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[ { "answer_id": 10534, "author": "Jan", "author_id": 3002, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/3002", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<p>A common sense or intuition question: Does your son appear ill to you? Does he look or feel unwell?</p>\n\n<p>Examples of symptoms that would suggest he has some illness:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>His behavior has changed, so he was not always like this </li>\n<li>Increased body temperature (did you measure it?)</li>\n<li>Night sweats</li>\n<li>Fatigue</li>\n<li>Paleness</li>\n<li>Cough</li>\n<li>Changed bowel habits</li>\n<li>Pain (headache, stomach pain...)</li>\n<li>Rash </li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>One disorder, among others, with feeling of warmth and appetite changes is hyperthyroidism (<a href=\"https://www.endocrineweb.com/conditions/hyperthyroidism/hyperthyroidism-symptoms\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Endocrinoweb</a>)</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 10547, "author": "Volker", "author_id": 7707, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7707", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Body temperature actually does not vary a lot between individuals contrary to Lakshmi's answer unless you have a fever. More information is needed to answer the question. Age, body weight / height and calorie intake per day as well as a recent history of unintentional weight gain or weight loss for starters. How long has this been going on for and are there other symptoms? Is your son actually unwell?\nAlso: It may be you whose temperature perception is off. It is well known that women, especially as they get older are less tolerant to colder temperatures than men. What is the actual temperature in your house and in his room? Maybe he is trying to escape from the excessive heat you create to be comfortable.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/10529", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7697/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 13350, "author": "Stylus", "author_id": 11109, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/11109", "pm_score": -1, "selected": false, "text": "<p><a href=\"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadalafil\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Tadalafil</a> is second generation medicine after Viagra. Normally <a href=\"http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/303039.php\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">doctors prescribe generic name of a medicine</a>. Request him to prescribe generic name, then choose the company.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 13388, "author": "Chris Rogers", "author_id": 7951, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7951", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Tadafil is the generic name for Cialis</p>\n\n<p>Drugs.com provide an <a href=\"https://www.drugs.com/international/tadalafil.html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">international list of brand names which includes Cialis</a> whilst MedIndia provides a <a href=\"http://www.medindia.net/drug-price/tadalafil.htm\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">list which doesn't contain Cialis</a> along with their prices in in Indian Rupees (&#8377;).</p>\n\n<p>Going for Cialis is the same as going for any other brand name. They all contain the active drug (Tadafil).</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 16604, "author": "EDtreatment", "author_id": 13942, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/13942", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p><em>Tadalafil is the generic form of Cialis, and it is exactly the same in its effects.</em></p>\n\n<p>In the United States, the Lily company holds a patent that prevents the generic form being sold until September 27, 2018. However, the generic form is already available legally in most parts fo the world.</p>\n\n<p>I would recommend great caution when buying tadalafil. While tadalafil is safe and effective, ED medications are among the most commonly faked. Be sure you buy from an established, reputable pharmacy, and avoid buying online. </p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/10544", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1716/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 10568, "author": "Lakshmi Balan", "author_id": 6747, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6747", "pm_score": 1, "selected": true, "text": "<p>Yes of course ! You can control your angry. But instead of controlling it, you can show it in a peaceful way or forget it. I experienced it lot. Before few years, I used to get angry often. Showing your anger towards others should be in a peaceful manner if you want to show your angry. Count numbers in your mind from 1..10 when you get angry. </p>\n\n<p>Try these simple steps:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>Breathe deeply, from your diaphragm. Breathing from your chest won't relax you, so picture your breath coming up from your \"gut.</li>\n<li>\"Slowly repeat a calming word or phrase, such as \"relax\" or \"take it easy.\" Keep repeating it to yourself while breathing deeply.</li>\n<li>Use imagery. Visualize a relaxing experience from your memory or your imagination.</li>\n<li>Try non-strenuous, slow exercises. Yoga and similar activities can relax your muscles and calm you down.</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>Practice these techniques daily. Eventually, you'll be able to use them automatically when you're in a tense situation.</p>\n\n<p><strong>It's best to find out what it is that triggers your anger, and then to develop strategies to keep those triggers from tipping you over the edge.</strong></p>\n\n<p>Tips to tame your temper : <a href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/adult-health/in-depth/anger-management/art-20045434\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/adult-health/in-depth/anger-management/art-20045434</a></p>\n\n<p>Reference : <a href=\"http://www.apa.org/helpcenter/controlling-anger.aspx\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">http://www.apa.org/helpcenter/controlling-anger.aspx</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.apa.org/topics/anger/control.aspx\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">http://www.apa.org/topics/anger/control.aspx</a></p>\n\n<p>Play with Kids :) Smile :) Laugh a lot :) Enjoy Your Life :)</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 10573, "author": "ancientcampus", "author_id": 7735, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7735", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>If you desire professional assistance, psychologists have specific training in therapy that can help. A therapist will likely work on developing skills based around becoming aware when you are starting to become angry, and training in techniques to lower your anger levels.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/10565", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7561/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 27541, "author": "NetServOps", "author_id": 22263, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/22263", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>According to the <a href=\"https://stanfordbloodcenter.org/platelet-donation-101/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Stanford Blood Center</a> and the <a href=\"https://cdn.ymaws.com/www.apheresis.org/resource/collection/217EFA7C-CE00-416E-B1BF-1D52FBD8679A/17.05.03-1316-ATLANTIC%20I,II,V,VI%20-PALOMINO-v2.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">American Society for Apharesis</a>, you should increase your intake of fluids, calcium, and iron at least two days before your platelet donation appointment – this will help prevent negative donation reactions.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 30690, "author": "user1271772", "author_id": 16670, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/16670", "pm_score": 2, "selected": true, "text": "<p>I agree with the <a href=\"https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/10597/is-it-necessary-to-hydrate-before-doing-a-double-red-cell-blood-donation#comment58571_10597\">comment by Carey Gregory</a> that the answer was available online had you done more prior research, but ironically <em><strong>this specific question of yours</strong></em> was <a href=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/DKdYA.png\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">the first result suggested by Google</a>. Also, even though so many websites offer information about this topic, there doesn't yet seem to exist a single page that summarizes all the important points from those various websites, so I will do that here.</p>\n<h1>What is a double red cell donation?</h1>\n<p>The donor's blood is removed and red blood cells (RBCs) are separated from the plasma and platelets. The plasma and platelets are then inserted back into the donor's body, since it's just the RBCs that are being donated, and there's no need to permanently take away the donor's plasma and platelets. However, because RBCs have now been removed, the blood's volume has been reduced, so a saline solution is added before the plasma and platelets are given back to the donor: this is to replace the lost blood <em><strong>volume</strong></em>. By doing this, the recipient can get about twice as much blood from the same donor, which can reduce the number of donors to whom they get exposed (i.e. it's safer for the recipient); and the donor also benefits from not having to go as frequently, through <em>all</em> the inconveniences of donating blood.</p>\n<h2>Why is hydrating before donating blood advised (in general)?</h2>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.nm.org/healthbeat/healthy-tips/nutrition/quick-dose-what-should-i-eat-before-donating-blood\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Northwestern Medicine says</a>:</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>&quot;Since your body is made mostly of water, it’s important to stay hydrated before (and after) giving blood. A loss of fluids can lead to a drop in your blood pressure, which explains why some may feel dizziness. Be sure to drink at least two cups before you donate. You’ll also feel better if you have something in your stomach, which also stabilizes your blood pressure.&quot;</p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>The <a href=\"https://www.visitcompletecare.com/blog/what-to-do-before-giving-blood/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Complete Care Hospital says</a>:</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>&quot;Drink water: A good portion of the blood donated is made up of water, so be sure to drink water before and after donating. Most locations advise drinking about 16 ounces of water beforehand. This will help reduce fatigue and dizziness after donating by keeping your body hydrated and replenished.&quot;</p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>The <a href=\"https://www.slma.cc/dos-and-donts-after-donating-blood/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">SLMA says</a>:</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>&quot;Donating blood increases the risk of dehydration [...]. Blood volume recovers fairly quickly for people who stay hydrated,&quot;</p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>All three of the above sources state that the reason why you're advised to be reasonably well-hydrated before donating blood is <em><strong>because you lose a lot of blood volume, and water is a major constituent of blood, therefore you lose a lot of water and can therefore experience symptoms of dehydration (e.g. dizziness)</strong></em></p>\n<h2>But what about for <em>double red cell donation</em> (specifically)?</h2>\n<p>It was mentioned above that plasma (which contains water) and platelets are returned to the donor during a double red cell donation, <strong>plus</strong> an additional saline solution, so isn't blood volume loss not longer a problem for donors doing through this extra procedure?</p>\n<p>Indeed, the <a href=\"https://www.childrenshospital.org/ways-to-help/donate-blood/double-red-cells\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Boston Children's Hospital</a> gives the following as one of the reasons/advantages for doing a double red cell donation rather than the simpler procedure (emphasis added):</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>Lower total blood volume loss because you receive plasma/platelet and saline solution back. <em><strong>You leave more hydrated!</strong></em>&quot;</p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>If you leave the donation center with <em><strong>more hydrated</strong></em> than when you entered (because of most of the plasma water returned to you, in addition to an extra saline solution), then is it still necessary to hydrate so much (the 16 ounces of water suggested above) before doing a double red cell donation? There's an answer to this, but it takes deeper research to find the actual reason (<a href=\"https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/10597/is-it-necessary-to-hydrate-before-doing-a-double-red-cell-blood-donation#comment58573_10597\">indeed your own blood cell clinic didn't know when you asked them</a>, and all the above articles don't give any additional reasons for hydration which still apply in the double red cell donation case).</p>\n<h2>Why you should still be well-hydrated even for a double red cell donation</h2>\n<p>One may have to read through more of the search results to find this, but the above reasons for hydration aren't the only ones given, particularly the <a href=\"https://www.upstate.edu/whatsup/2013/1010-preparing-for-your-blood-donation-with-water.php\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Upstate Medical University says</a> (emphasis mine):</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>&quot;Donating blood isn't hard to do, but it will go quicker if you have a lot of fluids in your system. <em><strong>If you are more hydrated, your veins will be easier to find and your blood will flow more easily.</strong></em> The American Red Cross suggests drinking an extra 16 ounces of water before and after your donation —even if you don‘t feel thirsty.&quot;</p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>Likewise, <a href=\"https://giveplasma.ca/why-you-should-stay-hydrated-before-donating-blood-plasma/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Canada Plasma Resources says</a>:</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>&quot;Since plasma is 90% water, your level of hydration while donating plasma will impact the viability of your donation. <em><strong>Drinking enough water directly affects how full your vein is and how your plasma is separated during the plasmapheresis process.</strong></em> Ideally, you should drink six to eight cups of water on the day of your donation!&quot;</p>\n</blockquote>\n<h1>Conclusion based on everything above</h1>\n<p>By being well hydrated you:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>make your veins easier to find,</li>\n<li>make your veins more &quot;full&quot;,</li>\n<li>make the blood flow more easily,</li>\n<li>make the plasma separation easier during the plasmapheresis process,</li>\n<li>make the overall process quicker and easier for yourself and the staff</li>\n</ul>\n<p>During a double red cell donation, it is true that the dehydration-like symptoms that would typically concern you <em><strong>after</strong></em> a whole blood donation, might not be as much of a concern since it was said in a quote above that you leave the clinic <em><strong>more hydrated</strong></em> than before. So the need to hydrate yourself <em><strong>after</strong></em> the process might not be as convincing, but all the reasons for hydrating <em><strong>before</strong></em> the process still apply.</p>\n<p>The last link I gave contained some useful tips for how to recognize dehydration if you <em><strong>do</strong></em> somehow end up not being well enough hydrated after your plasma and saline solution are returned to you:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Feeling thirsty</li>\n<li>Feeling dizzy or lightheaded</li>\n<li>Fatigue</li>\n<li>Confusion</li>\n<li>Dry mouth, lips, or eyes</li>\n<li>Less frequent urination and/or dark coloured urine</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Importantly though, dizziness, lightheadedness, confusion and fatigue can be symptoms of over-hydration too, and since it's been said in a quote above that you leave the double red cell donation procedure <em><strong>more hydrated</strong></em> than when you first came, you should also be careful\n<em><strong>not to over-hydrate yourself</strong></em>.</p>\n<h1>TLDR</h1>\n<p>You still need to hydrate yourself <em><strong>before</strong></em> the procedure. The reasons for this are independent of whether you're doing a double red cell donation or a whole blood donation, but in the double red cell case, you may not need to hydrate as much afterwards (and even overhydration can become a concern since you can leave more hydrated than you came). It's good to know the symptoms of dehydration as well as for overhydration so that you can adjust your water intake accordingly.</p>\n<h1>Further reading</h1>\n<p>Article: &quot;<a href=\"https://www.inceptsaves.com/blog/2016/6/3/why-should-you-stay-hydrated-before-donating-blood\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Why Should You Stay Hydrated Before Donating Blood?</a>&quot;</p>\n\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/10597", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/31/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 10660, "author": "Jan", "author_id": 3002, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/3002", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<p>So, the question is, if cough is contagious in a similar way as yawning is, only with this difference that you don't even cough?</p>\n\n<p>Yes, such things can happen. It's not exactly that you \"spread\" the cough, but you can--unintentionally-- \"provoke\" the person to cough. This can happen if the person feels uncomfortable in your presence, because you are, for example, giving awkward, ambivalent messages (when your words, voice, emotions, gestures and facial expressions seem to be in a conflict). The other person can find this scary or funny, but he/she is not able or does not want to tell you, so the tension builds up in his/her chest/throat resulting in an urge to cough.</p>\n\n<p>The problem can be either on your or the coughing person's side.</p>\n\n<p>Speaking from experience; been on both sides.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 12697, "author": "Antony", "author_id": 9548, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/9548", "pm_score": 3, "selected": true, "text": "<p>No, it just happens and you're overthinking about it. It means absolutely nothing. </p>\n\n<p>Cough is a protective reflex, which helps to clear the large breathing passages from fluids, irritants, foreign particles and microbes. A cough can also be psychogenic or neurogenic but certainly not telepathic or magic.</p>\n\n<hr>\n\n<h2>What causes coughs:</h2>\n\n<p>Most coughs are caused by cold or flu.</p>\n\n<p>Other causes include:\nsmoking,\nallergies(for example hay fever),\ninfections like bronchitis,\nmucus dripping down the throat from the back of the nose.\nA cough is very rarely a sign of something serious like lung cancer.</p>\n\n<hr>\n\n<p><strong>References:</strong></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cough\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cough</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://beta.nhs.uk/conditions/cough?WT.mc_id=organic_split\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://beta.nhs.uk/conditions/cough?WT.mc_id=organic_split</a></p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/10638", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7576/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 10657, "author": "Count Iblis", "author_id": 856, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/856", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X9BvqlTvVao\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Ketosis is not a healthy state for your body</a>, a low carb diet by itself isn't healthy either as <a href=\"https://youtu.be/kQpr5Vz_B4M?t=2634\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Dr. Klaper explains here</a>. While you may not notice serious health problems after a year in ketosis, a great deal of damage will be done to your body. </p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 17942, "author": "Jan", "author_id": 3002, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/3002", "pm_score": 3, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Long-term ketogenic diet can have various side effects.</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28702868\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Safety and tolerability of the ketogenic diet used for the treatment of refractory childhood epilepsy: a systematic review of published prospective studies (PubMed, 2017):</a></p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>The most common adverse effects included <strong>gastrointestinal disturbances</strong>\n (40.6%), <strong>hyperlipidemia</strong> (12.8%), <strong>hyperuricemia</strong> (4.4%), <strong>lethargy</strong>\n (4.1%), <strong>infectious diseases</strong> (3.8%) and <strong>hypoproteinemia</strong> (3.8%).</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://biomedj.cgu.edu.tw/pdfs/2013/36/1/images/BiomedJ_2013_36_1_2_107152.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Dietary Therapies For Epilepsy (BioMed Journal, 2013)</a>:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Side effects include <strong>constipation, dyslipidemia, growth slowing,\n acidosis,</strong> and <strong>kidney stones.</strong></p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15507148/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Ketogenic diets and physical performance (PubMed, 2004)</a>:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p><strong>Impaired physical performance</strong> is a common but not obligate result of a\n low carbohydrate diet.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5664869/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Ketogenic diet in endocrine disorders: Current perspectives (PubMed, 2017)</a>:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>The moderate adverse effects comprised of...<strong>mineral\n deficiencies</strong>...</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.ketovale.com/side-effects-of-keto-diet/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Ketovale</a> mentions many side effects from a mixture of anecdotal and study reports: the side effects mentioned above plus <strong>keto flu (headache, weakness, brain fog, increased hunger and fatigue), acetone-like breath, muscle cramps, insomnia, reduced bone mineral density, keto rash</strong>...</p>\n\n<p>According to <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2989112/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">2 cohort studies following 3,966 adults for 20-26 years: (PubMed, 2010)</a></p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>A low-carbohydrate diet based on animal sources was associated with\n higher all-cause mortality in both men and women, whereas a\n vegetable-based low-carbohydrate diet was associated with lower\n all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality rates.</p>\n</blockquote>\n" }, { "answer_id": 17980, "author": "jordanevolves", "author_id": 15150, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/15150", "pm_score": 3, "selected": false, "text": "<p>You might be interested in this study: <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2716748/\" rel=\"noreferrer\">Long-term effects of a ketogenic diet in obese patients</a>.</p>\n\n<p>Specifically, for 83 obese study participants on a ketogenic (&lt;30g carb/day) diet for 24 weeks:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>The weight and body mass index of the patients decreased significantly (P&lt;0.0001). The level of total cholesterol decreased from week 1 to week 24. HDL cholesterol levels significantly increased, whereas LDL cholesterol levels significantly decreased after treatment. The level of triglycerides decreased significantly following 24 weeks of treatment. The level of blood glucose significantly decreased. The changes in the level of urea and creatinine were not statistically significant.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>All of these changes (weight and BMI decreased, total cholesterol decreased, LDL decreased, triglycerides decreased, HDL increased, blood glucose decreased) are normally considered to be indications of improved health.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/10656", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7800/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 10743, "author": "Kris", "author_id": 7879, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7879", "pm_score": 2, "selected": true, "text": "<p>You need to have some synovial fluid drawn from the joint and examined for Crystals. If none are present the condition is not gout. \nOther possible causes of symptoms are psoriatic arthritis rheumatoid arthritis septic (infectious arthritis).\nThe high CRP number indicates an autoimmune condition. </p>\n\n<p>Ask for steroid injection in ankle.\nThat may give you some relief while you try to adjust your diet to one focused on reducing inflammation.</p>\n\n<p>Keep an eye out for other symptoms like skin rashes that are also caused by auto immune inflammation causing disorders. </p>\n\n<p>I had extreme ankle pain and swelling for 2 months finally got injection. Within a day ankle was much better.\nHas not recurred for 4 months.\nBut now I have a skin problem diagnosed as psoriasis.</p>\n\n<p>My symptoms began during a high stress time in my life ( death of my sister).\nAnything that helps lower stress like meditation, yoga,exercise,healthy foods will help.</p>\n\n<p>Good luck!</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 12581, "author": "Farooq", "author_id": 9495, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/9495", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Well apart from medications prescribed by medical physician or rheumatologist <a href=\"http://www.upaae.com/get-rid-of-gout-pain-in-24-to-48-hours-guaranteed-using-this-natural-remedy/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">this home remedy</a> is extremely effective at curing gout pain and preventing further gout attacks. May God prevent you from further gout attacks but if it reappears then must give it a try, its all natural and with no side effects.\n4 Easily available Items you will need for preparing this remedy.\n1, Two tablespoons of apple cider vinegar<a href=\"https://upaae.com/10-proven-health-benefits-and-uses-of-apple-cider-vinegaracv/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">[1]</a>,2. One tablespoon of raw honey (Honey is for changing the strong taste of <a href=\"http://www.upaae.com/10-proven-health-benefits-and-uses-of-apple-cider-vinegaracv/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">ACV</a>, if you are diabetic don't add honey).\n3, Juice of One Fresh lemon<a href=\"https://upaae.com/all-about-lemon-juice-and-gout-high-uric-acid-levels-research-based/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">[2]</a>.\n4, A glass of water.</p>\n\n<p>Use:\nMix all these items and drink the whole glass of this mixture. Prepare this drink two times a day and drink, you will notice pain reduction in less then 24 hours.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/10662", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7806/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 10688, "author": "Jan", "author_id": 3002, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/3002", "pm_score": 3, "selected": true, "text": "<p>For <strong>1 US Dollar</strong> you can get:</p>\n\n<p>Foods with mainly <em>carbohydrates:</em></p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Polenta/cornmeal,</strong> raw, 847 g = <strong>2,930</strong> Cal</li>\n<li><strong>Potatoes, white,</strong> raw, 2,400 g = <strong>1,844</strong> Cal</li>\n<li><strong>Bread, black,</strong> 680 g = <strong>1,536</strong> Cal</li>\n<li><strong>Oatmeal,</strong> raw, 340 g = <strong>1,244</strong> Cal</li>\n<li><strong>Rice, white,</strong> raw, 320 g = <strong>1,117</strong> Cal-</li>\n<li><strong>Chickpeas (garbanzo beans),</strong> canned, (also contain protein), 340 g = <strong>558</strong> Cal</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>Foods with mainly <em>protein/fat:</em></p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Chicken,</strong> raw, 405 g = <strong>640</strong> Cal</li>\n<li><strong>Sardines,</strong> canned, 142 g = <strong>354</strong> Cal</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>These are examples of cheap high-calorie foods you can eat regularly as part of a healthy diet.</p>\n\n<p><em>Cal = 1 kilocalorie</em></p>\n\n<p><em>Prices, as available in Slovenia/Europe at 6th January 2017</em></p>\n\n<hr>\n\n<p>Calculations and sources:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>Bread, black, 1kg = 1,39 € = 1.47 $; for $1 you get 680 g = 1,536 Cal (226 Cal/100 g) (<a href=\"https://trgovina.mercator.si/market/izdelek/1536699/crni-hlebec-mercator-1kg\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">source</a>)</li>\n<li>Rice, white, 1 kg = 2.98 € = 3.15 $; for $1 you get 320 g = 1,117 Cal (349 Cal/100 g) (<a href=\"https://trgovina.mercator.si/market/izdelek/28543/srednjezrnati-brusen-riz-za-domace-jedi-zlato-polje-1-kg\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">source</a>)</li>\n<li>Polenta (cornmeal), 500 g = 0.56 € = 0.59 $; for $1 you get 847 g = 2.930 Cal (346 Cal/100 g) (<a href=\"https://trgovina.mercator.si/market/izdelek/16879812/instant-polenta-mercator-500-g\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">price</a>, <a href=\"http://www.mlinotest.si/okusi/mlinotest/moke-in-mlevski-izdelki/instant-mlevski-izdelki/instant-polenta-500-g/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Calories</a>)</li>\n<li>Oatmeal, 500 g = 1.39 € = 1.47 $; for $1 you get 340 g = 1,244 Cal (366 Cal/100 g) (<a href=\"https://trgovina.mercator.si/market/izdelek/82115/ovseni-kosmici-zito-500-g\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">source</a>)</li>\n<li>Potatoes, white, 5 kg = 2 € = 2.1 $; for $1 you get 2,400 g = 1,844 Cal (77 Cal/100 g) (<a href=\"https://trgovina.mercator.si/market/izdelek/14939390/krompir-mercator-5kg-pakirano\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">price</a>, <a href=\"http://www.cenim.se/hranilne-vrednosti.php?id=2924\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Calories</a>)</li>\n<li>Chickpeas, canned, for $1 you get 340 g = 558 Cal (<a href=\"https://www.walmart.com/ip/La-Preferida-Chick-Peas-15-oz-Pack-of-12/19475594?action=product_interest&amp;action_type=title&amp;beacon_version=1.0.2&amp;bucket_id=irsbucketdefault&amp;client_guid=b0a2d57f-0c10-43c6-81c7-0a31e7ad0827&amp;config_id=106&amp;customer_id_enc&amp;findingMethod=p13n&amp;guid=b0a2d57f-0c10-43c6-81c7-0a31e7ad0827&amp;item_id=19475594&amp;parent_anchor_item_id=10534041&amp;parent_item_id=10534041&amp;placement_id=irs-106-t1&amp;reporter=recommendations&amp;source=new_site&amp;strategy=PWVAV&amp;visitor_id=Qywxb4F8UbLMSgaZbzoypE\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">price</a>), <a href=\"https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/4796?man=&amp;lfacet=&amp;count=&amp;max=50&amp;qlookup=chickpeas&amp;offset=&amp;sort=default&amp;format=Abridged&amp;reportfmt=other&amp;rptfrm=&amp;ndbno=&amp;nutrient1=&amp;nutrient2=&amp;nutrient3=&amp;subset=&amp;totCount=&amp;measureby=&amp;Qv=3.4&amp;Q9005=1&amp;Qv=1&amp;Q9005=1\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">(Calories)</a></li>\n<li>Canned fish, sardines, 105 g = 0.7 € = 0.74 $; for $1 you get 142 g = 354 Cal (249 Cal/100 g) (<a href=\"https://trgovina.mercator.si/market/izdelek/16882804/sardine-v-rastlinskem-olju-mercator-105-g\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">source</a>)</li>\n<li>Chicken, whole, 1.5 kg = 3.5 € = 3.7 $; for $1 you get 405 g = 640 Cal (160 (Cal/100 g) (<a href=\"https://trgovina.mercator.si/market/izdelek/12208088/piscanec-mercator-pakirano-cena-za-kg\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">source</a>)</li>\n</ul>\n" }, { "answer_id": 10714, "author": "ancientcampus", "author_id": 7735, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7735", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<p>For millennia, \"Rice and Beans\" have been a staple worldwide for good reason: they are cheap crops that together provide a \"compete protien\", that is, every type of amino acid that we cannot synthesize ourselves.</p>\n\n<p>Though they're slightly more time consuming to cook, go with dried beans instead of canned if it'll be a regular thing. Eating canned beans for a large part of your diet will have effects similar to eating canned <em>anything</em> for a large part of your diet, that is, way too much sodium.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/10664", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7809/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 10688, "author": "Jan", "author_id": 3002, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/3002", "pm_score": 3, "selected": true, "text": "<p>For <strong>1 US Dollar</strong> you can get:</p>\n\n<p>Foods with mainly <em>carbohydrates:</em></p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Polenta/cornmeal,</strong> raw, 847 g = <strong>2,930</strong> Cal</li>\n<li><strong>Potatoes, white,</strong> raw, 2,400 g = <strong>1,844</strong> Cal</li>\n<li><strong>Bread, black,</strong> 680 g = <strong>1,536</strong> Cal</li>\n<li><strong>Oatmeal,</strong> raw, 340 g = <strong>1,244</strong> Cal</li>\n<li><strong>Rice, white,</strong> raw, 320 g = <strong>1,117</strong> Cal-</li>\n<li><strong>Chickpeas (garbanzo beans),</strong> canned, (also contain protein), 340 g = <strong>558</strong> Cal</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>Foods with mainly <em>protein/fat:</em></p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Chicken,</strong> raw, 405 g = <strong>640</strong> Cal</li>\n<li><strong>Sardines,</strong> canned, 142 g = <strong>354</strong> Cal</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>These are examples of cheap high-calorie foods you can eat regularly as part of a healthy diet.</p>\n\n<p><em>Cal = 1 kilocalorie</em></p>\n\n<p><em>Prices, as available in Slovenia/Europe at 6th January 2017</em></p>\n\n<hr>\n\n<p>Calculations and sources:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>Bread, black, 1kg = 1,39 € = 1.47 $; for $1 you get 680 g = 1,536 Cal (226 Cal/100 g) (<a href=\"https://trgovina.mercator.si/market/izdelek/1536699/crni-hlebec-mercator-1kg\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">source</a>)</li>\n<li>Rice, white, 1 kg = 2.98 € = 3.15 $; for $1 you get 320 g = 1,117 Cal (349 Cal/100 g) (<a href=\"https://trgovina.mercator.si/market/izdelek/28543/srednjezrnati-brusen-riz-za-domace-jedi-zlato-polje-1-kg\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">source</a>)</li>\n<li>Polenta (cornmeal), 500 g = 0.56 € = 0.59 $; for $1 you get 847 g = 2.930 Cal (346 Cal/100 g) (<a href=\"https://trgovina.mercator.si/market/izdelek/16879812/instant-polenta-mercator-500-g\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">price</a>, <a href=\"http://www.mlinotest.si/okusi/mlinotest/moke-in-mlevski-izdelki/instant-mlevski-izdelki/instant-polenta-500-g/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Calories</a>)</li>\n<li>Oatmeal, 500 g = 1.39 € = 1.47 $; for $1 you get 340 g = 1,244 Cal (366 Cal/100 g) (<a href=\"https://trgovina.mercator.si/market/izdelek/82115/ovseni-kosmici-zito-500-g\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">source</a>)</li>\n<li>Potatoes, white, 5 kg = 2 € = 2.1 $; for $1 you get 2,400 g = 1,844 Cal (77 Cal/100 g) (<a href=\"https://trgovina.mercator.si/market/izdelek/14939390/krompir-mercator-5kg-pakirano\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">price</a>, <a href=\"http://www.cenim.se/hranilne-vrednosti.php?id=2924\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Calories</a>)</li>\n<li>Chickpeas, canned, for $1 you get 340 g = 558 Cal (<a href=\"https://www.walmart.com/ip/La-Preferida-Chick-Peas-15-oz-Pack-of-12/19475594?action=product_interest&amp;action_type=title&amp;beacon_version=1.0.2&amp;bucket_id=irsbucketdefault&amp;client_guid=b0a2d57f-0c10-43c6-81c7-0a31e7ad0827&amp;config_id=106&amp;customer_id_enc&amp;findingMethod=p13n&amp;guid=b0a2d57f-0c10-43c6-81c7-0a31e7ad0827&amp;item_id=19475594&amp;parent_anchor_item_id=10534041&amp;parent_item_id=10534041&amp;placement_id=irs-106-t1&amp;reporter=recommendations&amp;source=new_site&amp;strategy=PWVAV&amp;visitor_id=Qywxb4F8UbLMSgaZbzoypE\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">price</a>), <a href=\"https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/4796?man=&amp;lfacet=&amp;count=&amp;max=50&amp;qlookup=chickpeas&amp;offset=&amp;sort=default&amp;format=Abridged&amp;reportfmt=other&amp;rptfrm=&amp;ndbno=&amp;nutrient1=&amp;nutrient2=&amp;nutrient3=&amp;subset=&amp;totCount=&amp;measureby=&amp;Qv=3.4&amp;Q9005=1&amp;Qv=1&amp;Q9005=1\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">(Calories)</a></li>\n<li>Canned fish, sardines, 105 g = 0.7 € = 0.74 $; for $1 you get 142 g = 354 Cal (249 Cal/100 g) (<a href=\"https://trgovina.mercator.si/market/izdelek/16882804/sardine-v-rastlinskem-olju-mercator-105-g\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">source</a>)</li>\n<li>Chicken, whole, 1.5 kg = 3.5 € = 3.7 $; for $1 you get 405 g = 640 Cal (160 (Cal/100 g) (<a href=\"https://trgovina.mercator.si/market/izdelek/12208088/piscanec-mercator-pakirano-cena-za-kg\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">source</a>)</li>\n</ul>\n" }, { "answer_id": 10714, "author": "ancientcampus", "author_id": 7735, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7735", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<p>For millennia, \"Rice and Beans\" have been a staple worldwide for good reason: they are cheap crops that together provide a \"compete protien\", that is, every type of amino acid that we cannot synthesize ourselves.</p>\n\n<p>Though they're slightly more time consuming to cook, go with dried beans instead of canned if it'll be a regular thing. Eating canned beans for a large part of your diet will have effects similar to eating canned <em>anything</em> for a large part of your diet, that is, way too much sodium.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/10684", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7823/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 10720, "author": "CCR", "author_id": 2572, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/2572", "pm_score": 4, "selected": true, "text": "<p>Generally, Diabetes Mellitus is categorized into Type 1, Type 2 and Gestational diabetes.The type that you are concerned with is type 2 in which genetic factor plays a major role.</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Type 2 diabetes is a disease that is fundamentally caused by a mismatch between our genetic makeup and our lifestyle choices, namely diet and physical activity. Numerous genes have been identified as risk factors. Among them about 10 genes are thoroughly studied for their causative etiology. Variations in these genes confer some impairment in insulin secretion and/or utilization, glucose and/or lipid homeostasis.<a href=\"https://www.gbhealthwatch.com/science-portal-diabetes-genes.php\" rel=\"noreferrer\">Source</a></p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Many cases of type 2 diabetes can be prevented, or the onset delayed, through positive lifestyle changes. It is estimated that the risk of developing type 2 diabetes can be reduced by up to 58% by maintaining a healthy weight, being physically active and following a healthy eating plan.\nThere are numerous ways of preventing the diabetes:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><p>Maintaining a healthy weight</p></li>\n<li><p>Regular physical activity</p></li>\n<li><p>Making healthy food choices</p></li>\n<li><p>Managing blood pressure</p></li>\n<li><p>Managing cholesterol levels</p></li>\n<li><p>Not smoking.</p></li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>Talking about exercise, it helps to decrease obesity, helps your body increase its sensitivity to insulin. Muscular activity induces glucose entry into muscle cells without the need for insulin. As such, exercise has insulin sparing effect.