and j . b . iverson . 2001 . kinosternon scorpioides . catologue of american amphibians and reptiles ( 725 ) : 1 - 11 .\ncampbell , j . a . 1998 . amphibians and reptiles of northern guatemala , the yucat\u00e1n , and belize . university of oklahoma press , norman , oklahoma . 380 pp .\nconant , r . , and j . t . collins . 1998 . a field guide to reptiles & amphibians . eastern and central north america . third edition , expanded . houghton mifflin company , boston . 616 pp .\ncrother , b . i . 1999 . evolutionary relationships . pp . 269 - 334 . in : b . i . crother ( editor ) . caribbean amphibians and reptiles . academic press , san diego . 495 pp .\nernst , c . h . , and r . w . barbour . 1989 . turtles of the world . smithsonian institution press , washington , d . c . and london . 313 pp .\nernst , c . h . , j . e . lovich , and r . w . barbour . 1994 . turtles of the united states and canada . smithsonian institution press , washington and london . 578 pp .\nflores - villela , o . 1993 . herpetofauna mexicana . carnegie museum of natural history special publication ( 17 ) : i - iv , 1 - 73 .\nfreiberg , m . 1981 . turtles of south america . t . f . h . publications , inc . , neptune , new jersey . 125 pp .\niverson , j . b . 1991 . phylogenetic hypotheses for the evolution of modern kinosternine turtles . herpetological monographs 5 : 1 - 27 .\niverson , j . b . 1992 . a revised checklist with distribution maps of the turtles of the world . john b . iverson , richmond , indiana . 363 pp .\nking , [ f . ] w . , and t . krakauer . 1966 . the exotic herpetofauna of southeast florida . quarterly journal of the florida academy of sciences 29 ( 2 ) : 144 - 154 .\nliner , e . a . 1994 . scientific and common names for the amphibians and reptiles of mexico in english and spanish . nombres cient\u00edficos y comunes en ingles y espa\u00f1ole de los anfibios y los reptiles de m\u00e9xico . society for the study of amphibians and reptiles herpetological circular ( 23 ) : i - vi , 1 - 113 .\nmittermeier , r . a . , f . medem , and a . g . j . rhodin . 1980 . vernacular names of south american turtles . society for the study of amphibians and reptiles herpetological circular ( 9 ) : 1 - 44 .\nmurphy , j . c . 1997 . amphibians and reptiles of trinidad and tobago . krieger publishing company , malabar , florida . 245 pp . + 172 plates .\npritchard , p . c . h . 1979 . encyclopedia of turtles . t . f . h . publications , inc . , neptune , new jersey . 895 pp .\npritchard , p . c . h . , and p . trebbau . 1984 . the turtles of venezuela . contributions to herpetology 2 . society for the study of amphibians and reptiles , ithaca . 403 pp . , 47 plates , 16 maps .\nsavage , j . m . , and j . villa r . 1986 . introduction to the herpetofauna of costa rica . introducci\u00f3n a la herptofauna de costa rica . society for the study of amphibians and reptiles contributions to herpetology ( 3 ) : i - viii , 1 - 207 .\nschwartz , a . , and r . w . henderson . 1991 . amphibians and reptiles of the west indies : descriptions , distributions , and natural history . university of florida press , gainesville . 720 pp .\nsmith , h . m . , and a . j . kohler . 1978 . a survey of herpetological introductions in the united states and canada . transactions of the kansas academy of science 1977 80 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 24 .\nsmith , h . m . , and r . b . smith . 1973 . synopsis of the herpetofauna of mexico . volume ii . analysis of the literature exclusive of the mexican axolotl . john johnson natural history books , north bennington , vermont . 367 pp .\nsmith , h . m . , and r . b . smith . 1976 . synopsis of the herpetofauna of mexico . volume iii . source analysis and index for mexican reptiles . john johnson , north bennington , vermont . 23 pp . , am - t , app - 102 , cor - 4 .\nsmith , h . m . , and r . b . smith . 1979 . synopsis of the herpetofauna of mexico . volume vi . guide to mexican turtles . bibliographic addendum iii . 1044 pp .\nsmith , h . m . , and r . b . smith . 1993 . synopsis of the herpetofauna of mexico . volume vii . bibliographic addendum iv and index , bibliographic addenda ii - iv , 1979 - 1991 . university press of colorado , niwot , colorado . 1082 pp .\nsomma , l . a . , 2018 , kinosternon scorpioides ( linnaeus , 1766 ) : u . s . geological survey , nonindigenous aquatic species database , gainesville , fl , urltoken revision date : 8 / 2 / 2002 , access date : 7 / 9 / 2018\nthis information is preliminary or provisional and is subject to revision . it is being provided to meet the need for timely best science . the information has not received final approval by the u . s . geological survey ( usgs ) and is provided on the condition that neither the usgs nor the u . s . government shall be held liable for any damages resulting from the authorized or unauthorized use of the information .\nthe data represented on this site vary in accuracy , scale , completeness , extent of coverage and origin . it is the user ' s responsibility to use these data consistent with their intended purpose and within stated limitations . we highly recommend reviewing metadata files prior to interpreting these data .\ncitation information : u . s . geological survey . [ 2018 ] . nonindigenous aquatic species database . gainesville , florida . accessed [ 7 / 9 / 2018 ] .\ncontact us if you are using data from this site for a publication to make sure the data are being used appropriately and for potential co - authorship if warranted . for queries involving fish , please contact pam fuller . for queries involving invertebrates , contact amy benson .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\ndesigned by paul smith 2006 . this website is copyrighted by law . material contained herewith may not be used without the prior written permission of fauna paraguay . material on this page was provided by paul smith and alberto esquivel and is used with their permission .\nfigure 1 - ( fprep29ph ) lateral view of adult , plot 21 , rio pilcomayo area , note puncture marks in the shell probably from the teeth of a big cat ( paul smith march 2005 ) . figure 2 - ( fprep30ph ) defensive posture of same specimen ( paul smith march 2005 ) . figure 3 - ( fprep31ph ) adult submerging , location unknown ( alberto esquivel undated ) . figure 4 - ( fprep32ph ) adult head detail , ruta trans - chaco km500 , departamento boquer\u00f3n ( paul smith october 2008 ) . figure 5 - ( fprep33ph ) same individual shell dorsal ( paul smith october 2008 ) . figure 6 - ( fprep34ph ) same individual shell ventral , showing hinge ( paul smith october 2008 ) . figure 7 - ( fprep35ph ) same individual posterior shell view showing keel ( paul smith october 2008 ) . figure 8 - ( fprep36ph ) same individual hind foot ( paul smith october 2008 ) . video a - ( fprep657vi ) adult , laguna capit\u00e1n , deparamento boquer\u00f3n ( paul smith february 2012 ) . video b - ( fprep475vi ) submerged adult , fort\u00edn boquer\u00f3n , deparamento boquer\u00f3n ( paul smith november 2010 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nyou came across this error because the pageyou were trying to visit does not exist .\nwe ' ve recently redesigned the site so old links may not work . have a look at some of these changes .\nyou may want to update your bookmarks or try to find the updated information using the links below . if you are still unable to find the information you are looking for , please contact the webmaster using the information below .\nfaculties / academics - find links to all faculties , departments and other academic resources e . g . handbooks , prospectus\nmedia centre - find media relations information here eg . news releases , events and announcements information\nprogrammes - view the faculty booklets containing the programmes available at the st . augustine campus\nresearch & innovation - view the cutting - edge research being done at the st . augustine campus\ncopyright 2015 the university of the west indies st . augustine , trinidad and tobago\nour 7 faculties , professional schools offer more than 200 programs to some 15 , 000 graduate , undergraduate and continuing studies students .\nthe uwi , st . augustine ranks first in trinidad and tobago among accredited tertiary - level programmes .\nlike most websites we use cookies . this is to ensure that we give you the best experience possible .\ncontinuing to use urltoken means you agree to our use of cookies . if you would like to , you can learn more about the cookies we use .\nwe\u2019d value your feedback on the tool . our survey takes only five minutes to complete .\nthe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available . when several references are cited , they may give conflicting information on the status . further details may be available for individual references in the distribution table details section which can be selected by going to generate report .\none or more of the features that are needed to show you the maps functionality are not available in the web browser that you are using .\nplease consider upgrading your browser to the latest version or installing a new browser .\nalbogulare : nicaragua , el salvador , honduras , costa rica , panama , isla ca\u00f1as , colombia ( isla san andr\u00e9s ) .\nnote : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .\nholotype : apparently lost ( smith and smith \u201c1979\u201d 1980 ) , berry & iverson 2001 ) . holotype : usnm 7518 , adult male [ abaxillare ] syntypes : mnhn 1760 , mnhn 4349 ; the holotype is lost , but berry & iverson 2001 have examined usnm 7519 - 29 , the paratypes [ albogulare ] holotype : mnhn 1759 , a subadult female [ cruentatum ] holotype : ansp 90 [ mexicanum ]\nacosta , jos\u00e9 luis ; calamante , cinthia ; palomas , yanina soledad 2013 . kinosternon scorpioides scorpioides ( linnaeus , 1766 ) . primer registro para la provincia del chaco ( rep\u00fablica argentina ) . cuadernos de herpetolog\u00eda 27 ( 2 ) : - get paper here\nar\u00e9chaga - ocampo , samuel ; carlos a . montalb\u00e1n huidobro & rub\u00e9n castro - franco 2008 . nuevos registros y ampliacion de la distribucion de anfibios y reptiles en el estado de morelos , m\u00e9xico . acta zool\u00f3gica mexicana ( n . s . ) 24 ( 2 ) : 231 - 233 - get paper here\nblanco - torres , argelina ; lina b\u00e1ez s . , edgar pati\u00f1o - flores , juan m . renjifo - r . 2013 . herpetofauna from the middle valley of the rancher\u00eda river , la guajira , colombia rev . biodivers . neotrop . 3 ( 2 ) : 113 - 22\nbocourt , f . 1876 . note sur quelques reptiles de l ' isthme de tehuantepec ( mexique ) donn\u00e9s par m . sumichrast au museum . journal de zoologie . paris . 5 ( 5 - 6 ) : 386 - 411 - get paper here\nbonin , f . , devaux , b . & dupr\u00e9 , a . 2006 . turtles of the world . english translation by p . c . h . pritchard . johns hopkins university press , 416 pp .\nbour , r . 2008 . global diversity of turtles ( chelonii ; reptilia ) in freshwater . hydrobiologia 595 : 593\u2013598\ncacciali , pier ; norman j . scott , aida luz aquino ort\u00edz , lee a . fitzgerald , and paul smith 2016 . the reptiles of paraguay : literature , distribution , and an annotated taxonomic checklist special publication of the museum of southwestern biology , number 11 : 1\u2013373 - get paper here\ncampbell , j . a . 1998 . amphibians and reptiles of northern guatemala , the yucat\u00e1n , and belize . norman : university of oklahoma press , xiii + 380 pp . - get paper here\ncasas - andreu , g . , f . r . m\u00e9ndez - de la cruz and x . aguilar - miguel . 2004 . anfibios y reptiles ; pp . 375\u2013390 , in a . j . m . garc\u00eda - mendoza , j . ordo\u00f1ez and m . briones - salas ( ed . ) . biodiversidad de oaxaca . instituto de biolog\u00eda , unam - fondo oaxaque\u00f1o para la conservaci\u00f3n de la naturaleza - world wildlife fund , m\u00e9xico , d . f .\ncatenazzi , a . , lehr , e . & von may , r . 2013 . the amphibians and reptiles of manu national park and its buffer zone , amazon basin and eastern slopes of the andes , peru . biota neotrop . 13 ( 4 ) : 269 - 283\ncisneros - heredia , d . f . 2006 . turtles of the tiputini biodiversity station with remarks on the diversity and distribution of the testudines from ecuador . biota neotrop . 6 ( 1 ) : 1 - 16 - get paper here\ncunha , o . r . da 1970 . uma nova subesp\u00e9cies de quelonio , kinosternon scorpioides carajasensis da serra dos caraj\u00e1s , par\u00e1 ( testudinata - kinosternidae ) . bol . mus . paraense em\u00edlio goeldi , zool . 73 : 1 - 12\ndixon , james r . and julio a . lemos - espinal 2010 . amphibians and reptiles of the state of queretaro , mexico . tlalnepantla unam , 428 pp .\nduellman , w . e . 1978 . the biology of an equatorial herpetofauna in amazonian ecuador . misc . publ . univ . kans . mus . nat . hist . 65 : 1 - 352 - get paper here\nduellman , w . e . 2005 . cusco amazo\u0301nico : the lives of amphibians and reptiles in an amazonian rainforest . comstock pub assoc .\nduellman , w . e . , & salas , a . w . 1991 . annotated checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of cuzco amazonico , peru . occas . papers mus . of natur . hist . , univ . of kansas , lawrence ( 143 ) : 13 pp . - get paper here\ndum\u00e9ril , a . m . c . & a . h . a . dum\u00e9ril 1851 . catalogue m\u00e9thodique de la collection des reptiles du mus\u00e9um d ' histoire naturelle de paris . gide et baudry / roret , paris , 224 pp .\ndum\u00e9ril , a . m . c . , and g . bibron . 1835 . erp\u00e9tologie g\u00e9n\u00e9rale ou histoire naturelle compl\u00e8te des reptiles , vol . 2 . librairie encyclop\u00e9dique de roret , paris , iv + 680 p . - get paper here\ndum\u00e9ril , m . a . ; m . f . bocourt , and f . mocquard 1870 . etudes sur les reptiles , p . i - xiv , 1 - 1012 . in : recherches zoologiques pour servir a l ' histoire de ia faune de l ' am\u00e9rique centrale et du mexique . mission scientifique au mexique et dans l ' am\u00e9rique centrale , recherches zoologiques . imprimerie imper . , paris ( published in parts1870 - 1909 ) - get paper here\ndunn , e . r . , and l . h . saxe . 1950 . results of the catherwood - chaplin west indies expedition , 1948 . part . 5 . amphibians and reptiles of san andr\u00e9s and providencia . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia , 102 : 141 - 165 - get paper here\nernst , c . h . and barbour , r . w . 1989 . turtles of the world . smithsonian institution press , washington d . c . - london\ngorzula , stefan & senaris , j . celsa 1999 . in : contribution to the herpetofauna of the venezuelan guayana . i : a data base . scientia guaianae , caracas , no . 8 [ 1998 ] , 269 + pp . ; isbn 980 - 6020 - 48 - 0\ngray , j . e . 1873 . notes on the tortoises of the \u2018zoology of mexico\u2019 of mm . a . dum\u00e9ril and bocourt . ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 4 ) 12 : 109 - 114 - get paper here\ng\u00fcnther , a . c . l . g . 1885 . reptilia and batrachia . biologia centrali - am\u00e9ricana . taylor , & francis , london , 326 pp . [ published in parts from 1885 - 1902 ; reprint by the ssar 1987 ] - get paper here\nh\u00f6bel , g . 2008 . the amphibians and reptiles of the golfo dulce region - los anfibios y reptiles de la regi\u00f3n del golfo dulce . stapfia 88 , neue serie 80 ( 2008 ) : 305 - 328\niverson , j . b . 1976 . the genus kinosternon in belize ( testudines : kinosternidae ) . herpetologica 32 : 258 - 262 - get paper here\njohnson , jerry d . ; vicente mata - silva , el\u00ed garc\u00eda padilla , and larry david wilson 2015 . the herpetofauna of chiapas , mexico : composition , distribution , and conservation . mesoamerican herpetology 2 ( 3 ) : 272\u2013329 . - get paper here\nkacoliris f . p . ; berkunsky i . & williams j . 2006 . herpetofauna of impenetrable , argentinean great chaco . phyllomedusa 5 ( 2 ) : 149 - 158 - get paper here\nk\u00f6hler , g . 2000 . reptilien und amphibien mittelamerikas , bd 1 : krokodile , schildkr\u00f6ten , echsen . herpeton verlag , offenbach , 158 pp .\nk\u00f6hler , g . 2008 . reptiles of central america . 2nd ed . herpeton - verlag , 400 pp .\nlee , j . c . 2000 . a field guide to the amphibians and reptiles of the maya world . cornell university press , ithaca ,\nlegler , j . m . & vogt , r . c . 2013 . the turtles of mexico : land and freshwater forms . university of california press , 416 pp .\nlemos - espinal , julio a . and james r . dixon 2013 . amphibians and reptiles of san luis potos\u00ed . eagle mountain publishing , xii + 300 pp .\nlemos - espinal , julio a . , geoffrey r . smith 2015 . amphibians and reptiles of the state of hidalgo , mexico . check list 11 ( 3 ) : 1642 - get paper here\nlinn\u00e9 , c . von [ = linnaeus , c . ] 1766 . systema natur\u00e6 per regna tria natur\u00e6 , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . tomus i . editio duodecima , reformata . laurentii salvii , stockholm , holmiae . 1 - 532 pp . - get paper here\nmagnusson , william e . ; lima , albertina p . ; ara\u2022jo , maria carmozina de 1998 . geographic distribution . kinosternon scorpioides . herpetological review 29 ( 4 ) : 247 - get paper here\nmata - silva , vicente , jerry d . johnson , larry david wilson and el\u00ed garc\u00eda - padilla . 2015 . the herpetofauna of oaxaca , mexico : composition , physiographic distribution , and conservation status . mesoamerican herpetology 2 ( 1 ) : 6\u201362 - get paper here\nmccranie , james r . 2015 . a checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of honduras , with additions , comments on taxonomy , some recent taxonomic decisions , and areas of further studies needed . zootaxa 3931 ( 3 ) : 352\u2013386 - get paper here\nmcnish , t . 2011 . la fauna del archipi\u00e9lago de san andr\u00e9s , providencia y santa catalina , colombia , sudam\u00e9rica . colomba andina de impresos , isbn 978 - 958 - 99518 - 1 - 1\nmedina - rangel , guido fabia\u0301n 2013 . cambio estacional en el uso de los recursos de la comunidad de reptiles en el complejo cenagoso de zapatosa , departamento del cesar ( colombia ) . caldasia 35 ( 1 ) : 103 - 122\nmelo , \u00edris virg\u00ednea ; geraldo jorge barbosa de moura , marco antonio de freitas , edson victor euclides de andrade , cl\u00e1udio casal , arthur diesel abegg , marcelo nogueira de carvalho kakubum 2018 . new additions to herpetofauna of the parque estadual dois irm\u00e3os , an urban atlantic rainforest fragment , recife municipality , pernambuco state , northeastern brazil . herpetology notes 11 : 245 - 254 - get paper here\nmendoza - paz , c . a . and l . fern\u00e1ndez - badillo . 2017 . kinosternon scorpioides ( linnaeus , 1766 ) . mexico , hidalgo . mesoamerican herpetology 4 ( 4 ) : 971\u2013972 - get paper here\nmertens , r . 1952 . die amphibien und reptilien von el salvador . abh . senckenb . naturf . ges . ( frankfurt ) ( no . 487 ) : 120 pp .\nmesen , r . a . a . ; cruz , b . m . 1993 . sexual dimorphism of kinosternon scorpioides ( testudines , kinostermidae ) in palo - verde , costa - rica . revista de biologia tropical 41 ( 2 ) : 261 - 265 - get paper here\nmethner , k . 1989 . die schildkr\u00f6ten des unteren rio magdalena ( kolumbien ) . sauria 11 ( 4 ) : 9 - 11 - get paper here\nmontalvo , victor hugo , luis diego alfaro , carolina saenz and eduardo carrillo . 2015 . the jaguar as a potential predator of kinosternon scorpioides ( linnaeus , 1766 ) . herpetozoa 27 ( 3 / 4 ) : 205 - 207 [ 2014 ]\nnemuras , k . 1967 . notes on the herpetology of panama : part 3 . bull . maryland herp . soc . 3 ( 2 ) : 31 - 40 - get paper here\nribeiro , s . c . , i . j . roberto , d . l . sales , r . w . \u00e1vila & w . o . almeida 2012 . amphibians and reptiles from the araripe bioregion , northeastern brazil . salamandra 48 ( 3 ) : 133 - 146 - get paper here\nrivas , gilson a . ; ce\u0301sar r . molina , gabriel n . ugueto , tito r . barros , ce\u0301sar l . bar - rio - amoro\u0301s & philippe j . r . kok 2012 . reptiles of venezuela : an updated and commented checklist . zootaxa 3211 : 1\u201364 - get paper here\nrodrigues , jo\u00e3o fabr\u00edcio mota and diva maria borges - nojosa . 2013 . does kinosternon scorpioides ( linnaeus , 1766 ) ( testudines : kinosternidae ) prefer to reproduce in clean water ? herpetology notes 6 : 519 - 521 . - get paper here\nrodrigues , m . t . 2003 . herpetofauna da caatinga . in : i . r . leal , m . tabarelli & j . m . c . silva ( eds . ) . ecologia e conserva\u00e7\u00e3o da caatinga , pp . 181 - 236 . editora universit\u00e1ria , universidade federal de pernambuco , recife , brasil .\nschilde , m . 2001 . schlammschildkr\u00f6ten : kinosternon , sternotherus , claudius , staurotypus . natur und tier verlag ( m\u00fcnster ) , 136 pp . - get paper here\nschwartz , a . & henderson , r . w . 1991 . amphibians and reptiles of the west indies . university of florida press , gainesville , 720 pp .\nsmith , hobart m . & taylor , edward h . 1950 . type localities of mexican reptiles and amphibians . univ . kansas sci . bull . 33 ( 8 ) : 313 - 380 - get paper here\nsoli\u0301s , j . m . , l . d . wilson , and j . h . townsend . 2014 . an updated list of the amphibians and reptiles of honduras , with comments on their nomenclature . mesoamerican herpetology 1 : 123\u2013144 - get paper here\nstejneger , l . h . 1925 . new species and subspecies of american turtles . j . washington acad . sci . 15 ( 20 ) : 462 - 463 - get paper here\nstejneger , l 1941 . notes on mexican turltes of the genus kinosternon . proc . us natl . mus . 90 : 457 - 459 - get paper here\nstejneger , l . 1902 . some generic names of turtles . proc . biol . soc , washington 15 : 235 - 238 - get paper here\nstuart , l . c . 1935 . a contribution to a knowledge of the herpetology of a portion of the savanna region of central peten , guatemala . university of michigan museum of zoology miscellaneous publications 29 : 1 - 56 - get paper here\nsunyer , javier 2014 . an updated checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of nicaragua . mesoamerican herpetology 1 ( 2 ) : 186\u2013202 . - get paper here\ntaylor , edward h . 1952 . third contribution of the herpetology of the mexican state of san luis potos\u00ed . univ . kansas sci . bull . 34 ( 13 ) : 793 - 815 - get paper here\nter\u00e1n - ju\u00e1rez , sergio a . , el\u00ed garc\u00eda padilla , vicente mata - silva , jerry d . johnson and larry david wilson . 2016 . the herpetofauna of tamaulipas , mexico : composition , distribution , and conservation status . mesoamerican herpetology 3 ( 1 ) : 43\u2013113 - get paper here\ntomas , walfrido moraes , rafael morais chiaravalotti , andr\u00e9 restel camilo , gabriel oliveira de freitas 2015 . kinosternon scorpioides scorpioides linnaeus , 1766 : range extension and first records in the upper paraguay river basin and mato grosso do sul , brazil . check list 11 ( 3 ) : 1631 - get paper here\nttwg [ peter paul van dijk , john b . iverson , anders g . j . rhodin , h . bradley shaffer , and roger bour ] 2014 . turtles of the world , 7th edition : annotated checklist of taxonomy , synonymy , distribution with maps , and conservation status . 000 . v7 . chelonian research monographs ( issn 1088 - 7105 ) no . 5 , doi : 10 . 3854 / crm . 5 . 000 . checklist . v7 . 2014 - get paper here\nvaldivieso , d . & j . r . tamsitt 1963 . a check list and key to the amphibian and reptiles of providencia and san andres . carib . j . sci . 3 ( 2 / 3 ) : 77 - 79\nthis database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .\nthis is a directory page . britannica does not currently have an article on this topic .\nargentina , belize , bolivia , brazil , colombia , costa rica , ecuador , el salvador , french guiana , guatemala , guyana , honduras , mexico , nicaragua , panama , paraguay , peru , suriname , trinidad , venezuela . northeast and eastern mexico through central america and across northern and central south america to northern argentina .\ncontinent : middle - america south - america caribbean distribution : mexico ( yucatan , chiapas ) , guatemala , belize , el salvador , honduras , nicaragua , costa rica , panama , colombia , ecuador , venezuela , brazil ( roraima ) , argentina , paraguay , bolivia , n peru , trinidad type locality : surinam . abaxillare : mexico ( chiapas ) albogulare : honduras , costa rica , panama , isla ca\u00f1as , isla san andr\u00e9s . cruentatum : honduras , ne nicaragua north to mexico ( veracruz , tamaulipas ) , guatemala ; type locality : san mateo del mar , oaxaca ( designated by smith & taylor 1950 )\niucn 2011 red list : not listed ( least concern , lr / lc ) ( assessed 1996 , needs updating ) ; cites : not listed ; colombia red book of endangered reptiles : vulnerable ( d2 ) .\nlinnaeus , 1766 : systema natur\u00e6 per regna tria natur\u00e6 , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . tomus i . editio duodecima , reformata . laurentii salvii , stockholm , holmiae , p . 1 - 532 .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service ."]}
+{"id": 1212, "summary": [{"text": "chrysonoma fascialis is a moth of the oecophoridae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is known from australia and papua new guinea .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 20 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults have yellow forewings , each with three dark brown stripes .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are brown .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the larvae feed on the green leaves of eucalyptus and lophostemon species .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "they live in flattened portable cases , made from silk and bits of leaf . ", "topic": 11}], "title": "chrysonoma fascialis", "paragraphs": ["chrysonoma fascialis is a moth of the oecophoridae family . it is known from australia and papua new guinea .\nthe banded concealer moth ( chrysonoma fascialis ) is a common and attractive member of the family oecophoridae . this photograph was taken on willans hill , in wagga wagga , nsw .\nthese caterpillars live in flat cases , made from two bits of leaf joined with silk , which they carry around with them . the caterpillars feed on :\nband 2 , abtheilung 2 ( 5 ) ( 1875 ) , plate cxxxviii fig . 48 ,\nthe adult moths have yellow forewings , each with three dark purplish - brown stripes . the hindwings are rusty - brown . the wingspan is about 2 cms .\nthis species was the first of the oecophorinae from australia to be named ( in 1775 ) .\nmelbourne university press , 1990 , pl . 4 . 19 , p . 223 .\ncsiro publishing , melbourne 1994 , pp . xi , 16 , 24 , 31 , 36 , 281 , 286 - 290 .\nissue 78 ( september 2015 ) , pp . 11 - 15 , fig . 3 ,\ncharacters of a few australian lepidoptera , collected by mr . thomas r . oxley\nnew series , volume iii , number 8 ( 1856 ) , p . 295 ,\nthis page contains information and pictures about purple - banded concealer moths that we found in the brisbane area , queensland , australia .\ni . f . b . common , melbourne university press , 1990 , p 223 , plate 4 . 19 .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 613f2a51 - 6513 - 4ee9 - 9437 - 2dbf7857763c\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 7cb44343 - 2b7f - 44b4 - a791 - 3b890434cd66\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 6b6c9a14 - 8eb5 - 4a1a - 8a24 - 31dd13eff412\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 258992\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nthe wingspan is about 20 mm . adults have yellow forewings , each with three dark brown stripes . the hindwings are brown .\nthe larvae feed on the green leaves of\neucalyptus\nand\nlophostemon\nspecies . they live in flattened portable cases , made from silk and bits of leaf .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nif you have any queries or any sightings to report , email me at davidorchard0 @ urltoken .\nthis earlier post listed a few of the insect species found in the area . the present post is a continuation of that one .\na common and widespread mantid , orthodera ministralis is often found ( as its common name suggests ) in suburban gardens . this individual was photographed on the south american potato vine solanum jasminoides .\nbreeding pairs of the tricolor soldier beetle were commonly seen in late summer and early autumn . other species of soldier beetle , c . lugubris and c . pulchellus , routinely form enormous breeding colonies , and so are often called plague soldier beetles . see the brisbane insects website for more information .\nthe circulionidae ( true weevils ) is among the largest and most diverse of the insect families . it is often very difficult to identify particular species . this particular individual bears a very strong resemblance to the elephant weevil orthorhinus cylindrirostris and may belong to the same subfamily ( the molytinae ) .\nthis individual was photographed on a kurrajong ( brachychiton populneus ) , which seems to be a favourite foodsource of a couple of weevil species .\nthis is another weevil species , this time photographed in a suburban garden . the relatively short , broad rostrum ( snout ) suggests that this individual belongs to the subfamily entiminae ( broad - nosed weevils ) .\nthis species of leaf beetle ( chrysomelidae ) is common in vegetable gardens , particularly as a pest of cucurbits ( in this case zucchini ) . they can be extremely destructive . this article from the department of primary industries ( now industry & investment and formerly nsw agriculture ) has some information on pests of cucurbits , including this species .\nchrysodeixis spp . are quite conspicuous \u2013 at least as caterpillars . the adults are not nearly as noticeable . as a leaf - eater with a taste for cultivated vegetables ( this one was photographed on a bean plant ) they can be quite destructive .\nthe banded ( or purple - banded ) concealer moth belongs to the family oecophoridae ( concealer moths ) , which is particularly well - represented around wagga . several other species are known from the area \u2013 some entirely white , some entirely yellow , some yellow with brownish or purplish markings . they are often found clinging to the underside of plant stems and leaves .\nthese are the nymphs of the two - lined gum treehopper . the adults can be seen at the brisbane insects website . the young are attended by ants ( in this case probably a species of golden - tailed sugar ant camponotus sp . ) who collect from them a sugar secretion called honeydew . the ants essentially \u2018farm\u2019 the nymphs .\nanother species of hopper , also in the family cicadellidae , though belonging to a different subfamily ( tartessinae , not eurymelinae ) . leafhoppers are plant - feeders , using their piercing mouthparts to extract sap from trees . these individuals were seen on a young eucalypt ( possibly the river red gum eucalyptus camaldulensis ) near lake albert .\nthat\u2019s all for now . in bird - related news , the black - chinned honeyeater ( a vulnerable species ) was recorded at mates gully rd . tsr and has been added to the lists for mates gully and for wagga wagga . also added to the wagga list was the swift parrot , an endangered species , which was recorded ( by call only ) at red hill reserve , near pomingalarna . it is also known to overwinter in mates gully rd . and kyeamba tsrs .\nin less encouraging news , the scarlet robin has recently been declared a vulnerable species ( see here ) . its numbers are apparently in decline . in the wagga area it is known from livingstone national park and mates gully rd . tsr .\nnest hill nature reserve , formerly pulletop state forest , was gazetted in january 2001 . it is located roughly 35km south of wagga wagga and 25km north of holbrook . it is accessible only via management trails . the management plan can be found here , but is sadly rather light on details .\nsurveys carried out by the national parks and wildlife service recorded only 20 bird species in the park . the following is a list of more than thirty recorded by me in the space of a single visit ( the discrepancy is hard to explain ) : 1 . australian magpie 2 . australian raven 3 . + australian wood - duck 4 . + black swan 5 . black - faced cuckoo - shrike 6 . brown falcon 7 . brown treecreeper 8 . common bronzewing 9 . crested pigeon 10 . eastern rosella 11 . eastern yellow robin 12 . flame robin 13 . galah 14 . grey fantail 15 . grey shrike - thrush 16 . laughing kookaburra 17 . magpie - lark 18 . + masked lapwing 19 . pied currawong 20 . red wattlebird 21 . red - rumped parrot 22 . restless flycatcher 23 . rufous whistler 24 . striated pardalote 25 . sulphur - crested cockatoo 26 . superb fairy - wren 27 . weebill 28 . welcome swallow 29 . white - plumed honeyeater 30 . white - throated treecreeper 31 . white - winged chough 32 . willie wagtail 33 . yellow thornbill\n( those species marked with a + were recorded on a farm dam immediately adjacent to the reserve ) . of particular note is the brown treecreeper , the eastern subspecies of which ( climacteris picumnus victoriae ) is classed as vulnerable . ( though there is some debate as to whether the local subspecies is c . p . victoriae or c . p . picumnus ) . the fantail cuckoo and cockatiel were recorded in the surrounding area in spring .\nthe reserve is dominated by three vegetation communities : 1 . rough - barked red box ( eucalyptus polyanthemos ) / white box ( e . albens ) 2 . inland scribbly gum ( e . rossii ) / norton\u2019s box ( e . nortonii ) 3 . red stringybark ( e . macrorhyncha ; pictured above ) / inland scribbly gum / rough - barked red box\nnest hill nr contains what is probably the largest stand of red box in the wagga area ( it is found in smaller quantities in livingstone np and mates gully rd tsr ) . the presence of red stringybark is also noteworthy for similar reasons .\nthe understorey is sparse and generally lacking in diversity , owing to extensive grazing prior to the reserve\u2019s gazettal . weeds ( including * sonchus asper , * galium aparine and * trifolium spp . ) are encroaching on the reserve\u2019s boundaries .\namong the species recorded were the heaths melichrus urceolatus ( urn heath ; pictured above ) and lissanthe strigosa ( peach heath ) ; the orchids pterostylis sp . aff . parviflora ( tiny greenhood ; see here and here ) and pterostylis falcata ( autumn or sickle greenhood ) ; and the small herbs goodenia hederacea ( ivy goodenia ; pictured below ) , cymbonotus preissianus ( austral bear\u2019s - ear ; pictured below ) , geranium solanderi ( native geranium ) , hydrocotyle laxiflora ( stinking pennywort ) and dauchus glochidiatus ( austral carrot ) .\nalso recorded were the grasses austrostipa scabra ( rough speargrass ) , microlaena stipoides ( weeping or meadow rice - grass ; uncommon ) and a species of poa ( tussock grass ) . grass trees ( xanthorrhoea sp . ) were also present .\nthere was also a substantial fungus population , including several large colonies of phylloporus clelandii ( pictured above ) , limacella spp . , pisolithus tinctorius ( horse dropping fungus ) and a small , woolly bracket fungus ( possibly a species of stereum ; pictured below ) .\nthis information comes from a single visit to the reserve . future visits are likely to yield much more .\nlivingstone national park has been logged , mined for gold , tin and wolframite , and used as a bombing range . and yet it is almost certainly the best - preserved area of remnant vegetation in the vicinity of wagga . it was finally gazetted ( as livingstone national park and nature reserve ) in 2001 . in 2006 , the southern end ( adjacent to the locality of burrandana ) was declared a state conservation area .\nthe park is apparently home to 20 or more species of orchid . nine spring - flowering species were documented in this earlier post . plantnet lists four further spring - flowering species ( caladenia dimorpha , c . phaeoclavia , pterostylis mutica and thelymitra ixioides ) in the park . the management plan lists another four species : the greenhoods pterostylis curta and pterostylis longifolia , the ruddyhood pterostylis pusilla and the tiny finger orchid caladenia mentiens . additionally , four species of autumn - flowering orchid are known from the park . these are profiled here .\neriochilus cucullatus is a tiny , delicate and inconspicuous species . each plant may carry up to five flowers , though most have only one or two . it has been recorded from the both the northern and southern sections of the park , and also from murraguldrie flora reserve .\nthis identification is tentative . genoplesium is a large genus , but g . rufum is the only species listed by plantnet for the nsw south - west slopes bioregion . this species is extremely variable . its colouration runs the gamut from deep purple - black to mostly green with reddish or brownish tips to the lateral sepals ( as in this case ) . some debate exists as to whether genoplesium rufum constitutes a single species or a complex of related varieties . the flowers on this particular specimen have closed for the year .\nthe pterostylis sp . aff . parviflora complex accounts for almost a dozen species , subspecies or varieties of orchid . the variety found at livingstone ( assuming there is only one ) may be the one referred to in bishop\u2019s 1996 field guide ( currently out of print ) as pterostylis sp . aff . parviflora ( large red - brown ) . complicating this identification is the fact that many plants were found to have seven or eight flowers , whereas bishop claims that pterostylis sp . aff . parviflora ( large red - brown ) only rarely has more than six . another variety it resembles commonly has up to eight flowers , but is known only from the melbourne , victoria area ( designated by bishop as pterostylis sp . aff . parviflora ( eastern melbourne ) ) .\ntthe genus speculantha has been proposed to distinguish the tiny greenhoods from the larger species , like the one below .\nis not recognised by bishop and does not have an entry in plantnet\u2019s flora of new south wales . nevertheless it is the only autumn - flowering greenhood that comes up in a\nthis species is extremely common in livingstone national park , often occuring in colonies of up to thirty plants . these colonies are composed of plants at varying stages of maturity . younger and older flowers often take on unusual shapes :\ncoming soon : posts on nest hill nature reserve and plum pudding hill tsr and a series of posts on common urban and suburban birds of wagga .\ni\u2019ve produced three wallpaper versions ( 1024\u00d7768 , 1280\u00d71024 and 1600\u00d71200 ) of the resupinatus cinerascens shot from the previous post , if anybody is interested .\ni may do this with other photographs ( flowers , birds , and so on ) if there is any interest .\nthe rains in december , february and march brought out a large crop of fungi of various kinds , and now , with the temperature dropping and dew beginning to form , there seems to be a constant supply of unusual and interesting fungus species . a few of the more interesting are shown below .\nis a tiny fungus \u2013 the largest fruiting body being around 1cm in diameter \u2013 found on the underside of rotting logs . this particular specimen was found in wallacetown .\nis a common but inconspicuous fungus of lawns and gardens . the fruit has an extremely short life , sometimes lasting only a few hours before\ncontains a number of very similar \u2018jelly\u2019 fungi . this specimen was photographed on the side of a rotting log in ganmain state forest .\nis larger and more attractive than most of the earth stars found in the area . it seems to occur in colonies in very wet leaf litter .\nthis particular colony was found in a wet gully on the northern end of livingstone national park .\n, one of a group of large , fleshy fungi sometimes referred to as gilled boletes ( true boletes have pores rather than gills on the undersurface of the cap ) . this fungus is , according to bruce fuhrer\u2019s field guide , generally uncommon . this particular specimen was again photographed on the northern end of livingstone national park .\nspecies are very large ( around 20cm , in this case ) and are found in a variety of locations . the specimens seen here were part of a very large colony found in the grounds of the wagga wagga botanic gardens . despite their size the young fruiting bodies grew very close together :\n. this particular species \u2013 found as it was in a lawn composed of exotic grasses \u2013 may not be native to australia .\n. this extraordinary species is usually found on herbivore dung \u2013 in this case cow . the small \u2018seeds\u2019 or \u2018eggs\u2019 are called peridioles . these contain the spores and are dispersed by raindrops . this cluster of fruiting bodies was spotted at the kyeamba tsr ( which may recieve a full profile at a later date ) .\ni hope soon to add a post on the autumn - flowering orchids recorded in the area . the bird count remains unchanged .\nan earlier post ( willans hill in summer , january 5 ) listed a number of insect species found in the wagga area . the present post can be considered a continuation of that one . where possible the insects illustrated have been identified to the level of species , but identification is not always straightforward . of the many resources i have used , the brisbane insects website is probably the most useful ( i take the blame for any incorrect identifications , of course ) .\nthis is likely to be the first of many posts on the insect fauna of the area .\nthe tailed emperor is a large and beautiful butterfly in the family nymphalidae . it is probably not a permanent resident here , but vagrants have been known to reach southern victoria and south - eastern south australia . the larva is pictured here on a kurrajong ( brachychiton populneus ) , one of the species\u2019 many larval foodsources , on willans hill . the \u201chorns\u201d are purely for intimidation : the caterpillar is completely harmless .\nthe larva of the privet hawk moth is a large , robust and strikingly patterned caterpillar that \u2013 despite its name \u2013 is equally at home on a variety of introduced garden plants . the individual photographed was seen in a suburban garden , apparently feeding on the leaves of the purple trumpet vine ( podranea ricasoliana ) , a south african import . privet ( ligustrum spp . ) is a significant garden escapee . two species , l . sinense and l . vulgare , are declared noxious weeds in nsw .\nwasp moths belong to the ctenuchinae , a subfamily of the arctiidae ( tiger moths ) . there are a number of similar amata species , which cannot be easily distinguished . a number of individuals were seen recently in livingstone national park .\nthe tiger lichen moth is also a member of the arctiidae , this time of the subfamily lithosiinae ( lichen moths ) . once again , several individuals were seen in livingstone .\nthis stocky , distinctive moth was seen on willans hill and at mundwaddery cemetery . it belongs to the family notodontidae . its face is obscured by a dense mane of fibrous hairs :\nthe diamond beetle , also known as the botany bay diamond weevil , was the first australian insect to be formally described . it is apparently very common around sydney but is less so here .\nmost ladybird species are considered to be important control agents of crop and garden pests . the twentyeightspotted ladybird ( also referred to as epilachna 28 - punctata and epilachna cucurbitae ) , on the other hand , is a leaf - eater , and is also highly prolific . the larva is bizarre :\nparopsis variolosa resembles a large ladybird . it feeds exclusively on the leaves of eucalyptus species . this individual was photographed on willans hill .\nthis longicorn ( \u201clong - horned\u201d ) beetle was photographed on a kangaroo thorn ( acacia paradoxa ) shrub in livingstone national park . the precise identity of the beetle is uncertain , but it may be a species of platyomopsis .\nthe green potato bug is \u2013 like the twentyeightspotted ladybird \u2013 a common resident of suburban gardens . it feeds on tomatoes , potatoes and other cultivated plants .\ni have added the black - faced woodswallow ( artamus cinereus ) to the birdlist for wagga wagga . this brings the total number of species recorded over the past twelve months to 157 , exactly 150 of which are native .\n\u201ctorrential\u201d screamed the front page of the daily advertiser , following wagga\u2019s wettest march day on record . the lake has filled for the first time in a very long time . this is the lake as of march 11 . by way of contrast , the photograph below shows the lake as it looked on january 21 .\nvery few shorebirds remain at the lake , of course , as there is no longer a very distinct shoreline . the water will most likely recede before long . \u2014 apologies for the lack of posts lately . i have two in the works : one on fungi and one on insects .\nprivacy & cookies : this site uses cookies . by continuing to use this website , you agree to their use . to find out more , including how to control cookies , see here : cookie policy"]}
+{"id": 1306, "summary": [{"text": "hyles hippophaes ( seathorn hawk-moth ) is a species of moth in the family sphingidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in afghanistan , armenia , azerbaijan , china , france , georgia , germany , greece , iran , iraq , kazakhstan , kyrgyzstan , mongolia , pakistan , romania , serbia and montenegro , spain , switzerland , syria , tajikistan , turkey , turkmenistan , and uzbekistan .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 65 \u2013 80 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "subspecies bienerti is paler and browner than related subspecies .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "a pale , oblique median line is noticeable on the underside of the forewing .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwing patches are more orange than red .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "larvae of subspecies bienerti have been recorded on elaeagnus angustifolia and hippophae rhamnoides in china and tajikistan . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "hyles hippophaes", "paragraphs": ["hyles hippophaes hippophaes , male , upperside . france , basses alpes , st . andrer\nhyles hippophaes hippophaes , male , underside . france , basses alpes , st . andrer\novum : as subsp . hyles hippophaes hippophaes , with up to 500 being laid by each female .\nsynonym . hyles hippophaes miatleuskii eitschberger & saldaitis , 2000 , atalanta 31 : 213 .\nhabitat : in europe , hyles hippophaes settles hot , dry , stony habitats up to about 1300m above sea level , and preferably at the edge of wild floodplains close to or in the alps , where hippophaes grows in an early succession stage . hyles hippophaes inhabits also rocky slopes in these regions .\nhyles hippophaes ( esper , 1789 ) = sphinx hippophaes esper , 1789 = crocea ( rebel , 1910 ) = flava ( denso , 1913 ) = obscurata ( dannehl , 1929 ) = teriolensis ( dannehl , 1929 ) = expallidata ( dannehl , 1933 ) = celerio hippophaes kiortsii koutsaftikis , 1974 .\nas subsp . hyles hippophaes hippophaes ( esper , 1789 ) , northern spain , southern france , southern switzerland and northern italy to slovenia . then , as a separate population , romania , bulgaria , moldova , northern greece , the aegean islands and western turkey .\nthe early stages are very similar to subsp . hyles hippophaes hippophaes . fully grown , usually also very similar to those of subsp . hippophaes ; however , some are dark green with a dorsal lilac tint on the anterior segments and a broken , white ventro - lateral streak . in others , the basic body colour may even be dark grey / black .\npupa : similar to subsp . hyles hippophaes hippophaes ; during the summer months it remains in this stage for no more than 20 days . formed in a chamber in the soil , often up to 10cm deep ( chu & wang , 1980b ) . overwinters as a pupa .\ncelerio hippophaes kiortsii koutsaftikis , 1974 , annls mus . goulandris 2 : 99 - - 103 .\nremarks : hyles hippophaes does not occur north of the alps . in europe , the moth is very rare in the alpine region , more frequently , for example , in the southwestern french alps , particularly in the valley of the durance . there i found , for example , caterpillars in mid - july 2005 and 2012 at xerothermic places . hyles hippophaes is distributed from the pyrenees locally across southern france , the southern alps , parts of italy ( apennines ) and obviously also of the balkans to the black sea . additionally , hyles hippophaes occurs from asia minor to central asia .\n( ii ) there is some contact between subsp . hyles hippophaes hippophaes ( esper , 1789 ) and subsp . bienerti in the crimea and in western and southern turkey . this produces intermediate hybrids , such as f . malatiatus gehlen , 1934a , and f . kiortsii koutsaftikis , 1974 . the aegean population is most certainly subsp . hippophaes , but with a trace of subsp . bienerti visible in many examples . some adults of the crimean population are intermediate in coloration and pattern between subsp . hippophaes and subsp . bienerti . )\nendangerment factors : hyles hippophaes is strongly threatened by river regulation , gravel and electricity industry , construction of roads , housing developments , agricultural intensivication ( creation of vineyarrds on rocky slopes in floodplains ) and by succession . most once mile - wide floodplains have been destroyed , the river forced into a straitjacket . this proved fatal for many specialist insects ( and other living beings ) such as many grasshoppers like bryodemella tuberculata . hyles hippophaes can be preserved only if the habitats are protected extensively . in southern central europe , hyles hippophaes is largely eradicated . last outpost is a residual presence in the rhone valley , valais , where it could also possibly be gone already .\nfrom central turkey and the southern ukraine eastwards to liaoning ( china ) and mongolia , extending south to kashmir and north - west india and north to lake baikal and the tuva a . s . s . r . in russia as subsp . hyles hippophaes biernerti .\n( taxonomic note . there is some contact between subsp . hippophaes and subsp . bienerti ( staudinger , 1874 ) in the crimea and in western and southern turkey . this produces intermediate hybrids , such as f . malatiatus gehlen , 1934a , and f . kiortsii koutsaftikis , 1974 . the aegean population is most certainly subsp . hippophaes , but with a trace of subsp . bienerti visible in many examples . some adults of the crimean population are intermediate in coloration and pattern between subsp . hippophaes and subsp . bienerti , but can be assigned to the latter . )\nhyles hippophaes ( seathorn hawk - moth ) is a species of moth in the family sphingidae . it is found in afghanistan , armenia , azerbaijan , china , france , georgia , germany , greece , iran , iraq , kazakhstan , kyrgyzstan , mongolia , pakistan , romania , serbia and montenegro , spain , switzerland , syria , tajikistan , turkey , turkmenistan , and uzbekistan .\nlife cycle : hyles hippophaes forms one or two generations , but the second one is only partial . the moths fly from may to july and separated again in august / september . the larval time is from june to october , but by far the most caterpillars are observed in late june and july . the pupa hibernates as with all european sphingids ( except the migrant butterfly taubenschw\u00e4nzchen ) .\ntransferred to hyles by h\u00fcbner , [ 1819 ] , verz . bekannter schmett . : 137 . transferred to celerio by rothschild & jordan , 1903 , novit . zool . 9 ( suppl . ) : 714 ( key ) , 729 ; then back to hyles by pittaway , 1983 , entomologist ' s gaz . 34 : 80 . implicitly transferred to celerio by zhu & wang , 1997 , fauna sinica insecta 11 : 342 ( key ) , 344 . implicitly transferred back to hyles by danner , eitschberger & surholt , 1998 , herbipoliana 4 ( 1 ) : 202 .\nit should be noted that in the french alps larvae of natural hybrids between this species and hyles vespertilio ( esper , 1780 ) are regularly found on epilobium dodonaei , with many being of the pink form ( j . - m . bompar , pers . comm . ) .\nwithin its range , populations can be somewhat isolated . however , as this species is prone to wander , individuals may turn up at great distances from known breeding grounds , leading to confusing records . frequents river valleys in mountainous areas ( up to 500m in spain and switzerland ) , mountainous steppe and sand - dunes . river islands overgrown with hippophae rhamnoides are a favoured haunt in central europe . in some western european localities , as a result of river flood - control measures , hyles hippophaes is becoming increasingly rare as its hostplant cannot compete with riverine shrubs and trees which take over stabilized riverbanks .\nafter a very long period of inactivity on this blog , i\u2019m finally posting some new shots . not \u201castro\u201d ones , but nature - related ones . the following shots are of a hawk moth ( fam . sphingidae ) , hyles hippophaes ( esper , 1789 ) . this species is threatened by human activity , as many other insect species . in romania it occurs mainly in dobrogea , but can occasionally be found further to the west . the larva was found in august 2016 , and the adult emerged in may 2017 . the moth is active at night , and is attracted to artificial light .\nsynonymized with celerio euphorbiae as a subspecies by rothschild & jordan , 1903 , novit . zool . 9 ( suppl . ) : 720 ; then with hyles centralasiae as a subspecies by pittaway , 1983 , entomologist ' s gaz . 34 : 78 . reinstated as a species by danner , eitschberger & surholt , 1998 , herbipoliana 4 ( 1 ) : 205 , 280 .\nwingspan : 60 - - 80mm . very unlikely to be confused with other hyles species . most individuals from the aegean population have more extensive black markings than those from central europe ; however , there is sufficient overlap in colour variation not to split the two groups into separate taxa . the original description and illustrations by esper ( [ 1789 ] ) clearly indicate that the romanian population is indistinguishable from that in the aegean . where multiple climatic conditions are present , such as along mountain chains , adults of this species are very variable in wingspan , markings and colour intensity . in fact , adult coloration is very much dependent on the temperature developing pupae are exposed to . heat produces more reddish and paler individuals , while low temperatures give rise to darker and greyer adults .\ndeilephila bienerti staudinger , 1874 , stettin . ent . ztg 35 : 91 . type locality : northeast persia [ iran ] , schahrud [ emamrud ] .\nnote . this subspecies can be very variable in both coloration and size where numerous climatic conditions occur in close proximity to each other , such as in mountainous areas . many of these forms were described as distinct subspecies but this is not warranted . subspecies ornatus , transcaucasica , anatolica , bucharana , shugnana , malatiatus , caucasica and baltistana were therefore synonymized with subsp . bienerti by pittaway ( 1993 ) and should be regarded as forms .\nwingspan : 65 - - 80mm . considerably paler and browner than related subspecies . a pale , oblique median line is noticeable on the underside of the forewing ; hindwing patches more orange than red . some large specimens found above 2000m in north - west iran and kashmir tend to f . caucasica in coloration .\noften common in mountainous , arid steppe , especially along rivers overgrown with hippophae or elaeagnus . although found at any altitude from 400 - - 3000m , most populations occur from 1000 - - 2000m where hippophae rhamnoides often forms discrete thickets away from rivers .\nchina : 29 . iv - 5 . v ( shihezi ) ; urltoken ( shihezi ) ; urltoken ( shaanxi ) ; 1 . vii ( zada ) ; vii ( yining / gulja , 1000m ) ; 5 - 31 . vii ( shihezi ) ; 28 . ix ( dingbian ) . mongolia : urltoken ( hovd prov . ) ; 19 . vii ( hovd prov . ) . russia : 19 - urltoken ( karasuk , novosibirsk area ) ; 14 . vii ( tuva ) ; 18 - 21 . vii ( altai ) ; 30 . viii ( karasuk , novosibirsk area ) .\nthere are two generations a year in northeastern and central china , with adults flying in may and july / august ( yang , 1978 ; chu & wang , 1982 ) . in xinjiang , the first brood emerges between late april and mid june , depending upon the weather .\novum : pale greenish - grey , almost spherical ( 1 . 0 x 1 . 1mm ) . deposited on both the upper and under surface of leaves , usually near the edge , on the lower branches of the hostplant . thicket - edge or isolated shrubs are preferred , with up to 500 being laid by each female .\nlarva : full - fed 75 - - 80mm . dichromatic : unstriped or striped .\non hatching , the eggshell is ignored , the 3 - - 4mm - long larva proceeding to find a resting place below a leaf , a site to which it returns after each spell of feeding . at this stage it is dark green , thickly speckled with white and dark grey . the final instar has two colour forms . one is dark green ( in some cases suffused with pink ) , thickly speckled with white and grey ; superimposed on this are an off - white dorso - lateral line , often with orange eye - spots , and a broader , white , ventro - lateral stripe running just above the legs . horn long , thin , orange below , black above , with two elongated orange spots at its base ; head green , with two brown lines . the other colour form is silvery grey , with a black , broken dorso - lateral line from which emanate black , equally broken oblique lateral stripes with white , red , or yellow patches often present in between . head brown and grey ; horn as above . in a very rare colour form , all green coloration is replaced by pinkish brown .\nlarvae frequently sun themselves openly on the upper branches , amongst those they have already stripped of leaves . there is a very heavy mortality due to parasitoids . those that survive eventually become light brown before descending to find a pupation site , often after hours of perambulation on the ground .\nthis stage lasts as little as 28 days , during which the larva basks quite openly on the topmost branches of its hostplant .\npupa : 40 - - 50mm . pale yellowish brown , or light grey - brown , with dark brown striations . more elongated than others of the genus . enclosed in a flimsy cocoon amongst roots or under stones . the overwintering stage .\nin the summer months it remains in this stage for no more than 20 days . formed in a chamber in the soil , often up to 10cm deep ( chu & wang , 1980b ) .\nlarval hostplants . recorded in china on elaeagnus angustifolia ( sensu lato ) and hippophae rhamnoides ( wang , 1978 ; pittaway & kitching , 2000 ) , which are also the hostplants in tajikistan ( shchetkin , 1956 ) .\nchina : xinjiang ( shihezi ; \u00fcr\u00fcmqi ; yining / gulja ) ; nei mongol ( alxa zuoqi ; alxa youqi ) ; liaoning ; shaanxi ( dingbian ) ; ningxia ( yinchuan ; lingwu ; pingluo ) ; gansu ; xizang / tibet ( zada , 2950m ) .\nmongolia hovd prov . ( bodonchijn river valley , elkhony - ekhen - tal , 30km s altai village , 1200m ( 45\u00b043 ' n 92\u00b005 ' e ) ; dzun - dzhargalant - khairkhan , ar - shatyn - gol ( river ) valley , 2100m ( 47\u00b044 ' n 92\u00b027 ' e ) ; bulgan river basin , bayan river valley , ulyastayn - sala river , 1900m ( 46\u00b021 ' n 91\u00b008 ' e ) ; bulgan river valley , 45km n bulgan , 1500m ; dzhungarian gobi , 45km sw bulgan , uvhod - ula mts . , 1350m ) .\nrussia : western siberia ( karasuk , novosibirsk area ) ; altai ( cherga ; 5km sww mikhailovskoe ) ; tuva ( khovu - aksy ) ; transbaikalia .\ncentral ( rebel , 1933 ) , south - eastern and eastern turkey ( daniel , 1932 ; daniel , 1939 ; de freina , 2012 ) , southern ukraine ( efetov & budashkin , 1990 ; zolotuhin , pers . comm . ; vasilyuk & inozemtseva , 2003 ) , the caucasus and southern russia ( zolotuhin , pers . comm ; poltavsky , pers . comm 2003 ; anikin , 2004 ) , northern and central iran ( bienert , 1870 ; barou , 1967 ; kalali , 1976 ; ghassemi , alemansoor & alehossein , 2009 ) , turkmenistan ( danov & pereladov , 1985 ) and uzbekistan ( derzhavets , 1984 ) , the southern urals ( nupponen & fibiger , 2002 ; dubatolov , 2012 ) , eastern kazakhstan ( kondratiev coll . , nhmuk ) , western xinjiang province , china ( pittaway & kitching , 2000 ) , tajikistan ( shchetkin , 1956 ) , afghanistan ( ebert , 1969 ; daniel , 1971 ) , northern pakistan / azad kashmir ( karakoram mountains , juglot valley , 2550m , 26 . vii . 2011 ( leg . bal\u00e1zs benedek ) ) ( rafi et al . , 2014 ) , and north - west india / kashmir ( o . bang - haas , 1939 ) to the western tian shan .\nalso , china , from xinjiang province ( china ) north to the altai mountains ( izerskiy , 1999 ) and eastwards across the provinces of ningxia , gansu , shaanxi and nei mongol ( inner mongolia ) to liaoning ( chu & wang , 1980b ; pittaway & kitching , 2000 ) , and also mongolia ( derzhavets , 1977 ; yakovlev , gus ' kova , doroshkin & titov , 2015 ; yakovlev & doroshkin , 2017 ) . from these areas north to karasuk ( dubatolov , 2012 ) , the tuva a . s . s . r . ( viidalepp , 1979 ; izerskiy , 1999 ) , the altai kray ( yakovlev , dubatolov & titov , 2013 ) and lake baikal ( kondratiev coll . , nhmuk ) in russia .\nholarctic ; palaearctic ( both eastern and western subregions ) . pleistocene refuge : polycentric - - caspian , iranian , turanoeremic , turkestan and mongoloeremic refugia .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhost plants : the caterpillar lives on sea buckthorn ( hippophae rhamnoides ) , in the southeast ( turkey ) also on other eleagnaceae ( eleagnus ) .\ngb : seabuckthorn hawkmoth ; seathorn hawkmoth , f : sphinx de l ' argousier , d : sanddornschw\u00e4rmer , ru : oblepikhovyi brazhnik ; yuzhnyi brazhnik , h : d\u00e9li szender , e : esfinge del espino amarillo , fi : tyrnikiit\u00e4j\u00e4 , it : sfinge dell ' olivella spinosa .\ntype locality : wallachei , milkowfluss bei foran [ wallachia region , southern romania ] .\nholarctic ; western palaearctic region . pleistocene refuge : poly / monocentric - - adriatomediterranean and pontomediterranean subsections of the mediterranean refuge .\nas with nearly all members of this genus , pairing is a short affair lasting not more than three hours , generally before midnight . afterwards , most females spend a few hours every night feeding , mainly before 23 . 00 hours and before dawn . oddly , this species does not fly very much and spends much of the night resting .\nlate april to early july , with a peak in mid - june . a partial second brood in august often occurs . it is not unusual for only three weeks to elapse between the two broods .\novum : almost spherical ( 1 . 1 x 1 . 0mm ) , pale greenish grey . deposited on both the upper and under surface of leaves , usually near the edge , on the lower branches of the hostplant . thicket - edge or isolated shrubs are preferred , most eggs being laid in late june .\nlarva : full - fed , 75 - - 80mm . polymorphic : unstriped or striped .\non hatching , the eggshell is ignored , the 3 - - 4mm - long larva proceeding to find a resting place below a leaf , a site to which it returns after each spell of feeding . at first only the cells on the leaf upperside are eaten , leaving clear ' windows ' in the leaf ; in the second instar leaves are consumed in the normal fashion . initially pale grey with a white dorso - lateral line and grey horn , it gradually becomes dark green , thickly speckled with white and dark grey .\nthe final instar has several colour forms . the main one is dark green ( in some cases suffused with pink ) , thickly speckled with white and grey ; superimposed on this are an off - white dorso - lateral line , often with orange eye - spots , and a broader , white , ventro - lateral stripe running just above the legs . horn long , thin , orange below , black above , with two elongated orange spots at its base ; head green , with two brown lines .\na less common form is silvery grey , with a black , broken dorso - lateral line from which emanate black , equally broken oblique lateral stripes with white , red , or yellow patches often present in between . head brown and grey ; horn as above .\nthere are also two very rare colour forms in which all green coloration is replaced by either pinkish brown or dark grey / black . the latter appears more readily under cold conditions .\nlarvae frequently sun themselves openly on the upper branches , amongst those they have already stripped of leaves . there is a very heavy mortality due to parasitoids . those that survive eventually become light purple - brown before descending to find a pupation site , often after hours of perambulation on the ground .\nmost common during late june and july ; in some areas also during early september .\nminor hostplants . elaeagnus angustifolia , an introduced oleaster from central and eastern turkey now established over much of southern europe . this is the main hostplant of the aegean population ( pittaway , 1982a ) . [ in captivity , the larvae will thrive on many species of ornamental elaeagnus , and will also accept epilobium angustifolium when larger . ]\npupa : 40 - - 50mm . pale yellowish brown , or light grey - brown , with dark brown striations . more elongated than others of the genus . enclosed in a flimsy yellowish cocoon amongst roots or under stones . the overwintering stage .\ntachinidae : exorista fasciata ( fall\u00e9n ) , exorista larvarum ( linnaeus ) , exorista grandis ( zetterstedt ) , masicera sphingivora ( robineau - desvoidy ) .\nseparated into two main areas which seem to be the remnants of a much larger , post - glacial range . from northeastern spain ( portbou , catalonia ( pittaway , 1983b ) ) across southern france ( frionnet , 1910 ; chanselme , 1997 ) , southern switzerland ( schweizerischer bund f\u00fcr naturschutz , 1997 ) and northern italy to slovenia . then , as a separate population , romania ( esper , [ 1793 ] ; sz\u00e9kely & szab\u00f3 , 1995 ; vlad dinca , pers . comm . 2007 ) , bulgaria ( beshkov , 1998 ; danner , eitschberger & surholt , 1998 ) , moldova ( derzhavets , 1984 ) , northern greece ( koutsaftikis , 1970 ; 1973 ; 1974 ) , the aegean islands ( de freina & piatkowski , 1999 ) and western turkey ( pittaway , 1982a ) .\nthis species will very probably also be found in more areas of northern spain , hungary and romania , countries with large areas of hostplant . it has been recorded as a vagrant in england ( gilchrist , 1979 ) , northwestern spain ( basque country ( g\u00f3mez bustillo & fern\u00e1ndez - rubio , 1976 ) ) , southern spain ( malaga ( ribbe , 1909 - 1912 ) ) , southern portugal ( near faro ) and slovakia ( danner , eitschberger & surholt , 1998 ) . recently recorded from the apennine mountains east of florenz , italy ( dapporto , fiorini , fiumi & flamigni , 2005 ) .\nrecorded in the past from germany ( bavaria ) ( heinemann , 1859 ; forster & wohlfahrt , 1960 ) , but no longer resident in that country ( danner , eitschberger & surholt , 1998 ) .\nthis species appears on the british list as a result of a supposed vagrant record from devon in approximately 1857 .\n, and fly between april and june , sometimes with a second generation in august .\nukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .\nthe ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .\nlooking for a specific moth species ? enter just part of the name below .\nprocache : v317 render date : 2018 - 06 - 15 16 : 47 : 21 page render time : 0 . 2454s total w / procache : 0 . 3098s\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\ndie schmetterlinge in abbildungen nach der natur mit beschreibungen . fortsetzung der europ\u00e4ischer schmetterlinge 6\nlectotype \u2640 [ romania : ] wallechei [ wallachia region ] , near foxan , milkowfluss [ milkov river ] [ wmhg ] ; designated by hacker , 1999 , esperiana 7 : 453 . the lectotype is the largest female (\ndas gr\u00f6\u00dfere weibchen\n) in\nkasten 20\n.\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nwe use cookies to give you the best possible experience . by using our website you agree to our use of cookies .\n( taxonomic notes . ( i ) this subspecies can be very variable in both coloration and size where numerous climatic conditions occur in close proximity to each other , such as in mountainous areas . many of these forms were described as distinct subspecies but this is not warranted . subspecies ornatus , transcaucasica , anatolica , bucharana , shugnana , malatiatus , caucasica and baltistana have been synonymized with subsp . bienerti and should be regarded as forms .\nwingspan : 65 - - 80mm . can be considerably paler and browner than related subspecies . a pale , oblique median line is noticeable on the underside of the forewing ; hindwing patches more orange than red . some large specimens found above 2000m in north - west iran and kashmir tend to f . caucasica in coloration .\noften common in mountainous , arid steppe , especially along rivers overgrown with hippophae or elaeagnus . although found at any altitude from 400 - - 3000m , most populations occur from 1000 - - 2000m where hippophae rhamnoides often forms discrete thickets away from rivers . attracted to the flowers of cistanche at dusk ( shchetkin , 1956 ) .\nlarva : full - fed , 75 - - 85mm . dimorphic : unstriped or striped .\nmajor hostplants . hippophae rhamnoides and elaeagnus spp . , especially elaeagnus angustifolia and elaeagnus hortensis in tajikistan ( shchetkin , 1956 ) . in the crimea it is found on elaeagnus argentea ( efetov & budashkin , 1990 ) .\ncentral ( rebel , 1933 ) , south - eastern and eastern turkey ( daniel , 1932 ; daniel , 1939 ; de freina , 2012 ) , southern ukraine ( efetov & budashkin , 1990 ; zolotuhin , pers . comm . ; vasilyuk & inozemtseva , 2003 ) , the caucasus and southern european russia ( zolotuhin , pers . comm ; poltavsky , pers . comm . 2003 ; anikin , 2004 ) , the republic of georgia ( didmanidze , petrov & zolotuhin , 2013 ) , armenia ( w\u0105sala & zamorski , 2015 ) and azerbaijan ( didmanidze , petrov & zolotuhin , 2013 ) , northern and central iran ( bienert , 1870 ; barou , 1967 ; kalali , 1976 ; ghassemi , alemansoor & alehossein , 2009 ; lehmann & zahiri , 2011 ) , turkmenistan ( danov & pereladov , 1985 ) and uzbekistan ( derzhavets , 1984 ) , the southern urals ( nupponen & fibiger , 2002 ; dubatolov , 2012 ) , eastern kazakhstan ( kondratiev coll . , nhmuk ; shovkoon , 2015 ) , western xinjiang province , china ( pittaway & kitching , 2000 ) , tajikistan ( shchetkin , 1956 ) , afghanistan ( ebert , 1969 ; daniel , 1971 ) , northern pakistan / azad kashmir ( karakoram mountains , juglot valley , 2550m , 26 . vii . 2011 ( leg . bal\u00e1zs benedek ) ( rafi et al . , 2014 ) ) , and north - west india / kashmir ( o . bang - haas , 1939 ) to the western tian shan .\nas elaeagnus angustifolia is widely planted as a hedge and windbreak throughout eastern europe and central asia , this moth has not only expanded its range northwards ( dubatolov , 2012 ) but may turn up as a vagrant far from its resident range , e . g . the northern ukraine ( plyushch & sheshurak , 1997 ) .\nthe anatolian plateau forms the western resident limit of this subspecies , although individuals can penetrate as far west as istanbul .\nextra - limital range . in china , from xinjiang province ( china ) north to the altai mountains ( izerskiy , 1999 ) and eastwards across the provinces of ningxia , gansu , shaanxi and nei mongol ( inner mongolia ) to liaoning ( chu & wang , 1980b ; pittaway & kitching , 2000 ) , and also mongolia ( derzhavets , 1977 ; yakovlev & doroshkin , 2017 ) . from these areas north into russia to karasuk ( dubatolov , 2012 ) , the tuva a . s . s . r . ( viidalepp , 1979 ; izerskiy , 1999 ) , the altai kray ( yakovlev , dubatolov & titov , 2013 ) and lake baikal ( kondratiev coll . , nhmuk ) .\nlectotype \u2642 [ turkey : toros mountains , ] bulghar dagh [ bolkar da\u011flari ] , lydia , [ bred ex larvae ( w . siehe ) ] [ mnhu ] ; implicitly designated by danner , eitschberger & surholt , 1998 , herbipoliana 4 ( 2 ) : 74 .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\n2011 - 01 - 26 by & van nieukerken , dr erik j . karsholt , dr ole & by dr ian kitching\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\naustria , bulgaria , germany , greece , spain , italy , corsica , romania , the soviet union - the european part of turkey - european part of france , switzerland , yugoslavia .\nregions of the russian federation : the volga - don , east caucasus , western caucasus , lower volga , tuva , southern urals .\nbulgaria , the british isles , hungary ? , germany , greece ( mainland ) , spain ( mainland ) ? , italy ( mainland ) , corsica , moldova , russia , romania , north aegean , slovenia , ukraine , france ( mainland ) croatia , switzerland .\n[ 10 ] de jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) ( 2011 ) fauna europaea version 2 . 4 ( faunaeur . org )\n[ 28 ] moths and butterflies of europe and north africa ( leps . it ) , 2012\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nthe wingspan is 65\u201380 mm . subspecies bienerti is paler and browner than related subspecies . a pale , oblique median line is noticeable on the underside of the forewing . the hindwing patches are more orange than red .\nlarvae of subspecies bienerti have been recorded on elaeagnus angustifolia and hippophae rhamnoides in china and tajikistan ."]}