</p>\n\n<p>References &amp; Sources:</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.endocrineweb.com/conditions/type-2-diabetes/type-2-diabetes-prevention\" rel=\"noreferrer\">https://www.endocrineweb.com/conditions/type-2-diabetes/type-2-diabetes-prevention</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-2-diabetes/in-depth/diabetes-prevention/art-20047639\" rel=\"noreferrer\">http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-2-diabetes/in-depth/diabetes-prevention/art-20047639</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.diabetesaustralia.com.au/prevention\" rel=\"noreferrer\">https://www.diabetesaustralia.com.au/prevention</a></p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 10746, "author": "Count Iblis", "author_id": 856, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/856", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>I agree with CCR's answer, let me add that the type of exercise that burns the most energy are cardio exercises (like running, biking swimming). Strength exercise are also recommended for good health, having strong muscles brings additional health benefits. But you cannot replace the benefits of cardio exercise by doing only only bodybuilding. By burning a lot of energy (many hundreds of Kcal a day) you can eat a lot more without gaining weight, but what is then important is that you then eat a lot more healthy foods based on whole grains, brown rice and vegetables. Your intake of fibers will then be a lot larger. Fibers get converted to short-chained fatty acids (SCFA) by intestinal bacteria, and these SCFA are known to have important roles in preventing heart disease, certain cancers and diabetes.</p>\n\n<p>Now, when reading information about diabetes on the Internet, you need to keep in mind that the information you find is aimed at people who are lot older than you, who may already be coping with a lot of health problems, who reasonably would not be able to attain a fitness goal anywhere near to what you can attain. They have to focus a lot more on calorie restriction to lose weight. This is not recommended for young people who are healthy and who have a healthy weight, because this would make it more difficult for you to exercise, you'll feel tired and you won't recuperate as well. </p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/10718", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7850/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 10775, "author": "Variax", "author_id": 5383, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/5383", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>The electromagnetic radiation emitted by a laptop is completely harmless, both by its amount and by its spectrum. No harmful effects occur from this kind of exposition, regardless of the affected area or the time of exposure.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 11101, "author": "Community", "author_id": -1, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/-1", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Magnetic, no. As Variax points out.</p>\n\n<p>A potential risk would be one of heat from the battery and components within the laptop itself, which gets hotter as the laptop works harder, especially if the cooling vents are blocked (by clothing, cushions, cats, etc.).</p>\n\n<p>Heat is a form of radiation, but it's just that - heat.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 13477, "author": "Nicow", "author_id": 3239, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/3239", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>The heat can increase scrotal temperature, which may influence male fertility <a href=\"https://academic.oup.com/humrep/article/20/2/452/603276/Increase-in-scrotal-temperature-in-laptop-computer\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">1</a>. However, that study is from 2005 and laptops are much less hot these days so I would not think its that much of an issue...</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://academic.oup.com/humrep/article/20/2/452/603276/Increase-in-scrotal-temperature-in-laptop-computer\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Increase in scrotal temperature in laptop computer users</a></p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/10748", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7882/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 10775, "author": "Variax", "author_id": 5383, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/5383", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>The electromagnetic radiation emitted by a laptop is completely harmless, both by its amount and by its spectrum. No harmful effects occur from this kind of exposition, regardless of the affected area or the time of exposure.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 11101, "author": "Community", "author_id": -1, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/-1", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Magnetic, no. As Variax points out.</p>\n\n<p>A potential risk would be one of heat from the battery and components within the laptop itself, which gets hotter as the laptop works harder, especially if the cooling vents are blocked (by clothing, cushions, cats, etc.).</p>\n\n<p>Heat is a form of radiation, but it's just that - heat.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 13477, "author": "Nicow", "author_id": 3239, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/3239", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>The heat can increase scrotal temperature, which may influence male fertility <a href=\"https://academic.oup.com/humrep/article/20/2/452/603276/Increase-in-scrotal-temperature-in-laptop-computer\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">1</a>. However, that study is from 2005 and laptops are much less hot these days so I would not think its that much of an issue...</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://academic.oup.com/humrep/article/20/2/452/603276/Increase-in-scrotal-temperature-in-laptop-computer\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Increase in scrotal temperature in laptop computer users</a></p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/10759", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/-1/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 10879, "author": "Ryan", "author_id": 7909, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7909", "pm_score": -1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>I found some resources on <a href=\"http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/laboratory-diagnosis-of-infectious-disease/introduction-to-laboratory-diagnosis-of-infectious-disease\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Laboratory Diagnosis of Infectious Disease</a>, from Merck Manual. In practice, there is urgent need to start treatment before identification of the cause, so lab test will not be widely carried out (together with consideration on cost and potential benefits).</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 11221, "author": "DoctorWhom", "author_id": 6776, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6776", "pm_score": 3, "selected": true, "text": "<p>First, I will explain what tests DO tell you the bacteria, and how they are used. Secondly, I will explain why clinicians rarely do that for respiratory infections.</p>\n\n<p>To test for bacteria, a sample can be taken of the body tissue/fluid that is infected - blood for bacteremia, urine for bladder/kidney infection, pus for abscess, spinal fluid for meningitis, sputum for respiratory infection, etc.</p>\n\n<p>Usually, soon after taking the sample, treatment is started with \"<a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad-spectrum_antibiotic\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">broad spectrum antibiotics</a>,\" rather than waiting for test results while the infection grows. This is called \"Empiric Therapy.\" Then, when results come back, the antibiotic choice can be \"narrowed\" in to target the likely bacteria.</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><p><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram_staining\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Gram Stain</a> can give a hint to the bacteria type, which is sometimes enough to assume what it is. </p></li>\n<li><p><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiological_culture\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Bacterial cultures</a> not only tell you the specific bacteria (usually), it can test for which exact antibiotics kill it the best. That is called <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotic_sensitivity\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">antibiotic sensitivities</a>. </p></li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>Commonly, the first test to come back is the Gram Stain, which can be minutes to hours. For example, \"gram positive cocci\" highly suggests Staphylococcus or Streptococcus. In this case, we could narrow the antibiotic spectrum to something that kills those types of bacteria.</p>\n\n<p>Then, 24-72 hours later is usually the earliest that culture results are available. For example, it would tell us (1) Staphylococcus aureus and (2) Resistant to Methicillin but Sensitive to Vancomycin, Clindamycin... (other representative antibiotics). That would define this bacteria as Methicillin-Resistant Staph Aureus (MRSA). Then we could further narrow the antibiotic to Vancomycin, Clindamycin, etc depending on what kind of infection it is and a bunch of other factors.</p>\n\n<p>However:</p>\n\n<p>The <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_microbiology\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">respiratory tract (including your mouth) is colonized with many different kinds of bacteria</a>. The bacteria in the phlegm from your lungs will show up in a gram stain or culture, but so will a lot of the bacteria from your mouth. How then would you know which is causing the infection? </p>\n\n<p>Instead, usually, a clinician will go straight to prescribing an antibiotic that kills the most common bacteria that cause your specific signs/symptoms. Empiric therapy. Then if it doesn't work, they may investigate further.</p>\n\n<p>Clinicians often take cultures for (1) serious infections like blood infections (2) suspected uncommon or dangerous pathogens (like tuberculosis) that AREN'T oral colonization bacteria or (3) sometimes after a common antibiotic has failed.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/10784", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7909/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 10979, "author": "paparazzo", "author_id": 6848, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6848", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<p>That is too much fruit for one meal. That is too much fruit for one day. 2-3 medium sized fruits (apple orange) is the recommended maximum. </p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015/guidelines/chapter-1/a-closer-look-inside-healthy-eating-patterns/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">A Closer Look Inside Healthy Eating Patterns</a></p>\n\n<p>Strive for complex carbohydrates over simple. </p>\n\n<p>If you want to fuel that afternoon workout then have a bowl of oatmeal for breakfast.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 10983, "author": "AlexM", "author_id": 8071, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8071", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>There does not seem to be a wealth of scientific research relating to the effects of meal timing on weight gain or other health metrics. The common conception is that a calorie is a calorie and there shouldn't be a difference in weight gain if you just change meal time and all other variables are left equal. </p>\n\n<p>As for meal time in relation to exercise, there also does not seem to be a consensus about whether it is better to eat before exercise or not. The argument seems to mostly revolve around whether it is good to exercise first thing in the morning, before eating, which means a fasting state where glycogen stores are low. Given that you exercise in the afternoon, it does not seem as relevant to you, as if you ate a good breakfast your glycogen stores would likely be restored in any case.</p>\n\n<p>To summarize, when you eat the fruit would not seem to play a significant factor in weight gain or other health factors. The much more significant factors would be the exercise type and intensity and your total caloric intake during the day. The post-workout meal is also likely to be more important.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 10988, "author": "BillDOe", "author_id": 2833, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/2833", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>If you eat a substantial meal before exercising, you will burn slightly more calories than if you ate the same meal after exercising. The reason for this is that by eating before, you then have to tote around that much more mass, which requires slightly more calories to perform the same exact task. This is one of the reasons why people on a diet eventually reach some stable weight; eventually the fewer calories they are eating reaches the amount they need to fuel their activity at their reduced weight (mass). Put another way, lighter people need fewer calories just to go about their day-to-day activities than more massive individuals.<br><br>Will this make a real difference over the course of, say, a year? I very much doubt it; the difference would be completely overwhelmed by variations in daily activity and food consumption. That being said, if two individuals were tracked over the course of a year with their activity and food consumption completely regulated, the one eating before exercise would lose slightly more weight than the one eating afterward.<br><br>There are charts showing calorie requirements, weight, and physical activity <a href=\"http://www.chartsgraphsdiagrams.com/HealthCharts/calorie-requirement.html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">here</a>. One could probably calculate the difference, but I'm too lazy (and pressed for time) to actually do so. I guess my final point is that the difference would be largely academic.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/10800", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7928/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 10819, "author": "user7947", "author_id": 7947, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7947", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>US source Medline-Plus:</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://medlineplus.gov</a></p>\n\n<p>UK source:</p>\n\n<p>www.nhs.uk</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 11206, "author": "ancientcampus", "author_id": 7735, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7735", "pm_score": -1, "selected": false, "text": "<p><strong>Medline Plus</strong>, as suggested by user7947, is one of my favorite free, patient-oriented medical resources.</p>\n\n<p><strong>emedicine.medscape.com</strong> is a good source for free, physician-oriented medical resources. Some material requires registering with a free account. (Note that the regular medscape.com may have some stuff behind a paywall. I've had the most luck searching \"emedicine diverticulosis\" or whatever I'm interested in.)</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 18607, "author": "userJT", "author_id": 15631, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/15631", "pm_score": -1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>For anatomy, there is foundational model of anatomy.\nSNOMED CT is also a knowledge base. (but is it free only to member countries).</p>\n\n<p>Also see ontologies are on bioportal website <a href=\"https://bioportal.bioontology.org/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://bioportal.bioontology.org/</a></p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/10806", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7935/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 10864, "author": "HerbalResearcher", "author_id": 7983, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7983", "pm_score": -1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>The only safe alternative I've seen is ceramic (not glazed with lead/nickel/aluminium etc)</p>\n\n<p>You should avoid especially aluminium and stainless as it can leach and cause bad health effects(aluminium leaches alot more). Avoid the non stick scam,they are coated with plenty of plastic/polymers causing various lymphatic illness.\nThere is ceramic that is safe, and maybe graphite cookware .</p>\n\n<p>Source with 12 studies linked :<a href=\"https://donate.ewg.org/images/ewg_teflontempinfo_c02.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://donate.ewg.org/images/ewg_teflontempinfo_c02.pdf</a> </p>\n\n<p>In the meantime you can cook your food at less high temperature(avoid higher than 240 celcius,which makes it almost useless) ,or cook in glass/borosilicate or ceramic in the oven,until you get a pan. Using oil to cook and not leaving it unattained will reduce alot of non-stick,and you can wash it straight after also.There is natural stick resistant ceramic enough for any if not most foods needs.</p>\n\n<p>Also don't trust any compagny using fluoride/chloride(or polymers/plastics) in cookware,I will not enter into the who would want people to ingest that,but the same thing is in water,in some transformed food ,which blocks the thyroid,pineal and alot of glands if not all of them. Notice how overcommercialised it is and almost everyone has one ? Also the Fda is so biased and hiding cures that I don't trust anything from them.</p>\n\n<p>According to Environmental Working Group :\n\" Exposure to PFCs has been associated with kidney and testicular cancer,\nhigh cholesterol, abnormal thyroid hormone levels, pregnancy-induced\nhypertension and preeclampsia, obesity and low birth weight – all good\nreasons to reduce your exposure. \"</p>\n\n<p>I don't really have the time to find all the studies, altought I have checked on Ncbi/Pubmed ,on that website aluminium is very proven to leach(example aluminium cookware in oven and cofee percolator, stainless also but to a much lower extend(stainless is very often alloyed with nickel,chromium,molydbenum, it is still a health risk on the long term. Just another way of getting cancer or another illness.</p>\n\n<p>I also don't have the concrete proof but I've seen people claiming fluoride increased aluminium effect/transportation in the brain.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 16375, "author": "muzzi", "author_id": 13840, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/13840", "pm_score": -1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>The best cookware is made up of clay. It is very healthy and good for you body. \nClay pots prove good for slow cooking as their porous nature allows both moisture and heat to circulate easily through them. ...\nClay being alkaline in nature helps in neutralising the pH balance of the food by interacting with the acid present in the food.</p>\n\n<p>Wood is also very beneficial for your health.. while Plastic is really dangerous from all perspectives. </p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/10818", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7946/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 10856, "author": "Count Iblis", "author_id": 856, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/856", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<p>When I was young I had the same problem. From experience I've learned to stick to the following.</p>\n\n<p>Focus on the time you want to get up, not on bedtime. So, just get up at the time you want to get up regardless of how much sleep I got. The more physically fit you are, the less you'll be bothered by the lack of sleep for a few days. Also, by sticking to your exercise routine when changing your biorhythm (you may need to reduce the intensity and duration of exercise if you sleep less than 5 to 6 hours), you'll fall asleep at the right time. The fitter you are, the more the effects of the lack of sleep will be confined to cognitive functions, you'll still have plenty of energy to exert yourself physically.</p>\n\n<p>E.g. today I had to get up 2 hours earlier than usual, I went to bed one hour earlier, but I stayed awake for half an hour longer than usual. Nevertheless I got up at the right time and I didn't skip my exercise of one hour fast running. Now, before I started to run I felt like dozing off, so it would have been very tempting for me to skip today's exercise, but had I done that that might have affected the sleep I'm about to get in an hour from now.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 10939, "author": "DoctorWhom", "author_id": 6776, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6776", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep_hygiene\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Sleep Hygiene</a> is the first line treatment for most insomnia. <a href=\"http://healthysleep.med.harvard.edu/healthy/getting/overcoming/tips\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">This is another good list from Harvard.</a> </p>\n\n<p>Anecdotally, the principles of it that worked best for me were blackout curtains, removing everything including TV from the room (the saying is \"the bed is just for sleep and sex\"), never reading or using my phone in bed, not eating within 3 hrs, and bright lights in the morning.</p>\n\n<p>Also consider asking your doctor, since it's been going on so long, because there are a number of treatable causes of insomnia such as sleep apnea or other sleep disorders, depression, anxiety, GERD, etc. Conditions like sleep apnea can be dangerous if untreated.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/10855", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7978/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 10972, "author": "AlexM", "author_id": 8071, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8071", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>The omega-3 fatty acids will not be boiled out. </p>\n\n<p>The omega-3 fatty acid content of kale and spinach is mainly made up of ALA (alpha-linolenic acid). This can be seen on nutritional profiles for these vegetable, e.g. on <a href=\"http://nutritiondata.self.com/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">http://nutritiondata.self.com/</a>. It is the case for most popular plant food that the omega-3 content is mostly made up of ALA.</p>\n\n<p>The temperature when steaming or boiling will be around 100 degrees Celsius, which is the boiling temperature of water. The boiling point of ALA is around 230 degrees Celsius [1] , and so the ALA will not boil out if you steam or boil vegetables in water.</p>\n\n<p>You might, however, be more interested in whether to fatty acids change in some other way due to the temperature. The primary concern would be the oxidation of the fatty acids. I did found one study [2], referenced from the Wikipedia page about ALA, which states that ALA remains stable during cooking.</p>\n\n<p>Note that if you are using a pressure cooker, the temperature may get higher; up to ~120 degrees Celsius. The ALA will still not boil out, but I am not sure how this will affect oxidation.</p>\n\n<p>To summarize, if you are boiling or steaming kale/spinach, you can be quite confident that the omega-3 fatty acids will still be there after you finish cooking.</p>\n\n<p><strong>References</strong>:</p>\n\n<p>[1] Pubchem. 2017. <em>linolenic acid | C18H30O2 - PubChem.</em> [ONLINE] Available at: <a href=\"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/linolenic_acid#section=Physical-Description\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/linolenic_acid#section=Physical-Description</a>. [Accessed 28 January 2017].</p>\n\n<p>[2] Manthey, F.A., Lee, R.E. and Hall, C.A., 2002. <em>Processing and cooking effects on lipid content and stability of α-linolenic acid in spaghetti containing ground flaxseed</em>. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 50(6), pp.1668-1671.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 10976, "author": "paparazzo", "author_id": 6848, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6848", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Let's use the term evaporate rather than boil. </p>\n\n<p>Clothes dry on the line at less than the boiling point of water. </p>\n\n<p>The mix of the vapor will depend on the vapor pressure at 100 °C (212 °F). </p>\n\n<p>I cannot find a vapor pressure chart for omega 3. Given the boiling temperature is 231 °C it is clearly less volatile than water. The vapor will be primarily water but the omega 3 content will not be zero. </p>\n\n<p>Table salt with a boiling point of 1465 °C - that would be virtually zero at 100 °C. </p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/10862", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/3769/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 10932, "author": "Sæmundur Rögnvaldsson", "author_id": 8027, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8027", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Well there are quite a few but circumcision for HIV is not one of them. There are some reports of circumcision slightly decreasing the risk of contracting HIV but it is in no way fully protective for HIV.</p>\n\n<p>There are however loads one of treatments/procedures that cure or prevent disease. For example:</p>\n\n<p>1)<strong>Childhood vaccinations</strong> have virtually eliminated many serious infections in childhood and adulthood. Especially the vaccinations for N. Mengningitis (bacteria that causes meningitis), the MMR (mumps, measles, rubella), Hepatitis B, Smallpox (this one is actually no longer done because the disease has been eradicated) and polio. The TB vaccine is not as good as those mentioned but is also available.</p>\n\n<p>2)<strong>Chlamydia</strong> can be treated with a single dose of azithromycin.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 11301, "author": "Gregorio Litenstein", "author_id": 8186, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8186", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Although cirumcision slightly reduces the chances of getting HIV, there is another pathology that it prevents almost in its entirety: Penile cancer (still it's doubtfully enough justification to warrant a circumcision public health policy or something, since it's very rare to begin with)</p>\n\n<p>Another I can think off-the-top of my head: Cholecystectomy for Vesicular cancer. Although it won't prevent ALL Gallbladder cancers, the vast majority of them is caused by gallstones.</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0032543/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0032543/</a></p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p><a href=\"http://www.cps.ca/en/documents/position/circumcision\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Penile cancer is rare in developed countries (one in 100,000 men).\n Squamous cell carcinoma of the penis occurs almost exclusively in\n uncircumcised men, with phimosis being the strongest associated risk\n factor (OR 11.4 [95% CI 5.0 to 25.9]).[36] This finding underscores\n the importance of genital hygiene and of identifying and treating\n cases of phimosis and residual nonretractile foreskin in all males.</a></p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24634588\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24634588</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27575712\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27575712</a></p>\n\n<p>There are plenty others.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/10911", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8017/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 10924, "author": "Jan", "author_id": 3002, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/3002", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>You lose weight when you consume less calories than you burn. You burn calories even when you do not exercise, because your body needs calories to maintain vital functions of the heart, kidneys, brain, to digest food, produce heat, etc.</p>\n\n<p>So, even if you lie in bed all day and consume less calories than you burn, you will lose weight.</p>\n\n<p>If you, as a sedentary adult, burn, for example, about 2,000 Calories per day, you need to consume less than this, let's say 1,500 Cal per day and you will lose weight, exercising or not.</p>\n\n<p>How do you know how many calories do you burn? If you consume a certain amount of calories and your body weight remains stable for several weeks, you know that you consume about as much calories as you burn. So, you can count how many you consume and you will know.</p>\n\n<p>To lose weight, it seems reasonable to consume about 500 Calories less per day than you consume. This is a deficit of 3,500 Calories per week, which equals about 1 pound of body fat. </p>\n\n<p>Exercise is associated with several health benefits (<a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2885312/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">systematic review, PubMed Central</a>). You do not need to \"work out\" to call it exercise. Even walking is exercise.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 14336, "author": "Lowell Stanley", "author_id": 10904, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/10904", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>I agree with Jan, but I believe in 80% diet and 20% exercise since dieting is hard and you'd want to build up a habit of exercise so that your body is used to burning calories.\nAnyone who wants to lose weight should start cutting down on meal portion size.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/10923", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8022/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 10946, "author": "A. Bourgoin", "author_id": 7972, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7972", "pm_score": 3, "selected": false, "text": "<p>If the weapon is still in the wound : don't touch anything and call the appropriate emergency system (varies from country to country).</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Never attempt to remove any penetrating object still in situ as this may cause more serious bleeding</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>If the wound is open, apply <strong>little</strong> pressure on it with clean clothes. And call the appropriate emergency system, keep applying pressure until ambulance/doctor arrives. </p>\n\n<p>Yes, you can save a life by decreasing the out bleeding, or at least make recovery from the wound possible.</p>\n\n<p>Source : Red Cross and <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8038560\">this paper from Melby V. and Deeny. P</a></p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 10949, "author": "user8046", "author_id": 8046, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8046", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<p>The only time to remove an impaled object is if it is occluding the airway. All other times it should be left in place.</p>\n\n<p>If it is in place provide a dressing which supports it and prevents it from moving. Cravats and some roller gauze work well for this. Control any other external bleeding and other problems. Check for other injuries, such as multiple stab wounds. </p>\n\n<p>For stab wounds where the object is not in place control bleeding aggressively. For stab wounds to the neck or chest place an occlusive dressing on entry and exit wounds. </p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/10943", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/-1/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 10946, "author": "A. Bourgoin", "author_id": 7972, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7972", "pm_score": 3, "selected": false, "text": "<p>If the weapon is still in the wound : don't touch anything and call the appropriate emergency system (varies from country to country).</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Never attempt to remove any penetrating object still in situ as this may cause more serious bleeding</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>If the wound is open, apply <strong>little</strong> pressure on it with clean clothes. And call the appropriate emergency system, keep applying pressure until ambulance/doctor arrives. </p>\n\n<p>Yes, you can save a life by decreasing the out bleeding, or at least make recovery from the wound possible.</p>\n\n<p>Source : Red Cross and <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8038560\">this paper from Melby V. and Deeny. P</a></p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 10949, "author": "user8046", "author_id": 8046, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8046", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<p>The only time to remove an impaled object is if it is occluding the airway. All other times it should be left in place.</p>\n\n<p>If it is in place provide a dressing which supports it and prevents it from moving. Cravats and some roller gauze work well for this. Control any other external bleeding and other problems. Check for other injuries, such as multiple stab wounds. </p>\n\n<p>For stab wounds where the object is not in place control bleeding aggressively. For stab wounds to the neck or chest place an occlusive dressing on entry and exit wounds. </p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/10954", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8050/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 11040, "author": "Count Iblis", "author_id": 856, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/856", "pm_score": 3, "selected": true, "text": "<p>Let's look up Ibuprofen up in a <a href=\"https://www.drugs.com/monograph/ibuprofen.html\" rel=\"noreferrer\">reliable source</a>. We can read there that:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p><strong>Cardiovascular Risk</strong></p>\n \n <p>Increased risk of serious (sometimes fatal) cardiovascular thrombotic events (e.g., MI, stroke). Risk may occur early in treatment and may increase with duration of use. (See Cardiovascular Thrombotic Effects under Cautions.)\n Contraindicated in the setting of CABG surgery.</p>\n \n <p><strong>GI Risk</strong></p>\n \n <p>Increased risk of serious (sometimes fatal) GI events (e.g., bleeding, ulceration, perforation of the stomach or intestine). Serious GI events can occur at any time and may not be preceded by warning signs and symptoms. Geriatric individuals are at greater risk for serious GI events. (See GI Effects under Cautions.)</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>This tells me enough, this is a drug that should not be used unless there is no other viable alternative with less side effects. Depending on the dose and duration of the treatment, you have to consider using a drug to protect your stomach. I would leave making that decision to my doctor. </p>\n\n<p>Turmeric, in contrast, does not have side effects. We can <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turmeric#Research\" rel=\"noreferrer\">read here</a> that the claims of it helping to reduce inflammation are not supported by strong studies. It may work, but it's not going to have a very strong effect on the short term similar to powerful painkillers, otherwise the evidence of its efficacy would have been clear. However, if someone stops using Ibuprofen and starts to use turmeric and is able to tolerate not using Ibuprofen, then the simple act of stopping to use Ibuprofen is a good thing. Whether turmeric itself works or not doesn't matter all that much.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 11108, "author": "Gregorio Litenstein", "author_id": 8186, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8186", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Ibuprofen is a very-standard NSAID, and generally speaking it is a pretty safe drug when taken in an appropriate dose.</p>\n\n<p>All medications have side-effects, Ibuprofen is not the exception. Now, usually these things are not an issue for healthy individuals. Mostly they can be a problem for people with pre-existing conditions.</p>\n\n<p>Ibuprofen is not recommended for people with increased stroke or thrombotic risk (No NSAIDs are recommended for them, actually) but I don't think it is actually cardiotoxic.</p>\n\n<p>The potential of GI bleeding can actually be more of an issue as it is an effect directly related to the mechanism of action. Ibuprofen prevents the formation of Prostaglandins that a) Are responsible for inflammation but b) Are also responsible for secreting the protective layer of the gastric mucosa. Nonetheless, it's still generally safe if used in the proper doses and for few days at a time. (Usually, I don't recommend it over 5 days; when I do, I generally prescribe a proton-pump inhibitor also). Note that this risk is further increased if the patient is on corticosteroids.</p>\n\n<p>Ibuprofen can also be harmful for the kidneys (it reduces blood flow to kidneys), so it is not recommended in people with kidney disease. And, this is rare but I've seen it happen, in some cases it can cause an interstitial nephritis that can be very bad, most commonly when abused for a very long time.</p>\n\n<p>As for turmeric... I've never read any actual evidence that it acts as an anti-inflammatory.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/11038", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7951/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 11057, "author": "ATaco", "author_id": 8136, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8136", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Generally, wearing the same pair of contact lenses longer then 6-12 months can cause increased risk of infection, as your biggest concern. Sleeping with contact lenses in has a similar risk, as contact lenses combined with closed eyes for 8 hours causes loss of oxygen to the Cornea.</p>\n\n<p>You're not losing much taking them out at night, and you're risking a lot leaving them in. You're better off listening to your Optometrist, if they think your lenses are no-longer valid, you should get them swapped out.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 17289, "author": "user12711", "author_id": 8914, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8914", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>In optometry, \"Continuous Wear\" of contact lenses is a term used to refer to FDA approval of a contact lenses for wear continuously up to 30 days, then removing them for at least a full night of rest. \"Extended Wear\" lenses are approved for wear by the FDA for up to two weeks. And \"Daily Wear\" are not approved for wear while sleeping. Lenses that are approved for continuous wear or extended wear have high silicon content for increased oxygen transmission to the eye. </p>\n\n<p>There is an increased risk of eye infections, corneal hypoxia and other conditions when the lenses are not removed for a night of rest, which can lead to permanent vision loss or even blindness. Also, different people have different risks for infection and hypoxia. Your eye doctor can determine if you've been experiencing corneal hypoxia with your lenses wear by the growth of blood vessels within the eye. If that growth goes out of control, it could lead to blindness. Paradoxically, one of the reasons for giving a lenses wearer directions for \"extended wear\" is because they have poor hygiene. This could be because of lack of motivation, disability, or the environment, for example an occupation that makes taking the lenses out and handling them a hazard. An eye doctor will weigh the risks of wearing lenses, and also the risks of daily wear vs extended wear and continuous wear. I've worn continuous wear with good results, by the way.