+{"id": 1695, "summary": [{"text": "the capsalidae is a family of monopisthocotylean monogeneans , which includes about 200 species .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the monophyly of the capsalidae is supported by possession of accessory sclerites in the haptor ( the posterior attachment organ ) , and was confirmed by molecular phylogeny .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "capsalids are parasite on various organs of marine fish ( teleosts and elasmobranchs ) , including skin , fins and gills .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "several capsalid species , such a neobenedenia spp. are pathogenic , especially on maricultured fish . ", "topic": 15}], "title": "capsalidae", "paragraphs": ["the capsalidae is a family of monopisthocotylean monogeneans , which includes about 200 species .\nfamily ties : molecular phylogenetics , evolution and radiation of flatworm parasites ( monogenea : capsalidae ) .\nprice , e . w . ( 1939 ) north american monogenetic trematodes iii . the family capsalidae ( capsaloidea ) .\nthe capsalidae ( monogenea : monopisthocotylea ) : a review of diversity , classification and phylogeny with a note about species complexes .\nadelaide research & scholarship : family ties : molecular phylogenetics , evolution and radiation of flatworm parasites ( monogenea : capsalidae ) .\nbychowsky , b . & nagibina , l . ( 1967 ) new capsalidae ( mono - genoidea ) from pacific fishes .\negorova , t . p . ( 1994b ) a taxonomic review of the subfamily trocho - podinae ( monogenoidea : capsalidae ) .\negorova , t . p . ( 1997 ) a taxonomic review of the subfamily bene - deniinae ( monogenoidea : capsalidae ) .\niwata , k . ( 1990 ) ectoparasitic trematodes from marine fishes of kyusyu , japan . i . the family capsalidae ( monogenea ) .\nthe capsalidae ( monogenea : monopisthocotylea ) : a review of diversity , classification and phylogeny with a note about species complexes . - pubmed - ncbi\na revision of neobenedenia yamaguti , 1963 ( monogenea : capsalidae ) including a redescription of n . melleni ( maccallum , 1927 ) yamaguti , 1963\nvelasquez c . c . 1982 : monogenea ( capsalidae ) from philippine marine fishes . proc . helminthol . soc . wash . 49 : 176 - 184\nthe monophyly of the capsalidae is supported by possession of accessory sclerites in the haptor ( the posterior attachment organ ) , and was confirmed by molecular phylogeny .\nthe subfamily encotyllabinae ( monogenea : capsalidae ) with the description of alloencotyllabe caranxi n . g . , n . sp . and encotyllabe kuwaitensis n . sp\negorova t . p . 1999 : systematics of the subfamily entobdellinae ( monogenoidea : capsalidae ) . parazitologiya 33 : 420 - 425 . ( in russian . )\nthe subfamily encotyllabinae ( monogenea : capsalidae ) with the description of alloencotyllabe caranxi n . g . , n . sp . and encotyllabe kuwaitensis n . sp .\negorova t . p . 1994b : about a new genus , megalobenedenia ( capsalidae : trochopodinae ) . parazitologiya 28 : 76 - 78 . ( in russian . )\negorova t . p . 2000c : new monogeneans of the genus dionchus ( capsalidae : dionchinae ) . parazitologiya 34 : 252 - 258 . ( in russian . )\negorova t . p . 2000d : recent composition of the subfamily encotyllabinae ( monogenea : capsalidae ) . parazitologiya 34 : 295 - 301 . ( in russian . )\negorova t . p . 1994a : a taxonomic review of the subfamily trochopodinae ( monogenoidea : capsalidae ) . parazitologiya 28 : 81 - 91 . ( in russian . )\negorova t . p . 1997 : a taxonomic review of the subfamily benedeniinae ( monogenoidea : capsalidae ) . parazitologiya 31 : 438 - 451 . ( in russian . )\nthe subfamily encotyllabinae ( monogenea : capsalidae ) with the description of alloencotyllabe caranxi n . g . , n . sp . and encotyllabe kuwaitensis n . sp . | springerlink\na revision of entobdella blainville ( monogenea : capsalidae ) with particular reference to e . hippoglossi and e . squamula : the use of ratios in taxonomy and key to species\nwhittington , i . d . ( 2004 ) the capsalidae ( monogenea : monopistho - cotylea ) : a review of diversity , classification and phylogeny with a note about species complexes .\negorova t . p . 2000b : occurrence of monogeneans of the subfamily capsalinae ( capsalidae ) - parasites of marine fishes . parazitologiya 34 : 111 - 117 . ( in russian . )\nmonogenea of arabian gulf fishes : 1 . descriptions of three capsala spp . ( capsalidae ) including capsala naffari n . sp . infecting mackerel tuna euthynnus affinis from coasts of emirates - sciencedirect\nrevision of allobenedenia yamaguti , 1963 ( monogenoidea : capsalidae ) with the description of a . zhangi n . sp . from epinephelus fasciatus ( teleostei : serranidae ) in the south china sea\na revision of benedenia diesing , 1858 including a redescription of b . sciaenae ( van beneden , 1856 ) odhner , 1905 and recognition of menziesia gibson , 1976 ( monogenea : capsalidae )\nrevision of allobenedenia yamaguti , 1963 ( monogenoidea : capsalidae ) with the description of a . zhangi n . sp . from epinephelus fasciatus ( teleostei : serranidae ) in the south china sea | springerlink\nbravo - hollis , m . ( 1958 ) trematodos de peces marinos de aguas mexicanas . xiv . cuatro monogeneos de la familia capsalidae baird , 1853 , de las costas del pacifico , incluyendo una especie nueva .\ncolorni a . 1994 : hyperparasitism of amyloodinium ocellatum ( dinoflagellida : oodinidae ) on neobenedenia melleni ( monogenea : capsalidae ) . dis . aquat . org . 19 : 157 - 159 go to original source . . .\nbravo - hollis , h . m . ( 1958 ) trematodes de peces marinos de aguas mexicanas . xiv . cuarto monogeneos de la familia capsalidae baird , 1853 , de las costas del pacifico , incluyendo una especie nueva .\nogawa , k . shirakashi , s . and ishitani , h . 2014 . insemination of the monogenean neobenedenia girellae ( capsalidae , benedeniinae ) . parasitology international , vol . 63 , issue . 2 , p . 473 .\negorova t . p . 2000a : entobdella hippoglossi ( monogenoidea , capsalidae ) from a perch - like fish from the pacific ocean and new data on sessilorbis limopharynx . parazitologiya 34 : 70 - 74 . ( in russian . )\nwhittington , ian d . 2004 . the capsalidae ( monogenea : monopisthocotylea ) : a review of diversity , classification and phylogeny with a note about species complexes . folia parasitologica , vol . 51 , issue . 2 , p . 109 .\nbuhrnheim , u . , gomes , d . c . & varela , m . c . ( 1973 ) alguns tremat\u00f3deos monogen\u00e9ticos da fam\u00edlia capsalidae baird , 1853 , em peixes do oceano atl\u00e2ntico \u2013 costa continental portuguesa e costa do norte da \u00e1frica .\ntimofeeva t . a . 1995 : new species of the genera pseudallobenedenia yamaguti , 1966 and lagenivaginopseudobenedenia yamaguti , 1966 ( monogenea : capsalidae ) in the indo - pacific . syst . parasitol . 32 : 71 - 77 go to original source . . .\njustine j . - l . , mattei x . 1987 : phylogenetic relationships between the families capsalidae and dionchidae ( platyhelminthes , monogenea , monopisthocotylea ) indicated by the comparative ultrastructural study of spermiogenesis . zool . scr . 16 : 111 - 116 go to original source . . .\ngusev a . v . , timofeeva t . a . 1986 : the ciliary cells and chaetotaxy of the larvae of nitzschia sturionis ( abildgaard , 1794 ) . ( monogenea , capsalidae ) . tr . zool . inst . 155 : 55 - 61 . ( in russian . )\njustine j . - l . , mattei x . , euzet l . 1991 : ultrastructure of spermatozoa in two monopisthocotylean monogeneans : encotyllabe sp . ( capsalidae ) and tetraonchoides sp . ( tetraonchoididae ) . ann . parasitol . hum . comp . 66 : 173 - 178 go to original source . . .\nsep\u00falveda , f . a . and gonz\u00e1lez , m . t . 2014 . molecular and morphological analyses reveal that the pathogen benedenia seriolae ( monogenea : capsalidae ) is a complex species : implications for yellowtail seriola spp . aquaculture . aquaculture , vol . 418 - 419 , issue . , p . 94 .\ndeveney m . r . , chisholm l . a . , whittington i . d . 2001 : first published record of the pathogenic monogenean parasite neobenedenia melleni ( capsalidae ) from australia . dis . aquat . org . 46 : 79 - 82 go to original source . . . go to pubmed . . .\nwheeler t . a . , beverley - burton m . 1987 : nasicola hogansi n . sp . ( monogenea : capsalidae ) from bluefin tuna , thunnus thynnus ( osteichthyes : scombridae ) , in the northwest atlantic . can . j . zool . 65 : 1947 - 1950 go to original source . . .\nwhittington i . d . , horton m . a . 1996 : a revision of neobenedenia yamaguti , 1963 ( monogenea : capsalidae ) including a redescription of n . melleni ( maccallum , 1927 ) yamaguti , 1963 . j . nat . hist . 30 : 1113 - 1156 go to original source . . .\nwhittington , i . d . ( 2004 ) . the capsalidae ( monogenea : monopisthocotylea ) : a review of diversity , classification and phylogeny with a note about species complexes . folia parasitologica , 51 ( 2 - 3 ) , 109 - 122 . doi : 10 . 14411 / fp . 2004 . 016 .\ningram , abigail l . and parker , andrew r . 2005 . the anatomy and attachment mechanism of the haptor of acapsalasp . ( platyhelminthes : monogenea : capsalidae ) on the blue marlin , makaira nigricans ( istiophoridae ) . journal of natural history , vol . 39 , issue . 42 , p . 3633 .\nwhittington i . d . , ernst i . 2002 : migration , site - specificity and development of benedenia lutjani ( monogenea : capsalidae ) on the surface of its host , lutjanus carponotatus ( pisces : lutjanidae ) . parasitology 124 : 423 - 434 go to original source . . . go to pubmed . . .\negorova t . p . 1989 : a taxonomic analysis of the subfamily capsalinae ( monogenoidea ; capsalidae ) . in : b . i . lebedev ( ed . ) , parazitologicheskie issledovaniya : sbornik nauchnykh trudov . dal ' nevostochnoe otdelenie . akademiya nauk sssr , vladivostok , pp . 46 - 54 . ( in russian . )\nwhittington , i . d . , deveney , m . r . , morgan , j . a . t . , chisholm , l . a . & adlard , r . d . ( 2004 ) a preliminary phylogenetic analysis of the capsalidae ( platyhelminthes : monogenea : monopisthocoty - lea ) inferred from large subunit rdna sequences .\nbullard s . a . , benz g . w . , overstreet r . m . , williams e . h . jr . , hemdal j . 2000b : six new host records and an updated list of wild hosts for neobenedenia melleni ( maccallum ) ( monogenea : capsalidae ) . comp . parasitol . 67 : 190 - 196\nkardousha m . m . 2002 : monogenea of arabian gulf fishes . 1 . descriptions of three capsala spp . ( capsalidae ) including capsala naffari n . sp . infecting mackerel tuna euthynnus affinis from coasts of emirates . parasitol . int . 51 : 327 - 335 go to original source . . . go to pubmed . . .\nogawa k . , bondad - reantaso m . , fukudome m . , wakabayashi h . 1995a : neobenedenia girellae ( hargis , 1955 ) yamaguti , 1963 ( monogenea : capsalidae ) from cultured marine fishes of japan . j . parasitol . 81 : 223 - 227 go to original source . . . go to pubmed . . .\nbarse , ann m . and bullard , stephen a . 2012 . redescription and new host record of capsala laevis ( monogenoidea : capsalidae : capsalinae ) from gill of roundscale spearfish , tetrapturus georgii ( perciformes : istiophoridae ) in the northwestern atlantic ocean . journal of parasitology , vol . 98 , issue . 4 , p . 735 .\ndyer w . g . , poly w . j . 2002 : trimusculotrema schwartzi n . sp . ( monogenea : capsalidae ) from the skin of the stingray dasyatis zugei ( elasmobranchii : dasyatidae ) off hong kong , china . syst . parasitol . 51 : 217 - 225 go to original source . . . go to pubmed . . .\ngarcia r . g . g . f . , pradi - garcia m . m . , del valle m . t . , rodriguez - diego j . g . 2000 : nuevas especies de hospederos y localizacion para pseudobenedenia nototheniae y pseudobenedenoides shorti ( monogenea : capsalidae ) en peces antarticos . rev . salud anim . 22 : 61 - 63\nogawa k . , bondad - reantaso m . g . , wakabayashi h . 1995b : redescription of benedenia epinepheli ( yamaguti , 1937 ) meserve , 1938 ( monogenea : capsalidae ) from cultured and aquarium marine fishes of japan . can . j . fish . aquat . sci . 52 : 62 - 70 go to original source . . .\ntingbao , yang kritsky , delane c . and yuan , sun 2004 . revision of allobenedenia yamaguti , 1963 ( monogenoidea : capsalidae ) with the description of a . zhangi n . sp . from epinephelus fasciatus ( teleostei : serranidae ) in the south china sea . systematic parasitology , vol . 59 , issue . 3 , p . 223 .\nperez ponce de leon g . p . , mendoza - garfias b . 2000 : a new species of sprostoniella bychowsky and nagibina , 1967 ( monogenea : capsalidae ) from chaetodipterus zonatus ( osteichthyes : ephippidae ) in chamela bay , mexico . j . parasitol . 86 : 811 - 814 go to original source . . . go to pubmed . . .\nperkins , elizabeth m . donnellan , steve c . bertozzi , terry chisholm , leslie a . and whittington , ian d . 2009 . looks can deceive : molecular phylogeny of a family of flatworm ectoparasites ( monogenea : capsalidae ) does not reflect current morphological classification . molecular phylogenetics and evolution , vol . 52 , issue . 3 , p . 705 .\nklassen g . j . , beverley - burton m . , locke a . 1989 : a revision of entobdella blainville ( monogenea : capsalidae ) with particular reference to e . hippoglossi and e . squamula : the use of ratios in taxonomy and key to species . can . j . zool . 67 : 1869 - 1876 go to original source . . .\nwhittington i . d . , barton d . p . 1990 : a new genus of monogenean parasites ( capsalidae : benedeniinae ) from stingrays ( rajiformes : dasyatidae ) with a description of a new species from the long - tailed stingray himantura uarnak forsskal from queensland , australia . j . nat . hist . 24 : 327 - 340 go to original source . . .\nkritsky d . c . , fennessy c . j . 1999 : calicobenedenia polyprioni n . gen . , n . sp . ( monogenoidea : capsalidae ) from the external surfaces of wreckfish , polyprion americanus ( teleostei : polyprionidae ) , in the north atlantic . j . parasitol . 85 : 192 - 195 go to original source . . . go to pubmed . . .\nwhittington i . d . , deveney m . r . , morgan j . a . t . , chisholm l . a . , adlard r . d . 2004 : a preliminary phylogenetic analysis of the capsalidae ( platyhelminthes : monogenea : monopisthocotylea ) inferred from large subunit rdna sequences . parasitology 128 : 511 - 519 go to original source . . . go to pubmed . . .\nwhittington i . d . , deveney m . r . , wyborn s . j . 2001a : a revision of benedenia diesing , 1858 including a redescription of b . sciaenae ( van beneden , 1856 ) odhner , 1905 and recognition of menziesia gibson , 1976 ( monogenea : capsalidae ) . j . nat . hist . 35 : 663 - 777 go to original source . . .\nwhittington i . d . , kearn g . c . , beverley - burton m . 1994 : benedenia rohdei n . sp . ( monogenea : capsalidae ) from the gills of lutjanus carponotatus ( perciformes : lutjanidae ) from the great barrier reef , queensland , australia , with a description of the oncomiracidium . syst . parasitol . 28 : 5 - 13 go to original source . . .\n, currently in the benedeniinae , should perhaps be placed in a separate subfamily . an additional analysis was made which omitted 3 capsalid taxa ( for which only short sequences were available ) and all outgroup taxa because of alignment difficulties . sequence length increased to 693 bases and good branch support was achieved . the benedeniinae was again paraphyletic . higher - level classification of the capsalidae , evolution of the entobdellinae and issues of species identity in\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : plos one publisher : san francisco , ca : public library of science . isbn / issn : 1932 - 6203 oclc : 969745500\npublic library of science . ; national institutes of health ( u . s . ) . pubmed central .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nyou may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\n# national institutes of health ( u . s . ) . pubmed central .\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\ndon ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .\nmolecular phylogenetics and evolution ( journal , magazine , 1992 ) [ worldcat . org ]\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : molecular phylogenetics and evolution publisher : orlando , fla . : academic press isbn / issn : 1055 - 7903 oclc : 231794612\nseries : translation series ( virginia institute of marine science ) ; no . 1 .\nwashington , d . c . : american institute of biological sciences , c1961 .\ntranslation of a russian monograph , ninth in a series\n- - cover .\n@ book { bhl31704 , title = { monogenetic trematodes : their systematics and phylogeny / } , copyright = { no known copyright restrictions as determined by scanning institution } , url = urltoken note = urltoken - - - translation of : monogeneficheskie sosalshchiki , ikh systema i filogeniia . - - - includes facsim . of original t . p . - - -\ntranslation of a russian monograph , ninth in a series\n- - cover . - - - series statement from p . v . - - - includes indexes . } , publisher = { washington , d . c . : american institute of biological sciences , } , author = { bykhovskii , b . e . ( boris evseevich ) , } , year = { 1961 } , pages = { 656 } , keywords = { classification | platyhelminthes | trematoda | } , }\nty - book ti - monogenetic trematodes : their systematics and phylogeny / ur - urltoken pb - american institute of biological sciences , cy - washington , d . c . : py - 1961 n1 - translation of : monogeneficheskie sosalshchiki , ikh systema i filogeniia . - - - includes facsim . of original t . p . - - -\ntranslation of a russian monograph , ninth in a series\n- - cover . - - - series statement from p . v . - - - includes indexes . au - bykhovskii , b . e . ( boris evseevich ) , kw - classification kw - platyhelminthes kw - trematoda er -\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nfolia parasitol ( praha ) . 2004 jun ; 51 ( 2 - 3 ) : 109 - 22 .\nmonogenean research laboratory , parasitology section , the south australian museum , north terrace , adelaide , south australia 5000 , australia . whittington . ian @ urltoken\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nbray , r . a . ( 2001 ) . monogenea , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 142 - 146 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\ninternational journal that covers all branches of parasitology , including morphology , taxonomy , molecular biology , host - parasite relationships , parasite evolution , biochemistry , physiology and immunology .\nabildgaard p . c . 1794 : beskrivelse af en nye snylte - orm , funden paa horn - fiskens gieller ( axine belones ) . skr . naturh . - selsk . , kiobenhavn . 3 : 59 - 60\nal - mathal e . m . 2002 : identification of some monogenetic trematodes from some arabian gulf fish in saudi arabia . j . egypt . soc . parasitol . 32 : 959 - 967\nboeger w . a . , kritsky d . c . 1997 : coevolution of the monogenoidea ( platyhelminthes ) based on a revised hypothesis of parasite phylogeny . int . j . parasitol . 27 : 1495 - 1511 go to original source . . . go to pubmed . . .\nboeger w . a . , kritsky d . c . 2001 : phylogenetic relationships of the monogenoidea . in : d . t . j . littlewood and r . a . bray ( eds . ) , interrelationships of the platyhelminthes . taylor and francis , london and new york , pp . 92 - 102\nbullard s . a . , benz g . w . , braswell j . s . 2000a : dionchus postoncomiracidia ( monogenea : dionchidae ) from the skin of blacktip sharks , carcharhinus limbatus ( carcharhinidae ) . j . parasitol . 86 : 245 - 250 go to original source . . . go to pubmed . . .\nbychowsky b . e . 1957 : monogenetic trematodes , their systematics and phylogeny . izdatel ' stvo akademii nauk sssr , moscow . ( in russian : english translation edited by hargis , w . j . jr . , 1961 ) , 627 pp\nchisholm l . a . 1998 : ciliated cells and chaetotaxy of the larvae of seven species of monocotylid monogeneans ( platyhelminthes ) from heron island , great barrier reef , australia . parasitol . res . 84 : 828 - 834 go to original source . . . go to pubmed . . .\nchisholm l . a . , wheeler t . a . , beverley - burton m . 1995 : a phylogenetic analysis and revised classification of the monocotylidae taschenberg , 1879 ( monogenea ) . syst . parasitol . 32 : 159 - 191 go to original source . . .\nchisholm l . a . , whittington i . d . 1998 : morphology and development of the haptors among the monocotylidae ( monogenea ) . hydrobiologia 383 : 251 - 261 go to original source . . .\nchisholm l . a . , whittington i . d . , fischer a . b . p . 2004 : a review of dendromonocotyle ( monogenea : monocotylidae ) from the skin of stingrays and their control in public aquaria . folia parasitol . 51 : 123 - 130 go to original source . . . go to pubmed . . .\ncribb b . w . , chisholm l . a . , gould r . , whittington i . d . 2003 : morphology , ultrastructure and implied function of ciliated sensory structures on the developmental stages of merizocotyle icopae ( monogenea : monocotylidae ) . microsc . res . techniq . 62 : 267 - 276 go to original source . . . go to pubmed . . .\nernst i . , whittington i . , corneillie s . , talbot c . 2002 : monogenean parasites in sea - cage aquaculture . austasia aquacult . february / march 2002 : 46 - 48\nfroese r . , pauly d . ( eds . ) 2003 : fishbase . world wide web electronic publication , www . fishbase . org , 06 december 2003\ngibson d . i . 1976 : monogenea and digenea from fishes . discovery rep . 36 : 179 - 266\njahn t . l . , kuhn l . r . 1932 : the life history of epibdella melleni maccallum , 1927 , a monogenetic trematode parasitic on marine fishes . biol . bull . 62 : 89 - 111 go to original source . . .\njustine j . - l . 1991 : cladistic study in the monogenea ( platyhelminthes ) , based upon a parsimony analysis of spermiogenetic and spermatozoal ultrastructural characters . int . j . parasitol . 21 : 821 - 838 go to original source . . .\njustine j . - l . , lambert a . , mattei x . 1985 : spermatazoon ultrastructure and phylogenetic relationships in the monogeneans ( platyhelminthes ) . int . j . parasitol . 15 : 601 - 608 go to original source . . . go to pubmed . . .\nkaneko j . j . , yamada r . , brock j . a . , nakamura r . m . 1988 : infection of tilapia , oreochromis mossambicus ( trewavas ) , by a marine monogenean , neobenedenia melleni ( maccallum , 1927 ) yamaguti , 1963 in kaneohe bay , hawaii , usa , and its treatment . j . fish dis . 11 : 295 - 300 go to original source . . .\nkearn g . c . 1963 : the egg , oncomiracidium and larval development of entobdella soleae , a monogenean skin parasite of the common sole . parasitology 53 : 435 - 447 go to original source . . .\nkearn g . c . 1964 : the attachment of the monogenean entobdella soleae to the skin of the common sole . parasitology 54 : 327 - 335 go to original source . . .\nkearn g . c . 1978 : entobdella australis , sp . nov . , a skinparasitic monogenean from the queensland stingrays taeniura lymma and amphotistius kuhlii . aust . j . zool . 26 : 207 - 214 go to original source . . .\nkearn g . c . 1994 : evolutionary expansion of the monogenea . int . j . parasitol . 24 : 1227 - 1271 go to original source . . . go to pubmed . . .\nkearn g . c . 1998 : parasitism and the platyhelminths . chapman and hall , london , 544 pp go to original source . . . go to pubmed . . .\nkearn g . c . , whittington i . d . 1992 : a response to light in an adult encotyllabine ( capsalid ) monogenean from the pharyngeal tooth pads of some marine teleost fishes . int . j . parasitol . 22 : 119 - 121 go to original source . . . go to pubmed . . .\nkoesharyani i . , zafran , yuasa y . , hatai k . 1999 : two species of capsalid monogeneans infecting cultured humpback grouper cromileptes altivelis in indonesia . fish pathol . 34 : 165 - 166 go to original source . . .\nlamothe - argumedo r . 1997 : nuevo arreglo taxonomico de la subfamilia capsalinae ( monogenea : capsalinae ) , clave para los generos y dos combinaciones nuevas . an . inst . biol . univ . nac . auton . mex . ( zool . ) 68 : 207 - 223\nlawler a . r . 1981 : zoogeography and host - specificity of the superfamily capsaloidea price , 1936 ( monogenea : monopisthocotylea ) . an evaluation of the host - parasite locality records of the superfamily capsaloidea price , 1936 , and their utility in determinations of host - specificity and zoogeography . special papers in marine science no . 6 , 650 pp . gloucester point , virginia , usa : virginia institute of marine science and school of marine science , college of william and mary\nleong t . s . 1997 : control of parasites in cultured marine finfishes in southeast asia - an overview . int . j . parasitol . 27 : 1177 - 1184 go to original source . . . go to pubmed . . .\nllewellyn j . 1982 : host - specificity and corresponding evolution in monogenean flatworms and vertebrates . mem . mus . natl . hist . nat . paris , nouv . ser . , ser . a ( zool . ) 123 : 289 - 293\nmaccallum g . a . 1927 : a new ectoparasitic trematode , epibdella melleni , sp . nov . zoopathology 1 : 291 - 300\nmollaret i . , jamieson b . g . m . , justine j . - l . 2000 : phylogeny of the monopisthocotylea and polyopisthocotylea ( platyhelminthes ) inferred from 28s rdna sequences . int . j . parasitol . 30 : 171 - 185 go to original source . . . go to pubmed . . .\nmueller o . f . 1776 : zoologiae danicae prodromus , seu animalium daniae et norvegiae indigernarum characteres , nomina , et synonyma imprimis popularium . havniae , 282 pp\nnigrelli r . f . 1935 : studies on the acquired immunity of the pompano , trachinotus carolinus , to epibdella melleni . j . parasitol . 21 : 438 - 439\nnigrelli r . f . 1937 : further studies on the susceptibility and acquired immunity of marine fishes to epibdella melleni , a monogenetic trematode . zoologica , n . y . 22 : 185 - 192\nnigrelli r . f . 1940 : mortality statistics for specimens in the new york aquarium , 1939 . zoologica , n . y . 25 : 525 - 552\nnigrelli r . f . 1943 : causes of diseases and death of fishes in captivity . zoologica , n . y . 28 : 203 - 216\nnigrelli r . f . 1947 : susceptibility and immunity of marine fishes to benedenia ( = epibdella ) melleni ( maccallum ) , a monogenetic trematode . iii . natural hosts in the west indies . j . parasitol . 33 : 25\nnigrelli r . f . , breder c . m . 1934 : the susceptibility and immunity of certain marine fishes to epibdella melleni , a monogenetic trematode . j . parasitol . 20 : 259 - 269 go to original source . . .\nogawa k . , yokoyama h . 1998 : parasitic diseases of cultured marine fish in japan . fish pathol . 33 : 303 - 309 . go to original source . . .\noliva m . e . , luque j . l . 1995 : monogeneans parasitic on marine fishes from peru and chile : three new species and two new combinations . mem . inst . oswaldo cruz 90 : 569 - 574 go to original source . . .\nolson p . d . , littlewood d . t . j . 2002 : phylogenetics of the monogenea - evidence from a medley of molecules . int . j . parasitol . 32 : 233 - 244 go to original source . . . go to pubmed . . .\nroberts l . s . , janovy j . jr . 2000 : gerald d . schmidt & larry s . roberts ' foundations of parasitology . sixth edition . mcgraw - hill international editions , boston , 670 pp\ntimofeeva t . a . 1988 : structure of the genital system of the monogenean genus dionchus ( monogenea , dionchidae ) . tr . zool . inst . 177 : 26 - 34 . ( in russian . )\ntimofeeva t . a . 1990 : phylogenetic relationships of capsalids and dionchids and the position of the latter in the system of monogeneans ( monogenea , monopisthocotylea ) . tr . zool . inst . 221 : 3 - 16 . ( in russian . )\ntimofeeva t . a . , gaevskaya a . v . , kovaleva a . a . 1987 : capsalids ( monogenea ) of the notothenioid fishes from the atlantic region of antarctica and subantarctica . tr . zool . inst . 161 : 78 - 93 . ( in russian . )\nvan beneden p . j . 1856 : note sur un trematode nouveau de maigre d ' europe . bull . acad . r . belg . , classes sci . 23 : 502 - 508\nvan beneden p . j . 1858 : memoire sur les vers intestinaux . j . - b . bailtiere et fils , paris , 376 pp\nwhittington i . d . 1994 : graham c . kearn . an appreciation . int . j . parasitol . 24 : 481 - 486 go to original source . . . go to pubmed . . .\nwhittington i . d . 1996 : benedeniine ( capsalid ) monogeneans from australian fishes : pathogenic species , sitespecificity and camouflage . j . helminthol . 70 : 177 - 184 go to original source . . . go to pubmed . . .\nwhittington i . d . , chisholm l . a . 2003 : diversity of monogenea from chondrichthyes : do monogeneans fear sharks ? in : c . combes and j . jourdane ( eds . ) , taxonomie , ecologie et evolution des metazoaires parasites . ( livre hommage a louis euzet ) . tome 2 . pup perpignan , france , pp . 339 - 363\nwhittington i . d . , corneillie s . , talbot c . , morgan j . a . t . , adlard r . d . 2001b : infections of seriola quinqueradiata temminck & schlegel and s . dumerili ( risso ) in japan by benedenia seriolae ( monogenea ) confirmed by morphology and 28s ribosomal dna analysis . j . fish dis . 24 : 421 - 425 go to original source . . .\nwhittington i . d . , cribb b . w . , hamwood t . e . , halliday j . a . 2000 : host - specificity of monogenean ( platyhelminth ) parasites : a role for anterior adhesive areas ? int . j . parasitol . 30 : 305 - 320 go to original source . . . go to pubmed . . .\nwhittington i . d . , kearn g . c . 1991 : the adhesive attitudes of some gill - parasitic capsalid monogeneans . j . helminthol . 65 : 280 - 285 go to original source . . . go to pubmed . . .\nwhittington i . d . , kearn g . c . 1992 : the eggs and oncomiracidia of encotyllabe spp . and the relationship between encotyllabines and other capsalid monogeneans . parasitology 104 : 253 - 261 go to original source . . .\nwhittington i . d . , kearn g . c . 1993 : a new species of skin - parasitic benedeniine monogenean with a preference for the pelvic fins of its host , lutjanus carponotatus ( perciformes : lutjanidae ) from the great barrier reef . j . nat . hist . 27 : 1 - 14 go to original source . . .\nyamaguti s . 1963 : systema helminthum . volume iv . monogenea and aspidocotylea . interscience publishers , new york , 699 pp\nyamaguti s . 1965 : new monogenetic trematodes from hawaiian fishes , i . pac . sci . 19 : 55 - 95\nyamaguti s . 1966 : new monogenetic trematodes from hawaiian fishes , ii . pac . sci . 20 : 419 - 434\nyamaguti s . 1968 : monogenetic trematodes of hawaiian fishes . university of hawaii press , honolulu , 287 pp\njavascript is disabled on your browser . please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\nthree species of the genus capsala including capsala naffari n . sp . , c . neothunni ( yamaguti , 1968 ) and c . nozawae ( goto , 1894 ) are recorded and described from the buccal cavity of mackerel tuna euthynnus affinis caught from emirate coasts . capsala naffari can be differentiated by its lateral spiniform teeth , which extend posteriorly , small measurements compared with the closely resembled c . gotoi and relatively large testes . this is the first record of the genus capsala from arabian gulf fishes and e . affinis is a new host record .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect \u00ae is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\ncopyright material removed from digital thesis . see print copy in university of adelaide library for full text .\nitems in dspace are protected by copyright , with all rights reserved , unless otherwise indicated .\ncapsalids are parasite on various organs of marine fish ( teleosts and elasmobranchs ) , including skin , fins and gills . several capsalid species , such a neobenedenia spp . are pathogenic , especially on maricultured fish .\ngenera as recognized in worms are listed below . recent molecular analyses have shown that several genera , which were defined on morphological characters , are not monophyletic .\nmenziesia and nitzschia have their equivalent in the botanical nomenclature : menziesia ( a flowering plant ) and nitzschia ( a diatom ) .\nal - mathal , e . m . ( 2002 ) identification of some monogenetic tream - atodes ( sic ) from some arabian gulf fish in saudi arabia .\nevdokimova , e . b . ( 1969 ) new species of monogeneans from bony fishes of patagon shelf .\n. world wide web electronic publication . www . fishbase . org , 18 march 2004 .\ngoto , s . ( 1894 ) studies on the ectoparasitic trematodes of japan .\n( perciformes : haemulidae ) from the great barrier reef , australia with a revision of the genus .\nhussey , c . g . ( 1986 ) some monogenean parasites of marine perci - form fishes of kuwait .\njohnston , t . h . ( 1929 ) remarks on the synonymy of certain tristo - matid trematode genera .\njohnston , t . h . ( 1931 ) new trematodes from the subantarctic and antarctic .\nklassen , g . j . , beverley - burton , m . & locke , a . ( 1989 ) a revision of\nlawler , a . r . & hargis , w . j . , jr ( 1968 ) monogenetic trematodes from the southern pacific ocean . part v . monopisthocotyleids from australian fishes , the subfamily trochopodinae .\nlester , r . j . g . & sewell , k . b . ( 1989 ) checklist of parasites from heron island , great barrier reef .\npaperna , i . & kohn , a . ( 1964 ) report on monogenetic tremat - odes collected from east mediterranean .\nsuriano , d . m . & beverley - burton , m . ( 1979 )\ntimofeeva , t . a . ( 1990 ) phylogenetic relationships between the capsalids and the dionchids and the position of the latter in the monogenea ( monogenea , monopisthocotylea ) .\nn : mamkaev , yu . v . & joffe , b . i . ( eds )\nwu j . , lu j . & woo n . y . s . ( 2002 ) a new species and a new chinese record of monogeneans from marine fishes in the south china sea ( trematoda : monogenea ) .\nyamaguti , s . ( 1965 ) new monogenetic trematodes from hawaiian fishes , i .\nalloencotyllabe caranxi n . g . , n . sp . is found in groups of 9\u201315 specimens attached close together to the lower pharyngeal plate of caranx sp . it is characterized by having an elongate body , a prohaptor with large spines , an armed penis which lies in a pouch and a vaginal pouch guarded by two sets of glands . encotyllabe kuwaitensis n . sp . is attached individually to the lower pharyngeal plate of caranx sp . it is characterized by having an elongate body and tandem testes . e . spari is reported from the lower pharyngeal tooth plate of plectorhynchus cinctus , p . pictus and p . schotaf . all fish hosts were caught in kuwaiti waters in the arabian gulf . the subfamily encotyllabinae is reviewed and the genus neoencotyllabe is regarded as a genus inquirendum . the new genus is attached to the subfamily encotyllabinae .\nthese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors . this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .\nbikhovskii ( bychowsky ) b . e . ( 1957 ) [ monogenetic trematodes , their systematics and phylogeny . ] moscow : akademiya nauk ssr , 509 pp . [ english translation edited by hargis , w . j . jr . ( 1961 ) washington , dc : american institute of biological sciences , 627 pp .\ng . n . , sp . n . ( monogenea ) from marine fishes .\nlawler , a . r . ( 1971 ) zoogeography and host - specificity of the superfamily capsaloidea price , 1936 ( monogenea : monopisthocotylea ) .\nmeserve , f . g . ( 1938 ) some monogenetic trematodes from the galapagos islands and the neighboring pacific .\nsproston , n . g . ( 1946 ) a synopsis of the monogenetic trematodes .\nyamaguti , s . ( 1934 ) studies on the helminth fauna of japan . part 2 . trematodes of fishes . i .\nyamaguti , s . ( 1963 ) systema helminthum , vol . iv . monogenea and aspidocotylea . new york : interscience publishers , 699 pp .\nkhalil , l . f . & abdul - salam , j . b . syst parasitol ( 1988 ) 11 : 139 . urltoken\nwe use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites . close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings .\nthis article has been cited by the following publications . this list is generated based on data provided by crossref .\nbrazenor , alexander k . bertozzi , terry miller , terrence l . whittington , ian d . and hutson , kate s . 2018 . dna profiling reveals neobenedenia girellae as the primary culprit in global fisheries and aquaculture . molecular phylogenetics and evolution ,\nogawa , kazuo and shirakashi , sho 2017 . skin fluke infection of cultured marine fish . fish pathology , vol . 52 , issue . 4 , p . 186 .\njin , woo jun 2015 . phylogenetic study on microcotyle sp . ( monogenea ) from common dentex ( dentex dentex ) in the mediterranean sea , greece . african journal of biotechnology , vol . 14 , issue . 33 , p . 2532 .\nzhang , juan wu , xiangyun li , yanwei zhao , mengwei xie , mingquan and li , anxing 2014 . the complete mitochondrial genome of neobenedenia melleni ( platyhelminthes : monogenea ) : mitochondrial gene content , arrangement and composition compared with two benedenia species . molecular biology reports , vol . 41 , issue . 10 , p . 6583 .\nchaudhary , a . and singh , h . s . 2013 . description of two new species of the genus thaparocleidus jain , 1952 ( monogenea , dactylogyridae ) from freshwater fish in india : morphological and molecular phylogenetic evidence . journal of helminthology , vol . 87 , issue . 02 , p . 160 .\nwu , x . y . zhu , x . q . xie , m . q . and li , a . x . 2006 . the radiation of haliotrema ( monogenea : dactylogyridae : ancyrocephalinae ) : molecular evidence and explanation inferred from lsu rdna sequences . parasitology , vol . 132 , issue . 05 ,\nolson , peter d . and tkach , vasyl v . 2005 . vol . 60 , issue . , p . 165 .\npulido - flores , griselda and monks , scott 2005 . monogenean parasites of some elasmobranchs ( chondrichthyes ) from the yucat\u00e1n peninsula , mexico . comparative parasitology , vol . 72 , issue . 1 , p . 69 .\npresent address : department of plant and microbial biology , university of california berkeley , ca 94720 - 3102 , usa .\n( udonellidae ) . trees were constructed using maximum likelihood , minimum evolution and maximum parsimony algorithms . an initial tree , generated from sequences 315 bases long , suggests that capsalinae , encotyllabinae , entobdellinae and trochopodinae are monophyletic , but that benedeniinae is paraphyletic . analyses indicate that\nmonogenean research laboratory , parasitology section , the south australian museum , adelaide , south australia 5000 , australia . tel : + 61 8 8207 7463 . fax : + 61 8 8207 7222 . e - mail : whittington . ian @ urltoken\n[ in russian : english translation edited by hargis , w . j . jr . , 1961 . ]\nthe complete nucleotide sequence of mouse 28s rrna gene . implications for the process of size increase of the large subunit rrna in higher eukaryotes\npaup * phylogenetic analysis using parsimony ( * and other methods ) , version 4 . 0b8 ( ppc )\ninfections of seriola quinqueradiata temminck & schlegel and s . dumerili ( risso ) in japan by benedenia seriolae ( monogenea ) confirmed by morphology and 28s ribosomal dna analysis\nemail your librarian or administrator to recommend adding this journal to your organisation ' s collection .\nfull text views reflects the number of pdf downloads , pdfs sent to google drive , dropbox and kindle and html full text views .\n* views captured on cambridge core between september 2016 - 9th july 2018 . this data will be updated every 24 hours ."]}
+{"id": 1760, "summary": [{"text": "neduba extincta , commonly known as the antioch dunes shieldback katydid , is an extinct species of katydid ( family tettigoniidae ) that was endemic to california , united states .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "it was not discovered until after its extinction . ", "topic": 3}], "title": "neduba extincta", "paragraphs": ["rentz , d . c . f . 1977 . entomol . news 88 : 242 > > neduba extincta urn : lsid : orthoptera . speciesfile . org : taxonname : 3889\noriginal scientific description : rentz , dave c . f . ( 1977 ) . a new and apparently extinct katydid from antioch sand dunes . entomological news 88 : 241 - 245 . species bibliography : world conservation monitoring centre . ( 1996 ) . neduba extincta . in : iucn 2011 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2011 . 2 . ( urltoken ) . downloaded on 26 december 2011 .\ntelling which species is a bit more tricky , but location would narrow it down to probably two or three - n . carinata , n . diabolica , or perhaps n . extincta ; most likely the first . moved from id request .\nas is the case with most invertebrate taxa , there is little information about individual species and population sizes of the orthoptera on which to precisely assess their conservation status . as of 2002 , the iucn red list included 74 species of the orthoptera . two of these species , the central valley grasshopper ( conozoa hyalina ) and antioch dunes shieldback ( neduba extincta ) , are listed as extinct , and the oahu deceptor bush cricket ( leptogryllus deceptor ) is listed as extinct in the wild . eight species are listed as critically endangered , eight as endangered , and 50 as vulnerable .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\northoptera species file ( version 5 . 0 / 5 . 0 ) home search taxa key help wiki\ndisplay . you can modify these specifications at any time by clicking the\nchange items displayed\nbutton in the header .\nif you want your changes to be preserved for future sessions , you should login . to do this , click on the logo in the upper left corner .\ntype locality : northern america , southwestern u . s . a . , california\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 . except where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution - sharealike 4 . 0 international license .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nonly known from the holotype : cas 12 , 987 ( catalogue number as reported in the original description . may have changed accession number or institution since then ) . can be seen here : urltoken\nyou must first create a username and login before you can post a comment about this entry . .\na database of\nmissing\nand recently extinct species of plants and animals .\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nholotypic male , from orthoptera species file online ( naskrecki & otte 1997 + ) , downloaded 17 sep 2003 ; photographed by piotr naskrecki , used by permission .\n- - natureserve explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50 , 000 plants , animals and ecological communtities of the u . s and canada . natureserve explorer provides in - depth information on rare and endangered species , but includes common plants and animals too . natureserve explorer is a product of natureserve in collaboration with the natural heritage network .\nitis reports - - itis ( the integrated taxonomic information system ) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants , animals , fungi , and microbes of north america and the world .\nfws digital media library - - the u . s . fish and wildlife service ' s national digital library is a searchable collection of selected images , historical artifacts , audio clips , publications , and video .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe xerces blue butterfly , antioch katydid , tobias\u2019 caddis - fly , roberts\u2019s alloperlan stonefly , colorado burrowing mayfly , and rocky mountain grasshopper all were driven extinct by humans , and all foreshadow the fate of the world\u2019s endangered insects . with almost 1 million described species , insects eclipse all other forms of animal life on earth , not only in sheer numbers , diversity , and biomass , but also in their importance to functioning ecosystems . however , human - induced changes to the natural environment endanger vast numbers of these organisms , threatening them and the vital services they provide with extinction .\na report by the world commission on environment and development noted , \u201cthere is a growing consensus that species are disappearing at rates never before witnessed on the planet\u201d but that \u201cwe have no accurate figures on current rates of extinctions , as most of the species vanishing are the least documented , such as insects in tropical forests . \u201d scientists and conservationists agree that insect species are going extinct . but how many have been lost and how many more are at risk remains unclear .\nalthough overcollecting has not been shown to harm healthy populations of insects , it may be an important threat to insect species with very small populations and is included in the list of threats to many of the federally protected insect species in the united states . the endangered species act expressly forbids the collection of endangered or threatened species , and most insect conservationists feel that collecting from small populations should be done only for well - designed , hypothesis - driven , scientific studies .\npesticides and other pollutants are implicated in the decline of many native bees and some aquatic insects , although the degree of impact is not conclusive . lights along streets and highways also have been implicated in losses of nocturnal insects , particularly large moths .\nconservationists have concluded that the current , widespread destruction of the earth\u2019s biodiversity must be matched by a conservation response an order of magnitude greater than currently exists .\nbefore we can work to protect insects and other invertebrates we need to know , at least , what species are present , if populations are stable or declining , and the habitat needs of these populations . in the long run , more emphasis needs to be placed on invertebrate survey , systematics , taxonomy , and population ecology so that these species can be identified and cataloged and their life histories understood . research needs to go hand in hand with conservation , for a catalog of extinct species is of little use .\nto conserve insects successfully , the general public , scientists , land managers , and conservationists need to understand the extraordinary value that these organisms provide . it is unlikely that all people will develop an affinity for these animals , but it is plausible that a more compelling depiction of the contributions insects make to human welfare and survival will improve the public\u2019s attitude toward these organisms . an ambitious public education program would enhance recognition of the positive values of invertebrates and , indeed , all biological diversity .\nthe number of endangered insects is large and growing . the rate of destruction and degradation of natural habitats currently is so great that there are not nearly enough biologists to even catalog , much less study , the species that are suddenly on the edge of extinction . each day approximately 80 , 000 acres ( 32 , 300ha ) of the world\u2019s forest are cut . in california alone , over 200 million pounds of pesticides are used each year . in the united states , imported red fire ants have infested over 320 million acres in the southeast . these examples of threats to endangered insects continue to mount across the world . the time is now for agencies , scientists , conservationists , and land managers to promote the conservation of imperiled insects .\n- home - - rules - - etymology - - puns - - wordplay - - gene names - - misc . - - references - - feedback -\nastraptes audax , a . augeas , a . fruticibus , a . inflatio , a . procrastinator , a . synecdoche brower 2010 ( skipper butterflies ) dna barcoding is a controversial method for distinguishing otherwise similar species solely on the basis of their dna . these names reflect aspects of dna barcoding for species recognition : augeas for the resultant labor implied by the barcoding ; fruticibus (\nfrom the bushes\n) refers to the fact that resulting species do not form distinct tree - like groups ; inflatio for the large number of resulting species ; procrastinator for the time elapsed between discovery and description ; synecdoche for a part standing for the whole ; audax means ' bold ' ; its relevance is left to the reader . the author of these names ( and four others ) , though skeptical of their biological reality , notes that the distinctions exist in the literature , and the names are given for\ntaxonomic housekeeping .\n[ syst . biodivers . 8 : 485 ]\ncatch22 ( chromosome 22q11 . 2 microdeletion ) this name , from\ncardiac anomaly , t - cell deficit , clefting and hypocalcaemia ,\nwas abandoned due to its no - win connotations . [ j . med . genet . 36 : 737 - 738 ( 1999 ) ; cited in nature 439 : 266 ( 2006 ) . ]\ncentropyge narcosis pyle & randall ( narc angelfish ) dr . richard pyle was diving deep while breathing air . this causes nitrogen narcosis , a state similar to alcohol intoxication or nitrous oxide inhalation . back at the dive boat , he was asked if he collected anything , and he said\nno , nothing .\nbut when he looked into his collecting bucket , he noticed that he had indeed collected several specimens of this new species . since his narcosis level was so high that he did not remember collecting them , the fish was named c . narcosis .\nchionoecetes oiliqo ( saatuaq crab ) in 1993 , greenland issued a 7 . 25 - krone stamp showing a picture of a crab and this scientific name . however , the crab ' s correct species name is c . opilio ; the stamp was printed with a mirror reversal of the specific epithet . a corrected stamp was printed soon after .\ncoelopleurus exquisitus coppard & schultz , 2006 ( sea urchin ) this species first came to notice after being listed for auction on ebay . marine biologist simon coppard was directed to the site , did not recognize the species , and investigated further . immediately after publication of the description [ zootaxa 7 ] , the value of specimens on ebay jumped from $ 8 to $ 138 .\nedithinella doliarius janssen 2006 ( fossil gastropod ) arie janssen wanted to dedicate a new mollusc species to pisidium ( freshwater clam ) expert hans kuiper . not having a classical education , he relied on a dutch - latin dictionary to find a latin equivalent of\nkuiper\n(\ncooper\nin english ) , and named the species edithinella calumniator . to improve his english writing , he then sent the manuscript to a colleague , who commented ,\nbut why do you call him an intriguer ?\nkuiper\nhas two meanings in dutch , and janssen had unwittingly chosen the latin term for the wrong one . fortunately , he discovered it before publication , and revised to the name to e . doliarius , which is the correct latin for the cooper profession . [ basteria , suppl . 3 , 45 - 48 . ]\nfuria infernalis l . ( worm ) linnaeus once received a painful bite on the arm by an unidentified creature . his arm swelled up , and he became seriously ill for some time . a few years later , linnaeus decided that the cause was a tiny worm described by his student daniel solander , and he named the worm furia infernalis , the fury from hell . he wrote that it fell from the air , penetrated the bodies of animals , and caused excruciating pain . incidents involving this worm were reported for nearly 100 years after that . but no one ever found a specimen . now it is generally agreed that the worm never existed , and that linnaeus had been bitten by a horsefly .\nhippotragus niger rooseveltien ( roosevelt ' s sable antelope ; extremely rare , last legally shot in 1912 ) on the 21 april 1909 , teddy roosevelt ' s safari set off from mombasa , kenya . by the time the entourage arrived in khartoum 8 months later , they had slaughtered 5 , 013 mammals , 4 , 453 birds , 2 , 322 reptiles and amphibians and similar numbers of fish , invertebrates , shells , and plants . the skins , etc . were sent to the smithsonian ; among these were roosevelt ' s gazelle and roosevelt ' s sable .\nhectocotylus some male cephalopods have a long coiled arm which carries a spermatophore and breaks off inside the female during copulation . when first discovered , it was thought that this arm was a type of parasitic worm , and it was described as such ( delle chiaje , 1825 ) , complete with drawings of the imagined internal anatomy . the author later admitted his mistake . this name continues to be used today for the modified reproductive arm of male cephalopods .\nheikea japonica von siebold , 1824 ( crab ) the carapace of these crabs looks like the scowling face of a samurai warrior , and it is locally believed that the crabs are reincarnations of the spirits of the heike warriors who , defeated in battle , threw themselves into the sea , as told in the tale of the heike . some scientific folklore gives these crabs as an example of natural selection , as japanese fishermen supposedly released the crabs with the most human - looking faces , allowing them to pass their genes to the next generation . this story , however , is almost certainly urban legend . the crabs are too small to interest fishermen , and other crabs far from fisheries also have human - looking faces . the pattern on the crab is instead an example of pareidolia , the tendency for the human brain to see faces in many abstract patterns .\nhildoceras hyatt , 1876 ( jurassic ammonoid ) according to legend , saint hilda was told to found an abbey on the plains of whitby , england , but she found the place infested with snakes . after her prayers , the snakes coiled up and turned to stones , becoming the ammonoid fossils , sometimes called snakestones , that are common to the area . victorian fossil dealers would often carve a snake ' s heads on the fossils .\nhomo floresiensis brown et al . , 2004 (\nhobbit\nfossil hominin ) the name submitted in the original paper was sundanthropus floresianus ,\nman from sunda region from flores\n. the referees , though , said it should be genus homo , and one of them said floresianus actually means\nflowery anus\n, so that had to change , too .\njumala friele , 1882 ( whelk ) friele proposed this name thinking it was the name of an old lapp deity . he discovered about ten years later that it was instead the lapp name for the christian god and proposed that ukko ( the finnish god of winds ) be substituted . jumala , however , had priority . joshua baily and myra keen , in 1955 , appealed to the iczn to suppress jumala , as the name is\ncalculated to give offense on religious grounds .\nthe commission suppressed it by 13 to 11 vote . [ ng , 1994 , raffles bull . zool . 42 : 511 . ]\nlaniarius liberatus ( bulo burti boubou ) this is the first bird whose type specimen is a dna sample . the bird was released to the wild after capture , hence the name . it turns out to be a very rare color morph of l . erlangeri .\nleptocephalus\nleptocephalus\nis a term originally applied to a group of small , flattened , semitransparent fishes , often with small heads . they were classified as a distinct group , usually in the genus leptocephalus , until the mid - 19th century . then the idea took hold that leptocephali were larvae of something else . in 1864 , theodore gill suggested that they were larval eels , and specifically that leptocephalus morrisii was the young of conger conger , the conger eel . other leptocephali raised in an aquarium metamorphosed into eels ; leptocehalus brevirostris became anguilla anguilla , the freshwater eel .\nlimodorum boehm . ( orchid ) thought to derive from a transcription error . originally named haimodorum ( from haemos , blood ) for its red color , somebody forgot the bar in the greek letter \u03b1 , leaving \u03bb , lambda .\nlycosa tarentula ( european wolf spider ) tarantism was a form of hysteria that appeared in italy in the 15th - 17th centuries and took the form of frenzied dancing . in folk belief , the bite of a spider could only be cured by such dancing . the name derives from the italian province taranto , as does the tarantella , a folk dance , and the tarantula , the common name given to the european wolf spider and later to the distantly related large , hairy spiders of the family theraphosidae .\nlymantria dispar leopold trouvelto , looking for a better silkworm ( bombyx mori ) , looked for a close relative and imported bombyx dispar into the united states . but it turned out that the moths were not very closely related ; b . dispar is classified as lymantria dispar today .\nlymantria\nmeans\ndestroyer .\ntrouvelto ' s moths , commonly known as gypsy moths , escaped and have been causing untold damage to eastern forests ever since .\npapaipema pterisii bird , 1907 ( moth ) the moth lives on bracken fern , in the genus pteris at the time , so people assumed bird named the moth after the fern . a personal letter he wrote later , though , revealed that it was named after pterisius , his pet cat .\nphoenicophorium borsigianum koch 1855 ( thief palm ) . the original plant was stolen from london ' s kew gardens ( hence the common name ) and turned up in the private palm - house of amateur horticulturist august borsig of berlin . ( he owned an ironworks factory and used the heat produced to keep his glasshouses warm . ) david l . jones , in palms throughout the world ( 1995 ) confuses the story by calling borsig by the name\nlantanier feuille borsig\n; lantanier feuille is actually one of the palm ' s common names !\nphragmipedium kovachii atwood , dalstrom , & fernandez , 2002 ( orchid ) named after james michael kovach , who brought the orchid to scientists to identify . but kovach allegedly imported it from peru in violation of the endangered species act . in 2004 he was sentenced to two years probation and a $ 1000 fine . taxonomists hope to change the orchid ' s name .\npithecanthropus perhaps the only name given to an animal before it was discovered . in the nineteenth century , it was believed that an upright stance evolved in humans before a large brain . with no physical evidence , german evolutionist ernst haeckel reconstructed an upright , speechless , small - brained ' missing - link ' and dubbed it pithecanthropus alalus . when eugene du bois discovered java man in the 1890 ' s , he adopted haeckel ' s generic name but he gave it the new specific designation pithecanthropus erectus . p . erectus is now included under our own genus as homo erectus .\nplethodon welleri walker , 1931 ( weller ' s salamander ) in 1930 worth hamilton weller discovered the salamander which would be named after him , on grandfather mountain , north carolina . on a collecting trip to collect more specimens , just one week after he graduated with honors from high school , he left the others to collect on his own , and he never returned . his body was found four days later at the base of a cliff ; with it was a collecting bag with specimens of the new species .\nrosa ' whitfield ' ( rose cultivar ) comedy actress june whitfield commented ,\nthere is a rose named after me . the catalogue describes it as ' superb for bedding , best up against a wall .\nsturnella neglecta ( western meadowlark ) the specific epithet reflects the fact that the lewis and clark expedition overlooked this bird , confusing it with the eastern meadowlark .\ntillandsia l . ( bromeliad ) elias tilliander was a student of linnaeus who was once so\nharassed by neptune\non a trip across the gulf of bothnia that he returned home by land ( a journey of 2000 miles instead of 200 ) and changed his name to tillandz ,\nby land .\nthe plant cannot tolerate a damp climate .\nvenus flytrap sea anemone ( actinoscyphia aurelia ) a sea animal whose common name comes from two different terrertrial plants .\nzyzyxia ( h . robinson ) strother , 1991 ( shrub ) in the later stages of revising north american ecliptinae ( a subtribe of the sunflowers , heliantheae ) , john strother realized that one species placed in the genus wedelia differed enough to merit considering it a separate genus . by that time , however , the monograph had already been written and was being proofed for publication . the editor agreed to accept the new genus only if came after all the other genera , so as to minimize the number of pages which would need to be altered . the genera were ordered alphabetically , so strother created a name which would come after the previously last genus , zexmenia . ( in the monograph itself , strother says only that the name was arbitrarily formed . )\n< < - home - - rules - - etymology - - puns - - wordplay - - gene names - - misc . - - references - - feedback - > >\nweevils also known as snout beetles for their long \u201cnoses . \u201d the antioch weevil ( dysticheus rotundicollis ) is endemic to the antioch dunes , although it is unknown whether this species is still present today .\nanthicid beetles these ant - like flower beetles devour anything they find , scavenging at night for insects and spiders , flower pollen , and soil fungi . the antioch dunes anthicid beetle ( anthicus antiochensis ) is rusty - colored except for a dark smudge on its wing casings , and is covered with shaggy hairs . it has been extirpated from the antioch dunes , but has been found in other california sand dunes .\ntiger beetles many tiger beetles were once seen prowling the antioch dunes , including the wetsalts tiger beetle ( cicindela haemorrhagica ) , the oregon tiger beetle ( cicindela oregona ) , and senile tiger beetle ( cicindela senilis ) . these tiger beetles are not restricted to the antioch dunes , and can be recognized by their bulging eyes and metallic colors . in their larval form , tiger beetles anchor themselves with specialized hooks to tunnels in the sandy soil . when vibrations in the ground announce a passing insect , the larvae lunge from the tunnel and snag their prey with fierce - looking jaws .\ndune beetle the san joaquin dune ( darkling ) beetle ( coelus gracilis ) \u2013 the smallest of california\u2019s dune beetles \u2013 looks much like a plump , black ladybug with a stubble of golden hairs . most darkling beetles have black elytra , the hardened wing casings that protect the fragile forewings necessary for flight . dune beetles inhabit the sandy soils and leaf litter of california\u2019s coastal dunes . the san joaquin dune beetle has been extirpated from the antioch dunes , but has been found in other california sand dunes .\nscarab beetle scarab beetles like the delta june beetle ( polyphylla stellata ) can be found in dune systems , oak woodlands , and grasslands near creeks and streams . the delta june beetle is found elsewhere in california , and appears to have grown increasingly abundant at the antioch dunes .\nrobberflies california\u2019s robberflies are the peregrine falcons of the insect world , known for tackling their insect prey in midair . robberflies eat wasps , bees , beetles , flies , quickly stabbing them with their needle - like proboscis . of the robberflies known from the antioch dunes , the widespread antioch efferian robberfly ( efferia antiochi ) and hurd\u2019s metapogon robberfly ( metapogon hurdi ) are still thought to hunt the dunes . the antioch robber fly ( cophura hurdi ) is endemic to the antioch dunes , but presumed extinct .\ngiant flower - loving fly it is a rare occasion when an animal\u2019s name tells as much about a species as with the giant flower - loving fly ( rhaphiomidas trochilus ) . otherwise known as a valley mydas fly , this large rust - colored fly that visits flowers for their nectar , hovering like a hummingbird . some rhaphiomidas flies are suspected of seeking out ant nests to deposit their eggs and provide a food source for their developing larvae . the giant flower - loving fly has been extirpated from the antioch dunes , but has been found in other california sand dunes .\nplasterer bee plasterer bees are named for their habit of lining the cell walls of their underground nests with saliva and other materials to create a polyester lining . some plasterer bees are solitary nesters , others nest in groups . plasterer bees feed on the nectar of flowers and collect pollen , which they store in their nests for developing larvae . one unnamed plasterer bee ( colletes turgiventris ) is endemic to the antioch dunes , although it is unknown whether this species is still present today .\ndespite its name , the velvet ant is a wasp with an ant - like body covered in dense hair like crushed velvet . females are wingless and can deliver a painful sting . velvet ants eat nectar , and the females invade the nests of ground nesting wasps and bees to lay their eggs . their hairy bodies can vary in color from white - to - faint - buttery - yellow (\n) , searches the soil for scarab or tiger beetle larvae on which they lay their eggs . the larger of these velvet ants ( dasymutilla sackenii and dasymutilla flammifera ) and the antioch mutillid wasp have been extirpated from the antioch dunes , but have been found elsewhere in california ; the smaller velvet ants ( dasymutilla coccineohirta ) are still present at the antioch dunes today .\npotter wasp potter wasps are named for their habit of constructing mud nests that resemble pots or jugs . before the nest is complete , the female collects and paralyzes insects and deposits them in the chamber as food for her larva when they hatch . because the female wasp seals the opening of each nest with a thick plug of mud , the emerging wasp instead makes a hole through the thin wall of the nest chamber to escape . adult potter wasps are black marked with butter - yellow stripes . potter wasps are solitary and feed on nectar . the antioch potter wasp ( microdynerus arenicolus ) is found elsewhere in california and is still present at the antioch dunes today .\nandrenid bees the yellow - banded andrenid bee ( perdita hirticeps luteocincta ) and the antioch andrenid bee ( perdita scitula antiochensis ) are ground nesters that show a preference for pollen . at the antioch dunes , for example , the antioch andrenid bee collects pollen from the antioch dunes buckwheat ( eriogonum nudum psychicola ) , california matchweed ( gutierrezia californica ) , telegraphweed ( heterotheca grandiflora ) , and valley lessingia ( lessingia glandulifera ) . while both of these andrenid bees are endemic to the antioch dunes , only the antioch andrenid bee survives today ; the yellow - banded andrenid bee is presumed extinct .\nhalictid bees because these small bees are often attracted to perspiration , halictid bees are also known as sweat bees . the antioch dunes halictid bee ( lasioglossum antiochense ) constructs burrows in the sand where it lives by day ; the tunnel shaft is plugged by a mound of sand to protect against predators . eggs are laid in cells off the main tunnel shaft . this bee\u2019s activity matches the early morning / late evening bloom period of its primary hostplant , the antioch dunes evening primrose ( oenothera deltoides howellii ) , and other flowers like the contra costa wallflower ( erysimum capitatum angustatum ) . the antioch dunes halictid bee is an antioch dunes endemic that still flies today .\nsphinx moth clark\u2019s sphinx moth ( proserpinus clarkiae ) is a small moth with a wingspan of under two inches . this moth is active during the daytime , nectaring at the flowers of clarkias ( clarkia spp . ) , bluedicks ( dichelostemma capitatum ) , vetches ( vicia spp . ) , and thistles ( cirsium spp . ) in oak and pine - oak woodlands . caterpillars feed on clarkias and primroses ( onagraceae spp . ) until winter , when they retreat to burrows under rocks or other objects . adult coloration consists of striped green - to - grey forewings , and orange - yellow hindwings bordered in black . the clark\u2019s sphinx moth is a common moth along the pacific coast , and can still be found at the antioch dunes .