</p>\n\n<p>Contact lenses are also marketed as being disposable, Single Day Lenses, Two Week Lenses, 30 Day Lenses. The lenses that are to be disposed of frequently are made of a delicate material. Sometimes, for instance with Silicone Hydrogel 30 day lenses, the material is durable, but prone to deposit buildup that cannot be removed. </p>\n\n<p>Although Silicon transmits oxygen well, it attracts protein deposits that reduce comfort and vision, and can potentially incubate dangerous pathogens. When pathogens build up a colony on a lens, they become more resilient to disinfecting solutions. </p>\n\n<p>Although you may be able to wear a lens longer than directed, it may be increasing the hazards of lens wear exponentially as time goes by without disposing of them. It's less common to have a lens prescribed today, without directions to dispose of them after a set time. However, Rigid Gas Permeable lenses (Hard Contacts) are frequently used a year or two before disposal. However, RGP lenses are more durable, and they are hydrophobic and do not absorb solutions that might be tainted with pathogens. RGP lenses are the safest contact lenses and offer unsurpassed vision correction, especially for those with irregular corneas or irregular astigmatism, and they are offered as Daily, Extended and Continuous Wear. However, they are not normally prescribed to patients except in cases where a \"soft\" contact does not provide adequate vision correction, or if a patient specifically request to be fitted in RGP lenses. That is because they require a 2 month break in period before lens awareness disappears and the cornea and eyelids adapt. </p>\n\n<p>I've worn several varieties of Soft, including Daily, Extended Wear and Continuous wear. And I've worn a couple for different material RGP lenses, which I currently wear as Daily Wear. They offer me superior vision correction. And with lenses staying crystal clean, I also find them more comfortable that the prior Soft lenses, but that was only after 2 months of adjusting to them. And, they are more affordable in the long run because the lenses should last at least a year, with good care. The downside was the adjustment period, and that take them out each night to clean and \"condition\" them in \"wetting\" solution. I would recommended you give them a try if you find that soft contacts do not correct your vision adequately, or if you are extra concerned with eye infection. </p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/11045", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8126/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 11084, "author": "Carey Gregory", "author_id": 805, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/805", "pm_score": 3, "selected": true, "text": "<p>Addiction occurs due to chronic or frequent use, which means a lot more often than you're taking it. Since you're going weeks between doses, and you're taking very small doses, there's no danger of you developing a dependence because of the gaps between doses. Your body simply isn't getting it often enough to develop a physical dependence. The danger would come from using it daily or abusing it for recreational purposes. Don't do that and you should be fine.</p>\n\n<p>I've tried to find sources to support the above, but it's actually very difficult to find hard numbers. Nobody wants to put their finger on an amount that leads to addiction since it's going to vary from person to person, but the examples of addiction you can find will always involve daily or near daily use. Infrequent use as you're doing is never how addictions begin as long as they stay infrequent.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 11126, "author": "quietmedic", "author_id": 7878, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7878", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Agree with above, taking it so infrequently should prevent habitation (body getting used to it), and as far as addiction goes, everyone is different, but you will know when you start having a problem...when suddenly you reaaaalllly want some codeine. Unlikely to happen fron such infrequent dosing, as long as you don't let it happen.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/11082", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/-1/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 11084, "author": "Carey Gregory", "author_id": 805, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/805", "pm_score": 3, "selected": true, "text": "<p>Addiction occurs due to chronic or frequent use, which means a lot more often than you're taking it. Since you're going weeks between doses, and you're taking very small doses, there's no danger of you developing a dependence because of the gaps between doses. Your body simply isn't getting it often enough to develop a physical dependence. The danger would come from using it daily or abusing it for recreational purposes. Don't do that and you should be fine.</p>\n\n<p>I've tried to find sources to support the above, but it's actually very difficult to find hard numbers. Nobody wants to put their finger on an amount that leads to addiction since it's going to vary from person to person, but the examples of addiction you can find will always involve daily or near daily use. Infrequent use as you're doing is never how addictions begin as long as they stay infrequent.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 11126, "author": "quietmedic", "author_id": 7878, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7878", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Agree with above, taking it so infrequently should prevent habitation (body getting used to it), and as far as addiction goes, everyone is different, but you will know when you start having a problem...when suddenly you reaaaalllly want some codeine. Unlikely to happen fron such infrequent dosing, as long as you don't let it happen.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/11098", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8179/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 11120, "author": "FatLester", "author_id": 8197, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8197", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>The one thing I would add to your natural remedy is cranberry juice and/or dried cranberries. Countless studies have shown a correlation between cranberry consumption and renal health.</p>\n\n<p>I know for a fact cranberry consumption can help prevent kidney stones. I'm not sure about dissolving them, but it certainly won't hurt to add to your remedy list.</p>\n\n<p>Source: <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14616463\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14616463</a></p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 11124, "author": "quietmedic", "author_id": 7878, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7878", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Once a stone is formed, to my knowledge, it will have to pass...I don't think that anything is available that will promote dissolving, if that is even possible. Certainly large fluid intake combined with medication that relaxes the ureters (like Tamulosin) has been found to be effective...also important is prevention, with various regimens depending on the actual composition of the stone, based on treating the underlying precipitators for stone formation...5mm is borderline but with Tamulosin + heavy floods intake, might just pass...</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/11109", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8189/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 11183, "author": "paparazzo", "author_id": 6848, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6848", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<p>I don't have a citation on this </p>\n\n<p>Also use a brush and clean the outside of the mouth also </p>\n\n<p>Let it sit and dry completely. </p>\n\n<p>I rotate with two bottles.</p>\n\n<p>Does the cork smell? The cork is porous and may be holding some bacteria.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 11185, "author": "Narusan", "author_id": 8212, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8212", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Plastic bottles work just fine. When buying sparkling water (I'm German), they come in plastic bottles and never get this <em>taste of old shoe soles</em>, and I haven't had any problems with bacteria either. </p>\n\n<p>In your case, the cork could be a problem, as was pointed out before. I personally have made the experience that water in steel bottles always tastes a bit different to me than \"plain water\". If it is just the cork, I recommend using a different lid like <a href=\"http://g03.a.alicdn.com/kf/HTB1bRlQIXXXXXb7XXXXq6xXFXXX4/1000ML-Sports-Bottle-Bicycle-Cycling-Stainless-Steel-Travel-Sports-Bottle-Outdoor-Water-Bottle-Student-Metal-Drinking.jpg\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\" title=\"this\">this</a></p>\n\n<p>As you were asking for the \"healthiest way of having water in a bottle\": Just don't. Exchange the content of the bottle everyday, but rinse the bottle with very hot water before refilling. This is the safest way I know of.</p>\n\n<p>Again, this is largely based on experience and I don't have scientific studies I could quote.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 12949, "author": "DoctorWhom", "author_id": 6776, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6776", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>I agree with the answers on cleaning and the type of bottle/cork/lid.</p>\n\n<p>Another thing you should consider is that residue from your saliva may be what <a href=\"https://www.breathmd.com/how-to-smell-your-own-breath.php\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">smells bad</a>. Try leaving the freshly-cleaned bottle filled with your usual water out for a day without drinking from it and see if there is any odor, in which case it might be your water source. Then try changing your oral hygiene habits - brushing after meals, brushing your TONGUE, gargling with mouthwash - and see if that improves anything.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 16710, "author": "mattia.b89", "author_id": 6615, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6615", "pm_score": -1, "selected": false, "text": "<blockquote>\n <p>What would be the \"healthiest\" way to have a bottle of water near you, with minimal implications like bad smell, bacteria growth, etc?</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Bad smells come from bacteria and/or algae <a href=\"http://www.trojanuv.com/resources/trojanuv/casestudies/Taste_and_Odor_Fact_Sheet_RevSep05.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">[1]</a>. As living being they need water to live. Because the goal is to get rid of them, we can act:</p>\n\n<ol>\n<li>limiting the <strong>time</strong> in which spores are in touch with water.</li>\n<li>limiting the <strong>number</strong> of spores given by amount of water.</li>\n</ol>\n\n<p>For your case-study, if you need water when you sleep, you can use a glass or two of water, instead of an entire water bottle, if it meets you needs.</p>\n\n<p>In this way, you accomplish both points 1. and 2.</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>I refilled it each day or two.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Following point 1., you should refill your bottle everyday and maybe most important, empty and wash it as you wake up, so during the day it will dry <em>(put the bottle upside-down so drops of water fall down naturally)</em> by itself; refill it just before you go sleep. </p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>I read somewhere that plastic encourages bacteria growth (and in general not too healthy to use)</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>I haven't heard it anywhere, so I can't say anything about bacteria in plastic bottle. Instead, I use a <strong>metal</strong> bottle \"just\" because it's <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_bottle#Health\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">healthy</a>.</p>\n\n<hr>\n\n<p><em>a.</em> <strong><em>Proved by my personal experience:</em></strong> I use a metal bottle everyday for work and free time activities and if I don't empty and wash (just with water) for some day, I get bad smells too!<br>\n<em>b.</em> Last but not least, your bottle now could be <strong><em>damaged</em></strong>: algae could have fitted in narrow spots, like the mouth and you can't reach it with simple water and/or soap. Using <a href=\"https://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/B06XYCVDB9\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">specific products</a> could help you.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 16741, "author": "gatorback", "author_id": 7446, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7446", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Compare the symptoms of <a href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/cork-taint\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Cork Taint</a> with your observations. If they match then it would be sensible to remove the cork from practice. Cork is porous material and can harbor bacteria / mold etc. In contrast, glass / plastic does not provide a foot hold for bacteria (though water does). </p>\n\n<p>Emptying the vessel every morning, rinsing and allowing it to dry should flush bacteria away and prevent odors. If there is an existing odor, it may require several cycles in the dishwasher </p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/11182", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/24146/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 11195, "author": "Narusan", "author_id": 8212, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8212", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<hr>\n\n<h2>Answer to the old question \"Can light-cheese cause ingrown toenails\":</h2>\n\n<p><strong>No</strong><br>\n<em>This Question might more be suited for Sceptic SE.</em><br>\nI suffered from an ingrown toenail, but all doctors agreed that it was caused by not cutting my nails properly (I.e. I cut too much of my nail) and so the skin started to grow into my nail bed.</p>\n\n<p>You will have to see a doctor about this, and the two options I know of <em>if there are infections caused by ingrown toenails</em> are surgery or to put brackets on your toe to pull it out of the nail bed.</p>\n\n<p>This has nothing to do with eating habits.</p>\n\n<p>EDIT:<br>\nIngrown toenails are caused by skin being in the way of the nail.<br>\nThere are two ways this can happen:<br>\n1. The skin is somewhere where it shouldn't be (i.e. growing into the nail bed if the nails has been cut too much)\nOr 2. The nail being somewhere where it shouldn't be (i.e. if you had strangely curved nails)</p>\n\n<p>Neither 1 nor 2 is related to eating habits or food consumption, hence the answer to your question is <strong>No</strong>.</p>\n\n<p>See <a href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ingrown-toenails/symptoms-causes/dxc-20273047\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\" title=\"Mayo-Clinic\">Mayo-Clinic</a></p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 13277, "author": "Constantthin", "author_id": 7457, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7457", "pm_score": -1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Toe-nail fungus can cause a thickening of ones toe-nails, and is \"one of the most common reasons for thick toenails\". </p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Nail fungus is a common condition that begins as a white or yellow spot under the tip of your fingernail or toenail. As the fungal infection goes deeper, nail fungus may cause your nail to discolor, thicken and crumble at the edge. It can affect several nails. (Nail Fungus: www.mayoclinic.org)</p>\n \n <p>Changes in your toenails may be a sign of an underlying condition. Toenails that have grown thicker over time likely indicate a fungal infection, also known as onychomycosis. Left untreated, thick toenails can become painful. Prompt treatment is key to curing the nail fungus. Fungal infections can be difficult to cure and may require months of treatment. (Thick Toenails (Onychomycosis): www.healthline.com)</p>\n \n <p>If you notice that one or more of your toenails are thick, discolored, brittle, and crumbling it could be a sign that a fungal infection is causing thickened toenails. In fact, nail fungal infections (the medical name is onychomycosis) are one of the most common reasons for thick toenails.\n Podiatrist, Dr. Kyoung Min Han says that toenail fungal infections are more common than fingernail fungus and affects around 10% of all adults in Western countries. (Thick Toenails: Causes and Effective Home Remedies: www.healthyandnaturalworld.com)</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Another, less common toe-nail thickening condition is Psoriasis.</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Psoriasis can affect fingernails and toenails. Psoriasis symptoms include pitting, abnormal nail growth and discoloration. (Nail psoriasis: Can treatment or home care help?: www.mayoclinic.org)</p>\n</blockquote>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/11194", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7457/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 11219, "author": "Chris Rogers", "author_id": 7951, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7951", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<p>I had to look this up as I had only heard of Salbutamol which I have found out is <a href=\"https://www.drugs.com/cons/salbutamol.html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">exactly the same thing</a>. Albuterol is the generic name for Salbutamol.</p>\n\n<p>I have Salbutamol inhalers (Ventolin - blue inhalers) to use in event of asthma attacks along with a brown Beclometasone inhaler as a preventer, and I have had them since very young. These inhalers are safe to use over many years as long as you follow the dosage recommended by the doctor.</p>\n\n<p>Dosage is different from person to person and will need reviewing regularly by your doctor. <a href=\"https://www.drugs.com/albuterol.html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Albuterol overdose can be fatal</a> so any overdose will need urgent medical assistance.</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Overdose symptoms may include dry mouth, tremors, chest pain, fast heartbeats, nausea, general ill feeling, seizure (convulsions), feeling light-headed or fainting.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>You must also</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Get emergency medical help if you have <strong>signs of an allergic reaction to albuterol:</strong> hives; difficult breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>also,</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>You should not use <strong>ProAir RespiClick</strong> if you are allergic to milk proteins.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>In order to make sure albuterol inhalation is safe for you, you or your child may also be taking an antiinflammatory medicine, such as a steroid (cortisone-like medicine), together with this medicine. Do not stop taking the antiinflammatory medicine, even if your asthma seems better, unless you are told to do so by your doctor. Also:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>tell your doctor if you have:</p>\n \n <ul>\n <li>heart disease, high blood pressure, congestive heart failure;</li>\n <li>a heart rhythm disorder;</li>\n <li>a seizure disorder such as epilepsy;</li>\n <li>diabetes;</li>\n <li>overactive thyroid; or</li>\n <li>low levels of potassium in your blood.</li>\n </ul>\n \n <p>It is not known whether albuterol will harm an unborn baby. Tell your doctor if you are pregnant or plan to become pregnant.</p>\n</blockquote>\n" }, { "answer_id": 11279, "author": "Gregorio Litenstein", "author_id": 8186, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8186", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Albuterol is a short-duration ß2-receptor agonist (to which it owes its main effect, bronchodilation); and while it can produce some effect on ß1-receptors (producing effects such as tachycardia), these will still be short-lived due to the short-acting nature of the drug itself.</p>\n\n<p>More reliable exercise-induced asthma information here:</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.uptodate.com/contents/exercise-induced-asthma-beyond-the-basics?source=search_result&amp;search=Salbutamol&amp;selectedTitle=2%7E10\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">http://www.uptodate.com/contents/exercise-induced-asthma-beyond-the-basics?source=search_result&amp;search=Salbutamol&amp;selectedTitle=2%7E10</a></p>\n\n<p>Also, I cannot comment on Chris' response, but most of the information he gave is irrelevant; and some of it is downright incorrect. Steroids are not prescribed \"to make sure Albuterol is safe for you\"; the actual reason is that Asthma is primarily an inflammatory condition that responds very well to inhaled corticosteroids as first-line therapy. These are added to therapy when the asthma is anything more severe than \"sporadic, mild crises that respond to short-acting bronchodilators.\"</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/11218", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/5371/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 11261, "author": "Butterfly and Bones", "author_id": 5405, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/5405", "pm_score": 4, "selected": true, "text": "<p><strong>Paresthesia Anxiety Symptoms</strong> -- seems like the term/condition you are looking for <em>(though I am not a doctor and am not diagnosing you as such -- I'm just trying to inform you of the term you might be looking for).</em></p>\n\n<p>In this <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paresthesia\" rel=\"noreferrer\">Wikipedia entry on Paresthesia</a>, it describes the sensation as such: </p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Paresthesia is an <strong>abnormal sensation</strong> such as <strong>tingling, tickling,\n pricking, numbness or burning</strong> of a person's skin with no apparent\n physical cause. The manifestation of a paresthesia may be transient or\n chronic.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>It doesn't use the word \"stinging\" as you do so I'm not sure if this fits the bill, but it does go on to describe how it can be quite sporadic and painful. Other articles also have used the word \"stinging\" in reference to Parethesia. </p>\n\n<p>This CalmClinic article <a href=\"http://www.calmclinic.com/anxiety/symptoms/needles-and-pins\" rel=\"noreferrer\">\"4 Ways to Prevent Pins and Needles From Anxiety\"</a>, does a pretty good job of <strong>correlating how stress and anxiety are strongly linked to Parethesia</strong> (the stinging, tingling, burning, pins-and-needles sensation). I'm not sure if your stress leads to anxiety and sometimes panic attacks that include hyperventilation, but if so, here is an explanation as to why:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>During hyperventilation, the body has too much oxygen and not enough\n carbon dioxide. That imbalance causes every vessel inside the body to\n constrict, while simultaneously reducing the release of calcium into\n the nerves. Both of these cause the nerves to feel \"tingly.\"</p>\n \n <p>Those with\n anxiety are also prone to hyperventilating more as a result of their\n hyperventilation. Hyperventilation can cause symptoms of not getting\n enough air (shortness of breath) which makes people breathe in deeper.\n But that deeper breathing is actually counterproductive, since too\n much oxygen is the cause of hyperventilation. This makes the symptoms\n get worse, and increases the likelihood of tingling.</p>\n \n <p>Hyperventilation\n is one of the main causes of panic attack and severe anxiety symptoms,\n and the pins and needles feeling is undoubtedly one of the most\n troublesome for those unaware of their breathing patterns. Not\n everyone experiences the same sensation either. Some people feel pain,\n while others feel a tickling. Some people may experience different\n sensations at different times.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>BUT do keep in mind that there are other reasons for this sensation to develop, even different stress and anxiety reasons (if you're not necessarily hyperventilating):</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p><strong>Other Links Between Anxiety and Pins and Needles</strong> Those with anxiety and those that suffer from anxiety attacks are also more prone\n to body consciousness. They become over-sensitive to every sensation\n their body makes, and unintentionally overthink the causes of those\n experiences.Feet, arms, fingers, and legs, all may fall asleep due to\n pressure on the nerves. For a person without anxiety, this experience\n is rarely given a second thought. To a person with anxiety, this\n experience can cause a significant amount of distress – enough to make\n someone worry about their health.In addition, dehydration and other\n less serious diseases may also create a tingling feeling in the limbs\n as well as anxiety. If you have an anxiety disorder, you may be more\n likely to react very strongly to these sensations until you experience\n an anxiety attack.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Hope this helps, but please do consult a doctor. </p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 11700, "author": "Simon Damstra", "author_id": 8695, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8695", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<p>I have a similar experience right now and correlate it to a different challenge. Because if there is one thing I am not, it is being anxious.</p>\n\n<p>I've experienced muscle weakness over de last 4 months which I've now recently realized has been correlated to a lack of vitamin D in my body.</p>\n\n<p>With having had a vitamin D boost from the pharmacy, my health is getting a lot better now and exercising my muscles makes sense again (because they actually grow again).</p>\n\n<p>What I notice is I still have these stings sometimes, even in locations which did not have the most serious muscle weakness. But what I expect is that with enough exercise and eating the right healthy foods, the stings will also go away.</p>\n\n<p>Do you exercise? </p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/11259", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/3353/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 15218, "author": "JohnP", "author_id": 64, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/64", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Triangular blades were created for pretty much one reason, and one reason only. The triangular cross section made a stronger blade, ensuring more damage was done in a charge/stab versus a flat blade.</p>\n\n<p>The triangular blade was introduced in the early 1700's, mostly due to strength reasons. A triangular blade is less likely to bend/break when stabbing in a charge, especially if you hit a piece of armor, another weapon or bone. The cross section is much stronger in a triangle versus a flat blade.</p>\n\n<p>There is anecdotal evidence galore about the wound, and <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayonet\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">the wiki states</a> that it is harder to heal, as the scar tissue filling in the wound tends to pull apart the rest of the wound as it heals. I can find several anecdotal references, but nothing concrete to confirm this. There is also anecdotal evidence that the Geneva Convention bans triangular blades, however the language only states \"weapons that cause unneeded suffering\" (paraphrased). </p>\n\n<p>Pretty much the only reason for them was strength, and as other weapons became better, the bayonet went back to a single/double blade, as they are much more useful in that shape in non combat situations (Cutting ropes, food, straps, etc).</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 18692, "author": "Laurent R.", "author_id": 15670, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/15670", "pm_score": 3, "selected": true, "text": "<p>A triangular wound can possibly be sutured, depending on many considerations regarding the wound including its type, condition, location, size, shape, depth, cleanliness vs presence of debris, mechanism of injury, the force of the injury, the age of the wound, tension on the wound, the patient’s medical history, species if the wound is a bite, etc... </p>\n\n<p>In “stellate” wounds, tissue viability is a major consideration before proceeding. (Wound preparation is an extensive topic not covered here.) The triangular bits at the center of the wound are at risk of not being viable (or savable) tissue if there is inadequate circulation to that specific area. If the triangular tips are pink and the subcutaneous tissue appears to be intact and adequately supportive, then a “purse-string” suture can be considered for bringing those points together, followed by placement of ordinary straight suturing of the “arms” of the stellate wound.\n<a href=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/Oot8l.jpg\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\"><img src=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/Oot8l.jpg\" alt=\"stellate wound with purse string suture\"></a><a href=\"https://www.slideshare.net/cruzasma/woundcare\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">(The above image is from this wound care slideshow at slideshare.net)</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/JOQje.jpg\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\"><img src=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/JOQje.jpg\" alt=\"my drawing of a purse-string closed wound with suturing completed\"></a>(My drawing of a purse-string-closed wound with further suturing of the branches of the wound completed.)</p>\n\n<p>If the triangular tips are pale, grey or purple, or have no obvious subcutaneous support, they would be deemed non-viable and would therefore be removed from the wound, thus requiring a larger excisional solution. One possibility would be to cut an elliptical excision around the entire wound, which would then be closed by pulling the edges together with simple interrupted sutures. (This is similar to the excisional method used for biopsies or removal of cancerous cutaneal lesions.) \n<a href=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/wBajw.jpg\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\"><img src=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/wBajw.jpg\" alt=\"my drawing of an elliptical excision and suturing\"></a> (My drawing of an elliptical excision and suturing.)</p>\n\n<p>Of course this entire explanation is a gross oversimplification of a process which actually requires extensive professional training. My reference for the above material is <a href=\"https://www.slideshare.net/cruzasma/woundcare\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">this excellent slide show summarizing the entire suturing process</a>, paraphrased through the lens of my own experience.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/11268", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/-1/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 11274, "author": "Krishna Mohan", "author_id": 8315, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8315", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p><strong>How do painkillers work?</strong></p>\n\n<p>When part of your body is injured, special nerve endings send pain messages back to your brain. \nPainkilling drugs interfere with these messages, either at the site of the injury, in the spinal cord or in the brain itself. </p>\n\n<p>Many painkillers are based on one of two naturally occurring drugs: aspirin and opiates. Aspirin uses a chemical found in willow bark, used by the Ancient Greeks to relieve pain. Opiates all work in a similar way to opium, which is extracted from poppies.</p>\n\n<p>Other Source: <a href=\"http://mentalfloss.com/article/18615/how-do-painkillers-find-kill-pain\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">http://mentalfloss.com/article/18615/how-do-painkillers-find-kill-pain</a></p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 31651, "author": "nash", "author_id": 25883, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/25883", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p><strong>Are painkillers curative for migraine headaches?</strong></p>\n<p>No, they are not, but they are therapeutic.</p>\n<p>Similarly to user @De Novo's comment, the main problem in migraine headaches is the pain. Although the source of the pain doesn't go away and you may still feel pain some time afterwards, symptomatic treatment of migraines with painkillers is still an effective form of management.\nYou will not &quot;damage&quot; your body further by continuing whatever activity triggers the headache, you will only feel more pain. There is also the issue of adverse effects following long term use of pain medications, but that is beyond the scope of this answer.</p>\n<p>However, relying purely on pain management in all headaches is not a good idea. Some headaches have different underlying causes, brain bleeds, lesions, hypertension, infectious and febrile illnesses, etc.</p>\n<p>Of course preventive medicine is always the best, so if you get headaches from doing X activity, please avoid X activity.</p>\n<p>I hope this answers your question :)</p>\n<p>Sources:</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2740949/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Management of migraines</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9482363/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Efficacy of some painkillers</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjC1cqv1uT6AhUaLOwKHdz6BgMQFnoECAsQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fjag.journalagent.com%2Ftjn%2Fpdfs%2FTJN_22_1_3_7%5BA%5D.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw11aGcg8qdfd5pVMC_7-njD\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Effectiveness of some current headache therapies</a></p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/11273", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/-1/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 13040, "author": "threetimes", "author_id": 9533, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/9533", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Although you do activate a lot of the same systems in both cases, I would think your biggest difference will be what <em>else</em> you activate when excited, which would be Dopamine, Oxytocin, Serotonin, Endorphins, etc. When you are stressed you will actually release cortisol which will inhibit excretion of other feel good chemicals. You may release the feel good ones when the stress has passed, depending on the type of stress (horrible daily grind of an awful job versus the stress of being chased by a hungry bear &amp; getting away). <a href=\"http://www.thepositivepsychologypeople.com/habits-of-a-happy-brain/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">http://www.thepositivepsychologypeople.com/habits-of-a-happy-brain/</a></p>\n\n<p>Most stress people feel in the modern developed world is more of a long term nagging sort, versus the survival level sort. That is also long &amp; drawn out in such a cases, versus excitement, which in intense feeling, is generally rather brief. You don't typically sustain the anxious level excitement that impacts eating, sleeping, etc longer term. You can experience all those for a fair amount of time though when in love. It would still then be coupled with positive chemicals versus the levels of cortisol &amp; such experienced when instead it's negative feelings you are experiencing with similar side effects.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 13687, "author": "veritessa", "author_id": 9862, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/9862", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Stress and excitement both activate the sympathetic nervous system, so they can feel very physically similar (high heart rates, etc.) The main difference is in higher-level brain processing, where stress is subjectively perceived as negative and excitement as positive. Interestingly, there is a study that proposes \"anxiety reappraisal\" in which you tell yourself you're excited instead of nervous, to facilitate management of high-stress situations. See popular press coverage here: <a href=\"http://nymag.com/scienceofus/2016/03/youre-excited-not-nervous-you-just-keep-telling-yourself-that.html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">http://nymag.com/scienceofus/2016/03/youre-excited-not-nervous-you-just-keep-telling-yourself-that.html</a> and the original study by Alison Wood Brooks here: <a href=\"https://adobe99u.files.wordpress.com/2015/06/xge-a0035325.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://adobe99u.files.wordpress.com/2015/06/xge-a0035325.pdf</a></p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/11275", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8317/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 13040, "author": "threetimes", "author_id": 9533, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/9533", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Although you do activate a lot of the same systems in both cases, I would think your biggest difference will be what <em>else</em> you activate when excited, which would be Dopamine, Oxytocin, Serotonin, Endorphins, etc. When you are stressed you will actually release cortisol which will inhibit excretion of other feel good chemicals. You may release the feel good ones when the stress has passed, depending on the type of stress (horrible daily grind of an awful job versus the stress of being chased by a hungry bear &amp; getting away). <a href=\"http://www.thepositivepsychologypeople.com/habits-of-a-happy-brain/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">http://www.thepositivepsychologypeople.com/habits-of-a-happy-brain/</a></p>\n\n<p>Most stress people feel in the modern developed world is more of a long term nagging sort, versus the survival level sort. That is also long &amp; drawn out in such a cases, versus excitement, which in intense feeling, is generally rather brief. You don't typically sustain the anxious level excitement that impacts eating, sleeping, etc longer term. You can experience all those for a fair amount of time though when in love. It would still then be coupled with positive chemicals versus the levels of cortisol &amp; such experienced when instead it's negative feelings you are experiencing with similar side effects.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 13687, "author": "veritessa", "author_id": 9862, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/9862", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Stress and excitement both activate the sympathetic nervous system, so they can feel very physically similar (high heart rates, etc.) The main difference is in higher-level brain processing, where stress is subjectively perceived as negative and excitement as positive. Interestingly, there is a study that proposes \"anxiety reappraisal\" in which you tell yourself you're excited instead of nervous, to facilitate management of high-stress situations. See popular press coverage here: <a href=\"http://nymag.com/scienceofus/2016/03/youre-excited-not-nervous-you-just-keep-telling-yourself-that.html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">http://nymag.com/scienceofus/2016/03/youre-excited-not-nervous-you-just-keep-telling-yourself-that.html</a> and the original study by Alison Wood Brooks here: <a href=\"https://adobe99u.files.wordpress.com/2015/06/xge-a0035325.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://adobe99u.files.wordpress.com/2015/06/xge-a0035325.pdf</a></p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/11276", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7446/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 11283, "author": "Felix Leung", "author_id": 8345, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8345", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>I don't think gargling could prevent sickness. Flu and cold are caused by viruses and they usually enter from the nostril. That is one of the reason why facial mask cover the nose as well. Regular gargling with Listerine can suppress the bacterial that grow on your teeth gaps but in the long term it will alter the bacterial ecosystem in your mouth.\nGargling hydrogen peroxide is highly dangerous, it can damages the tissue and cause cancer. It can causes blisters and irritation as it is very reactive. If you swallow it accidentally it can cause death. <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide#Disinfectant\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide#Disinfectant</a> \n<a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide#Use_in_alternative_medicine\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide#Use_in_alternative_medicine</a> </p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 11291, "author": "DoctorWhom", "author_id": 6776, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6776", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>If you feel a cold \"coming on\" then your body (immune system) is already fighting it. </p>\n\n<p>I was unable to find studies on gargling to prevent respiratory illness.