\nant lion also known as \u201cdoodlebugs , \u201d ant lions are perhaps best known for their behavior in the larval stage , in which the immature insects burrow backwards into sandy soils to lay in wait for passing insect prey , waiting for them to tumble into their sand traps and the ant lion\u2019s formidable jaws . in their adult form , the dragonfly - like ant lions are otherwise weak night - time fliers in the pursuit of insects , pollen , or nectar . the unnamed ant lion ( brachynemurus infuscatus ) is common in california and still inhabits the antioch dunes today .\nprivacy & cookies : this site uses cookies . by continuing to use this website , you agree to their use . to find out more , including how to control cookies , see here : cookie policy\na preview for ' b c nh th ng ' could not be found .\nof these , three species are extinct , the status of two are unknown , and three are thought or known to still survive at the dunes today . but it was the dwindling numbers of the eighth\u2014lange\u2019s metalmark butterfly\u2014that helped bring the refuge into existence .\nthe lange\u2019s metalmark butterfly was first listed as a federally endangered species in 1976 . that same year , the antioch dunes were designated as \u201ccritical habitat\u201d for the species . in 1986 , service personnel and volunteers counted a total of 187 lange\u2019s at their population\u2019s annual peak . by 1999 , the peak population count hit 2 , 342 butterflies , the highest count recorded to date . but in 1999 , a trespasser\u2019s campfire along the riverfront burned 10 acres of prime lange\u2019s habitat in the stamm . in the wildfire\u2019s wake , peak lange\u2019s counts have steadily declined from 1 , 185 in 2000 to 521 in 2003 , 452 butterflies in the fall of 2004 , 232 butterflies in 2005 , 45 butterflies in 2006 , and an alarming 28 in 2010 .\nthe dune\u2019s curiosities include the oft overlooked california legless lizard and california horned lizard ( familiarly , the \u201chorned toad\u201d ) , both of which bury themselves in the sandy soils . other amphibians and reptiles seen over the years include western toads , fence and side - blotched lizards , western yellow - bellied racers , gopher snakes , and northern pacific rattlesnakes . common inhabitants among the other taxa include belted kingfishers , northern harriers , a suite of waterfowl , beavers and muskrats along the water\u2019s edge , and resident skunks , raccoons , ground squirrels , and gray and red foxes .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\northoptera species and assemblages vary enormously in biology , abundance , population variability and geographic range . this means that some are major pests but others are threatened with extinction or are extinct through human agency . most pest species are in the acrididae , yet proportionately more threatened species are in the less speciose families . pest orthoptera species are unusual on islands , which nevertheless support several threatened non - acridid species . in contrast , continental species of acrididae and tettigoniidae are the ones principally threatened . many of the threatened orthoptera species are confined to a small geographical area and are highly threatened by anthropogenic impacts that coincide with their small ranges . yet some formerly widespread pest taxa have become extinct . genetic polymorphism to a solitary phase appears to be an extinction - avoidance mechanism . while classically threatened point endemics can receive conservation action , not much can be done for the periodically at risk abundant species . preservation of orthopteran biodiversity is a complex and paradoxical task .\northoptera species and assemblages vary enormously in biology , abundance , population variability and geographic range .\non islands , which nevertheless support several threatened non - acridid species . in contrast , continental species of\ne the ones principally threatened . many of the threatened orthoptera species are con\ufb01ned to a small geographical\ntaxa have become extinct . genetic polymorphism to a solitary phase appears to be an extinction - a\nbiased , but it is a good start . first of all , there is the\nbut for others ( e . g . some of the wetas ) the primary\nlecoq , m . ( 1995 ) forecasting systems for migrant pests . iii .\n. , connell , c . e . and davenport , l . b . ( 1962 ) popula -\n, m . d . and samways , m . j . ( 1996 ) faunal diversity and\n, g . b . , mccomie , l . d . and launois - luong , m . h . ( 1994 )\n( r . g . h . bunce , l . ryszkowski and m . g . paoletti ,\ngangwere , m . c . muralirangan and m . muralirangan , eds ) ,\nsamways , m . j . and harz , k . ( 1982 ) biogeograph\n( s . k . gangwere , m . c . muralirangan and m .\n. m . , andersen , h . and loope , l . l . ( 1995 ) intro -\n. a . drake and a . g . gatehouse , eds ) , pp .\n. . . they are potentially useful ecological indicators ( bazelet & samways , 2011 ; fartmann et al . , 2012 ) . nonetheless , grasshoppers and relatives also have a\nlove - hate relationship\nwith humans ( lockwood , 1998 ; samways & lockwood , 1998 ) . locusts , which are migratory grasshoppers , have historically plagued agricultural civilizations and a few species are still considered pests in some countries . . . .\n. . . si on arrive difficilement \u00e0 mettre en place des mesures pour la protection de grandes esp\u00e8ces charismatiques comme le caribou , la situation est encore pire pour de plus humbles animaux , tels les insectes . globalement m\u00e9connus et souvent mal aim\u00e9s ( lawton , 2001 ) , les insectes sont fr\u00e9quemment per\u00e7us soit comme des esp\u00e8ces nuisibles ( samways et lockwood , 1998 ) , soit comme des esp\u00e8ces strictement utilitaires en mati\u00e8re de contr\u00f4le biologique ( lawton , 2001 ) . une majorit\u00e9 d ' insectes , \u00e0 l ' exception notable des l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res , ne peuvent pas compter sur la \u00ab cote d ' amour \u00bb dont b\u00e9n\u00e9ficient d ' autres classes animales comme les mammif\u00e8res ou les oiseaux ( leboeuf , 2002 ) . . . .\n. . . m . k . t . found numerous incidences of different orthopteran species visiting flowers ( at least four species visiting whiteweed flowers ) . it is probable that flower - visiting orthopterans are more common than previously thought especially as orthopterans are among the most abundant terrestrial insects ( samways & lockwood , 1998 ; bazelet & samways , 2011 ) . the katydid , p . brevis , belongs to the subfamily of flower - visiting katydids , phaneropterinae . . . .\n. . . swarm of locusta migratoria causes huge losses throughout the world ( vickery and kevan , 1983 ) . species of genus gastrimargus and oedaleus are considered as major pest of agriculture ( samways and lockwood , 1998 causing damage to green grass in range lands where the farmers use the grasses as hay during winter season for cattle feeding . similarly , in azad jammu and kashmir hieroglyphus species out breaks were frequently found in last ten years in the areas situated below 5000ft from sea level causing considerable damage to maize , millet and rice crops ( personal observation ) . the crop loss done for such out breaks have not been yet documented but significant material resources have been applied by farmers for control strategies . . . .\n. . . compared with the quite detailed conservation data available for some central european countries like germany ( maas et al . 2002 ) , we have still rather restricted data from the mediterranean area . even if we become aware of mediterranean orthopteran species with high conservation needs ( e . g . kati et al . 2006kati et al . , 2012schultner et al . 2012 ) , orthoptera in general are more known for their potential as pests , threats to farmland , and for posing a conflict between pest management programs and conservation ( lockwood 1997 ; samways and lockwood 1998 ) . consequently , the majority of orthopteran data from greece , including descriptions of new species , are a result of private research initiatives from central european specialists ( see summary in willemse and willemse 2008 ) . . . .\n. . . however , almost all species exhibit specific soil - based habitat associations , with the majority occurring in calcareous soils developed from karst limestone bedrock . as local - scale mosaics of soil types are a ubiquitous feature in karst regions of china , most species are ' point endemics ' ( samways & lockwood 1998 ) found only in single or microareal location . many species pairs can successfully interbreed through artificial experiments ( wen 2008 ) , suggesting that primulina is probably a genus under recent or ongoing speciation and differentiation . . . .\n. . . even if we become aware of mediterranean orthopteran species with high conservation needs ( e . g . kati et al . 2006 kati et al . , 2012 schultner et al . 2012 ) , orthoptera in general are more known for their potential as pests , threats to farmland , and for posing a conflict between pest management programs and conservation ( lockwood 1997 ; samways and lockwood 1998 ) . consequently , the majority of orthopteran data from greece , including descriptions of new species , are a result of private research initiatives from central european specialists ( see summary in willemse and willemse 2008 ) . . . .\n. . . the genus occurs in a wide latitudinal range ( 18\u00b0n - 31\u00b0n ) and is adapted to remarkably diverse habitats and niches from steep cliffs and cave entrances to lowland sandstone . however , most species are ' point endemics ' ( samways & lockwood , 1998 ) found only in a single or microareal location . nutrient constraints in calcareous soils , particularly for nitrogen ( n ) and phosphorus ( p ) , nutrients that are essential for the synthesis of nucleic acids , might have selectively favored smaller genome sizes ( hessen et al . , 2010 ) . . . .\n. . . o conhecimento da ortopterofauna da am\u00e9rica do sul est\u00e1 muito aqu\u00e9m do que se tem relatado , especialmente em rela\u00e7\u00e3o a alguns grupos como , por exemplo , aos grylloidea e tettigonioidea . ainda , da maioria das esp\u00e9cies descritas n\u00e3o se conhecem as necessidades ecol\u00f3gicas , as caracter\u00edsticas comportamentais ou a din\u00e2mica populacional ( samways & lockwood 1998 ) . relativamente poucas esp\u00e9cies vivem em regi\u00f5es temperadas . . . .\n. . . a ocorr\u00eancia de apenas quatro g\u00eaneros interferiu no valor da diversidade no local . a aus\u00eancia dos g\u00eaneros pteronemobius , odontogryllus e anurogryllus pode indicar que estes g\u00eaneros possuem mais sensibilidade a locais degradados , apesar da literatura afirmar que anurogryllus \u00e9 uma esp\u00e9cie de locais mais abertos ( samways & lockwood 1998 ) . . . .\ninvestigating biodiversity patterns of arthropods and fungi and their response to changing natural and agricultural environments . at present most of this research focuses on afromontane forest tree\u2026\n[ more ]\nthe mondi ecological network programme ( menp ) is a research group in the department of conservation ecology and entomology at stellenbosch university , south africa . its aim is to undertake sound sc\u2026\n[ more ]\nthere are at least 70 species of mole crickets ( orthoptera : gryllotalpidae ) . some are rare , others are innocuous , and a few are important pests . these soil - dwelling pests damage underground parts of a long list of cultivated plants . although tillage and flooding are used successfully in some situations to bring these pests to the soil surface and expose them to vertebrate and other predators , . . . [ show full abstract ]\nhabitats and habits of platycleis spp . ( orthoptera , tettigoniidae ) in southern france\nfive species of tettigoniid of the decticine genus , platycleis ( sensu stricto ) , are found in the environs of montpellier , h\u00e9rault , s . france . p . intermedia , p . sabulosa and p . albopunctata are essentially early - evening singers . there is a nycthemeral cycle of vertical migration in these three species\u2014they sing from a greater height than that at which they rest during the daytime . p . affinis . . . [ show full abstract ]\ninterspecific song interactions between heterospecific pairs of male bush crickets in southern france were tape - recorded , probably the first time that song modifications have been recorded under natural conditions . platycleis intermedia ( serv . ) , the principal insect under study , showed types of song modification that were the same in the field as in the laboratory . within each type , the . . . [ show full abstract ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 frameset / / en\nurltoken\narnold , r . a . ( 1983 ) ecological studies of six endangered butterflies ( lepidoptera : lycaenidae ) : island biogeography , patch dynamics , and design of habitat preserves .\nassociation of bay area governments ( abag ) ( 2001 ) bay area census . urltoken htm , april 25 , 2002 .\nassociation of bay area governments ( abag ) ( 2002 ) abag projections 2002 . urltoken regional . html , may 8 , 2002 .\n( haswell , 1879 ) in san francisco , 96 pp . masters thesis , san francisco state university .\nbay area open space council ( 2002 ) bay area open space map . http : / / urltoken may 5 , 2002 .\nblair , r . b . and launer , a . e . ( 1997 ) butterfly diversity and human land use : species assemblages along an urban gradient .\nbossard , c . c . , randall , j . m . and hoshovsky , m . c . ( 2000 )\nbossart , j . l . and carlton , c . e . ( 2002 ) insect conservation in america : status and perspectives .\ncappiella , k . ( 2001 ) land use / impervious cover relationships in the chesapeake bay .\ncohen , a . n . and carlton , j . t . ( 1995 ) biological report . nonindigenous aquatic species in a united states estuary : a case study of the biological invasions of the san francisco bay and delta . u . s . fish & wildlife service , washington dc .\nconnor , e . f . and mccoy , e . d . ( 1979 ) the statistics and biology of the species - area relationship .\nconnor , e . f . and mccoy , e . d . ( 2000 ) species - area relationships . in\n, vol . 5 , ( s . a . levin , ed . ) , pp . 397\u2013412 . new york : academic press .\n. ( t . r . new , ed . ) , pp . 139\u201340 . occasional paper of the iucn species survival commission , no . 8 . gland , switzerland .\ndobson , a . p . , rodriguez , j . p . , roberts , w . m . and wilcove , d . s . ( 1997 ) geographic distribution of endangered species in the united states .\ndowell , r . v . and gill , r . ( 1989 ) exotic invertebrates and their effects on california .\ndreistadt , s . h . , dahlsten , d . l . and frankie , g . w . ( 1990 ) urban forests and insect ecology .\nehrlich , p . r . , white , r . r . , singer , m . c . , mckechnie , s . w . and gilbert , l . w . ( 1975 ) checkerspot butterflies : a historical perspective .\nehrlich , p . r . and murphy , d . d . ( 1987 ) conservation lessons from long - term studies of checkerspot butterflies .\nessig museum ( 2001 ) california ' s endangered insects . university of california , berkeley , urltoken april 29 , 2002 .\nforstall , r . l . ( 1996 ) population of states and counties of the united states : 1790 to 1990 . u . s . department of commerce , bureau of the census .\nfrankie , g . w . , thorp , r . w . , schindler , m . h . , ertter , b . and przybylski , m . ( 2002 ) bees in berkeley . submitted to\ngarrison , r . w . and hafernik , j . e . ( 1981 ) population structure of the rare damselfly\nhafernik , j . e . and garrison , r . w . ( 1986 ) mating success and survival rate in a population of damselflies : results at variance with theory ?\nhafernik , j . e . ( 1992 ) threats to invertebrate biodiversity : implications for conservation strategies . in\n, ( p . l . fiedler and s . k . jain , eds . ) , pp . 172\u201395 . new york : chapman and hall .\nhafernik , j . e . and reinhard , h . ( 1995 ) butterflies of the bay : winners and losers in san francisco ' s urban jungle .\n( odonata : coenagrionidae ) into glen canyon park , san francisco . masters thesis , san francisco state university , san francisco .\nhardy , p . b . and dennis , r . l . h . ( 1999 ) the impact of urban development on butterflies within a city region .\nharrison , s . , murphy , d . d . and ehrlich , p . r . ( 1988 ) distribution of the bay checkerspot butterfly ,\nholway , d . ( 1998 ) effect of argentine ant invasions on grounddwelling arthropods in northern california riparian woodlands .\nhoward , a . q . and arnold , r . a . ( 1980 ) the antioch dunes - safe at last ?\nhuman , k . g . and gordon , d . m . ( 1997 ) effects of argentine ants on invertebrate biodiversity in northern california .\niucn ( 2000 ) redlist of threatened species . urltoken search / details . php ? species = 39308 )\nkareiva , p . , andelman , s . , doak , d . , elderd , b . , groom , m . , hoekstra , j . , hood , l . , james , f . , lamoreux , j . , lebuhn , g . , mcculloch , c . , regetz , j . , savage , l . , ruckelshaus , m . , skelly , d . , wilbur , h . , zamudio , k . and nceas hcp working group ( 1999 ) using science in habitat conservation plans . national center for ecological analysis and synthesis and the american institute of biological sciences . urltoken projects / 97karei2 / hcp - 1999 - 01 - 14 . pdf , may 13 , 2002 .\nkinzig , a . p . and harte , j . ( 2000 ) implications of endemics - area relationships for estimates of species extinctions .\nkozlov , m . ( 1996 ) patterns of forest insect distribution within a large city : lepidoptera in st . petersburg , russia .\nlauner , a . e . , murphy , d . d . , hoekstra , j . m . and sparrow , h . r . ( 1992 ) the endangered myrtle ' s silverspot butterfly : present status and initial conservation planning .\nleong , j . m . and hafernik , j . e . ( 1992 ) hybridization between two damselfly species ( odonata : coenagrionidae ) morphometric and genitalic differentiation .\nlevy , j . m . and connor , e . f . ( 2003 ) gardens - a haven or hindrance in butterfly conservation . submitted to\n( coleoptera : curculionidae ) on two species of native thistles in a prairie .\nluck , r . f . and dahlsten , d . l . ( 1975 ) natural decline of a pine needle scale [\n( fitch ) ] outbreak at south lake tahoe , california , following cessation of adult mosquito control with malathion .\nmclaughlin , j . f . , hellmann , j . j . , boggs , c . l . and ehrlich , p . r . ( 2002 ) climate change hastens population extinction . in\nmcpherson , b . a . , wood , d . l . , storer , a . j . , svihra , p . , rizzo , d . m . , kelly , n . m . and standiford , r . ( 2000 ) oak mortality syndrome : sudden death of oaks and tanoaks . tree notes number 26 , california department of forestry and fire protection .\nmurphy , d . d . ( 1988 ) the kirby canyon conservation agreement : a model for the resolution of land - use conflicts involving threatened invertebrates .\nmurphy , d . d . , freas , k . e . and weiss , s . b . ( 1990 ) an environmentmetapopulation approach to population viability analysis for a threatened invertebrate .\nmyers , n . , mittermeier , r . a . , mittermeier , c . g . , da fonseca , g . and kent , j . ( 2000 ) biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities .\nnatural resource projects inventory ( 2002 ) antioch dunes national wildlife refuge project - weed control . http : / / www . ice . ucdavis . edu / nrpi / nrpidescription . asp ? projectpk = 4524 , april 29 , 2002 .\nnuckols , m . s . and connor , e . f . ( 1995 ) do trees in urban or ornamental plantings receive more damage by insects than trees in natural forests ?\noksanen , j . , holopainen , j . k . , nerg , a . and holopainen , t . ( 1996 ) levels of damage to scots pine and norway spruce caused by needle miners along a so2 gradient .\nopler , p . a . ( 1979 ) insects of american chestnut : possible importance and conservation concern . in\n, ( w . l . macdonald , f . c . cech , j . luchok , and c . smith eds ) , pp . 83\u20135 . morgantown , wv , usa : west virginia university press .\nopler , p . a . and robinson , l . ( 1986 ) lange ' s metalmark butter - fly . in\nperkins , j . ( 1996 ) existing land use in 1995 : data for bay area counties and cities . oakland , ca : association of bay area governments .\npowell , j . a . ( 1992 ) recent colonization of the san francisco bay area , california , by exotic moths ( lepidoptera : tineoidea , gelechioidea , torticoidea , pyraloidea ) .\npowell , j . a . and parker , m . w . ( 1993 ) lange ' s metalmark :\n, ( t . r . new , ed . ) , pp . 116\u201319 . occasional paper of the iucn species survival commission , no . 8 . gland , switzerland .\npyle , r . m . , benzien , m . and opler , p . ( 1981 ) insect conservation .\nrandall , j . m . , rejmanek , m . and hunter , j . c . ( 1998 ) characteristics of the exotic flora of california .\nrentz , d . c . ( 1977 ) a new and apparently extinct katydid from antioch sand dunes .\nrickman , j . k . and connor , e . f . ( 2003 ) the effect of urbanization on the quality of remnant habitats for leaf - mining lepidoptera of\nrizzo d . m . , garbelotto , m . , davidson , j . m . , slaughter , g . w . and koike , s . t . ( 2002 )\nsanders , n . j . , barton , k . e . and gordon , d . m . ( 2001 ) long - term dynamics of the distribution of the invasive argentine ant ,\nshapiro , a . ( 2002 ) the californian urban butterfly fauna is dependent on alien plants .\nspeight , m . r . , hails , r . s . , gilbert , m . and foggo , a . ( 1998 ) horse chestnut scale ("]}
+{"id": 1764, "summary": [{"text": "compsoctena ostracitis is a moth in the eriocottidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by meyrick in 1913 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in south africa .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 16 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are ochreous-whitish with the costal edge blackish at the base .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are light grey . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "compsoctena ostracitis", "paragraphs": ["compsoctena ostracitis is a moth in the eriocottidae family . it was described by meyrick in 1913 . [ 1 ] it is found in south africa . [ 2 ]\ncompsoctena primella zeller , 1852 ; k . vetenskakad . handl . 1852 : 87\nmelasina ostracitis meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 334 ; tl : noordkaap\ncompsoctena - species dictionary - southern africa : ispot nature - your place to share nature . ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature . once you ' ve registered , you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\n[ south africa , cape province ] , noordkaap , i , leg . jeffrey .\nmeyrick e . 1913b . descriptions of south african micro - lepidoptera . iv - annals of the transvaal museum 3 ( 4 ) : 267\u2014336 .\nmelasina cyclatma meyrick , 1908 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1908 : 746 ; tl : transvaal , ne . pretoria district\nalavona indecorella walker , 1863 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 28 : 515\nmelasina aedifica meyrick , 1908 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1908 : 744 ; tl : transvaal , pretoria\nmelasina aethalea meyrick , 1907 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 1 ) : 159 ; tl : khasi hills\nmelasina brachyctenis meyrick , 1909 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 5 ( 7 ) : 364 ; tl : cape colony , vryburg\nmelasina fossoria meyrick , 1920 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 17 ( 4 ) : 310 ; tl : transvaal , junction of crocodile and marico rivers\nmelasina microctenis meyrick , 1914 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 10 ( 8 ) : 253 ; tl : matabeleland , bulawayo\nmelasina dermatodes meyrick , 1914 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 10 ( 8 ) : 253 ; tl : matabeleland , bulawayo\nmelasina autoderma meyrick , 1914 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 10 ( 8 ) : 253 ; tl : matabeleland , bulawayo\nmelasina byrseis meyrick , 1934 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 16 - 17 ) : 518 ; tl : belgian congo , elisabethville\nmelasina agria meyrick , 1909 ; ann . transv . mus . 2 ( 1 ) : 27 , pl . 8 , f . 8 ; tl : pretoria\nniphocosma ( meyrick , 1934 ) ( melasina ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 16 - 17 ) : 483\nmelasina susurrans meyrick , 1911 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 1 ) : 82 ; tl : woodbush village\n[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nzeller , 1852 lepidoptera microptera quae j . a . wahlberg in caffrorum terra collegit k . vetenskakad . handl . 1852 : 1 - 120\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation , google , and apple . you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date ? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques ; in live mode . quite the same wikipedia . just better .\nthe wingspan is about 16 mm . the forewings are ochreous - whitish with the costal edge blackish at the base . the hindwings are light grey . [ 3 ]\nmeyrick , e . 1913b . descriptions of south african micro - lepidoptera . iv - annals of the transvaal museum 3 ( 4 ) : 334 archived march 15 , 2016 , at the wayback machine .\nthis page was last edited on 20 may 2018 , at 05 : 27 .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 unported license . non - text media are available under their specified licenses . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation .\nthe granular ringlet ( ypthima granulosa ) is a butterfly of the nymphalidae family .\nzenonia zeno , the orange - spotted skipper , orange - spotted bellboy or common bellboy , is a butterfly of the hesperiidae family .\ncometaster pyrula , commonly known as the faint owl moth or ying - yang moth , is a species of moth of the erebidae family .\npontia helice , the meadow white , is a butterfly in the family pieridae .\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet . you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . ."]}
+{"id": 1800, "summary": [{"text": "the eastern black rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis michaeli ) is also known as the east african black rhinoceros .", "topic": 19}, {"text": "it is a subspecies of the black rhinoceros .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "its numbers are very low due to poaching for its horn and it is listed as critically endangered . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "eastern black rhinoceros", "paragraphs": ["home \u00bb diceros bicornis ssp . michaeli ( eastern black rhino , eastern black rhinoceros )\nthere are now three remaining recognized subspecies of black rhinoceros occupying different areas of africa . these subspecies are found in the eastern and southern african countries .\nsubspecies : southwestern black rhinoceros ( d . b . bicornis ) classified as vulnerable ( vu ) ; eastern black rhinoceros ( d . b . michaeli ) and south - central black rhinoceros ( d . b . minor ) are both classified as critically endangered ( cr ) ; western black rhinoceros ( d . b . longipes ) classified as extinct ( ex ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\neastern black rhinoceroses have returned to rwanda . it ' s been 10 years since they were last seen in the country .\nblack rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis ) . an orphan whose mother was killed by poachers in zimbabwe\nsome black rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis ) are under 24 hour armed guard due to risk of poaching africa .\nndeereh d , okita - ouma b , gaymer j , mutinda m , gakuya f ( 2012 ) unusual mortalities of eastern black rhinoceros ( dicerosbicornismichaeli ) due to clostridial enterotoxaemia in oljogi pyramid sanctuary , kenya . pachyderm 51 : 45 - 51 .\nthe black rhinoceros has brachydont and lophodont teeth , with a thin layer of cement . the white rhinoceros is more specialized , for the cheek teeth are hypselodont and have a thick cement layer . \u2026\ngarnier , j . , m . bruford , b . goossens . 2001 . mating system and reproductive skew in the black rhinoceros .\nsource / reference article learn how you can use or cite the black rhinoceros article in your website content , school work and other projects .\nmorgan - davies m ( 1996 ) status of the black rhinoceros in masai mara national reserve , kenya . pachyderm21 : 38 - 45 .\nthe black rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis ) , is sometimes called the \u2018hooked - lip rhino\u2019 . the rhinoceros is a mammal in the order perissodactyla and is native to the eastern and central areas of africa including kenya , tanzania , cameroon , south africa , namibia and zimbabwe . although the rhino is referred to as black , it is actually more of a grey - white colour in appearance . it will sometimes take on the colour of the soil that it lives around .\nof rhinoceros . the black rhinoceros typically weighs between 700 and 1 , 300 kg ( 1 , 500 and 2 , 900 pounds ) ; males are the same size as females . it stands 1 . 5 metres ( 5 feet ) high at the shoulder and is 3 . 5 metres ( 11 . 5 feet ) long . the black rhinoceros occupies a variety of habitats , including open\n\u2026species of rhinoceroses are the black or prehensile - lipped rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis ) and the white or square - lipped rhinoceros ( ceratotherium simum ) . the terms black and white are misleading , since both species are grayish to brownish , but the names are well established in common usage .\nmassicot , p . 2006 .\nblack rhinoceros\n( on - line ) . animal info . accessed april 09 , 2009 at urltoken .\nthe park has hired anti - poaching units and rhino - tracking teams to keep its new residents safe . and every little bit helps : experts estimate there are only about 1 , 000 eastern black rhinos left in the wild .\n\u2026species of rhinoceroses are the black or prehensile - lipped rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis ) and the white or square - lipped rhinoceros ( ceratotherium simum ) . the terms black and white are misleading , since both species are grayish to brownish , but the names are well established in common usage . \u2026\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - black rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - black rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis )\ntitle =\narkive species - black rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthere are 3 subspecies of black rhino , the south - central rhino ( diceros bicornis minor ) , which is the most numerous and once ranged from central tanzania south through zambia , zimbabwe and mozambique to northern and eastern south africa .\nthe black rhinoceros inhabits a variety of habitats , ranging from the deserts of namibia through wooded grasslands to broadleaved woodlands and acacia savannahs ( 4 ) .\ngrzimek , b . 2005 .\nblack rhinoceros\n( on - line ) . answers . com . accessed april 09 , 2009 at urltoken .\nlandman m , kerley gi ( 2014 ) elephant both increase and decrease availability of browse resources for black rhinoceros . biotropica 46 : 42 - 49 .\nmajor habitat type tropical and subtropical grasslands , savannas , and shrublands ; deserts and xeric shrublands biogeographic realm afrotropical range states kenya , namibia , south africa , swaziland , tanzania , zimbabwe , zambia ( re - introduced ) , botswana ( re - introduced ) . geographical location eastern and southern africa ecological region east african acacia savannas , central and eastern miombo woodlands , namib - karoo - kaokoveld deserts , sudanian savannas\nbrooks , m . 2002 .\nblack rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis )\n( on - line ) . arkive . accessed april 09 , 2009 at urltoken .\nthe black rhinoceros is classified as critically endangered ( cr ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) and is listed on appendix i of cites ( 3 ) .\nworld wildlife fund , 2004 .\nwwf factsheet : black rhinoceros - diceros bicornis\n( on - line pdf ) . accessed april 09 , 2009 at urltoken .\nmorgan , s . , r . mackey , r . slotow . 2009 . a priori valuation of land use for the conservation of black rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis ) .\nthe population of the black rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis ) fell to about 2 , 400 individuals in 1995 , down from a likely number of several hundred thousand at the start of the 20th century , when it ranged over most of southern africa . the white rhinoceros ( ceratotherium simum ) historically had a smaller geographic\u2026\nthe white and the black ( diceros bicornis ) rhinoceros live in africa , while the indian , the javan ( r . sondaicus ) , and the sumatran ( dicerorhinus sumatrensis ) rhinoceros live in asia . the precarious state of the surviving species ( all but one are endangered ) is in direct contrast to the\u2026\nthe west african rhino ( diceros bicornis longipes ) , the world conservation union ( iucn ) announced on 7 july 2006 that the west african black rhinoceros has been tentatively declared as extinct .\nfigure 1 : the performance of black rhinoceros population without environmental variation ( scenario 1 ) and with environmental variation of 2 % ( scenario 2 ) and 1 % ( scenario 3 ) .\nthe black rhinoceros is a herbivore that eats leafy plants , branches , shoots , thorny wood bushes and fruit . the black rhinos diet helps to reduce the amount of woody plants which results in more grasses growing for the benefit of other animals .\nhutchins m , kreger md ( 2006 ) rhinoceros behaviour : implications for captive management and conservation . international zoo yearbook40 : 150 - 173 .\nlaw pr , fike b , lent pc ( 2013 ) mortality and female fecundity in an expanding black rhinoceros ( dicerosbicornis minor ) population . european journal of wildlife research 59 : 477 - 485 .\ndollinger , p . , s . geser . 2008 .\nblack rhinoceros\n( on - line ) . world association of zoos and aquariums - virtual zoo . accessed april 09 , 2009 at urltoken .\ngarnier , j . , w . holt , p . watson . 2002 . non - invasive assessment of oestrous cycles and evaluation of reproductive seasonality in the female wild black rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis minor ) .\nblack rhinoceros have been poached to the brink of extinction due to the demand for their horn , both for use in chinese traditional medicine and for traditional dagger handles in yemen , the demand for which exploded in the 1970s due to the increased income of oil - rich gulf states ( 7 ) . it is estimated that between 1970 and 1992 , around 96 percent of the black rhinoceros population was lost ( 8 ) .\nmills ja ( 1997 ) rhinoceros horn and tiger bone in china : and investigation of trade since the 1993 ban . traffic international , cambridge , usa .\ntable 3 : environmental variation ( % ev ) in adult females breeding and mortality rates across various age classes used in the simulation models for the black rhinoceros population , harvest was allowed yearly starting at the age of eight .\nwith less than 5 , 000 black rhino left globally , it is claimed that there are only about 1 , 000 eastern black rhino left apparently . the return of rhinos in rwanda\u2019s akagera national park comes after the re - introduction of lions in 2015 . the rwanda lion conservation efforts has also shown great success over the few years with the population of big cats already doubled and besides , the park has 15 lions at the moment .\nblack rhinos have been on appendix i of cites since 1977 . additionally , black rhinos have been listed since 1980 under the united states endangered species act . black rhinos are listed as critically endangered by the iucn red list . currently , there are four subspecies of black rhinos :\nwalpole mj , morgan - davies m , milledge m , bett p , leader - williams n ( 2001 ) population dynamics and future conservation of a free - ranging black rhinoceros ( dicerosbicornis ) population in kenya . biological conservation 99 : 237 - 243 .\nblack rhinos are browsers that feed on items such as twigs , woody shrubs , small trees , legumes , and grass . black rhinos show a preference for\nthere are three subspecies of black rhino , although they all look very similar .\nthe black rhinos habitats are mostly bushy plains , rugged hills and scrub lands .\nfigure 4 : the expected heterozygosity of black rhinoceros population without environmental variation ( scenario 1 ) and 1 % environmental variation with harvest of 2 males and 2 females on yearly basis ( scenario 4 ) , and 2 males and 2 females after every five years ( scenario 5 ) .\nfreeman ew , meyer jm , bird j , adendorff j , schulte ba , etal . ( 2014 ) impacts of environmental pressures on the reproductive physiology of subpopulations of black rhinoceros ( dicerosbicornisbicornis ) in addo elephant national park , south africa . conservation physiology 2 : 1 - 13 .\ncitation : soka ge , rija aa and owino a ( 2014 ) modeling black rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis ) population performance in east africa : the case of lake nakuru national park , kenya . j biodivers endanger species 2 : 126 . doi : 10 . 4172 / 2332 - 2543 . 1000126\nfigure 3 : the probabilities of survival of black rhinoceros population without environmental variation ( scenario 1 ) and 1 % environmental variation with the harvest of 2 males and 2 females on yearly basis ( scenario 4 ) , and 2 males and 2 females after every five years ( scenario 5 ) .\nare used in ancient medicine and many black rhinos have been illegally poached for them .\nfemale black rhinos will use their horns to protect their young from predators such as lions and hyenas . although they are fierce , black rhinos do have a softer side .\nthe black rhino is smaller than the white rhino and is more agile in movement . black rhinos can still show considerable bouts of aggression , even though they are mainly shy and solitary animals . black rhinos tend to live alone , except when breeding and raising offspring .\nfigure 2 : the performance of black rhinoceros population with environmental variation of 1 % and harvesting of 2 males and 2 females on yearly basis ( scenario 4 ) , 2 males and 2 females after every five years ( scenario 5 ) , and 1 male and 1 female every four years ( scenario 6 ) .\nblack rhinoceros are mainly solitary creatures , occupying overlapping home ranges ( 5 ) . in this long - lived species females reach sexual maturity at around five to seven years old and give birth to a single calf every two to four years ( 6 ) . births can occur throughout the year and each calf tends to remain with its mother until the birth of her next offspring . rhinoceros have poor eyesight but a keen sense of smell and hearing ( 5 ) . they are inquisitive and often aggressive towards humans and other animals ( 4 ) .\nwe computed the reproductive , survival , and mortality rates by age classes ( table 2 ) which were used in the simulation models . we performed six simulations under different scenarios to assess the performance of black rhinoceros population , and with respect to the best case scenario of no environmental variation and harvesting / translocation ( table 3 ) .\nrhino horn can sell for up to $ 65 , 000 per kilogram on the black market .\nin 1993 , only 2 , 475 black rhinos were recorded . but thanks to successful conservation and anti - poaching efforts , the total number of black rhinos has grown to around 5 , 000 .\n. the first subspecies is listed as vulnerable on the iucn 2008 red list , and the latter three are all listed as critically endangered . conservation efforts to preserve black rhinos include establishing a ban against the horn trade , creating fenced sanctuaries for black rhinos to better protect them from poachers , and dehorning black rhinos to decrease incentive for poaching . with these efforts , the total population of 2 , 400 black rhinos towards the end of the twentieth century increased to 3 , 100 black rhinos by 2001 .\nblack rhinos can go for up to five days without drinking water by obtaining moisture from succulent plants .\nsaid to be on the brink of extinction in the wild . there are only a handful of black\ntable 1 : parameters used in the simulation models for the black rhino population in the study area .\ntable 2 : reproductive , survival and mortality rates for the black rhino population in the study area .\nblack rhinos have a \u2018prehensile\u2019 lip \u2013 \u2018prehensile\u2019 meaning \u2013 adapted for grasping and holding . the black rhinos prehensile lip is used much like a finger to select and pick the twigs and leaves that they prefer .\nbreeding season black rhinos mate throughout the year , with peak breeding seasons depending on the location of the population .\nin the 1970s , more than 50 black rhinos lived in the park , but their population shrank due to poaching .\nto protect black rhinos from poaching and habitat loss , wwf is taking action in three african rhino range countries : namibia , kenya , and south africa . together , these nations hold about 87 % of the total black rhino population .\nmills ja , morkel p , runyoro v , amiyo a , muruthi p , binamungu t , borner m , thirgood s ( 2003 ) management of black rhino in the ngorongoro crater . a report on the ngorongoro black rhino workshop .\nusing their prehensile lip , black rhinoceros feed on the leaves and twigs of a variety of woody plants and herbs ( 4 ) . foraging often occurs in the cool of dawn and dusk ; they spend much of the rest of the day resting in the shade or wallowing in shallow water holes , coating their skin in mud to protect it from the harsh sun and to deter biting flies ( 2 ) .\neffective conservation efforts have seen black rhino numbers inch upwards in recent years after a long and devastating period of hunting and poaching . even so , black rhinos remain critically endangered , with poaching for their horns posing a constant threat to their survival .\nblack rhinos use communal dung heaps , sometimes scraping their feet in the heaps and so leaving a scent as they travel .\neast african black rhino ( d . b . michaeli ) : current stronghold is kenya , with smaller numbers in northern tanzania .\nblack rhinoceroses live in various habitats that range from deserts to grasslands , both tropical and subtropical . they are also present in african forests , especially in areas where grasslands and forests phase into one another . black rhinos generally stay within 25 kilometers of water .\nwambwa e ( 2003 ) disease and health concerns of black rhino in east africa . kenya wildlife service , nairobi , kenya .\nhas relatively poor eyesight , relying more on hearing and smell to detect what is going on around them . the ears of the black\n\u2026white rhinoceroses , as well as black rhinoceroses , assorted species of antelope , wildebeests , zebras , giraffes , and numerous birds . \u2026\nwwf launched an international effort to save wildlife in 1961 , rescuing black rhinos\u2014among many other species\u2014from the brink of extinction . thanks to persistent conservation efforts across africa , the total number of black rhinos grew from 2 , 410 in 1995 to more than 5 , 000 today .\nblack rhinos are the smaller of the two african rhino species . the most notable difference between white and black rhinos are their hooked upper lip . this distinguishes them from the white rhino , which has a square lip . black rhinos are browsers rather than grazers , and their pointed lip helps them feed on leaves from bushes and trees . they have two horns , and occasionally a third , small posterior horn .\nfyumagwa rd , nyahongo jw ( 2010 ) black rhino conservation in tanzania : translocation efforts and further challenges . pachyderm47 : 59 - 65 .\nis the pointed , prehensile upper lip found in black rhinos , as opposed to the square lips found in white rhinos . this lip is used to pick up food such as twigs . additionally , black rhinos have smaller heads , shorter ears , and shorter horns than white rhinos .\nthe african rhino is divided into two species , the black rhino and the white rhino . white rhinos mainly live in south africa , but they have also been reintroduced to botswana , namibia , swaziland , and zimbabwe . southern white rhinos have been introduced to kenya , zambia , and cote d\u2019ivoire . the majority of the black rhino population\u201498 % \u2014is concentrated in four countries : south africa , namibia , zimbabwe , and kenya . south africa houses 40 % of the total black rhino population . there are some black rhinos in the region spread between cameroon and kenya .\nblack rhino mothers are very affectionate towards their young and will look after them for years , protecting them and teaching them how to survive independently . unlike a white rhino calf , a black rhino calf will run behind its mother . young black rhinos will live with their mother until another sibling is born , they are about 2 years old when this happens and are almost adult size and ready to go off and live independently .\nthe black rhinos skin harbours many external parasites , which are eaten by birds such as the ox peckers and egrets that live with the rhino .\nand then they were hit by a poaching epidemic , which started in the early 1970s - effectively eliminating most black rhinos outside conservation areas as well as severely reducing their numbers within national parks and reserves . about 96 % of black rhinos were lost to large - scale poaching between 1970 and 1992 .\nbreeding interval black rhinos breed every 2 to 2 . 5 years under the most favorable conditions , but interbreeding periods can last up to 4 years .\n. they eat an average of 23 . 6 kg during the course of each day . black rhinos use their characteristic prehensile upper lip to grab plants and guide them into their mouths , where their cheek teeth can do the rest of the work . in addition , black rhinos use their horns to gain access to higher branches by breaking or knocking down plants . scraping bark off of trees is also part of the repertoire of black rhino feeding .\nblack rhinos have a tendency to attack just about anything , this is because of their poor eyesight . black rhinos have been known to attack trees and rocks by mistake . they rely heavily on their strong sense of smell and well developed hearing . if it catches a smell of an unfamiliar presence , then it will instinctively charge mistaking it as a threat . most of their \u2018charges\u2019 are bluffs but because they act in this way , they have been given a bad reputation as being aggressive and dangerous . black rhinos do however , live in harmony with other animals generally . black rhinos will attack other animals though if their territory is threatened , they also fight amongst themselves . black rhinos will fight each other over territory and females \u2013 even courting males and females sometimes fight one another . black rhinos use the larger of their two horns as a weapon when fighting . sometimes it can break off , however , this regenerates and grows back eventually .\nthe black rhino is smaller than the white rhino , although adults can still reach 1 . 5 metres in height and weigh in at 1 . 4 tonnes .\nsouth - western black rhino ( d . b . bicornis ) : more adapted to arid and semi - arid savannahs . now live in namibia and south africa .\nthe black rhino once roamed most of sub - saharan africa , but today is on the verge of extinction due to poaching fueled by commercial demand for its horn .\n. black rhinos browse the densely vegetated savanna for leaves , flowers , buds , fruits , berries and roots which they dig up from the ground using their horns .\nthe gestation period of a female black rhino is 16 months . she will give birth to one single calf . the calf will weigh about 100 pounds at birth .\ncromsigt j , hearne j , heitkonig i , prins h ( 2002 ) using models in the management of black rhino populations . ecological modelling149 : 203 - 211 .\nadult black rhinos are mostly solitary . mother and daughters may stay together for long periods of time , while a female without offspring may join up with a neighbouring female .\ncommunity engagement will also play a role in south africa , where we are looking to conserve black rhino through community governance , training , and identification of alternative livelihood opportunities .\nthe black rhino population in kenya\u2019s tsavo ecosystem was estimated at 6 , 000 to 8 , 000 in the 1970s . by 1989 , there were no more . . .\nuncontrolled hunting in the colonial era was historically the major factor in the decline of black rhinos . today , poaching for the illegal trade in their horns is the major threat .\nboth black and white rhinoceroses are actually gray . they are different not in color but in lip shape . the black rhino has a pointed upper lip , while its white relative has a squared lip . the difference in lip shape is related to the animals ' diets . black rhinos are browsers that get most of their sustenance from eating trees and bushes . they use their lips to pluck leaves and fruit from the branches . white rhinos graze on grasses , walking with their enormous heads and squared lips lowered to the ground .\nthe population performance of black rhinoceros in showed varying fluctuating patterns under different scenarios . for the best - case scenario ( scenario 1 ) , the pattern showed a considerable increase in population ( figure 1 ) . the population achieved stable growth ( \u03bb ) of 1 . 04 after 40 years in 100 years of simulation . the generation times for males and females were equal ( 26 . 7 years ) . the mean final population size for successful cases was 70 . 85 \u00b1 2 . 0 , which was close to the carrying capacity used in the simulation . the expected heterozygosity was 0 . 91 \u00b1 0 . 02 .\nblack rhinos have been killed in increasing numbers in recent years as transnational , organised criminal networks have become more involved in the poaching of rhinos and the illegal trade in rhino horn .\nthe overall life span of the black rhino is between 25 \u2013 40 years , in captivity they live a little longer because they are more protected \u2013 usually to about 45 years old .\ntypically , black rhinos are relatively solitary . males remain solitary until it is time to mate ; females reside with their young offspring in a solitary family unit . there are exceptions , as females without young sometimes associate with other females . the largest black rhino group that has been observed so far has been made up of 13 rhinos , but this was a temporary association .\nblack rhinos have the potential to help create awareness for conservation efforts . additionally , they provide educational value both through biology and through art . black rhino horns are also very valuable for their use in various products , such as traditional chinese medicine and traditional yemen dagger handles . the popularity of their horns is a major reason why the species as a whole is in trouble .\nalthough many charges by black rhinos towards humans and their vehicles turn into innocent advances , some may cause injury or death to humans , or damage to vehicles that results in monetary loss .\nhrabar h , du toit jt ( 2005 ) dynamics of a protected black rhino ( dicerosbicornis ) population : pilanesberg national park , south africa . animal conservation 8 : 259 - 267 .\nblack : 1 to 1 . 5 tn . ( 2 , 000 to 3 , 000 lb . ) white : more than 2 tn . ( 4 , 000 + lb . )\nblack rhinos have two horns , one posterior and one anterior , which are made from keratin instead of bone . the anterior horn is normally longer , measuring 42 to 128 cm , while the posterior horn is 20 to 50 cm . in some cases , black rhinos have a third , posterior horn , which is small . females tend to have longer and thinner horns than males .\nsouthern - central black rhino ( d . b . minor ) : most numerous subspecies . found in south africa , zimbabwe , southern tanzania and reintroduced to botswana , malawi , swaziland and zambia .\nblack rhinos are heavy browsers that restrict woody plants from over - growing in their habitat . this is important because it allows grasses to grow which provides food for many other animals on the grassy plains .\nthe black rhino has a wide vocal range and can possibly communicate the same way as an elephant can by frequencies well below the range of human hearing . breathing is also an important part of rhino communication .\nadult black rhinoceroses are solitary in nature , coming together only for mating . mating does not have a seasonal pattern , however , births tend to be towards the end of the rainy season in drier environments .\na rhino ' s horn is made of keratin fibers , the same material found in hair and fingernails . rhino ' s are often killed because of the belief that their horns have medicinal uses . in september , 2009 brec ' s baton rouge zoo announced the birth of zuri , a female black rhino . she is the only black rhino born in north america that year and one of only three born in zoos worldwide .\nan adult black rhinoceros stands 140 \u2013 170 centimetres ( 57 . 9 \u2013 63 inches ) high at the shoulder and is 3 . 3 \u2013 3 . 6 metres ( 10 . 8 \u2013 11 . 8 feet ) in length . an adult weighs from 800 to 1400 kilograms ( 1 , 760 to 3 , 080 pounds ) , some may weigh 1820 kilograms ( 4 , 000 pounds ) , with the females being smaller than the males . the rhinos two horns on their skull are made of keratin with the larger front horn typically 50 centimetres long , some can measure up to 140 centimetres . sometimes , a third smaller horn may develop . these horns are used for defence , intimidation and digging up roots and breaking branches during feeding .\nexcept for females and their offspring , black rhinos are solitary . females reproduce only every two and a half to five years . their single calf does not live on its own until it is about three years old .\n) sometimes prey on young rhinos . lions also sometimes attack adults . black rhinos use their size and strength as a defense mechanism by charging at their predators both to threaten predators and actively defend themselves and their offspring .\nblack rhinos were once found throughout sub - saharan africa with the exception of the congo basin . even though they are largely solitary animals , they were once so plentiful that it was not unusual to encounter dozens in a single day .\nsuccesses in black rhino conservation over recent years are heartening , but a lot of work remains to be done to counter the current poaching crisis and eventually bring the population up to more than just a fraction of what it once was .\nhas been distributed throughout africa , south of the sahara , with the exception of the congo basin . the current range of black rhinoceroses is bounded by cameroon , kenya , and south africa but their distribution within those limits is fragmented .\nin order to remain cool during especially hot times of the day or season , black rhinos roll in mud to get it all over their bodies . they also make trips to local salt licks to get needed nutrients necessary for survival .\nokita - ouma b , amin r , van langevelde f , leader - williams n ( 2009 ) density dependence and population dynamics of black rhinos ( dicerosbicornismichaeli ) in kenya\u2019s rhino sanctuaries . african journal of ecology48 : 791 - 799 .\nrhinos live in home ranges that can sometimes overlap with each other , and their feeding grounds , wallows , and water holes may be shared . the black rhino is usually solitary , while the white rhino tends to be more social .\nover time , habitat loss has led to isolated , high - density rhino populations . these populations have slow growth rates , which can cause numbers to stagnate and eventually decline . they also raise the risk of disease transmission . to ensure a healthy and growing black rhino population , rhinos from high - density areas must be moved to low density areas with suitable habitat . wwf is supporting these efforts and partnering with government agencies and other ngos to establish new black rhino populations .\nbreeding occurs throughout the year . the gestation period is between 419 and 478 days , with an average interval of 2 . 5 - 3 . 5 years between calves . black rhino calves begin to wean at about 2 months of age .\nnotably , rhinos were last spotted in rwanda about 10 years ago but we on the verge of phasing out . in the 1970s , reports claimed akagera national park had approximately 50 black rhinos but suddenly declined at a very high pace due to regular poaching .\ncritically endangered black rhino lost an estimated 97 . 6 % of its population since 1960 with numbers bottoming out at 2 , 410 in 1995 . when you support african wildlife foundation , you aid in the conservation and growth of endangered species like the rhino .\nspecies ) are involved in a mutualistic relationship where the oxpeckers eat parasites taken from the rhino\u2019s skin . additionally , oxpeckers are able to warn rhinos of approaching predators because their vision is much better than the rhino\u2019s vision . black rhinos are significant herbivores and influence plant communities .\npoaching is the deadliest and most urgent threat to black rhinos . wwf is working with government agencies and partners in namibia , kenya , and south africa to support law enforcement agencies , develop and build on innovative tech solutions , and equip and train rangers to stop poachers .\nthere is large variation in home range size of black rhinos . depending on region and habitat , home range can range from 2 . 6 km ^ 2 to 133 km ^ 2 . habitats with better conditions generally result in smaller home ranges , while poorer conditions result in larger home ranges , presumably because rhinos have to travel further to acquire food and water . black rhinos are not excessively territorial within their home ranges , but dominant males are more likely to express territorial behavior against other dominant males than females and males lower down in the hierarchical system .\ntypical lifespan in the wild is between 30 and 35 years , with little expectation of exceeding 35 years . in captivity , black rhinos can live over 45 years , with the record being 49 years . factors that limit lifespan in the wild include poaching for horns and habitat fragmentation .\nblack rhinos boast two horns , the foremost more prominent than the other . rhino horns grow as much as three inches a year , and have been known to grow up to five feet long . females use their horns to protect their young , while males use them to battle attackers .\nblack rhinos have a sedentary lifestyle and remain in one general area . they are less active during the middle of the day , using mornings and evenings to eat , drink , and move around . when they are startled , they tend to run away from the source . while fleeing , rhinos issue a series of snorts and curl their tails until they calm down . once the initial scare has passed , the rhino\u2019s curiosity kicks in , and it will examine the source with inquisitive charges . even though there is severe danger associated with black rhino charges , the charge normally does not end with serious consequences .\ndo not be fooled by a rhinos lumbering size a black rhino can thunder along at 40 miles per hour ( 64 kilometres per hour ) ! a group of rhinos is sometimes called a ' crash ' an appropriate term for a large and ponderous animal that can crash through just about anything in its way .\nblack rhinos are brownish gray , have two horns , a broad chest , thick skin , poor eyesight , excellent hearing , and a fondness for rolling in the mud . their thick skin acts like protective plating but is sensitive , as the blood vessels are close to the skin\u2019s surface and can easily be scarred .\nblack rhinos feed at night and during the gloaming hours of dawn and dusk . under the hot african sun , they take cover by lying in the shade . rhinos are also wallowers . they often find a suitable water hole and roll in its mud , coating their skin with a natural bug repellent and sun block .\nalthough females reach sexual maturity at 4 - 5 years , they do not have their first calf until they are 6 . 5 - 7 years old . males need to wait until they are 10 - 12 years old before they can claim a territory and mate . black rhinos may reach 40 - 50 years of age .\nconservation status : critically endangered . people of some cultures believe that rhino horn contains medicinal properties . this is most likely not true , however , this is one of the main reasons rhinos are poached . there are fewer than 2 , 550 black rhinos alive today . all five species of rhino are in danger of extinction .\nrhinos are one of the oldest groups of mammals , virtually living fossils . they play an important role in their habitats and in countries like namibia , rhinos are an important source of income from ecotourism . the protection of black rhinos creates large blocks of land for conservation purposes . this benefits many other species , including elephants .\nalthough the color of black rhinoceroses can vary from yellow - brown to dark - brown , the general color is grey . specific skin color depends on the soil conditions within the habitat of each individual . the skin is naked or hairless , with the exception of short , fringe - like hair on the short and rounded ears . on average , black rhinos have a shoulder height between 1 . 4 and 1 . 8 m , a head and body length between 3 and 3 . 75 m , and a weight between 800 and 1400 kg . tail length is generally around 0 . 7 m . although similar in size , males are normally a little larger than females .\nalthough black rhinos use vision , acoustic , and smell senses , their sense of smell is what they rely on most . they have poor vision , with the ability to see only 25 to 30 m away . their sense of hearing is good , but not up to the level of their sense of smell . black rhinos use the pheromones and scents from their feces and urine to mark territories . additionally , they engage in calls to one another that can take the form of the pant - squeal interaction seen in mothers and their infants to loud roars that signify aggression . when a subordinate male enters the territory of a more dominant male , the combination of calls and territorial scents causes the subordinate male to retreat .\ncommunity support and engagement is a cornerstone of wwf\u2019s work , particularly in namibia . hand - in - hand with our namibia partners , we assist communities to set up conservancies and help to foster the knowledge , skills , and capacity required to successfully govern their conservancies and manage their wildlife resources . these communal lands are now home to africa\u2019s largest remaining free roaming black rhino population .\nfor the first week after birth the offspring is hidden by the mother . after that , the mother and calf use specific vocalizations to find one another : the mother pants and the calf squeals . black rhino mothers are very protective of their calves , which is why calves walk behind their mothers . this differs from white rhino females , who have their young walk in front of them . calves are able to browse on their own after one month and able to drink water after 4 to 5 months . black rhino offspring aren\u2019t weaned until 18 months ; after that , the calf remains dependent on its mother for up to 4 years . the basic social unit for females is typically a female and her young offspring , until the offspring is forced into independence by a sibling .\ntoday , black rhinos remain critically endangered because of rising demand for rhino horn , from some asian consumers , particularly in vietnam and china , who use them in folk remedies . a recent increase in poaching in south africa threatens to erase our conservation success , reaching an apex in 2014 when 1 , 215 rhinos were poached . poaching numbers are slowly decreasing\u20141 , 054 were poached in 2016\u2014but poaching continues unabated with numbers remaining unsustainably high .\nthe black rhino is a browser . its triangular - shaped upper lip , which ends in a grasping point , is used to eat a large variety of vegetation\u2014including leaves ; buds ; and shoots of plants , bushes , and trees . it can be found in various habitats that have dense , woody vegetation . the white rhino lives in savannas , which have water holes , mud wallows , shade trees , and the grasses they graze on .\n, thickets , and dry forests , as well as mountain forests and moorlands at high altitudes . it is a selective browser , and grass plays a minor role in its diet . where succulent plants , such as euphorbias , are abundant in dry habitats , it can survive without flowing water . where water is available , drinking is regular and frequent ; black rhinoceroses also dig for water in dry riverbeds . they are normally ill - tempered and unpredictable and may charge any unfamiliar sound or smell . four subspecies are recognized , including one from\nin the wild , the adult black or white rhino has no predators except for humans . rhinos are hunted and killed for their horns . the major demand for rhino horn is in asia , where it is used in ornamental carvings and traditional medicine . rhino horn is touted as a cure for hangovers , cancer , and impotence . their horns are not true horns ; they are actually made of keratin\u2014the same material that makes up our hair and nails . truly , rhino horn is as effective at curing cancer as chewing on your fingernails .\noops ! it appears that you have disabled your javascript . in order for you to see this page as it is meant to appear , we ask that you please re - enable your javascript !\nrwanda officially joins the list of african countries with the big five game animals following the recent addition of 10 rhinos to akagera national park with 10 more expected in the country in the next one or two weeks . the rhinos arrived at kigali international airport on tuesday morning from south africa on tuesday morning at around 3 : 30am ( eat ) aboard an etihad airways cargo plane .\nthe rhinos were offloaded under the prompt supervision of a team of veterinary doctors and loaded onto respective trucks as they made their journey to akagera national park .\nthe chief tourism officer ( cto ) of rwanda development board ( rdb ) , belise kariza , south africa\u2019s ambassador to rwanda , george twala and akagera national park manager , jes gruner we among the people who were at hand to receive the rhinos .\nthis major development in rwanda\u2019s tourism industry was partially pushed by african parks , an african non - profit organization that manages national parks on the government\u2019s behalf , the rwanda development board and the howard g . buffett foundation ( main source of the fund ) .\nbefore receiving the 10 beasts , akagera national park \u2013 a savannah protected habitat had since undergone major transformation since african parks took over its management in 2010 .\namong the efforts for the transformation was the establishment of rhino tracking protection team , an anti - poaching unit and the deployment of a helicopter for regular air surveillance . all these efforts are aimed at conserving the rhinos and keeping them away from poaching .\nrwanda development board\u2019s chief executive officer , clare akamanzi says the animals will definitely go a very long way in boosting the rwanda tourism industry .\nseveral wildlife experts have come out to say that the return of rhinos is a true testimony to the country\u2019s endless progress in conservation effort s . peter fearnhead , the chief executive officer of african parks claims the existence of rhinos has greatly been threatened by the illegal rhino horn trade in asia despite the species being a huge symbol of the continent .\nchairman and ceo of the howard g . buffett foundation , howard g . buffett referred to the development a huge another milestone in rwanda\u2019s conservation , and eco - tourism efforts .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthe wwf is run at a local level by the following offices . . .\nby a prehensile upper lip ( hence the alternative name of hook - lipped rhino ) , which it uses to feed on twigs of woody plants and a variety of herbaceous plants . they have a particular liking for acacias .\nthe front horn is the longer of the two horns , averaging 50cm in length .\nduring courtship , conflicts over a female may result in the death of one of the competing males .\nhowever , relentless hunting by european settlers saw their numbers quickly decline . by the end of the 1960s , they had disappeared or mostly disappeared from a number of countries , with an estimated 70 , 000 surviving on the continent .\nthe species is currently found in patchy distribution from kenya down to south africa . however , almost 98 % of the total population is found in just 4 countries : south africa , namibia , zimbabwe and kenya .\npowdered horn is used in traditional asian medicine as a supposed cure for a range of illnesses \u2013 from hangovers to fevers and even cancer .\nthe recent surge has been primarily driven by the demand for horn by upper - middle class citizens in vietnam . as well as its use in medicine , rhino horn is bought and consumed purely as a symbol of wealth .\nmake a donation towards much - needed anti - poaching equipment and support for rangers across africa .\npromoting well managed wildlife - based tourism experiences that will also provide additional funding for conservation efforts .\nthe wwf wildlife crime scorecard report selects 23 range , transit and consumer countries from asia and africa facing the highest levels of illegal trade in elephant ivory , rhino horn and tiger parts .\ntraffic is a joint programme of wwf and the world conservation union ( iucn ) that monitors the global wildlife trade . traffic also works in close co - operation with cites .\nfight the destructive harvesting and unregulated trade of one of the most attractive inhabitants of our tropical oceans .\nthis is a place where gorillas , hippos and elephants can be found walking , playing and resting along pristine sandy beaches . . .\nwhen you work with wwf to build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature , you give your child , and all children around the world , a chance to get to discover our earth as we know it today .\nyour support will help us build a future where humans live in harmony with nature . $ 5 $ 15 $ 25 $ 50\nrhinos have sharp hearing and a keen sense of smell . they may find one another by following the trail of scent each enormous animal leaves behind it on the landscape .\nthe prominent horn for which rhinos are so well known has also been their downfall . many animals have been killed for the hard , hairlike growth , which is revered for medicinal uses in china , taiwan , hong kong , and singapore . the horn is also valued in north africa and the middle east as an ornamental dagger handle .\n4 . 5 \u2013 6 . 0 ft tall at shoulder ; 10 - 12 . 5 ft long from head to tail\ncome visit kianga and timu mbano in the charles and jennifer johnson land of the giants .\nrhinos soak in mud or roll in dust as protection against sunburn and insect bites .\nall rhinos spend the majority of the morning late afternoon and nighttime eating . during the hottest part of the day , they rest .\nhorns are used to dig up roots and break branches for better access to food .\nthe effort to relocate the animals was sponsored by african parks , a conservation nonprofit that manages national parks on behalf of the government .\neighteen of the endangered species were moved about 2 , 500 miles by cargo plane from south africa to their new home at akagera national park .\nbut akagera seems to be a promising place for savanna dwellers . seven lions were introduced there in 2015 , and their population doubled by 2016 .\npompeo says north korea should follow vietnam ' s example and trust u . s .\nto help conserve this species by working in the field with earthwatch , click here .\nauthenticated ( 27 / 8 / 02 ) by martin brooks . chair , african rhino specialist group . urltoken\nprehensile capable of grasping . subspecies a different race of a species , which is geographically separated from other populations of that species .\nmacdonald , d . ( 2001 ) the new encyclopedia of mammals . oxford university press , uk .\nnature picture library 5a great george street bristol bs1 5rr united kingdom tel : + 44 ( 0 ) 117 911 4675 fax : + 44 ( 0 ) 117 911 4699 info @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction ."]}
+{"id": 1804, "summary": [{"text": "oreta carnea is a moth in the drepanidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by butler in 1892 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in malaysia , singapore and on sumatra , java and borneo .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 35 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults are sericeous pale brownish flesh-colour , sparsely irrorated with blackish atoms .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the forewings are crossed by two very indistinct oblique darker lines and there is a submarginal series of rosy spots on the veins .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings have two whitish stigmata on the discocellulars .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the larvae feed on uncaria species . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "oreta carnea", "paragraphs": ["oreta carnea ( butler , 1892 ) = agnidra carnea butler , 1892 = drepana berenica swinhoe , 1893 = cobanilla hepaticata warren , 1897 = cobanilla cardinalis warren , 1897 = drepana berenica swinhoe , 1893 = oreta hepatica warren 1897 = oreta cardinalis warren 1897 .\noreta carnea is a moth in the drepanidae family . it was described by butler in 1892 . it is found in malaysia , singapore and on sumatra , java and borneo .\nthis is by far the commonest bornean oreta , occurring from the lowlands to about 1600m , mostly in forest but including secondary forest .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nwarren , cobanilla cardinalis warren , 1897 , novit . zool . , 4 : 13 .\nthis is one of the smallest bornean species , variable , with fasciation diffusely darker on dull medium to dark red forewings . there are usually two blackish submarginal spots at the forewing tornus . the antennae are narrowly bipectinate .\nthe species has been reared from uncaria ( rubiaceae ) in malaysia ( yunus & ho , 1980 ; zhang , 1994 ) .\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c1faa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c25e1 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c277b - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322dd07d - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 3250132a - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 32502161 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 33433df2 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nbeccaloni g . , scoble m . , kitching i . , simonsen t . , robinson g . , pitkin b . , hine a . & lyal c . ( 2018 ) . lepindex : the global lepidoptera names index ( version 12 . 3 , jan 2012 ) . in : roskov y . , abucay l . , orrell t . , nicolson d . , bailly n . , kirk p . m . , bourgoin t . , dewalt r . e . , decock w . , de wever a . , nieukerken e . van , zarucchi j . , penev l . , eds . ( 2018 ) . species 2000 & itis catalogue of life , 30th june 2018 . digital resource at urltoken species 2000 : naturalis , leiden , the netherlands . issn 2405 - 8858 .\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 49b85d6b - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\n. if you continue to use the site we will assume that you agree with this .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\nthe wingspan is about 35 mm . adults are sericeous pale brownish flesh - colour , sparsely irrorated with blackish atoms . the forewings are crossed by two very indistinct oblique darker lines and there is a submarginal series of rosy spots on the veins . the hindwings have two whitish stigmata on the discocellulars .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services ."]}
+{"id": 1867, "summary": [{"text": "heliconius demeter , the demeter longwing , is a butterfly of the nymphalidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by otto staudinger in 1897 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in the amazon basin , from guyana to peru and bolivia .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the habitat consists of sand forests .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "the larvae are gregarious and feed on dilkea and mitostemma species .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "full-grown larvae have a yellow body with black spots or bands and a black head .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "they reach a length of about 20 mm . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "heliconius demeter", "paragraphs": ["andrew brower marked\nfile : heliconius demeter bouqueti mhnt . jpg\nas trusted on the\nheliconius demeter staudinger , 1896\npage .\nandrew brower marked\nfile : heliconius demeter bouqueti mhnt ventre . jpg\nas trusted on the\nheliconius demeter staudinger , 1896\npage .\nandrew brower marked\nfile : heliconius demeter bouqueti mhnt dos . jpg\nas trusted on the\nheliconius demeter staudinger , 1896\npage .\nheliconius demeter , the demeter longwing , is a butterfly of the nymphalidae family . it was described by otto staudinger in 1897 . it is found in the amazon basin , from guyana to peru and bolivia . the habitat consists of sand forests .\nthe helicomans of brazil ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae ) part vi . aspects of the biology and ecology of heliconius demeter , with description of four new subspecies\nthe heliconians of brazil ( lepidoptera , nymphalidae ) . part iv . aspects of the biology and ecology of heliconius demeter , with description of four new subspecies\ndemeter .\nencyclopedia mythica from encyclopedia mythica online . urltoken [ accessed may 22 , 2008 ] .\nhost plant : h . demeter larvae feed primarily on plants from the genera dilkea and mitostemma ( brown , 1981 ) .\netymology : demeter is the greek earth goddess , who brings forth the fruits of the earth , particularly the various grains . she taught mankind the art of sowing and ploughing so they could end their nomadic existence . as such , demeter was also the goddess of planned society . she was very popular with the rural population . as a fertility goddess she is sometimes identified with rhea and gaia ( demeter ) .\nadaptive polymorphism associated with multiple m\u00fcllerian mimicry in heliconius numata ( lepid . nymph . )\nsemispecies relationships between heliconius erato cyrbia godt . and h . himera hew . in southwestern ecuador\nthe heliconians of brazil ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae ) . part iii . ecology and biology of heliconius nattereri , a key primitive species near extinction , and comments on the evolutionary development of heliconius and\nthe heliconians of brazil ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae ) . part iii . ecology and biology of heliconius nattereri , a key primitive species near extinction , and comments on the evolutionary development of heliconius and eueides\nheliconius demeter is distributed in the amazon basin . the map below shows an approximate representation of the geographic distribution of this species . the original data used to draw these maps is derived from brown ( 1979 ) which is available at keith s . brown jr . ( 1979 ) . ecological geography and evolution in neotropical forests .\nheliconius butterflies with proboscis bearing pollen collected from flowers . the diets of most lepidoptera are very limited in nitrogenous compounds , and pollen feeding is thought to increase longevity and egg production in heliconius butterflies . images \u00a9 mathieu joron\nthe heliconians of brazil ( lepidoptera nymphalidae ) . part vii . evolution in modern amazonian non - forest islands : heliconius hermathena\nbrown k . s . 1981 the biology of heliconius and related genera . annual review of entomology 26 , 427 - 456 .\nthe heliconius genome consortium . 2012 . butterfly genome reveals promiscuous exchange of mimicry adaptations among species . nature ( 2012 ) vol . 487 .\nheliconius sapho male sitting on a female pupa . mating takes place as the female begins to eclose , and females mate only once . \u00a9 jamie walters\nholzinger , h and holzinger , r , 1994 . heliconius and related genera . sciences nat , venette , pp . 1\u2013328 , pl . 1\u201351 [ 1 ]\nh . demeter occurs from sea level to 1 , 100 m in sand forest . the males sit on female pupae a day before emergence , and mating occurs the next morning , before the female has completely eclosed . adults roost at night in loose groups 2 - 10 m above ground and under leaves ( brown , 1981 ) .\na cryptic species discovered in heliconius ! it is not always the case that mtdna ' barcode ' differences correctly delimit separate species . however , we recently found two cryptic heliconius species that co - occur in sympatry in a narrow zone of overlap in amazonia , initially via barcoding . furthermore , the two taxa are co - mimics , so no mimicry switch led to speciation here , although we had thought that mimicry switches typically accompanied speciation in the genus heliconius . rosser et al . 2018 .\njoel smith and marcus r . kronforst . \u201cdo heliconius butterflies species exchange mimicry alleles ? \u201d bio . lett . 2013 9 , 20130503 , published 17 july 2013 .\ngilbert l . e . 1972 . feeding and reproductive biology of heliconius butterflies . proc . nat . acad . sci . 69 ( 6 ) : 1403 - 1407\nstaudinger o . 1897 . neue heliconius - arten und formen . deutsche entomologische zeitschrift\niris\n9 ( 2 ) : 284 - 317 , pls . 6 - 7 .\na widespread neotropical species . h . sara is a relatively small heliconius , and member of one of the few sister - taxon mimetic pairs ( with h . leucadia ) .\nthe heliconius butterflies are the most speciose genus within the heliconiini , displaying a dramatic diversity of colour patterns at species and sub - species level . they are also famous for m\u00fcllerian mimicry , with many species converging on a common wing pattern where they live together . heliconius communities commonly consist of several \u2018mimicry rings\u2019 , groups of species that share a common pattern .\nmavarez j , c salazar , e bermingham , c salcedo , c jiggins , m linares . 2006 . speciation by hybridization in the heliconius butterflies . nature 441 : 868 - 871\nsourakov , andrei . ( 2008 ) . pupal mating in zebra longwing ( heliconius charithonia ) : photographic evidence . news of the lepidopterists ' society 50 ( 1 ) : 26 - 32 .\nheliconius are recognized by their large eyes , long antennae , characteristic elongate wing - shape , teardrop - shaped hindwing discal cell , and distinctive colour patterns . the hostplants are all passifloreae , and there is some phylogenetic association between species groups of passiflora and the heliconius species that feed on them ( benson et al . , 1976 ; brower , 1997 ) ( see each species for more details ) .\nnahrstedt a , r . h . davis . 1980 . the occurrence of the cyanoglucosides linamarin and lotaustralin , in acraea and heliconius butterflies . comp . biochem . physiol . 68b : 575 - 577 .\nkronforst , m r , young , l g , blume , l m and gilbert , l e , 2006 . multilocus analyses of admixture and introgression among hybridizing heliconius butterflies . evolution , 60 , 1254\u201368 .\nmavarez , j , salazar , c a , bermingham , e , salcedo , c , jiggins , c d and linares , m , 2006 . speciation by hybridization in heliconius butterflies . nature 441 : 868\u201371 .\nbrower a v z ( 2011 ) .\nhybrid speciation in heliconius butterflies ? a review and critique of the evidence\n. genetica 139 ( 2 ) : 589\u2013609 . doi : 10 . 1007 / s10709 - 010 - 9530 - 4 .\nrosser n , freitas avl , huertas b , joron m , lamas g , m\u00e9rot c , simpson f , willmott k , mallet j , dasmahapatra kk . a new cryptic species of heliconius ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae ) . submitted . 2018 .\njoron , m , papa , r , beltran , m , chamberlain , n , mavarez , j , baxter , s and abanto , m , 2006 . a conserved supergene locus controls color pattern diversity in heliconius butterflies . plos biology 4 : 1831\u201340\nmallet , j . , gilbert , l . 1994 . why are there so many mimicry rings ? correlations between habitats , behaviour , and mimicry in heliconius butterlies . 1994 . biological journal of the linnean society ( 1995 ) , 55 : 159 - 180 .\nbaxter , s w , papa , r , chamberlain , n , humphray , j s , joron , m , morrison , c and ffrench - constant , r h , 2008 . convergent evolution in the genetic basis of m\u00fcllerian mimicry in heliconius butterflies . genetics 180 : 1567\u201377\nmavarez , j . ; salazar , c . a . ; bermingham , e . ; salcedo , c . ; jiggins , c . d . ; linares , m . ( 2006 ) .\nspeciation by hybridization in heliconius butterflies\n. nature 441 ( 7095 ) : 868\u201371\nfor discussion of the monophyly of the genus as presented here and relationships among heliconiine genera , see the heliconiini page . within heliconius the relationships presented here are based on molecular sequence data for 3 mtdna and 4 nuclear gene regions ( beltran et al . 2007 ) . there is also a highly supported monophyletic \u2018pupal - mating clade\u2019 suggesting that pupal mating behaviour evolved only once in the heliconiina ( see tree above ) . within heliconius , the absence of a signum on the female bursa copulatrix is a morphological character that defines the pupal - mating group ( penz , 1999 ) .\nwe generated a comprehensive gene orthology analyses spanning 23 genomes ( 21 species , but with two sets of genomes / gene - predictions for heliconius erato and plutella xylostella ) . rather than using the ensembl compara pipeline as is , we used current best practices in gene - tree reconstruction such as :\none puzzling thought with mullerian mimicry / convergence is it would be predicted the butterflies would all eventually converge on the same color and pattern for the highest predator education . instead heliconius butterflies are greatly diverse , and even form multiple \u2018mimicry rings\u2019 within the same geographical area . additional evolutionary forces are likely at work .\ncounterman , b a , araujo - perez , f , hines , h m , baxter , s w , morrison , c m , lindstrom , d p and papa , r , 2010 . genomic hotspots for adaptation : the population genetics of m\u00fcllerian mimicry in heliconius erato . plos genetics 6 : - .\ngilbert ( 1991 ) suggested that pupal - mating might play an important role in the radiation of heliconius as well as in the packing of heliconius species into local habitats . pupal - mating might enhance the possibility of intrageneric mimicry because in many cases , mimetic species pairs consist of a pupal - mating and a non pupal - mating species . the strikingly different mating tactics of these groups could allow phenotypically identical species to occupy the same habitats without mate recognition errors . second , this mating tactic may influence host - plant specialisation , as it has been suggested that pupal - mating species may displace other heliconiines from their hosts by interference competition ( gilbert , 1991 ) . males of these species sit on , attempt to mate with , and disrupt eclosion of other heliconius species of both mating types encountered on the host plant . this aggressive behaviour may prevent other heliconiine species from evolving preference for host plants used by pupal - mating species .\na second unusual trait found in some heliconius species is a unique mating behaviour known as pupal - mating . males of certain species search larval food plants for female pupae . the males then sit on the pupae a day before emergence , and mating occurs the next morning , before the female has completely eclosed ( gilbert , 1976 ; deinert et al . 1994 ) . various kinds of pupal - mating occur scattered across several insect orders ( thornhill & alcock , 1993 ) ; in passion - vine butterflies almost half the heliconius species ( 42 % ) are pupal - maters ( gilbert , 1991 , pupal mating clade marked in the cladogram above ) .\nheliconius sara is widespread throughout central america and south america . this map shows an approximate representation of the geographic distribution of this species . the original data used to draw these maps are derived from brown ( 1979 ) which is available at keith s . brown jr . ( 1979 ) . ecological geography and evolution in neotropical forests .\nthe heliconius genome consortium has released 24 new heliconiine genome assemblies using the w2 - wrap contigger and a - scaff tools , courtesy jim mallet and bernardo clavijo\u2019s group at earlham institute . some of the samples are species crosses or were contaminated , but we decided to host them as separate genome assemblies to make them easier to search against :\nheliconius female butterflies also disperse their eggs much slower than other species of butterflies . they obtain their nutrients for egg production through pollen in the adult stage rather than the larval stage . due to nutrient collection in the adult rather than larval stage , adult females have an extensively longer life compared to others species which allows them to better disperse their eggs for survival and speciation .\nsupple , m . , hines , h . , dasmahapatra , k . , lewis j . , nielsen d . , lavoie , c . , ray , d . , salavar , c . , mcmillan , o . , counterman , b . 2103 . genomic architecture of adaptive color pattern divergence and convergence in heliconius butterflies . genome research ( 2013 ) : gr - 150615 .\nheliconius comprises a colorful and widespread genus of brush - footed butterfly commonly known as the longwings or heliconians . this genus is distributed throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of the new world , from south america as far north as the southern united states . the larvae of these butterflies eat passion flower vines ( passifloraceae ) . adults exhibit bright wing color patterns to signal their distastefulness to potential predators .\nbrought to the forefront of scientific attention by victorian naturalists , these butterflies exhibit a striking diversity and mimicry , both amongst themselves and with species in other groups of butterflies and moths . the study of heliconius and other groups of mimetic butterflies allowed the english naturalist henry walter bates , following his return from brazil in 1859 , to lend support to charles darwin , who had found similar diversity amongst the galapagos finches .\nheliconius butterflies have been a subject of many studies , due partly to their abundance and the relative ease of breeding them under laboratory conditions , but also because of the extensive mimicry that occurs in this group . from the nineteenth century to the present - day , their study has helped scientists to understand how new species are formed and why nature is so diverse . in particular , the genus is suitable for the study of both batesian mimicry and m\u00fcllerian mimicry .\neach page contains information about a particular group , e . g . , salamanders , segmented worms , phlox flowers , tyrannosaurs , euglenids , heliconius butterflies , club fungi , or the vampire squid . tol pages are linked one to another hierarchically , in the form of the evolutionary tree of life . starting with the root of all life on earth and moving out along diverging branches to individual species , the structure of the tol project thus illustrates the genetic connections between all living things .\nheliconius butterflies have two unique , derived ecological traits that may have facilitated rapid adaptive radiation : pollen feeding and pupal - mating behaviour ( gilbert , 1972 ) . adult butterflies systematically collect pollen from flowers , which they masticate on the proboscis to dissolve out amino acids . this allows caterpillars to develop relatively rapidly ( since they do not need to store nutrients for egg and sperm production ) , and allows adults to have a greatly extended lifespan \u2013 up to 8 months \u2013 in the wild .\netymology : heliconius signifies dwellers on mount helicon ( turner , 1976 ) ( see each species for more information ) . helicon is a mountain in southern greece , in boeotia , regarded in ancient greece , as the source of poetry and inspiration . from it flowed the fountains of aganippe and hippocrene , associated with muses . the nine muses are daughters of zeus and mnemosyne , the goddess of memory . the muses sat near the throne of zeus , king of the gods , and sang of his greatness and of the origin of the world and its inhabitants and the glorious deeds of the great heroes . from their name words such as music , museum , mosaic are derived ( muses ) . the nine muses are :\nthe biology of heliconius butterflies has provided a rich source of data to test theories of ecological genetics , coevolution and community ecology . many putatively adaptive characters have been discussed with reference to a phylogenetic hypothesis based on a variety of morphological and life - history traits interpreted from an evolutionary taxonomic perspective . here , alternate interpretations of characters on the traditional tree and a more recent mitochondrial dna cladogram with a substantially different topology are compared and contrasted . it is shown that many characters ostensibly providing support for the traditional phylogenetic hypothesis are almost equally parsimoniously distributed and in some cases more parsimoniously distributed on the mtdna tree than on the tree inferred from those characters . discussion of alternate evolutionary scenarios based on the mdna - based topology is presented for pupal mating , pollen feeding , foodplant coevolution , and other ecologically significant features .\nthe process of adaptive radiation and convergence , usually regarded as a feature of macro - evolution , can be seen in the mimetic colour patterns of the butterflies within the confines of the south american genus heliconius . this can be shown by dividing the genus into subgroups on the basis of adult , pupal and larval morphology : the theory that the mimicry between species results solely from close systematic relationships is thereby refuted , as members of the same morphological group can display widely divergent mimetic patterns , and conversely mutual mimics may belong to several different morphological groups . various forms of parallel and convergent evolution are thought to account for the present pattern of mimicry , the process is known to start even before full speciation has taken place . a new subgenus ( neruda ) is created to contain three atypical members of the genus .\nheliconius butterflies show a continuum of geographic divergence and speciation ; they are unpalatable and exhibit inter - and intraspecific diversification of colour and patterns . bates\u2019 classic paper ( bates , 1862 ) , reflecting observations during his stay in the amazon , showed a geographical pattern for the different colour forms : similar between species within any one area of the amazon basin , but the mimetic colour patterns themselves changed every 100 - 200 miles . beside this geographic divergence , closely related species within an area often belonged to mimicry \u201crings\u201d ( groups of unpalatable species , together with some palatable species , that have converged on the same warning colour pattern ) ( brower et al . , 1964 ; mallet and gilbert , 1995 ) . bates\u2019 system has all the intermediate stages between local varieties , geographic races , and sympatric species that make it an excellent biological model to study selection , hybridization and gene flow at the species boundary . see maps attached to each species .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nearly stages : eggs are yellow and approximately 1 . 3 x 0 . 7 mm ( h x w ) . females usually place 1 to 15 eggs on growing shoots of the host plant . mature larvae have a yellow body with black spots or bands , and whit black scoli and head ; length is around 2 cm . caterpillars are gregarious ( brown , 1981 ) .\nthis media file is licensed under the creative commons attribution - noncommercial - sharealike license - version 3 . 0 .\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license , and they may or may not be available for reuse . click on an image or a media link to access the media data window , which provides the relevant licensing information . for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution , please see the\neach tol leaf page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a leaf at the tip of the tree of life . the major distinction between a leaf and a branch of the tree of life is that a leaf cannot generally be further subdivided into subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 4 of lepbase , the hub for lepidopteran genomes , not only includes several new genome assemblies and annotations , but also showcases a re - engineered infrastructure that will enable other groups to easily set up their own ensembl - based genome hubs in the future .\npreviously , lepbase v3 had hosted ncbi refseq annotations for papilio xuthus and papilio polytes . refseq annotations are independent gene predictions generated by the ncbi , but may include sequence data that are not present in the genome assemblies because they use additional information from independent transcripts . in lepbase v4 we have also included the original gene predictions from the fujiwara lab that sequenced these genomes :\npapilio xuthus pxut 1 . 0 papilio xuthus pxut 1 . 0 refseq papilio polytes ppol 1 . 0 papilio polytes ppol 1 . 0 refseq\ngenome assembly version remains the same ( hmel2 ) , but the annotation has now been updated to include braker 1 . 0\npredictions based on several independently sequenced rnaseq libraries , in collaboration with chris jiggins\u2019 lab . manual annotations and old gene names have been retained where the overlap is unambiguous .\nseveral new assembly - only species were also added to lepbase v4 . although no gene prediction sets are available for these species , you can download the genome fasta files at urltoken and do blast searches against them at urltoken .\nwe are also planning to make these assemblies more useful by running a comparative gene prediction across all the heliconiines . the first step towards this is to compute a whole - genome alignment using progressive cactus\nover 12 , 000 orthofinder clusters were processed into gene trees which can be accessed from their constituent gene pages in the lepbase ensembl browser .\nthe goal of this analysis was to provide a context for each gene . however , as with all automated analyses , it may contain artifacts due to differences in gene prediction methods or due to generic parameters used in the pipeline . if you are interested in a highly accurate reconstruction of a specific gene family , you can download all the sequence and alignment data for a given gene and its homologues , and redo the tree using your preferred phylogenetic pipeline . the specific steps and evaluations for each part of our gene - tree pipeline will be described in forthcoming technical notes .\none of the key features of lepbase is that we provide consistent analyses across all genomes using the same software and database versions and parameters . all genome sequences were masked using repeatmasker 4 . 0 . 6 with the built - in arthropod repeat database . previous lepbase releases used repeatmodeler to generate species - specific repeat libraries . however , we found that repeatmodeler risks masking recently expanded gene families , therefore we took a more conservative approach and did not use repeatmodeler for this v4 release .\nwe also provide functional annotations for protein - coding genes in all species with gene models using blastp against the swissprot database , and using all the tools provided by interproscan .\nurltoken previously ran on linux virtual machines because of the complex dependencies of the various software programs involved . for lepbase release v4 , we have successfully migrated all the services , including the import and annotation pipelines for new genomes , to a docker - based container infrastructure .\nnone of this affects how the service looks to the outside world , but it makes it much easier for us to upgrade the software as new versions of ensembl and other software are released . we will also be able to easily scale up individual services to meet the growing number of users .\nalthough all our code is public already ( see urltoken and urltoken ) , we plan to document it extensively in the coming weeks , so that other groups can rapidly and easily set up their own taxon - specific ensembl - based genome hubs using our docker infrastructure .\nthis entry lacks etymological information . if you are familiar with the origin of this term , please add it to the page per etymology instructions . you can also discuss it at the etymology scriptorium .\nthis page was last edited on 16 may 2017 , at 00 : 25 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook\nthe larvae are gregarious and feed on dilkea and mitostemma species . full - grown larvae have a yellow body with black spots or bands and a black head . they reach a length of about 20 mm .\ncolour pattern diversity of h . numata ( top two rows ) , and h . melpomene ( third row ) with its co - mimic h . erato ( bottom row ) .\nmechanitis polymnia ( l . ) , 1758 ( ithomiini ) ( a variant spelling of polyhymnia )\nmembers of the genus are found from the southern united states throughout central and south america and the west indies , with the greatest diversity of species in the amazon basin ( emsley , 1965 ; devries , 1987 ) .\nmany pairs or groups of co - mimetic species such as h . erato ( top ) and h . melpomene ( bottom ) have evolved a diversity of geographic races or subspecies . the two species look identical in any one locality but their patterns change in concert across their geographic range ; localities left to right : zamora , ecuador ; puyo , ecuador ; tarapoto , peru ; guayaquil , ecuador ; yurimaguas , peru . \u00a9 1999 james mallet\ncrenis\nredirects here . for another genus of brush - footed butterfly with the same ( invalid ) name , see sevenia .\ncaterpillars favor and the resulting poisons they store in their tissues , the adult butterflies are usually unpalatable to predators .\n, has revealed that homologous genomic regions in the species are responsible for the convergence in wing patterns .\nhaving no shared single nucleotide polymorphisms ( snps ) , which would be indicative of introgression , and hypothesized the same regulatory genes for color / pattern had comparably changed in response to the same selective forces .\nshares the same patterning homologues , but that these loci are locked into a wing patterning supergene that results in a lack of recombination and a finite set of wing pattern morphs .\n, it was found that gene sequences around mimicry loci were more recently diverged in comparison with the rest of the genome , providing evidence for speciation by hybridization over speciation by ancestral polymorphism .\n. results from supple and his team have revealed showed snp\u2019s being polymorphic mostly around hybrid zones of a genome , and they claimed this supported the mechanism of introgression over ancestral variation for genetic material exchange for certain species .\nselection factors can drive introgression to revolve around genes correlated with wing pattern and color .\nto see its mating habits in regards to preference between other hybrids and its parental species . the results showed\n, while the parental species were highly unlikely to reproduce with the backcrosses . this is significant , because hybrids\u2019 mating behavior would relatively quickly isolate itself from its parental species , and eventually form a species itself , as defined by lack of gene flow . his team also hypothesized that along with a mixed inheritance of color and pattern , the hybrids also obtained a mixed preference for mates from their parental species genes . the\nlikely had a genetic attraction for other hybrids , leading to its reproductive isolation and speciation .\nbutterflies are an example of homoploid hybrid speciation , i . e . hybridization without changing the number of chromosomes .\nin order for the aposematism and mimicry to be successful in the butterflies they must continually evolve their colors to warn predators of their unpalatability . sexual selection is important in maintaining the aposematism as it helps to select for specific shades of colors rather than general colors . a research team used techniques to determine some the color qualities of a set of butterflies . they found that color was more vivid on the dorsal side of the butterflies rather than on the ventral . also , for the comparison of sexes , females appeared to have differing brightness in specific spots .\nit is important to select for specific colors to avoid subtle shades in any of the species involved in the mimicry . if any colors are not successful in their warning it will negatively affect the success of the aposematism because it cannot warn predators as efficiently . in order to select for specific colors , neural receptors in the butterflies\u2019 brains give a disproportionate recognition and selection of those shades .\nin order to test the importance of these neural and visual cues in the butterflies , researchers conducted an experiment where they eliminated colors from butterflies\u2019 wings . when a color was eliminated , the butterfly was less successful in attracting mates and therefore did not reproduce as much as its counterparts\nhas evolved two forms of mating . the main form is general sexual reproduction . some species of\nhowever , have converged evolutionarily in regards to pupal mating . one such species to exhibit this behavior is\nfinds a female pupae and waits until a day before she is moulted before he mates . with this type of mating there is no sexual selection present .\nthis form of egg production is helpful because larva are much more vulnerable than adult stages , although they also utilize aposematism . because many of the nutrients needed to produce eggs are obtained in the adult stage the larval stage is much shorter and less susceptible to predation .\nbutterflies use cyanic characteristics , meaning they produce substances that have a cyanide group attached to them , ultimately making them harmful . research has found that the amino acids needed to make the cyanic compounds come from feeding on pollen .\nalthough feeding on pollen takes longer than nectar feeding , the aposematic characteristics help to warn predators away and give them more time for feeding .\nlarvae feed on the passifloraceae plant , which also has cyanic characteristics , the larvae have evolved the ability to neutralize the cyanic molecules to protect them from the negative effects of the plant .\nspecies . these are listed alphabetically here , according to gerardo lamas ' ( 2004 ) checklist .\nnote that the subspecific nomenclature is incomplete for many species ( there are over 2000 published names associated with the genus , many of which are subjective synonyms or infrasubspecific names ) .\njoron , m , frezal , l , jones , r t , chamberlain , n l ,\net al .\n2011 . chromosomal rearrangements maintain a polymorphic supergene controlling butterfly mimicry .\nnature\n477 : 203\u201308\nnadeau , n . , martin , s . , kozak , k . , salazar , c . , dasmahapatra , k . , davey , j . , baxter , s . , blaxter , m . , mallet , j . , jiggins c . 2012 . genome - wide patterns of divergence and gene flow across a butterfly radiation . molecular ecology ( 2013 ) 22 , 814 - 826 .\nmelo , m . , salazar , c . , jiggins , c . , and linares , m . 2008 . assortative mating preferences among hybrids offer a route to hybrid speciation . evolution 63 . 6 ( 2009 : 1660 - 1665 ) .\nprezeczek k , c . mueller , and s . m . vamosi . 2008 . the evolution of the aposematism is accompanied by increased diversification . integrative zoology . 3 : 149 - 156 .\nllaurens v , m joron , and m . thery . 2014 . cryptic differences in colour among mullerian mimics : how can the visual capacities of predators and prey shape the evolution of wingcolours ? . j . evol . biol . 27 : 531 - 540 .\nvane - wright r . i , p . r . ackery eds . 1984 . the biology of butterflies . symposium of the royal entomological society of london . number 11 . academic press , london , u . k .\nrosser n , phillimore ab , huertas b , willmott kr , & mallet j . 2012 . testing historical explanations for gradients in species richness in heliconiine butterflies of tropical america . biological journal of the linnean society 105 : 479 - 497 . doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1095 - 8312 . 2011 . 01814 . x\nprice p . w . , t . m . lewinsohn , g . w . fernandes , w . w . benson eds . 1991 . plant - animal interactions : evolutionary ecology in tropical and temperate regions . john wiley and sons , inc , new . york , united states .\nlamas , g ( ed ) , 2004 . atlas of neotropical lepidoptera . checklist : part 4a hesperioidea \u2013 papiionoidea . gainesville , scientific publishers / association of tropical lepidoptera .\nkapan , d d , 2001 . three - butterfly system provides a field test of m\u00fcllerian mimicry . nature , 409 , 338\u201340 .\nmallet , j , beltr\u00e1n , m , neukirchen , w , and linares , m , 2007 . natural hybridization in heliconiine butterflies : the species boundary as a continuum . bmc evol biol , 7 , 28 . abstract\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more\nj\u00e4hrlich werden tausende tierarten und pflanzenarten , pilze und bakterien neu benannt und man geht davon aus , dass noch millionen auf ihre entdeckung und ihre taxonomische einordnung warten . da es sich bei zoologie , botanik , mykologie und bakteriologie um wissenschaften handelt , geht man davon aus , dass die wissenschaftler ihren entdeckungen immer seri\u00f6se namen geben , die vorwiegend aus dem griechischen oder lateinischen stammen . dies ist auch \u00fcberwiegend der fall . aber bei den vielen tausend benennungen bleibt immer noch genug spielraum , so dass sich einzelne junggebliebende wissenschafter bei der vergabe von kuriosen namen austoben k\u00f6nnen . da findet man namen von personen , g\u00f6ttern , aus der literatur , namen von orten und dingen , anz\u00fcgliches , akronyme , interjektionen , lautmalerische bezeichnungen , wortspiele , eigennamen , anagramme , isogramme , palindrome , reime , tautonyme , oxymorons . und zu den gew\u00e4hlten namen gibt es manchmal auch \u00e4u\u00dferst interessante erkl\u00e4rungen zum grund der namenswahl . manchmal nimmt ein artname bezug auf eine eigenschaft des bezeichneten tieres oder der pflanze . es gibt aber auch f\u00e4lle , da geht es dem namensgeber einzig und allein darum , aufzufallen , oder die aufmerksamkeit auf ein bestimmtes anliegen , wie etwa das artensterben , zu lenken .\nscientific names of organisms are not usually known for their entertainment value . they are indispensable for clarity in communication , but most people skip over them with barely a glance . here i collect those names that are worth a second look .\nsome names are interesting for what they are named after ( for example ,\narthurdactylus conandoylensis\n,\ngodzillius\n) , some are puns (\nla cucaracha\n,\nphthiria relativitae\n) , and some show other kinds of wordplay ( such as the palindromic\norizabus subaziro\n) . some have achieved notability through accident of history , and many show the sense of humor of taxonomists .\nrules\ngives a brief overview of the rules governing biological naming ( and , along the way , includes several curious examples ) .\netymology\nlists names that are notable for what they are named after .\nwordplay\nincludes all unusual features of names other than their meaning and pronunciation .\ngene names\nlists a few of the interesting names which have been given to genes .\nmisc .\nincludes things which do not fit elsewhere , including other curious biological terms , interesting stories about names , and some creative writing .\nreferences\nincludes also links , acknowledgements , and a list of the newest entries .\nfeedback\ngives directions and requests to those who want to contact me .\nthe names which are recent additions to this collection will be shown in a brighter shade of red . ( how recent depends on how often i update . i ' ll try to keep the newest names distinctive for about a month . ) the most recent additions are also listed separately , with links to the page each appears on .\nour knowledge of the many life - forms on earth - of animals , plants , fungi , protists and bacteria - is scattered around the world in books , journals , databases , websites , specimen collections , and in the minds of people everywhere . imagine what it would mean if this information could be gathered together and made available to everyone - anywhere - at a moment\u2019s notice .\nour mission : to increase awareness and understanding of living nature through an encyclopedia of life that gathers , generates , and shares knowledge in an open , freely accessible and trusted digital resource .\ngood managers of natural resources and policy - makers know that their best decisions are based on results from the most accurate scientific analyses . such analyses are based on solid , documentable data that have been recorded directly from the observation of nature . such records are called\nprimary\ndata .\nbiodiversity\nis a handy , one - word name for all the species on the earth , the genetic variety they possess , and the ecological systems in which they participate . another way of thinking about biodiversity is as the\nliving resources\nportion of\nnatural resources\n. a large part of the primary data on biodiversity are the 1 . 5 - 2 . 0 billion specimens held in natural history collections , as well as many geographical and ecological observations recorded by various means and stored in various media .\nin making living resource policy and management choices , decision - makers are often forced to rely on analyses that are not based on primary data . this is because the world ' s store of primary data about biodiversity is not at present readily and easily accessible .\nfuture generations depend on the efforts made today to develop methods for sustainably using biodiversity . one very important part of the solution is rapidly , openly and freely delivering primary data about biodiversity to everyone in the global community , using digital technologies . another part is ensuring that the primary data being collected today are stored in such a way that they will remain accessible to future generations .\nluca\nist so etwas wie\nadam und eva\n. es ist die abk\u00fcrzung f\u00fcr\nlast universal common ancester\n. man vermutet die entstehung dieser urzelle , aus der alle lebensformen abstammen vor etwa 3 mird . jahren .\nthe\ntree of life\nweb project (\ntol\n) is a collaborative effort of biologists and nature enthusiasts from around the world . on more than 10 , 000 world wide web pages , the project provides information about biodiversity , the characteristics of different groups of organisms , and their evolutionary history ( phylogeny ) .\nthe tree of life currently consists of more than 3000 pages with information about different groups of organisms . this part of the website is too extensive to present a full map here .\nthe tol glossary is still under construction . we expect to greatly expand it over the next few months . the current page contains a listing of all the available tol glossary terms .\nyou can set your preferences for browsing the tol web site so that words contained in the glossary list are highlighted on tol pages , and definitions are displayed when you move the cursor over a highlighted word . if you would like to try this now , click on the turn glossary on button below , and then go to a tol page that features some of the terms in the list below ( the eukaryotes page is a good one ) . note that you can turn the glossary function on and off on any tol branch page , leaf page , other article , note , or treehouse . open the preferences menu and select either show glossary entries or hide glossary entries .\nthese categories are explained in more detail on the structure of the tree of life page .\nchelomophrynus | rhinophrynus | rhinophrynus dorsalis | rhinophrynus sp . | ( i ) | ' pipids ' | cordicephalus | eoxenopoides | saltenia | shomronella | thoraciliacus | palaeobatrachidae | albionbatrachus | lithobatrachus | neusibatrachus | palaeobatrachus | pliobatrachus | pipidae\ncorydoras | corydoras garbei | etc . | brochis | brochis britskii | brochis multiradiatus | brochis splendens\nagaricophagus | allocolenisia | ansibaris | cainosternum | colenis | colenisia | dermatohomoeus | neohydnobius | perkovskius | pseudcolenis | zelodes | scotocryptini | aglyptinus | aglyptinus s . l . | creagrophorus | cyrtusiola | parabystus | popeus | scotocryptodes | scotocryptus | synaristus | termitoglobus | agathidiini | afroagathidium | agathidium | amphicyllis | anisotoma | besuchetionella | cyrtoplastus | decuria | gelae | liodopria | sphaeroliodes | stetholiodes | catopocerinae | catopocerus | glacicavicola\naleocharini | aleocharina | aleochara | aleochara ( heterochara ) | aleochara ( aleochara s . str . ) | aleochara ( aidochara ) | aleochara ( euryodma ) | aleochara ( ceranota ) | aleochara ( emplenota ) | aleochara obscurella | aleochara phycophila | aleochara albopila | aleochara fucicola | aleochara puetzi | aleochara pacifica | aleochara curtidens | aleochara ( triochara ) | aleochara trisulcata | aleochara zerchei | aleochara nubis | aleochara ( maseochara )\naleochara brunneipennis | aleochara ituriensis | aleochara horni | aleochara javana | aleochara argentina | aleochara comorensis | aleochara ( echochara ) | aleochara lobata | aleochara lucifuga | aleochara ocularis | aleochara fenyesi | aleochara ( calochara ) | aleochara ( mesochara ) | aleochara ( xenochara s . l . ) | aleochara ( rheochara ) | aleochara ( polystomota ) | aleochara grisea | aleochara punctatella | aleochara ( coprochara )\nceratoderina | ceratoderus | merismoderus | paussomorphus | leleupaussus | paussina | amphipaussus | apopaussus | bathypaussus | batillopaussus | bicornipaussus | cochliopaussus | crenatopaussus | curtispaussus | edaphopaussus | enneapaussus | falcopaussus | flagellopaussus | hylopaussus | hylotorus | idupaussus | katapaussus | klugipaussus | latipaussus | lineatopaussus | malgasipaussus | manicanopaussus | paussus | scaphipaussus | semipaussus | spinicoxipaussus | squamipaussus | trepopaussus | anapaussus | platyrhopalina | euplatyrhopalus | lebioderus | platyrhopalopsis | platyrhopalus | stenorhopalus | eopaussus baliticus | arthropterites klebesi | protocerapterus | protocerapterus primigenius | protocerapterus incola | succinarthropterus | succinarthropterus andreei | succinarthropterus antiquus | succinarthropterus aterrimus | succinarthropterus balticus | succinarthropterus fritschi | | succinarthropterus hermenaui | succinarthropterus kuntzeni | succinarthropterus schaufussi | succinarthropterus simoni | succinarthropterus skawarrae | succinarthropterus subtilis | protopaussini | protopaussus feae | protopaussus almorensis | protopaussus pristinus | protopaussus walkeri | protopaussus kaszabi | protopaussus jeanneli | protopaussus javanus | protopaussus bakeri | nototylus fryi | nebriitae | notiophilus | notiokasis chaudoiri | pelophilini | pelophila rudis | pelophila borealis | opisthiini | opisthius richardsoni | paropisthius | nebriini | leistus | nippononebria | nebria | etc . | carabitae | carabini | ceroglossus | ceroglossus buqueti | ceroglossus chilensis | ceroglossus darwini | ceroglossus guerini | ceroglossus magellanicus | ceroglossus ochsenii | ceroglossus speciosus | ceroglossus suturalis | pamborini | pamborus | maoripamborus | cychrini | cychrus | sphaeroderus | scaphinotus | cychropsis | cicindelitae | collyridini | megacephalini | ctenostomatini | manticorini | cicindelini | loricerini | loricera wollastoni\nd . chalybeus group | d . heydeni group | d . minutus group | d . bengalensis group | d . hessei group\nd . filiformis group | d . exochus group | d . integer group | dyschiriodes ( paradyschirius ) | aspidoglossa | scaritini | carabidae conjunctae | psydrini | psydrus piceus | nomius | laccocenus ambiguus | melaenus | cymbionotum | broscini\npercolaus | percolaus championi | percolaus guillermo | allotriopus | allotriopus ( s . str . ) | allotriopus ( s . str . ) brachypterus | allotriopus ( s . str . ) ashei | allotriopus ( s . str . ) hallbergi | allotriopus ( s . str . ) hemingi | allotriopus ( s . str . ) oscitans | allotriopus ( s . str . ) serratipes | allotriopus ( s . str . ) shpeleyi | allotriopus ( s . str . ) whiteheadi | allotriopus ( mayaferonia ) | allotriopus ( mayaferonia ) aeniola | allotriopus ( mayaferonia ) triunfo | pterostichus | pterostichus s . str . | hypherpes complex | hypherpes | hypherpes alamedae | hypherpes algidus | hypherpes amethystinus | hypherpes annosus | hypherpes baldwini | hypherpes barbarinus | hypherpes californicus | hypherpes canallatus | hypherpes castaneus | hypherpes castanipes | hypherpes congestus | hypherpes crenicollis | hypherpes cuneatulus | hypherpes diabolus | hypherpes ecarinatus | hypherpes esuriens | hypherpes gliscans | hypherpes gracilior | hypherpes gregalis | hypherpes herculaneus | hypherpes hornii | hypherpes humboldti | hypherpes illustris | hypherpes intectus | hypherpes isabellae | hypherpes jacobinus | hypherpes kansanus | hypherpes laborans | hypherpes lacertus | hypherpes lama | hypherpes lassulus | hypherpes mercedianus | hypherpes neobrunneus | hypherpes nigrocaeruleus | hypherpes obsidianus | hypherpes occultus | hypherpes ordinarius | hypherpes ovalipennis | hypherpes panticulatus | hypherpes parallelus | hypherpes parens | hypherpes pergracilis | hypherpes placerensis | hypherpes planctus | hypherpes plutonicus | hypherpes protensiformis | hypherpes protensipennis | hypherpes protractus | hypherpes restrictus | hypherpes scutellaris | hypherpes sejungendus | hypherpes serripes | hypherpes setosus | hypherpes sierranus | hypherpes sponsor | hypherpes spraguei | hypherpes suffusus | hypherpes tahoensis | hypherpes tarsalis | hypherpes tuberculofemoratus | hypherpes vandykei | hypherpes vicinus | hypherpes zunianus\neripus | eripidius franzi | eripus s . str . | eripus suturalis | eripus subcaecus | eripus microphthalmus | eripus nitidus | eripus scydmaenoides | eripus oaxacanus | eripus globipennis | eripus breedlovei\npelecium | pelecidium | pelecidium sulcatum | pelecidium sulcipenne | pelecidium laevigatum | pelecium s . str . | pelecium violaceum group | pelecium striatipenne | pelecium violaceum | pelecium drakei | pelecium tenellum | pelecium parallelum | pelecium punctatum | pelecium longicolle | pelecium brasiliense | pelecium cyanipes | pelecium renati group | pelecium renati | pelecium striatum | pelecium punctatostriatum group | pelecium bolivianum | pelecium atroviolaceum | pelecium semistriatum | pelecium punctatostriatum | pelecium rotundipenne group | pelecium paulae | pelecium helenae | pelecium purpureum | pelecium rotundipenne | pelecium refulgens group | pelecium refulgens | pelecium fulgidum | pelecium negrei | pelecium faldermanni group | pelecium foveicolle | pelecium obtusum | pelecium bisulcatum | pelecium besckii | pelecium faldermanni | pelecium laeve group | pelecium laeve | pelecium obscurum | pelecium nicki | stricteripus | stricteripus impressus | stricteripus peruvianus | stricteripus banningeri\ndyschiridium | dyschiridium concinnum | dyschiridium ebeninum | dyschiridium lasti | dyschiridium natalicum | dyschiridium subdepressum | disphaericus | disphaericus alluaudi | disphaericus benadirensis | disphaericus carinulatus | disphaericus clavicornis | disphaericus conradti | disphaericus deplanatus | disphaericus gambianus | disphaericus insulanus | disphaericus katangensis | disphaericus kolbei | disphaericus meneghettii | disphaericus multiporus | disphaericus quangoanus | disphaericus rhodesianus | disphaericus silvestrii | disphaericus tarsalis | disphaericus zavattarii | chaetogenyini | oodini | panagaeini | chlaeniini | dercylini | rhysodini | leoglymmius lignarius | sloanoglymmius planatus | medisores abditus | dhysorina | dhysores | dhysores thoreyi | dhysores basilewskyi | dhysores rhodesianus | dhysores quadriimpressus | dhysores pan | dhysores liber | dhysores biimpressus | neodhysores | neodhysores seximpressus | neodhysores schreiberi | tangarona pensus | rhysodina | rhysodes | rhysodes sulcatus | rhysodes comes | kupeus arcuatus | kaveinga | kaveinga ( angekiva ) | kaveinga frontalis | kaveinga stiletto | kaveinga walfordi | kaveinga ( ingevaka ) | kaveinga orbitosa | kaveinga bellorum | kaveinga ( vakeinga ) | kaveinga setosa | kaveinga lusca | kaveinga ( kaveinga s . str . ) | kaveinga abbreviata | kaveinga poggii | kaveinga waai | kaveinga fibulata | kaveinga pignoris | kaveinga kukum | kaveinga nudicornis | kaveinga ulteria | kaveinga parva | kaveinga cylindrica | kaveinga lupata | kaveinga okapa | kaveinga marifuanga | kaveinga occipitalis | kaveinga histrio | kaveinga strigiceps | clinidiina | grouvellina\nrhyzodiastes fairmairei | rhyzodiastes spissicornis | rhyzodiastes alveus | rhyzodiastes fossulatus | rhyzodiastes riedeli | rhyzodiastes mindoro | rhyzodiastes ( rhyzostrix ) | rhyzodiastes quadristriatus | rhyzodiastes davidsoni | rhyzodiastes nitidus | rhyzodiastes menieri | rhyzodiastes maderiensis | rhyzodiastes ( rhyzodiastes s . str . ) | rhyzodiastes pentacyclus | rhyzodiastes parumcostatus | rhyzodiastes liratus | rhyzodiastes costatus | rhyzodiastes suturalis | clinidium | clinidium ( mexiclinidium ) | clinidium mexicanum | clinidium balli | clinidium triplehorni | clinidium blomi | clinidium iviei | clinidium guatemalenum | clinidium newtoni | clinidium championi | clinidium halffteri | clinidium reyesi | clinidium extrarium | clinidium ( tainoa ) | clinidium curvicosta | clinidium chevrolati | clinidium darlingtoni | clinidium xenopodium | clinidium ( arctoclinidium )\nclinidium rosenbergi | clinidium sculptile | clinidium ( clinidium s . str . ) | clinidium impressum | clinidium hammondi | clinidium granatense | clinidium incudis | clinidium dubium | clinidium insigne | clinidium howdenorum | clinidium boroquense | clinidium integrum | clinidium pilosum | clinidium jolyi | clinidium oberthueri | clinidium alleni | clinidium whiteheadi | clinidium humboldti | clinidium trionyx | clinidium haitiense | clinidium corbis | clinidium jamaicense | clinidium chiolinoi | clinidium rossi | clinidium dormans | clinidium penicellatum | clinidium segne | clinidium kochalkai | clinidium guildingii | clinidium microfossatum | clinidium smithsonianum | clinidium planum | clinidium rojasi | clinidium bechyneorum | clinidium excavatum | clinidium pala | clinidium mathani | clinidium humile | clinidium curvatum | clinidium foveolatum | clinidium cavicolle | clinidium crater | clinidium centrale | clinidium validum | clinidium spatulatum | clinidium moldenkei | clinidium sulcigaster | clinidium argus | clinidium beccari | clinidium onorei | clinidium gilloglyi | omoglymmiina | xhosores figuratus | yamatosa | yamatosa kryzhanoskiji | yamatosa longior | yamatosa peninsularis | yamatosa niponensis | yamatosa kabakovi | yamatosa arrowi | yamatosa reitteri | yamatosa draco | yamatosa smetanorum | yamatosa boysi | yamatosa sinensis | shyrodes dohertyi | srimara planicollis | plesioglymmius | plesioglymmius ( plesioglymmius s . str . ) | plesioglymmius elegans | plesioglymmius silus | plesioglymmius compactus | plesioglymmius ( ameroglymmius ) | plesioglymmius meridionalis | plesioglymmius reichardti | plesioglymmius compactus | plesioglymmius ( juxtaglymmius ) | plesioglymmius jugatus | plesioglymmius negara | arrowina | arrowina rostrata | arrowina punctatolineata | arrowina taprobanae | arrowina pygmaea | arrowina nilgiriensis | arrowina anguliceps | omoglymmius | omoglymmius ( hemiglymmius ) | omoglymmius africanus | omoglymmius hemipunctatus | omoglymmius javanicus | omoglymmius germaini | omoglymmius occultus | omoglymmius ineditus | omoglymmius rimatus | omoglymmius inermis | omoglymmius ( boreoglymmius ) | omoglymmius lewisi | omoglymmius hamatus | omoglymmius americanus | omoglymmius ( pyxiglymmius )"]}
+{"id": 1889, "summary": [{"text": "phyllonorycter deserticola is a moth of the gracillariidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in restricted , mostly arid habitats over a broad portion of the south-western united states and northern mexico from southern utah to durango and west to northern california .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "the length of the forewings is 2.9-3.8 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults are on wing from late july to early october in two generations , with the second generation overwintering .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the larvae feed on populus species , including populus fremontii , populus deltoides wislizeni , populus x parryi ( populus freemontii x populus trichocarpa ) .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "they mine the leaves of their host plant . ", "topic": 11}], "title": "phyllonorycter deserticola", "paragraphs": ["home \u00bb guide \u00bb arthropods ( arthropoda ) \u00bb hexapods ( hexapoda ) \u00bb insects ( insecta ) \u00bb butterflies and moths ( lepidoptera ) \u00bb ribbed cocoon - maker and leaf blotch miner moths ( gracillarioidea ) \u00bb leaf blotch miner moths ( gracillariidae ) \u00bb lithocolletinae \u00bb phyllonorycter \u00bb salicaceae - feeding species ( phyllonorycter salicaceae - feeding species ) \u00bb phyllonorycter deserticola - hodges # 0748 . 1 ( phyllonorycter deserticola )\nphyllonorycter deserticola davis & deschka , 2001 , n . sp . , smithsonian contributions to zoology , v . 614 , p . 1 - 89 .\nphyllonorycter deserticola is a moth of the gracillariidae family . it is found in restricted , mostly arid habitats over a broad portion of the south - western united states and northern mexico from southern utah to durango and west to northern california .\ndavis & deschka , 2001 . biology and systematics of the north american phyllonorycter leafminers on salicaceae , with a synoptic catalog of the palearctic .\nbiology and systematics of the north american phyllonorycter leafminers on salicaceae , with a synoptic catalog of the palearctic donald r . davis & gerfried deschka . 2001 . smithsonian contributions to zoology 14 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\njavascript is disabled for your browser . some features of this site may not work without it .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\npowell , j . a . & p . a . opler , moths of western north america , pl . 3 . 31f ; p . 56 . book review and ordering\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on image to enlarge .\na variety of organizations and individuals have contributed photographs to calphotos . please follow the usage guidelines provided with each image . use and copyright information , as well as other details about the photo such as the date and the location , are available by clicking on the\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\n( dwelling in ) , in reference to the general habitat of this species .\ndavis & deschka ( 2001 ) reported the forewing length as 2 . 8 - 3 . 5 mm .\ndavis & deschka ( 2001 ) description of the adults , including the genitalia , and the immature stages is available in pdf .\ndavis & deschka ( 2001 ) reported the flight period as late july to early october .\ndavis & deschka ( 2001 ) reported the larvae are leaf miners of the following .\ndavis & deschka ( 2001 ) provides a detailed description of the life cycle .\n. university of california press , pl . 3 , fig . 31 ; p . 56 .\ncontributed by maury j . heiman on 25 august , 2013 - 3 : 58pm last updated 23 october , 2013 - 12 : 00pm\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nthe length of the forewings is 2 . 9 - 3 . 8 mm . adults are on wing from late july to early october in two generations , with the second generation overwintering .\nthe larvae feed on populus species , including populus fremontii , populus deltoides wislizeni , populus x parryi ( populus freemontii x populus trichocarpa ) . they mine the leaves of their host plant .\nthe specific name is derived from the latin desertum ( a waste place ) and cola ( dwelling in ) , in reference to the general habitat of this species .\n1 \u2642 , genitalia slide gd ( no number ) ( j\u00e4ckh 1972 : 552 ) .\nholotype \u2642 , coll . deschka ( steyr ) ; paratypes 31\u2642 and 86\u2640 , plus 199 specimens ( \u2642 and \u2640 ) , coll . deschka ( steyr ) , coll . dimi\u0107 ; genitalia slides gd1978 , gd1989a ( \u2642 ) and gd1964 , gd1982 , gd1987 ( \u2640 ) ; 6 paratypes in eihu ; 40 paratypes in zsm .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide nr . usnm30779 , gd1704 , usnm ; paratypes 4\u2642 and 10\u2640 in coll . deschka ( steyr ) , usnm .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide gd478 , coll . deschka ( steyr ) ; paratypes 2\u2640 , genitalia slide gd489 , coll . deschka ( steyr ) .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide gd1881\u2642 , coll . deschka ( steyr ) ; paratypes 115 specimens \u2642 , \u2640 , coll . deschka ( steyr ) , coll . burmann , 4\u2640 in tmlf ( see huemer & erlebach 2003 : 101 ) . 2 paratypes in bmnh .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide gd1081 , coll . deschka ( steyr ) ; paratypes 20 specimens ( \u2642 and \u2640 ) , genitalia slides gd1089 , gd1090 , gd1082 , gd1003 , coll . deschka ( steyr ) , coll . klimesch ( in zsm ) . 7 paratypes in zsm .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide gd1872 , z547 , tlmf ; paratypes 29\u2642 and 35\u2640 , genitalia slides bmnh30491 , gd1852 , 1856 , 1863 , trb249 , 1897 , 1898 , 1911 , 1912 , 1916 , 1985 , 2001 , 2002 , 2165 , 2661 , 2684 , 2714 , 2719 , etc . , bmnh , eihu , sehu , tlmf , zmhb , zmuc , zin , zsm .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide usnm30777 , gd1410 , usnm ; paratypes 86\u2642 and 76\u2640 in coll . d . l . wagner , coll . deschka ( steyr ) , ucb , usnm , bmnh .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide gd331 , coll . deschka ( steyr ) ; paratypes 4\u2642 and 2\u2640 , coll . deschka ( steyr ) , coll . glaser .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide gd1376 , lnk ; paratypes 2\u2642 and 2\u2640 , genitalia slides gd1378 , gd1383 , lnk .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide gd468 , coll . deschka ( steyr ) ; paratypes 36 specimens ( gender not stated ) , coll . deschka ( steyr ) , coll . klimesch ( in zsm ) , coll . glaser .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide usnm - 30776 , gd1549 , usnm ; paratypes 25\u2642 and 23\u2640 in coll . d . l . wagner , coll . deschka ( steyr ) and usnm .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide gd736 , nhmw ; paratypes 1\u2642 and 1\u2640 , plus 2 specimens ( gender not stated ) , nhmw .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide gd864\u2642 , coll . deschka ( steyr ) , in nhmw ; paratypes 1\u2642 and 1\u2640 , genitalia slide gd865 , coll . deschka ( steyr ) , coll . kasy ( vienna ) .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide nr . usnm30778 , gd1312 , usnm ; paratypes 8\u2642 and 9\u2640 in coll . deschka ( steyr ) , ansp , usnm .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide gd1055\u2642 , coll . deschka ( steyr ) ; paratypes 555 specimens ( \u2642 and \u2640 ) , coll . deschka ( steyr ) , coll . klimesch ( in zsm ) ; 8 paratypes in eihu ; 12 paratypes in zsm .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide gd1894 , coll . deschka ( steyr ) ; paratypes 14 specimens ( \u2642 and \u2640 ) , genitalia slide \u2640 gd1916 , coll . deschka ( steyr ) .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide gd924 , coll . deschka ( steyr ) ; paratypes 140 specimens ( \u2642 and \u2640 ) , coll . deschka ( steyr ) , coll . klimesch ( in zsm ) . in total 8 paratypes in zsm .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide gd1715 , coll . deschka ( steyr ) ; paratypes 2\u2642 and 3\u2640 , genitalia slide gd1757 , coll . deschka ( steyr ) .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide gd1893\u2642 , coll . deschka ( steyr ) ; paratypes 53 ( \u2642 and \u2640 ) , genitalia slide gd1917\u2640 , coll . deschka ( steyr ) , bmnh .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide gd1483\u2642 , coll . deschka ( steyr ) ; paratypes 35 specimens ( \u2642 and \u2640 ) , coll . deschka ( steyr ) ; 2 paratypes , eihu .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide gd930 , coll . deschka ( steyr ) ; paratypes 4\u2640 , genitalia slide gd936 , coll . deschka ( steyr ) .\nin this paper we work with the assumption that items giving synonyms in dictionaries are primarily of assistance in the case of text production problems . we assume furthermore that\ndoes not prevail between lexemes but rather between textual items in concrete texts . accordingly a rich . . . . . . selection of synonyms in text production dictionaries will offer the possibility to select the appropriate item \u00e2\u0080\u0093 but only for mother - tongue speakers . we are not discussing items giving synonyms in learners ' dictionaries and school dictionaries . from a selection of existing dictionaries it shows , as could . . . . . . be expected , that there is no uniform lexicographic practice but also numerous ways of dealing with synonyms that offers very little assistance to the intended target users of a specific dictionary . this could be due to the fact that too often the inclusion and presentation of synonyms are done without taking . . .\nthe researcher also interviewed native speakers of the dialect . the study . . . the word '\n' means sameness of meaning , i . e . , a relationship in which more . . . whether absolute\nexists in owere\u00e2\u0080\u0093igbo or not . . . . . . ' close this book ' .\nexists in owere\u00e2\u0080\u0093igbo , a dialect of the igbo language predominantly spoken by the people of owerri , imo state , nigeria , has become a thorny issue . while some linguistic scholars strive to establish that absolute\nand some coserian disciples\u00e2\u0080\u0099 contributions ( be they direct or indirect concerning this issue . the largest part of this article , however , presents our own contribution to the study of\n, whose starting point was coseriu\u00e2\u0080\u0099s integral linguistics , considered as an epistemological frame of reference . we have tried to apply , within the general study of\n( lexical , phraseological and lexico - phraseological , distinctions such as : language as activity [ en\u00e3\u00a9rgeia ] , competence [ d\u00e3\u00bdnamis ] and product [ \u00e3\u00a9rgon ] to its three levels ( universal , historical and individual ; norm and system ; historical language and functional language , etc . as far as we are concerned , we were interested in pointing out , for each of coseriu\u00e2\u0080\u0099s levels in turn , the difference between\nin potentia ( the virtual or potential one . we also aimed at drawing attention to the importance of competence ( mainly the idiomatic and expressive ones in the analysis of different types of\nthe norm in current canonical translation dictionaries with afrikaans and english as the treated language pair is an undiscriminated grouping of partially synonymous translation equivalents . these are separated by commas as sole markers of\nfull text available the norm in current canonical translation dictionaries with afrikaans and english as the treated language pair is an undiscriminated grouping of partially synonymous translation equivalents . these are separated by commas as sole markers of\n. lexicographers should reject this practice and embrace the view that absolute synonyms are just as rare as absolute equivalents . in most cases members of a target language synonym paradigm will be partial synonyms demanding some form of contextual guidance in order to distinguish them from other equivalents in the paradigm .\n. two particular motivations will be discussed , as well as ways in which equivalent discrimination can be implemented .