</p>\n\n<p>However <a href=\"http://www.aafp.org/afp/2012/0715/p153.html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">the AAFP released guidelines and recommendations for the common cold</a> that looks at many studies for evidence for </p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>Prevention</li>\n<li>Symptom alleviation</li>\n<li>Decreasing the length of illness symptoms</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>It discusses:</p>\n\n<ol>\n<li>What things DO have evidence for being effective</li>\n<li>What things have evidence suggesting they DON'T work</li>\n<li>What things don't have enough evidence to say one way or the other</li>\n</ol>\n\n<p>The AAFP is one of multiple physician academies; others may offer similar guidelines and recommendations as well that you could check out. </p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/11282", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/-1/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 11300, "author": "Gregorio Litenstein", "author_id": 8186, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8186", "pm_score": 3, "selected": true, "text": "<p>Yes, this can basically be accomplished via plastination, whereby they replace the normal water in tissue with a form of silicone. You can use it on virtually any kind of tissue; first time I walked into an anatomy lab I grabbed a large slice of <em>something</em>... about 1-inch thick, with a large hole in its center and began wondering what it was. Only when I turned it on its side and noticed hair and a tooth did I realize I was looking at a sagital cut of a complete head)</p>\n\n<p>If you look up the Bodies art show, you can find some very nice examples of this (When I saw it several years ago, they even had the vascular tree of a complete body)</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastination\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastination</a></p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 11554, "author": "Centaurus", "author_id": 7280, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7280", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<p>There is a procedure where you fill the coronary arteries and/or the venous system of the heart with acrylic resin, which quickly solidifies. You then submerge the whole heart into an acid solution which dissolves everything except the acrylic filling. What is left is a 3D replica of the heart arterial or venous system.</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1259681\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">read more about this</a> </p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/11290", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7131/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 11322, "author": "SHPstr", "author_id": 8319, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8319", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<p>I'm not a specialist but I notice something at the top of the 4th tooth from the top side. Maybe there's the cavity</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 13114, "author": "Carey Gregory", "author_id": 805, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/805", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Bottom row, second from the front, right at the gum line.</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/l1eUq.png\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\"><img src=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/l1eUq.png\" alt=\"enter image description here\"></a></p>\n\n<p>See the darkened wedge-shaped area on the right edge of the tooth in the enlargement below? That is exactly what it looks like: a hole in the enamel of the tooth. That is what a cavity is and it's what it looks like on x-ray.</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/sSTez.jpg\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\"><img src=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/sSTez.jpg\" alt=\"enter image description here\"></a></p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/11297", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8333/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 11322, "author": "SHPstr", "author_id": 8319, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8319", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<p>I'm not a specialist but I notice something at the top of the 4th tooth from the top side. Maybe there's the cavity</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 13114, "author": "Carey Gregory", "author_id": 805, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/805", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Bottom row, second from the front, right at the gum line.</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/l1eUq.png\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\"><img src=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/l1eUq.png\" alt=\"enter image description here\"></a></p>\n\n<p>See the darkened wedge-shaped area on the right edge of the tooth in the enlargement below? That is exactly what it looks like: a hole in the enamel of the tooth. That is what a cavity is and it's what it looks like on x-ray.</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/sSTez.jpg\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\"><img src=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/sSTez.jpg\" alt=\"enter image description here\"></a></p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/11327", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8361/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 11334, "author": "Jasper", "author_id": 8369, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8369", "pm_score": 4, "selected": true, "text": "<blockquote>\n <p>All models are wrong, but some are useful.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>The same is true for the body mass index. In general, people with a higher BMI have a higher chance of getting obesity-related illnesses than those with a BMI in the 18-25 range. But of course, there are exceptions like the one you mention. That's no reason to discard the entire BMI, because it does work in many cases. It's easier than other predictors (such as abdominal circumference).</p>\n\n<p>Another example would be age, as a predictor of mortality. It's safe to assume that in general, a 90-year-old would die sooner than a 25-year-old. But it's not true that no 25-year-olds die before any 90-year-old.</p>\n\n<p>For the second part of your question: obesity is defined as a BMI >30. In that sense, we can say that Heath would be obese. But once again, this \"label\" is not flawless. He's probably got a lower probability of getting obesity-related illnesses than someone with a BMI of 29.9 based entirely on a bad diet and lack of exercise. </p>\n\n<p>TL:DR; BMI isn't a flawless predictor, but it's ease-of-use causes it to still be used.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 11350, "author": "holyknight", "author_id": 8367, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8367", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>As well as any other measurements it doesn't say much on it's own. You need to use it along with other personal details (and measurements) to get some meaning of it. \nOne of the problems with BMI is that muscle weighs more than fat, so athletes (specially the ones that practise sports that rely on strength) tends to break the BMI meaning.\nIt work well in regular people with a normal bone-muscle-fat ratio.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 11365, "author": "Count Iblis", "author_id": 856, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/856", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Let's not conflate two different problems with BMI here. One the one hand you can have a low body fat percentage and still have a high BMI, but that only applies to body builders who exercise at a near professional level. Such a person will not get wrongly diagnosed by his or her doctor of being overweight. So, this shouldn't be a problem, however, as Carey Gregory points out, some insurance companies in the US make decisions about coverage and premiums purely based on BMI, which can lead to unjust decisions. A more practical problem with BMI is that it will underestimate the risk of cardiovascular problems and diabetes in people of certain ethnicities, particularly Asians. As <a href=\"http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/bmi_asia_strategies.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">recommended by the WHO</a>, Asians should keep their BMI below 23 kg/m^2.</p>\n\n<p>Then having cleared up these two real issues with the BMI, let's consider the context in which the argument for a fat tax and the denial of medical services are made in the sources quoted by the OP. The medical problem that at hand is that health problems caused by a poor diet combined with lack of exercise account for the lion's share of health care costs. The US is a special case where 50% of the health care costs is due to an inefficient system, in most other Western countries, the burden of health care costs to society is about 10% of GDP. But even that 10% of GDP is mostly due to people eating too much fat, salt and sugar and not doing enough exercise.</p>\n\n<p>The people who choose to eat too many Big Macs are not only making me pay for my health care, they are actually limiting my health care options. The health care industry is hard at work at fixing the bodies of people who through their own faults, have wrecked their bodies, therefore I don't have to count on being treated in an optimal way. If at age 90 I would need a new kidney, I will be rejected because of my age despite having the fitness of a 60 year old by that time. </p>\n\n<p>There are also costs for society outside of health care. Your car is <a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nj8-cGh9FsE&amp;feature=youtu.be&amp;t=1171\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">significantly more expensive</a> because the workers at the factories where cars are made are not making the right lifestyle choices. If you buy a plane ticket, you're paying more because transporting heavier people requires more fuel, the costs are shared by all passengers; people only pay for their extra checked luggage above their allowance, not your checked fat. <a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BlILHQ0DXFA\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">This has led to calls for the system to be modified</a>. The fat tax mentioned here is a fee that overweight people would have to pay. Contrast that with the notion of a \"fat tax\" in the source quoted by the OP. There it's about imposing a VAT on fat, which is a reasonable way to get the population to stick to a healthier lifestyle, thereby drastically reducing the costs incurred on society. </p>\n\n<p>In conclusion, while it may look like the BMIs of very muscular athletic people poses a problem with using the BMI, a closer examination of the relevant facts reveals that this is not a major problem. Rather, it are obese people whose BMIs do actually reflect their miserable physical state (and also people with a normal weight who eat an unhealthy diet) who are making everyone pay a hefty fat tax, and they are making the quality of the health care available for you a lot worse. Bureaucratic problems with athletic people having high BMIs are trivial to fix, unfair as such problems may look like, let's not forget that at age 80 you are not eligible for a heart transplant, no matter how well your medical prognosis is. How unfair is that?</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/11331", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7951/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 11342, "author": "Person", "author_id": 8377, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8377", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Well, to answer the question there may be many reasons playing into these causes. \n-Immigration: Some races are more prone than others statistically\n-Technology: With more access to technology people are more likely to grow up antisocial, and obese.\n-Age: The baby boomers all will be at least 60 by this time most of them even in their late 60s or 70s and they will make up a significant portion of the people getting disease like diabetes, arthritic, depression, cancer, obesity, etc.\n-Generational values: The teenagers of 2025 born 2007-2013 will have different values then teenagers growing up today(people born in the late 90s or early-mid 2000s) and it may be more acceptable for them to use different drugs like heroin which is becoming popular again unfortunately leading to autoimmune, depression. If they are growing up around people who are indoors constantly because of video games and I-pads they obviously will be more prone to health problems just by being sedentary and not getting enough sunlight. In fact, I would argue that in 2025 the healthiest group of people would be those born between 1975-2005, partly for that reason. \n-Population:The world population is going to be roughly 8 billion people in 2025, over 2 billion more since 1995 meaning more people with these problems.\n-Unknown causes: Some things like autism we don't know what causes it, but 1 in 15 people having autism in 2025 is damn near unbelievable. There may be other unexplained causes which may contribute to these problems, but I know I knocked at least 50 percent of them out for you. Hope this helped.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 11355, "author": "Casey", "author_id": 8384, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8384", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>You've asked how we might calculate (or rather, estimate) the life expectancy of people living in the US in 2025, and provided us with some data that could be relevant. It's understandable that you'd have trouble reflecting on this problem given only the figure included above; among other considerations, you don't have very much data, and the data you've been provided with doesn't seem to be as relevant to the question you're working on as you might like. More on the second consideration below:</p>\n\n<p>The figure in the original question reports incidences of diseases in the US for 1995, but any method of using figures regarding reported incidences of disease to predict the US life expectancy would rely heavily on assumptions regarding how the (reported) incidence of a disease relates to the number of deaths caused by that disease. If you're interested in predicting the average American's life expectancy based on data regarding the death rates of certain diseases, the CDC has such historical data available in their <a href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/nvsr.htm\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">National Vital Statistics Reports</a>. You'll probably want to model things based on the death rates for certain causes, rather than the total number of deaths from such causes, even though both numbers are published in the reports on \"Deaths: Final Data\" linked above; this would take care of the fact that the US population hasn't historically been stagnant over time. Specifically, Table 11 on page 55 of the 1997 NVSS report, and Table 11 on page 46 of the <a href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr65/nvsr65_04.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">2014 NVSS report</a> have these numbers; other tables in the said reports are often only for certain subsets of the population, or give the number of total deaths, instead of the death rate per 100,000 people.</p>\n\n<p>If that sounds like too much work, it might be worth noticing that historical life expectancy tables by year for the US are widely available. I found a few relevant sources by searching for \"life expectancy by year in the US\" (and would add relevant links if I had the StackExchange reputation to do so).</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/11341", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8378/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 11380, "author": "user8412", "author_id": 8412, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8412", "pm_score": 3, "selected": true, "text": "<p>I am certainly no expert, however I had a hip replacement in August 2015 and I know I have a slight leg length difference now. It's very common in hip surgery but I think we are so pleased to be out of pain it doesn't seem important until we are fully recovered as you are and then possibly left with a limp.</p>\n\n<p>I was measured about 8 weeks after surgery and there was a difference but they said it can a couple of years for everything to 'bed in' and I think they were right except I feel that my left leg is longer than my right and some days it seems more apparent than others. For me I think unless I start getting pain somewhere I'm not worried, I have got used to it. Saying that I did have to retrain myself to stop limping as it had become a habit. Have you had help with strengthening your core and your leg? Once you find the right physiotherapist they are amazing. I go to Pilates and it has made such a difference.</p>\n\n<p>I know people who use the little insole in their shoes and they work fantastically. A friend of mine had a really bad back and sciatica and could hardly walk but just by wearing an insole and levelling him up, he is now pain free and has been for years. He has one pair for his shoes, another for his wellies and a third for his trainers now!</p>\n\n<p>I would definitely go for a second opinion as it is your health and you have a right to ask questions and be in control. Sometimes we just need to speak to the right person and get peace of mind. I think it is different for everyone, some don't notice or can live with it and some people are more aware, as I am. </p>\n\n<p>Sorry to hear you have been through so much but sounds like you have recovered really well which is fantastic. Good luck!</p>\n\n<p>Take care</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 26386, "author": "02q4u", "author_id": 22124, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/22124", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<ul>\n<li>Question: Is it normal to expect this &quot;alignment margin&quot; in this type of surgery? Any statistics that says a broken femur is likely to remain slightly off after surgery?</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Faye Loughenbury, <a href=\"https://www.expertscape.com/ar/leg+length+inequality/a/McWilliams%2C+Anthony+B\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Anthony McWilliams</a> and their colleagues have conducted several studies that may in part answer your questions. I quote from &quot;<a href=\"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1120700018777858\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Hip surgeons and leg length inequality after primary hip replacement</a>&quot;:</p>\n<p>&quot;89% of surgeons agreed that 15 mm of leg length inequality (LLI) after primary uncomplicated total hip replacement (THR) was always acceptable. 90% of surgeons felt that LLI more than 22.74 mm was never acceptable.&quot;</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Question: Is this something i could potentially never be able to correct either via exercising or possibly other kinds of medical intervention?</li>\n</ul>\n<p>While you cannot correct the relative difference that the operated leg has towards the other, a heel lift with the specific - exact (!) - height offers a tolerable compensation. Current focus is on leg length inequalities not mattering much if lower than 1,5 cm or 1 cm or, at best, 5 mm. If all lower extremity joints are examined for sufficient support of range of movement (patients may ask their physiotherapists) contributing to a well compensated overall functional leg length (that includes slightly extension-limited knee joints you might not have noticed, or missing arch support on the side of the (previously) anatomically longer leg) - you should live a happy life after all. If you are very technical about your question, and should doctors recommend THR of the second hip, some counter-compensation may be achieved when well planned. It may also help to be aware that the average LLI/LLD of the general population is <a href=\"https://chiromt.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1746-1340-13-11\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">5 mm</a>. However, the sensation of &quot;limping&quot; may intensify if the naturally shorter leg has become even shorter or the longer even longer. Anybody should use a heel lift, for fun, and compare sides. Most people will notice &quot;a funny feeling&quot; only with the heel lift under <em>one</em> of the two legs, specifically, as compared to the lift under the other heel. (It also may help to know that, clinically, hip arthroplasty patients that have a <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surneu.2008.08.073\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">referring pain from the spine</a> (<a href=\"https://journals.lww.com/spinejournal/Citation/1993/03000/The_Effect_of_Imposed_Leg_Length_Difference_on.12.aspx\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">reacting to the hip via the mediation of the pelvis</a>) are not too seldom - at the same time there seems to be evidence that this would not matter - circumstances are unique, that is why stackexchange is serious about avoiding personal medical advice).</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Could the difference in length be more than 5mm, and they said that to sound &quot;optimistic&quot;?</li>\n</ul>\n<p>A tough question, to me, because we cannot know what &quot;they&quot; really thought. Considering the cited statistics, a patient with 5 mm length difference after THR is lucky with a relatively small &quot;off&quot; value. However, since in the general population the left leg is longer than the shorter right leg, it may add up to a centimetre in your case. To my personal clinical experience - that will most likely sound blasphemic - every millimeter matters, even less than a tenth. If clinical collaborateurs learn to palpate the effect of marginal leg length on the joints of the spine in bilateral comparison and for several segments, they may easily reproduce the causes for my judgment to consider less than a tenth of a millimeter important. I believe that future direction of reasearch will head there - however, I experience disbelief in clinical partners whenever I tell them what I palpate there - you can hardly find any reference in the literature to such manual precision yet, also not in functional radiography or MRI. Given the likelyhood of pain overlooked in its functional genesis, it is very likely that doctors really think that patients should not have pain (while they may have) after THR, as we may also think that patients should accept a limp if they would not wear a heel lift or have their shoes prepared by a orthopedic shoe specialist, which can most certainly be a fantastic relief in having done (if as exact as is possible).</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Question: If the difference is real (and it feels like it could be, since i am still limping a bit) and i am never able to correct it in any way, what kind of side effects should i expect?</li>\n</ul>\n<p>You'll see that my answers will repeat a little bit, but that should not matter much. If the patient made sure that his or her joints have no movement restrictions (knee joint extension in particular), checks if an arch support would be necessary and makes sure the person asked sees him/her as well walking as standing - that should correct quite a bit of limping, when also the correct (!) amount of the heel lift is found (for example, I use layers of different thicknesses of tape to add - subtract, on contralateral side - some necessary bits - sometimes, a single layer). If all shoes are lifted (a patient could place a lift in a sock, if he or she wouldn't want to avoid being &quot;barefoot&quot;), I would not expect major caveats. There may be individual things only an experienced examiner finds. At the same time, if a patient just gives in to leg length difference and does nothing about it - just goes limping - this amounts to asymmetric load transfer and greater asymmetric joint use all over the body than necessary, most importantly the (lumbar) spine, <a href=\"https://www.oarsijournal.com/article/S1063-4584(08)00347-6/fulltext\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">knees and (other) hip</a>. We always try to establish a somewhat symmetrical movement - within its borders, deviations are alright, but if you ask clinicians, the definition of &quot;deviation&quot; can differ quite a bit. My suggestion would be to prevent unilateralization for the lumbar spine and neighboring joints of the hip with the help of an experienced manual therapist or doctor of osteopathic medicine having specifically stated experiences with leg length differences.</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Question: Should i double check with another doctor?</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Most doctors would probably tell you that 5 mm is no big deal. If you read the survey responses gathered by Anthony McWilliams and his colleagues, some doctors think that double that amount is no big deal, and some think that even more is still acceptable. user8412 said that we deserve to be in control and provided appropriate information. Unfortunately the expertise about leg length differences has not yet enabled many clinicians to provide sufficient information, due to a rather growing evidence base. A physiotherapist with special training (there are orthopedic manual therapists, for example) or an informed osteopath might as well provide further help. Sometimes they work together with orthoticists. However, somebody should also entertain the difficult work to inform surgeons and orthopedists so that they might become sensitized for the fact that &quot;millimeters&quot; do matter - if, apparently, little - at least to stimulate new and open research questions. The patients and their therapy experiences may inform resarch - so patients theirselves, in their responses to and articulations of outcomes are most likely the very key for future patient experiences, also in the domain of leg length difference / inequality.</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Question: What are my options?</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Only if the options referred to until here seem to leave open an essential gap, it might be beneficial to actually write to some of the doctors conducting resarch for the topic, offering your participation in trials and on the way get adequate &quot;on the edge&quot; diagnosis - many doctors with a hunch for this specific topic, as it is seldom enough, actually treat real patients :) ... however, as, for example, spine symptoms - &quot;unspecific low back pain&quot; - can be a consequence of THR, asymptomatic patients in matters of pain might just be fine with a general screening of a physiotherapist, orthoticist and/or orthopedist. It could very well be, that a specialist can only point to what part of a problem is explicity <em>not</em> falling in his or her domain.</p>\n<p>While this can look like dry information, I hope it does not suck you into some mills of drifting into too much reflection but provide someone with a little hand of helping overview where needed.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/11360", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8391/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 11399, "author": "Chris Gao", "author_id": 1698, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1698", "pm_score": 3, "selected": true, "text": "<h3>Do nothing, stay inside the MRI machine.</h3>\n\n<p>I never performed MRI scan in the past but I had experience of several quite big earthquakes within the last 10 years. So I provide my thought on this for your reference.</p>\n\n<p>I have to say that you probably already in the safest place during an earth quake in a building for two reasons: </p>\n\n<p>1) rooms for big scanners are usually build with solid concrete and very likely to be strengthened further comparing with standard concrete building for accomodation or office. That makes the room very unlikely to collapse during an earth quake. </p>\n\n<p>2) MRI machine is basically a giant piece of metal. If earth quake strikes during your scan, you have already surrounded and protected by this heavy and strong metal structure. This makes your situation even safer as you will be well protected even the building collapse. </p>\n\n<p>Based on my personal experience on earth quakes, I think you will be pretty safe even there is a magnitude 8 or less earth quake happen during your MRI scan. For the quakes that more than magnitude 8, shallow and close by, well, good luck.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 20031, "author": "StrongBad", "author_id": 55, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/55", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>You most definitely do not want to be in an MRI machine during an earthquake. The superconducting magnets in an MRI scanner are cooled by liquid helium. If the cooling system is damaged and there is a leak, this could be very bad for you.</p>\n\n<p>I have not seen what is in the yellow folder, but earthquakes present a particularly dangerous situation for MRI machines that is not common with fires. As you may know, you cannot bring metal into the scanning room. This means you need a to use a special wheelchair or stretcher to remove someone who is \nnot able to move on their own. During an emergency a staff member would normally <a href=\"https://radiology.ucsf.edu/patient-care/patient-safety/mri/quench\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">quench the magnet</a> by venting the liquid helium to rapidly eliminate the magnetic field and allow emergency personal to enter the room with standard equipment. Quenching the magnet can break the machine so you would only want to do it when necessary. The quenching system is generally designed to handle fires, but can be damaged during an earthquake (<a href=\"https://www.imedco.net/changing-seismic-regulations-and-the-effect-on-mri-shielding-design/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://www.imedco.net/changing-seismic-regulations-and-the-effect-on-mri-shielding-design/</a>) which could allow the liquid helium to enter the scanning room. The <a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch%3Fv%3D9SOUJP5dFEg&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjT3KaDqLjkAhXlt1kKHRtYD1gQ3ywwAHoECAoQAw&amp;usg=AOvVaw0pnzWXEXBm9Z7scQtcDh7s\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">quenching process is pretty dramatic</a></p>\n\n<p>My guess is that the <em>big yellow folder</em> provides guidance on removing patients from the scanning room, when to quench the magnet, and what to do if the emergency quench button fails.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 20041, "author": "Bryan Krause", "author_id": 8728, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8728", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Via the <a href=\"http://www.bmap.ucla.edu/docs/MRISafetyManual.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">UCLA Brain Mapping Center</a>, in the event of (emphasis and formatting added):</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p><strong>Non-Fire Facility Emergencies</strong></p>\n \n <ul>\n <li>Unscheduled Power Shutdowns </li>\n <li><strong><em>Earthquakes</em></strong></li>\n <li>Magnet Quench (catastrophic boil-off of helium)</li>\n <li>Water Leaks</li>\n <li>Foreign Metal Objects in the Magnet</li>\n </ul>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Instructions are:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <ol>\n <li>Perform a routine electrical shutdown, or if circumstances such as a rapid flooding\n threaten to reach the equipment before a routine shutdown could be completed, perform\n an emergency electrical shutdown. Both shutdown procedures are described in the\n shutdown sections of this manual.</li>\n <li>Remove the subject from the scanner.</li>\n <li>If appropriate, evacuate the building and do not return until advised that it is safe to do\n so.</li>\n <li>Notify an ALBMC staff member of the emergency</li>\n </ol>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Therefore, at least for that institution, it does not seem like standard earthquake procedure to perform a non-routine shutdown. Instead, start a routine shutdown and remove the subject. I don't see any recommendation to quench, even the \"emergency electrical shutdown\" is not a quench.</p>\n\n<p>Different institutions may have different procedures, of course. However, quenching the magnet simply in the event of an earthquake does not seem prudent to me unless other circumstances occur:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Users of the ALBMC facility should only quench the magnet in the event\n that the magnetic field itself poses an immediate risk to life or\n major property. Two such circumstances are:</p>\n \n <ol>\n <li><p>A metal object is lodged in the scanner in a way that poses an\n immediate serious threat to a person (e.g., the person is pinned to\n the magnet by a metal object that is causing internal injuries).</p></li>\n <li><p>Fire personnel determine that there is no other alternative to entering the room with axes or other heavy gear when fighting a\n fire. If the absence of a major emergency, facility users should\n never quench the magnet by themselves, even if they are convinced\n that amagnet quench will ultimately be necessary</p></li>\n </ol>\n</blockquote>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/11398", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6563/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 11399, "author": "Chris Gao", "author_id": 1698, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1698", "pm_score": 3, "selected": true, "text": "<h3>Do nothing, stay inside the MRI machine.</h3>\n\n<p>I never performed MRI scan in the past but I had experience of several quite big earthquakes within the last 10 years. So I provide my thought on this for your reference.</p>\n\n<p>I have to say that you probably already in the safest place during an earth quake in a building for two reasons: </p>\n\n<p>1) rooms for big scanners are usually build with solid concrete and very likely to be strengthened further comparing with standard concrete building for accomodation or office. That makes the room very unlikely to collapse during an earth quake. </p>\n\n<p>2) MRI machine is basically a giant piece of metal. If earth quake strikes during your scan, you have already surrounded and protected by this heavy and strong metal structure. This makes your situation even safer as you will be well protected even the building collapse. </p>\n\n<p>Based on my personal experience on earth quakes, I think you will be pretty safe even there is a magnitude 8 or less earth quake happen during your MRI scan. For the quakes that more than magnitude 8, shallow and close by, well, good luck.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 20031, "author": "StrongBad", "author_id": 55, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/55", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>You most definitely do not want to be in an MRI machine during an earthquake. The superconducting magnets in an MRI scanner are cooled by liquid helium. If the cooling system is damaged and there is a leak, this could be very bad for you.</p>\n\n<p>I have not seen what is in the yellow folder, but earthquakes present a particularly dangerous situation for MRI machines that is not common with fires. As you may know, you cannot bring metal into the scanning room. This means you need a to use a special wheelchair or stretcher to remove someone who is \nnot able to move on their own. During an emergency a staff member would normally <a href=\"https://radiology.ucsf.edu/patient-care/patient-safety/mri/quench\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">quench the magnet</a> by venting the liquid helium to rapidly eliminate the magnetic field and allow emergency personal to enter the room with standard equipment. Quenching the magnet can break the machine so you would only want to do it when necessary. The quenching system is generally designed to handle fires, but can be damaged during an earthquake (<a href=\"https://www.imedco.net/changing-seismic-regulations-and-the-effect-on-mri-shielding-design/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://www.imedco.net/changing-seismic-regulations-and-the-effect-on-mri-shielding-design/</a>) which could allow the liquid helium to enter the scanning room. The <a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch%3Fv%3D9SOUJP5dFEg&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjT3KaDqLjkAhXlt1kKHRtYD1gQ3ywwAHoECAoQAw&amp;usg=AOvVaw0pnzWXEXBm9Z7scQtcDh7s\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">quenching process is pretty dramatic</a></p>\n\n<p>My guess is that the <em>big yellow folder</em> provides guidance on removing patients from the scanning room, when to quench the magnet, and what to do if the emergency quench button fails.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 20041, "author": "Bryan Krause", "author_id": 8728, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8728", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Via the <a href=\"http://www.bmap.ucla.edu/docs/MRISafetyManual.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">UCLA Brain Mapping Center</a>, in the event of (emphasis and formatting added):</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p><strong>Non-Fire Facility Emergencies</strong></p>\n \n <ul>\n <li>Unscheduled Power Shutdowns </li>\n <li><strong><em>Earthquakes</em></strong></li>\n <li>Magnet Quench (catastrophic boil-off of helium)</li>\n <li>Water Leaks</li>\n <li>Foreign Metal Objects in the Magnet</li>\n </ul>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Instructions are:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <ol>\n <li>Perform a routine electrical shutdown, or if circumstances such as a rapid flooding\n threaten to reach the equipment before a routine shutdown could be completed, perform\n an emergency electrical shutdown. Both shutdown procedures are described in the\n shutdown sections of this manual.</li>\n <li>Remove the subject from the scanner.</li>\n <li>If appropriate, evacuate the building and do not return until advised that it is safe to do\n so.</li>\n <li>Notify an ALBMC staff member of the emergency</li>\n </ol>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Therefore, at least for that institution, it does not seem like standard earthquake procedure to perform a non-routine shutdown. Instead, start a routine shutdown and remove the subject. I don't see any recommendation to quench, even the \"emergency electrical shutdown\" is not a quench.</p>\n\n<p>Different institutions may have different procedures, of course. However, quenching the magnet simply in the event of an earthquake does not seem prudent to me unless other circumstances occur:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Users of the ALBMC facility should only quench the magnet in the event\n that the magnetic field itself poses an immediate risk to life or\n major property. Two such circumstances are:</p>\n \n <ol>\n <li><p>A metal object is lodged in the scanner in a way that poses an\n immediate serious threat to a person (e.g., the person is pinned to\n the magnet by a metal object that is causing internal injuries).</p></li>\n <li><p>Fire personnel determine that there is no other alternative to entering the room with axes or other heavy gear when fighting a\n fire. If the absence of a major emergency, facility users should\n never quench the magnet by themselves, even if they are convinced\n that amagnet quench will ultimately be necessary</p></li>\n </ol>\n</blockquote>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/11404", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8430/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 11418, "author": "Tetramino", "author_id": 7599, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7599", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>The question is quite broad, so I can only begin to answer, based on the animals you mentioned: </p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><p>Cows and other ruminants (including giraffes) have <a href=\"http://www.extension.umn.edu/agriculture/dairy/feed-and-nutrition/feeding-the-dairy-herd/ruminant-anatomy-and-physiology.html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">a totally different digestive system</a>, which allows them to ferment the ingested food and thus acquire nutrients in a way that is not accessible to humans.</p></li>\n<li><p>As for the gorilla, what may only be \"leaves\" for you are in fact various items (leaves indeed, but also bark, fruits, flowers, roots, seeds and shoots) from hundreds of different species, as you may reed in <a href=\"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.460.6233&amp;rep=rep1&amp;type=pdf\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">this article</a>. \nIf we compare these foods to human dietary requirements, these foods provide amounts of protein that would be probably be sufficient for humans, but very low amounts of fat and available carbohydrate, and lots of dietary fiber (see <a href=\"http://jn.nutrition.org/content/127/10/2000.full\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">this other article</a>). According to <a href=\"http://jn.nutrition.org/content/127/10/2000.full\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">3</a>, Western Lowland Gorillas derive more than half of their energy from the fermentation of fiber in the colon (under the form of short-chain fatty acids), whereas this source of energy is marginal for humans. Despite very little genetic difference, humans have evolved to eat very differently from apes. A human trying to follow a gorilla diet would quite probably not be able to achieve this level of colonic fermentation and thus would fail to thrive on this diet.