\nthe first motivation arises from a group of problematic phenomena that effect contextual divergence between the source and target language . stylistic and register divergence should necessitate contextual guidance . lexicographical labels are the most frequently used discriminators , but in south african dictionaries they are applied too sparingly and inconsistently . other possible discriminators will also be discussed .\nis however different equivalents for various usages of a lemma . ways in which equivalent discrimination can be implemented in these cases , will be discussed in detail .\nlastly , it will be shown that without a new , more effective method of indicating and ordering target language synonyms , none of the major changes that are pleaded for , will bear fruit .\nthe type material of six species of anthribidae from chile and one from peru , originally described as stenocerus schoenherr and stenorrhynchus philippi & philippi and later transferred to hylotribus jekel , was reexamined . these species are stenocerus asperatus blanchard , 1851 , stenocerus aspis erichson , 1847 , stenocerus posticalis philippi & philippi , 1864 , stenocerus quadratipennis germain , 1854 , stenorrhynchus quadrinotatus philippi & philippi , 1864 , and stenocerus tuberculosus blanchard , 1851 . lectotype designations were made for hylotribus asperatus , hylotribus quadratipennis , and hylotribus tuberculosus . new synonyms were established as follows : hylotribus signatipes ( blanchard , 1851 ) = h . quadratipennis ( germain , 1854 ) syn . n . , = h . quadrinotatus ( philippi & philippi , 1864 ) syn . n . , hylotribus asperatus ( blanchard , 1851 ) = h . posticalis ( philippi & philippi , 1864 ) syn . n . . while , hylotribus aspis ( erichson , 1847 ) from peru was transferred to piesocorynus dejean , 1834 and a new combination and\nproposed , piesocorynus aspis ( erichson , 1847 ) n . comb . = piesocorynus gracilicornis ( jekel , 1855 ) syn . n . the genus hylotribus is defined with five species from chile and six from brazil , and the chilean species are redescribed with illustrations . a new key to all species is included .\nfull text available the author intends to present a possibility of parametrising legal terminology in order to reveal semantic and systemic relations at the intralingual and interlingual levels . the scope of the research comprises selected legal terminology from the following legal systems : polish , british , american and european union . the research methods used include : ( i the analysis of comparable texts , ( ii the method of parametrisation of the legal linguistic reality , ( iii the concept of adjusting translation to the communicative needs and requirements of the recipient community . the research hypothesis is that parametrisation of legal terminology in respect of semantic and systemic relations may be a useful tool in organising and comparing terminology for the purpose of legal translation . first the relation of\nbinding terms at the intralingual and interlingual levels in the light of systemic and genre - related relations is discussed . the proposal is illustrated with examples of legal terms and the networks of relations binding them in english and polish . the conclusions are that such an approach is systematic and provides a translator with information necessary to render communicatively efficient translations .\ntwo common and problematic leucochrysine species - leucochrysa ( leucochrysa ) varia ( schneider ) and l . ( l . ) pretiosa ( banks ) ( neuroptera , chrysopidae ) : redescriptions and\nwe dedicate this article to the memory of sergio de freitas , fcav - unesp , jaboticabal , s\u00e3\u00a3o paulo , brazil ( deceased , 2012 ) . he was an active and enthusiastic neuropterist and the cherished mentor and friend of francisco sosa . leucochrysa mclachlan is the largest genus in the chrysopidae , yet it has received relatively little taxonomic attention . we treat two problematic and common leucochrysa species - leucochrysa ( leucochrysa ) varia ( schneider , 1851 ) and leucochrysa ( leucochrysa ) pretiosa ( banks , 1910 ) . both are highly variable in coloration and were described before the systematic importance of chrysopid genitalia was recognized . recent studies show that these species occur within a large complex of cryptic species and that they have accumulated a number of taxonomic problems . we identify new\nfor each of the species - for leucochrysa ( leucochrysa ) varia : leucochrysa ( leucochrysa ) ampla ( walker , 1853 ) , leucochrysa internata ( walker , 1853 ) , and leucochrysa ( leucochrysa ) walkerina nav\u00e3\u00a1s , 1913 ; for leucochrysa ( leucochrysa ) pretiosa : leucochrysa ( leucochrysa ) erminea banks , 1946 . the\nof leucochrysa delicata nav\u00e3\u00a1s , 1925 with leucochrysa ( leucochrysa ) pretiosa is stabilized by the designation of a neotype . the following species , which were previously synonymized with leucochrysa ( leucochrysa ) varia or leucochrysa ( leucochrysa ) pretiosa , are reinstated as valid : leucochrysa ( leucochrysa ) phaeocephala nav\u00e3\u00a1s , 1929 , leucochrysa ( leucochrysa ) angrandi ( nav\u00e3\u00a1s , 1911 ) , and leucochrysa ( leucochrysa ) variata ( nav\u00e3\u00a1s , 1913 ) . to help stabilize leucochrysa taxonomy , lectotypes are designated for allochrysa pretiosa and allochrysa variata . finally , leucochrysa vegana nav\u00e3\u00a1s , 1917 is considered a nomen dubium .\nthe eye - catching cicada hamza ciliaris ( linnaeus , 1758 ) comb . n . in indonesia and the pacific : taxonomie status ,\nthe new combination hamza ciliaris ( linnaeus ) is proposed for a cicada species widely distributed in maluku ( = moluccas ) , timor , banda , kei and banggai islands , the philippines , and the palau group of the caroline islands . the\nis a subject of research in various subfields of linguistics and related disciplines , each of these focussing on particular aspects of this phenomenon . through the use of coseriu ' s theory , it is possible to refine our understanding of ' expressions with the same or similar meaning ' and to provide a coherent description of the causes and the effects arising from the choice between them in texts that may otherwise remain non - transparent and inexplicable . this paper presents a method for analyzing the actual relationships between such expressions in a corpus , a way of exploring their functions in texts , and some possible benefits for understanding the notion of\nfull text available we\u00e2 review the three species currently placed in the genus xylopertha gu\u00e3\u00a9rin - m\u00e3\u00a9neville , 1845 , and describe a new species , xylopertha elegans sp . \u00e2 nov . , from turkey . we\u00e2 propose the following new\n: xylopertha gu\u00e3\u00a9rin - m\u00e3\u00a9neville , 1845 ( = paraxylogenes damoiseau , 1968 ; xylopertha reflexicauda ( lesne , 1937 ( = paraxylogenes pistaciae damoiseau , 1968 . we\u00e2 give details of the sexual dimorphism , and summarise information on the distribution and biology of all species . a key to the species of xylopertha is provided .\nfull text available nucleotide sequences of the internal transcribed spacer 2 ( its2 rdna and partial sequences of the cytochrome coxidase subunit i ( coi mtdna and white gene ndna were obtained from specimens of anopheles nuneztovari a collected in macap\u00e3\u00a1 ( state of amap\u00e3\u00a1 , \u00e3\u0093bidos , prainha and almeirim ( state of par\u00e3\u00a1 , itacoatiara and parintins ( state of amazonas , brazil , and compared with previously published sequences of a . nuneztovari s . l . results of the bayesian phylogenetic analyses performed using either coi or combined its2 , coi and white gene sequences suggest that an . nuneztovari b / c is distinct from specimens obtained in the amazonas / solim\u00e3\u00b5es river basin . anopheles goeldii , currently in\nwith an . nuneztovari , was described from individuals collected in belterra ( = fordl\u00e3\u00a2ndia in the tapaj\u00e3\u00b3s river , state of par\u00e3\u00a1 , southern amazonas river . morphological comparisons of the characteristics of the male genitalia indicated that an . nuneztovari a and an . goeldii are similar but distinct from an . nuneztovarib / c by the apex of the aedeagus . in considering the results of the phylogenetic analyses and morphological comparisons , an . goeldii is resurrected from\nwith an . nuneztovari . additionally , anopheles dunhamiis reported for the first time in parintins . this species can be distinguished from an . goeldiiby characters of the male genitalia and molecular data .\ntwo common and problematic leucochrysine species \u00e2\u0080\u0093 leucochrysa ( leucochrysa varia ( schneider and l . ( l . pretiosa ( banks ( neuroptera , chrysopidae : redescriptions and\nfull text available leucochrysa mclachlan is the largest genus in the chrysopidae , yet it has received relatively little taxonomic attention . we treat two problematic and common leucochrysa species \u00e2\u0080\u0093 leucochrysa ( leucochrysa varia ( schneider , 1851 and leucochrysa ( leucochrysa pretiosa ( banks , 1910 . both are highly variable in coloration and were described before the systematic importance of chrysopid genitalia was recognized . recent studies show that these species occur within a large complex of cryptic species and that they have accumulated a number of taxonomic problems . we identify new\nfor each of the species \u00e2\u0080\u0093 for l . ( l . varia : leucochrysa ( leucochrysa ampla ( walker , 1853 , leucochrysa internata ( walker , 1853 , and leucochrysa ( leucochrysa walkerina nav\u00e3\u00a1s , 1913 ; for l . ( l . pretiosa : leucochrysa erminea banks 1946 . the\nof leucochrysa delicata nav\u00e3\u00a1s 1925 with l . ( l . pretiosa is stabilized by the designation of a neotype . the following species , which were previously synonymized with l . ( l . varia or l . ( l . pretiosa , are reinstated as valid : leucochrysa phaeocephala nav\u00e3\u00a1s 1929 , leucochrysa ( leucochrysa angrandi ( nav\u00e3\u00a1s , 1911 , and leucochrysa ( leucochrysa variata ( nav\u00e3\u00a1s , 1913 . finally , leucochrysa vegana nav\u00e3\u00a1s 1917 is considered a nomen dubium .\nrelying on her own previous research on runosongs and proverbs demonstrating the mutual dependency of alliteration and parallelism typical to runosong ( sarv 1999 , 2000 , 2003 , the results of syntactic analysis of runosong texts in h . metslang\u00e2\u0080\u0099s dissertation ( 1978 , juhan peegel\u00e2\u0080\u0099s definition of poetical synonyms in runosong ( peegel 2004 , and ewald lang\u00e2\u0080\u0099s concept of quasisynonymy ( lang 1987 , the author proposes the definition of the canonical parallelism of runosong as follows : it is a grammatical verse parallelism where all or some of the syntactic elements of the main verse have corresponding parallels in the successive lines representing the same general notion , and interpreted in the context of the parallelism as semantically equivalent , irrespective of their semantic relations in the colloquial language ( equivalence ,\n, metonymy , metaphor , analogy , antonymy , hyponymy etc . . because of this semantical equivalence , the parallel words can be selected and combined into the parallel verses according to their formal features enabling the metrical alignment and alliteration . the article also points to the problems with the classification of runosong parallelism to the analogous and synonymous by wolfgang steinitz ( 1934 , widely used in the runosong discourse : although analogy and\nprobably represent the most remarkable semantic relations between the parallel lines , it is not easy to make clear distinction between synonymous and analogous lines ( or concepts\u00e2\u0080\u0094even in the colloquial non - poetic language the synonyms are usually not equivalent in all aspects of meaning ; the regular use of poetical synonyms in runosongs makes it impossible at all\u00e2\u0080\u0094the geese , ducks , and grouses as different birds are analogous in the colloquial language , but synonymous in the runosong all denoting the group of maidens .\nthe typification of cordia flavescens aubl . , the transfer of firensia scop . from cordia l . ( cordiaceae ; boraginales ) to the\nabstract firensia scop . was based on cordia flavescens aubl . , a species described and illustrated from a mixed collection that scopoli never transferred to firensia . the genus included three additional species formally named by rafinesque . currently the four species are placed in three different families and none retained the epithet accepted by scopoli or given by rafinesque for reason of priority . a lectotype is designated for cordia flavescens that places firensia in the\nthe typification of cordia flavescens aubl . , the transfer of firensia scop . from cordia l . ( cordiaceae ; boraginales to the\nfull text available firensia scop . was based on cordia flavescens aubl . , a species described and illustrated from a mixed collection that scopoli never transferred to firensia . the genus included three additional species formally named by rafinesque . currently the four species are placed in three different families and none retained the epithet accepted by scopoli or given by rafinesque for reason of priority . a lectotype is designated for cordia flavescens that places firensia in the\nthe typification of cordia flavescens aubl . , the transfer of firensia scop . from cordia l . ( cordiaceae , boraginales ) to the\nof ocotea aubl . ( lauraceae ) , and the identity of the species of firensia .\nfirensia scop . was based on cordia flavescens aubl . , a species described and illustrated from a mixed collection that scopoli never transferred to firensia . the genus included three additional species formally named by rafinesque . currently the four species are placed in three different families and none retained the epithet accepted by scopoli or given by rafinesque for reason of priority . a lectotype is designated for cordia flavescens that places firensia in the\ntripaphylus musteli ( van beneden , 1851 ) ( copepoda , siphonostomatoida , sphyriidae ) is redescribed from an adult female collected from the branchial chamber of a starry smooth - hound , mustelus asterias cloquet ( carcharhiniformes , triakidae ) , captured in the english channel off portland , uk . the new account of t . musteli is the first based on a complete adult female and highlighted the lack of a robust distinction separating tripaphylus richiardi , in anonymous , 1878 and paeon wilson , 1919 prompting us to relegate paeon to a junior subjective synonym of tripaphylus . in the light of this\nthe eight former species of paeon are transferred to tripaphylus as follows : t . ferox ( wilson , 1919 ) new combination , t . elongatus ( wilson , 1932 ) new combination , t . vassierei ( delamare deboutteville & nu\u00e3\u00b1es - ruivo , 1954 ) new combination , t . lobatus ( kirtisinghe , 1964 ) new combination , t . asymboli ( turner , kyne & bennett , 2003 ) new combination , t . versicolor ( wilson , 1919 ) new combination , t . australis ( kabata , 1993 ) new combination , and t . triakis ( castro romero , 2001 ) new combination . comparisons between terminology used in this report and that in the literature indicate that all transformed adult females of tripaphylus probably possess a full complement of cephalic appendages and maxillipeds . all limbs , with the exception of the maxillae share a general morphological similarity to the corresponding appendages of conspecific males . the maxilla of the transformed adult female of tripaphylus is a small digitiform protuberance associated with a swelling in some species .\nfull text available synonyms entitle the same thing , but they connect this with different names and in this way through the name they uncover different features of the same thing . synonyms consider words which identify one unique concept , word which are the same or similar in their meaning , which are , in the some way , interlocked in the language and serve for enhance of details and making difference in fine nuances of concept meaning . different terms for the same concepts in terminology usually come from diffe - rent sources of terms derivation . especially , there is a lot of terms in terminology which developed spontaneously , thereafter in more unorganized terminologies because in the process of organizing of terminology is intend to push out the synonyms . in the time of constitution of each science , actually constituting of concepts related to it , there is no systematical approach in selecting of their denotation , but they are accepting as they come in to the language .\nwith scolopendra alternans leach ( chilopoda , scolopendromorpha , scolopendridae ) : an enigmatic species - group needing phylogeographic analysis , with an overview on the origin and distribution of centipedes in the caribbean region .\nwith scolopendra alternans leach , 1815 , is proposed . a neotype specimen of scolopendra longipes is designated . scolopendra longipes has a restricted range from the dry tortugas up through the florida keys of monroe county into the mainland florida counties of collier and dade southeast to the bahamas , while scolopendra cubensis is endemic to cuba . characters distinguishing s . longipes , and s . cubensis from s . alternans are illustrated and compared using digital photography , micrography and morphometric data . it is suggested that what has been considered scolopendra alternans from southern florida through the caribbean and into northern south america is probably an evolving species - group that has undergone major diversification sometime during the paleocene and early eocene ~ 65 . 5 - 50 million years ago ( ma ) , mainly due to geographic isolation caused by a combination of plate tectonics and 100 , 000 year cycles of glaciation / deglaciation .\nwith aedes ( ochlerotatus scapularis ( rondani . lectotype and paralectotypes are designated larval , pupal and both sexes of adult stages are redescribed and illustrated . bionomics include a picture of a brreding place . diagnostic characters for distinguishing rhyacophilus from other species of the scapularis group are provided . some data about known distribution are presented . aedes ( ochlerotatus rhyacophilus costa lima \u00e3\u00a9 retida da sinon\u00e3\u00admia con aedes ( ochlerotatus scapularis ( rondani . s\u00e3\u00a3o designados lect\u00e3\u00b3tipo e paralect\u00e3\u00b3tipos . as formas larval , pupal e adulta de ambos os sexos s\u00e3\u00a3o redescritas e acompanhadas de ilustra\u00e3\u00a7\u00e3\u00b5es representativas desses est\u00e3\u00a1dios , al\u00e3\u00a9m do aspecto de um criadouro natural . apresentam - se caracteres diagn\u00e3\u00b3sticos que permitem separar rhyacophilus das outras esp\u00e3\u00a9cies do grupo scapularis , e alguns dados sobre a distribui\u00e3\u00a7\u00e3\u00a3o geogr\u00e3\u00a1fica at\u00e3\u00a9 agora conhecida .\nfor a . heteroclyta el g\u00e3\u00a9nero argentino de escarabajos estercoleros anomiopsoides ( scarabaeidae : scarabaeinae : eucraniini : descripcci\u00e3\u00b3n de una especie nueva y nuevas sinonimias para a . heteroclyta\nfull text available the taxonomy of the genus anomiopsoides blackwelder is revised . the species a . catamarcae mart\u00e3\u00adnez and a . aurita ( burmeister are placed in\nwith a . heteroclyta ( blanchard . anomiopsoides fedemariai sp . nov . is described from argentina . the genus anomiopsoides now consists of four species : a . biloba ( burmeister , a . cavifrons ( burmeister , a . fedemariai sp . nov . and a . heteroclyta ( blanchard . a key is presented for the identification of the species of anomiopsoides . se hace una revisi\u00e3\u00b3n de la taxonom\u00e3\u00ada del g\u00e3\u00a9nero anomiopsoides blackwelder . las especies a . catamarcae mart\u00e3\u00adnez y a . aurita ( burmeister son consideradas como sin\u00e3\u00b3nimos de a . heteroclyta ( blanchard . se describe una especie nueva , a . fedemariai sp . nov . , especie nueva de argentina . el g\u00e3\u00a9nero anomioposoides consiste ahora en cuatro especies , a . biloba ( burmeister , a . cavifrons ( burmeister , a . fedemariai sp . nov . y a . heteroclyta ( blanchard . se presenta una clave para la identificaci\u00e3\u00b3n de las especies de anomiopsoides .\nexamination of holotypes of tilloclytus ( coleoptera : cerambycidae : anaglyptini ) in the fernando de zayas collection ( havana , cuba ) and the museum of comparative zoology , harvard university reveals that t . elongatus zayas ( 1975 ) is a new synonym of t . rufipes fisher ( 1942 ) . . . .\nthe romanian medical terminology has been enriched quite a lot lately . this phenomena was not only due to the significant influence of the english language , but also because of the relationships developed between the already existing terms and the new ones . thus , the present study comprises the analysis on romanian medical terms of englsih origin and their native synonymous correspondents in the romanian medical terminology . the dictionnaries used to select the synonymous pairs of medical ter . . .\nsagitta planctonis steinhaus , 1896 and sagitta zetesios fowler , 1905 are compared . the characters in which they differ have no specific value so that the two are considered to belong to one species : sagitta planctonis steinhaus , 1896 .\nexperiments were performed to verify the fact that an excess of either manganese , zinc , copper , cobalt or nickel will induce iron - deficiency chlorosis in plants . other toxic effects such as stunting and lower leaf necrosis may also occur . these effects were reproduced with flax grown in water - cultures without molybdenum . in these experiments , it has been further shown that it is possible to reduce the severity of iron deficiency symptoms , caused by an excess of any one of the above elements , by increasing the supply of molybdenum to the solution . various concentrations of added molybdenum up to 20 ppm have been used .\ntwo studies examined college students ' ability , when presented with two sequential adjectives , to make relatedness judgments and antonym and synonym judgments . the studies found that judgments were fastest for direct antonyms , even when compared to synonyms of similar relatedness . ( contains 17 references . ) ( mdm )\nfull text available the romanian medical terminology has been enriched quite a lot lately . this phenomena was not only due to the significant influence of the english language , but also because of the relationships developed between the already existing terms and the new ones . thus , the present study comprises the analysis on romanian medical terms of englsih origin and their native synonymous correspondents in the romanian medical terminology . the dictionnaries used to select the synonymous pairs of medical terms were the medical dictionary ( 2010 and the great dictionary of neologisms ( 2008\nabstract considerable confusion exists within capsicum ( solanaceae ) regarding the status and typification of several names , in part due to misidentifications . some types were destroyed in berlin during the second world war , some have not been found by modern systematics , while others exhibit uncertain locality data or contain material from more than one species . fourteen lectotypes , synonyms , and a new name , capsicum eshbaughii barboza nom . nov . , are proposed here . pmid : 22171173\ndirectional dictionaries\n. . . . examples from groot woordeboek / major dictionary , . . . examples of such divergence which may require labelling ( or even more . . . . . selection and presentation of ready equivalents in a translation dictionary .\nfull text available abstract background ideally each life science article should get a \u00e2\u0080\u0098structured digital abstract\u00e2\u0080\u0099 . this is a structured summary of the paper\u00e2\u0080\u0099s findings that is both human - verified and machine - readable . but articles can contain a large variety of information types and contextual details that all need to be reconciled with appropriate names , terms and identifiers , which poses a challenge to any curator . current approaches mostly use tagging or limited entry - forms for semantic encoding . findings we implemented a \u00e2\u0080\u0098controlled language\u00e2\u0080\u0099 as a more expressive representation method . we studied how usable this format was for wet - lab - biologists that volunteered as curators . we assessed some issues that arise with the usability of ontologies and other controlled vocabularies , for the encoding of structured information by \u00e2\u0080\u0098untrained\u00e2\u0080\u0099 curators . we take a user - oriented viewpoint , and make recommendations that may prove useful for creating a better curation environment : one that can engage a large community of volunteer curators . conclusions entering information in a biocuration environment could improve in expressiveness and user - friendliness , if curators would be enabled to use synonymous and polysemous terms literally , whereby each term stays linked to an identifier .\nfull text available the genus histioneis ( = parahistioneis contains an excessive number of poorly described species , often based on the observation of a single specimen and ignoring the intraspecific variability . in order to investigate the validity of the species and to suggest synonyms , the original illustrations of all known species of histioneis are reproduced and grouped based on the morphological similarity . the scarce records and the uncertainties on the identification at the species level are responsible of the lack of biogeographical information . large and highly ornamented species tended to appear in tropical waters , whereas smaller and less ornamented species showed a wider distribution and they can also found in temperate waters such as the mediterranean sea . rev . biol . trop . 55 ( 2 : 459 - 477 . epub 2007 june , 29 . el g\u00e3\u00a9nero histioneis ( = parahistioneis tiene una cantidad excesiva de especies , descritas insuficientemente y a menudo a partir de un solo esp\u00e3\u00a9cimen , ignorando la variabilidad intra - espec\u00e3\u00adfica . con el objetivo de investigar la validez de las especies y sugerir sin\u00e3\u00b3nimos , aqu\u00e3\u00ad se presentan las ilustraciones originales de histioneis agrupadas seg\u00e3\u00ban su parecido morfol\u00e3\u00b3gico . las escasas observaciones de histioneis y las dudas en la identificaci\u00e3\u00b3n a nivel de especie son responsables de la falta de informaci\u00e3\u00b3n sobre su distribuci\u00e3\u00b3n geogr\u00e3\u00a1fica . las especies de mayor tama\u00e3\u00b1o y m\u00e3\u00a1s ornamentadas son t\u00e3\u00adpicas de aguas tropicales . las especies m\u00e3\u00a1s peque\u00e3\u00b1as y menos ornamentadas presentan una distribuci\u00e3\u00b3n m\u00e3\u00a1s amplia y pueden encontrarse tambi\u00e3\u00a9n en aguas templadas , como el mar mediterr\u00e3\u00a1neo .\n- , \u00e4\u008d . 3267 ( 2012 ) , s . 65 - 68 issn 1175 - 5326 r & d ; projects : ga mk dc08p02ouk004 institutional research plan : cez : av0z50070508 institutional support : rvo : 60077344 keywords : platyonitis oberthueri subject riv : eg - zoology impact factor : 0 . 974 , year : 2012 urltoken\nin this study , based on a morphological analysis , the resurrection of the name anolis ustus cope 1864 , is proposed for populations from the yucat\u00e3\u00a1n peninsula ( campeche , yucat\u00e3\u00a1n , and quintana roo , mexico , and belize ) , formerly referred as anolis sericeus hallowell , 1856 . anolis ustus differs from anolis sericeus by its mean snout - vent length and number of gorgetal scales in males , in tibia length and head width in females , and dorsal and ventral scales for both sexes . in addition , anolis ustus has a small dewlap of similar size between males and females , whereas in anolis sericeus males have a dewlap much larger than that of the females . these characteristics allow anolis ustus to be identified within the anolis sericeus complex . in this study , a description of the characteristics of the hemipenis is also provided , and its importance in the taxonomy of anolis is discussed .\nof katianna coeruleocephala handschin , 1920 ( collembola : katiannidae ) with bourletiella viridescens ( bourletiellidae ) .\nkatianna coeruleocephala was described by handschin in 1920 from poespo , java . it was collected in december , 1896 by dr . zehntner with the collecting details given as rotten\nlouv\n( leaves ? ) from live orchard . handschin ( 1920 ) labelled his figures of the species ( p . 146 ) as katianna coerulescephala but the first spelling of the species name ( p . 145 ) has priority . katianna coeruleocephala has never been recollected . the only mention of the species in the literature since 1920 has been by suhardjono ( 1989 ) in a check list for indonesia and suhardjono ( 2012 ) who listed it as present on java and provided the main characteristics of the genus katianna b\u00e3\u00b6rner , 1923 . she stated it was a\nnew\n( translate as endemic ? ) species in java with a preferred habitat in cold and damp litter but no comment was made on the taxonomic status of the indonesian species .\nfive new species , and one new genus of cerambycidae are described : drycothaea vulcanica sp . nov . ( calliini ) , from ecuador ( holotype male deposited in amnh : napo , 29 . x . 1988 , j . s . miller leg . ) ; perissomerus machadoi sp . nov . ( neoibidionini ) , from paraguay ( holotype male deposited in mzsp : alto paraguay , 30 . xi . 2002 , di iorio leg . ) ; cacostola carinata sp . nov . ( onciderini ) , from brazil ( holotype female deposited in mzsp : rio grande do norte , ix . 2008 , d . r . r . fernandes et al . leg . ) ; ypomacena gen . nov . ( apomecynini ) from brazil to include y . monnei sp . nov . ( holotype male deposited in mnrj : bahia , xi . 1970 , roppa leg . ) , and y . gibbosa sp . nov . ( holotype female deposited in mnrj : rio de janeiro , 31 . x . 1969 , alvarenga & seabra leg . ) . dorcasta prolongata fisher , 1947 is proposed as a new synonym of bebelis lignea ( bates , 1866 ) . bisaltes ( bisaltes ) fuchsi breuning , 1971 is proposed as a new synonym of bisaltes ( bisaltes ) buquetii thomson , 1868 . additionally , sixteen new states records for brazil , and three country records for bolivia are provided .\nbathygobius fuscus ( r\u00e3\u00bcpp . ) gobius fuscus r\u00e3\u00bcppell , atl . reise n . afr . fische 1828 , p . 137 . gobius punctillatus r\u00e3\u00bcppell , l . c . , p . 138 . gobius soporator cuvier & valenciennes , hist . nat . poissons xii . 1837 , p . 56 . gobius albopunctatus cuvier & valenciennes , l . c . , p . 57 . gobius nebulopunctatus cuvier &\nmolecular and biometric assessment and redescription of myzodium mimulicola ( drew & sampson ) are provided . new host and distributional data for north america are presented , including the first record from alaska . myzodium knowltoni ( smith & robinson ) is found to be a junior subjective synonym of m . . . .\nmolecular and biometric assessment and subsequent redescription of myzodium mimulicola ( drew & sampson ) is provided . new host and distributional data for north america are presented , including the first record from alaska . the current study determined that myzodium knowltoni ( smith & robinson ) is a . . .\nthe author takes in the comprehension of neoplatonism and christianism in dionisio the areopagita in order to demonstrate what this philosopher owes to platonic and christian theology . she considers the work of proclus ( especially his commentary to parmenides and platonic theology ) and its relation with dionisio\u00e2\u0080\u0099s de divinis\neight known species of demidospermus ( dactylogyridae , monogenea ) were collected from siluriform fishes from reservoir of the itaipu hydroelectric power station , paran\u00e3\u00a1 , brazil . four of them are recorded for the first time in brazil , enlarging their geographical distribution : demidospermus armostus , demidospermus anus , demidospermus bidiverticulatum and demidospermus valenciennesi . demidospermus labrosi is synonymized with demidospermus cornicinus and demidospermus mandi with demidospermus leptosynophallus and reported from two new hosts . demidospermus paravalenciennesi and demidospermus uncusvalidus were also collected .\nfull text available in this work , several taxonomic problems affecting the recently erected genus acronymolpus samuelson , 2015 , endemic to new caledonia , are addressed . two of the three new caledonian species described in stethotes baly are transferred to acronymolpus and their priority is recognized over the names proposed in the revision of this genus . moreover , different forms of acronymolpus always found in sympatry , one reddish and larger , and the other black and smaller , were each given species status in that revision , but they are recognized here as the females and males , respectively , of the same species . the taxonomic summary of these discoveries is : ( i a . bertiae ( jolivet , verma & mille , 2007 , comb . n . = a . meteorus samuelson , 2015 , syn . n . , and a . turbo samuelson , 2015 , syn . n . ; and ( ii a . jourdani ( jolivet , verma & mille , 2013 , comb . n . = a . gressitti samuelson , 2015 , syn . n . , and a . joliveti samuelson , 2015 , syn . n . new distribution data and the male genitalia and the spermatheca of the two valid species of acronymolpus are described for the first time with reference to taxonomically important characters . finally , the last new caledonian species described in stethotes is recognized here as a member of the endemic genus taophila heller : t . mandjeliae ( jolivet , verma & mille , 2010 , comb . n .\nand exclusion of stethotes baly from the fauna of new caledonia ( coleoptera , chrysomelidae , eumolpinae ) .\nin this work , several taxonomic problems affecting the recently erected genus acronymolpus samuelson , 2015 , endemic to new caledonia , are addressed . two of the three new caledonian species described in stethotes baly are transferred to acronymolpus and their priority is recognized over the names proposed in the revision of this genus . moreover , different forms of acronymolpus always found in sympatry , one reddish and larger , and the other black and smaller , were each given species status in that revision , but they are recognized here as the females and males , respectively , of the same species . the taxonomic summary of these discoveries is : ( i ) a . bertiae ( jolivet , verma & mille , 2007 ) , comb . n . = a . meteorus samuelson , 2015 , syn . n . , and a . turbo samuelson , 2015 , syn . n . ; and ( ii ) a . jourdani ( jolivet , verma & mille , 2013 ) , comb . n . = a . gressitti samuelson , 2015 , syn . n . , and a . joliveti samuelson , 2015 , syn . n . new distribution data and the male genitalia and the spermatheca of the two valid species of acronymolpus are described for the first time with reference to taxonomically important characters . finally , the last new caledonian species described in stethotes is recognized here as a member of the endemic genus taophila heller : t . mandjeliae ( jolivet , verma & mille , 2010 ) , comb . n .\ntaxonomic revision of the neotropical pirate spiders of the genus gelanor thorell , 1869 ( araneae , mimetidae ) with the description of five new species .\nwe revise the neotropical spider genus gelanor thorell , 1869 ( mimetidae ) . gelanor is distributed from northeast mexico to southern uruguay , from sea level to 1 , 600 m . we describe five new species of gelanor and report eleven new\n) , gelanor consequus o . p . - cambridge , 1902 ( = gelanor depressus chickering , 1956 new\n) , gelanor innominatus chamberlin , 1916 , gelanor latus ( keyserling , 1881 ) ( = gelanor mixtus o . p . - cambridge , 1899 new\n) and gelanor zonatus ( c . l . koch , 1845 ) ( = gelanor distinctus o - p . cambridge , 1899 new\n) . in addition , we describe for the first time the males of g . altithorax and g . consequus . species descriptions are provided for all ten species in the genus , together with a compilation of available data , including type specimens , type localities and morphological diagnoses . light and electron microscope images and updated data on known geographical distributions , are also provided . we also discuss the phylogenetic placement of gelanor in mimetidae .\njuncus planifolius is reported for the first time from north america . bibliographic notes on this species and its\nare given . its distribution , dispersal and relationships within the genus are discussed . . . . . . . juncus planifolius is reported for the first time from north america . bibliographic notes on this species and its\nare given . its distribution , dispersal and relationships within the genus are discussed . . . .\nis undesirable . in this article an attempt is made to show that functional differences in meaning can distinguish two apparently synonymous verbs in modern italian .\niodophanus carneus and i . testaceus ( ascomycota - pezizales : independent taxonomic identity or\n? a study of their morphology and isozymes iodophanus carneus e i . testaceus ( ascomycota - pezizales : \u00e2\u00bfidentidades taxon\u00e3\u00b3micas independientes o sinonimia ? estudio morfol\u00e3\u00b3gico e isoenzim\u00e3\u00a1tico\nfull text available the aim of this study was to delimit two iodophanus species : i . carneus and i . testaceus , based on morphological characteristics and electrophoretic patterns of their intracellular isozymes . twenty monosporic strains were used , including five belonging to i . granulipolaris as a control . fourteen isozyme systems were tested , and the five having the best resolution selected : aspartate aminotransferase , esterases , alkaline phosphatase , glutamate dehydrogenase , and superoxide dismutase . these analyses confirmed the similarity between i . carneus and i . testaceus , since they both produced the same band patterns , which were in turn different from the band pattern of i . granulipolaris . so , as we couldn\u00e2\u00b4t find any character wich permit us to classify the isolated studied during this work in defferent species , we believe that i . testaceus shoul be consider as a synonym of i . carneus . el objetivo del presente trabajo fue la delimitaci\u00e3\u00b3n taxon\u00e3\u00b3mica de dos especies del g\u00e3\u00a9nero iodophanus : i . carneus e i . testaceus a partir de caracteres morfol\u00e3\u00b3gicos y de los patrones electrofor\u00e3\u00a9ticos de isoenzimas intracelulares . para ello se utilizaron veinte cepas monosp\u00e3\u00b3ricas , cinco de las cuales pertenecientes a i . granulipolaris que fueron utilizadas como control . se probaron catorce sistemas isoenzim\u00e3\u00a1ticos y se eligieron los cinco con mejor resoluci\u00e3\u00b3n : aspartato amino transferasa , esterasa , fosfatasa alcalina , glutamato dehidrogenasa y super\u00e3\u00b3xido dismutasa . el an\u00e3\u00a1lisis de los patrones isoenzim\u00e3\u00a1ticos corrobor\u00e3\u00b3 la silimitud existente entre i . carneus e i . testaceus , ya que los patrones de bandas obtenidas para estas dos especies fueron iguales y diferentes de i . granulipolaris . entonces , al no encontrar ning\u00e3\u00ban caracter que nos permita separar a los aislamientos estudiados en este trabajo en dos especies distintas , proponemos a i . testaceus como un sin\u00e3\u00b3nimo de i . carneus .\nfull text available \u00e3\u0089 apresentado um estudo morfol\u00e3\u00b3gico detalhado da cabe\u00e3\u00a7a , do t\u00e3\u00b3rax e do abdome de tr\u00e3\u00aas esp\u00e3\u00a9cies pr\u00e3\u00b3ximas de castn\u00e3\u00adideos neotropicais . o posicionamento taxon\u00e3\u00b4mico dessas esp\u00e3\u00a9cies \u00e3\u00a9 ainda bastante controverso . antes do desenvolvimento do presente estudo , duas dessas esp\u00e3\u00a9cies pertenciam ao g\u00e3\u00aanero telchin h\u00e3\u00bcbner , 1825 e uma ao g\u00e3\u00aanero monot\u00e3\u00adpico castniomera houlbert , 1918 ( esp\u00e3\u00a9cie - tipo : castnia atymnius dalman , 1824 . a hip\u00e3\u00b3tese de alguns autores de incluir as tr\u00e3\u00aas esp\u00e3\u00a9cies do complexo t . licus em um \u00e3\u00banico g\u00e3\u00aanero \u00e3\u00a9 aqui sustentada com base em evid\u00e3\u00aancias morfol\u00e3\u00b3gicas de cabe\u00e3\u00a7a , t\u00e3\u00b3rax e abdome . castniomera houlbert torna - se sin\u00e3\u00b4nimo de telchin h\u00e3\u00bcbner compreendendo as seguintes esp\u00e3\u00a9cies : telchin licus ( drury , 1773 , telchin syphax ( fabricius , 1775 e telchin atymnius ( dalman combina\u00e3\u00a7\u00e3\u00a3o nova . as tr\u00e3\u00aas esp\u00e3\u00a9cies do complexo t . licus s\u00e3\u00a3o ilustradas com desenhos e fotografias coloridas . a detailed morphological study of head , thorax , and abdomen is provided for three closely related species of neotropical sun - moths . the taxonomic position of these species is controversial . prior to the present study two of these species belonged to the genus telchin h\u00e3\u00bcbner , 1825 , and one to the monotypic genus castniomera houlbert , 1918 ( type species : castnia atymnius dalman , 1824 . the hypothesis of some authors of placing the three species in a single genus is here supported on morphological evidences from head , thorax , and abdomen . castniomera houlbert is treated as synonym of telchin h\u00e3\u00bcbner comprising the following species : telchin licus ( drury , 1773 , telchin syphax ( fabricius , 1775 , and telchin atymnius ( dalman new combination . the three species of the t . licus complex are illustrated with line drawings and color photographs .\n, and antonymy as cognitive - linguistic factors in children from 3 to 6 years of age ) .\ntests and confirms hypothesis that a four - stage process exists in the understanding and use of synonyms , antonyms , and tautologies in children ages three to six . the results of this study challenge widely held theories on cognitive development . ( 45 references ) ( let )"]}
+{"id": 2011, "summary": [{"text": "guyanemorpha is a genus of beetles , the guyane false-form beetles , in the family carabidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it contains one known species , the spectacular guyane false-form beetle , ( guyanemorpha spectabilis ) , which was found in french guiana and first described in 2013 by terry l. erwin in the open access journal zookeys .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it was discovered during a survey of the country 's insects by the entomological society antilles-guyane ( seag ) .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "little is known about the species ' behaviour , other than that it lives in lowland rainforest .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "related species cohabit with ants , and it is thought likely that g. spectabilis will do so also .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the holotype is currently held in trust at the national museum of natural history , part of the smithsonian institution , washington , dc , until the planned natural history museum of guyane is established , and at that time , the specimen will be transferred there . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "guyanemorpha", "paragraphs": ["the spectacular guyane false - form beetle , guyanemorpha spectabilis . image credit : karolyn darrow , smithsonian institution .\nthis myrmecophilous genus of carabidae has a single species , guyanemorpha spectabilis . it is an inquiline in the nests of arboreal ants .\nguyanemorpha is a genus of beetle , the guyane false - form beetles , in the family carabidae . it contains one known species , the spectacular guyane false - form beetle , ( guyanemorpha spectabilis ) , which was found in french guiana and first described in 2013 by terry l .\nthe beetle , scientifically named guyanemorpha spectabilis , belongs to the pseudomorphini tribe , famous for the co - existence of its representatives with various ant species .\nguyanemorpha spectabilis , commonly named the spectacular guyane false - form beetle , stands out among its dull relatives in the western hemisphere , with its great size and beautiful coloration .\nbeetles that live with ants ( coleoptera , carabidae , pseudomorphini ) : a remarkable new genus and species from guyane ( french guiana ) , guyanemorpha spectabilis gen . n . , sp . n .\nebscohost | 93527059 | beetles that live with ants ( coleoptera , carabidae , pseudomorphini ) : a remarkable new genus and species from guyane ( french guiana ) , guyanemorpha spectabilis gen . n . , sp . n .\nguyanemorpha is a genus of beetle , the guyane false - form beetles , in the family carabidae . it contains one known species , the spectacular guyane false - form beetle , ( guyanemorpha spectabilis ) , which was found in french guiana and first described in 2013 by terry l . erwin in the open access journal zookeys . it was discovered during a survey of the country ' s insects by the entomological society antilles - guyane ( seag ) .\nerwin tl . 2013 . beetles that live with ants ( coleoptera , carabidae , pseudomorphini ) : a remarkable new genus and species from guyane ( french guiana ) , guyanemorpha spectabilis gen . n . , sp . n . zookeys 358 : 11\u201323 ; doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 358 . 6298\nerwin tl ( 2013 ) beetles that live with ants ( coleoptera , carabidae , pseudomorphini ) : a remarkable new genus and species from guyane ( french guiana ) , guyanemorpha spectabilis gen . n . , sp . n . zookeys 358 : 11\u201323 . doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 358 . 6298 pdf\nmore information : erwin tl ( 2013 ) beetles that live with ants ( coleoptera , carabidae , pseudomorphini ) : a remarkable new genus and species from guyane ( french guiana ) , guyanemorpha spectabilis gen . n , sp . n . . zookeys 358 : 11 . doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 358 . 6298\nscientists from the smithsonian institution describe the spectacular guyane false - form beetle , or guyanemorpha spectabilis , from guyane ( french guiana ) . as its name suggests , the newly discovered species stands out among its dull relatives in the western hemisphere , with its great size and beautiful coloration . the study was published in the open access journal zookeys .\nabstract : among the extensive collections currently being made in guyane ( french guiana ) , adults of a large and colorful species of pseudomorphine were encountered . the adults present , for the first time in the western hemisphere , elytra with a marked color pattern , and in addition a size considerably beyond that of the rest of the members of all other known genera in the western hemisphere . both of these attributes , however , are well known in the australian pseudomorphine fauna . this new species is described and illustrated and a revised key to the western hemisphere genera is included . the type locality of guyanemorpha spectabilis gen . n . , sp . n . is guyane , risquetout , pk20 , 4 . 916\u00b0n , 52 . 516\u00b0w , 12m altitude .\nthis surprising large and colorful pseudomorphine came as a shock to me , as all other species of the tribe in the western hemisphere are quite dull brown , dark reddish , or blackish with no , or little , color contrast on the upper surface ,\nexplains the author dr . terry l . erwin .\nin the world of entomology this new species can be only compared in its rare characteristics to the olinguito , a new carnivore species which charmed the world and just recently described by kris helgen in zookeys ,\nhe added .\nthe new species belongs to the pseudomorphini tribe , famous for the co - existence of its representatives with various ant species . members of g . spectabilis occur at lowland rainforest sites in french guiana and are accordingly most likely to live with ants , although at present nothing is known about their way of life .\nthe pseudomorphines are a very interesting evolutionary off - shoot of the normal carabid morphotype in both form and function and are only just now beginning to be understood in north america . the fact that species of related genera in south america are living with arboreal ants will make learning about them far more difficult . insecticidal fogging gets adults of these species , but only tearing apart arboreal azteca ant nests while suspended in a tree will produce their larvae , and that is not for carabidologists faint of heart ,\nexplains the author dr . erwin , and his intern , lauren amundson .\nfamous as the sacred beetles of ancient egypt the scarab beetle group in fact represents much greater diversity around the globe . some of the most vulnerable representatives are contained in the flightless genus gyronotus , . . .\ncosta rica reveals astonishing biodiversity of braconid wasps , with 277 new species of the tribe heterospilini described in the latest special issue of the open access journal zookeys .\ntwo new beautiful wasp species are added to the rare pompilid genus abernessia , which now contains a total of only four known species . the two new species a . prima and a . capixaba are believed to be endemic for brazil alongside . . .\nin guiana , symbiosis between azteca ants and the cecropia tree ( or trumpet tree ) is frequent . however , a surprising discovery has been made : one species of ant ( azteca andreae ) uses the\nvelcro\nprinciple to cling on firmly . . .\narboreal tarantulas are known from a few tropical places in asia , africa , south and central america and the caribbean . these tarantulas generally have a lighter build , thinner bodies and longer legs , better suited for their . . .\nscientists discovered a new enigmatic species of ant coming from the philippines . cardiocondyla pirata or the pirate ant engages the imagination with a bizarre pigmentation pattern that has no equivalent worldwide . the female . . .\nthe co - evolution of plant\u2014pathogen interactions has been revealed in unprecedented detail in a study of one of the world ' s deadliest crop killers . this is the rice blast pathogen , which destroys enough food to feed more . . .\nusing genome editing to inactivate a protein called pcsk9 effectively reduces cholesterol levels in rhesus macaques , a species of monkey , according to researchers from the perelman school of medicine at the university of . . .\nfish that ' farm ' their own patches of seaweed alter their ' cropping ' practices under high co2 conditions , researchers at the university of adelaide in australia have found .\nmucus is able to protect us from infection thanks to ancient genes that have been conserved throughout 350 million years of evolution\u2014dating back to our days as a jellyfish .\nby proving a theory that was first proposed almost 40 years ago , researchers have confirmed a new way that cells conserve energy .\nour bodies consist of many different kinds of cells , each with their own role . the japanese scientist shinya yamanaka had made earlier the discovery , earning the nobel prize in 2012 , that cells from adult skin can be converted . . .\nplease sign in to add a comment . registration is free , and takes less than a minute . read more\nthis page was last modified on 3 march 2017 , at 21 : 58 .\nlittle is known about the species ' behaviour , other than that it lives in lowland rainforest . related species cohabit with ants , and it is thought likely that g . spectabilis will do so also .\nthe holotype is currently held in trust at the national museum of natural history , part of the smithsonian institution , washington , dc , until the planned natural history museum of guyane is established , and at that time , the specimen will be transferred there .\nwell as 2015 becomes an ever distant memory and we scuttle , creep , scurry , amble and roll ( for this is how beetles move right ? ) into 2016 , let us look back on a very successful year of collection enhancement .\nthe collection here is a big one , and serves to represent the world\u2019s known coleoptera biodiversity as comprehensively as possible but it is an uphill task to curate , much in the same way as a dung beetle may struggle against the desert sands with its dung ball prize .\nenter your email address to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndr terry erwin of the smithsonian institution has described a new genus and species of beetle from french guiana .\nthe beetle lives in lowland rainforests of french guiana and is most likely to live with ants , although at present nothing is known about their way of life .\n\u201cthis surprising large and colorful pseudomorphine came as a shock to me , as all other species of the tribe in the western hemisphere are quite dull brown , dark reddish , or blackish with no , or little , color contrast on the upper surface , \u201d said dr erwin , who is the author of the paper published in the open - access journal zookeys .\n\u201cin the world of entomology this new species can be only compared in its rare characteristics to the olinguito , a new carnivore species which charmed the world and just recently described by dr kris helgen in zookeys . \u201d\n\u201cthe pseudomorphines are a very interesting evolutionary off - shoot of the normal carabid morphotype in both form and function and are only just now beginning to be understood in north america . \u201d\n\u201cthe fact that species of related genera in south america are living with arboreal ants will make learning about them far more difficult . insecticidal fogging gets adults of these species , but only tearing apart arboreal azteca ant nests while suspended in a tree will produce their larvae , and that is not for carabidologists faint of heart , \u201d dr erwin said .\njuvenile australopithecus climbed trees , 3 . 32 - million - year - old foot fossil shows\n\u00a9 2011 - 2018 . sci - news . com . all rights reserved . | back to top\ncopyright of zookeys is the property of pensoft publishers and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder ' s express written permission . however , users may print , download , or email articles for individual use . this abstract may be abridged . no warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy . users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract .\nfor access to this entire article and additional high quality information , please check with your college / university library , local public library , or affiliated institution .\nimportant user information : remote access to ebsco ' s databases is permitted to patrons of subscribing institutions accessing from remote locations for personal , non - commercial use . however , remote access to ebsco ' s databases from non - subscribing institutions is not allowed if the purpose of the use is for commercial gain through cost reduction or avoidance for a non - subscribing institution .\nin october , the world wildlife fund ( wwf ) published a list of 441 new species that have been discovered in the amazon in the last four years : 258 plants , 84 fish , 58 amphibians , 22 reptiles , 18 birds , and one mammal . that\u2019s \u201can average of two new species identified every week for the past four years , \u201d read a wwf press release , and \u201c [ t ] his doesn\u2019t even include the countless discoveries of insects and other invertebrates . \u201d\nthe findings are a welcome break from news of impending extinctions , and the new species are a reminder of the importance of continued vigilance and conservation . of course , the amazon is not the only place where new life is popping up . thousands of new species are described each year , hailing from nearly every continent and diverse branches of life . in may , the scientist covered the international institute for species exploration at arizona state university\u2019s annual top 10 , with favorites chosen for their unexpected features or their unique habitats . here are a few of candidates for the 2013 lineup :\n) , which roams the open grasslands and forests of brazil and colombia . though it\u2019s the smallest of the tapirs , it\u2019s one of the largest animals in south america . published in the\nthe new tapir species isn\u2019t so new to local tribes , however , who regularly hunt the \u201clittle black tapir , \u201d as they call it . \u201c [ indigenous people ] traditionally reported seeing what they called \u2018a different kind of anta [ tapir in portuguese ] . \u2019 however , the scientific community has never paid much attention to the fact , stating that it was always the same tapirus terrestris , \u201d lead author and paleontologist mario cozzuol of brazil\u2019s universidade federal de minas gerais belo horizonte told mongabay . com . \u201cthey did not give value to local knowledge and thought the locals were wrong . knowledge of the local community needs to be taken into account and that ' s what we did in our study , which culminated in the discovery of a new species to science . \u201d\nwas this year declared to be a distinct species from its close relative , the onlingo , a member of the raccoon family . the new species was first discovered in a drawer , at chicago\u2019s field museum . kristofer helgen , curator of mammals at the smithsonian institution national museum of natural history , found a collection of skin , skulls , and bones that \u201cstopped me in my tracks , \u201d he told\n. \u201cthe skins were a rich red color and when i looked at the skulls i didn\u2019t recognize the anatomy . . . right away i thought it could be a species new to science . \u201d\non the basis of a grainy video of an olinguito - like animal in the andes , helgen and his colleagues headed to colombia and ecuador to find the mammal in the trees of cloud forests . furry , orange , and weighing less than a kilogram , the olinguito is solitary and nocturnal . it is smaller than the olingo , and the two species have differences in their teeth and tails . helgen\u2019s team published its findings august 15 in zookeys , noting that the olinguito is threatened ; construction and farming and destroyed nearly half of its forest habitat . \u201cthis reminds us that the world is not yet explored and the age of discovery is far from over , \u201d helgen told bbc news .\njournal . belonging to the warbler family , the cambodian tailorbird can be found living in and around the country\u2019s capital city of phnom penh . it resembles other tailorbirds , the researchers report , but its plumage , song , and genes support its reclassification as its own species\u2014something that is rare in urban ecosystems .\n\u201cthe modern discovery of an undescribed bird species within the limits of a large populous city\u2014not to mention 30 minutes from my home\u2014is extraordinary , \u201d study coauthor simon mahood of the wildlife conservation society told bbc news . \u201cthe discovery indicates that new species of birds may still be found in familiar and unexpected locations . \u201d\nonce again , however , as the bird\u2019s small habitat continues to shrink , prompting the researchers to recommend that it be listed as \u201cnear threatened\u201d on the international union for conservation of nature\u2019s red list .\nsleek , eel - like fish known as arapaima have , for some time , been considered to comprise a single species , but new evidence suggests that a classic division of the group into four species is actually more accurate . moreover , researchers claim to have found a distinct fifth species of arapaima , according to a study published by suny college of environmental science and forestry\u2019s donald stewart in the march issue of\n\u201ceverybody for 160 years had been saying there\u2019s only one kind of arapaima , \u201d stewart said in a press release . \u201cbut we know now there are various species , including some not previously recognized . \u201d\na common target of amazonian fisherman , arapaima are commercially important fish . curious about the recognition of four species of arapaima in the mid - 1800s , stewart closely examined original specimens and found that they were indeed four species after all . one specimen , held at the instituto nacional de pesquisas da amaz\u00f4nia in manaus , brazil , even represents a fifth species ( a . leptosoma ) , stewart concluded . the sensory cavities on its head have a unique shape , and the fish has a sheath over part of its dorsal fin that other arapaima don\u2019t have . it also has a distinctive color pattern .\nunfortunately , arapaima have been overfished in the amazon basin for more than a century , bringing their current populations to near zero .\n) , close cousin of the scalloped hammerhead . according to study published in august in the journal\n, the new shark species is genetically distinct , and has about 10 fewer vertebrae that the scalloped hammerhead .\nthe carolina variety was discovered by university of south carolina fish expert joe quattro , who gathered what appeared to be 80 young scalloped hammerheads . genetic and anatomical analyses proved otherwise , however . in the end , 54 of the 80 sharks belonged to the new species .\nquattro expects that , like the dwindling populations of the scalloped shark , the carolina shark is rare . \u201coutside of south carolina , we\u2019ve only seen five tissue samples of the cryptic species , \u201d quattro said in a release . \u201cand that\u2019s out of three or four hundred specimens . \u201d\nyou might think that finding a new species of the largest fish in the ocean is uncommon , and it is , but this year boasts another new shark species : hemiscyllium halmahera , a shark that \u201cwalks\u201d along the sandy bottoms surrounding a remote indonesian island ( see video ) . publishing in july in the journal of ichthyology , marine biologist mark erdmann of conservation international and his colleagues describe the species . the animals can grow up to 70 centimeters ( 27 inches ) in length , and as with other walking\u2014or epaulette\u2014sharks , females lay their eggs under reef ledges .\nwith so many new species populating this year\u2019s scientific literature , there simply isn\u2019t room to cover them all . but suffice it to say that diversity is not what this list is lacking : a new orchid from volcanic islands west of spain , a tiny crustacean found in an offshore reef cave near california\u2019s catalina island , the spectacular guyane false - form beetle of the french guiana rainforests , five species of \u201cslavemaker\u201d ants that steal the young of other ants , a humpback dolphin , two gecko species , and a turkish scorpion . plus many more just waiting to be found ."]}