</p></li>\n</ul>\n" }, { "answer_id": 11423, "author": "Narusan", "author_id": 8212, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8212", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>First of all, humans are <strong>omnivores</strong>, while all the example animals given in the question were <strong>herbivores</strong>.<br>\nYou are comparing apples and oranges (or rather, apple and beef)! </p>\n\n<p>If you compare a human's diet with a wild pig's (sus scrofa) <a href=\"http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Sus_scrofa/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">diet</a>, you will find out that they both eat a variety of foods.</p>\n\n<p>As to why this is the case, biology.stackexchange might be more suited for your question...</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/11409", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1983/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 11778, "author": "unforgettableidSupportsMonica", "author_id": 575, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/575", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "\n\n<p>We don't know how risky aluminum is. <a href=\"https://skeptics.stackexchange.com/questions/18182/is-aluminum-in-pans-soda-cans-and-antiperspirants-correlated-to-alzheimers#18186\">(Source.)</a></p>\n\n<p>In Germany, the Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) wondered about kettles too.</p>\n\n<p>They wrote an article named <a href=\"http://www.bfr.bund.de/en/faqs_about_aluminium_in_food_and_products_intended_for_consumers-191148.html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">\"FAQs about aluminium in food and products intended for consumers\"</a>. I shall quote a bunch from that article; their final answer to your question is at the very end of my post.</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <h3>What health risks does aluminium absorption pose?</h3>\n \n <p>Any assessment of the hazardous potential of aluminium focuses on its effects on the nervous system and the fact that it is toxic to reproduction (effects on fertility and unborn life) as well as the effects of aluminium on bone development.</p>\n \n <p>When aluminium is ingested with food, its acute toxicity is low. ... But even in healthy individuals, the light metal accumulates in the body in the course of a lifetime, especially in the lungs and the skeletal system.</p>\n \n <p>...</p>\n \n <h3>What quantities of aluminium can be absorbed ... without any health risks?</h3>\n \n <p>For oral intake from food, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has derived a tolerable weekly intake (TWI) of 1 milligramme (mg) of aluminium per kilogramme of bodyweight.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Finally, later in their article, they answer your question:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <h1>Can I continue to use aluminium cooking pots / pressure cookers?</h1>\n \n <p>Provided that they are coated, yes. If they are not, no salty or acidic foods such as apple purée, rhubarb or salted herring should be prepared or stored in such pots.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>So it sounds like they say you can continue to use your aluminum kettle.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 11787, "author": "slashdottir", "author_id": 8758, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8758", "pm_score": -1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>The Aluminum-Alzheimer's connection is very controversial - esp in regard to vaccine adjuvants.</p>\n\n<p>Nevertheless, here is an excellent video describing the underlying concerns</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JKfbkeQyw84&amp;t=376s\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JKfbkeQyw84&amp;t=376s</a></p>\n\n<p>The upshot is, including silica rich mineral water in the diet can help excrete aluminum that has accumulated in the body.</p>\n\n<p>To address your question: might want to exchange the aluminum pot for a steel one.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/11420", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8437/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 11442, "author": "Count Iblis", "author_id": 856, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/856", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>If a doctor mentioned eating a healthier diet in relation to your problems then that suggests that your diet is pretty bad. We can't judge if that's the case, but if you are not eating well, e.g. lack of proteins in your diet, not enough calories etc., then that will affect your psychological well being. Your brain will hit the stress and anxiety button a lot sooner if your energy levels are low due to chronic malnutrition.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 11468, "author": "Kate Gregory", "author_id": 400, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/400", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>In general, anxiety can be handled with medications or with \"talking therapy\", of which there are many types. So far you have seen two doctors. </p>\n\n<p>One offered medication. You were concerned about depending on them rather than learning to handle situations yourself, and about possible side effects or damage to yourself from those pills. These are wonderful things to discuss with that doctor. You can ask about side effects, you can ask if the doctor thinks you need to be on the medications indefinitely or just while you learn to handle difficult situations, and so on. You can also ask about needing higher doses for more difficult situations. Once you thoroughly understand what the doctor is suggesting and why, and the benefits and risks of it, you can decide whether you want to take it and how you will know whether you want to keep taking it or not.</p>\n\n<p>One recommended just getting healthier overall. A great question to ask that doctor is why that might help? Perhaps you're sleeping very poorly. Perhaps some blood tests have shown you are suffering from deficiencies that might cause anxiety. You need a reason to believe that exercise and healthy food will help the anxiety, right? That said, living a healthy live often means living a happy life with less worry, so if you can afford (time and money) to walk more, spend time outside, eat fresh food you cooked yourself, and take up an active hobby, I would encourage you to do that as a good thing in itself that might happen to lower your panic situation too.</p>\n\n<p>In addition to asking more questions from the two doctors you've already spoken to, you can look into counseling or therapy. There are many kinds! <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">CBT</a> is often suggested for anxiety - rather than discussing your childhood and trying to find out why you react as you do, it focuses on teaching you specific skills for coping with things that distress you today. Many people learn what they need to learn from such counselling and then stop doing it. The Wikipedia article includes links to studies, including one specifically about adults with anxiety.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/11421", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8439/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 13381, "author": "jlallen", "author_id": 8784, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8784", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<p>It varies. If you are in a system with an EHR, then there is often a template for the physical exam. Otherwise, it can be typed manually. Some systems without EHRs still use paper charting. I am unaware of anyone having to formally document the physical exam twice. Some will chart on a computer while in the room with a patient; others will simply remember the findings and document them after they have left the room. </p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 13385, "author": "DoctorWhom", "author_id": 6776, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6776", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>I agree with the other answer and wanted to add a few things.</p>\n\n<p>At most larger healthcare systems in the USA, EHRs are used. Paper is still sometimes used in smaller practices, but rarely.</p>\n\n<p>In the USA physician documentation is called notes, not letters. Letters generally are directed to a particular individual, for example to a specialist or work note, etc.</p>\n\n<p>I'm not sure what a mask is? In EHR there are usually templates that are brought into a note. They have pretyped sections with blanks you can jump to and type in details. Or there are click boxes that auto-write the text of the findings you select into the note. They bring in things from vitals to lab values to medications to diagnoses/PMH/etc.</p>\n\n<p>Daily workflow wise, ideally you're able to finish the note with the patient in the room or immediately after leaving. But in our over-stretched system, often physicians end up with a bunch of charting to finish at the end of the day. That includes physical findings that are remembered and input later. </p>\n\n<p>The burden of documentation sometimes (or often) <a href=\"http://www.jwatch.org/fw111995/2016/09/06/half-physician-time-spent-ehrs-and-paperwork\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">takes more time than the time spent actually speaking with or examining a patient.</a> </p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/11430", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8446/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 11659, "author": "Backup", "author_id": 8643, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8643", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>There are <strong>no</strong> relevant researches that links the two things.\nMoreover, some specialists say that masturbation can prevent, or at least decrease, the risk of develop a prostate cancer. Keep in mind that these are new studies, so data are too few to create a rule.\nWith the informations that researchers obtain, they can say that the risk is reduced (1).\nBut as I stated before, there are not enough data to confirm this (2).</p>\n\n<p>In addition to this, the spermatogenic cycle is different from the female one: female have a fixed number of egg follicles, while men production of sperm is cycle (Spermatogenesys take 64 days, and it's continuous). So, if sperm cells are not used for fertilize egg cells, they will die and after short time the cycle of production start again (please, keep in mind that the process is way more difficult and specific; this is a overview to explain what the user asked).</p>\n\n<p>So, no. Masturbation doesn't decrease your fertility and if studies are confirmed, it may prevent from prostate cancer.</p>\n\n<hr>\n\n<p>Ref.</p>\n\n<p>-(1) www.medscape.com/viewarticle/844820</p>\n\n<p>-(2) www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27871956</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 11676, "author": "Chris Rogers", "author_id": 7951, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7951", "pm_score": 5, "selected": true, "text": "<h2>Short Answer</h2>\n\n<p>Masturbating does not decrease fertility or sex drive</p>\n\n<h2>Long Answer</h2>\n\n<p>Historically, masturbation was discouraged for a variety of reasons including the thought that it lead to mental health problems. However, that was disproved. The abstract of <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J056v14n02_02\" rel=\"noreferrer\">Coleman, E. (2003)</a> states</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Research on masturbation has indicated that, contrary to traditional beliefs, masturbation has been found to be a common sexual behavior and linked to indicators of sexual health. While there are no general indicators of ill health associated with masturbation, it can be powerfully negative or positive for many individuals. As an example, it is widely used in sex therapy as a means of improving the sexual health of the individual and/or relationship. Promoting masturbation as a means of a public health strategy for sexual health is highly controversial; however, there are arguments and evidence that suggest that this may be an important part of any public health approach to improving sexual health.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Masturbation was a diagnosable psychological condition until DSM II in 1968. (Ley, 2014) The American Medical Association consensually declared masturbation as normal in 1972.</p>\n\n<p>Due to the false ideas on masturbation and mental health, there are not a lot of documented studies but I am going to concentrate on fairly recent studies to eliminate the falsehoods.</p>\n\n<p>Another point of note mentioned in <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.05.044\" rel=\"noreferrer\">Elzanaty, S. (2008)</a> is that</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Compared with clinic-collected semen, home-collected samples had statistically significantly higher values for sperm concentration, total sperm count, rapid progressive motility, and total count of progressive motility. Semen volume, proportion of normal sperm morphology, neutral α-glucosidase, prostate-specific antigen, zinc, and fructose did not differ significantly between groups. [Therefore] results demonstrate superior semen quality in samples collected by masturbation at home compared with at a clinic. This should be taken into consideration in infertility investigations.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<h2>Male Masturbation</h2>\n\n<p>Since sperm are short-lived, they must constantly be replenished, so <a href=\"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/03/100318-men-sperm-1500-stem-cells-second-male-birth-control/\" rel=\"noreferrer\">the testes produce 1,500 sperm per second</a>. Plus sperm is produced during the whole of the male life. If the dead sperm is not released through sex or masturbation, it will automatically be released by the body.</p>\n\n<p>Some males find that they are more prone to <a href=\"http://www.soc.ucsb.edu/sexinfo/article/nocturnal-orgasms-and-emissions\" rel=\"noreferrer\">nocturnal emissions</a> during times of less frequent sexual activity because they are not ejaculating as frequently from masturbation or sex with a partner, and in fact — as @Gabri pointed out, and studies have confirmed — high ejaculation frequency was related to decreased risk of total prostate cancer <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.291.13.1578\" rel=\"noreferrer\">(Leitzmann, et al., 2004)</a>.</p>\n\n<h2>Female Masturbation</h2>\n\n<p>There is even less around for female masturbation, but one study suggests that female orgasm induces ovulation <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jez.b.22690\" rel=\"noreferrer\">(Pavličev, and Wagner, 2016)</a> so that would suggest that the chances of conception would be higher. The difference between men and women is that <a href=\"http://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/the-female-reproductive-system\" rel=\"noreferrer\">there is only a finite amount of eggs</a>. The human female has all their eggs at birth and no more is being produced. Once they are all released, that's it.</p>\n\n<hr>\n\n<h2>References</h2>\n\n<p>Coleman, E. (2003). <em>Masturbation as a Means of Achieving Sexual Health</em> Journal of Psychology &amp; Human Sexuality 14(2-3): pp 5-16; DOI: <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J056v14n02_02\" rel=\"noreferrer\">10.1300/J056v14n02_02</a> </p>\n\n<p>Elzanaty, S. (2008). <em>Comparison of semen parameters in samples collected by masturbation at a clinic and at home</em> Fertility and Sterility (Journal of American Society for Reproductive Medicine) 89(6): pp 1718–1722; DOI: <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.05.044\" rel=\"noreferrer\">10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.05.044</a></p>\n\n<p>Leitzmann, M.F.; Platz, E.A.; Stampfer, M.J.; Willett, W.C. and Giovannucci, E. (2004). <em>Ejaculation Frequency and Subsequent Risk of Prostate Cancer</em> JAMA 291(13): pp 1578-1586; DOI: <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.291.13.1578\" rel=\"noreferrer\">10.1001/jama.291.13.1578</a></p>\n\n<p>Ley, D.J. (2014). The Myth of Sex Addiction. Rowman &amp; Littlefield. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-4422-1305-0.</p>\n\n<p>Pavličev, M., and Wagner, G. (2016). <em>The Evolutionary Origin of Female Orgasm</em> Journal of Experimental Zoology 326(6): pp 326–337; DOI: <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jez.b.22690\" rel=\"noreferrer\">10.1002/jez.b.22690</a></p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/11458", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8466/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 11471, "author": "Mike Waters", "author_id": 8473, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8473", "pm_score": 4, "selected": true, "text": "<p><strong>What worked for me (and many others!) was exercise.</strong></p>\n\n<p>After trying many antidepressants, I tried running. What got me motivated was an old article that I read about a clinical trial done by the University of Wisconsin around 1980. (Sorry, I could not find it today). IIRC, half of the group was given Prozac with no exercise, and the other half ran but was not given any pills. At the end of 10 weeks, the runners were less depressed than the other group.</p>\n\n<p>After reading that, I decided to try running in the morning before work. I ran as far as I could until I was out of breath, and then walked back home. I made myself run a little further each time. One day, I could run much further; I didn't get out of breath, my legs just got tired. After only 6 weeks, I was amazed at how GOOD I felt! My depression and anxiety vanished. </p>\n\n<p>You get a <em>runner's high</em> when you get in shape. That's a well known benefit.</p>\n\n<p>Eventually, I regularly ran between 3 and 4 miles, 4 or 5 days a week after work. And I did that for several decades, before I slipped on some ice and injured my ankle and lower leg.</p>\n\n<p>Before you try it, <em>educate yourself</em>. You can injure your feet without the correct technique (such as stretching your leg muscles beforehand) and suitable running shoes (I used Nikes). See an appropriate physician and read some good running/jogging books first! And if you feel real pain, stop running and just walk that day.</p>\n\n<p>These days, I alternate walking with running. It does wonders for my mental health, as long as I can stay motivated. </p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 11476, "author": "M.Mat", "author_id": 8475, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8475", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Definitely, exercise. Any form. Running is often mentioned because of \"runner's high,\" but I have bad knees so... I walk. I walk with earbuds and listen to my favorite music. I change where I walk and the music I listen to frequently. Then you have swimming, yoga, pilates, hit a handball at a wall, dance, martial arts, hiking, biking, climb a wall, all things you can do alone or with someone else.</p>\n\n<p>Brain exercise: Crossword puzzles, sudoku, quizzes, anything that make you think.</p>\n\n<p>Heart care: Practice at least one random act of kindness daily. </p>\n\n<p>Just move. Everything is okay.</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/X2uKd.jpg\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\"><img src=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/X2uKd.jpg\" alt=\"evom tsuj\"></a></p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/11469", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8474/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 23693, "author": "Sohrab T", "author_id": 19659, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/19659", "pm_score": -1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Surgical masks do offer protection against some diseases, but I have not come across evidence that suggests their use by the mass public is beneficial. Clearly, if people are using them correctly, then people stand to benefit in the same way that health care providers do, however, the magnitude of benefit should be smaller for the general public because they face much less frequent exposure to infectious agents. </p>\n\n<p>See:</p>\n\n<p>(1) <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29140516\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29140516</a></p>\n\n<p>(2) <a href=\"https://www.cebm.net/covid-19/what-is-the-efficacy-of-standard-face-masks-compared-to-respirator-masks-in-preventing-covid-type-respiratory-illnesses-in-primary-care-staff/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://www.cebm.net/covid-19/what-is-the-efficacy-of-standard-face-masks-compared-to-respirator-masks-in-preventing-covid-type-respiratory-illnesses-in-primary-care-staff/</a></p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 23697, "author": "Nobody", "author_id": 734, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/734", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>There is a recent paper <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7177146/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">The role of community-wide wearing of face mask for control of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic due to SARS-CoV-2</a> in The journal of Infection, 2020 Apr 23 doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.04.024</p>\n<p>The Conclusion</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>Community-wide mask wearing may contribute to the control of COVID-19 by reducing the amount of emission of infected saliva and respiratory droplets from individuals with subclinical or mild COVID-19</p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>Please read the paper for further details.</p>\n<p>You can also read the article <a href=\"https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/in-depth/coronavirus-mask/art-20485449\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">COVID-19: How much protection do face masks offer?</a> by Mayo Clinic, in which they said</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>Can face masks help prevent the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)? Yes, face masks combined with other preventive measures, such as frequent hand-washing and social distancing, help slow the spread of the disease</p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>and</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>Surgical masks may protect others by reducing exposure to the saliva and respiratory secretions of the mask wearer.</p>\n<p>At this time, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration has not approved any type of surgical mask specifically for protection against the COVID-19 virus, but these masks may provide some protection when N95 masks are not available</p>\n</blockquote>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/11495", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8492/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 11519, "author": "BillDOe", "author_id": 2833, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/2833", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>NSAIDs can also cause stomach ulcers, which may be fatal if left untreated. You can actually bleed to death.<br><br>References:<br><br>for ulcers:<br><ul><li><a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10749095\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">NCBI</a></li><li><a href=\"http://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/tc/peptic-ulcer-disease-cause\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">WebMD</a></li></ul><br>for death:<br><br><ul><li><a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8166110\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">NCBI</a></li><li><a href=\"http://www.webmd.com/heartburn-gerd/complications-of-peptic-ulcer\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">WebMD</a></li>\n</ul> </p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 11529, "author": "Filipe Rocha", "author_id": 8524, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8524", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<p>It is also not uncommon (around 1:1000 if I'm not mistaken) to have normal doses of ibuprofen result in liver failure. The mechanism is still unknown.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/11513", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7832/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 11540, "author": "Phil", "author_id": 8533, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8533", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<p>This is a good question actually, and a few of my patients come and ask me this over the counter.</p>\n\n<p>There are a few reasons why manufacturers do this, but I'll mention 2 here:</p>\n\n<ol>\n<li><p><strong>For symptoms of the cold and flu, your symptoms may change from one symptom to another, even during the course of the cold or flu itself</strong>.<br>\nJust to give an example: It could start off with a runny nose and then proceed to a cough or a sore throat due to nasal drip.<br>\nHaving a combination product with multiple active ingredients will cover all basic symptoms, and help you get through the cold itself. Those drugs are a there in your system just in case those symptoms occur, so it's not a waste per say. </p></li>\n<li><p><strong>Cost</strong>:<br>\nIt costs less to have tablets/caps/liquid manufactured with multiple active ingredients than having one active ingredient per product.<br>\nThis cost would be reflected for the consumer who is buying this as well.\nIn regards to safety, there has been safety and efficacy research put into products which are placed on the market beforehand, and this is regulated by the FDA.<br>\nProducts are tested for their interactions as well. So it's reasonable to say that if they're already on the market, they would have underwent scrutiny and testing.</p></li>\n</ol>\n\n<p>Hope this helps.</p>\n\n<p>Source: I'm a pharmacist for 5 years. </p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 11542, "author": "Kate Gregory", "author_id": 400, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/400", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>This is my personal preference, and I have asked both doctors and pharmacists about it. They all agree</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p><strong>If</strong> you are able to remember the names of the different ingredients, choose according to your symptoms, and manage different times frames (every 4 hrs for one; every 6 hrs for another) <strong>then</strong> taking individual ingredients is better.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Why is it better? You won't be taking something you don't need, or more of something than you need. The risk is that you will mix things or take too much (you've dismissed these as not a worry) or that it will be too much hassle, while you're sick, to figure out what to take. People like the idea of \"take this, you'll feel better\" without a lot of thinking. </p>\n\n<p>I react poorly to antihistamines, so I take separate ingredients to give me control. This is now reasonably difficult, since buying decongestants without added ingredients keeps getting harder and harder. That's why I've asked doctors and pharmacists about my approach. Should I just give up and buy decongestants with acetaminophen in them already? But they all tell me I am actually doing it right, with the proviso that you have to be prepared to put in the mental effort to get all the doses right.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 11551, "author": "Gregorio Litenstein", "author_id": 8186, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8186", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<p>As echoed by others here, this is an excellent question and your conclusion is largely correct. For what it may be worth, I personally always ask my patients (after taking the entire history and doing the appropriate physical, of course), to summarize which of their symptoms are actually the most bothersome for them, and specifically treat those.</p>\n\n<p>The end result will very much vary depending on available formulations, cost of them (and whether the patient can actually afford them), among other things. I sometimes combine single-drugs (say Acetaminophen, Ibuprofen and an Antitussive), or I might combine something that has both Ibuprofen and an Decongestant with pure Acetaminophen, and so on and so forth.</p>\n\n<p>More often than not, as long as dosages and overlaps are kept in mind, it is possible to make MANY effective combinations of symptomatic treatment for a given situation. I dare say most physicians have a couple or more \"go-to\" combinations for similar situations, depending on some of the factors I've outlined above.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/11523", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8511/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 11564, "author": "Jan", "author_id": 8549, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8549", "pm_score": -1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>No you should not unless you are chronically sick. This research proves that.\n<a href=\"http://flushotcanada.blogspot.ca\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">http://flushotcanada.blogspot.ca</a>\nThe CDC will tell you otherwise, and doctors who's training is guided by the Industry will as well.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 11569, "author": "Nicow", "author_id": 3239, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/3239", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>The CDC recommends:</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>Vaccination to prevent influenza is particularly important for persons who are at increased risk for severe complications from influenza, or at higher risk for influenza-related outpatient, ED, or hospital visits. When vaccine supply is limited, vaccination efforts should focus on delivering vaccination to the following persons who do not have contraindications (no hierarchy is implied by order of listing):</p>\n<ul>\n<li>ll children aged 6 through 59 months;</li>\n<li>all persons aged ≥50 years;</li>\n<li>adults and children who have chronic pulmonary (including asthma) or cardiovascular (except isolated hypertension), renal, hepatic, neurologic, hematologic, or metabolic disorders (including diabetes mellitus);</li>\n<li>persons who have immunosuppression (including immunosuppression caused by medications or by HIV infection);</li>\n<li>women who are or will be pregnant during the influenza season;</li>\n<li>children and adolescents (aged 6 months–18 years) who are receiving long-term aspirin therapy and who might be at risk for experiencing Reye syndrome after influenza virus infection;</li>\n<li>residents of nursing homes and other long-term care facilities;</li>\n<li>American Indians/Alaska Natives; and</li>\n<li>persons who are extremely obese (BMI ≥40).</li>\n</ul>\n</blockquote>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/rr/rr6505a1.htm?s_cid=rr6505a1_w\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/rr/rr6505a1.htm?s_cid=rr6505a1_w</a></p>\n<p>The reasons for this are countless, if you can handle it read the article in the above link.</p>\n<p>So in short: people at risk of complications of flu. &quot;Normal&quot; people can handle a &quot;normal&quot; flu very well. An example of how things can go wrong is the spanish flu where healthy mid-aged people where more vulnerable.</p>\n<p>This is for the USA. I'm from Holland and we use almost the same criteria, except for the extreme obese and only for persons aged &gt;60 years. Also health professionals get a shot. <strong>AND we don't recommend giving the vaccine to children/babies! Only in some cases with bowel disease.</strong></p>\n<p>Hope this makes sense.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/11561", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/-1/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 11567, "author": "Nicow", "author_id": 3239, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/3239", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>From my own experiences I would recommend:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>write down what your goals are. You should really think this through. </li>\n<li>write down any questions you have before you go to a session</li>\n<li>if you have difficulties to remember all things being said, you could bring someone you trust maybe</li>\n<li>ask your therapist for advice in this</li>\n<li>remember your therapist is only human. I find that this makes their authority over me less intimidating and I dare to ask more and be more critical</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>I hope this helps. It does for me. Good luck.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 11639, "author": "Chris Rogers", "author_id": 7951, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7951", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>I am studying counselling and psychotherapy in university and there are 3 main different approaches of therapy offered in counselling and psychotherapy.</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Humanistic</strong><br>including Existential Therapy, Gestalt Therapy, Human Givens Psychotherapy and Person-Centred Therapy (PCT), (<a href=\"http://www.counselling-directory.org.uk/humanistic.html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Source</a>)</li>\n<li><strong>Psychodynamic</strong><br>a therapeutic approach that embraces the work of all analytic therapies. Its roots lie predominantly in Freud's psychoanalysis approach, but Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Otto Rank and Melanie Klein are all widely recognised for further developing the concept and application of psychodynamics. (<a href=\"http://www.counselling-directory.org.uk/psychodynamic-therapy.html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Source</a>)</li>\n<li><strong>Integrative</strong><br>a combined approach to psychotherapy that brings together different elements of specific therapies. (<a href=\"http://www.counselling-directory.org.uk/integrative-therapy.html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Source</a>) The therapist would integrate elements of both Psychodynamic and Humanistic approaches and could be integrated with a leaning towards Person Centred or Psychodynamic; or could be 50:50 between the two.</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>With Humanistic therapy, the client takes the lead in all sessions - hence the name <strong>Person-Centred</strong> in Person-Centred Therapy. Therapy is concentrated on the here and now, and the therapist will listen to what the client says and reflects it back to the client in order for the client to <strong>hear</strong> what is said and work through the issues themselves with the therapist's help. The therapist in humanistic approaches will not put forward a position of expertise. Only the client knows where they are in therapy.</p>\n\n<p>With Psychodynamic therapy, the therapist is diferent in the sense that they will analyse what the client says and look at past events which may have lead to the problems in the present. A psychodynamic therapist might give some 'homework' or some tasks to carry out which might help.</p>\n\n<p>Gestalt therapy is an example being that although primarily humanistic (it concentrates on the here and now), the therapy does have a small element of psychodynamic too. Gestast therapy may use techniques such as the <strong><a href=\"https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/in-therapy/201001/cool-intervention-9-the-empty-chair-1\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">empty chair</a></strong> or exaggerated body language.</p>\n\n<p>You said,</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Perhaps the therapist I'm seeing is not the right person for me.....all I feel like I'm getting is someone to listen to me rant on about things, very rarely offering useful advice.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>If you are looking for some direction and you are seeing a purely Person-Centred therapist, then you may be seeing the wrong person. Maybe a discussion is needed with your therapist to work out where the problems may lay.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/11566", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8550/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 11638, "author": "John", "author_id": 8629, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8629", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<ol>\n<li><p>According studies, it's an interaction between genetics and environment. If you parents had acne, you might have. But, overall, <strong>diet</strong> and <strong>stress</strong> are big factors for acne : your genetic makes you more sensible to this.\n<a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2836431/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">NCBI : Acne and food</a></p></li>\n<li><p>I don't understand if you talk about medical treatments or other... I will talk about medical treatments so. 2 classes of treatment can be used (in France, but I think it's ok everywhere), if it's not an hormonal acne : <strong>antibiotics</strong> (tétracycline) that have anti-inflammatory effects. It's good on low or medium acne. But when it's too big for use, it's better to use <strong>Retinoids</strong> like Isotretinoin, but it's an heavier treatment on 9 months, but very efficient.\n<a href=\"http://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/acne/features/acne-right-treatment\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Acne types and treatments</a></p></li>\n<li><p>Recommendations (in France) are : after a treatment by Retinoids for example, you should let <strong>2 years</strong> to completely see effects. The remaining marks can be treated by <strong>laser</strong> (or corticoids but it's less efficient). It is well known that exposing the marks to sun is bad.\n<a href=\"http://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/acne/features/acne-scars\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Acne advices</a></p></li>\n</ol>\n" }, { "answer_id": 13479, "author": "Julia", "author_id": 11241, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/11241", "pm_score": -1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Acne can be caused by multiple reasons and the main reason is the clogging of pores due to oil and dirt around us.</p>\n\n<p>You must always keep your skin clean to prevent yourself from acne, as well as if you have oily skin you must not use oily creams and moisturizers as they can clog your pores and cause acne breakout. </p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/11617", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8602/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 11638, "author": "John", "author_id": 8629, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8629", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<ol>\n<li><p>According studies, it's an interaction between genetics and environment. If you parents had acne, you might have. But, overall, <strong>diet</strong> and <strong>stress</strong> are big factors for acne : your genetic makes you more sensible to this.\n<a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2836431/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">NCBI : Acne and food</a></p></li>\n<li><p>I don't understand if you talk about medical treatments or other... I will talk about medical treatments so. 2 classes of treatment can be used (in France, but I think it's ok everywhere), if it's not an hormonal acne : <strong>antibiotics</strong> (tétracycline) that have anti-inflammatory effects. It's good on low or medium acne. But when it's too big for use, it's better to use <strong>Retinoids</strong> like Isotretinoin, but it's an heavier treatment on 9 months, but very efficient.\n<a href=\"http://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/acne/features/acne-right-treatment\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Acne types and treatments</a></p></li>\n<li><p>Recommendations (in France) are : after a treatment by Retinoids for example, you should let <strong>2 years</strong> to completely see effects. The remaining marks can be treated by <strong>laser</strong> (or corticoids but it's less efficient). It is well known that exposing the marks to sun is bad.\n<a href=\"http://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/acne/features/acne-scars\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Acne advices</a></p></li>\n</ol>\n" }, { "answer_id": 13479, "author": "Julia", "author_id": 11241, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/11241", "pm_score": -1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Acne can be caused by multiple reasons and the main reason is the clogging of pores due to oil and dirt around us.</p>\n\n<p>You must always keep your skin clean to prevent yourself from acne, as well as if you have oily skin you must not use oily creams and moisturizers as they can clog your pores and cause acne breakout. </p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/11626", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/2392/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 11642, "author": "Kate Gregory", "author_id": 400, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/400", "pm_score": 3, "selected": true, "text": "<p>No, it does not mean the baby will be small forever. Some children are small because their genes will lead them to be small adults. Others start out small because of issues during the pregnancy, and eventually become more typical. Others slow their rate of growth because something is wrong, such as an illness or a problem with nutrition. That's why growth is measured so frequently - it's a way to know if everything is still ok.</p>\n\n<p>This <a href=\"http://www.cps.ca/documents/position/toddler-falling-off-the-growth-chart\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">article from the Canadian Pediatric Society</a> says:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>While children usually follow the same percentile for weight and height (or length) for most of childhood, children growing normally may also change percentiles in their first two or three years, to adjust toward their genetic potential [4]. Using the National Center for Health Statistics (CDC) growth charts (showing the third, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th and 97th percentile), DW Smith showed that as many as 30% of normal children crossed one major percentile line and 23% crossed two in the first two years of life [5]. Smith’s estimates cannot be applied to the WHO growth charts because the major percentiles charted are different (the 0.1 percentile, 3rd, 15th, 50th, 85th, 97th, 99.9th percentile). Crossing two major channels on the WHO growth charts would represent a greater change, and one that cannot be considered ‘normal’.\n Birth weight and length are strong predictors of subsequent growth [6], but do not always reflect a child’s genetic potential. Intrauterine growth may be affected by external factors (eg, maternal malnutrition or smoking, gestational diabetes, placental insufficiency). After birth, there may be some ‘catch-up’ if an infant was born smaller than her/his genetic potential, or a ‘catch-down’ if the child was born larger than his/her genetic potential.</p>\n \n <p>Growth patterns also depend on feeding, with breastfed infants often growing faster than formula-fed infants in the first six months of life, and formula-fed babies growing faster after six months.</p>\n \n <p>Children with a constitutional growth delay will start showing retarded linear growth in the first three years of life. After that time, growth resumes at a normal rate but parallel to or under the growth curve, or along the lower growth percentiles during the prepubertal years. After the age of three, there should be no more change in growth percentile until puberty.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Two children I know well enough to know their growth chart positions were in the 10th percentile throughout childhood. One of them is a girl and started her period quite a bit later than normal. Both are regular sized adults and completely healthy. They were just slow growers. </p>\n\n<p>My understanding is that moving down the growth charts is something to look into, but just starting out small is not something to worry about. After all, 10% of babies are under the 10% mark - that's the definition of it. </p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 11653, "author": "Backup", "author_id": 8643, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8643", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>The percentile system doesn't mean anything from one measure only.\nThe criteria behind it, is that the organism you are checking is growing up, so is mandatory <em>to follow up</em> his grow process.</p>\n\n<p>This leads us to measure babies multiple times during the infant life (but also during the fetal life!!), and this allows us to create a <strong>curve</strong>.</p>\n\n<p>Usually a baby under the <strong>10th</strong> percentile is definite IUGR or SGA, differently.\nOr, if he's above the <strong>90th</strong> percentile, he's big for gestational age.</p>\n\n<p>For the same criteria I've explained before, being between the 10th and the 90th percentile with one measure, doesn't mean the baby is ok. Infact, in the medical field, if a baby is between the range above, but lose in a month <em>more than 40 percentile points</em>, this is considered like a baby under the 10th percentile. From this, you can understand really well the importance of the following up and constant measurements during his growing up life.</p>\n\n<p>Coming back to your question, no, this doesn't mean your baby will be forever small. Think about premature birth, for example: they grew up normally, but usually are small when born.</p>\n\n<p>This of course is a case that require follow up, not because he will have problems, but to monitor his grow and act on it, maybe with supplies or other.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/11634", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8625/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 11649, "author": "larry909", "author_id": 447, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/447", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>There's no quick fixes. The deeper you dug yourself in the pit, the taller and heavier the ladder you're gonna need to get yourself out.</p>\n\n<p>In general, there are a few rules to start with that should work for everyone. (Unless you're allergic to any of these items).</p>\n\n<p>Start counting calories. </p>\n\n<p>Avoid wheat, gluten, dairy.</p>\n\n<p>Eat as much as you can fresh home made foods; quinoa, buckwheat, chicken, fish, vegetables. Rice and other grains are OK but not too much as they are high in carbs.</p>\n\n<p>Aim for high protein, low carbohydrates. </p>\n\n<p>Cut down on sugar, and fruit (due to its sugar). No soda, caffeine. </p>\n\n<p>No alcohol.</p>\n\n<p>Brush AND floss everyday evening (at least).</p>\n\n<p>And start moving. Every day. Doesn't have to be running, even not necessarily jogging if you can't. Just move, as fast as you can; brisk walking. Start let's say 15 minutes at 4mph or whatever speed you think is a bit faster then you normally walk. And incrementally increase every week.</p>\n\n<p>Consistency is key.</p>\n\n<p>Sources: </p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://authoritynutrition.com/low-carb-diet-meal-plan-and-menu/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://authoritynutrition.com/low-carb-diet-meal-plan-and-menu/</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.webmd.com/fitness-exercise/guide/fitness-beginners-guide\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">http://www.webmd.com/fitness-exercise/guide/fitness-beginners-guide</a></li>\n<li>\"Wheat belly\" by Dr. Davis</li>\n</ul>\n" }, { "answer_id": 11669, "author": "Count Iblis", "author_id": 856, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/856", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Since you approach this from a mathematical point of view, you should consider <a href=\"https://math.stackexchange.com/a/1809109/155436\">reading this first</a>. Von Neumann's theory on universal constructors captured the essentials of biochemistry long before the field of biochemistry came into existence, therefore the right approach in biology and medicine is to frame things in terms of robust machines that are going to be able to maintain themselves under a very wide range of conditions by adapting themselves. </p>\n\n<p>Now, the human body has evolved to function optimally under conditions that involve eating a low fat, high whole grain carb diet and a lot of physical exercise. What has happened over many millions of years, is that our body has come to depend on sticking to such a lifestyle for optimal function, but adaptability means that you won't immediately collapse and die if your lifestyle differs from this significantly.</p>\n\n<p>What about empiric evidence to back this up? For a long time, the medical community didn't seriously investigate this, the Western lifestyle was used as the default model and only minor tweaks were investigated. It was found that eating less saturated fats, a bit more fruits and vegetables, and exercising a bit more was going to improve the general health. Only very recently have more radically different lifestyles been seriously investigated. E.g. <a href=\"http://thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(17)30752-3/fulltext?elsca1=tlpr\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">this article</a> describes the health of the Tsimane people in Bolivia. As we can read <a href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/society/2017/mar/17/tsimane-of-the-bolivian-amazon-have-worlds-healthiest-hearts-says-study\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">here</a> (the Lancet article is behind a paywall):</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>A high carbohydrate diet of rice, plantain, manioc and corn, with a small amount of wild game and fish – plus around six hours’ exercise every day – has given the Tsimané people of the Bolivian Amazon the healthiest hearts in the world.</p>\n \n <p>“Most of the Tsimané are able to live their entire life without developing any coronary atherosclerosis. This has never been seen in any prior research. While difficult to achieve in the industrialized world, we can adopt some aspects of their lifestyle to potentially forestall a condition we thought would eventually effect almost all of us.”</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>To me, this empirical evidence goes beyond the specifics of the Tsimane lifestyle, it also confirms what I explained above, i.e. the human body has been adapted by natural selection so much to an indigenous lifestyle that straying away too far from this will damage the body. But because the human body is a well designed self repairing machine, it will adapt itself quite well to an unhealthy lifestyle. So, while you'll get atherosclerosis, it won't kill you for some considerable time.</p>\n\n<p>Another example. If you live in Nature, your salt intake won't be much higher than 0.1 grams per day, more than 50 times lower than what passes for a normal salt intake. Is this harmful or is our normal intake harmful? If you believe in what I'm advocating for then you should believe that 0.1 grams per day is not harmful and that possibly 5 grams per day could have negative health effects. A priori there are no good reasons to expect that 5 grams of salt per day would fix a biological flaw in our body. And indeed, <a href=\"http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/circulationaha/52/1/146.full.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">if you read this article</a>, you see that what passes for a normal blood pressure should be considered to be mild hypertension, this is masked due to the fact that we're all overdosing on salt.</p>\n\n<p>What about eating fat, don't carbs cause type 2 diabetes? As <a href=\"http://nutritionfacts.org/2017/03/09/how-exactly-does-type-2-diabetes-develop/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">pointed out here</a>, the problem starts with fat buildup in the muscles which causes insulin resistance which can eventually lead to type 2 diabetes. This shouldn't be a surprise if you consider where your calories would come from if you lived in an indigenous society. There is no cooking oil in the jungle. So, why would you assume that millions of years of evolution has led to some flaw in your body design that is magically going to be cured by Tesco's extra virgin olive oil? That doesn't make sense to me, so you should not use any oil or at least limit it's use to very small amounts.</p>\n\n<p>Then if you stop or severely cut down on fats, take a lot of exercise and eat a lot of fruits and vegetables and whole grains, your health should improve. You may ask how much fruits and vegetables you should eat. We can again approach this from a theoretical reasoning where we assume that the indigenous lifestyle yields optimal health. Here we can consider that indigenous people had little access to meat and ate no dairy products. This means that they would have had to get a fair fraction of all their essential amino acids from vegetables and grains. </p>\n\n<p>The problem is then that some essential amino acids are difficult to get from non-meat, non-dairy products if you eat normal Western-diet sized portions (unless you eat special foods like tofu, but such special foods are hard to get in the jungle). So, this means that what passes for normal portions is too small. If you make some rough estimates of how much you should eat, you get to a figure of the order of 1 kg of fruits and vegetables combined per day. So, 500 grams of vegetables and 500 grams of fruits per day will yield a fair fraction of essential amino acids, it is thus a good guess for what a healthy intake should be.</p>\n\n<p>We can then assume that this intake of 1 kg of fruits and vegetables is something that our bodies are likely optimally designed for. While amino acids is not something we need to be concerned about unless you are a vegan, fruits and vegetables contain a lot of vitamins and minerals and fibers. So, even if you eat meat and dairy products, your body should be considered to be optimally designed to eat about 1 kg of fruits and vegetables.</p>\n\n<p>Eating a lot more fruits and vegetables than recommended as been put to the test only recently, the <a href=\"http://www.bbc.com/news/health-39057146\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">results are as follows</a>:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Compared with eating no fruit or veg a day, it showed:\n 200g cut the risk of cardiovascular disease by 13% while 800g cut the risk by 28%\n 200g cut the risk of cancer by 4%, while 800g cut the risk by 13%\n 200g cut the risk of a premature death by 15%, while 800g cut the risk by 31%</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Now, as I mentioned above, indigenous people have a low meat intake, so it may be wise to limit your meat intake. But you must then make sure you're getting enough protein.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/11635", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8626/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 11690, "author": "larry909", "author_id": 447, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/447", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Found the answer. According to consumer reports it's too much. Got to find a replacement :-(</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/magazine/2015/01/how-much-arsenic-is-in-your-rice/index.htm\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/magazine/2015/01/how-much-arsenic-is-in-your-rice/index.htm</a></p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 11745, "author": "user426", "author_id": 426, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/426", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Definitely do not delete.</p>\n\n<p>I was ready to dismiss consumer reports out of hand, but level of analysis suggests question of arsenic exposure not trivial. </p>\n\n<p>Thanks for posting report link. </p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/11689", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/447/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 11698, "author": "user8689", "author_id": 8689, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8689", "pm_score": -1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>White flour is wheat flour that has been stripped of two main components–the bran and the germ and it is bleached with chemical bleaching agent to make it appear bright white.It can increases their chances for weight gain, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes.That’s why it’s best to choose whole grains </p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 12428, "author": "Kate Gregory", "author_id": 400, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/400", "pm_score": 3, "selected": false, "text": "<p>No individual food is \"not healthy\" it is your diet that overall is healthy or not. Using white flour instead of whole flour gives away a chance to eat some fibre. <a href=\"http://www.nhs.uk/chq/pages/1141.aspx?categoryid=51\" rel=\"noreferrer\">A page from the UK's NHS</a> explains how much fibre you need and the role it plays in health.</p>\n\n<p>In addition, your friends may object to wheat or flour (even whole wheat) because it is a carbohydrate. There is a popular belief that eating carbs will give you diabetes or cause you to gain weight. Refined carbohydrates, such as white flour, are considered even worse. The <a href=\"https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/nutrients/carbohydrates.html\" rel=\"noreferrer\">government of Canada advice</a> certainly doesn't say \"don't eat carbs\" but I am sure that will not stop your friends from telling you not to eat them.</p>\n\n<p>Diseases are not brought on directly by eating a specific food. Eating too much of one thing (especially if that leads to eating not enough of another) can, over time, contribute to the development of obesity, diabetes, heart conditions, and so on. A <a href=\"https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/445503/SACN_Carbohydrates_and_Health.pdf\" rel=\"noreferrer\">huge UK report</a> concludes:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>the evidence from both prospective cohort studies and randomised controlled trials indicates that total carbohydrate intake appears to be neither detrimental nor beneficial to cardio-metabolic health, colo-rectal health and oral health. </p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>This includes sugars (also called simple carbohydrates) and starches (also called complex carbohydrates). It points out that sugars are linked to dental problems (cavities) and that eating unrefined grains (eg whole wheat, brown rice) is associated with a lower risk of diabetes and heart issues. It also emphasizes the importance of fibre. If you can't read the whole report, read pages 17 through 20 which are the recommendations.</p>\n\n<p>With all that in mind, if you eat plenty of fruits and vegetables you can eat a little white bread from time to time (especially homemade bread where you know exactly what's in it) without worrying. Consider learning how to make whole wheat bread as well: it is also tasty and chewy and you might like it a lot. Don't worry about your friends; there will always be people telling you that \"sugar is poison\" or \"we aren't designed to drink milk\" - get your dietary advice from informed sources and you will have more confidence in what you cook and eat.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/11697", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8688/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 11772, "author": "bertieb", "author_id": 8653, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8653", "pm_score": 4, "selected": true, "text": "<h1>Are ibuprofen side effects something to worry about?</h1>\n\n<p><strong>Short answer</strong>: maybe.</p>\n\n<p><strong>Longer answer</strong>: As with a lot of health questions, it depends on how they are being taken. If, for example, you hurt yourself playing a sport and want to take a painkiller for some short-term relief, ibuprofen <em>probably</em> won't do you much harm in the short term.</p>\n\n<p>On the other hand, if you are in chronic pain (or inflammation, as another answer notes) the situation is a little different. If you are taking an <a href=\"http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Anti-inflammatories-non-steroidal/Pages/Introduction.aspx\" rel=\"noreferrer\">NSAID</a> - ibuprofen is one of several in this class of drug - on a regular basis it's worthwhile watching out for some side effects. One mentioned in the article you linked are <a href=\"http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Peptic-ulcer/Pages/Introduction.aspx\" rel=\"noreferrer\">stomach ulcers</a> as NSAIDs can have an effect on the protective lining of the stomach. Usually some form of '<em>gastroprotection</em>' is offered to offset this, such as a PPI (proton pump inhibitor, such as omeprazole).</p>\n\n<p>As another example, if you are taking ibuprofen for recurrect headaches (eg migraines), you can counter-intuitively end up getting another kind of headache, called a [medication overuse headache(<a href=\"https://www.migrainetrust.org/about-migraine/types-of-migraine/other-headache-disorders/medication-overuse-headache/\" rel=\"noreferrer\">https://www.migrainetrust.org/about-migraine/types-of-migraine/other-headache-disorders/medication-overuse-headache/</a>) (MOH). </p>\n\n<p>The bottom line is that any long-term use should be discussed with a medical professional; who can assess relative risks and check for interactions with any other regular medications.</p>\n\n<h2>But ibuprofen/NSAIDs can't be safe! Vioxx was taken off the market...</h2>\n\n<p>Quite true. From <a href=\"https://qz.com/944231/ibuprofen-has-some-nasty-side-effects-that-doctors-have-known-about-for-a-while/\" rel=\"noreferrer\">the article you quoted</a>:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>In the early 2000s, a number of large studies found a significant association of negative heart events, such as heart attack and stroke, with the use of selective COX-2 inhibitors. This resulted in two of these drugs, Valdecoxib and Rofecoxib or Vioxx, being withdrawn from the market.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>The Vioxx controversy was a pretty big deal, and resulted in compensatory payouts and fines. The <a href=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM200011233432103#t=article\" rel=\"noreferrer\">VIGOR study</a> demonstrated a 4-fold increase in heart attack risk on rofecoxib (Vioxx) versus naproxen. This was attributed to the 'cardioprotective' effect of naproxen. This was incorrect, and another trial (<a href=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa050493\" rel=\"noreferrer\">APPROVe</a> was stopped early because selective COX-2 inhibitors demonstrated adverse cardiovascular events. There was a <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rofecoxib#Litigation\" rel=\"noreferrer\">raft of litigation</a> relating to the sale of Vioxx, with payouts and fines in the billions of dollars.</p>\n\n<p>If you are interested, the Vioxx controversy created lots of discussion ongoing to this day- from editorials, to book sections, entire books themselves and arguments relating to tort reform. It is clearly beyond the scope of this question! </p>\n\n<p>That said, not all NSAIDs are Vioxx; and as noted above, it is possible to take them (even ibuprofen) relatively safely.</p>\n\n<h2>What are the alternatives to ibuprofen?</h2>\n\n<p>As another answer comments, it depends on what you are taking ibuprofen for. As mentioned above, you may be fine continuing to take ibuprofen, depending on circumstances.</p>\n\n<p>Alternatives include:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>naproxen (another NSAID, but with <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3019238/\" rel=\"noreferrer\">lesser risk / may be protective</a>)</li>\n<li>paracetamol / acetaminophen (ie Tylenol, as you say)</li>\n<li>NSAID cream / gel, eg for joint pain</li>\n<li>tramadol may help for some kinds of pain, but there are issues with addiction and constipation</li>\n<li>alternatives, such as exercise, acupuncture, meditation etc can all potentially reduce pain</li>\n</ul>\n\n<hr>\n\n<h2>Further Reading</h2>\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Anti-inflammatories-non-steroidal/Pages/Introduction.aspx\" rel=\"noreferrer\">NHS page on NSAIDs</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM200011233432103#t=article\" rel=\"noreferrer\">VIGOR</a>, for reference</li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa050493\" rel=\"noreferrer\">APPROVe</a>, also for reference</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3019238/\" rel=\"noreferrer\">Cardiovascular safety of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: network meta-analysis</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.health.harvard.edu/heart-health/heart-safer-nsaid-alternatives\" rel=\"noreferrer\">Heart-safer NSAID alternatives</a></li>\n</ul>\n" }, { "answer_id": 11776, "author": "Jagan Mohan", "author_id": 7186, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7186", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>I understand that you are bothered and anxious over the fact the ibuprofen might have side effects.</p>\n\n<p>Every drug has side effects without exception. But that does not mean everybody will have those side effects. The probability of anybody getting one or more side effects is usually very low. </p>\n\n<p>You should talk to your physician who can help you choose the safest drug for you and help you with information that will allow you to make choices. </p>\n\n<p>If you are considering to take Ibuprofen as an anti-inflammatory drug, you can consider Acetaminophen (Paracetamol) as an Alternative. The safety profile of Acetaminophen is slightly better than Ibuprofen at normal dosages. </p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/11740", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6835/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 11758, "author": "Sean Houde", "author_id": 8740, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8740", "pm_score": -1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>I am not a dentist; however, I have heard from my dentists that using a medium or hard bristled toothbrush has no positive effect but can actually wear away tooth enamel and cause a receding gumline. Switch to a soft bristle toothbrush if you haven't already. </p>\n\n<p>In my childhood I preferred medium bristles because it felt like it was cleaning my teeth better - keep that in mind if your daughter complains. Make sure she knows the firmer bristles are not what do the cleaning, the toothpaste and its foaming and abrasives do.</p>\n\n<p>Also, if she uses a sonic toothbrush than the effects with be magnified. You can try replacing the toothbrush with one that uses sound or change in vibration patterns to signal when it is time to change positions, such as the phillips DiamondClean. You can usually get them cheaper on Amazon or through your dentist.</p>\n\n<p>One more thing - no amount of brushing some parts of your teeth will compensate for the parts that aren't brushed at all. Proper brushing technique is very hard to get used to, if it is even shown at all. Ask your dentist or dental hygienist to provide a thorough instruction.</p>\n\n<p>Floss!</p>\n\n<p>Best of luck :)</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 11873, "author": "sue", "author_id": 7617, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7617", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>A detrimental effect of toothbrushing can be influenced by</p>\n\n<ol>\n<li>use of an abrasive toothpaste</li>\n<li>use of hard bristles toothbrush</li>\n<li>use of excessive force during toothbrush</li>\n<li>excessive number of toothbrushing per day</li>\n<li>and any combination of the above</li>\n</ol>\n\n<p>A recent review concludes: </p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>The benefits of normal oral hygiene procedure exceed possible side effects by far, but excessive toothbrushing - especially of eroded teeth - might cause some harmful effects.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>More information in <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24993269\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">The role of oral hygiene: does toothbrushing harm? Monogr Oral Sci. 2014;25:215-9. doi: 10.1159/000360379. Epub 2014 Jun 26</a></p>\n\n<p>The usual reccomendation is to use regular fluoridated toothpaste with soft bristles toothbrush. To compensate the use of excessive force, the use of electric toothbrush could be reccomended (<a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22791283\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">reference</a>).</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 11883, "author": "bertieb", "author_id": 8653, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8653", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<h1>Can 'vigorous' brushing cause dental problems?</h1>\n<p><strong>Short answer</strong>: Yes*</p>\n<p>^{<em>(^* reviews tend to conclude that it's better to <strong>over-brush</strong> than <strong>under-brush</strong>)</em>}</p>\n<p><strong>Longer answer</strong>:</p>\n<p>In addition to the <a href=\"https://health.stackexchange.com/a/11873/8653\">good answer by sergiouribe</a> which lists factors relevant to detrimental tooth brushing, there are a few more things you mentioned which are worth dealing with as implicit questions.</p>\n<h2>Are her gum problems related to over-brushing?</h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p>most of the times she has gum pain too</p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>Over-brushing can indeed cause gum problems. From a <a href=\"http://www.nature.com/bdj/journal/v211/n6/full/sj.bdj.2011.764.html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">BDJ review</a>:</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>Direct mechanical/physical influence or indirect factors resulting in gingival inflammation are key aetiological factors in gingival recession.</p>\n<p>Vigorous tooth brushing or by brushing with a hard bristle toothbrush are common causes of recession and this is often seen in patents with good oral hygiene.</p>\n</blockquote>\n<h2>Tooth Decay</h2>\n<p>Back in 2003, a <a href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1034/j.1600-051X.2003.20008.x/abstract\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">study on brushing force using electric toothbrushes</a> made it to the general news, under the guise of (eg) <a href=\"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/2999806.stm\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">&quot;Brushing too hard 'damages teeth'</a>. The news article has a couple of helpful comments on the matter:</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>&quot;Despite this, anecdotal evidence within the dental profession suggests that the majority of the population still believe that the longer and the harder you brush, the better for your teeth it is.</p>\n<p>&quot;The way in which you brush your teeth is just as important, and this goes hand in glove with the time you spend brushing and the pressure you apply to them.&quot;</p>\n</blockquote>\n<h2>What should I do about this vigorous brushing?</h2>\n<p>If you haven't already, talk to your daughter about the reasoning behind tooth brushing and clear up potential misconceptions:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>harder isn't necessarily better</li>\n<li>longer isn't necessarily better</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Giving some physical analogies may help. Instead of thinking of thinking of 'scrub' (like cleaning tile grout!), think more along the lines of 'massage' (with apologies to <a href=\"http://www.webmd.com/oral-health/features/brushing-teeth-mistakes#2\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">webMD</a> for borrowing the image). That same article recommends circular motions for brushing, but apparently &quot;wide diversity in recommendations on toothbrushing methods&quot; is <a href=\"http://www.nature.com/bdj/journal/v217/n3/full/sj.bdj.2014.651.html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">a problem as advice isn't clear</a>.</p>\n<p>Naturally it's important to be positive and encouraging in how this is phrased- you don't want your daughter to be put off brushing.</p>\n<p>Slightly orthogonally, <strong>if she is rinsing or using mouthwash after brushing, it's <a href=\"http://www.nhs.uk/Livewell/dentalhealth/Pages/Teethcleaningguide.aspx\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">better to do these either before brushing, or after a meal</a></strong>. This might be slightly confusing as there's plenty of mouthwash marketing showing using it after brushing! But the prevailing wisdom is that rinsing or mouthwashing <em>&quot;will wash away the concentrated fluoride in the toothpaste left on your teeth&quot;</em>.</p>\n<h2>It is right to go for a root canal then if the problem is with brushing?</h2>\n<p>Since the dentist is a dental professional, that's their call. There is <a href=\"http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Root-canal-treatment/Pages/Introduction.aspx\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">information on root canal procedures</a> from NHS Choices though.</p>\n<hr />\n<h1>Further Reading</h1>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nature.com/bdj/journal/v211/n6/full/sj.bdj.2011.764.html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">British Dental Journal</a> - gingival recession review</li>\n<li><a href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1034/j.1600-051X.2003.20008.x/abstract\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Tooth brushing force</a> (and <a href=\"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/2999806.stm\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">one of the many news articles it spawned</a>)</li>\n<li>webMD <a href=\"http://www.webmd.com/oral-health/features/brushing-teeth-mistakes\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">&quot;teeth brushing mistakes&quot;</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nhs.uk/Livewell/dentalhealth/Pages/Teethcleaningguide.aspx\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">NHS tooth cleaning guide</a> (there is also <a href=\"http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Dental-decay/Pages/Introduction.aspx\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">info on tooth decay</a>)</li>\n</ul>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/11755", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8735/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 11766, "author": "Greg Hewgill", "author_id": 8745, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8745", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>From <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chickenpox\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Chickenpox</a>:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <h1>Other animals</h1>\n \n <p>Humans are the only known animal that the disease affects naturally. However, chickenpox has been caused in other primates, including chimpanzees and gorillas.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>The <em>varicella zoster</em> virus cannot infect dogs.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 11815, "author": "user8794", "author_id": 8794, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8794", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<p>No,dogs cannot get chicken pox. you must first know what an anthroponotic disease is. It means that it is a contagious disease wherein a pathogen found in humans is transmitted to animal species. Once a pathogen transfers to animals, at times it may result to the same disease found in humans with a few significant differences in presentation. Chicken pox not being an anthroponotic disease means that it is not transmissible to your pets.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/11765", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/-1/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 11811, "author": "user8790", "author_id": 8790, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8790", "pm_score": -1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Finding an ideal balance of acidic and alkaline foods keeps your body’s pH neutral. Low pH is acidic, while high pH is alkaline. Neutral pH is considered to be at pH 7.0.High acidic food intake can adversely affect your bones by causing them to lose calcium to your body.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 13202, "author": "Count Iblis", "author_id": 856, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/856", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Arguments that suggest that there exists a rather trivial vulnerability in the human body that would be relevant even if you stick to a healthy lifestyle, should a priori be considered to be unlikely. Animals have survived for hundreds of millions of years in the wild without needing to consult expert dietitians to make sure calcium absorption is not impaired. Now, there is actually some hard evidence that this particular argument is bunk. As <a href=\"http://www.clinicaldensitometry.com/article/S1094-6950(13)00153-4/fulltext\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">pointed out here</a>:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>A popular concept in nutrition and lay literature is that of the role of a diet high in acid or protein in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. A diet rich in fruit and vegetable intake is thought to enhance bone health as the result of its greater potassium and lower “acidic” content than a diet rich in animal protein and sodium. Consequently, there have been a number of studies of diet manipulation to enhance potassium and “alkaline” content of the diet to improve bone density or other parameters of bone health. Although acid loading or an acidic diet featuring a high protein intake may be associated with an increase in calciuria, the evidence supporting a role of these variables in the development of osteoporosis is not consistent. Similarly, intervention studies with a more alkaline diet or use of supplements of potassium citrate or bicarbonate have not consistently shown a bone health benefit. In the elderly, inadequate protein intake is a greater problem for bone health than protein excess.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>The core mistake made when such arguments are presented, is that the human body is pictured like a simple machine (e.g. a car) that is subject to wear and tear and then one argues that when subject to certain conditions, the body will degenerate. But the human body is not like a simple machine that we can make, it's a machine that is constantly maintaining itself. Your bones are living tissue that are constantly breaking down and are being rebuild. They should not be compared to a concrete wall of a building, it's far more appropriate to compare it to a building site where a lot of building work is constantly going on.</p>\n\n<p>When the system is perturbed, e.g. due to changes in the diet, less calcium is being absorbed, many feedback mechanisms at many different levels start to act to prevent this perturbation from causing problems. E.g. lower calcium levels in the blood will cause the kidneys to remove phosphate from the blood. The phosphate in the blood is in chemical equilibrium with the phosphate bound to the bones, if phosphate is removed then the blood gets undersaturated with phosphate and phosphate from the bones is released onto the blood which then also releases calcium from the bones into the blood.</p>\n\n<p>At the same time the kidneys release calcitriol in the blood which ends up in the cells of the intestines, there they switch on a gene that codes for an enzyme that increases the calcium absorption from food. This is just one of the many layers of feedback systems that regulate calcium metabolism.</p>\n\n<p>To get into trouble you have perturb the system so much that the feedback mechanism can no longer compensate for that, e.g. if you get way to little calcium from your diet. Or if your vitamin D levels are much too low then the body cannot make cacitriol, which is derived from vitamin D.</p>\n\n<p>Now, in the flawed reasoning where you picture the human body as a simple system like a building, there are no feedback mechanisms. A wall of a building does not repair itself. The human body, in contrast, does repair itself but not perfectly, otherwise we would live forever. What we can do is make the self-repair mechanisms more effective, or at least make sure they don't degrade very fast as we age.</p>\n\n<p>An unhealthy diet that causes arteriosclerosis is not just bad for the heart, arteries throughout the body will be clogged. This will make the transport of nutrients to all cells in your body to get impaired, including those in your bones, and that then compromises the self-repair capacity. This is why eating broccoli is better for your bones than eating a cheeseburger. </p>\n\n<p>Exercise will cause the self-repair mechanisms to be boosted to keep up with the increased need for repairs and as explained above, the more active the self-repair mechanisms are the better your body including your bones will be maintained. </p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/11777", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8166/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 11857, "author": "Narusan", "author_id": 8212, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8212", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p><em>Artificial hips made out of an element on level above titanium.