+{"id": 2129, "summary": [{"text": "the chinese flying frog or chinese gliding frog ( rhacophorus dennysi ) is a species of tree frog in the rhacophoridae family found in china , laos , burma , and vietnam .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "also known as the blanford 's whipping frog , large treefrog , and denny 's whipping frog .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "this frog is up to 10 cm ( 3.9 in ) long .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests , subtropical or tropical moist montane forests , rivers , swamps , freshwater marshes , intermittent freshwater marshes , ponds , irrigated land , and canals , and ditches .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "females lay eggs in foam nests attached to branches and grasses hanging over water .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "they create nests by beating a frothy secretion into foam with their hind legs .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "it is considered least concern by the iucn . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "chinese flying frog", "paragraphs": ["the chinese flying frog or chinese gliding frog ( rhacophorus dennysi ) is a species of tree frog in the rhacophoridaefamily found in china , laos , burma , and vietnam . also known as the blanford ' s whipping frog , large treefrog , and denny ' s whipping frog . [ 2 ]\nthe chinese flying frog is a large species reaching a size of 10cm . they inhabit tropical lowland forests of china , laos , burma and vietnam .\nbeautiful painting of wallace ' s flying frog ( rhacophorus nigropalmatus ) by the unique carel brest van kampen .\n1854 illustration of reinwardt ' s flying frog rhacophorus reinwardtii by jean gabriel pr\u00eatre . image in public domain .\nmating in the bushes - false malabar gliding frog ( rhacophorus pseudomalabaricus ) : building nest .\na moss - textured rhacophorid frog . specimens of vietnamese mossy frog or tonkin bug - eyed frog ( theloderma corticale ) . top photo by steven g . johnson , cc by - sa 3 . 0 . lower image by v\u00e1clav gvo\u017ed\u00edk , cc by - sa 2 . 5 .\nepisode 2 of david attenborough\u2019s conquest of the skies was on tv the other day , and i watched it ( i livetweeted throughout , mostly because i wanted to talk about their portrayal of pterosaurs and mesozoic theropods ) . and hence i have rhacophorid frogs on my mind \u2013 the mostly tropical afro - asian group that includes the famous rhacophorus flying frogs , the best known member of which is wallace\u2019s flying frog r . nigropalmatus from indonesia , thailand and adjacent countries . as usual , flying frog were used by sir david to help illustrate the diversity of animals that have evolved a gliding ability .\nthe overachieving wallace ' s flying frog wasn ' t content to just hop and swim . thousands of years of watching birds navigate the rain forest and avoid predators by taking to the sky appears to have convinced this unique amphibian that air travel is the way to go .\nthe wallace ' s flying frog population is considered stable , and they have special status only in certain localities . however , they are partial to breeding and laying eggs in the fetid wallowing holes of the nearly extinct asian rhinoceros , and further decreases in rhino populations may negatively affect the species .\nalso known as parachute frogs , wallace ' s flying frogs inhabit the dense tropical jungles of malaysia and borneo . they live almost exclusively in the trees , descending only to mate and lay eggs .\nwallace ' s flying frogs are not the only frogs who have developed this ability , but they are among the largest . the black color of their foot webbing helps distinguish them from their similarly aerial cousins .\nholotype specimen of philautus maia , showing eggs preserved in contact with ventral surface . did this frog really carry its eggs around like this ? illustration from g\u00fcnther ( 1876 ) .\ntapley , b . 2009 . aspects of captive husbandry of taylor\u2019s bug - eyed frog , theloderma stellatum ( taylor , 1962 ) . herpetological bulletin 108 , 31 - 33 .\nbyrne , p . g . & whiting , m . j . 2011 . effects of simultaneous polyandry on offspring fitness in an african tree frog . behavioral ecology 22 , 385 - 391 .\nthis frog is up to 10 cm ( 3 . 9 in ) long . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests , subtropical or tropical moist montane forests , rivers , swamps , freshwater marshes , intermittent freshwater marshes , ponds , irrigated land , and canals , and ditches .\nhertwig , s . t . , lilje , k . e . , min , p . y . , haas , a . & das , i . 2012 . molecular evidence for direct development in the rhacophorid frog , philautus acutus ( rhacophoridae , anura ) from borneo . the raffles bulletin of zoology 60 , 559 - 567 .\nwallace\u2019s flying frog and the other gliding rhacophorus species are pretty remarkable . they\u2019re very big compared to most other members of the group , svls being 90 - 100 mm in females and 80 - 90 mm in males . their fully webbed hands and feet are enormous , but they also have flaps of skin \u2013 winglets , if you like \u2013 on the arms and legs , and sometimes on the body . glides of more than 15 m have been recorded . exactly how many rhacophorus species are true gliders is uncertain : the ability is confirmed for just a handful of species but more may have it ( inger & stuebing 2005 ) . several smaller ones ( including r . angulirostris , r . cyanopunctatus and r . gauni ) have only partial digital webbing and either lack those skin flaps or only have small versions .\nrhacophorids are sometimes called flying frogs , shrub frogs , bush frogs , moss frogs , old world treefrogs , or afro - asian treefrogs , and occur across sub - saharan africa , china , much of tropical asia , japan , the philippines and sulawesi . about 380 species are recognised as of early 2015 . the last time i wrote about this group \u2013 december 2008 \u2013 this number was more like 290 , so the rate at which new species are discovered and named is pretty impressive .\nthe outsides of these foam nests dry to form a hard crust , thereby protecting the eggs within . however , monkeys , snakes and other predators will break into the nests and eat the eggs if they can . most surprisingly , fornasini\u2019s spiny reed frog afrixalus fornasini ( a member of hyperoliidae ) is a documented foam nest predator , though it can only eat from the nest before the foam has dried ( channing 2001 ) .\nexternal appearance is variable in rhacophorids . for all their fame as \u2018flying frogs\u2019 , it has to be said that the vast majority look \u2013 to those unenlightened in anuran diversity \u2013 like standard \u2018treefrogs\u2019 . they\u2019re generally small ( svls of 40 mm or less ) , wide - headed , big - eyed frogs with expanded digit - tips and a ( normally ) prominent tympanum . many are smooth - skinned but spiny tubercles cover the skin in some taxa , and others are notably warty , with a rough , bumpy skin that aids camouflage .\nthe latter is most developed in the grotesque rough treefrog theloderma horridum of thailand , peninsula malaysia and borneo . indeed , this is one of several species ( most of which belong to theloderma ) that resemble moss or bark in external texture and colour [ adjacent photos of t . corticale by steven g . johnson and v\u00e1clav gvo\u017ed\u00edk ] . t . asperum \u2013 patterned in brownish and pale blotches \u2013 superficially resembles a bird dropping and is sometimes called the bird poop frog . vocal sacs are absent in some taxa ( like nyctixalus ) but big and obvious in others .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\nfrost , d . r . 2014 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 6 . 0 ( 7 july 2014 ) . electronic database . american museum of natural history , new york , usa . available at : urltoken .\nthis species was included in rhacophorus by inger ( 1966 ) , then placed in polypedates by liem ( 1970 ) , and then returned to rhacophorus by dubois ( 1987 ) .\njustification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , tolerance of a degree of habitat modification , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .\nthis species is known historically from northern myanmar and china ( zhao and adler , 1993 ) . it is also known from northern viet nam and central lao people ' s democratic republic . the type locality ' singapore ' is clearly based on a traded specimen ( bourret , 1941 ) . it is known from altitudes up to 900m asl .\nit inhabits forests and riparian forests in hilly areas . it breeds in still waters such as paddy fields , pools , ditches , marshes and ponds . it is mostly restricted to primary forest . the call of this species is exceptionally loud .\nits known areas of occurrence in viet nam continue to suffer from persistent processes degrading the forest , such as non - timber forest products collection , plantations , wildfires and changes to hydrology ( birdlife international 2001 ) . small numbers are also exported for the international pet trade .\nits range includes many protected areas . the rating of \u2018threatened\u2019 for r . nigropalmatus in the 1992 viet nam red data book ( tran et al . , 1992 ) might refer in part to r . dennysii .\npeter paul van dijk , nguyen quang truong , bryan stuart , michael wai neng lau , geng baorong , gu huiqing , yang datong . 2004 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nwe are currently working on this care sheet . if you have any experience with this species , please contact us with details .\ndo your research before you commit to buying any pet , please do your own independent research .\nthe following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . no available public dna sequences . download fasta file\nlisted as least concern in view of its wide distribution , tolerance of a degree of habitat modification , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .\nits range includes many protected areas . the rating of threatened for r . nigropalmatus in the 1992 viet nam red data book ( tran et al . , 1992 ) might refer in part to r . dennysii .\nfemales lay eggs in foam nests attached to branches and grasses hanging over water . they create nests by beating a frothy secretion into foam with their hind legs .\nvan dijk , p . p . , truong , n . q . , stuart , b . , lau , m . w . n . , baorong , g . , huiqing , g . & datong , y . ( 2004 ) . rhacophorus dennysi . 2006 iucn red list of threatened species . downloaded on 23 july 2007 .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\ndue to full webbing between fingers and toes , these tree - dwelling frogs are able to achieve gliding flight for short distances between trees . they are one of the largest species of tree frogs . the females grow to twelve centimetres , while the males remain somewhat smaller . their diet comprises mainly of insects and worms .\nwhen threatened or in search of prey , they will leap from a branch and splay their four webbed feet . the membranes between their toes and loose skin flaps on their sides catch the air as they fall , helping them to glide , sometimes 50 feet or more , to a neighboring tree branch or even all the way to the ground . they also have oversized toe pads to help them land softly and stick to tree trunks .\nthey are generally bright green with yellow sides and grow to about 4 inches . they survive mainly on insects .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nproducts , services , articles , news and other items appearing on urltoken do not necessarily reflect actual endorsements or positions of world pet association .\nepisode 2 of david attenborough ' s conquest of the skies appeared on tv the other day , and i watched it ( in fact , i livetweeted throughout , mostly because i wanted to talk about their portrayal of pterosaurs and mesozoic theropods ) .\ncladogram from meegaskumbura et al . ( 2002 ) , the sri lankan taxa being shown in blue . note the huge number of species that had not been named when this study was published .\na nice illustration of this is provided by meegaskumbura et al . \u2019s ( 2002 ) documentation of more than 100 new rhacophorid species on sri lanka alone ( just 18 sri lankan rhacophorid species were known prior to their work ) , a discovery that makes sri lanka on par with madagascar , new guinea and borneo in terms of anuran diversity .\nand , yes , more than 100 new species announced in a single paper . if we look at the discovery record of various of the rhacophorid lineages , we see that \u2013 for example \u2013 43 new species of raorchestes , 30 new species of rhacophorus , and 51 new species of pseudophilautus have been named since 2000 . . . 9 new raorchestes species were named in 2014 alone ( frost 2014 ) . as should be well known , the number of recognised amphibian species has sky - rocketed in recent years , and this really is because of newly discovered species , not just the result of splitting , taxonomic elevation of subspecies , or the recognition of cryptic species that can only be distinguished genetically .\nthe most famous illustration of a rhacophorid ever published : a gliding rhacophorus nigropalmatus from alfred russell wallace ' s 1869 the malay archipelago . wallace wrote about this species and illustrated it in his notes ( he didn ' t discover it though - that honour goes to charles hose ) .\nthe great paradox is that amphibians are in chronic global decline at the same time , and many species can no longer be located at all . despite meegaskumbura et al . \u2019s ( 2002 ) 100 + new rhacophorid species , they were unable to find many that had been described in the 19th century , a discovery which implies that the species concerned have gone extinct . as you should also know , amphibian species are currently being \u2018lost\u2019 on a regular and worrying basis \u2013 we don\u2019t talk of a \u2018global amphibian crisis\u2019 for nothing .\nmost rhacophorids are arboreal or semi - arboreal , living in shrubs , trees and bushes from close to ground level to way up in the forest canopy . there\u2019s some uncertainty over how high up in the canopy these frogs actually occur . nature documentaries ( like the aforementioned attenbourough - led projects ) create the impression that they really live tens of metres up in the high canopy but this is hard to confirm and has been doubted on occasion . recently , however , individuals of some species ( like rhacophorus belalongensis on borneo , named in 2008 ) have been recorded from tree - tops 10 m high . members of some groups are associated with primary forests , but others inhabit agricultural fields , roadsides , cleared forest and villages . [ images below by \u03c364 and alpsdake . ]\nit has to be said that some rhacophorids are not really all that remarkable when compared to , say , familiar ranid frogs . this montage shows tadpoles and an adult of rhacophorus arboreus . however , this species is a foam nester , on which see below . tadpole photo at lower left by \u03c364 , other photos by alpsdake . all cc by - sa 3 . 0 .\nspecialised reproductive strategies are widespread across these frogs , and some of the techniques they use mean that they don\u2019t have to come down to the ground to breed . some ( like some philautus species ) stick their eggs to the undersides of leaves above the ground and some philautus species ( like p . mjobergi ) have been reported to be nepenthiphilous \u2013 that is , to lay their eggs inside pitcher plants . while some frogs definitely are nepenthiphilous , the only alleged rhacophorid eggs discovered inside a pitcher plant and subjected to molecular testing turned out to be from the microhylid species microhyla borneensis ( hertwig et al . 2012 ) . [ photo below by katja rembold . ]\nfrogs belonging to several lineages are documented as users of pitcher plants ( this photo shows a heterixalus inside a dead nepenthes madagascariensis . heterixalus is a hyperoliid , not a rhacophorid ) . it has been claimed that rhacophorids of several species use pitchers in this way , but the cases are either controversial or turned out to be erroneous . photo by katja rembold , cc by - sa 3 . 0 .\nthose philautus eggs , by the way , don\u2019t produce free - swimming tadpoles : philautus species are direct developers , which means that the embryos change to froglets within the eggs , a free - living tadpole phase being absent ( the developing embryos are lecithotrophic or endotrophic , meaning that they depend on a yolk store ) . direct development is also the case in pseudophilautus and raorchestes .\nwhile ( as just mentioned ) some of these direct developers stick their eggs to leaves that are alive and well above ground - level , others come down to the ground and lay their eggs beneath dead leaves . meegaskumbara et al . ( 2007 ) said that these ground - breeding species \u201cdeposit their eggs in nests excavated on the forest floor\u201d ( p . 9 ) . waitaminute \u2013 frogs excavating nests ? really ? i have to look into this . . .\nrhacophorid foam nests in asia and africa . at left : nests of rhacophorus arboreus in japan , photo by alpsdake , cc by 3 . 0 . at right : chiromantis rufescens foam nest in gabon , photo by brian gratwicke , cc by 2 . 0\nthen there are those rhacophorids that manufacture arboreal foam nests [ adjacent nest photos by alpsdake and brian gratwicke ] . the females exude a secretion that they ( and their male partners ) whip up with their legs to form a foam clump that\u2019s attached to leaves , branches or aerial roots . it seems that the production of this secretion is quite costly and that a female needs to take a break and re - hydrate herself by soaking up standing water before she can complete a single nest .\nthis strategy is present in the afro - asian foam - nest frogs chiromantis , most rhacophorus species , and members of polypedates . in some species \u2013 most famously the grey foam nest treefrog c . xerampelina of south - eastern africa \u2013 large numbers of these frogs sometimes choose to nest in the same place , meaning that branches or aerial roots can be festooned with whole lines of dripping foam nests . actually , it isn\u2019t just that the frogs \u2018choose\u2019 to nest in the same place \u2013 males will deliberately get in on the action if they see a pair working to make a nest , and the result is that single egg clutches are invariably fertilised by more than one male . byrne & whiting ( 2011 ) showed that this multiple paternity \u2013 technically , it\u2019s simultaneous polyandry \u2013 assists in the survival of the resulting offspring , so it\u2019s certainly in the interests of females to solicit as much male attention as possible during these breeding events . [ photos below by brian gratwicke , kapenta and chintan sheth . ]\nmontage of chiromantis and kin . at left : c rufescens ( photo by brian gratwicke , cc by 2 . 0 ) . top right : c . xerampelina ( image by kapenta , cc by - sa 4 . 0 ) . lower right : feihyla vittata ( photo by chintan sheth , in public domain ) . the feihyla species were once included within chiromantis but have since been recovered in several alternative placements in molecular phylogenies .\npolypedates leucomystax pair in amplexus . i think i spot some subtle sexual dimorphism . image taken in java , indonesia , by w . a . djatmiko , cc by - sa 3 . 0\nthe eggs hatch inside the clump , the tadpoles dropping into the stream or pool ( sometimes originally formed by rhinos or pigs ) below after several days . polypedates leucomystax bucks the trend by sometimes making foam nests on the ground ( inger & stuebing 2005 ) . [ adjacent photo by w . a . djatmiko ] . it seems that foam - nesting evolved just once within rhacophorids , since all foam - nesters belong to a single clade ( frost et al . 2006 , grosjean et al . 2008 , pyron & wiens 2011 ) .\nfoam - nester tadpoles are ectotrophic : free - swimming and completing development outside the egg , and often with a schooling habit . some live in muddy pools and are of typical , non - specialised morphology . others ( like those of rhacophorus penanorum ) are specialised stream - dwellers with streamlined bodies , sucker - like mouths and elongate , muscular tails . these tadpoles are rheophilous ( associated with fast - flowing streams ) and inhabit rocky pools that are sometimes also home to megophrys / xenophrys spadefoot tadpoles and ansonia toad tadpoles ( haas et al . 2012 ) .\na really interesting thing that\u2019s been noted for rheophilous tadpoles is that their limb development seems to be offset , time - wise , relative to the condition in related , non - rheophilous species . this is presumably an evolutionary response to the fact that developing hindlimbs might affect their streamlining and ability to cling to rocks in fast - flowing water . they also keep sucker - like mouths and other features for longer than do other tadpoles ( nodzenski & inger 1990 ) . accordingly , it can be difficult to say reliable things about their age and estimated metamorphic stage .\namazing ' vampire tadpoles ' of rhacophorus vampyrus . ( a ) schematic view of tadpole as seen from the front , ( b ) photo of the real thing . image from vassilieva et al . ( 2013 ) .\nfinally , there are yet other rhacophorids where egg clumps are laid in arboreal settings , but not in foam nests . in some theloderma species , egg clumps are laid in water - filled tree hollows , and the tadpoles complete their development here . in captivity , these frogs will lay their egg clumps attached to the bark , just above the hollow , the hatching tadpoles then dropping into the water ( tapley 2009 ) . oh , there are also a few foam - nesting rhacophorus species that lay their eggs in tree hollows , the most famous of which is r . vampyrus from vietnam ( after hatching inside a foam nest , the tadpoles drop into a water - filled tree hollow ) . this species saw international stardom a couple of years ago when it was revealed that the tadpoles have black , hooked fangs on the lower jaw that \u2013it ' s presumed \u2013 are used when feeding on unfertilised eggs provided by their mother : these tadpoles , it seems , practise obligate oophagy , eating r . vampyrus eggs and nothing else ( vassilieva et al . 2013 ) .\nfinally finally , the possibility exists that a completely unique reproductive strategy was present in a species that now seems to be extinct . the holotype female specimen of\n, collected on sri lanka prior to 1876 , had a disc - shaped mass of eggs attached to its belly , raising the possibility that members of this species carried their eggs around with them ( g\u00fcnther 1876 ) . alas , meegaskumbura\n. ( 2007 ) discussed how unlikely this proposal was , concluding that a more plausible possibility is that the individual concerned was collected while in the process of laying and positioning her egg clutch on a leaf . alas , only further observations can establish the \u2018truth\u2019 and . . . sadly ,\ncentury discovery and the present . don\u2019t forget : global . amphibian . crisis .\nfinally , where do rhacophorids fit within the anuran radiation ? molecular studies find them to be close to ranidae , the familiar neobatrachian clade that includes european water frogs , brown frogs , the american bullfrog , leopard frogs and so many others ( frost et al . 2006 , pyron & wiens 2011 ) . they\u2019re clearly not at all close to hylid treefrogs ( hylids are part of the same clade as glassfrogs , toads and kin ) . i also need to say that a huge amount of work \u2013 scarcely any of which is cited in the article you\u2019re reading now \u2013 has recently been devoted to the in - group relationships of rhacophoridae , several conventional \u2018genera\u2019 being the subject of substantial disagreement due to proposals that they might be paraphyletic or polyphyletic . at the risk of elaborating further , i must stop here . oh , i seem to have blogged about anurans again .\nchanning , a . 2001 . amphibians of central and southern africa . cornell university press , ithaca and london .\n- . , grant , t . , faivovich , j . , bain , r . h . , haas , a . , haddad , c . f . b . , de s\u00e1 , r . o . , channing , a . , wilkinson , m . , donnellan , s . c . , raxworthy , c . j . , campbell , j . a . , blotto , b . l . , moler , p . , drewes , r . c . , nussbaum , r . a . , lynch , j . d . , green , d . m . & wheeler , w . c . 2006 . the amphibian tree of life . bulletin of the american museum of natural history 297 , 1 - 370 .\ngrosjean , s . , delorme , m . , dubois , a . & ohler , a . 2008 . evolution of reproduction in the rhacophoridae ( amphibia , anura ) . journal of zoological systematics and evolutionary research 462 , 169 - 176 .\ng\u00fcnther , a . 1876 . note on the mode of propagation of some ceylonese tree - frogs , with description of two new species . annals and magazine of natural history ( 4 ) 17 , 377 - 380 .\nhaas , a . , hertwig , s . t . , krings , w . , braskamp , e . , dehling , j . m . , min , p . y . , jankowski , a . , schweizer , m . & das , i . 2012 . description of three rhacophorus tadpoles ( lissamphibia : anura : rhacophoridae ) from sarawak , malaysia ( borneo ) . zootaxa 3328 , 1 - 19 .\ninger , r . f . & stuebing , r . b . 2005 . a field guide of the frogs of borneo . natural history publications ( borneo ) , kota kinabalu .\nmeegaskumbura , m . , bossuyt , f . , pethiyagoda , r . , manamendra - arachchi , k . , bahir , m . , milinkovitch , m . c . & schneider , c . j . 2002 . sri lanka : an amphibian hotspot . science 298 , 379 .\n- . , manamendra - arachchi , k . , schneider , c . j . & pethiyagoda , r . 2007 . new species amongst sri lanka\u2019s extinct shrub frogs ( amphibia : rhacophoridae : philautus ) . zootaxa 1397 , 1 - 15 .\nnodzenski , e . & inger , r . f . 1990 . uncoupling of related structural changes in metamorphosing torrent - dwelling tadpoles . copeia 1990 , 1047 - 1054 .\npyron , a . r . & wiens , j . j . 2011 . a large - scale phylogeny of amphibia including over 2800 species , and a revised classification of extant frogs , salamanders , and caecilians . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 61 , 543 - 583 .\nvassilieva , a . , galoyan , e . & poyarkov , n . 2013 . rhacophorus vampyrus ( anura : rhacophoridae ) reproductive biology : a new type of oophagous tadpole in asian treefrogs . journal of herpetology 47 , 607 - 614 .\nthe views expressed are those of the author ( s ) and are not necessarily those of scientific american .\ndarren naish is a science writer , technical editor and palaeozoologist ( affiliated with the university of southampton , uk ) . he mostly works on cretaceous dinosaurs and pterosaurs but has an avid interest in all things tetrapod . his publications can be downloaded at darrennaish . wordpress . com . he has been blogging at tetrapod zoology since 2006 . check out the tet zoo podcast at tetzoo . com !\ndiscover world - changing science . explore our digital archive back to 1845 , including articles by more than 150 nobel prize winners .\nscientific american is part of springer nature , which owns or has commercial relations with thousands of scientific publications ( many of them can be found at urltoken ) . scientific american maintains a strict policy of editorial independence in reporting developments in science to our readers .\ncan ' t find a community you love ? create your own and start something epic ."]}
+{"id": 2144, "summary": [{"text": "the pygmy falcon , or african pygmy falcon ( polihierax semitorquatus ) , is a falcon that lives in eastern and southern africa and is the smallest raptor on the continent .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "as a small falcon , only 19 to 20 cm long , it preys on insects , small reptiles , and small mammals . ", "topic": 12}], "title": "pygmy falcon", "paragraphs": ["the pygmy falcon or african pygmy falcon is the smallest raptor in african and one of the only raptors in the world to practice polyandry . 0188\ninformation on the pygmy falcon is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\npygmy falcon , kgalagadi national park , south africa . [ photo callie de wet \u00a9 ]\nberger , a . 1956 . the appendicular mycology of the pygmy falcon ( polihierax semitorquatus ) .\nkemp , a . , a . vidhidharm . 1998 . breeding of the white - rumped pygmy falcon .\n\u2022 the african pygmy falcon is 1 of 2 species in the genus polihierax ; the other is the white - rumped falcon , p . insignis . the family falconidae contains 64 species in 10 genera of falcons , falconets , kestrels , caracaras and hobbies . close relatives of the african pygmy falcon include the crested caracara , caracara plancus , the peregrine falcon , falco peregrinus , and the brown falcon , f . berigora .\nhello , your articles here kikuyu escarpment pygmy falcon | muigwithania 2 . 0 to write well , thanks for sharing !\nalso known as african pygmy falcon and scientifically referred to as polihierax semitorquatus , the pygmy falcon is recorded as the africa\u2019s smallest raptor thriving to the south and east of africa where it is explored on africa birding safaris including birding safaris in uganda .\n1 flying a female pygmy falcon flies toward a large nest colony of sociable weavers that the falcon exploits for its own use . 2 hanging . the entrance is located at the bottom of the nest colony ; the falcon hangs upside down in order to enter the nest chamber .\nflight : african pygmy falcon performs undulating flight with bursts of fast wing - beats interspersed with dip and glides , as woodpeckers do .\ndown by our camp on the ewaso nyiro river we discovered yesterday a pygmy falcon nesting inside an abandoned white browed sparrow weaver\u2019s nest .\na treetop a female falcon perches at the top of a tall tree . the african pygmy falcon lives in two distinct and widely separated populations in africa : one in the southwestern part of the continent and the other in the northeast . in either part of the continent , the pygmy falcon inhabits the arid and semiarid savannah and scrubland , which features sparse groundcover and scattered large trees dotting the landscape . the african pygmy falcon typically avoids open forests and forest edges . this falcon also frequents the huge nests of weavers , especially the sociable weaver , philetairus socius , sharing its roosting and nesting site . the pygmy falcon occasionally shares the nests of the white - headed buffalo weaver and those of the sparrow weaver . unlike other falcons , the eggs of the pygmy falcon are pure white , consistent with many birds that lay eggs in concealed nests . the pygmy falcon\u2019s range is dictated by that of the sociable weaver ; it even avoids otherwise suitable savannah habitat that is devoid of weaver nests . in the kalahari region of africa , pygmy falcons occupy about one out of every four sociable weaver colonies .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - pygmy falcon ( polihierax semitorquatus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - pygmy falcon ( polihierax semitorquatus )\ntitle =\narkive species - pygmy falcon ( polihierax semitorquatus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\ndespite its small size , the pygmy falcon is a bold predator armed with sharp talons and a strong , hooked beak for catching and killing its prey .\nafrican pygmy falcon is often seen perched on exposed perches , twigs and branches , watching for preys . it is usually alone , in pairs or in family groups .\nspotiswoode , c . , e . herrmann , o . e rasa , c . sapsford . 2004 . co - operative breeding in the pygmy falcon polihierax semitorquatas .\nduring the breeding season , the african pygmy falcon performs some courtship displays such as bobbing the head , bowing and wagging the tail , accompanied by calls . this tiny falcon invariably occupies part of the huge communal nesting structures of sociable weavers . in some regions , such as the kalahari , several pygmy falcons are resident in these nests .\npygmy falcon - polyandry . . . pygmy falcons occasionally engage in polyandrous relationships , where there are more than two adults living together and tending nestlings . . . corroboration for the last is that in winter african pygmy - falcons nest further inside the nest of sociable weavers , where there is better insulation . . .\nafrican pygmy falcons , also known simply as pygmy falcons , have a unique way of nesting . they use empty compartments in large sociable weaver nest structures , or abandoned nests made by other weaver species . pygmy falcons are also known to nest in polyandrous groups , with more adult birds than just the breeding pair caring for nestlings and chicks . the african pygmy falcon was added to birdorable on april 25 , 2012 . if you can ' t get enough of these adorable little raptors , be sure to check out our range of unique pygmy falcon t - shirts and gifts !\nunlike other birds of prey that build a large solitary nest , the african pygmy falcon lives alongside a friendly host , the sociable weaver , and adopts a chamber in the weaver nest .\n( * traditional falconry was practiced by young uncircumcised kikuyu boys as they looked after family cattle and sheep . today the pygmy falcon is a protected bird and traditional falconry is illegal . )\nprotection / threats / status : african pygmy falcon is widespread and common in its range . the species is sometimes considered parasitic according to the location . it is not threatened at this moment .\nthe african pygmy falcons are part of our off - exhibit endangered species breeding program .\nthe mature pygmy falcon is marked by white face and under parts while the top parts are gray with the females marked by a chestnut back . the brown back occur in juveniles duller that the mature females featuring a rufous wash on the breast . the wing flight feathers are marked with white and black spots while the tail is black and white as viewed on uganda birding safaris and tours . the pygmy falcon features a low and undulating flight\nrange : african pygmy falcon has two populations in africa . one in sw africa is associated with the sociable weaver , and the second in e africa , associated with the white - headed buffalo weaver ( dinemellia dinemelli ) .\nthe y - shaped compression strap that maxpedition is so famous for contributes to the bag ' s form and structural integrity . the pygmy falcon - ii has exterior pals webbing for adding on other maxpedition pouches and accessories , using\nthe african pygmy falcon is the smallest bird of prey in africa . females have chestnut brown backs that distinguish them from males , which have grey backs . both sexes have white spots on their backs and tail feathers .\nnest pirates ,\npygmy falcons often use the empty nests of other species to lay their eggs .\ndiet : african pygmy falcon feeds mainly on large insects and lizards . it also takes small birds and rodents , and may sometimes catch weavers and nestlings in the huge nests . it hunts from perch and swoops down onto the prey .\nthe african pygmy falcon is a fairly common resident throughout its range and is not currently endangered . it is listed in appendix ii of cites ( convention in international trade in endangered species ) , which regulates the import and export of animals for the pet trade . since its range is dependent upon weavers for nesting , the pygmy falcon has a very limited distribution . due to its small size , it falls victim to predators , including larger birds of prey found in the same habitat .\nzoo new england participates in the african pygmy falcon species survival plan . by sharing research and knowledge , participating institutions work together to establish guidelines that best ensure the health of captive populations , and with success , the survival of otherwise extinct species .\nafrican pygmy falcon is usually resident in most part of the range . they may perform local movements during the period of great aridity in the driest areas . during winter , it remains confined to the nest - chamber for up to 15 hours per day .\nbreeding season african pygmy falcons breed from june to december in northeastern africa and august to march in southwestern africa .\n, the african pygmy falcon , is native to two separate regions of africa : northeastern africa including sudan , somalia , ethiopia , uganda , and tanzania ; and southwestern africa including namibia , botswana , angola , and cape province . this species is generally non - migratory .\n) or their hatchlings when inhabiting their nests . it is believed that insects alone are insufficient for the dietary needs of young pygmy falcons . lizards , rodents , and birds are crucial for the survival of the young . the falcon catches its prey by swooping quickly from the branch of a tree .\nthe african pygmy falcon\u2019s face , rump and front of body are white . their wings and tails are blackish with white spots . females have a chestnut brown back while males have a grey back . eyes are brown and beaks are blue - grey with a black top . their legs and feet are pinkish orange .\na compact rectangular urban day pack with distinct military styling and 1100 cubic inches ( 18 liters ) of carry capacity . pack for a day out or an overnight and take along plenty of water , as the pygmy falcon - ii is equipped with dual side mesh pouches to accommodate two 32oz / 1l water bottles .\nbehaviour : african pygmy falcon feeds mainly on small lizards and large insects . it also takes some rodents and birds . it hunts from perch , swooping down onto the prey on the ground . it may perform short aerial chases , but rarely . when roosting in the weaver colonies , it may catch sometimes adult weavers and nestlings .\nthe pygmy falcon thrives in dry bush and its subspecies p . s . semitorquatus exists from northern south africa to angola while the p . s . castanonotus exists in uganda , tanzania and from somalia to south sudan . the habitat range is estimated at 2 . 7 million km 2 while their total global population stands between 100 , 000 and 1 million birds .\ndistribution of pygmy falcon in southern africa , based on statistical smoothing of the records from first sa bird atlas project ( \u00a9 animal demography unit , university of cape town ; smoothing by birgit erni and francesca little ) . colours range from dark blue ( most common ) through to yellow ( least common ) . see here for the latest distribution from the sabap2 .\ndue to their small size stretching from \u2013 19 to 20cm in length , the pygmy falcons tend to prey on small reptiles , inspects along with small mammals .\na fully grown pygmy falcon is white on the face and the underside , while the females have a chestnut color on the back and they have white spots on the back of their necks . the young ones have brown feathers on their backs which are duller compared to those of the adult females . their flight feathers on their wings are black and white just as their tail feathers .\nafrican pygmy falcons inhabit dry , arid climates with sparse vegetation . these areas may receive as little as 100 mm / year of precipitation , or up to 600 mm / year ( brown , et . al , 1982 ) . with the exception of a few non - breeding members , african pygmy falcons almost exclusively inhabit areas where social weavers (\nafrican pygmy falcons are carnivorous . they prey mainly on large insects and small lizards . occasionally they will eat small rodents and birds , including the weavers with which they live .\nafrican pygmy falcons rely on the social weavers ( philetairus socius ) in the northeast part of their range and white - headed buffalo weavers ( dinemellia dinemelli ) in the southwestern part of their range for nesting . occasionally northeastern birds will occupy the nests of white - browed sparrow weavers ( plocepasser mahali ) and glossy starlings ( lamprotornis nitens ) . approximately one - quarter of all weaver nests in these areas are occupied by african pygmy falcons . thus , this falcon is one of a few species of birds that are\nobligate nest pirates\n( also see south american troupials , icterus icterus ) .\nafrican pygmy falcons are found in pairs or in groups of three to four . all the adults may share in the care of nestlings . they communicate with each other through mutual head - bobbing and tail - wagging displays . as \u201cnest pirates , \u201d pygmy falcons will occupy nests of some members of the weaver family . although the weavers may fall to predation by the african pygmy falcons , they do receive protection from other predators including snakes . falcons are crepuscular , usually hunting in the morning and the evening when temperatures are more moderate .\nin uganda , the pygmy falcons can be explored in the uganda safari destination of kidepo valley national park . and the species are listed as least concern on the iucn red list .\nhabitat : african pygmy falcon frequents arid and semi - arid steppes with sparse vegetation and some large trees or plants . it uses the weaver nests as roost , but also as nest - site , and especially the huge communal nesting structure of sociable weaver ( philetairus socius ) in south africa . they often roost in pairs or family groups in the same nest - chamber or adjacent ones . it also may use other weaver or starling nests .\nafrican pygmy falcons rarely call outside of the mating season . there have been a few different songs observed , including a\nthin , squeaky ' tsip - tsip ' ; ' kiki -\nafrican pygmy falcons , unlike many species of raptors , have different markings to distinguish males and females \u2013 females have a brown patch between their wings , while males have a solid grey back .\nafrican pygmy falcons live primarily in semi - desert and arid areas with limited vegetation such as acacia and thornbush . they are located in two regions of africa , the northeast and the southwest .\nreproduction : breeding season occurs between june and december in ne africa and between august and march in south africa . african pygmy falcon is usually monogamous during one season , but it may be occasionally polyandrous , with two males or more attending the same nest . this behaviour is mainly observed when the nest - site availability is reduced . the pair occupies a nest - chamber in the weaver communal nest . the nest entrance becomes coated with the droppings of the falcons .\nlittle is known concerning the lifespan of african pygmy falcons , though it is likely similar to the six to eight ( with a maximum of about twenty ) year lifespan of other diurnal birds of prey .\nafrican pygmy falcons live in dry bush in parts of eastern and southern africa . these little cuties measure just over seven inches long , making them the smallest bird of prey found in all of africa .\nvoice : sounds by xeno - canto african pygmy falcon is noisy during the breeding season , uttering high - pitched calls and songs \u201ctwee - twee - twip\u201d or \u201ckiki - kik\u201d used by the male . it also gives thin , squeaky \u201ctsip - tsip\u201d . calls are often high - pitched . the young give sharp \u201cki - ki - ki - ki - ki - ki\u201d when alarmed . while uttering these sounds , the bird bobs the head and moves the tail up and down .\nthis tiny species of falcon is the smallest raptor in africa \u2013 adults are less than 8 inches long . although small , they are predators , and hunt large insects , small reptiles , and even small mammals . they often hunt by perching on dead trees and scanning the surrounding area for potential prey . when they spot a target , african pygmy falcons can frequently be seen bobbing their heads and tails before swooping down to catch their prey . they may also hunt insects in flight .\nis rarely preyed on , as it is a fairly powerful predator itself . occasionally immature african pygmy falcons will be attacked in their nests , but the aggression of the parents during breeding season normally prevents this .\nafrican pygmy falcons have a white face , breast , and abdomen . female members have darker , chestnut colored backs , where males have grey backs . white spots decorate the back of the neck and the tail feathers .\nregarding the nesting , the pygmy falcons tend to nest in the nests of white headed buffalo weaver and the dwelling range of these species overlap . they can as well nest with the sociable weavers which tend to have large nests with many chambers . surprisingly , the pygmy falcons tend to leave the nest owners alone even though they are bigger in size and bird \u2013eaters . however , a few cases of catching nestling along with adults occur .\nafrican pygmy falcons are common birds within their range , they are not considered threatened . man made structures have increased the number of potential nesting sites for these animals . it is possible , however , that urbanization could someday threaten\nin the wild , african pygmy falcons often utilize the empty nests of weaver birds as nesting sites . they will also use tree cavities . they typically lay 3 - 4 eggs per clutch and their incubation is 28 - 30 days . both parents help rear the chicks .\nafrican pygmy falcons are social , relying on one or more partners for breeding and raising young . they prefer sparsely vegetated areas with a few trees for perching . open areas are preferred for hunting . they are sedentary animals and will remain in one locale for most or all of their lives . these falcons usually hunt during the morning and evening , when it is cooler , and seek shelter from the midday heat . african pygmy falcons occasionally attack smaller birds in flight , but prefer to hunt small terrestrial animals . in flight these falcons flap their wings rapidly , with a sporadic distinctive downward thrust .\nintroduction : pygmy falcons ( polihierax semitorquatus ) are largely dependent on the mass nest constructions of the sociable weaver found in flat , open areas of dry grassland with scattered camelthorn trees . they usually occur singly , in pairs or in small family groups , perching on the top of a bush , tree or pylon .\nthe pygmy falcons rarely take part in polyandrous relationships ( where a female is involved with more than one male at a time ) , however they are believed to be doing this primarily for four major reasons which include thermo - regulation ( warmth ) , defense , delayed scattering of their offspring as well as co - operative polyandry .\nthese pygmy falcons prefer to stay in the dry bush . they love dry and semi - dry savanna and scrub - land preferably with less ground - cover and a couple of large trees . they are hardly seen around forest edges or in open forests . they can be seen in somalia , south sudan , uganda as well as tanzania .\nfemale pygmy falcons typically lay eggs from october to november , with one to four eggs per nest . both sexes will sit on the eggs for 28 to 30 days . the nestlings remain in the nest for one to two months after hatching , during which time they are fed by both parents . sexual maturity is reached at about one year .\nthe peregrine falcon is a raptor , or bird of prey . adults have blue - gray wings , dark brown backs , a buff colored underside with brown spots , and white faces with a black tear stripe on their cheeks . they have a hooked beaks and strong talons . their name comes from the latin word peregrinus , which means\nto wander .\nthey are commonly referred to as the duck hawk . peregrine falcons are the fastest - flying birds in the world \u2013 they are able to dive at 200 miles per hour .\nthe main communication between members of this species are the songs sung during mating , which are used to attract potential mates . some bodily communication is seen during the courtship ritual , as the female indicates her availability by crouching and raising her tail feathers . the movements made by the male during courtship can also be perceived as a form of communication . african pygmy falcons have a very keen sense of sight , common to most diurnal birds of prey .\nhas brown eyes and light orange legs . the base of the beak is an orange color , and the beak itself is grey . when hatched , african pygmy falcons are white in color and their eyes are shut . the eyes will normally open in two or three days . young have paler feet than their adult counterparts , with a reddish - brown back and neck . the breast , face , and abdomen of juveniles is white . members of the species will mature in approximately one year .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\njustification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is very large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nadult male has pale grey upperparts with narrow white collar and white rump . flight feathers and rectrices are black , finely spotted and tipped white . underparts are white . undertail feathers are barred black and white .\non the head , forehead , crown and nape are grey , extending into a point to the neck sides . face shows white eyebrow and cheeks . cere , lores and eye - rings are red - orange . the hooked bill is grey with black tip . eyes are dark brown . legs and feet are red - orange .\njuvenile resembles adult of the same sex . upperparts are grey with buff - tipped feathers in young male . underparts are slightly washed rufous . in young female , upperparts are dull chestnut on back , with buff - tipped feathers and buffy tinge on underparts . both have paler orange bare parts than adults .\nfemale lays 3 eggs . incubation lasts about 28 days to one month , and both parents share it , but female incubates more than male which brings food to her while she is on the nest . chicks are covered in white down . the male hunts and brings preys to the female , and she feeds and tends the chicks . they fledge about 27 to 40 days after hatching , but they remain in the parental territory for up to two months after leaving the nest . this species may produce two broods per season , but usually only one . parents defend the nest and are very aggressive towards intruders if they approach the nest .\nthe national aviary is supported through the generosity of donors , members , visitors , and the allegheny regional asset district .\nclassified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) and listed on appendix ii of cites ( 2 ) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nanimals animals / earth scenes 17 railroad avenue chatham ny 12037 united states of america tel : + 01 ( 518 ) 3925500 fax : + 01 ( 518 ) 3925550 info @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nit ' s the perfect everyday backpack with comfortable back padding and ergonomic , supple curvaceous straps and sternum support minimize any stress on the shoulders .\nmaxpedition backpacks are built for hauling gear and ergonomically designed to never drag you down . curvaceous , foam - padded double shoulder straps contour to your chest and a sternum suspension belt helps distribute weight evenly throughout your upper body , so you can carry a load without falling behind .\nmade with high quality nylon stitching , self - repairing ykk\u00ae zippers and a durable water - resistant exterior ; maxpedition backpacks have multiple compartments and pockets and offer plenty of space for mission essentials , camping gear , hydration reservoirs , laptops , textbooks and ccw .\noverall size : 9 . 5\n( l ) x 8\n( w ) x 17 . 5\n( h )\nmain compartment : 9\n( l ) x 4 . 5\n( w ) x 17\n( h )\none ( 1 ) 7\n( l ) x 12\n( h ) x 2 . 5\n( w ) zippered pouch\none ( 1 ) 9\n( l ) x 4 . 5\n( h ) internal slip pocket\nmaxpedition ' s nylon fabric is treated with teflon for superb water and grime resistance .\nto clean , simply wipe down with a damp cloth . allow gear to dry naturally .\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 299 , 342 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\n( sibley and monroe jr . , 1990 ; brown , et al . , 1982 ; del hoyo , et al . , 1994 ; sibley and monroe jr . , 1990 )\n( brown , et al . , 1982 ; del hoyo , et al . , 1994 )\nbreeding habits in the southern portion of their range , but birds in both areas engage in a relatively quiet display that includes bobbing of the head , wagging of the tail , and calling . the female will squat down and raise her tail feathers to indicate that she is prepared to mate .\nis usually seasonally monogamous , but is occasionally polyandrous , and it is not uncommon for two or more males to attend the same nest . this behavior may be influenced by limited availability of suitable nesting sites .\n( brown , et al . , 1982 ; del hoyo , et al . , 1994 ; kruger , et al . , 2002 ; spotiswoode , et al . , 2004 )\nusually will breed once per year , but will sometimes produce two broods in a favorable year . eggs are normally laid about three weeks after copulation . the female lays from two to four eggs which are incubated for 27 to 31 days . females begin incubating with the first egg laid , so hatching is asynchronous . since the young do not hatch at the same time , they may be different sizes . the young will leave their nests from 27 to 40 days after hatching .\nat the beginning of the breeding season , two or more parents choose a nesting chamber and reside there together . after the eggs are laid , the parents share incubation , with the female incubating most of the time and the male incubating while the female feeds . the male will also bring the female food while she is incubating . after hatching the female will tend to the young and the male will hunt for the family . after 21 days , when the chicks have grown feathers , the female will resume hunting . the birds leave the nest at around 27 to 40 days , but may remain with the parents for up to two months , and sporadically return to the nest . both parents are very aggressive near their nest and their young do not usually fall victim to predators .\n( brown , et al . , 1982 ; del hoyo , et al . , 1994 ; spotiswoode , et al . , 2004 )\n( brown , et al . , 1982 ; del hoyo , et al . , 1994 ; spotiswoode , et al . , 2004 ; brown , et al . , 1982 ; del hoyo , et al . , 1994 ; spotiswoode , et al . , 2004 ; brown , et al . , 1982 ; del hoyo , et al . , 1994 ; kruger , et al . , 2002 ; spotiswoode , et al . , 2004 )\n' ( last syllable accented ) , or ' twee - twee - twip ' used by [ the male ] calling [ the female ] from the nest ; a sharp ringing ' ki - ki - ki - ki - ki - ki - ki - ki ' by young in threat ; in copulation , purring ' kirrrrr - kirrrrr - kirrrrr ' ; negging chicks ' seee - seee - seee '\n( brown , et al . , 1982 ) . the calls are usually high in pitch and soft .\nafrican pygymy falcons are carnivorous , with a diet consisting of mostly insects and lizards . smaller birds and certain rodents are also sometimes preyed on . occasionally these falcons will prey on weavers (\n) , can be considered parasitic or symbiotic , depending on the location . in the southwestern portion of their range , african pygymy falcons may protect social weavers from predators such as snakes , while gaining a safe area to raise young . white - headed buffalo weavers , in the northeastern part of their range , are more powerful than african pygymy falcons and receive no benefits from their presence . african pygymy falcons can be considered parasitic to white - headed buffalo weavers and considered a\nnest pirate\n. african pygymy falcons are major predators of insects and lizards and are a danger to smaller birds and rodents .\n( spotiswoode , et al . , 2004 ; brown , et al . , 1982 ; del hoyo , et al . , 1994 ; spotiswoode , et al . , 2004 )\nrarely intersects with humans due to the harsh climate that it lives in . the only real advantages to humans are ornithological study and birdwatching .\ndaniel davieau ( author ) , university of maryland , baltimore county , kevin omland ( editor , instructor ) , university of maryland , baltimore county .\nliving in sub - saharan africa ( south of 30 degrees north ) and madagascar .\nyoung are born in a relatively underdeveloped state ; they are unable to feed or care for themselves or locomote independently for a period of time after birth / hatching . in birds , naked and helpless after hatching .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .\nin deserts low ( less than 30 cm per year ) and unpredictable rainfall results in landscapes dominated by plants and animals adapted to aridity . vegetation is typically sparse , though spectacular blooms may occur following rain . deserts can be cold or warm and daily temperates typically fluctuate . in dune areas vegetation is also sparse and conditions are dry . this is because sand does not hold water well so little is available to plants . in dunes near seas and oceans this is compounded by the influence of salt in the air and soil . salt limits the ability of plants to take up water through their roots .\nanimals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature . endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia , although it may have arisen in a ( now extinct ) synapsid ancestor ; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities . convergent in birds .\noffspring are produced in more than one group ( litters , clutches , etc . ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ) . iteroparous animals must , by definition , survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ) .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .\nreproduction in which eggs are released by the female ; development of offspring occurs outside the mother ' s body .\nreferring to a mating system in which a female mates with several males during one breeding season ( compare polygynous ) .\nthe region of the earth that surrounds the equator , from 23 . 5 degrees north to 23 . 5 degrees south .\na terrestrial biome . savannas are grasslands with scattered individual trees that do not form a closed canopy . extensive savannas are found in parts of subtropical and tropical africa and south america , and in australia .\na grassland with scattered trees or scattered clumps of trees , a type of community intermediate between grassland and forest . see also tropical savanna and grassland biome .\na terrestrial biome found in temperate latitudes ( > 23 . 5\u00b0 n or s latitude ) . vegetation is made up mostly of grasses , the height and species diversity of which depend largely on the amount of moisture available . fire and grazing are important in the long - term maintenance of grasslands .\nkruger , o . , r . liversidge , j . lindstrom . 2002 . statistical modelling of the population dynamics of a raptor community in a semi - desert environment .\ndel hoyo , j . , a . elliot , j . sargatal . 1994 .\nto cite this page : davieau , d . 2008 .\npolihierax semitorquatus\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\ndistribution : mainly southern and central namibia including the orange river through to etosha national park .\ndiet : eats sand lizards , skinks and agamas but also takes large beetles and occasionally rodents . weaver nestlings are also taken .\ndescription : often confused with a variety of shrikes , even though they are slimmer with longer tails and a black facial mask .\nbreeding : uses nest chambers of sociable weavers instead of building own nest . females lay between 1 and 4 eggs incubated for around 30 days .\n3 days - two nights in the coastal town of swakopmund , this is the ideal get - away for those living or working in windhoek . includes a catamaran cruise on the walvis lagoon\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml + rdfa 1 . 0 / / en\nurltoken\nperegrine falcons eat other birds such as songbirds and ducks , as well as bats . they catch their prey in mid - air .\nthere are an estimated 1 , 650 breeding pairs in the united states and canada .\nthis bird is one of the most widely distributed species in the world . it is found on every continent except antarctica . it can survive in a wide variety of habitats including urban cities , the tropics , deserts and the tundra . some migrate long distances from their wintering areas to their summer nesting areas .\nperegrine falcons have adapted to living in many cities and make use of tall buildings that provide suitable ledges for nesting and depend on the large populations of pigeons and starlings in cities for food . they dive and catch their prey in mid - air . peregrines have few natural predators .\nperegrine falcons mate for life and breed in the same territory each year . the male courts the female for about one month , using aerial displays . they make a nest , or scrape , on ledges and in small caves located high on a cliff . some peregrine falcons will use man - made structures such as bridges and skyscrapers to nest .\nmating season : late march through may . gestation : 29 - 32 days for egg incubation . clutch size : 3 - 4 eggs . both the male and female incubate the eggs for about one month . the chicks start to fly in about 42 days , but are still dependent on their parents to learn how to hunt . peregrine falcons are very territorial during breeding season and will vigorously defend their nests .\nlength : 15 - 21 inches ( wingspan of 3 . 5 feet ) . weight : about 2 lbs . ; females are slightly larger than males . lifespan : 7 - 15 years ; some can live as long as 20 years .\nmsg & data rates may apply . text stop to opt out or help for info . no purchase necessary . expect 4 msgs / mo . terms and conditions\nthis species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is very large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : polihierax semitorquatus . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\noops ! it appears that you have disabled your javascript . in order for you to see this page as it is meant to appear , we ask that you please re - enable your javascript !\nit has two separate populations in sub - saharan africa , one extending from somalia through ethiopia and kenya to southern sudan and tanzania and the other in angola and southern africa in namibia , south - western botswana and the northern cape . here it ' s distribution is strongly linked to that of the sociable weaver , as it is uses their communal nests for roosting and nesting ( the northerly population has a similar relationship with buffalo - weavers ) . it generally favours open , arid habitats such as desert , dry savanna and open grassland with scattered camel thorns ( acacia erioloba ) .\nit mainly eats reptiles , insects and occasionally rodents , doing most of it ' s hunting from a high perch , gliding down to the ground and pouncing on its prey . it also hawks small birds aerially and raids the sociable weaver colonies it nests in , taking both adults and chicks . the following food items have been recorded in its diet :\nusually monogamous and territorial , although multiple breeding pairs may occupy a single colony of weavers .\nit usually uses a chamber of a large social weaver communal structure as a nest , either the sociable weaver or the red - billed bufallo - weaver . about a quarter of all sociable weaver nests have about 3 - 4 chambers which are allocated to the falcons for roosting and nesting . it may also use a stand - alone nest of non - communal bird , such as a white - browed sparrow - weaver , cape glossy or wattled starling .\negg - laying season is from august - march , peaking from october - november .\nit lays 1 - 4 eggs , which are mainly incubated by the female for about 27 - 31 days , while the male provides her with food .\nthe chicks are mainly fed by the female , although after fledging both parents provision them food . the young return to the nest regularly after fledging , making the nestling period difficult to determine ; it is though to be about 27 - 40 days .\nnot threatened , although the destruction of weaver nests might have decreased its numbers in the north - west province and free state , however the spread of utility structures has allowed both it and the sociable weaver to head into otherwise treeless areas , thus counteracting this .\nhockey par , dean wrj and ryan pg 2005 . roberts - birds of southern africa , viith ed . the trustees of the john voelcker bird book fund , cape town .\nthe national wildlife federation brings nature to life in the pages of our publications , inspiring people of all ages and reading levels to develop a deeper relationship with our natural world .\nto learn more about receiving magazines from the national wildlife federation , please visit our subscription page .\nour award - winning flagship publication blends spectacular photos with in - depth articles about wildlife .\nbringing the natural world to kids ages 7 to 12 , ranger rick includes exciting animal stories , beautiful photos , and fun puzzles and games .\ndazzling wildlife photos and simple , easy - to - follow text introduce kids ages 4 to 7 to the amazing world of animals .\na smaller size for tiny hands , cub encourages \u201clap time\u201d reading for kids ages 0 to 4 .\nthe national wildlife federation welcomes the news that epa administrator scott pruitt has stepped down from his position to allow new leadership for this critical agency .\nfind out what it means to source wood sustainably , and see how your favorite furniture brands rank based on their wood sourcing policies , goals , and practices .\nclimate change is allowing ticks to survive in greater numbers and expand their range\u2014influencing the survival of their hosts and the bacteria that cause the diseases they carry .\ntell your members of congress to save america ' s vulnerable wildlife by supporting the recovering america ' s wildlife act .\nyou don ' t have to travel far to join us for an event . attend an upcoming event with one of our regional centers or affiliates .\nin 4 seconds , you will be redirected to nwfactionfund . org , the site of the national wildlife action fund , a 501 ( c ) ( 4 ) organization .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nafter a very turbulent early season , there is some wonderful news out of the rochester falconcam today . the . . . read more\ntoday ' s new bird in our 17 - day - long birdorable bonanza is the american harpy eagle , a powerful raptor that can . . . read more\njust two more days - - we ' ve almost reached the end of birdorable bonanza 2011 . today ' s new bird species . . . read more\nif you think our birdorable birds are cute as adults , what about when they are babies ? below are . . . read more\nthe harris hawk is a bird of prey that lives from the southwestern united states to chile and . . . read more\nit is a sure sign of spring , here in florida , when the iconic outline of swallow - tailed kites can . . . read more\nhave questions ? please contact jack at jack @ urltoken or 307 / 699 - 5152 for a personal consultation .\nthe kikuyu escarpment forest lies 30 km north - north - west of nairobi , and covers the eastern slopes of the escarpment from about 2 , 700 m in the north - west ( bordering grassland at the edge of the kinangop plateau , to around 2 , 050 m in the east , where it borders agricultural land . the main block of forest ( sometimes called kieni ) lies either side of the kamae\u2013kieni\u2013thika road , and is bounded to the north by the chania river ; northwards it is continuous with the forest of the southern aberdare mountains . on the south - west , a narrow strip extends along the wall of the rift valley , beyond kijabe , down to c . 1 , 800 m . to the south , the forest has been much fragmented , and there are only scattered remnants towards its limits ( including the gatamaiyu forest , near uplands ) .\nthe human pressure on this forest has been increasing steadily over time . encroachment along the southern and western boundaries is intensifying , and at lower altitudes large parts have been destroyed . tree poaching has become rampant in the forest bordering the main kieni\u2013thika road , and in the southern remnants . it is evident that the forest department is able to exert very little control . the conservation value of the forest must be more widely recognized , and adequate effort put into policing and managing it\u2014preferably as a joint operation between forest department and kenya wildlife service under their memorandum of understanding . closer involvement of the surrounding communities in forest conservation is also needed : some progress has been made in this regard by an active iba site support group , the kijabe environment volunteers . this forest is close to nairobi , easily accessible , scenically attractive , has a wide range of interesting and unusual birds , and is already a favourite site for local and foreign birdwatchers . it has excellent potential for ecotourism .\nmuigwithania2 . 0 by muigwithania is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial - no derivative works 3 . 0 united states license . based on a work at urltoken . permissions beyond the scope of this license may be available at urltoken .\nerror : twitter did not respond . please wait a few minutes and refresh this page ."]}
+{"id": 2168, "summary": [{"text": "ascalenia semnostola is a moth in the cosmopterigidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by meyrick in 1897 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it was described from new south wales ( australia ) , but has also been recorded from south africa .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "this species feeds on acacia decurrens forming an elongate three-sided chamber with silk .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "the adults have a wingspan of 8-12mm . ", "topic": 9}], "title": "ascalenia semnostola", "paragraphs": ["ascalenia semnostola - urdu meaning and translation of ascalenia semnostola , translation , multiple word search ( seperate words with space ) , english to urdu machine translation of ascalenia semnostola and more .\nascalenia semnostola is a moth in the cosmopterigidae family . it was described by meyrick in 1897 . it was described from new south wales ( australia ) , but has also been recorded from south africa .\nhave a fact about ascalenia ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for ascalenia ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a fact about ascalenia plumbata ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for ascalenia plumbata ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a fact about ascalenia praediata ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for ascalenia praediata ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nzimbabwe , bulawayo , matopo national park , 28\u201330 . xi . 1993 , leg . w . mey & k . ebert .\nbengtsson b . a . 2014 . the afrotropical scythrididae . - esperiana memoir 7 : 1\u2013361 .\nthis species feeds on acacia decurrens forming an elongate three - sided chamber with silk . the adults have a wingspan of 8 - 12mm .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation ."]}