</em></p>\n\n<p>The trouble I'm having here: <strong>Literally the only four metals/metalloids a period above titanium</strong> are beryllium, magnesium, aluminium and silicon (and, to be fair, boron also counts as a metalloid). You don't won't your artificial hip to be made of either one of the four.</p>\n\n<p><strong>Your doctor can not have meant any of the metals above!</strong> I recommend to kindly write a letter or an email to your doctor asking for which artificial hip they were referring to, or just call them.</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/be0iC.png\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\"><img src=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/be0iC.png\" alt=\"enter image description here\"></a></p>\n\n<p>Today, as <a href=\"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02443329\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">this study </a>notes, almost all artificial hips are made of cobalt-based alloys or titanium-based alloys. I therefore think it is safe to assume that your doctor referred to the cobalt hip replacement.</p>\n\n<p>(Cobalt is in the same period as titanium, but has an atomic number of 27 instead of 22. It comes after titanium in any way that one could read the periodic table.)</p>\n\n<p>EDIT:\nRegarding jet engines, have a look at this article: <a href=\"http://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=11454\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Advanced Metal Alloys and Their Applications in Jet Engines</a></p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 11862, "author": "BillDOe", "author_id": 2833, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/2833", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>I'd venture to guess that when your doctor referred to \"above\" titanium, he meant towards elements with greater atomic number. If so, my guess is that he/she was referring to zirconium. Zirconium oxide ceramic materials are an alternative to titanium, but according to <a href=\"http://www.bjj.boneandjoint.org.uk/content/87-B/12/1631\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">this</a> article, there are conflicting studies as to their effectiveness. Apparently this alloy is also referred to as Oxinium; when you Google \"zirconium hip replacement,\" you get several references to Oxinium.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/11855", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8839/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 11885, "author": "bertieb", "author_id": 8653, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8653", "pm_score": 3, "selected": false, "text": "<h1>CT brain at 31, what's the risk?</h1>\n<p><strong>Short answer</strong>: <em>Very little</em>, compared to overall cancer risk*</p>\n<p><strong>Longer answer</strong>:</p>\n<p>Your girlfriend is concerned about increased risk of brain malignancy due to having a CT at age 31. This is something that the <a href=\"https://www.fda.gov/radiation-emittingproducts/radiationemittingproductsandprocedures/medicalimaging/medicalx-rays/ucm115329.htm\" rel=\"noreferrer\">FDA has weighed in on</a> in a helpful summary page:</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>As in many aspects of medicine, there are both benefits and risks associated with the use of CT. The main risks are those associated with</p>\n<ol>\n<li>test results that demonstrate a benign or incidental finding, leading to unneeded, possibly invasive, follow-up tests that may present additional risks and</li>\n<li>the increased possibility of cancer induction from x-ray radiation exposure.</li>\n</ol>\n<p>The <em>probability for absorbed x-rays to induce cancer</em> or heritable mutations leading to genetically associated diseases in offspring <em>is thought to be <strong>very small</strong> for radiation doses of the magnitude that are associated with CT procedures</em>.</p>\n</blockquote>\n<p><em>(all emphases mine)</em></p>\n<h2>Hold on, the effective dose is much higher than a chest x-ray!</h2>\n<p>The article goes into further detail, and there is a comparison of radiation doses in a table. It is tempting to conclude that since the dose is much higher than a chest X-ray, the risk is also much higher. However, the article covers this:</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>A CT examination with an effective dose of 10 <a href=\"https://www.fda.gov/Radiation-EmittingProducts/RadiationEmittingProductsandProcedures/MedicalImaging/MedicalX-Rays/ucm115335.htm\" rel=\"noreferrer\">millisieverts</a> (abbreviated mSv; 1 mSv = 1 mGy in the case of x-rays.) may be associated with an increase in the possibility of fatal cancer of approximately <strong>1 chance in 2000</strong>.</p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>And further:</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>If you combine the natural risk of a fatal cancer and the estimated risk from a 10 mSv CT scan, the total risk may increase from <em>400</em> chances in 2000 to <em>401</em> chances in 2000.</p>\n</blockquote>\n<p><em>(both emphases mine again)</em></p>\n<p>The absolute risk increase is relatively small.</p>\n<p>To put it another way: if someone were to (unfortunately) develop an ultimately-fatal cancer having had a CT scan; it would be unlikely that the cancer was a result of the CT scan.</p>\n<p>These things do matter on a larger scale, when considering populations; but your girlfriend can (hopefully) put this fear behind her.</p>\n<h2>So what do I say?</h2>\n<p>That being said, sometimes medical fears or those around adverse effects can be tricky to let go of. We are adept at spotting patterns, and if something happens after the fact, <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_hoc_ergo_propter_hoc\" rel=\"noreferrer\">we tend to assume it happened as a result of the fact</a>.</p>\n<p>If she is amenable, a sensitive discussion about what happened in the lead up and around the time of the CT may let your girlfriend express some previously-unexpressed fears or emotions, and hopefully move past her worry about the risk of malignancy from the CT itself. If the vents were traumatic, or if she does feel it's 'obsessive', she may benefit from discussing it in counselling- some folks have the perception that counselling is only for the most deeply troubled or traumatic of events; but it can help in a very wide variety of circumstances.</p>\n<hr />\n<p>^{^* Astute readers will point out that there is <a href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-much-ct-scans-increase-risk-cancer/\" rel=\"noreferrer\">some debate</a> over the <a href=\"http://pubs.rsna.org/doi/full/10.1148/radiol.12121137\" rel=\"noreferrer\">data used to model risk</a>; these still tend to consider the bigger picture of population risk (eg 70 million CT scans year^-1 in the US)}</p>\n<hr />\n<h2>Further Reading:</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.fda.gov/radiation-emittingproducts/radiationemittingproductsandprocedures/medicalimaging/medicalx-rays/ucm115329.htm\" rel=\"noreferrer\">FDA page on CT radiation risks</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.fda.gov/Radiation-EmittingProducts/RadiationEmittingProductsandProcedures/MedicalImaging/MedicalX-Rays/ucm115335.htm\" rel=\"noreferrer\">FDA explanation of radiation quantities and units</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2996147/\" rel=\"noreferrer\">&quot;Radiation Risk From Medical Imaging&quot;</a></li>\n</ul>\n" }, { "answer_id": 11896, "author": "anongoodnurse", "author_id": 169, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/169", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p><strong>The TL;DR answer is: yes, radiation can cause cancer, but no one knows for sure exactly what the risk is of one CT scan.</strong></p>\n\n<p>Radiation (especially in fetuses/children) increases the likelihood of cancer. Our information comes mostly from atomic bomb survivors, people exposed at Chernobyl, people treated with high doses of radiation for cancer and other conditions, and people exposed to high levels of background radiation, e.g. uranium miners. </p>\n\n<p>Can one CT scan increase your chance of developing cancer? Yes, but how <em>significant</em> that is remains debatable. It depends on a lot of unmeasurable things: genetics, age, one's ability to repair the damage, which area of the body is being dosed, whether there are other carcinogens at work (e.g. viruses or co-carcinogens), etc.</p>\n\n<p>The following are commonly found numbers. Given 10,000 people, about 2000 will die of non-radiation related cancers. If you expose those 10,000 people to <strong>10 mSv of radiation</strong>, you can expect 5-6 additional cancer deaths in that 10,000 (or .5% increase). ^[2] However, if you expose someone to 10 mSv twice, with two months in between, the risk does not double. </p>\n\n<p><strong>The average dose of radiation per year from background sources is 1.5-3.5 mSv/yr.</strong>^[3] ^[4] Because of our ability to repair damaged DNA over time, it's generally estimated that, from natural background radiation, the risk of developing cancer from background radiation is about 1% of our total cancer risk.^[5]</p>\n\n<p><strong>The average CT scan is going to give you 7 mSv of exposure</strong> (that's a high estimate. The newer the machine, the lower the dose - usually.) What is your chance of getting a <em>lethal cancer</em> from that? The answer is: no one knows.^[6]</p>\n\n<p>Relative risk has be calculated by some. The following all give you a (estimated) 1 in a million chance of dying from that event^[7]:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <ul>\n <li>Smoking 1.4 cigarettes (lung cancer) </li>\n <li>Eating 40 tablespoons of peanut butter</li>\n <li>Spending 2 days in New York City (air pollution) </li>\n <li>Driving 40 miles in a car (accident) </li>\n <li>Flying 2500 miles in a jet (accident) </li>\n <li>Canoeing for 6 minutes </li>\n <li>Receiving 10 mrem (.1 mSv) of radiation (cancer) </li>\n </ul>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>So, you can estimate that (maybe) the risk of dying from a 7 mSv CT scan is about equivalent to driving 2800 miles.</p>\n\n<p>The point of all this is, no one knows your exact risk of developing a lethal or r<em>elatively non-lethal</em> cancer (yes, that does exist) from an imaging study. Most ethical radiologists will tell you there is no known safe radiation exposure, and that one should avoid unnecessary radiation exposure. While some imaging studies <strong>are</strong> unnecessary, some of them are not, and the risk of avoiding the study greatly outweighs the risk of undergoing it. What you can do to protect yourself:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <ul>\n <li>ask if an MRI will give the doctor the same information (no radiation, but 2-3x the cost, longer wait) </li>\n <li>ask the doctor if the test is absolutely necessary (a lot of tests are ordered to <em>cover one's ass</em>) </li>\n <li>ask if there is another way to obtain the same information (e.g. colonoscopy instead of barium study) </li>\n <li>get your study from the newest scanners available (radiation can be reduced up to 60% between generations of CT scanners)</li>\n <li>reduce conflict of interest: any CT scan ordered <em>in house</em> (or by a doctor that owns a share in the imaging facility) should be questioned (but not necessarily refused.)</li>\n </ul>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>_{[1] <a href=\"http://www.xrayrisk.com/calculator/calculator-normal-studies.php?id=17\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">XrayRisk.com</a>}<br>\n_{[2] <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/radiation/understand/health_effects.html#est_health_effects\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">USEPA Radiation and Health</a>}<br>\n_{[3] <a href=\"http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Safety-and-Security/Radiation-and-Health/Radiation-and-Life/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Radiation and Life</a>}<br>\n_{[4] Higher accumulated doses of radiation might produce a cancer which would only be observed several - up to twenty - years after the radiation exposure. This delay makes it impossible to say with any certainty which of many possible agents were the cause of a particular cancer. In western countries, about a quarter of people die from cancers, with smoking, dietary factors, genetic factors and strong sunlight being among the main causes. Radiation is a weak carcinogen, but undue exposure could certainly increase health risks.}<br>\n_{[5] <a href=\"http://www.maricopa.gov/emerg_mgt/pvngs_radiation.aspx\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">American Nuclear Society</a>}<br>\n_{[6] <a href=\"https://radiology.ucsf.edu/patient-care/patient-safety/radiation-safety/risks-of-radiation\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Risks of Radiation</a>}<br>\n_{[7] <a href=\"http://www.physics.isu.edu/radinf/risk.htm\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Radiation and Risk</a>} </p>\n\n<p>_{From previously given answer on Biology.SE}</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 11900, "author": "Count Iblis", "author_id": 856, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/856", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>The risk from a single CT exposure should realistically be estimated to be zero. \nThe commonly used \"linear no-threshold extrapolation model\" to get to estimates of cancer risks due to exposure to low levels of radiation (of the order of 10 mSv or less) has <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2663584/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">no scientific basis whatsoever</a>. E.g., observations of excess cancer cases after the Chernobyl disaster have failed to find any evidence in favor of it:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Contrary to previous claims, there was no increase in leukemia or other cancers (except thyroid cancer) in regions contaminated after the Chernobyl accident where thyroid doses ranged up to 1 Sv (123). The increase in thyroid cancer among young children is correlated with dose (124), and a threshold at 200 mSv is compatible with data (125).</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>However, the model is still useful to get to very rigorous safety standards for people who can be exposed to radiation. It's of course better to exaggerate the risk by a factor of a thousand than to underestimate it by even a small factor. Also, the risk is not the same for patients and medical staff, a patient may be exposed only a few times in his/her life whole the medical staff could be exposed several times a day if they would not leave the room where the patient is scanned.</p>\n\n<p>The faults in the DNA that lead to cancer are overwhelmingly the result of <a href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/355/6331/1330\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">DNA replication errors</a>, not due to exposure to background radiation of few mSv to a few dozen mSv per year, so we don't need to worry about getting CT scans. We should worry about what we eat, whether we get enough exercise, and we should avoid stress (so, actually, we shouldn't worry too much), as these factors do impact on biological processes that are related to cancer risks. Here we need to consider that random DNA damage is not going to cause cancer, it has to be very specific damage affecting certain genes in crucial places. Also, the immune system which can then still eliminate the threat, has to fail to do so. If you stick to a healthy lifestyle, you're going to reduce most of these independent risk factors. </p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/11884", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8863/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 13136, "author": "user237650", "author_id": 8593, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8593", "pm_score": 4, "selected": true, "text": "<ul>\n<li><strong><a href=\"http://teachmeanatomy.info/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">TeachMeAnatomy</a></strong></li>\n</ul>\n<blockquote>\n<p>Containing over 700 vibrant, full-colour images, TeachMeAnatomy is a comprehensive anatomy encyclopedia presented in a visually-appealing, easy-to-read format.</p>\n<p>Created by a team of doctors and medical students, each topic combines anatomical knowledge with high-yield clinical pearls, seamlessly bridging the gap between scholarly learning and improved patient care.</p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>This is a good site which mainly deals with anatomy of the human body, It also freely accessible and which can also be considered credible. Also see the <strong><a href=\"https://teachmeseries.com/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">TeachMeSeries</a></strong> which contains information about other fields of medicine.</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><a href=\"http://reference.medscape.com/guide/anatomy\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Medscape</a></strong></li>\n</ul>\n<blockquote>\n<p>Medscape is the leading online global destination for physicians and healthcare professionals worldwide, offering the latest medical news and expert perspectives; essential point-of-care drug and disease information; and relevant professional education and CME.</p>\n</blockquote>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><a href=\"https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Khan Academy</a></strong></li>\n</ul>\n<blockquote>\n<p>Get introduced to the major organ systems of the human body! You’ll learn some general anatomy (a roadmap of your body), learn how the arm bone actually connects to the shoulder bone, and how the different organs work together to keep you alive. Watch some videos, read some articles, try some flashcards, and then quiz yourself!</p>\n</blockquote>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><a href=\"https://thesebonesofmine.wordpress.com/skeletal-basics/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">These bones of mine</a></strong></li>\n</ul>\n<blockquote>\n<p>This blog will explicitly introduce the human skeleton and its anatomical traits to a general and interested audience.</p>\n<p>This blog then is an introduction and a repository for me, detailing my interests in the field and whilst also documenting my own ongoing archaeological experience. Furthermore, I want to take you on a journey of discovery of self learning by detailing what exactly human osteologists and bioarchaeologists do. Alongside this approach I will also include details of my own extensive experience of bone disease.</p>\n<p>Up to date academic references are noted on each post explicitly and an effort is made to find an Open Access articles and resources, where available, as appropriate. Within each of these references you will find much more detail on the specific subject highlighted and also on the practice of human osteology and archaeology in general. Please enjoy and share.</p>\n</blockquote>\n<ul>\n<li><p><strong>PDFs</strong></p>\n<p>• <a href=\"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/43350\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">The Anatomy</a></p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>This discusses about the anatomy of human peritonium and abdominal cavity.[<a href=\"https://www.gutenberg.org/wiki/Category:Bookshelf\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">From: Project Gutenberg</a>] which contains many other free access books related to other field also.</p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>• <a href=\"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/24440\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Surgical Anatomy</a> [From: Project Gutenberg]</p>\n<p>• <a href=\"https://open.umn.edu/opentextbooks/BookDetail.aspx?bookId=169\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Anatomy and Physiology</a> [From: Open Textbook Library]</p>\n<p>• <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK11530/?term=%22anatomy%20and%20histology%22%5BAll%20Fields%5D%20OR%20(%22anatomy%22%5BAll%20Fields%5D%20AND%20%22histology%22%5BAll%20Fields%5D)%20OR%20%22anatomy%20and%20histology%22%5BAll%20Fields%5D%20OR%20%22anatomy%22%5BAll%20Fields%5D%20OR%20%22anatomy%22%5BAll%20Fields%5D\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">The organisation of the Retina and Visual System</a> [From: <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">NCBI Bookshelf</a>]</p>\n<p>• [<a href=\"https://archive.org/stream/AnatomyByGerardJ.TortoraBryanH.Derrickson/anatomy%20by%20Gerard%20J.%20Tortora%2C%20Bryan%20H.%20Derrickson#page/n4/mode/1up\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Anatomy By Gerard J. Tortora, Bryan H. Derrickson</a>] (Thanks to @<a href=\"https://health.stackexchange.com/users/13819/gordon\">Gordon</a>)</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n" }, { "answer_id": 16549, "author": "Jan", "author_id": 3002, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/3002", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p><a href=\"http://www.bartleby.com/107/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Gray's Anatomy</a> - an old but complete online book with detailed text and pictures.</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.getbodysmart.com/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Get Body Smart</a> - by organic systems, at a glance</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.innerbody.com/image/musfov.html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Inner Body</a> - on hover interactive images, with text</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=kenhub%20anatomy\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">KenHub</a> - 50 videos</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://anatomyzone.com/tutorials-page/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">AnatomyZone</a> - ~200 videos, including basic terminology</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/11887", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8212/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 12799, "author": "luna", "author_id": 9682, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/9682", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>It is absolutely possible for moisturizer to make acne worse. You've probably heard the term \"non-comedogenic\" in advertisements for various skin products, and that means that the product is not supposed to cause zits, aka comedones. <a href=\"http://thescienceofacne.com/what-does-non-comedogenic-mean/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Here</a> is a page with a more detailed explanation and a handy chart of common ingredients for reference. Additionally, <a href=\"http://www.cosdna.com/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">www.cosdna.com</a> allows you to input the name of an ingredient and returns the comedogenicity and irritancy ratings. I haven't used it extensively, but it has matched up with the Fulton scale on each search I've done so far.\nHowever, comedogenicity ratings are definitely not to be taken as gospel. Acne is highly individual and multifactorial, so there is no way to derive a universally accurate scale of ingredients that will or will not cause acne. It can certainly be a helpful tool, but if it were that simple, no one would have long-term acne! ;)</p>\n\n<p>Moisturizer can also cause skin issues via sensitivity or allergy to any of the ingredients. I have very sensitive skin and am allergic to just about everything, so that happens to me all the time and I've just thrown in the towel and started making my own moisturizer. You should talk to your doctor about your individual situation (especially about concurrent use of the two treatments), but the answer to your question in general is yes. Moisturizer can cause all kinds of problems, but to figure out which ones you're experiencing, you'll need to be examined.</p>\n\n<p>Good luck... I hope your skin feels better soon!</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 13478, "author": "Julia", "author_id": 11241, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/11241", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Being a dermatologist i would recommend you to not use moisturizer as it will make your condition more worse, its just like adding fire to the fuel. </p>\n\n<p>Instead of using an ordinary moisturizer, you should go with non-comedogenic moisturizer at it has water based light contents and it will not clog your pores and won't cause acne break out. </p>\n\n<p>I founded one <a href=\"https://bestmoisturizerguide.com/non-comedogenic-moisturizer/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">useful article</a> where they have mention about the non comedogenic moisturizers as well as some of the best non comedogenic moisturizers, among them you can select anyone which you think will suit your skin type. </p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/11942", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8602/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 11996, "author": "larry909", "author_id": 447, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/447", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Generally, Whole grain bread with the most fiber and protien, with the shortest ingredients list with no preservatives, colors, sugar, would be best.</p>\n\n<p>Fiber and protein help you feel full longer and can help you cut down on additional junk snacking.</p>\n\n<p>Source:\n<a href=\"http://www.webmd.com/diet/video/truth-about-bread\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">http://www.webmd.com/diet/video/truth-about-bread</a></p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 12009, "author": "happyhacker", "author_id": 6920, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6920", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<p>If you buy bread from a shop it is likely to be commercial flour which is processed. Buy organic flour and make your own that way you know it is least likely to be contaminated.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/11952", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8466/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 11997, "author": "Jack Frost", "author_id": 8666, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8666", "pm_score": 3, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Yes. what you are describing sounds like microscopic hematuria (1). Sometimes red blood cells(RBC) are not numerous enough to be visible in urine. Yet, when tested, RBCs are detected.</p>\n\n<p>(1) <a href=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMcp012694\" rel=\"noreferrer\">http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMcp012694</a></p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 12000, "author": "whitebeltcoder", "author_id": 8951, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8951", "pm_score": -1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Yes it is possible and it is called microscopic hematuria. Etiologies of microscopic hematuria range from incidental causes to more serious ones.<a href=\"http://www.aafp.org/afp/2006/0515/p1748.html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Further assessment is needed to stablish its meaning. </a></p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 14921, "author": "Venkat", "author_id": 5124, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/5124", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<p>The presence of blood in the urine is called <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematuria\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Hematuria</a>. It can be detected in the microscopic lab tests. Please contact a nephrologist doctor for quick treatment. </p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/11995", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/5280/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 11997, "author": "Jack Frost", "author_id": 8666, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8666", "pm_score": 3, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Yes. what you are describing sounds like microscopic hematuria (1). Sometimes red blood cells(RBC) are not numerous enough to be visible in urine. Yet, when tested, RBCs are detected.</p>\n\n<p>(1) <a href=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMcp012694\" rel=\"noreferrer\">http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMcp012694</a></p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 12000, "author": "whitebeltcoder", "author_id": 8951, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8951", "pm_score": -1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Yes it is possible and it is called microscopic hematuria. Etiologies of microscopic hematuria range from incidental causes to more serious ones.<a href=\"http://www.aafp.org/afp/2006/0515/p1748.html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Further assessment is needed to stablish its meaning. </a></p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 14921, "author": "Venkat", "author_id": 5124, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/5124", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<p>The presence of blood in the urine is called <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematuria\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Hematuria</a>. It can be detected in the microscopic lab tests. Please contact a nephrologist doctor for quick treatment. </p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/11998", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8949/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 12080, "author": "DoctorWhom", "author_id": 6776, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6776", "pm_score": 3, "selected": true, "text": "<p>This is a complicated question, as there are likely few people (I am not one of them) who are fully knowledgeable in the scope of both DVM and MD or DO (which is the other type of physician degree) in combination with PhD, and I do not know if someone with that knowledge will see this question. But your question is a very good question - I would recommend you seek out and ask MD PhDs, DVM PhDs, MDs, and PhDs to explore your options. It's an important decision. </p>\n\n<p>I can help from the perspective of an MD/MPH (Masters in Public Health) who has done some research, and I have colleagues who do many different types of research with varying combinations of degrees. MD or DO alone, MD or DO + PhD, or just PhD (e.g. in fields like biomedical engineering).</p>\n\n<p>There are a number of MD-PhD or DO-PhD combined programs where usually you do 2 years of med school, then complete the PhD (which often is 4 but can be much more), then return for the last 2 years of medical school - and may or may not go on to complete residency. Some MD/DO PhDs practice clinical medicine, whether they do research or not. I imagine this is much the same for DVM-PhD programs.</p>\n\n<p>But more to the point, what is most important is for you to reflect on your ultimate goals. Are you specifically interested in working on animal models? Or do you want to obtain the education that provides you the most possible options, so that you can determine along the way where you feel you can make the greatest impact?</p>\n\n<p>There are vast numbers of ways to engage in research that improves the health of humans, and animal models is only a subset of the diverse possibilities. </p>\n\n<p>The potential advantages of DVM over an MD/DO is something I had not previously considered, and I can see how expertise in the animal models would be beneficial in some research. But again, are you sure you want to focus primarily on animal models? Consider that DVM may limit your scope of what you can do in clinical research involving human subjects. </p>\n\n<p>The other paths include MD or DO alone, MD PhD, DO PhD, PhD alone (in fields like Biomedical Engineering etc), PharmD (pharmacy doctorate), or others.</p>\n\n<p>Of the two you mentioned, the MD-PhD (or PhD alone) may open more doors for you in research overall, since animal research is only one section of medical research. The MD/DO when combined with PhD does give advantages over PhD alone in some circumstances, from what I understand, but is not always necessary.</p>\n\n<p>What an MD/DO can give you is a thorough grounding in both the fundamentals of human physiology/pathophysiology AND its clinical management. Completing a residency in clinical medicine also gives you the experience and skills to actually <em>practice</em> medicine in addition to doing research.</p>\n\n<p>Again, I recommend talking with people with the degrees and combinations I mentioned. Your school's advising counselors should be able to help arrange that, or contact a local university with a med school or phd program to request to speak with their advisors, or with researchers. They may help you as a prospective student.</p>\n\n<p>As a parting thought, you might also consider public health if you are aiming to do what you say here:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>see human suffering diminished and eliminated as much as possbile during my lifetime.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Public health is sometimes overlooked, since people don't necessarily know about it as a field - but they definitely know the effects of it. Public health is all about improving the health of entire populations through multiple angles, including many branches of research. It incorporates (and offers specializations in) epidemiology, biostatistics, disease prevention, education, program design and analysis, population management, policy and administration, and other elements. Vaccinating the population has been a joint effort of medical research and public health. </p>\n\n<p>Read about public health and maybe talk with the department at a university - it's actually a really rich and diverse field with lots of opportunities. </p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 15016, "author": "veritessa", "author_id": 9862, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/9862", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<p>A PhD is a research degree, so you should get a PhD if you want research-focused training. MD and DVM are clinical degrees - they do not specifically train you how to do research. I think one great reason to choose MD is if you would prefer to treat human patients; likewise, if you'd prefer to treat animal patients, you should get a DVM. If you just want to do medically-relevant research, your question should be, Do I want to focus on human medicine or animal medicine? There are a TON of MD/PhDs, MDs, and PhDs who work with animal models doing human-relevant research. (And, obviously, DVM/PhDs and DVMs who work with animal models doing human-relevant or animal-relevant research.) I would suggest that if your primary goal is to understand human disease, you should get an MD PhD. If your primary goal is to work with animal models to understand animal disease, you should get a DVM PhD. I'm an MD PhD student, so for more info about what the process of getting an MD PhD is like, you can visit my blog: <a href=\"https://raymdphd.blogspot.com/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://raymdphd.blogspot.com/</a></p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/12010", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8961/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 12033, "author": "Jude", "author_id": 8847, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8847", "pm_score": -1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Quite simply, a percutaneous surgery or procedure is done by inserting a needle (larger bore than an ordinary hypodermic needle) through the skin. A catheter needle is placed into a blood vessel and a wire, other catheters and other needed devices are threaded through the small hole. It's used in balloon angioplasty, stent placement, cardiac ablation and positioning or replacing lead wires for heart pumps.\nIt always involves going through a blood vessel.</p>\n\n<p>Laparoscopic surgery is considered minimally invasive and involves a surgeon making a small incision in the skin, between 0.5 to 1.5 cm (0.2 to 0.6 inches), further away from the steam to be operated on and using specialized equipment to both light up the internal area worked on and to view the area through a camera linked to an external screen that the surgeon views. Specialized surgical instruments are needed too for the surgeon to reach and manipulate tissue that's at a distance from the small incision. </p>\n\n<p>So basically one is done through a small hole while the other is done through a small incision, although considerably larger than a hole. If you're still unclear, ask in a comment and I'll edit my answer to add more.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 12051, "author": "Jon Bear", "author_id": 8672, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8672", "pm_score": 3, "selected": true, "text": "<p>Percutaneous means \"effected, occurring, or performed through the skin\"</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/percutaneous\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/percutaneous</a></p>\n\n<p>The difference lies in one of the terms - percutaneous endoscopic procedure - having a more general meaning whereas laparoscopy refers to endoscopic procedures carried out specifically within the abdominal cavity.</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Laparoscopy/Pages/Introduction.aspx\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Laparoscopy/Pages/Introduction.aspx</a></p>\n\n<p>Thus a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy [PEG] tube placement could be described as a laparoscopic procedure since it is an endoscopic procedure within the abdominal cavity via a skin incision.</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/149665-overview\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/149665-overview</a></p>\n\n<p>Put simply laparoscopic procedures are percutaneous endoscopic procedures involving organs within the abdominal cavity\nHowever percutaneous endoscopic procedures have applications in many other areas of the body. </p>\n\n<p>eg. Percutaneous Endoscopically-Assisted Calcaneal Slide Osteotomy </p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3748879/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3748879/</a></p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/12027", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/2218/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 12033, "author": "Jude", "author_id": 8847, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8847", "pm_score": -1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Quite simply, a percutaneous surgery or procedure is done by inserting a needle (larger bore than an ordinary hypodermic needle) through the skin. A catheter needle is placed into a blood vessel and a wire, other catheters and other needed devices are threaded through the small hole. It's used in balloon angioplasty, stent placement, cardiac ablation and positioning or replacing lead wires for heart pumps.\nIt always involves going through a blood vessel.</p>\n\n<p>Laparoscopic surgery is considered minimally invasive and involves a surgeon making a small incision in the skin, between 0.5 to 1.5 cm (0.2 to 0.6 inches), further away from the steam to be operated on and using specialized equipment to both light up the internal area worked on and to view the area through a camera linked to an external screen that the surgeon views. Specialized surgical instruments are needed too for the surgeon to reach and manipulate tissue that's at a distance from the small incision. </p>\n\n<p>So basically one is done through a small hole while the other is done through a small incision, although considerably larger than a hole. If you're still unclear, ask in a comment and I'll edit my answer to add more.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 12051, "author": "Jon Bear", "author_id": 8672, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8672", "pm_score": 3, "selected": true, "text": "<p>Percutaneous means \"effected, occurring, or performed through the skin\"</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/percutaneous\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/percutaneous</a></p>\n\n<p>The difference lies in one of the terms - percutaneous endoscopic procedure - having a more general meaning whereas laparoscopy refers to endoscopic procedures carried out specifically within the abdominal cavity.</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Laparoscopy/Pages/Introduction.aspx\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Laparoscopy/Pages/Introduction.aspx</a></p>\n\n<p>Thus a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy [PEG] tube placement could be described as a laparoscopic procedure since it is an endoscopic procedure within the abdominal cavity via a skin incision.