+{"id": 2183, "summary": [{"text": "the common river galaxias or canterbury galaxias ( galaxias vulgaris ) is a galaxiid fish of the genus galaxias , found only in canterbury , new zealand . ", "topic": 6}], "title": "common river galaxias", "paragraphs": ["common galaxias , galaxias maculatus . avon river , stratford , gippsland , victoria .\nkeywords : common bullies , ecology , longfin eels , selwyn river , styx river .\ncommon galaxias , galaxias maculatus . source : rudie h . kuiter / aquatic photographics . license : all rights reserved\nthe swan galaxias cannot coexist with introduced fish , particularly brown trout and redfin perch , and the native common jollytail galaxias maculatus .\nspotted galaxias ( galaxias truttaceus ) , common galaxias ( galaxias maculatus ) , freshwater flathead , tupong ( pseudaphritis urvillii ) and southern shortfin eel ( anguilla australis ) in fotheringate creek , flinders island , tasmania .\nbray , d . and gomon , m . ( 2015 ) galaxias maculatus common galaxias in museums victoria collections urltoken accessed 10 july 2018\ncommon galaxias and pygmy perch ( nannoperca ) in darlot creek , western victoria , april 2017 .\nglenelg shire - crawford river , ellengowan wetland - tyrendarra , fitzroy river , glenelg river , kangaroo creek , long swamp , shaw river , wannon river , bridgewater lakes , eumeralla river .\nvideo of common galaxias stranded in pools left by high spring tides in the lower reaches of the thurra river in croajingolong national park , victoria .\nkeywords : aesthetic quality , aesthetic values , aesthetics , canterbury rivers , halswell river , river flow preferences , selwyn river , waimakariri river .\nkeywords : ephemeral river , ephemeral river reach , flow levels , invertebrates , microbes , river flows , selwyn river , solutes , subsurface flowpaths .\nthe common galaxias is very widespread . it is found in australia , new zealand , patagonian south america and the falkland islands .\nkeywords : ecological , hydrologically complex , modelling , relationship , river characteristics , river flow , river recharge , runoff , selwyn river , water resource consent .\nnote : both the dwarf galaxias and little galaxias should be considered nationally endangered ( coleman et al 2015 ) .\nkeywords : avon river , banks peninsula streams , canterbury rivers , catchment map , cultural sites , ecological times , ellesmere area streams , ellesmere system , habitats , halswell river , hawkins , heathcote river , hororata river , irwell , kaituna river , long bay stream , maps , okuti river , rakaia river , selwyn river , significant sites , species , styx river , waianiwaniwa river , waterway threats .\nthe species grows to 19 cm but is more common to about 10 cm in length .\nthe common galaxias is usually found in still or slow - flowing waters like streams rivers and lakes . they feed on aquatic and terrestial insects and crustaceans .\nkeywords : control works , erosion , flood mitigation , flooding , modification , river characteristics , rivers , selwyn river , waimakariri river .\nkeywords : alluvial plain system , groundwater , modelling , selwyn river , selwyn river basin .\nriver flow controls ecological processes and invertebrate assemblages in subsurface flowpaths of an ephemeral river reach .\nwellington shire - bruthen creek deep creek north of yarram , dingo creek , flooding creek , latrobe river , merriman creek , monkey creek , perry river , sale common , long waterhole - longford .\nkeywords : alpine rivers , ashley , avon river , biomass , chlorophyll a concentration , dissolved reactive phosphorus , drp , flows , foothill river , nitrogen , nutrient , periphyton , periphyton biomass , periphyton chlorophyll river flow , rakaia , regulation , selwyn river , spring fed river , waimakariri river .\nkeywords : dolomedes aquaticus , fishing spider , future , impacts , low flows , low river flow , predictions , riparian fishing spider , river drying , river flow , selwyn river , spatial distribution .\nkeywords : ephemeral river , ephemeral waterways , inundation , invertebrate , microbes , responses , selwyn river .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nheavily - infected fish are weak and slow - moving , making them an easy target for predators . galaxiids ( minnows ) , particularly the common galaxias , are often infected by ligula .\nshort resource summary : [ hide ] this article looks at longfin eels and common bullies collected from the selwyn river and styx river in canterbury and a study was carried out determining the different interactions between the two species .\nclearing and plantation practices also posses a threat to the habitat of dwarf galaxias and little galaxias through reduced water yields ( saddlier et al . 2006 ) .\nkeywords : abstraction , alluvial river , benchmark , flow rates , increasing demand , river system , selwyn river , system , undammed , variable flow , water demand .\ngreek , galaxias , ou = a kind of fish ( ref . 45335 )\nimpacts of longfin eels ( anguilla dieffenbachii ) on the behaviour of common bullies ( gobiomorphus cotidianus ) held in captivity .\nplease contribute information regarding the dwarf galaxias - observations , images or projects . contact swifft\nthe known range of the swan galaxias includes headwater streams in eastern tasmania in the swan river and macquarie river catchments , and between upper st pauls river in the north and rocka rivulet in the south ( see distribution map , above ) . the potential range for the swan galaxias may include other as yet un - surveyed streams in the tamar catchment .\nhill and waikakahi streams , awakino river , otekaieke river , maerewhenua river , and welcome creek / whakapapa ariki ) flow into the main stream . collectively these tributaries , which have peak flows in winter , provide two percent of the river flow\u2026\nkeywords : catchment characteristics , geology , glaciation , homogenous , landscape change , landscape evolution , moraine , physiographic history , propositions , river course , river path , selwyn catchment , selwyn river , selwyn river catchment , shingle fans , stream erosion .\nshort resource summary : [ hide ] this paper uses the selwyn river as a case study of an ephemeral river reach and considers the way different river flows influence ecological processes occurring in the waterway .\nkeywords : benthic invertebrates , flowing permanence , flowing water , river characteristics , selwyn river , suface - subsurface exchange , water present .\nlittle galaxias - galaxiella toourtkoourt . male ( top ) and female . image : michael hammer .\nkeywords : brown trout , canterbury galaxias , fish , persistence , refugia , selwyn river , spatial distribution , spatial patterns , surveys , upland bullies , upland bully .\ndwarf galaxias galaxiella pusilla female ( upper ) and male . image : rudie kuiter , aquatic photographics .\ntoxoplasma gondii is a common zoonotic parasite of mammals , including people , and birds . studies have found that toxoplasma is common and widely distributed among native animals in western australia . 1 the parasite is genetically highly variable with many different strains that vary in how much damage they cause to the host .\nlittle galaxias - galaxiella toourtkoourt is now known to occur from the upper barwon river system near barwon downs , victoria , west to the cortina lakes , near the coorong , south australia . the common name little galaxias is based on it being the smallest species in the galaxiidae . the scientific name toourtkoourt is from the australian indigenous language groups tjapwurrung , korn kopan noot , and peekwurrung , meaning \u2018little fish in freshwater\u2019 ( coleman et al . 2015 ) .\nnumbers of selected fish species collected in the four river stretches and their percent occurrence ( in parentheses ) . dominant species for each river stretch are boldfaced .\nnew distribution of little galaxias includes areas west of dotted line . ( based on colman et al . 2015 )\nboth dwarf galaxias and little galaxias occur through a variety of different land tenures e . g . national parks , urban reserves , state forest , heritage rivers and private land / other tenures . these different land / water tenures divide the responsibility of the dwarf galaxias and little galaxias habitat to the corresponding agencies or individual stakeholders which could interfere with the implementation of future management actions . in victoria , 42 locations have been identified as important areas for management actions .\ncharacteristics and substrate type . we surveyed \ue0bfshes in four 1 - km long river\nin a large southeastern brazil river . hydrobiologia , 556 : 69 - 83 .\naquatic invertebrate community structure along an intermittence gradient : selwyn river , new zealand .\nlow river flow alters the biomass and population structure of a riparian predatory invertebrate .\nthe selwyn river of new zealand : a benchmark system for alluvial plain rivers .\n' like a fish out of water ' : life in a disappearing river .\nthe common galaxias can be recognised by a combination of characters that include an elongate body , dorsal and anal fins located opposite each other at the posterior of the body and a forked tail . its colouration ranges from green to amber , with a variable covering of spots and blotches .\nprimarily fed by the the upper waitaki , an additional 2 % of water flow comes from the hakataramea river , elephant hill and waikakahi streams , awakino river , otekaieke river , maerewhenua river , welcome creek / whakapapa ariki , and wainono lagoon and its tributaries including the waihao and hook rivers and the makikihi and otaio rivers .\nkeywords : annual , banks peninsula , biotic health , coes ford , foothill river , habitat health , habitat trend analysis , health , inter - montane basin , lowland river , macroinvertebrate , mountain fed rivers , river classification , trends , wadeable streams .\nin australian waters , common galaxias inhabit temperate coastal flowing streams and rivers east and south of the great dividing range , from brisbane , queensland , to albany , western australia . the species also occurs on flinders island and king island , bass strait , and is widespread at low elevations in tasmania .\nmartin f . gomon & dianne j . bray , galaxias maculatus in fishes of australia , accessed 10 jul 2018 , urltoken\nkeywords : brown trout , hydrology , management , recreation , selwyn river , trout .\nmclean , f . , s . e . swearer & n . c . barbee . 2007 . the role of olfaction in the avoidance of native versus non - native predators by recruits of the common galaxiid , galaxias maculatus . new zealand journal of marine and freshwater research 41 : 175 - 184 .\ndwarf galaxias galaxiella pusilla is now only known from the mitchell river basin near bairnsdale , west to dandenong creek near melbourne in victoria , flinders island in bass strait and north - eastern and north - western tasmania .\ncontrol of predator / competitor species ; stocking of species such as trout and redfin should be avoided where dwarf galaxias are known to occur and where feasible species such as gambusia and redfin should be reduced from habitats where populations of dwarf galaxias are under threat .\ndwarf galaxias galaxiella pusilla - is now only known from the mitchell river basin near bairnsdale , west to dandenong creek near melbourne in victoria , flinders island in bass strait and north - eastern and north - western tasmania .\nfishes in the slovak section of the river danube . j appl ichthyol 21 : 345\u2013349 .\nkeywords : air exposure , leaf litter , selwyn river , submerged , terrestrial leaf litter .\nkeywords : contact recreation , contact recreation guideline , contamination , management , microbial water quality , recreation , recreational use , selwyn river , waimakariri river , water quality , water quality .\nhydrological aspects of brown trout management in the selwyn river system , canterbury , new zealand .\nkeywords : 7dmalf , abstractions , allocation , isohydal map , low flows , naturalising river flows , regression equations , selwyn river , seven - day mean annual low flow , water availability .\nthe dwarf galaxias is considered vulnerable in victoria due to threats which have significantly impacted upon its distribution and abundance and the continuation of threats such as habitat destruction and potential predation from introduced species which are likely to lead to extinction . it was recommended for listing under the flora & fauna guarantee act 1988 in 1991 . coleman et al . 2015 recommend both the dwarf galaxias and little galaxias should be considered nationally \u2018endangered\u2019\nstudy area , guandu river , indicating the four sampled stretches . wtp , water treatment plant .\nthe aesthetic value of river flows : an assessment of flow preferences for large and small rivers .\nshort resource summary : [ hide ] this journal article looks at the selwyn river and uses it as a \u2018benchmark system\u2019 to exemplify an undammed alluvial river which is under increasing pressure to increase abstraction quantities . the selwyn river system is overviewed , along with the ongoing monitoring programme being implemented .\nkeywords : causes , coes ford , low flows , low flows , selwyn river , trends .\nbeyond the dwarf galaxias\u2019s immediate habitat , damage to streamside vegetation within the catchment can lead to increased run off , sedimentation , flow of chemicals and nutrients from the land into the water which can impact on the dwarf galaxias habitat even though these impacts may be some distance away .\nother critical habitat which is often utilised by the dwarf galaxias , particularly in extended dry conditions are areas which naturally connect wetlands to a river or creek ( saddlier et al . 2006 ) . the dwarf galaxias has a remarkable capacity to travel great distances overland between different pools , provided there is flowing water of no less than 2cm deep connecting these pools ( beck 1985 ) .\nkeywords : benthic , benthic invertebrates , ephemeral waterways , flow duration , flow duration , intermittent flow , invertebrate , location , perennial - losing , perrennial - gaining , river habitat , selwyn river .\nshort resource summary : [ hide ] this article uses the selwyn river as an example of a hydrologically complex river to determine the relationships between runoff , recharge and river flow . understanding the relationships between the different river characteristics is useful for water resource developments and for determining the impact that different hydrological characteristics have on ecological processes . linear and logistic models were used for the purpose of this study .\n) in the rhine river . tagungsband der deutschen gesellschaft f\u00fcr protozoologie und parasitologie 2010 : 244 p .\nnatural variation in immersion and emersion affects breakdown and invertebrate colonization of leaf litter in a temporary river .\nmean annual low flow ( seven day ) and mean flow mapping for the upper selwyn river catchment .\nkeywords : dams , demand , groundwater , irrigation , resource management , selwyn river , surface water .\njung , c . a . , n . c . barbee & s . e . swearer 2009 . post - settlement migratory behaviour and growth - related costs in two diadromous fish species , galaxias maculatus and galaxias brevipinnis . journal of fish biology 75 ( 3 ) : 503 - 515 .\nto avoid increasing the risk of population extinction \u2013 do not carry out any activities which could enable these fish to enter streams supporting the swan galaxias .\nthis species complex has always been assessed as a single species , and therefore no conservation actions specifically target this species . some of the taxa within this complex will benefit from river health monitoring and the planned river rehabilitation programs on the krom and rondegat rivers ( cederberg ) and the krom river ( eastern cape ) .\nshort resource summary : [ hide ] this article looks at the selwyn river and the different benthic invertebrates that were witnessed at four different locations along the river . this allowed for the relationship between the various river habitat conditions ( i . e . flow duration ) and the different species present to be commented on .\nto what extent are the fish compositions of a regulated river related to physico - chemical variables . . .\n( p = 93 . 0 % ) in the danube river . nachev et al . ( 2010 )\nriver research and applications . vol . 24 . # 1 . page ( s ) 1 - 21 .\nwhere the lowland section of the river starts to braid . the video above shows how badly the river is affected by introduced weed species including willow and gorse . some islands have been cleared of weeds as part of an\nin order to recognise the species if it occurs on your property , learn to identify the swan galaxias . if in doubt , seek expert assistance with identification .\nkeywords : agriculture , broom , gorse , nitrate , nitrogen , nitrogen fixing , riparian zones , selwyn river .\nshort resource summary : [ hide ] this article uses five new zealand rivers , including the selwyn river to investigate the influence of low river flows on the riparian fishing spider , dolomedes aqauticus . this was undertaken as part of a consideration of the impacts of river drying which is expected to increase in extent and severity in the future .\ninvertebrate and microbial responses to inundation in an ephemeral river reach in new zealand : effects of preceding dry periods .\nto avoid loss of remaining populations \u2013 do not construct dams or other water storages in locations where these may lead to loss of trout barriers to swan galaxias populations .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 19 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 44894 ) ; common length : 10 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5259 )\nidentifying cultural service values of a small river in the agricultural landscape of canterbury , new zealand , using combined methods .\nkeywords : ecosystems , fish , fish species , freshwater , habitat , intermittent flow , selwyn river , wetted area .\nlake ellesmere water management plan : age and size of the selwyn river brown trout spawning runs , 1912 - 1987 .\nshort resource summary : [ hide ] this thesis was submitted as part of a master of science at the university of canterbury and looks at brown trout management in the selwyn river as related to hydrological characteristics . it includes a description of the selwyn river characteristics and an overview of recommendations for how to improve the quality of the trout fishery in the river .\nshort resource summary : [ hide ] this niwa powerpoint presentation looks at the selwyn river , new zealand and presents an overview of the selwyn river and catchment . a study was undertaken to gather baseline data on the river and to conduct sampling and experiments to do so . this presentation includes some of the data gathered and depicts the process of doing so .\njowett , i . g . & j . richardson . 1995 . habitat preferences of common , riverine new zealand native fishes and implications for flow management . new zealand journal of marine and freshwater research , 29 : 13 - 23 . [ links ]\ngalaxias maculatu s has one of the world ' s largest natural distributions for a freshwater fish . it is known australia , new zealand and the southern tip of south america .\nmountain , coastal and lowland streams of the cape floristic region from tributaries of the gamtoos and krom river systems in the east to the cederberg mountains ( olifants river system ) in the west ( western and eastern cape provinces of south africa ) .\n( andrusov , 1897 ) in the main river ( germany ) . aquatic invasions 2 , 3 : 261\u2013264 . available :\nkeywords : biofilm quality , biofilms , groundwater , groundwater biofilms , nutrient concentration , nutrient gradient , nutrients , selwyn river .\nkeywords : aquifer structure , artificial aquifer recharge , artificial discharge , geology , groundwater , groundwater abstraction , groundwater recharge , hydrogeological investigations , inter - aquifer recharge , land use change , land use intensification , modelling , piezometric data , rainfall recharge , rakaia catchment , rakaia river , raw data , recharge , river characteristics , river - aquifer interaction , selwyn catchment , selwyn river , selwyn - rakaia groundwater , surface - groundwater interface , transmissivity , water abstraction , water availability , water balance .\nkeywords : baseline , baseline data , cross - section , ephemeral channel , ephemeral river , flow monitoring , flow path , groundwater level , intermittent flow , monitoring , perennial - losing , piezometers , sampling , selwyn river , trends , well monitoring .\nflora & fauna guarantee act 1988 ; action statement no . 258 dwarf galaxias galaxiella pusilla , 2015 , department of environment , land , water & planning , victoria . view as pdf\nto avoid inundation of habitat , alteration of water flow regimes and breaching of barriers to introduced fish \u2013 avoid construction of water storages in or near known populations of the swan galaxias .\n( pallas , 1814 ) ( gobiidae ) in the longitudinal profile of the danube river . j appl ichthyol 27 : 879\u2013886 .\nkeywords : empirical longitudinal flow model , flow estimation , flow frequencies , flow magnitude , longitudinal study , selwyn river , trends .\nshort resource summary : [ hide ] this paper outlines a study undertaken to assess flow regime requirements for the lower selwyn river . minimum residual flows , seasonal flow requirements and a flow regime required to maintain and sustain instream values on the river is included .\nbecause riparian vegetation is utilised by the dwarf galaxias as both habitat and a food source it is important to maintain the integrity of wetland and streamside vegetation . damage to this vital resource by clearing or uncontrolled stock access damages habitat and increases the risk of sedimentation and deterioration of water quality . drainage of wetlands that are capable of supporting populations of dwarf galaxias reduces the population viability .\nkeywords : aquifer characteristics , aquifers , aquifers , dairy expansion , farming , farming practices , future management , geology , geomorphology , geomorphology , groundwater , groundwater , groundwater age , groundwater ages , groundwater chemistry , groundwater demand , groundwater flow , groundwater recharge , groundwater recharge , groundwater - surface water interface , hororata river , hororata river , hydrology , hydrology , intensive farming , intensive land use , irrigation , irrigation , land surface activities , land use change , management , nitrate - nitrogen , oxygen - 18 , piezometric contours , recharge , recharge sources , river gaugings , selwyn catchment , selwyn plains , selwyn river , selwyn river , spring - fed , springs , surface water , upper selwyn catchment , upper selwyn plains , waianiwaniwa river , water chemistry , water levels , water quality , water quantity .\nsaddlier s , jackson j , hammer m , 2006 , draft recovery plan for dwarf galaxias , galaxiella pusilla ( mack ) 2005 \u2013 2009 , department of sustainability and environment , heidelberg , victoria .\n) ( cottidae ) from the st . clair river and lake st . clair , michigan , usa . folia parasit 44 : 1\u20136 .\necosystem health monitoring programme november - december 2006 and site specific habitat trend analysis 2000 \u2013 2006 . study of selwyn river at coes ford .\nhale , r . & s . e . swearer . 2008 . otolith microstructural and microchemical changes associated with settlement in the diadromous fish galaxias maculatus . marine ecology progress series 354 : 229 - 234 .\neducation and awareness ; raising community awareness and working with landholders to protect dwarf galaxias habitat through retention of wetlands , protection of riparian zones and control of fertilizer run off assists with conservation of this species .\nlatrobe city - loy yang creek , moe contour drain , morwell river wetlands , wades creek , waterhole creek swamp , triutary of boyds creek .\nsantos , a . b . i . , b . f . terra & f . g . ara\u00fajo . 2010 . fish assemblage in a dammed tropical river an analysis along the longitudinal and temporal gradients from river to reservoir . zoologia , 27 : 732 - 740 . [ links ]\n( guenther , 1861 ) ( osteichthyes , gobiidae ) from the danube river in austria . diploma thesis , university of wien : 47 p .\nstreams supporting the swan galaxias are all protected from trout invasion by some form of barrier ( waterfall , marsh , small channel ) , and maintaining these barriers to trout movements is vital in protecting the populations .\nshort resource summary : [ hide ] this report looks at the selwyn river and investigates the brown trout spawning runs present in the river . data from 1912 to 1987 was analysed and used to determine any changes or trends that have occurred in regards to the age and size ( growth ) of the brown trout in the river . the raw data utilised for the purposes of this report is included in tables at the back of this resource\nkeywords : algal bloom , benthic algae , benthic cyanobacteria , benthic cyanobacteria , benthic taxa , cyanobacteria , health risk , lake ellesmere , lake forsyth , nodularia , phormidium autumnale , sampling , scytonema , selwyn river , surface water quality , taxonomy , the groynes , waimakariri river , water quality .\nshort resource summary : [ hide ] focusing on aesthetic value , this paper looks at the various preferences for river flow levels for eight different sized rivers . a survey was carried out to determine what the desired flow level was for each river and the results are presented in this journal article .\nshort resource summary : [ hide ] this journal article looks at the selwyn river as an example of an ephemeral river in new zealand and investigated the invertebrate and microbial responses to changes in the level of inundation ( where there is a shift from a terrestrial ecosystem to an aquatic ecosystem ) .\nkeywords : base flow , calcium , chemical analysis , dissolved reactive phosphorous , flow rate , median conditions , median flow , new zealand rivers , potassium , raw data , rivers , selwyn river , sodium , surface water , temperature , turbidity , waimakariri river , water chemistry , water quality .\njowett , i . g . 2002 . in - stream habitat suitability criteria for feeding inanga ( galaxias maculatus ) . new zealand journal of marine and freshwater research , 36 : 399 - 407 . [ links ]\nterra , b . f . , a . b . i . santos & f . g . ara\u00fajo . 2010 . fish assemblage in a dammed tropical river : an analysis along the longitudinal and temporal gradients from river to reservoir . neotropical ichthyology , 8 : 599 - 606 . [ links ]\nshort resource summary : [ hide ] this report presents the mapping of 7 - day mean annual flows for the upper tributaries of the selwyn river .\nto avoid introduction of exotic fish to waters currently free from these species \u2013 do not carry out any activities , including active stocking , which could lead to the establishment of introduced fish in streams supporting the swan galaxias .\nberra , t . m . , l . crowley , w . ivantsoff & p . a . fuerst . 1996 . galaxias maculatus : an explanation of its biogeography . mar . freshw . res . 47 : 845\u2013849 .\npollard , d . a . 1972 . the biology of a landlocked form of the normally catadromous salmoniform fish galaxias maculatus ( jenyns ) . iv . nutritional cycle . australian journal of marine and freshwater research 23 : 39\u201348 .\nin the murray - darling basin the species is known from lake alexandrina and lake albert near the murray river mouth to about mannum on the lower murray and streams of the mt lofty ranges in south australia . the species is thought to have been introduced into the wimmera , loddon and campaspe river catchments in victoria .\nshort resource summary : [ hide ] this article looks at the selwyn river with its intermittent flow which is a difficult habitat for aquatic creatures to reside in . it offers some answers on how fish and other species survive in a river which may only be wetted for as little as 30 % of the year .\nkeywords : agricultural development , border dyke irrigaiton , canterbury groundwater , central plains , geological data , groundwater , groundwater quantity , groundwater recharge , irrigation , irrigation efficiency , irrigation recharge , land use intensification , rainfall recharge , rakaia river , recharge depths , selwyn river , spray irrigation , water infiltration , water table .\nbarbee , n . c . & s . e . swearer . 2007 . characterizing natal source population signatures in the diadromous fish , galaxias maculatus , using embryonic otolith chemistry . marine ecology progress series 343 : 273 - 282 .\nmcdowall , r . m . 1972 . the species problem in freshwater fishes and the taxonomy of diadromous and lacustrine populations of galaxias maculatus ( jenyns ) . j . r . soc . n . z . 2 : 325\u2013367 .\nthe loss of geocherax sp . through predation , change in hydrological flows and habitat loss is a key threatening process to the dwarf galaxias . the reliance of the geocherax sp . burrows for refuge in dry times and for protection from other species consequently means that this species of yabbie and its subsequent requirements such as diet must also be maintained to prevent the extinction of the dwarf galaxias ( beck 1985 , saddlier et al . 2006 , threatened species section 2006 ) .\nkeywords : aesthetic , aesthetic values , agricultural development , agriculture , choice experiment , cultural service , ecosystem service , habitat , intensive agriculture , irrigation , land use change , land use intensification , lower selwyn river , management , q method , recreation , selwyn river , spirit recreational values , spiritual values , value , values .\nchessman , b . c . & williams , w . d . 1975 . salinity tolerance and osmoregulatory ability of galaxias maculatus ( jenyns ) ( pisces , salmoniformes , galaxiidae ) . freshw . biol . 5 : 135 - 140 .\npollard , d . a . 1971 . the biology of a landlocked form of the normally catadromous salmoniform fish galaxias maculatus ( jenyns ) . i . life cycle and origin . australian journal of marine and freshwater research 22 : 91\u2013123 .\npollard , d . a . 1971 . the biology of a landlocked form of the normally catadromous salmoniform fish galaxias maculatus ( jenyns ) . ii . morphology and systematic relationships . australian journal of marine and freshwater research 22 : 125\u2013137 .\npollard , d . a . 1972 . the biology of a landlocked form of the normally catadromous salmoniform fish galaxias maculatus ( jenyns ) . iii . structure of the gonads . australian journal of marine and freshwater research 23 : 17\u201338 .\npollard , d . a . 1973 . the biology of a landlocked form of the normally catadromous salmoniform fish galaxias maculatus ( jenyns ) . v . composition of the diet . australian journal of marine and freshwater research 24 : 281\u2013295 .\n. . . lts of river sounding on mahakam river , especially in the location of fish and shrimp sampling as well as water sampling showed that the water depth ranges between 6 . 0 - 11 . 0 m . the detailed profile of measured river is presented infigure 3and 4 . generally , species of fish can live in various places , but they , specifically , occupy a particular place . costa et al . ( 2013 ) caught 1223 fishes of seven species in four rivers with different depths ( > 8 m ) and wide range of conditions . 70 % of the fishes were caught from river with depth of < 4 m and had a weight of 64 % of overall weight . lakra et al . ( 2010 ) added that the species richness of river fish with hydrology attributes positively correlated to the depth . . .\nshort resource summary : [ hide ] this article presents the chemical analysis results of a survey of 96 rivers across new zealand sampled in 1987 to determine their base flow ( median conditions ) . sampled three times , the rivers included the selwyn river and waimakariri river . appendix one of includes the raw data gathered from this sampling project .\nshort resource summary : [ hide ] this 1950\u2019s thesis looks at the selwyn river catchment , describing both its nature and origin . the geology of the area is detailed in this thesis and three theories or propositions are justified and explained by the author . these propositions include but are not limited to the proposition that until ice modified the selwyn river valley the whole catchment could have had a homogenous physiographic history and that the selwyn river course has been determined by shingle fans originating from other larger , nearby rivers .\ntypical dwarf galaxias habitat ; shallow wetland connected to a creek . wetland containing species such juncus , persecaria , phragmites , triglochin and typha . melaleuca trees are also a dominant feature of the vegetation community at some sites . image : daniel stoessel .\nthe dwarf galaxias is a generalist carnivore that feeds mainly on zooplankton , where planktonic crustaceans and chironomids can be the main sources of their diets but they have also been observed feeding on filamentous algae ( cadwallader & backhouse 1983 , humphries 1986 ) .\nkeywords : brown trout , fish , fish characteristics , fish stock , patterns , selwyn river , spawning runs , surface water , trends , trout age , trout size .\nwe conducted fish sampling and environmental measurements in four 1 - km long river stretches in two ( winter / dry and summer / wet ) seasons during two years ( 2010 and 2011 ) . seven evenly spaced longitudinal sections were established as the sampling sites along each 1 - km river stretch . each river stretch encompassed different mesohabitats , such as runs , riffles , and pools ( table 1 ) . the sampling design comprised a total of 112 samples ( 2 seasons \u00d7 2 years \u00d7 4 stretches \u00d7 7 sections ) .\npollard , d . a . 1974 . the biology of a landlocked form of the normally catadromous salmoniform fish galaxias maculatus ( jenyns ) vi . effects of cestode and nematode parasites . australian journal of marine and freshwater research 25 : 105 - 120 .\nwaters , j . m . & c . p . burridge . 1999 . extreme intraspecific mitochondrial dna divergence in galaxias maculatus ( osteichthyes : galaxiidae ) , one of the world\u2019s most widespread freshwater fish . mol . phylogenet . evol . 11 : 1\u201312 .\njowett , i . g . 1989 . river hydraulic and habitat simulation , rhyhabsim computer manual . ministry of agriculture and fisheries , new zealand fisheries miscellaneous report 49 . [ links ]\nmaitland , p . s . 1965 . the distribution , life cycle , and predators of ephemerella ignita ( poda ) in the river endrick , scotland . oikos 16 : 48\u201357 .\n, which apparently serve as second intermediate hosts in the river rhine , get infected by oral intake of the first intermediate hosts . specified final hosts are bird species of the family laridae\nchapman , a . , morgan , d . l . & gill , h . s . 2009 . description of the larval development of galaxias maculatus in landlocked lentic and lotic systems in western australia . new zealand journal of marine and freshwater research 43 : 563\u2013569 .\ncochran , p . a . and d . r . mcconville . 1983 . feeding by trionyx spiniferus in backwaters of the upper mississippi river . j . herpetol . 17 : 82\u201386 .\nsac ( scientific advisory committee ) , 1991 , final recommendation on a nomination for listing : galaxiella pusilla ( mack , 1936 ) \u2013 dwarf galaxias ( nomination no . 141 ) , scientific advisory committee , flora and fauna guarantee , department of conservation and environment , melbourne .\nbernauer d , jansen w ( 2006 ) recent invasions of alien macroinvertebrates and loss of native species in the upper rhine river , germany . aquatic invasions 1 , 2 : 55\u201371 . available :\nparasites of the recently established round goby ( neogobius melanostomus ) and tubenose goby ( proterorhinus marmoratus ) ( cottidae ) from the st . clair river and lake st . clair , michigan , usa\nglova , g . j . , p . m . sagar and i . n\u00e4slund . 1992 . interaction for food and space between populations of galaxias vulgaris stokell and juvenile salmo trutta l . in a new zealand stream . j . fish . biol . 41 : 909\u2013925 .\na review of the dwarf galaxias galaxiella pusilla in 2015 has resulted in the description of two distinct species across what was previously considered one species . the revised distribution of galaxiella pusilla s . s . has reduced its range by approximately 60 % ( coleman et al . 2015 ) .\nmonitoring ; all critical populations of dwarf galaxias should be monitored and their habitats also monitored for quality ( both water and vegetation ) and habitat quantities ( beck 1985 , koster 2003 , saddlier et al . 2006 ) . this is being carried out through an on - going monitoring program .\ncadwallader , p . l . 1975b . feeding relationships of galaxiids , bullies , eels and trout in a new zealand river . aust . j . mar . freshw . res . 26 : 299\u2013316 .\nsome remarks on parasitic infections of the invasive neogobius spp . ( pisces ) in the hungarian reaches of the danube river , with a description of goussia szekelyi sp . n . ( apicomplexa : eimeriidae )\nhicks , a . , n . c . barbee , s . e . swearer & b . j . downes . 2010 . estuarine geomorphology and low salinity requirement for fertilisation influence spawning site location in the diadromous fish , galaxias maculatus . marine and freshwater research 61 : 1252 - 1258 .\nthe dwarf galaxias is thought to be an annual species , where adults die after spawning . therefore it is vital to have successful recruitment each year , or severe declines in populations will occur , potentially leading to the extinction in certain areas ( humphries 1986 , saddlier et al . 2006 ) .\nfuller , r . l . and k . w . stewart . 1977 . the food habits of stoneflies ( plecoptera ) in the upper gunnison river , colorado . environ . ent . 6 : 293\u2013302 .\nshort resource summary : [ hide ] this article uses the lower selwyn river basin as a case study to assess whether a 1 - d model would be suitable to an alluvial plain system in new zealand .\nbecker , a . , laurenson , l . j . b . , jones , p . l . & newman , d . m . 2005 . competitive interactions between the australian native fish galaxias maculatus and the exotic mosquitofish gambusia holbrooki , in a series of laboratory experiments . hydrobiologia 549 : 187\u2013196 .\nhickford , m . j . h . , cagnon , m . & schiel , d . r . 2010 . predation , vegetation and habitat - specific survival of terrestrial eggs of a diadromous fish , galaxias maculatus ( jenyns , 1842 ) . journal of experimental marine biology and ecology 385 : 66\u201372 .\nthe recent and remarkable hydrologic changes in the guandu system , with the introduction of an additional water discharge of 160 m 3 s - 1 , the withdrawal of 47 m 3 s - 1 , may have influenced habitat availability , among other physical constraints , most likely affecting fish distributions throughout the river . according to poff ( 1997 ) , each aquatic system has peculiar characteristics that act as filters to determine which species are apt to occupy the habitats , and the patterns of abundance and distribution are a result of the ways in which the species adjust to local environmental conditions . the strong fish - habitat relationship observed in this study suggests that hydraulic and substrate variables are important environmental filters affecting the guandu river . although our findings are specific to the guandu river basin , the patterns of preferences observed may be consistent and transferable to other neotropical river basins .\nshort resource summary : [ hide ] this journal article uses the selwyn river as a case study for looking at terrestrial leaf litter and how this relates to the proportion of time spent submerged or exposed to air .\nshort resource summary : [ hide ] this report contains information on a number of different rivers in canterbury . for each river a description and overview is given , the important species and habitats are identified , along with important sites . threats to the waterway are also listed , as well as the significant ecological times throughout the year . a map of each river and its catchment , with the identified significant sites is also included .\nchapman , a . , morgan , d . l . , beatty , s . j . & gill , h . s . 2006 . variation in life history of land - locked lacustrine and riverine populations of galaxias maculatus ( jenyns 1842 ) in western australia . environmental biology of fishes 77 : 21\u201337 .\nmayflies are ubiquitous in freshwater environments . as a result , they are a common and important component in the flow of energy through ecosystems , both aquatic and terrestrial . many predators include mayflies on their menu of organisms consumed including invertebrates , vertebrates and at least one plant . this paper examines the diversity of organisms that consume mayflies . some of the more interesting aspects of this predation are discussed . a list of 224 predators is included as a table .\nsubstrate preferences of seven dominant native fish species in the guandu river . type of substrate : 1 , clay ; 2 , mud ; 3 , sand ; 4 , boulder / cobble / gravel ; 5 , bedrock .\ncopp , g . h . 1990 . effect of regulation on 0 + fish recruitment in the great ouse , a lowland river . regulated rivers : research & management , 5 : 251 - 263 . [ links ]\nfuller , r . l . and k . w . stewart . 1979 . stonefly ( plecoptera ) food habits and prey preference in the dolores river , colorado . amer . midl . natural . 101 : 170\u2013181 .\nshort resource summary : [ hide ] this report summarises data from the annual health monitoring programme of canterbury\u2019s wadeable streams and rivers gathered between 2000 and 2006 . it includes a study of the selwyn river at coes ford .\nfuller , r . l . and h . b . n . hynes . 1987 . feeding ecology of three predacious aquatic insects and two fish in a riffle of the speed river , ontario . hydrobiologia 150 : 243\u2013255 .\nlavandier , p . 1982 . larval development , feeding and production of isoperla viridinervis pictet ( plecoptera , perlodidae ) in a cold river in the high mountains . ann . limnol . 18 : 301\u2013318 . ( in french )\nshort resource summary : [ hide ] the selwyn river is used as the basis of the research presented in this journal article which looks at the onsite response of groundwater biofilms positioned in monitoring wells to changes in nutrients levels .\n7 - page pdf file that includes maps , habitat types , and threats relevant to this river . this document was extracted from forest & bird\u2019s 177 - page 20mb file on all rivers , lakes , and coastal areas .\nhabitat for the swan galaxias includes the following elements : streams generally in forested country , with low gradient and range in size from extremely small , spring - fed streams to large rivers . streams occupied by healthy populations are protected from trout invasion and establishment by some form of barrier ( waterfall , marsh , variable flow ) .\nbernauer d , jansen w ( 2006 ) recent invasions of alien macroinvertebrates and loss of native species in the upper rhine river , germany . aquatic invasions 1 , 2 : 55\u201371 . available : urltoken . accessed 05 june 2012 .\nshort resource summary : [ hide ] this article looks at the proportion of time that flowing water is present in water bodies and how this influences benthic invertebrates . the selwyn river was used as a case study for this research .\na small slender , elongate olive - grey to amber galaxias with irregular darker spots or blotches on the back and sides , a slightly forked tail , and the anal - fin origin directly below the dorsal - fin origin . the eyes , gill covers and belly are silvery - olive to white , and the fins are translucent .\ndenoncourt , c . e . and j . r . stauffer , jr . 1993 . feeding selectivity of the american eel anguilla rostrata ( lesueur ) in the upper delaware river . amer . midl . natural . 129 : 301\u2013308 .\nshort resource summary : [ hide ] this article looks at the nitrogen fixing capabilities of different vegetation along riparian areas . the selwyn river is used as a case study with the source of nitrogen into the waterway and surrounding soils examined .\nsarcoptic mange , or scabies , is a well - known threat to the health of endangered or isolated wildlife populations . 51 in southeast australia , common wombats ( vombatus ursinus ) are under threat from sarcoptes scabei var . wombati , a variant of scabies which occurs throughout their home range . 52 this has the potential to severely reduce local wombat numbers , and threaten the survival of small isolated populations . scientists have strong evidence that this variant of scabies came from humans and domestic dogs . 53\nmcdowall , r . m . , m . r . main , d . w . west and g . l . lyon . 1996 . terrestrial and benthic foods in the diet of the shorjawed kokopu , galaxias postvectis clarke ( teleostei : galaxiidae ) . n . z . j . mar . freshw . res . 30 : 257\u2013269 .\nthe principal method for surveying for freshwater fish including the swan galaxias involves electro - fishing . this technique requires specialist equipment and expertise , where an electric current is passed through the stream water to stun any fish present . when performed correctly , the sampled fish are unharmed . this technique should only performed by trained specialists with the appropriate permits .\nbrookes , a . , k . l . gregory & f . h . dawson . 1983 . an assessment of river channelization in england and wales . the science of the total environment , 27 : 97 - 111 . [ links ]\nleuven rsew , van der velde g , baijens i , snijders j , van der zwart c , et al . ( 2009 ) the river rhine : a global highway for dispersal of aquatic invasive species . biol invasions 11 : 1989\u20132008 .\nvan der velde g , platvoet d ( 2007 ) quagga mussels dreissena rostriformis bugensis ( andrusov , 1897 ) in the main river ( germany ) . aquatic invasions 2 , 3 : 261\u2013264 . available : urltoken . accessed 05 june 2012 .\ngalaxias maculatus inhabits a wide range of environments , usually in still or slow - flowing waters such as streams , rivers and lakes within a short distance of the sea . the species is sometimes found in brackish streams and can tolerate salinities up to 50 ppt . some populations are landlocked and others are diadromous , migrating downstream to the estuaries to spawn .\nrhame , r . e . and k . w . stewart . 1976 . life cycles and food habits of three hydropsychidae ( trichoptera ) species in the brazos river , texas . trans . amer . ent . soc . 102 : 65\u201399 .\nscrimgeour , g . j . and m . j . winterbourn . 1987 . diet , food resource partitioning and feeding periodicity of two riffle - dwelling fish species in a new zealand river . j . fish . biol . 31 : 309\u2013324 .\ncitation : emde s , rueckert s , palm hw , klimpel s ( 2012 ) invasive ponto - caspian amphipods and fish increase the distribution range of the acanthocephalan pomphorhynchus tereticollis in the river rhine . plos one 7 ( 12 ) : e53218 . urltoken\nshort resource summary : [ hide ] this article looks at the position of refugia ( those fish which have survived in a certain area but have been made extinct in other surrounding areas ) and how this relates to the landscape of the selwyn river .\nshort resource summary : [ hide ] this article uses a regression equation to model and predict the seasonal low flows at coes ford , on the selwyn river between 1984 and 2005 . the trends are commented on , namely the decrease in low flow occurrences .\nalthough there is a clear consensus that modified flow regimes in regulated rivers are affecting fishes and fish habitat , the severity and direction of the response varies widely ( murchie et al . , 2008 ) . the guandu river represents a good opportunity for the study of fish habitat preferences . accordingly , the aim of this study was to describe habitat suitability for the dominant fish species in the guandu river . we assessed fish occurrence and measured three physical variables : depth , water velocity , and type of substrate . we sampled four 1 - km long river stretches encompassing different mesohabitats , surveying two stretches upstream from the impoundment and two downstream . we tested the hypothesis that fish preferences for a given habitat stretch differ depending on local differences in water velocity , depth , and type of substrate .\normerod , s . j . and s . j . tyler . 1991 . exploitation of prey by a river bird , the dipper cinclus cinclus ( l . ) , along acidic and circumneutral streams in upland wales . freshw . biol . 25 : 105\u2013116 .\nsuzuki , h . i . , a . a . agostinho & k . o . winemiller . 2000 . relationship between oocyte morphology and reproductive strategy in loricariid catfishes of the parana river , brazilian journal fish biology , 57 : 791 - 807 . [ links ]\ncollier , k . j . and g . l . lyon . 1991 . trophic pathways and diet of blue duck ( hymenolaimus malacorhynchos ) on manganuiateao river : a stable carbon isotope study . n . z . j . mar . freshw . res . 25 : 181\u2013186 .\nthe dwarf galaxias galaxiella pusilla is a very small , scaleless and elongated native freshwater fish . and one of four members of the genus galaxiella in australia , other members being ; galaxiella toourtkoourt south - west victoria to south eastern south australia , galaxiella munda and galaxiella nigrostriata , which are both located in southern western australia ( coleman et al . 2015 , fishbase 2007 , waters et al . 2000 ) .\npinto , b . c . t . , f . g . ara\u00fajo & r . m . hughes . 2006 . effects of landscape and riparian condition on a fish index of biotic integrity in a large southeastern brazil river . hydrobiologia , 556 : 69 - 83 . [ links ]\nbianca jagger : cop18 failed to turn down the heat huffington post restored land can be put to a mosaic of uses such as agriculture , protected wildlife reserves , ecological corridors , regenerated forests , managed plantations , agroforestry systems and river or lakeside plantings to protect waterways . we launched plant \u2026\nstewart , k . w , g . p . friday and r . e . rhame . 1973 . food habits of hellgrammite larvae , corydalus cornutus ( megaloptera : corydalidae ) , in the brazos river , texas . ann . ent . soc . amer . 66 : 959\u2013 963 .\ndedual , m . and k . j . collier . 1995 . aspects of juvenile rainbow trout ( oncorhynchus mykiss ) diet in relation to food supply during summer in the lower tongariro river , new zealand . n . z . j . mar . freshw . res . 29 : 381\u2013391 .\nkeywords : algae , avon - heathcote estuary , central plains , central plains water , central plains water enhancement scheme , construction effects , discharges , dissolved oxygen , dissolved reactive phosphorus , drp , estuares , hydrodynamics , hydrology , lake ellesmere , lowland streams , microbiology , nitrogen , nutrient concentration , nutrients , pesticides , phosphorus , rakaia , selwyn river , surface runoff , surface water , surface water quality , suspended solids , te waihora , temperature , turbidity , turbidity , waianiwaniwa river valley , waianiwaniwa valley , waimakariri , water clarity , water quality , water quality , water races , wetlands .\nogle , d . h . , j . h . selgeby , r . m . newman and m . g . henry . 1995 . diet and feeding periodicity of ruffe in the st . louis river estuary , lake superior . trans . amer . fish . soc . 124 : 356\u2013369 ."]}
+{"id": 2317, "summary": [{"text": "oroya aurora is a moth in the dalceridae family , and the only species in the genus oroya .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it was described by miller in 1994 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in southern peru and adjacent bolivia .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the habitat consists of tropical premontane wet , tropical premontane moist and subtropical ( lower ) montane wet forests .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "the length of the forewings is 9 \u2013 10 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults are orange , with uniform deep orange forewings .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "adults are on wing in january , march , may and from october to december . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "oroya aurora", "paragraphs": ["type - species : oroya aurora miller , 1994 . descr . phys . r\u00e9pub . argent . 5 : 427 . [ bhl ]\nthe genus name refers to la oroya , peru , the type locality of the type species . the species name refers to the orange colour of a sunrise and is derived from latin aurora . [ 2 ]\noroya fever and verruga peruana : bartonelloses unique to south america . - pubmed - ncbi\noroya aurora is a moth in the dalceridae family , and the only species in the genus oroya . it was described by miller in 1994 . [ 1 ] it is found in southern peru and adjacent bolivia . the habitat consists of tropical premontane wet , tropical premontane moist and subtropical ( lower ) montane wet forests .\nwell , apparently you\u2019ve attracted a blood disease rarely seen in the united states , oroya fever .\ngenus : oroya miller , 1994 . bull . mus . comp . zool . harv . 153 ( 4 ) : 382 . [ bhl ]\noroya fever is another name for what is known as carrion ' s disease , which belongs to a set of bacteria - related diseases known as bartonellosis .\noroya fever is a deadly blood disease that is rare in the united states , but more common in continents such as south ameria and africa . it is transmitted through the bite of a sand fly .\nbiostor is built by @ rdmpage , code on github . page images from the biodiversity heritage library .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation , google , and apple . you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date ? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques ; in live mode . quite the same wikipedia . just better .\nthe length of the forewings is 9\u201310 mm . adults are orange , with uniform deep orange forewings . adults are on wing in january , march , may and from october to december .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 unported license . non - text media are available under their specified licenses . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation .\npiper halliwell contracted the disease in 2000 . she was bitten in the shoulder by a sand fly that had survived the transport of a batch of kiwano fruit from south america . she eventually fainted and was taken to the hospital , where she was questioned by dr . curtis williamson . he prescribed her antibiotics and wanted to run more tests and blood work .\npiper later slipped into a coma and her sisters asked leo to heal her . when he informed them that he couldn ' t help , the sisters cast a spell that transported the disease into a doll . this caused the doll to come alive and spread the disease across the hospital . the sisters eventually reversed the spell to save the lives of others , causing piper to slip back into her coma . when piper was about to die and move on into the afterlife , leo healed her after all . [ 1 ]\nthe dvd subtitles and various websites incorrectly spell the disease name as either oroyo or arroyo fever .\ncan ' t find a community you love ? create your own and start something epic .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nplos negl trop dis . 2014 jul 17 ; 8 ( 7 ) : e2919 . doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pntd . 0002919 . ecollection 2014 jul .\nminnick mf 1 , anderson be 2 , lima a 2 , battisti jm 1 , lawyer pg 3 , birtles rj 4 .\ndivision of biological sciences , university of montana , missoula , montana , united states of america .\ndepartment of molecular medicine , morsani college of medicine , university of south florida , tampa , florida , united states of america .\nlaboratory of parasitic diseases , national institute of allergy and infectious diseases , national institutes of health , bethesda , maryland , united states of america .\nschool of environment and life sciences , university of salford , salford , united kingdom .\npmid : 25032975 pmcid : pmc4102455 doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pntd . 0002919\n( a ) erythrocyte infection during of , as observed in a blood smear stained with wright ' s stain ( reprinted by permission from ) . ( b ) vp lesions on a child in peru ( reproduced from future microbiology 4 ( 6 ) : 743\u2013758 ( 2009 ) with permission of future medicine , ltd ) .\nplos negl trop dis . 2014 jul ; 8 ( 7 ) : e2919 .\n( a ) female l . verrucarum at 16 h post - feeding with an artificial blood feeder containing human blood and gfp - expressing b . bacilliformis ( low - passage strains 14866 and 14868 ) . ( b ) light micrograph of l . verrucarum midgut at five days post - feeding on human blood containing gfp + b . bacilliformis . central brown area is residual blood meal . ( c ) corresponding uv light micrograph of ( b ) . note the gfp + b . bacilliformis in residual blood meal and elsewhere in the midgut .\nmonthly sand fly collection results from three villages in the cusco region , peru .\nresults show a unimodal annual population distribution pattern with : ( a ) corresponding mean morning ( blue line ) and evening ( pink line ) temperatures and ( b ) corresponding mean morning ( green line ) and evening ( red line ) relative humidity . collections were made during two nights per month at case homesteads from march 2001 to august 2004 . the data gap between october 2001 and january 2002 is due to a cessation of activity mandated by the peruvian ministry of health .\nresults of collection - bottle - rotator ( cbr ) trap collections of sand flies in peru .\nresults show that : ( a ) nightly sand fly activity is limited to early evening ( 1800\u20132000 hrs ) from march through july , the coldest part of the year , which represents the peruvian winter , and ( b ) as nighttime temperatures increase in late august through november ( late winter and spring ) , sand fly activity extends throughout the night . \u201cinside\u201d and \u201coutside\u201d refer to trap locations within and outside a domicile , respectively .\nbacteria were grown three days on heart infusion agar containing 4 % sheep erythrocytes and 2 % sheep serum at 30\u00b0c and 100 % relative humidity . cells were subsequently fixed in 2 % glutaraldehyde in cacodylate ( ph 7 . 2 ) , epoxy embedded by standard methods , then sectioned and stained with uranyl acetate ( ua ) and lead citrate stains . micrographs show b . bacilliformis ( strain kc583 ) : ( a ) from a thin section ; ( b ) applied directly to a grid stained with ua to show flagella . scale bars represent 100 nm in ( a ) and 500 nm in ( b ) .\nhas the lowest gc % ( 35 . 7 % ) . several virulence - related orfs have been used to infer phylogeny (\n) and black circles indicate their presence in a particular species . ( b ) multiple alignment of seven complete genomes using pm . location , orientation and position of\nlocks ( lcbs ) shared amongst all chromosomes are color - coded and connected by lines . user can analyze location , orientation , and size of lcbs in multiple chromosomes simultaneously ( red arrowheads ) . local rearrangements , duplications , and inversions are easily identified . abbreviations correspond to the\nb . bacilliformis colonization of cell membrane deformations is readily apparent . reprinted by permission from .\ntype specimens : type ( s ) peru : ? locality , ( ? depository ) . .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nthis is a directory page . britannica does not currently have an article on this topic .\naids , transmissible disease of the immune system caused by the human immunodeficiency virus ( hiv ) . hiv\u2026\na generalized , acute , febrile , endemic , and systemic form of bartonellosis ; marked by high fever , rheumatic pains , progressive , severe anemia , and albuminuria .\na generalized , acute , febrile , endemic , and systemic form of bartonellosis ; marked by high fever , rheumatic pains , progressive , severe anemia , and albuminuria . synonym ( s ) : carri\u00f3n disease .\nall content on this website , including dictionary , thesaurus , literature , geography , and other reference data is for informational purposes only . this information should not be considered complete , up to date , and is not intended to be used in place of a visit , consultation , or advice of a legal , medical , or any other professional .\n\u00a9 2018 urltoken by ancestry . all rights reserved . terms and conditions \u00b7 privacy statement \u00b7 site map \u00b7 contact\njavascript required : we ' re sorry , but urltoken doesn ' t work properly without javascript enabled . you will need to enable javascript by changing your browser settings . learn how to enable it .\ncookies required : we ' re sorry , but urltoken doesn ' t work properly without cookies enabled . you will need to enable cookies by changing your browser settings ."]}
+{"id": 2403, "summary": [{"text": "the southern pied babbler ( turdoides bicolor ) is a species of bird in the leiothrichidae family , found in dry savannah of botswana , namibia , south africa , and zimbabwe . ", "topic": 3}], "title": "southern pied babbler", "paragraphs": ["southern pied babbler ( turdoides bicolor ) is a species of bird in the leiothrichidae family .\nchorus - call classification in the southern pied babbler : multiple call types given in overlapping contexts .\nsouthern pied babbler nest with eggs , nylsvley area , south africa . [ photo warwick tarboton \u00a9 ]\nmuseum specimens indicate historical distributions . the map below shows locations from which museum specimens of southern pied babbler were collected . you can see more information on the individual museum specimens of southern pied babbler here .\nnelson - flower , m . j . 2010 . kinship and its consequences in the cooperatively breeding southern pied babbler (\nthe pied babbler research project was established by me in 2003 and is based in the southern kalahari desert , south africa .\nsouthern pied babblers , marakele national park , south africa . [ photo trevor hardaker \u00a9 ]\npied babbler sentinel . image by alex thompson , cc by - sa 3 . 0 .\n[ a southern pied babbler ( turdoides bicolor ) subordinate female immediately before dispersal to become dominant in a new group . dispersal is an important mechanism whereby southern pied babblers avoid inbreeding ; though there is no sex - bias in dispersal distance , individuals move twice as far from birth groups as from subsequent groups . southern pied babblers are found throughout the kalahari . . . [ show full abstract ]\ngolabek ka , radford an ( 2013 ) chorus - call classification in the southern pied babbler : multiple call types given in overlapping contexts . behaviour . pp . 1\u201322 .\nnelson - flower mj ( 2010 ) kinship and its consequences in the cooperatively breeding southern pied babbler , turdoides bicolor cape town : university of cape town . 139 p .\nhumphries dj . 2013 . the mechanisms and function of social recognition in the cooperatively breeding southern pied babbler , turdoides bicolor . phd thesis , macquarie university , sydney , australia .\n55 . engesser , s . , ridley , a . r . & townsend , s . w . 2016 . meaningful call combinations and compositional processing in the southern pied babbler .\n[ 2 ] golabek k . 2011 . vocal communication and the facilitation of social behaviour in the southern pied babbler ( turdoides bicolor ) . phd thesis , university of bristol , bristol .\n51 . ridley , a . r . 2016 . southern pied babblers : the dynamics of conflict and cooperation in a group living society . in\n3 . ridley , a . r . & thompson , a . m . 2010 . dominatricks : reproductive conflict between female southern pied babblers .\nhappily for us there will be several presentations of our babbler research at the isbe conference in lund this year ( both pied and arabian babbler research ) . we look forward to presenting our babbler research to the behavioural ecology community . for a link to the isbe website , click\nwe welcome rute and robbie to the babbler project . both will be collecting data on pied babbler behaviour for several months over the summer breeding season and have done very will to learn the ropes so quickly .\nridley a , raihani n ( 2007 ) facultative response to a kleptoparasite by the cooperatively breeding pied babbler . behavioral ecology 18 : 324\u2013330 .\na r ridley , a m thompson ( 2010 ) dominatricks : reproductive conflict between female southern pied babblers . africa birds & birding 15 , 30 - 34 [ magazine articles ]\ndistribution of southern pied babbler in southern africa , based on statistical smoothing of the records from first sa bird atlas project ( \u00a9 animal demography unit , university of cape town ; smoothing by birgit erni and francesca little ) . colours range from dark blue ( most common ) through to yellow ( least common ) . see here for the latest distribution from the sabap2 .\ndu plessis , k . l . 2011 . heat tolerance of southern pied babblers in the kalahari desert - how will they respond to climate change ? msc thesis , university of cape town .\n2 . ridley , a . r . & raihani , n . j . 2007 . facultative response to a kleptoparasite by the cooperatively breeding pied babbler .\nthe southern african bird atlas project ( sabap1 ) in namibia gathered a huge amount of distribution data between 1970 and 1993 .\nmay 2012 a new baby has been born to members of the pied babbler research community . congratulations to nichola and dave on the birth of their son joseph .\nendemic to southern africa , where it is locally common in arid and semi - arid savanna woodland across northern namibia , botswana , zimbabwe and northern south africa . it is absent from more open habitats , such as that of the southern kalahari desert .\nresearch on southern pied babblers was approved by the northern cape conservation authority and by the ethics committee , department of zoology , university of cape town ( aec no . 2006 / v15 / ar ) .\nlyons , c . 2006 . the effect of environmental versus social factors on changes in territory size in the pied babbler . hons thesis , university of cape town .\na r ridley , n j raihani ( 2007 ) facultative response to a kleptoparasite by the cooperatively breeding pied babbler behavioral ecology 18 : 2 . 324 - 330 mar\n24 . ridley , a . r . & thompson , a . m . 2011 . heterospecific egg destruction by wattled starlings and the impact on pied babbler reproductive success .\noctober 2012 a new baby has been born to members of the pied babbler research community ! congratulations to krys and neil on the birth of their beautiful baby son arun .\ncongratulations to sabrina engesser , who will also be joining the pied babbler research team this breeding season . sabrina won a phd scholarship to zurich university . we are delighted to have two new researchers join the pied babbler team ( james & sabrina ) , especially since dave humphries and alex thompson finished the fieldwork component of their phds this april !\nnelson - flower mj , hockey par , o\u2019ryan c , ridley ar ( 2012 ) inbreeding avoidance mechanisms : dispersal dynamics in cooperatively breeding southern pied babblers . journal of animal ecology 81 : 876\u2013883 . pmid : 22471769\n13 . radford , a . n . & ridley , a . r . 2008 . close - calling regulates spacing between foraging competitors in the group - living pied babbler .\n[ 7 ] raihani n . j . & ridley a . r . 2008 . experimental evidence for teaching in the wild pied babbler . animal behaviour 75 : 3 - 11\n58 . engesser , s . , ridley , a . r . & townsend , s . w . 2017 . element repetition rates encode functionally distinct information in pied babbler \u2018clucks\u2019 and \u2018purrs\u2019 .\napril 2012 congratulations to james westrip , who will be joining the pied babbler research team this breeding season . james won a phd scholarship to edinburgh university and will be supervised by dr matt bell\n[ 1 ] radford a . n . & ridley a . r . 2008 . close calling regulates spacing between foraging competitors in the group - living pied babbler . animal behaviour 75 : 519 - 527 .\nmy research interests are centred on avian social and breeding behaviour , and during the course of my phd ( supervised by dr . matt bell & dr . per smiseth ) i hope to investigate intra - and interspecific signalling and communication in the southern pied babbler . utilising playback and feeding experiments i aim to ascertain the amount of information use by babblers in a social context .\n[ 11 ] ridley a . r . & raihani n . j . 2007 . facultative response to a kleptoparasite by the cooperatively breeding pied babbler . behavioural ecology , doi : 10 / 1093 / bebeco / ar1092\n1 . ridley , a . r . 2006 . going gangbusters : group dynamics in pied babblers .\nhockey par , dean wrj and ryan pg 2005 . roberts - birds of southern africa , viith ed . the trustees of the john voelcker bird book fund , cape town .\nnelson - flower mj , hockey par , o ' ryan c , raihani nj , du plessis ma , ridley ar ( 2011 ) monogamous dominant pairs monopolize reproduction in the cooperatively breeding pied babbler . behavioral ecology 22 : 559\u2013565 .\nrecently , i have been collaborating with mandy ridley to investigate the interspecific interactions that pied babblers have with other kalahari birds . to date this work has focused on cuckoo - host interactions between pied babblers and jacobin cuckoos (\ncollar , n . & robson , c . ( 2018 ) . southern pied babbler ( turdoides bicolor ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nfollowing this , i worked as a research assistant for dr mandy ridley at the pied babbler project ( 2011 - 2013 ) . i carried out playback experiments and collected and analysed sound data from individuals and groups , throughout the breeding seasons .\n) are anything to go by , then pied babblers may live for more than 15 years in the wild .\nraihani , n . j . 2008 . cooperation and conflict in pied babblers . phd thesis , cambridge university .\nkeynan , o . & yosef , r . 2010 . temporal changes and sexual differences of impaling behavior in southern grey shrike ( lanius meridionalis ) . behavioral processes 85 , 47 - 51 .\n) over nest locations . more recently we have begun to investigate information transfer between pied babblers and scimitar - bills (\n) , and the way in which pied babblers facultatively adjust their alarm calls to predators depending upon their reproductive stage .\ngraduated from the university of edinburgh in 2013 in zoology . she worked for eight months at the pied babbler research project , and is now studying biology , gender and philosophy independently while she figures out what to do next . blog coming soon at urltoken !\nbabbler with black bill , wings and tail . head and body are pure white , with brownish - black tail and wing . . .\n36 . ridley , a . r . & van den heuvel , i . m . 2012 . is there a difference in reproductive performance between cooperative and non - cooperative species ? a southern african comparison .\n25 . nelson - flower , m . j . , hockey , p . , o\u2019ryan , c . raihani , n . , du plessis , m . & ridley , a . r . 2011 . monogamous dominant pairs monopolize reproduction in the cooperatively breeding pied babbler .\nkeynan , o . & yosef , r . 2010 . annual precipitation affects reproductive success of the southern grey shrike ( lanius meridionalis ) . the wilson journal of ornithology 122 ( 2 ) , 334 - 339 .\nm j nelson - flower , p a r hockey , c o ' ryan , n j raihani , m a du plessis , a r ridley ( 2011 ) monogamous dominant pairs monopolize reproduction in the cooperatively breeding pied babbler behavioral ecology 22 : 3 . 559 - 565 may\nridley , a . r . 2003 . the causes and consequences of helping behaviour in the cooperatively breeding arabian babbler . phd thesis , cambridge university .\n2016 . vocal cues to identity : pied babblers produce individually distinct but not stable loud calls . ethology 122 , 609 - 619 .\n7 . ridley , a . r . & huyvaert , k . p . 2007 . sex - biased preferential care in the cooperatively breeding arabian babbler .\nthe reference for the information following is\nroberts birds of southern africa\n, 7th edition * edited by par hockey , wrj dean and pg ryan , published by\nthe trustees of the john voelcker bird book fund .\ncomprehensive observations of pied babbler group life histories and breeding attempts were collected from july 2003 to may 2008 at the kuruman river reserve , south africa ( lat 26\u00b058\u2032s , long 21\u00b049\u2032e ) ( for information on climate and vegetation , see raihani and ridley 2007 ) . twenty - three wild pied babbler groups were habituated to the close presence of a human observer at a distance of 2\u20133 m , allowing observational data to be collected without disturbing natural behavior ( for habituation techniques , see ridley and raihani 2007a ) . each individual in the population was ringed with a unique combination of colored leg rings .\n11 . raihani , n . j . & ridley , a . r . 2008 . experimental evidence for teaching in wild pied babblers .\nwe would like to thank prof tim clutton - brock , prof marta manser and the kuruman reserve trust for access to their land . we would like to thank the percy fitzpatrick institute of african ornithology for supporting the pied babbler research project . we would also like to thank martha nelson - flower for her genetic research on parentage in the pied babbler population . this work was also funded by a macquarie university studentship . we thank the northern cape conservation authority for research permits . ethical clearance was provided by the university of cape town and approved under ethics number r2012 / 2006 / v15 / ar .\nintroduction : southern pied babblers ( turdoides bicolor ) are resident in namibia especially in semi - arid to arid savannah woodland with corkwood or acacia trees . although they are usually observed in tall woodland , lower black thorn , camelthorn and kalahari woodland also attracts this species . this is a sociable bird that roost and interact territorially year - round in groups of up to 15 .\nbabbler research on uk quiz show qi ! june 2014 the uk quiz show , qi ( hosted by stephen fry ) , recently aired a show featuring one of our research questions ! we are very excited by this type of media coverage in the public domain ! here is a link to the youtube clip of this show : the mention of babbler research kicks in at about 5 min 40 secs ( and yes , that is one of our babbler pics that is featured in the background ! ) . urltoken\n53 . keynan , o & ridley , a . r . 2016 . component , group and demographic allee effects in a cooperatively breeding bird species , the arabian babbler (\n. . . importantly , even in high - skew societies where dominants successfully monopolize reproduction , conflict between dominants and subordinates may impose costs on dominant reproductive success . southern pied babbler subordinate females engage in reproductive competition only when there are unrelated , potential breeding partners present in their group because they do not breed with relatives or with extra - group males [ 14 , 15 ] . based on the infrequency with which such competition is successful , however ( in terms of parentage of young ) , subordinate females enter into reproductive competition far more often than expected . . . .\na r ridley , k p huyvaert ( 2007 ) sex - biased preferential care in the cooperatively breeding arabian babbler journal of evolutionary biology 20 : 4 . 1271 - 1276 jul\nmartha j . nelson - flower , phil a . r . hockey , colleen o ' ryan , nichola j . raihani , morn\u00e9 a . du plessis , amanda r . ridley ; monogamous dominant pairs monopolize reproduction in the cooperatively breeding pied babbler , behavioral ecology , volume 22 , issue 3 , 1 may 2011 , pages 559\u2013565 , urltoken\ni possess a great passion for scientific research and conservation . having interned at the pied babbler research project in 2009 , i jumped at the opportunity to study the behavioural and physiological effects of temperature on pied babblers for my master\u2019s degree . this research was especially fascinating as it combined components of multiple disciplines ( climate change , avian biology , behavioural ecology , physiology , and conservation biology ) to answer conservation questions . my supervisors on this project included : amanda ridley , rowan martin , susan cunningham , and phil hockey .\njanuary 2013 a new baby has been born to members of the babbler research community . congratulations to martha and tom on the arrival of their beautiful baby girl tess , a sister for audrey .\nfor my phd i will investigate the occurrence of call combinations in pied babblers ' vocal repertoire , under the supervision of dr . simon townsend . specifically , i am interested whether pied babblers combine meaningful call types into meaningful compositions and if there exist any rules governing the formation of such syntactic compositions . to do this , i will combine behavioural observations and audio recordings with playback experiments . i will further conduct artificial grammar playback experiments to probe what cognitive mechanisms underlie the production and perception of vocal compositions in pied babblers .\nthis is but a taster of the work that has been going on at babbler project over the years . if this article has sparked your interest , check out the project website for news and publications .\n3 . raihani , n . j . & ridley , a . r . 2007 . adult vocalisations during provisioning : offspring responses and post - fledging benefits in wild pied babblers .\ni am 35 years old , married to adi and father to mayan & yaara . i received my bsc . ( honors ) from haifa university in 2005 and my msc from tel aviv university in 2009 . my masters thesis was on the impaling behavior and male - female interactions in the southern grey shrike (\nconference representation for the research group august 2015 the behaviour 2015 conference in tropical cairns has been and gone , and we had several group members giving talks there . lizzie gave a talk about her phd research into the effects of extreme heat on parental care strategies in pied babblers , ben gave a talk about his phd research into the effect of ontogeny on individual performance at a cognitive task in cooperative magpies , and mandy gave a talk on the theoretical and empirical evidence for adaptive benefits of kidnapping in the pied babbler . congrats to all group members for giving great talks at the conference !\nhere , we provide evidence of reproductive competition between dominant and subordinate females and its effects on dominant reproductive success and aggression in southern pied babblers . female subordinates participate in pre - breeding behaviours only when potential breeding partners are available . these competitive subordinate females decrease the reproductive success of the dominant females of their groups , and in some groups infanticide is observed . subordinate female reproductive competitors are also the target of increased aggression by dominant females during the fertile period . these conflicts over reproduction are generally expressed and resolved very early in the breeding cycle\u2014an aspect of reproductive competition in cooperative breeders that has often been overlooked . this early manifestation of competition highlights the importance of using behavioural observations , as well as genetic data , when investigating reproductive competition and success . using genetic data alone strongly underestimates the effects of female\u2013female reproductive competition in southern pied babblers because competition is so rarely successful . importantly , even in high - skew societies where dominants successfully monopolize reproduction , conflict between dominants and subordinates may impose costs on dominant reproductive success .\nin many cooperatively breeding societies , females compete strongly with one another for the scarce resources needed to breed ; although sexual selection has traditionally been perceived as having a greater effect on males , such selection may act equally strongly on females [ 60 , 61 ] . in southern pied babblers , subordinate females with potential breeding partners compete intensely with dominants for access to breeding opportunities . in addition , females ( but not males ) aggressively oust one another from breeding positions [ 16 ] and aggression in juvenile females ( but not males ) is an important factor in successful adult dispersal [ 62 ] . here , sexual selection for traits ( such as aggression ) that improve female competitive ability may play a role not only in dispersal and acquisition of breeding positions , but also in infanticide , suppression of potential reproductive competitors , and eviction of such competitors from the group . we suggest that the behaviour of southern pied babblers provides further evidence that intense competition among females may result in the evolution of sexually specific traits ( reviewed in [ 63 , 64 ] ) .\njuly 2013 we have recently had a paper accepted into functional ecology . in this paper we look at the interspecific interaction between pied babblers and the solitarily foraging scimitarbill . we find that scimitarbills , who not have a reliable vigilance system of their own , regularly follow babbler groups and eavesdrop on the predator information that babbler sentinels provide . by so doing , scimitarbills gain significant benefits - they spend less time vigilant , more time foraging , and can utilise a greater diversity of foraging habitats than when alone . title : the ecological benefits of interceptive eavesdropping . authors : ridley , a . r . , wiley , e . m . & thompson , a . m .\n[ 5 ] raihani n . j . & ridley a . r . 2007 . adult vocalizations during provisioning : offspring response and postfledgling benefits in wild pied babblers . animal behaviour 74 : 1303 - 1309\nhuge congrats to oded , who got his examiner reviews back today and passed his phd with no corrections requested ! well done dr keynan , well deserved indeed . for further info on oded ' s success , please refer to the pied babbler facebook page , as that page is updated more regularly . oded currenty has a number of ms in review , so we will update any of his future success here or on the facebook page .\njuly 2012 a locally extinct bird that has not been seen in the arava for 20 years , the nubian nightjar , was sighted by arabian babbler researchers recently . for a news article related to this significant and unusual sighting , click here\nmay 2018 we welcome to the team a new phd student , camilla , who will be starting her research on the pied babblers at the end of 2018 . more details on her research to follow shortly .\njuly 2012 happily , the eminently skilled and experienced elizabeth wiley ( aka lizzy ) will be rejoining the pied babbler research project this season as a senior research assistant . she will take primary responsibility of the research activities onsite for several months . lizzy spent the entire summer onsite last season , and we are ecstatic that she is joining the research group again . to find out more about lizzy , visit her profile on the ' researchers ' page .\naugust 2012 isbe lund 2012 is now over , and it was a great meeting . well done to all babbler researchers , whose presentations and posters went really well and generated a good amount of interest among members of the behavioural ecology community .\nseptember 2012 our first babbler researcher of the season , elizabeth wiley ( lizzy ) , has just turned up at the study site - and so marks the beginning of the new data season ! hope its not too hot this summer . . .\ndecember 2015 it ' s finally here ! the bbc documentary series , the world ' s sneakiest animals , will air in the uk on bbc two on christmas day . no word yet on when the international release will happen , but when i find out dates i will post it here . here is the link to the documentary series website . if you click on galleries , and then behind the scenes gallery , pic 8 of 9 is the pied babbler study site .\n20 . raihani , n . j . , nelson - flower , m . j . , browning , l . e . & ridley , a . r . 2010 . routes to breeding in cooperatively breeding pied babblers .\nn j raihani , m j nelson - flower , k a golabek , a r ridley ( 2010 ) routes to breeding in cooperatively breeding pied babblers turdoides bicolor journal of avian biology 41 : 6 . 681 - 686 nov\ncitation : humphries dj , finch fm , bell mbv , ridley ar ( 2015 ) calling where it counts : subordinate pied babblers target the audience of their vocal advertisements . plos one 10 ( 7 ) : e0130795 . urltoken\nm j nelson - flower , p a r hockey , c o ' ryan , a r ridley ( 2012 ) inbreeding avoidance mechanisms : dispersal dynamics in cooperatively breeding pied babblers . journal of animal ecology 81 : 876 - 883\nthe ability to discriminate kinship has previously been demonstrated in avian species , which utilise vocal [ 40 \u2013 43 ] , visual [ 44 \u2013 46 ] , and olfactory signals [ 47 , 48 ] to recognise kin . by avoiding kin as mating partners , an individual can limit the potentially damaging effects of inbreeding depression among resultant offspring , and therefore improve reproductive success [ 30 , 49 ] . genetic analysis of parentage in the pied babbler has previously found that breeding between familiar relatives is rare and that they are therefore likely to have a mechanism of recognising familiar kin which they utilise to avoid inbreeding [ 13 ] . our observations further support the idea that pied babblers can recognise kin and behaviourally discriminate relatives in their environment .\n12 . ridley , a . r . , raihani , n . j & nelson - flower , m . j . 2008 . the cost of being alone : the fate of floaters in a population of cooperatively breeding pied babblers .\nwinter is always a tough time for the pied babblers - a time when group composition changes dramatically due not only to mortality , but also to reproductive conflict and dispersal attempts prior to the breeding season . recently cgmx , the dominant female\nn j raihani , a r ridley , l e browning , m j nelson - flower , s knowles ( 2008 ) juvenile female aggression in cooperatively breeding pied babblers : causes and contexts ethology 114 : 5 . 452 - 458 may\nthe first babbler babies of the season have arrived ! this is super - early in the breeding season for the babblers , but lizzy has brought news from the field that rnb have already fledged two young . this is possibly the youngest ever fledglings for a breeding season .\nn j raihani , m j nelson - flower , k moyes , l e browning , a r ridley ( 2010 ) synchronous provisioning increases brood survival in cooperatively breeding pied babblers journal of animal ecology 79 : 1 . 44 - 52 jan\nthe arabian babbler project was established by prof amotz zahavi in 1974 and is based in the negev desert , israel . both projects have been running continuously since establishment and use detailed observations of habituated populations to gain an insight into the dynamics and evolution of group - living behaviour .\n14 . raihani , n . j . , ridley , a . r . , browning , l . e . & nelson - flower , m . j . 2008 . juvenile female aggression in cooperatively breeding pied babblers : causes and contexts .\ni have been collecting data on the causes and consequences of cooperative behaviour in pied babblers since 2003 . my current primary interests are : the causes of variation in contributions to cooperative care , the short - and long - term consequences of helping behaviour\nhumphries , d . j . , finch , f . m . , bell , m . b . v . & ridley , a . r . 2015 . calling where it counts : subordinate pied babblers target the audience of their vocal advertisements .\na r ridley , n j raihani , m j nelson - flower ( 2008 ) the cost of being alone : the fate of floaters in a population of cooperatively breeding pied babblers turdoides bicolor journal of avian biology 39 : 4 . 389 - 392 jul\nabstract : eavesdropping behaviour can increase the total amount of information available to an individual and therefore has the potential to provide substantial benefits . recent research has suggested that some species are \u00e2\u20ac\u02dcinformation givers\u00e2\u20ac\u2122 , particularly social species with cooperative vigilance systems , and that these species may consequently affect community structure by influencing the behaviour and niche utilization of other species . here , using behavioural observations and playback experiments , we compared the behavioural change in a solitary species ( the scimitarbill ) and a social species ( the pied babbler ) , to the presence and alarm calls of one another . our results revealed that scimitarbills underwent significant behavioural changes in the presence of social pied babblers : they reduced their vigilance rate by over 60 % , increased their foraging efficiency and expanded their niche by moving into open habitat and excavating subterranean food items . in contrast , pied babblers \u00e2\u20ac\u201c who have an effective intraspecific sentinel system \u00e2\u20ac\u201c did not show significant behavioural changes to the presence or alarm calls of scimitarbills . these results suggest that interspecific interceptive eavesdropping can provide significant benefits , influencing the behaviour and habitat utilization of eavesdropping species .\n18 . raihani , n . j . , nelson - flower , m . j . , browning , l . e . , moyes , k . & ridley , a . r . 2010 . synchronous provisioning increases brood survival in cooperatively breeding pied babblers .\nthe pied babbler research project sits nestled in the heart of the kuruman river reserve in the northern cape , south africa . today , ten years since its conception , it remains under the principle leadership of associate professor amanda ridley of the university of western australia , who founded the project with the help of her field assistant ( and now research colleague ) , dr nichola raihani in 2003 . the project is a prolific international operation , with researchers coming from institutions in australia , switzerland , the united kingdom and south africa to study the babblers and their associated species .\njanuary 2013 with the third flood of the season , it is safe to say that the drought has truly broken at the arabian babbler project . this is fantastic news , after many years of poor rain and low breeding success , this bodes well for a bumper breeding season in 2013 . fingers crossed !\nan additional aspect of my research involves understanding interspecific interactions and communication . originally i started investigating these interactions between pied babblers and fork - tailed drongos . more recently , i have begun investigating interspecific interactions in scimitar - bills , yellow - billed hornbills and wattled starlings .\ngrateful thanks to tim clutton - brock , marta manser , staff at krr and all colleagues , students and assistants on the babbler project . thanks also to the kotzes and the de bruins , who allowed land access . t . p . flower and s . a . kingma as well as two anonymous reviewers provided valuable comments .\nabstract : elaborate solicitation displays are a common feature of interactions between care - givers and offspring . these displays are interpreted as the phenotypic expression of the conflict of interests between parents and offspring over parental investment . offspring typically have siblings and thus do not exist in isolation . therefore , they may adjust their begging in response to their siblings ' begging , either competitively or cooperatively . alternatively , begging may be independent of the begging efforts of siblings . studies of avian begging have primarily focused on nestlings , where offspring are immobile and compete directly over the allocation of parental resources . we investigated the influence sibling begging had on individual fledgling begging in the cooperatively breeding pied babbler , turdoides bicolor . using experimental manipulations , we found that fledgling begging behaviour was negatively correlated with satiation and unrelated to the begging effort of siblings . pied babbler care - givers were able to target increased provisioning to individuals with artificially increased demand while maintaining provisioning rates to the rest of the brood . thus , fledglings were found to incur no provisioning costs or benefits from either increased or decreased begging by their siblings . we propose that the combination of targeted provisioning , flexible levels of provisioning and the dispersed nature of fledglings reduces the benefits of competitive or cooperative begging in this species .\nmay 2018 we have a number of pied babbler papers coming out in 2018 , all of which we think present really important findings . for full details of authors and titles , please see the publications tab . first up is the paper by nelson - flower et al in journal of animal ecology which tests prevailing hypotheses for the occurrence of cooperative breeding behaviour , and investigates the ecological and social contexts that influence dispersal decisions in pied babblers . second is the paper by nelson - flower et al in molecular ecology that looks at factors influencing reproductive skew , and finds different drivers of skew in males versus females . finally is the paper by wiley & ridley in ecology & evolution that looks at the pair bond as a predictor of reproductive success and group stability - a factor often overlooked in social species . all three of these papers used the long - term database to elucidate these behavioural trends - emphasising the value of long - term research !\nthis website provides information on the research my colleagues and i are currently conducting on pied and arabian babblers ( as well as other species these two ' focus ' species interact with ) . in these pages you will find details about our research , our study species , and any research opportunities currently available .\n. . . pied babblers are a medium sized ( 75\u201395g ) passerine endemic to the kalahari , living in social groups of 2\u201315 individuals [ 31 ] . breeding within the social group is monopolised by a dominant pair [ 6 ] , and subordinate individuals will only achieve dominance within their natal territory if they can inherit vacant breeding positions without inbreeding [ 7 , 13 ] . prospecting in pied babblers is costly [ 22 ] , and long - term floating is rarely observed ( 80 . 0 % of prospectors return to their natal group within 30 days ; a . ridley , unpublished data ) . . . .\nbabbler society is highly dynamic - within our population we have evidence of eviction , divorce , infanticide and kidnapping . our long - term research suggests that these dramatic events are related to the continual struggle between group members for dominance and access to breeding opportunities . these struggles can sometimes result in a dominance overthrow or successful cuckoldry , but these events are relatively rare .\nwhilst others are foraging on the ground , often one babbler will take a higher position \u2013 up an acacia tree , say \u2013 and act as sentinel , watching for approaching for predators . while all is clear the watching babbler gives regular sentinel calls , which reassure the feeding birds that they can continue at ease , spreading out widely from each other without needing to look up as often to check for danger [ 3 ] . on sight of a predator , such as a mongoose or a pale chanting goshawk , the sentinel gives an alarm call that informs the rest of the group of the threat so that they can seek cover . the higher the predation risk in their environment , the more sentinel activity the babblers will undertake [ 4 ] .\n. . . in red - winged fairywrens malurus elegans , females that have inherited a territory are more likely to seek egp , or seek egp from further away than females that have dispersed before breeding ( brouwer et al . , 2011 ) . similarly , superb fairy - wren malurus cyaneus , and pied babbler tur - doides bicolor females disperse further from their natal groups than non - natal groups ( cockburn et al . , 2003 ; nelson - flower et al . , 2012 ) . other potential rules may include discriminating against particular age groups likely to contain relatives , or based on previous mating experience , for example to avoid daughters of females that males previously mated with ( archie et al . , 2007 ) . . . .\nin cooperatively breeding and other family living species , there are often more individuals of reproductive age than available breeding positions . asking how individuals attain reproductive status is therefore crucial if we are to understand the selection pressures that operate in these groups . here , we present data on routes to breeding in pied babblers turdoides bicolor , cooperatively . . . [ show full abstract ]\nat the moment i am a second - year phd candidate in a joint supervision program ( cotutelle ) between tel aviv university , israel and macquarie university , sydney , australia , and i also work as the director of the arava birding center in the dead sea & arava science centre . my thesis title is\nthe effect of group size and composition on individual behaviour , group dynamics and population regulation in the arabian babbler (\none of the contexts in which loud - calling behaviour is observed is when the caller is in search of a mating partner , however , the calls are multi - functional and can be given in a wide range of contexts [ 34 ] . it is possible that the calling patterns we have observed are serving another function for the caller . for instance if the calls function for territorial defence , they may still occur at a higher frequency on boundaries with unrelated neighbouring groups . reduced aggression and a greater tolerance to related neighbours has been observed in a range of taxa including fish [ 50 ] , birds [ 51 ] , and mammals [ 52 \u2013 55 ] . however , in the pied babbler territorial defence is usually undertaken as a group with all adult group members chorusing together [ 56 ] .\nwe have a fully - funded phd position based at the percy fitzpatrick institute , university of cape town , available . the position will be supervised by me ( amanda ridley ) , claire spottiswoode and susie cunningham . it would involve working with the babblers several months per year at our field site in the remote southern kalahari , and looks at the effects of group size on thermal tolerance limits , working on the hypothesis that in large groups , where each individual has to do less work , individuals will be better able to tolerate high temperatures . this phd combine behavioural ecology and physiological research . for more details , see : urltoken\n) . to explore these relationships i conduct field experiments and observations on individual foraging success , foraging strategies and self versus social learning . together with this fieldwork i use the uniquely detailed 40 - year arabian babbler database to analyze long - term demographic effects . this database work involves finding what social or environmental factors promote group growth or extinction , and identifying critical group size effects in relation to eviction , dispersal and reproductive conflict behaviour .\nwith the help of a new research grant , i am beginning research on understanding long - term population dynamics in cooperative species , including factors that promote the expansion or extinction of groups . i will be using the long - term datasets of arabian and pied babblers to determine the influence of climatic changes ( heatwaves and droughts ) on social dynamics at both the group and population level\napril 2012 unfortunately this year both our research populations have been hit by drought . in south africa the summer has now ended and after low rainfall over the rainy season pied babbler breeding success was very low . several of our groups failed to raise any young . our outstanding performers for the year were group xhosa , who bucked the trend and managed to raise five young to independence . in israel the breeding season is a few months in , and it is extremely dry ( oded reports only 7 mm of rain so far ) . many groups are still not breeding and it does not look like a promising breeding season . oded ( currently in - field ) brings happy news that one group currently has nestlings , and two groups have managed to fledge young - we ' ll cross our fingers that their fledglings manage to keep healthy .\nour findings indicate that subordinates are maximising the potential of their loud - calling behaviour by using information regarding the composition of neighbouring groups . this information is likely to be obtained through several mechanisms . firstly , information may be exchanged during inter - group interactions . baboons , papio cynocephalus , use inter - group encounters to assess the number of opposite sex individuals within neighbouring groups [ 57 ] . pied babblers frequently engage in ritualised inter - group interactions and have many opportunities for information exchange [ 56 ] . during inter - group interactions , pied babblers often utilise sex - specific loud - calling behaviour [ 34 ] , which may provide a mechanism for assessing the number of opposite - sex individuals in neighbouring groups . secondly , information regarding the composition of neighbouring groups may be obtained from prospecting bouts , with information - gathering considered one of the primary functions of prospecting behaviour [ 58 , 59 ] . or thirdly , information may be gained through eavesdropping on neighbours [ 60 ] . great tits , parus major , are able to assess the quality of neighbouring males by eavesdropping on their calling behaviour [ 61 ] . eavesdropping may similarly provide a way of obtaining information about the composition of neighbouring groups in pied babblers .\nhere we have described how subordinate pied babblers , in addition to prospecting for breeding opportunities in the wider area [ 7 ] , also adopt a strategy of vocalising to neighbouring groups from within their natal territory . this strategy is maximised by using information regarding the composition of neighbouring groups to target an audience of potential breeding partners . importantly , subordinate loud - calling is not just given to any neighbouring group , nor focused towards the largest groups , but subordinate pied babblers are specifically targeting unrelated groups that contain a number of opposite sex individuals . our findings provide fresh insight into how subordinates within cooperatively breeding - societies , that are constrained in their opportunities to breed on the natal territory , appear to use information about the composition of neighbouring groups to inform the location of their vocal displays to target an audience of potential breeding partners .\naugust 2012 unfortunately , despite our high hopes , the drought in the negev desert resulted in a very poor breeding season for the arabian babbler population . although oded recorded a surprising amount of breeding activity given the dry conditions , very few of these young survived long enough to recruit to the adult population . there are now only a handful of juveniles around from the season ' s breeding activity , who face the struggle of making it through a difficult winter with little food around .\nour findings that subordinate loud - calling behaviour is concentrated on the edges of territories , and specifically near to groups containing a number of unrelated , opposite sex individuals suggests that unsolicited loud - calling by subordinates functions for mate advertisement . importantly , it also suggests that pied babblers are capable of discriminating kinship and the number of potential mates within neighbouring groups , and can utilise this information to maximise the audience of their calling efforts .\njune 2012 on the back of a dry summer with limited insect emergence , has come a very cold winter in the kalahari . tom , a research collaborator currently onsite working on drongo - babbler interactions , has reported that the babblers are suffering badly from the harsh combination of cold weather and limited food . many are steadily losing weight , and at this rate we can expect that some of our juveniles will not make it through their first winter . fingers crossed the toll will not be too high .\nnovember 2012 finally some welcome rains have fallen at the arabian babbler study site ! after a very poor and very dry breeding season , flash floods have hit the arava . while these can be very dangerous in the short - term while they flow through the bone - dry river channels , they bring much needed water to a parched ecosystem , and are followed soon after by abundant germination . the picture to the right is a flash flood flowing along a wadi ( river channel ) that was previously completely dry .\nfebruary 2013 another breeding season has ended , but the tragedy this season was that it never really started . it was a scorching summer in the kalahari , but sadly for the animals , the rains never came . day after day of searing heat , but no rain respite made it the worst ever breeding season for the pied babblers . with very little food around , most groups did not bother to make any breeding attempts after december ( which was when the rains should have arrived ) . currently , we have only eight fledglings in the entire population . more groups did fledge young , but these have since been predated . seven of our groups have gone extinct , and with a harsh winter coming up , we expect more extinctions before the next breeding season starts . while this is a very sad event for us all at babbler project , on the bright side it is very interesting demographically , which helps us with the aims of our recent successful research grant !\none key focus of babbler research is their intelligent vocal capabilities . they communicate constantly using a diverse repertoire of sounds . whilst foraging for food , each individual gives low - pitch close calls , known as \u201cchucks\u201d to indicate its position to other group members . chuck calls function as a spacing regulator whilst foraging , so that individuals don\u2019t encroach on each others\u2019 feeding patches [ 1 ] . raising the pitch of the chuck a little tells the group that a large , shareable food source has been found [ 2 ] .\nfebruary 2018 \u200bi am delighted to announce that our latest research , on the effect of sociality on the evolution of intelligence , has been published in nature ! this work is from our study population that is the ' sister ' population to pied babblers : western australian magpies in perth . well done to phd student ben ashton on a great achievement . here is a media link to our article , including a clip of our research on the evening primetime news , here \u200b\nphd submitted - congratulations to oded november 2014 congratulations to oded for submitting his phd thesis ! oded completed his phd thesis on individual and group dynamics in the cooperative breeding arabian babbler . oded has worked incredibly hard , and has produced a thesis to be proud of . each thesis submitted represents a huge amount of work by the student , and a lot of love and support from friends and family . oded and his family are returning back home soon , and they will be sorely missed from the friends they leave behind here in perth .\n. . . unlike most birds , there is no sex - biased dispersal in pied babblers . females disperse slightly more often than males , but after accounting for the slight female - bias in the sex ratio , this higher rate is not signifi cant ( nelson - flower et al . 2012 ) . both males and females remain with their natal group as helpers for several years on average , and contribute to raising subsequent broods produced by the dominant pair . . . .\nrelatedness of mated and unmated pairs of opposite - sex adult pied babblers per year over 5 years of study . means \u00b1 standard error of the mean were generated from relatedness values calculated using the konovalov and heg ( 2008 ) algorithm within the program kingroup v2 _ 090218 ( konovalov et al . 2004 ) ; sample sizes are shown . a 2 - sample randomization / permutation test with 100 000 permutations within the program rundom pro 3 . 14 ( jadwiszczak 2009 ) was used to calculate significance\nresearchers have also discovered that babbler fledglings communicate with their parents non - vocally : in what is thought to be a display of blackmail , fledglings spend more time on the ground , where there is a higher risk of predation , than in the safety of trees when hungry . whilst on the ground , they are fed more by the foraging parents and helpers than when they are in the tree . thompson et al cite this as support for zahavi\u2019s idea , that the fledglings risk their own mortality in order to attain higher provisioning rates by the parents [ 9 ] [ 10 ] .\nwe have recently had a manuscript accepted to global change biology . this manuscript , based on the msc fieldwork of kate du plessis , looks at the behavioural and body mass changes in pied babblers according to changes in temperature - the main focus of the paper is to investigate the potential ( sub - lethal ) effects of increasing temperature ( under predicted climate change ) on bird populations in semi - arid zones . congrats to the whole team ( kate was supervised by myself , phil hockey rowan martin & susie cunningham ) !\nseptember 2012 it is with sadness that i announce the loss of a matriarch to the population , bmbo . originally from rainbow ( one of our first ever habituated groups ) , bmbo dispersed and founded her own group . her dispersal record remains the furthest that we have ever recorded a babbler dispersing within our study population . she founded the group called ngai tahu , and remained dominant from the start of the group three years ago until her recent disappearance . she is succeeded by her three daughters , one of whom may take the dominant female position ( she is unrelated to the current dominant male ) .\nwhy do dominant females tolerate competitive subordinate females in their groups ? first , dominants may be able to moderate subordinate infanticidal activity through aggressive suppression during the fertile period ; such aggression is common when individuals are in reproductive conflict [ 4 , 9 , 11 , 18 , 24 \u2013 27 ] . while there is no sufficient data to formally examine the relationship , a casual examination of current data appears to indicate a loosely inverse relationship between the amount of aggression observed and dominant female success . however , whether aggression occurs pre - emptively , or as a reaction to previous infanticide , or functions as another type of signal [ 52 ] is not clear . second , dominants may tolerate competitive subordinates because an additional helper substantially increases productivity in small babbler groups , reducing the high costs of breeding as a pair [ 31 ] . immigrant ( and completely unrelated ) subordinate females are very rarely found in large babbler groups ( m . j . nelson - flower 2008 , unpublished data ) , suggesting that when groups become large , these subordinates are either evicted by dominants or repelled if they attempt to immigrate , or that groups only become large when the absence of a competitor does not place limits on reproductive success ."]}
+{"id": 2438, "summary": [{"text": "phtheochroa simoniana is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in italy , spain , portugal and morocco .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 16 \u2013 18 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults have been recorded on wing from february to march . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "phtheochroa simoniana", "paragraphs": ["phtheochroa simoniana is a species of moth of the tortricidae family . it is found in italy , spain , portugal and morocco .\nsimoniana staudinger , 1859 ( cochylis ) , stettin . ent . ztg . 20 : 227 . tl : spain , andalusia . syntype ( s ) : mnhu . unknown .\ndrenowskii razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 34 : 166 no type\nflavana razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 34 : 103 no type\ngracilimana razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 34 : 166 no type\nhybriata razowski , in heppner , 1995 ( phtheochroa ) , atlas neotropical lepid . checklist 2 : 138 . no type\nochodes razowski , in heppner , 1995 ( phtheochroa ) , atlas neotropical lepid . checklist 2 : 138 . no type\necballiella huemer , 1989 ( phtheochroa ) , nota lepid . 12 : 273 . tl : spain , cadiz . holotype : bmnh . male .\nrafalskii razowski , 1997 ( phtheochroa ) , genus 8 : 176 . tl : mexico , durango , durango . holotype : amnh . male .\nsinecarina huemer , 1989 ( phtheochroa ) , nota lepid . 12 : 275 . tl : morocco , fez . holotype : bmnh . male .\nvariolosana christoph , in romanoff , 1887 ( phtheochroa ) , mm lpid . 3 : 115 . tl : turkestan , holotype : bmnh . male .\nannae huemer , 1989 ( phtheochroa ) , nota lepid . 12 : 276 . tl : austria , burgenland , neusiedl . holotype : tlmf . female .\nlarseni huemer , 1990 ( phtheochroa ) , nota lepid . 12 : 278 . tl : turkey , anatolia , kizilcahamam . holotype : nhmv . female .\nosthelderi huemer , 1989 ( phtheochroa ) , nota lepid . 12 : 278 . tl : syria , taukrus , marasch . holotype : zsm . female .\naarviki razowski & brown , 2012 ( phtheochroa ) , zootaxa 3222 : 3 . tl : kenya , central province , kereita forest . holotype : nmk . male .\nchriodes razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 34 : 176 tl : mexico , sinaloa , el palmito . holotype : sdnh . male .\ncircina razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 4 : 175 tl : mexico , sinaloa , el palmito . holotype : sdnh . male .\ndeima razowski , 1994 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 37 : 137 tl : mexico , 10 km se amecameca . holotype : eme . female .\nnatalica razowski , 2005 ( phtheochroa ) , polskie pismo entomol . 74 : 502 . tl : south africa , natal , karkloof . holotype : tmp . male .\npecosana kearfott , 1907 ( phtheochroa ) , can . ent . 39 : 124 . tl : usa , new mexico , beulah . lectotype : amnh . male .\nalbiscutellum walsingham , 1900 ( phtheochroa ) , ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 5 : 487 tl : japan . holotype : bmnh . female .\ningridae huemer , 1990 ( phtheochroa ) , nachrbl . bayer . ent 39 : 83 . tl : italy , sudtirol kalterer , leuchtenburger forst . holotype : tlmf . male .\nveirsi razowski , 1986 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 376 tl : mexico , durango , 30 mi w durango . holotype : eme . female .\nzerena razowski & becker , 1993 ( phtheochroa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 21 : 234 . tl : mexico , veracruz , zangolica . holotype : mnrj . male .\nimitana derra , 1992 ( phtheochroa ) , atalanta 21 : 298 . tl : turkey . hakkari province , cilo dagi , 5 km n agacsiz . holotype : derrc . male .\nochodea razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 34 : 177 tl : mexico , durango , el salto , rancho nuevo . holotype : sdnh . male .\npiptmachaeria razowski , 1986 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 373 tl : mexico , durango , 10 mi w el salto . holotype : eme . male .\nschreieri derra , 1992 ( phtheochroa ) , atalanta 21 : 296 . tl : turkey , hakkari province , cilo dagi , 5 km n agacsiz . holotype : derrc . female .\ntubulata arenberger , 1997 ( phtheochroa ) , z . arbgem . st . ent 49 : 79 . tl : uzbekistan , north kugitangtau , leilakhansei . holotype : arenc . female .\nberberidana danilevsky , 1955 ( phtheochroa ) , ent . obozr . 34 : 118 . tl : central asia . central asia ( alma ata . ) . lectotype : zmas . female .\nkenyana aarvik , 2010 ( phtheochroa ) , norw . j . ent . 57 : 83 . tl : kenya , rift valley prov . , turi . holotype : bmnh . male .\namphibola razowski , 1994 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 37 : 133 tl : mexico , puebla , nicolas bravo , 11 km ne azumbilla . holotype : eme . female .\nchlidantha razowski , 1994 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 37 : 131 tl : mexico , oaxaca , 17 km se oaxaca , ruinas dainzu . holotype : eme . male .\neulabea razowski , 1994 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 37 : 136 tl : mexico , puebla , nicolas bravo , 11 km ne azumbilla . holotype : eme . female .\nsyrtana ragonot , 1888 ( phtheochroa ) , annls soc . ent . fr . ( bulletin ) ( 6 ) 8 : lxxxviii . tl : tunisia , gabes . holotype : mnhn . female .\nweiserti arenberger , 1997 ( phtheochroa ) , z . arbgem . st . ent 49 : 78 . tl : uzbekistan , uzbekistan ( north kugitangtau , lielakhansei ) . holotype : arenc . male .\nciona razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 34 : 170 tl : mexico , nayarit , 49 . 4 mi ne venado , mesa nayar . holotype : sdnh . male .\nfaulkneri razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 34 : 168 tl : mexico , jalisco , ro verde , 17 mi yahualica , hwy 116 . holotype : sdnh . male .\npulvillana herrich - schaffer , 1851 ( tortrix ( phtheochroa ) ) , syst . bearbeitung schmett . eur . 4 : 195 tl : germany , frankfurt . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nchriacta razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 34 : 176 tl : mexico , jalisco , ro verde , 17 mi s yahualica , hwy 116 . holotype : sdnh . male .\nhydnum razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 34 : 174 tl : mexico , mexico ( chihuahua , sierra de catarina , 81 mi sw buenaventura . holotype : lacm . male .\ndilectana kennel , 1901 ( phtheochroa ) , dt . ent . z . iris 13 ( 1900 ) : 243 . tl : russia . vol - gograd r , sarepta . holotype : mnhu . male .\nhybrista razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 34 : 171 tl : mexico . mexico ( jalisco , 14 . 7 mi sw yahualica , el aguacate . holotype : sdnh . male .\ncistobursa razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 34 : 172 tl : mexico , jalisco , parque nacional nevado colima , 10 . 7 mi n hwy 54 . holotype : sdnh . female .\nchaunax razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 34 : 168 tl : mexico , jalisco , parque nacional nevado de colima , 10 . 7 mi n hwy 54 . holotype : sdnh . male .\ndescensa razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 34 : 173 tl : mexico , jalisco , parque nacional nevado de colima , 10 . 7 mi n hwy 54 . holotype : sdnh . female .\nhyboscia razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 34 : 172 tl : mexico , jalisco , parque nacional nevado de colima , 10 . 7 mi n hwy 54 . holotype : sdnh . male .\nnoema razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 34 : 174 tl : mexico , jalisco , parque nacional nevado de colima , 10 . 7 mi n hwy 54 . holotype : sdnh . female .\namandana herrich - schaffer , 1851 ( tortrix ( phtheochroa ) ) , syst . bearbeitung schmett . eur . 4 : 195 . tl : germany . bayern ( regensburg ) . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\ngloriosana herrich - schaffer , 1851 ( tortrix ( phtheochroa ) ) , syst . bearbeitung schmett . eur . 4 : 194 . tl : philippine islands . batan [ philippine islands ] . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\njohnibrowni razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 34 : 170 tl : mexico , mexico ( jalisco , parque nacional nevado de colima , 10 . 7 mi n hwy 45 . holotype : sdnh . male .\nthiana staudinger , 1900 ( phtheochroa ? ( cochylis ? ) ) , dt . ent . z . iris 12 ( 1899 ) : 348 . tl : central asia , central asia ( thian shan ) . holotype : mnhu . female .\nlonnvei aarvik , 2010 ( phtheochroa ) , norw . j . ent . 57 : 82 . tl : ethiopia , oromia reg . , bale zone , 43 km sw goba , bale mts . nat . park , darwin camp . holotype : nhmo . male .\nenter the name or part of a name you wish to search for . the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard . e . g . ' papilio * ' . keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .\nwe are still having problems with the search feature . unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .\nthe id resolving service for stable taxon ids is currently under maintenance . meanwhile , please use the name search in order to find the taxon page .\nmuseum f\u00fcr naturkunde leibniz - institut f\u00fcr evolutions - und biodiversit\u00e4tsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\n2011 - 01 - 26 by & van nieukerken , dr erik j . karsholt , dr ole & by dr leif aarvik\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\nthe wingspan is 16\u201318 mm . adults have been recorded on wing from february to march .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nje ne saurais que trop vous conseiller l\u2019ouvrage du groupe d\u2019etude des invert\u00e9br\u00e9s armoricains sur les pyrales de la manche . a retrouver sur le site pour le commander .\ntribu de la sous - famille des tortricinae qui compte 101 esp\u00e8ces visibles en france .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\njoaninha / / ten - spotted ladybird ( adalia decempunctata var . o . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nlocation : europe > portugal > algarve date photo taken : march 19 , 2010 \u00a9 copyright . you cannot use ! only encyclopedia of life ( eol )\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\naegrana walsingham , 1879 ( idiographis ) , illust . typical specimens lepid . heterocera colln . br . mus 4 : 26 . tl : usa , oregon , jackson co . , rogue river . lectotype : bmnh . male .\nagelasta razowski , 1967 ( aethes ) , acta zool . cracov . 12 : 192 tl : costa rica , san jos . holotype : bmnh . female .\nalbiceps walsingham , 1914 ( propira ) , biol . centr . - am . lepid . heterocera 4 : 297 . tl : mexico , guerrero , amula . lectotype : bmnh . male .\nalphitopa clarke , 1968 ( hysterosia ) , proc . u . s . natn . mus . 125 : 7 . tl : venezuela , aragua , rancho grande . holotype : usnm . male .\naureoalbida walsingham , 1895 ( hysterosia ) , trans . ent . soc . lond . 1895 : 498 . tl : usa , colorado , loveland . lectotype : bmnh . male .\naureopunctana ragonot , 1894 ( conchylis ) , annls soc . ent . fr . 63 : 189 . tl : syria , etikettiert . holotype : mnhn . male .\nbaracana busck , 1907 ( hysterosia ) , j . new york ent . soc . 15 : 33 . tl : usa , missouri , st louis . holotype : usnm . male .\ntiscana kearfott , 1907 ( hysterosia ) , can . ent . 39 : 123 . tl : usa . new jersey , caldwell . lectotype : amnh . male .\nvigilans meyrick , 1912 ( hysterosia ) , ent . mon . mag . 48 : 35 no type\nbirdana busck , 1907 ( hysterosia ) , j . new york ent . soc . 15 : 32 . tl : usa , new york , rye . holotype : usnm . female .\ncanariana barnes & busck , 1920 ( hysterosia ) , contrib . nat . hist . lepid . n . am 4 : 218 . tl : usa , arizona , white mountains . holotype : usnm . male .\ncartwrightana kearfott , 1907 ( hysterosia ) , can . ent . 39 : 123 . tl : canada , manitoba , cartwright . lectotype : amnh . male .\nchalcantha meyrick , 1912 ( pharmacis ) , exotic microlepid . 1 : 20 . tl : turkey , alma dagh . holotype : bmnh . male .\ncymatodana rebel , 1927 ( conchylis ( phalonia ) ) , z . st . ent . verz . 12 : 117 . tl : spain , sierra d ' espua , korb . lectotype : nhmv . male .\nhermosa schmidt , 1933 ( phalonia ( conchylis ) ) , boln . soc . espa . hist . nat . 33 : 401 . tl : spain . sierra espua , murcia province . holotype : mncnm . male .\ndecipiens walsingham , 1900 ( hysterosia ) , ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 6 : 447 tl : syria , shar devesy , haleb . holotype : bmnh . female .\nrocharva obraztsov , 1943 ( hysterosia ) , mitt . mnch . ent . ges . 33 : 91 . tl : russia . rocharv , vallis flum pjandzh . holotype : zmku . male .\ndodrantaria razowski , 1970 ( hysterosia ) , microlepid . palaearctica 3 : 94 . tl : lebanon , beirut . holotype : mnhu . male .\ndrenowskyi rebel , 1916 ( euxanthis ) , verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 66 : 42 . tl : bulgaria , demir kapia . lectotype : nhmv . male .\nduponchelana duponchel , in godart , 1843 ( sericoris ) , hist . nat . lpid . papillons fr . ( suppl . ) 4 : 143 . tl : italy , naples . holotype : mnhn . unknown .\nduponcheliana costa , 1847 ( sericoris ) , annali accad . aspir . natur . napoli 4 : 77 . tl : italy . naples . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\ngloriosana herrich - schaffer , 1847 ( uninomial ) , syst . bearbeitung schmett . eur . 4 : pl . 5 , fig . 31 . no type\nsyriaca walsingham , 1900 ( hysterosia ) , ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 6 : 446 tl : syria . shar devesy , haleb . holotype : bmnh . male .\ndurbonana lhomme , 1937 ( phalonia ) , amat . papillons 8 : 202 . tl : europe , westalpien ( alps ) [ europe ] . holotype : mnhn . male .\nexasperantana christoph , 1872 ( conchylis ) , horae soc . ent . ross 9 : 9 . tl : russia , vol - gograd region , sarepta . holotype : bmnh . female .\ncornigera razowski , 1970 ( hysterosia ) , microlepid . palaearctica 3 : 93 . tl : tajikistan . murgavskoje gosudarstwo . holotype : zmas . male .\nexasperatana caradja , 1916 ( conchylis ) , dt . ent . z . iris 30 : 53 . no type\nfarinosana herrich - schaffer , 1856 ( conchylis ) , neue schmett . eur . 4 : pl . 30 , fig . 154 . tl : russia , sarepta . syntype ( s ) : mnhu . unknown .\nfrigidana guenee , 1845 ( eupoecilia ) , annls soc . ent . fr . ( 2 ) 3 : 298 . tl : sweden , dalarna [ dalecarlia , sweden ] . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nandorrana milliere , 1865 ( conchylis ) , iconogr . descr . chenilles lpid . indits 2 : 167 . tl : france . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nflavidana guenee , 1846 ( cochylis ) , eur . microlepid . index meth . : 66 . tl : france . south france . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nschawerdae rebel , in schawerda , 1908 ( conchylis ) , verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 58 : 255 . tl : kosovo . kosovo ( vucija bara ) . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nsulphurana guenee , 1845 ( aphelia ) , eur . microlepid . index meth . : 67 . tl : france . pyrnes . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nsulphurosana razowski , 1970 ( aphelia ) , microlepid . palaearctica 3 : 73 . no type\nfulvicinctana constant , 1894 ( cochylis ) , annls soc . ent . fr . 62 ( 1893 ) : 403 . tl : france , alpes maritimes . holotype : mnhn . unknown .\nfulviplicana walsingham , 1879 ( idiographis ) , illust . typical specimens lepid . heterocera colln . br . mus 4 : 26 . tl : usa , california , shasta co . , hatchet creek . lectotype : bmnh . male .\nfermentata meyrick , 1912 ( hysterosia ) , ent . mon . mag . 48 : 35 . no type\nhomanana kearfott , 1907 ( hysterosia ) , can . ent . 39 : 84 . tl : usa . nevada , verdi . lectotype : amnh . male .\nkomonana kearfott , 1907 ( hysterosia ) , can . ent . 39 : 121 . tl : usa . california , santa clara co . , alma . lectotype : usnm . male .\nrefuga meyrick , 1912 ( hysterosia ) , ent . mon . mag . 48 : 35 no type\ngigantica busck , 1920 ( hysterosia ) , insec . inscit . menstr . 8 : 87 . tl : mexico , distrito federal , mexico city . holotype : usnm . female .\ngracillimana rebel , 1910 ( conchylis ) , dt . ent . z . iris 24 : 7 . tl : spain , castilia , cuenca . lectotype : mgab . male .\nhuachucana kearfott , 1907 ( commophila ) , trans . am . ent . soc . 33 : 79 . tl : usa , arizona , cochise co . . lectotype : amnh . male .\ninopiana haworth , 1811 ( tortrix ) , lepid . br . ( 3 ) : 469 . tl : united kingdom , great britain . lectotype : oum . male .\ncentrana herrich - schaffer , 1850 ( uninomial ) , syst . bearbeitung schmett . eur . 4 : pl . 53 , fig . 373 . no type\ncentrana herrich - schaffer , 1851 ( tortrix ( euchromia ) ) , syst . bearbeitung schmett . eur . 4 : 205 . tl : switzerland . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nexcentricana erschoff , 1877 ( tortrix ( idiographis ) ) , horae soc . ent . ross . 12 : 341 . tl : russia . siberia , irkutsk . syntypes : zmas . 2 females .\nhinnuleana krulikowsky , 1908 ( hysterosia inopiana ab . ) , societas ent . 23 : 18 . tl : russia . wjatka and kasan [ russia ] . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nobscurana kennel , 1913 ( hysterosia inopiana var . ) , palaear . tortr . : 350 . tl : russia . amur . syntype ( s ) : mnhu . unknown .\npallidana caradja , 1916 ( hysterosia inopiana var . ) , dt . ent . z . iris 30 : 55 . tl : russia . khabarovsky krai , kazakevich . lectotype : mgab . male .\ntripsiana eversmann , 1844 ( tortrix ) , fauna lepid . volgo - ural . : 491 . tl : russia . kasan , orenburg . syntype ( s ) : zmas . unknown .\niodes clarke , 1968 ( hysterosia ) , proc . u . s . natn . mus . 125 : 4 . tl : guatemala , volcan santa mara . holotype : usnm . male .\nissikii razowski , 1977 ( hysterosia ) , ty to ga 28 : 35 . tl : japan , hokkaido , maruyama . holotype : usnm . female .\njerichoana amsel , 1935 ( phalonia ) , mitt . zool . mus . berl . 20 : 291 . tl : palestine , jericho . holotype : lnk . male .\nkenneli obraztsov , 1944 ( propira ) , dt . ent . z . iris 57 : 70 . tl : russia , volgograd region , sarepta . syntypes : mnhu . 2 females .\nkrulikowskiji obraztsov , 1944 ( propira ) , dt . ent . z . iris 57 : 69 . tl : russia , viatka province , sarapul . holotype : zmku . male .\nkazakhstanica danilevsky , in danilevsky , kuznetzov & falkovitsh , 1962 ( phalonia ) , trud . inst . zool . alma ata 18 : 109 . tl : khazakhstan . alma ata [ almaty ] . holotype : zmas . male .\nkazakhstanika danilevsky , in danilevsky , kuznetzov & falkovitsh , 1962 ( phalonia ) , trud . inst . zool . alma ata 18 : 82 . no type\nloricata razowski , 1984 ( trachysmia ) , polskie pismo ent . 53 : 568 . tl : mexico , puebla , 2 mi sw tehuacan . holotype : eme . female .\nlucentana kennel , 1899 ( cochylis ) , dt . ent . z . iris 12 : 30 . tl : syria , holotype : mnhu . unknown .\nmelasma clarke , 1968 ( hysterosia ) , proc . u . s . natn . mus . 125 : 9 . tl : guatemala , chejel . holotype : usnm . male .\nmeraca razowski , 1984 ( trachysmia ) , polskie pismo ent . 54 : 570 . tl : mexico , puebla , 2 mi sw tehuacan . holotype : eme . female .\nmodestana busck , 1907 ( hysterosia ) , j . new york ent . soc . 15 : 32 . tl : usa , pennsylvania , allegheny co . , pittsburgh . holotype : usnm . male .\nnoctivaga razowski , 1984 ( trachysmia ) , polskie pismo ent . 53 : 569 . tl : mexico , nuevo leon , 4 mi w iturbide . holotype : eme . female .\nobnubila razowski , 1984 ( trachysmia ) , polskie pismo ent . 53 : 571 . tl : mexico , hidalgo , jacala . holotype : eme . female .\nochralana chretien , 1915 ( euxanthis ) , annls soc . ent . fr . 84 : 300 . tl : tunisia , lectotype : mnhn . male .\nbedeella lucas , 1946 ( phalonia ) , bull . soc . ent . fr . 51 : 98 . tl : tunisia . sfax . lectotype : mnhn . male .\nochrolana caradja , 1916 ( conchylis ) , dt . ent . z . iris 30 : 52 . no type\nochrobasana chretien , 1915 ( euxanthis ) , annls soc . ent . fr . 84 : 301 . tl : algeria , algeria ( biskra ) . syntype ( s ) : mnhn . unknown .\nundulata lucas , 1946 ( argyrotoxa ) , bull . soc . ent . fr . 51 : 98 . tl : algeria . algeria ( el golea ) . lectotype : mnhn . male .\npalpana ragonot , 1894 ( conchylis ) , annls soc . ent . fr . 63 : 195 . tl : turkey , hadjin . holotype : mnhn . male .\nperspicuana barnes & busck , 1920 ( hysterosia ) , contrib . nat . hist . lepid . n . am 4 : 218 . tl : usa , arizona , cochise co . , paradise . holotype : usnm . female .\npistrinana erschoff , 1877 ( cochylis ) , horae soc . ent . ross . 12 : 341 . tl : russia , siberia , irkutsk . syntype : zmas . male .\ncoreana walsingham , 1900 ( hysterosia ) , ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 6 : 447 tl : korea . gensan . holotype : bmnh . male .\nheptopotamica obraztsov , 1944 ( propira pistrinana ssp . ) , dt . ent . z . iris 57 : 68 . tl : kazakhstan . central asia ( dzharkent ) [ kazakhstan ] . holotype : unknown . male .\nprimula walsingham , 1914 ( hysterosia ) , biol . centr . - am . lepid . heterocera 4 : 299 . tl : mexico , popocatepetl . holotype : usnm . female .\nprocerana lederer , 1863 ( conchylis ) , wien . ent . monatschr . 7 : 45 . tl : bulgaria , holotype : mnhu . male .\ndispuncta kuznetzov , 1976 ( hysterosia pulvillana ssp . ) , trud . zool . inst . leningrad 64 : 3 . tl : russia . primorsky krai , vinogradovka . holotype : zmas . female .\npurana guenee , 1845 ( argyrolepia ) , eur . microlepid . index meth . : 64 . tl : france , syntype ( s ) : mnhn . unknown .\nlimbatana herrich - schaffer , 1847 ( uninomial ) , syst . bearbeitung schmett . eur . 4 : pl . 18 , fig . 125 . no type\nlimbatana herrich - schaffer , 1851 ( tortrix ( cochylis ) ) , syst . bearbeitung schmett . eur . 4 : 191 . tl : yugoslavia . syntype ( s ) : mnhu . unknown .\npurissima osthelder , 1938 ( phalonia ) , mitt . mnch . ent . ges . 28 : 24 . tl : iran , holotype : zsm . male .\nquaesita razowski , 1984 ( trachysmia ) , polskie pismo ent . 53 : 570 . tl : mexico , zacatecas , 9 mi s fresnillo . holotype : eme . female .\nrectangulana chretien , 1915 ( conchylis ) , annls soc . ent . fr . 84 : 299 . tl : algeria , algeria . lectotype : mnhn . female .\nreisseri razowski , 1970 ( hysterosia ) , microlepid . palaearctica 3 : 91 . tl : crete , west crete ( omalos ) . holotype : isez . male .\nretextana erschoff , 1874 ( conchylis ) , lepid . turkestan : 93 . tl : turkestan , laxartem , sir - daria . holotype : zmas . female .\nriscana kearfott , 1907 ( hysterosia ) , can . ent . 39 : 122 . tl : usa , pennsylvania , glenburn . lectotype : amnh . male .\nvincta meyrick , 1912 ( hysterosia ) , ent . mon . mag . 48 : 35 no type\nrugosana hubner , [ 1796 - 1799 ] ( tortrix ) , samml . eur . schmett . 7 : pl . 14fig . 82 . tl : germany , wrttenberg , marbach / neckar . neotype : tlmf . male .\nalbana kennel , 1913 ( phalonia ) , palaear . tortr . : 299 . no type\nv - albana donovan , [ 1806 ] ( phalaena ) , nat . hist . br . insects 11 : 31 . tl : united kingdom . great britain . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nschreibersiana frolich , 1828 ( tortrix ) , enum . tortr . wrtemberg : 53 . tl : germany , wrtemberg . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nsociana esartiya , 1988 ( trachysmia ) , ent . obozr . 67 ( 4 ) : 137 . tl : georgia , georgia ( grunzia , lagodekhi reserve ) . holotype : zmas . male .\nkaradaghina budashkin , 1992 ( trachysmia ) , ent . obozr . 69 : 415 . tl : ukraine . ukraine ( crimea ) . holotype : zmas . male .\nsodaliana haworth , 1811 ( tortrix ) , lepid . br . ( 3 ) : 436 . tl : united kingdom , great britain . syntype ( s ) : bmnh . unknown .\nsubfumida falkovitsh , 1963 ( hysterosia ( propira ) ) , zool . zhurn . moskva 42 : 697 tl : armenia , eriwan . holotype : zmas . male .\nsuperbissima razowski , 1984 ( trachysmia ) , acta zool . cracov . 53 : 571 tl : mexico , veracruz , 2 mi w el joyita , hwy . 140 . holotype : eme . male .\nterminana busck , 1907 ( hysterosia ) , j . new york ent . soc . 15 : 33 . tl : usa , pennsylvania , allegheny co . , pittsburgh . holotype : usnm . male .\nmerrickana kearfott , 1907 ( hysterosia ) , can . ent . 39 : 59 . tl : usa . pennsylvania , new brighton . lectotype : amnh . male .\nundulata danilevsky , in danilevsky , kuznetzov & falkovitsh , 1962 ( hysterosia ) , trud . inst . zool . alma ata 18 : 113 . tl : central asia , central asia ( dshungarian ala - tau ) . holotype : zmas . female .\nunionana kennel , 1900 ( hysterosia ) , dt . ent . z . iris 13 : 135 . tl : russia , caucasus . syntypes : mnhu . 2 males .\nvicina walsingham , 1914 ( propira ) , biol . centr . - am . lepid . heterocera 4 : 297 . tl : guatemala , vera paz , pancina . holotype : bmnh . female .\nvillana busck , 1907 ( hysterosia ) , j . new york ent . soc . 15 : 34 . tl : usa , colorado , adams co . , denver . holotype : usnm . male .\nvitellinana zeller , 1875 ( conchylis ) , verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 25 : 243 . tl : usa , maine or massachusetts . holotype : unknown . male .\nvulneratana zetterstedt , 1839 ( tortrix ) , insecta lapponica descripta : 979 . tl : sweden , lappland ( laponia [ sweden ] . syntype ( s ) : uzil . unknown .\nexsulana lederer , 1855 ( tortrix ) , verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 5 : 117 . syntype ( s ) : mnhu . unknown .\nmeincki amsel , 1932 ( euxanthis ) , dt . ent . z . berlin 1932 : 19 . tl : germany . holotype : meinc . unknown . [ lost ]\nniponica kawabe , 1982 ( hysterosia ) , moths japan 2 : 182 . no type\nnipponica matsumura , 1931 ( phalonia vulneratana form ) , 6000 illust . insects japan - empire : 1074 tl : japan . hokkaido & honshu . syntype ( s ) : eihu . unknown . [ lost ]\nwaracana kearfott , 1907 ( hysterosia ) , can . ent . 39 : 122 . tl : canada , alberta , regina . lectotype : usnm . female .\ndicax meyrick , 1912 ( hysterosia ) , ent . mon . mag . 48 : 35 no type\nzacualpana busck , 1913 ( commophila ) , insec . inscit . menstr . 1 : 141 . tl : mexico , distrito federal , zacualpan . holotype : usnm . female .\nunless noted , all images on these pages are copyright \u00a9 2003 - 14 by todd gilligan . please do not download , copy , print , or otherwise distribute any images from these pages without the permission of the author . contact form ."]}
+{"id": 2590, "summary": [{"text": "brachmia sigillatrix is a moth in the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by meyrick in 1910 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in southern india .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 11-12 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are deep ochreous-yellow , irregularly mixed with light brown suffusion .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the stigmata is black , edged with white , the plical obliquely before the first discal .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the hindwings are ochreous-whitish . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "brachmia sigillatrix", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for sigillatrix definition . you find here sigillatrix meaning , synonyms of sigillatrix and images for sigillatrix copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word sigillatrix . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word sigillatrix and , of course , sigillatrix synonyms and on the right images related to the word sigillatrix .\nbrachmia sigillatrix is a moth in the gelechiidae family . it was described by meyrick in 1910 . it is found in southern india .\nbrachmia sigillatrix meyrick , 1910 ; rec . ind . mus . 5 : 222 ; tl : ernaculam , cochin state , malabar coast ; karwar , kanara\nbrachmia dimidiella ( denis & schiffermuller , 1775 ) = brachmia costiguttella zeller 1846 = brachmia kneri nowicki 1865 .\nbrachmia infixa meyrick , 1938 ; inst . parcs nat . congo belge 14 : 17\nbrachmia leucopla meyrick , 1938 ; inst . parcs nat . congo belge 14 : 16\nbrachmia leucospora meyrick , 1938 ; inst . parcs nat . congo belge 14 : 17\nbrachmia neuroplecta meyrick , 1938 ; inst . parcs nat . congo belge 14 : 17\nbrachmia fuscogramma janse , 1960 ; moths s . afr . 6 ( 2 ) : 209\nbrachmia insuavis meyrick , 1914 ; suppl . ent . 3 : 51 ; tl : kankau\nbrachmia tholeromicta meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 84\nbrachmia circumfusa ; [ nhm , [ ref . on card incorrect ] card ] ; [ afromoths ]\nbrachmia antichroa meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 156 ; tl : ceylon , kandy\nbrachmia brunneolineata legrand , 1966 ; m\u00e9m . mus . hist . nat . paris ( a ) 37 : 81\nbrachmia ioplaca meyrick , 1934 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 15 ) : 453 ; tl : taiwan , alikano\nbrachmia obfuscata meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 436 ; tl : queensland , brisbane\nbrachmia obtrectata meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 506 ; tl : china , shanghai\nbrachmia perumbrata meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 113 ; tl : bengal , pusa\nbrachmia resoluta meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 113 ; tl : bengla , pusa\nbrachmia tepidata meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 505 ; tl : china , shanghai\nbrachmia autonoma meyrick , 1910 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1910 : 369 ; tl : chagos islands\nbrachmia circumfusa meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 506 ; tl : french guinea , konakri\nbrachmia liberta meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 10 ) : 291 ; tl : madagascar , antananarivo\nbrachmia ( cladodes ) procursella rebel , 1903 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 53 : 97\nbrachmia velitaris meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 295 ; tl : barberton\nbrachmia deltopis meyrick , 1920 ; in alluaud & jeannel , voyage afr . orientale , ins . l\u00e9p . 2 : 79\nbrachmia ditemenitis meyrick , 1934 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 10 ) 14 ( 82 ) : 408\nbrachmia infuscatella rebel , 1940 ; soc . sci . fenn . , comm . biol . 8 ( 1 ) : 38\nbrachmia melicephala meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 114 ; tl : burma , lashio , 3000ft\nbrachmia strigosa meyrick , 1910 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1910 : 450 ; tl : borneo , kuching\nbrachmia torva meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 9 ) : 278 ; tl : nyassland , mt mlanje\nbrachmia craterospila meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 46 ; tl : assam , shillong\nbrachmia syntonopis meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 48 ; tl : bombay , belgaum\nbrachmia apricata meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 295 ; tl : barberton , waterval onder\nbrachmia cenchritis meyrick , 1911 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 3 ) : 721 ; tl : khasis\nbrachmia hedemanni caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 112 ; tl : darjeeling\nbrachmia ptochodryas meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 46 ; tl : assam , shillong , 5000ft\nbrachmia custos meyrick , 1911 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 3 ) : 725 ; tl : nilgiris , 6000ft\nbrachmia robustella rebel , 1910 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 60 : 28 , f . 1 ; tl : herzegovina\nbrachmia amphisticta meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 9 ) : 279 ; tl : portuguese east africa , e of mt . chiperone\nbrachmia vecors meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 112 ; tl : s . india , palnis and gooty , madura , hampsagaram\nbrachmia insuavis ; [ nhm card ] ; park & hodges , 1995 , korean j . syst . zool . 11 ( 2 ) : 232 ( unrecognized )\nbrachmia ioplaca ; [ nhm card ] ; park & hodges , 1995 , korean j . syst . zool . 11 ( 2 ) : 233 ( unrecognized )\nbrachmia ( dichomeridinae ) ; [ nacl ] , 24 ; [ sangmi lee ] ; [ afromoths ] ; [ fe ] ; karsholt , mutanen , lee & kaila , 2013 , syst . ent . 38 : 343\nanacampsis anisopa meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 140 ; tl : colombia , la crumbre , 6000ft\nballotellus ( amsel , 1935 ) ( hypsolophus ) ; mitt . zool . mus . berl . 20 ( 2 ) : 298\napethistis carphodes meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 459 ; tl : khasi hills\naulacomima ceramochroa turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 150 ; tl : queensland , brisbane\ndilutiterminella ( gerasimov , 1930 ) ( cladodes ) ; ann . mus . zool . acad . sci . leningr . 31 ( 1 ) : 33 , pl . 7 , f . 3\ndryotyphla meyrick , 1937 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 4 - 5 ) : 123\ngelechia inornatella douglas , 1850 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . ( n . s . ) 1 : 65 ; tl : charlton\ngelechia ( ceratophora ? ) japonicella zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 365 , pl . 5 , f . 124\ndichomeris japonicella ; bae , lee & park , 2014 , ent . res . 44 : 19 ( list )\nmonotona caradja , 1927 ; mem . sect . stiint . acad . rom . ( 3 ) 4 ( 8 ) : 420\nmurinula turati , 1930 ; atti soc . ital . sci . nat . 69 : 80\nopaca meyrick , 1927 ; bull . acad . ( 3 ) 4 : 421 [ ? ] 9\northomastix meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 84\nphilochersa meyrick , 1938 ; trans . r . ent . soc . lond . 87 : 514\nphilodema meyrick , 1938 ; dt . ent . z . iris 52 : 7\nceratophora radiosella erschoff , 1874 ; in fedschenko , travels in turkestan . 2 ( 5 ) : 102 , pl . 6 , f . 115\nstactopis meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 84\nsubsignata diakonoff , 1954 ; verh . k . akad . wet . amst . ( 2 ) 50 ( 1 ) : 61\nlecithocera triophthalma meyrick , 1910 ; rec . ind . mus . 5 : 220 ; tl : tenmalai , w . ghats , travancore\naulacomima trinervis meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 395 ; tl : sydney , new south wales\nxeronoma meyrick , 1935 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 591\n[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nmicrolepidoptera of new guinea , results of the third archbold expedition ( american - netherlands indian expedition 1938 - 1939 ) . part iv\nzur lepidopteren - fauna mittel - asiens . 1 . microheterocera aus dem distrikt kaschka - darja ( so - buchara )\ndie schmetterlinge deutschlands und der schweiz . 2 . abteilung , kleinschmetterlinge . 2 . die motten und federmotten\nthe moths of america north of mexico including greenland . fascicle 7 . 1 . gelechioidea , gelechiidae ( part ) , dichomeridinae\nh . sauter ' s formosa ausbeute . pterophoridae , tortricidae , eucosmidae , gelechiadae , oecophoridae , cosmopterygidae , hypomeutidae , sesiadae , glyphipterygidae , plutellidae , teneidae , adelidae ( lep . )\nvoyage de ch . alluaud et r . jeannel en afrique orientale ( 1911 - 1812 ) . r\u00e9sultats scientifique . insectes l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res . 2 . microlepidoptera in alluaud & jeannel ,\nthe percy sladen and godman trusts expedition to the islands in the gulf of guinea , october 1932 march 1933 . iii . micro - lepidoptera\nzeller , 1877 exotische microlepidopteren horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 3 - 493 , pl . 1 - 6\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nthe wingspan is 11 - 12 mm . the forewings are deep ochreous - yellow , irregularly mixed with light brown suffusion . the stigmata is black , edged with white , the plical obliquely before the first discal . the hindwings are ochreous - whitish .\naustria , belgium , bulgaria , hungary , germany , denmark , spain , italy , latvia , lithuania , the netherlands , norway , poland , romania , the soviet union - the european part , finland , france , czech republic , switzerland , sweden , estonia , yugoslavia .\nregions of the russian federation : the volga - don , east caucasus , the european north - west , central european , european southern taiga , trans - baikal , karelia , krasnoyarsk , of baikal , seaside , mid - volzhsky , south ural .\nalbania , austria , belarus , belgium , bulgaria , bosnia and herzegovina , hungary , germany , denmark ( mainland ) , spain ( mainland ) , italy ( mainland ) , latvia , lithuania , macedonia , netherlands , norway ( mainland ) poland , romania , russia , slovakia , slovenia , ukraine , finland , france ( mainland ) , czech republic , switzerland , sweden , estonia , yugoslavia .\n[ 10 ] de jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) ( 2011 ) fauna europaea version 2 . 4 ( faunaeur . org )\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nthe gelechiidae is similar to other gelechioid families in that its members have a scaled proboscis and strongly recurved labial palpus , but differs from other gelechioid families by having a combination of the following characters : 1 ) hindwing subrectangular to trapezoidal with sinuous or concave termen and prominent apex , 2 ) forewing lanceolate to elongate\u2013ovate with cup absent , 3 ) the retinaculum of the wing\u2013coupling mechanism on the radial vein of the female forewing , 4 ) labial palpus long , second segment often with ventral brush , third segment long , acute , rarely with short dorsal brush of rough scales , 5 ) male gnathos forming a pair of lateral , articulated , symmetrical sclerites with an articulated , mesial hook ( hodges , 1986 , 1999 ) ."]}