</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/149665-overview\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/149665-overview</a></p>\n\n<p>Put simply laparoscopic procedures are percutaneous endoscopic procedures involving organs within the abdominal cavity\nHowever percutaneous endoscopic procedures have applications in many other areas of the body. </p>\n\n<p>eg. Percutaneous Endoscopically-Assisted Calcaneal Slide Osteotomy </p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3748879/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3748879/</a></p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/12073", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8950/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 12104, "author": "Jason C", "author_id": 21, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/21", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>It sounds like what you are looking for is the <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basal_metabolic_rate\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">basal metabolic rate</a>, which is the rate that you expend energy at rest, which roughly translates to the minimum rate that you need to consume energy in order to survive long term.</p>\n\n<p>It varies significantly from person to person based on a large number of factors. A number of formulas to estimate it for a given person are present <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basal_metabolic_rate#BMR_estimation_formulas\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">in that article</a>, as well as details on factors that contribute to variance. Too much to summarize here, but BMR is the term you'll want to search for for more information.</p>\n\n<p>As for the metabolic rates of various tissues, there is also a lot of research on that as well, <a href=\"http://www.bodyrecomposition.com/research-review/dissecting-the-energy-needs-of-the-body-research-review.html/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">here is one example</a> (<a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20160405121358/http://www.bodyrecomposition.com/research-review/dissecting-the-energy-needs-of-the-body-research-review.html/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">archive</a>), and general search terms are things like <a href=\"https://www.google.com/search?q=energy+expenditure+per+organ\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">\"energy expenditure per organ\"</a>.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 12105, "author": "Narusan", "author_id": 8212, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8212", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<h2>Resting energy</h2>\n\n<p>The number you are looking for is basically the energy the body needs in a resting state.<br>\nWhen resting, we assume that no energy is used for any actions but vital ones, as the body is not exactly doing anything.</p>\n\n<h2>Measuring that energy</h2>\n\n<p>Measuring that energy is slightly more complicated. Here is my solution to it:<br>\nWith any machine, we are talking about efficiency. This is basically the percentage of energy that is actually used and not turned into heat. </p>\n\n<p>The efficiency of the human respiratory system (the ATP cycle) is <a href=\"http://history.cpet.ufl.edu/lm/Respiration/efficiency01.html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">39%</a>. This means that 61% of the energy is transferred as body heat and 39% are actually being used.<br>\n(The maximum practical efficiency of combustion engines is <a href=\"https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/98966/maximum-theoretical-efficiency-of-internal-combustion-engine\">35-37%</a>, just for comparison.)</p>\n\n<h2>Doing the maths</h2>\n\n<p>The energy of our body heat is approximately <a href=\"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_power\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">80 watt</a>. Because 61% of the total energy vital for our body is the body heat, the 80 Watt are 61% of the total energy necessary. </p>\n\n<p>Therefore, the total energy needed for the body is 130 watt or 130 Joule / second.</p>\n\n<h2>The result in perspective</h2>\n\n<p>This energy is the same as 468kJ per hour or 11MJ per day. Converting this into kcal results in 2629kcal. </p>\n\n<p>This is roughly 200kcal more than <a href=\"http://www.webmd.com/diet/features/estimated-calorie-requirement\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">WebMD</a> lists as requirements for a sedentary average male.\nWhy could this be the case? It is probably because the body heat energy is difficult to measure and prone for errors. If it was 60 watt instead, we would end up with 2000kcal / day, which seems a bit more realistic to me. </p>\n\n<p><strong>Edit</strong>: According to Jason's answer, my end result should be around 1200kcal / day. This leaves me wondering what has messed up my calculations...</p>\n\n<h2>Note on Wikipedia</h2>\n\n<p>I couldn't find a link to an online version of the source that Wikipedia cites. There seems no other reliable reference out there that has a number. This is why I cited wikipedia.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/12103", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/9039/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 12104, "author": "Jason C", "author_id": 21, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/21", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>It sounds like what you are looking for is the <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basal_metabolic_rate\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">basal metabolic rate</a>, which is the rate that you expend energy at rest, which roughly translates to the minimum rate that you need to consume energy in order to survive long term.</p>\n\n<p>It varies significantly from person to person based on a large number of factors. A number of formulas to estimate it for a given person are present <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basal_metabolic_rate#BMR_estimation_formulas\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">in that article</a>, as well as details on factors that contribute to variance. Too much to summarize here, but BMR is the term you'll want to search for for more information.</p>\n\n<p>As for the metabolic rates of various tissues, there is also a lot of research on that as well, <a href=\"http://www.bodyrecomposition.com/research-review/dissecting-the-energy-needs-of-the-body-research-review.html/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">here is one example</a> (<a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20160405121358/http://www.bodyrecomposition.com/research-review/dissecting-the-energy-needs-of-the-body-research-review.html/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">archive</a>), and general search terms are things like <a href=\"https://www.google.com/search?q=energy+expenditure+per+organ\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">\"energy expenditure per organ\"</a>.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 12105, "author": "Narusan", "author_id": 8212, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8212", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<h2>Resting energy</h2>\n\n<p>The number you are looking for is basically the energy the body needs in a resting state.<br>\nWhen resting, we assume that no energy is used for any actions but vital ones, as the body is not exactly doing anything.</p>\n\n<h2>Measuring that energy</h2>\n\n<p>Measuring that energy is slightly more complicated. Here is my solution to it:<br>\nWith any machine, we are talking about efficiency. This is basically the percentage of energy that is actually used and not turned into heat. </p>\n\n<p>The efficiency of the human respiratory system (the ATP cycle) is <a href=\"http://history.cpet.ufl.edu/lm/Respiration/efficiency01.html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">39%</a>. This means that 61% of the energy is transferred as body heat and 39% are actually being used.<br>\n(The maximum practical efficiency of combustion engines is <a href=\"https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/98966/maximum-theoretical-efficiency-of-internal-combustion-engine\">35-37%</a>, just for comparison.)</p>\n\n<h2>Doing the maths</h2>\n\n<p>The energy of our body heat is approximately <a href=\"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_power\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">80 watt</a>. Because 61% of the total energy vital for our body is the body heat, the 80 Watt are 61% of the total energy necessary. </p>\n\n<p>Therefore, the total energy needed for the body is 130 watt or 130 Joule / second.</p>\n\n<h2>The result in perspective</h2>\n\n<p>This energy is the same as 468kJ per hour or 11MJ per day. Converting this into kcal results in 2629kcal. </p>\n\n<p>This is roughly 200kcal more than <a href=\"http://www.webmd.com/diet/features/estimated-calorie-requirement\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">WebMD</a> lists as requirements for a sedentary average male.\nWhy could this be the case? It is probably because the body heat energy is difficult to measure and prone for errors. If it was 60 watt instead, we would end up with 2000kcal / day, which seems a bit more realistic to me. </p>\n\n<p><strong>Edit</strong>: According to Jason's answer, my end result should be around 1200kcal / day. This leaves me wondering what has messed up my calculations...</p>\n\n<h2>Note on Wikipedia</h2>\n\n<p>I couldn't find a link to an online version of the source that Wikipedia cites. There seems no other reliable reference out there that has a number. This is why I cited wikipedia.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/12194", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/9100/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 12206, "author": "Narusan", "author_id": 8212, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8212", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p><strong><em>Taking a partly developed foetus out of the mother?</em></strong> This is currently not an available method.<br>\nHowever, there are methods out there for the problems you described:</p>\n\n<h2>Three-parent baby</h2>\n\n<p>One method <a href=\"http://www.bbc.com/news/health-31069173\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">allowed in the UK</a> is called a \"<em>three-parent baby</em>\" and the following <a href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/science/2015/feb/02/three-parent-babies-explained\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">guardian article</a> explains it fairly well:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>The procedure replaces a small amount of faulty DNA in a mother’s egg with healthy DNA from a second woman, so that the baby would inherit genes from two mothers and one father. The idea is to prevent certain genetic diseases being passed on to children. </p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/E09Di.png\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\"><img src=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/E09Dim.png\" alt=\"BBC Graphic Method 1\"></a>\n<a href=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/zAqeM.jpg\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\"><img src=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/zAqeMm.jpg\" alt=\"BBC Graphic Method 2\"></a>\n[Image Credit: <a href=\"http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-28986843\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">BBC Article</a>] <em>Click Images for full resolution!</em></p>\n\n<h2>Gestational Surrogacy</h2>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Host (or gestational) surrogacy is when IVF (in-vitro fertilisation) is used, either with the eggs of the intended mother, or with donor eggs. The surrogate therefore does not use her own eggs, and is <strong>genetically unrelated to the baby</strong>. It is physically more complicated and considerably more expensive than straight surrogacy, (although many IPs can have some costs covered by the NHS) and always takes place in a fertility clinic.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Further reading: </p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>HFEA UK about <a href=\"http://www.hfea.gov.uk/fertility-treatment-options-surrogacy.html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Surrogacy</a></li>\n<li>PubMed Article about <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3531011/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">legal and ethical aspects</a> </li>\n<li>Illinois Department of Health about <a href=\"http://dph.illinois.gov/topics-services/birth-death-other-records/birth-records/surrogacy\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Surrogacy</a> </li>\n</ul>\n" }, { "answer_id": 12207, "author": "user9119", "author_id": 9119, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/9119", "pm_score": 3, "selected": true, "text": "<p>Currently no, but there is work in progress that will allow extremely premature babies to be grown in artificial uteri. It has so far worked well for baby goats.</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2017/04/preemies-floating-in-fluid-filled-bags/524181/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2017/04/preemies-floating-in-fluid-filled-bags/524181/</a></p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 18541, "author": "John", "author_id": 15580, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/15580", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>No, first you should go throw an <a href=\"https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/in-vitro-fertilization/about/pac-20384716\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">IVF process</a> (egg retrieval process and a fertilization by sperm in a lab). Once the embryos are created, after 3 or 5 days they can be transferred to a gestational carrier who will carry the baby until the birth. This process is called <a href=\"https://www.mysurrogatemom.com/what-is-surrogacy-meaning/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">gestational surrogacy</a>. In gestational surrogacy, the surrogate is not genetically linked to the baby, as the embryos are created using the intended mother eggs.</p>\n\n<p>There is a second type of surrogacy, it's called <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrogacy#Traditional_surrogacy\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">traditional surrogacy</a>. In this surrogacy form, the surrogate mother provides her eggs and fertilization is done through a <a href=\"http://americanpregnancy.org/infertility/intrauterine-insemination\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Intrauterine insemination (IUI) process</a></p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/12195", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/9103/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 12206, "author": "Narusan", "author_id": 8212, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8212", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p><strong><em>Taking a partly developed foetus out of the mother?</em></strong> This is currently not an available method.<br>\nHowever, there are methods out there for the problems you described:</p>\n\n<h2>Three-parent baby</h2>\n\n<p>One method <a href=\"http://www.bbc.com/news/health-31069173\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">allowed in the UK</a> is called a \"<em>three-parent baby</em>\" and the following <a href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/science/2015/feb/02/three-parent-babies-explained\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">guardian article</a> explains it fairly well:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>The procedure replaces a small amount of faulty DNA in a mother’s egg with healthy DNA from a second woman, so that the baby would inherit genes from two mothers and one father. The idea is to prevent certain genetic diseases being passed on to children. </p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/E09Di.png\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\"><img src=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/E09Dim.png\" alt=\"BBC Graphic Method 1\"></a>\n<a href=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/zAqeM.jpg\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\"><img src=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/zAqeMm.jpg\" alt=\"BBC Graphic Method 2\"></a>\n[Image Credit: <a href=\"http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-28986843\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">BBC Article</a>] <em>Click Images for full resolution!</em></p>\n\n<h2>Gestational Surrogacy</h2>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Host (or gestational) surrogacy is when IVF (in-vitro fertilisation) is used, either with the eggs of the intended mother, or with donor eggs. The surrogate therefore does not use her own eggs, and is <strong>genetically unrelated to the baby</strong>. It is physically more complicated and considerably more expensive than straight surrogacy, (although many IPs can have some costs covered by the NHS) and always takes place in a fertility clinic.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Further reading: </p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>HFEA UK about <a href=\"http://www.hfea.gov.uk/fertility-treatment-options-surrogacy.html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Surrogacy</a></li>\n<li>PubMed Article about <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3531011/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">legal and ethical aspects</a> </li>\n<li>Illinois Department of Health about <a href=\"http://dph.illinois.gov/topics-services/birth-death-other-records/birth-records/surrogacy\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Surrogacy</a> </li>\n</ul>\n" }, { "answer_id": 12207, "author": "user9119", "author_id": 9119, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/9119", "pm_score": 3, "selected": true, "text": "<p>Currently no, but there is work in progress that will allow extremely premature babies to be grown in artificial uteri. It has so far worked well for baby goats.</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2017/04/preemies-floating-in-fluid-filled-bags/524181/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2017/04/preemies-floating-in-fluid-filled-bags/524181/</a></p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 18541, "author": "John", "author_id": 15580, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/15580", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>No, first you should go throw an <a href=\"https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/in-vitro-fertilization/about/pac-20384716\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">IVF process</a> (egg retrieval process and a fertilization by sperm in a lab). Once the embryos are created, after 3 or 5 days they can be transferred to a gestational carrier who will carry the baby until the birth. This process is called <a href=\"https://www.mysurrogatemom.com/what-is-surrogacy-meaning/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">gestational surrogacy</a>. In gestational surrogacy, the surrogate is not genetically linked to the baby, as the embryos are created using the intended mother eggs.</p>\n\n<p>There is a second type of surrogacy, it's called <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrogacy#Traditional_surrogacy\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">traditional surrogacy</a>. In this surrogacy form, the surrogate mother provides her eggs and fertilization is done through a <a href=\"http://americanpregnancy.org/infertility/intrauterine-insemination\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Intrauterine insemination (IUI) process</a></p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/12252", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/9156/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 12206, "author": "Narusan", "author_id": 8212, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8212", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p><strong><em>Taking a partly developed foetus out of the mother?</em></strong> This is currently not an available method.<br>\nHowever, there are methods out there for the problems you described:</p>\n\n<h2>Three-parent baby</h2>\n\n<p>One method <a href=\"http://www.bbc.com/news/health-31069173\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">allowed in the UK</a> is called a \"<em>three-parent baby</em>\" and the following <a href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/science/2015/feb/02/three-parent-babies-explained\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">guardian article</a> explains it fairly well:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>The procedure replaces a small amount of faulty DNA in a mother’s egg with healthy DNA from a second woman, so that the baby would inherit genes from two mothers and one father. The idea is to prevent certain genetic diseases being passed on to children. </p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/E09Di.png\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\"><img src=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/E09Dim.png\" alt=\"BBC Graphic Method 1\"></a>\n<a href=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/zAqeM.jpg\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\"><img src=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/zAqeMm.jpg\" alt=\"BBC Graphic Method 2\"></a>\n[Image Credit: <a href=\"http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-28986843\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">BBC Article</a>] <em>Click Images for full resolution!</em></p>\n\n<h2>Gestational Surrogacy</h2>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Host (or gestational) surrogacy is when IVF (in-vitro fertilisation) is used, either with the eggs of the intended mother, or with donor eggs. The surrogate therefore does not use her own eggs, and is <strong>genetically unrelated to the baby</strong>. It is physically more complicated and considerably more expensive than straight surrogacy, (although many IPs can have some costs covered by the NHS) and always takes place in a fertility clinic.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Further reading: </p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>HFEA UK about <a href=\"http://www.hfea.gov.uk/fertility-treatment-options-surrogacy.html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Surrogacy</a></li>\n<li>PubMed Article about <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3531011/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">legal and ethical aspects</a> </li>\n<li>Illinois Department of Health about <a href=\"http://dph.illinois.gov/topics-services/birth-death-other-records/birth-records/surrogacy\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Surrogacy</a> </li>\n</ul>\n" }, { "answer_id": 12207, "author": "user9119", "author_id": 9119, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/9119", "pm_score": 3, "selected": true, "text": "<p>Currently no, but there is work in progress that will allow extremely premature babies to be grown in artificial uteri. It has so far worked well for baby goats.</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2017/04/preemies-floating-in-fluid-filled-bags/524181/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2017/04/preemies-floating-in-fluid-filled-bags/524181/</a></p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 18541, "author": "John", "author_id": 15580, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/15580", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>No, first you should go throw an <a href=\"https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/in-vitro-fertilization/about/pac-20384716\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">IVF process</a> (egg retrieval process and a fertilization by sperm in a lab). Once the embryos are created, after 3 or 5 days they can be transferred to a gestational carrier who will carry the baby until the birth. This process is called <a href=\"https://www.mysurrogatemom.com/what-is-surrogacy-meaning/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">gestational surrogacy</a>. In gestational surrogacy, the surrogate is not genetically linked to the baby, as the embryos are created using the intended mother eggs.</p>\n\n<p>There is a second type of surrogacy, it's called <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrogacy#Traditional_surrogacy\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">traditional surrogacy</a>. In this surrogacy form, the surrogate mother provides her eggs and fertilization is done through a <a href=\"http://americanpregnancy.org/infertility/intrauterine-insemination\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Intrauterine insemination (IUI) process</a></p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/12254", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/9159/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 14370, "author": "Fizz", "author_id": 10980, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/10980", "pm_score": 3, "selected": false, "text": "<p>No one can be entirely certain, but most studies point in the direction of &quot;yes&quot;, <a href=\"https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/460159\" rel=\"noreferrer\">for instance</a></p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>The testing, conducted by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), ultimately covered more than 100 drugs, prescription and over-the-counter. The results showed that about 90% of them were safe and effective as far as 15 years past their original expiration date.</p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>For a more recent study of the same issue see <a href=\"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/1377417\" rel=\"noreferrer\">Cantrell et al.</a></p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>The Shelf-Life Extension Program (SLEP) checks long-term stability of federal drug stockpiles. Eighty-eight percent of 122 different drugs stored under ideal environmental conditions had their expiration dates extended more than 1 year, with an average extension of 66 months and a maximum extension of 278 months.</p>\n<p>In our data set, 12 of 14 medications retained full potency for at least 336 months, and 8 of these for at least 480 months. Given our inability to confirm ideal storage conditions for our samples, our results support the effectiveness of broadly extending expiration dates for many drugs, the efficacy of which has been demonstrated by SLEP in a more controlled fashion.</p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>One (exceptional) fact to note in the latter paper is that aspirin withstood really poorly the test of time: out of 226mg declared, only 1.5mg remained, but this was after a really long time; all drugs tested by Cantrell et al. had expired &quot;28 to 40 years prior to analysis&quot;. The first article I mentioned has a more optimistic take on recently expired aspirin:</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>However, Chris Allen, a vice president at the Bayer unit that makes aspirin, said the dating is &quot;pretty conservative&quot;; when Bayer has tested 4-year-old aspirin, it remained 100% effective, he said. So why doesn't Bayer set a 4-year expiration date? Because the company often changes packaging, and it undertakes &quot;continuous improvement programs,&quot; Mr. Allen said. Each change triggers a need for more expiration-date testing, and testing each time for a 4-year life would be impractical. Bayer has never tested aspirin beyond 4 years, Mr. Allen said. But Jens Carstensen has. Dr. Carstensen, professor emeritus at the University of Wisconsin's pharmacy school, who wrote what is considered the main text on drug stability, said, &quot;I did a study of different aspirins, and after 5 years, Bayer was still excellent. Aspirin, if made correctly, is very stable.</p>\n</blockquote>\n" }, { "answer_id": 14375, "author": "cogito tute", "author_id": 12012, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/12012", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>echoing what Fizz has stated. The shelf-life of medications depends on several competing factors. However, be advised that <em>nutritional supplements</em> are not approved by the FDA, so the aforementioned study does not apply to that class of pharmaceuticals</p>\n\n<p>FDA approval of Dietary Supplements\n<a href=\"https://www.fda.gov/AboutFDA/Transparency/Basics/ucm194344.htm\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://www.fda.gov/AboutFDA/Transparency/Basics/ucm194344.htm</a></p>\n\n<p>Drug expiry\n<a href=\"https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/the-drug-expiry-date-a-necessary-safety-measure-or-yet-another-big-pharma-conspiracy/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/the-drug-expiry-date-a-necessary-safety-measure-or-yet-another-big-pharma-conspiracy/</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3429690/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3429690/</a></p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/12267", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6473/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 12537, "author": "WestOfPecos", "author_id": 9464, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/9464", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>I am aware of only three available CGMs in the US today: The Dexcom G4, the Dexcom G5, and the Medtronic Enlite. There used to be one more, the Abbott Navigator, but it was withdrawn from the US market about 4 years ago.</p>\n\n<p>The Medtronic Enlite had a very rough start, with many complaints and worries about accuracy, but seems to have stabilized. The Dexcom G4 and G5 are strong and mature systems.</p>\n\n<p>The Enlite requires 3-4 calibrations per day. It can be a bit picky about how to redo a missed calibration. There are no communities of users that I know of where you can find great calibration recipes for the Enlite.</p>\n\n<p>The Dexcom G4 and G5 require 2-3 calibrations per day. Users have come up with fairly sophisticated routines to optimize them and ensure that the actual reading is close to reality -- a good forum to discuss that may be <a href=\"https://forum.FUDiabetes.org\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://forum.FUDiabetes.org</a> . I can provide no proof for that, but I consider that almost all the calibration recipes you get there for the G4 and G5 would work for the Enlite as well - very little is specific to the Dexcom CGMs.</p>\n\n<p>The Freestyle Libre Pro is not a consumer CGM. Its function is really different: your doctor gives you the sensor, you wear it for 2 weeks without knowing what it measures, then your doctor downloads the results. It is a diagnostic tool, not a diabetes management tool.</p>\n\n<p>However, there is another Freestyle available that you may be aware of, the Freestyle Libre. The Freestyle Libre is actually a pretty cool idea, although not quite a consumer CGM either. Essentially, it is a sensor without a transmitter -- and, like the Freestyle Libre Pro, it dos not need calibration either! You need to manually pass a reader over it to read the result. So you can get a result anytime you want, but you do not get a track that you can view like you do with a Dexcom. The difference may seem small but is actually a giant one when trying to manage blood glucose. Nonetheless, the Freestyle Libre, with its much lower cost, is a great tool that fulfills a different need. </p>\n\n<p>Unfortunately, the Freestyle Libre is not available in the US yet.</p>\n\n<p>So, in the end -- there is no CGM that I know of which is present in the US but does not require calibration. If I had to pick:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>if I had good insurance I would pick a G5</li>\n<li>if I did not have good insurance I would pick a G4 (it is possible to pay a lot less for transmitters per year with the G4 -- but that is another story).</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>Good luck!</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 16778, "author": "Hichame Yessou", "author_id": 7307, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7307", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>I think its time to update this question: now there are available a couple of options that do not require the calibrations of the CGM through the fingerstick. <br></p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>The <a href=\"https://www.dexcom.com/news/fda-authorizes-dexcom-g6\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Dexcom G6</a>, which it could be seen as the first \"real\" CGM \nthat does not require calibrations. Dexcom states: \n\n<blockquote>\n <p>As a factory-calibrated, real-time CGM system with exceptional\n accuracy, the Dexcom G6® will be transformative for people with\n diabetes, who will no longer be required to prick their fingers for\n diabetes management</p>\n</blockquote></li>\n<li>The <a href=\"https://www.fda.gov/newsevents/newsroom/pressannouncements/ucm577890.htm\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Freestyle Libre</a>, which since late 2017 has been officially approved by FDA.</li>\n</ul>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/12269", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/9100/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 12537, "author": "WestOfPecos", "author_id": 9464, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/9464", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>I am aware of only three available CGMs in the US today: The Dexcom G4, the Dexcom G5, and the Medtronic Enlite. There used to be one more, the Abbott Navigator, but it was withdrawn from the US market about 4 years ago.</p>\n\n<p>The Medtronic Enlite had a very rough start, with many complaints and worries about accuracy, but seems to have stabilized. The Dexcom G4 and G5 are strong and mature systems.</p>\n\n<p>The Enlite requires 3-4 calibrations per day. It can be a bit picky about how to redo a missed calibration. There are no communities of users that I know of where you can find great calibration recipes for the Enlite.</p>\n\n<p>The Dexcom G4 and G5 require 2-3 calibrations per day. Users have come up with fairly sophisticated routines to optimize them and ensure that the actual reading is close to reality -- a good forum to discuss that may be <a href=\"https://forum.FUDiabetes.org\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://forum.FUDiabetes.org</a> . I can provide no proof for that, but I consider that almost all the calibration recipes you get there for the G4 and G5 would work for the Enlite as well - very little is specific to the Dexcom CGMs.</p>\n\n<p>The Freestyle Libre Pro is not a consumer CGM. Its function is really different: your doctor gives you the sensor, you wear it for 2 weeks without knowing what it measures, then your doctor downloads the results. It is a diagnostic tool, not a diabetes management tool.</p>\n\n<p>However, there is another Freestyle available that you may be aware of, the Freestyle Libre. The Freestyle Libre is actually a pretty cool idea, although not quite a consumer CGM either. Essentially, it is a sensor without a transmitter -- and, like the Freestyle Libre Pro, it dos not need calibration either! You need to manually pass a reader over it to read the result. So you can get a result anytime you want, but you do not get a track that you can view like you do with a Dexcom. The difference may seem small but is actually a giant one when trying to manage blood glucose. Nonetheless, the Freestyle Libre, with its much lower cost, is a great tool that fulfills a different need. </p>\n\n<p>Unfortunately, the Freestyle Libre is not available in the US yet.</p>\n\n<p>So, in the end -- there is no CGM that I know of which is present in the US but does not require calibration. If I had to pick:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>if I had good insurance I would pick a G5</li>\n<li>if I did not have good insurance I would pick a G4 (it is possible to pay a lot less for transmitters per year with the G4 -- but that is another story).</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>Good luck!</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 16778, "author": "Hichame Yessou", "author_id": 7307, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7307", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>I think its time to update this question: now there are available a couple of options that do not require the calibrations of the CGM through the fingerstick. <br></p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>The <a href=\"https://www.dexcom.com/news/fda-authorizes-dexcom-g6\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Dexcom G6</a>, which it could be seen as the first \"real\" CGM \nthat does not require calibrations. Dexcom states: \n\n<blockquote>\n <p>As a factory-calibrated, real-time CGM system with exceptional\n accuracy, the Dexcom G6® will be transformative for people with\n diabetes, who will no longer be required to prick their fingers for\n diabetes management</p>\n</blockquote></li>\n<li>The <a href=\"https://www.fda.gov/newsevents/newsroom/pressannouncements/ucm577890.htm\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Freestyle Libre</a>, which since late 2017 has been officially approved by FDA.</li>\n</ul>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/12297", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/-1/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 12537, "author": "WestOfPecos", "author_id": 9464, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/9464", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>I am aware of only three available CGMs in the US today: The Dexcom G4, the Dexcom G5, and the Medtronic Enlite. There used to be one more, the Abbott Navigator, but it was withdrawn from the US market about 4 years ago.</p>\n\n<p>The Medtronic Enlite had a very rough start, with many complaints and worries about accuracy, but seems to have stabilized. The Dexcom G4 and G5 are strong and mature systems.</p>\n\n<p>The Enlite requires 3-4 calibrations per day. It can be a bit picky about how to redo a missed calibration. There are no communities of users that I know of where you can find great calibration recipes for the Enlite.</p>\n\n<p>The Dexcom G4 and G5 require 2-3 calibrations per day. Users have come up with fairly sophisticated routines to optimize them and ensure that the actual reading is close to reality -- a good forum to discuss that may be <a href=\"https://forum.FUDiabetes.org\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://forum.FUDiabetes.org</a> . I can provide no proof for that, but I consider that almost all the calibration recipes you get there for the G4 and G5 would work for the Enlite as well - very little is specific to the Dexcom CGMs.</p>\n\n<p>The Freestyle Libre Pro is not a consumer CGM. Its function is really different: your doctor gives you the sensor, you wear it for 2 weeks without knowing what it measures, then your doctor downloads the results. It is a diagnostic tool, not a diabetes management tool.</p>\n\n<p>However, there is another Freestyle available that you may be aware of, the Freestyle Libre. The Freestyle Libre is actually a pretty cool idea, although not quite a consumer CGM either. Essentially, it is a sensor without a transmitter -- and, like the Freestyle Libre Pro, it dos not need calibration either! You need to manually pass a reader over it to read the result. So you can get a result anytime you want, but you do not get a track that you can view like you do with a Dexcom. The difference may seem small but is actually a giant one when trying to manage blood glucose. Nonetheless, the Freestyle Libre, with its much lower cost, is a great tool that fulfills a different need. </p>\n\n<p>Unfortunately, the Freestyle Libre is not available in the US yet.</p>\n\n<p>So, in the end -- there is no CGM that I know of which is present in the US but does not require calibration. If I had to pick:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>if I had good insurance I would pick a G5</li>\n<li>if I did not have good insurance I would pick a G4 (it is possible to pay a lot less for transmitters per year with the G4 -- but that is another story).</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>Good luck!</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 16778, "author": "Hichame Yessou", "author_id": 7307, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7307", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>I think its time to update this question: now there are available a couple of options that do not require the calibrations of the CGM through the fingerstick. <br></p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>The <a href=\"https://www.dexcom.com/news/fda-authorizes-dexcom-g6\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Dexcom G6</a>, which it could be seen as the first \"real\" CGM \nthat does not require calibrations. Dexcom states: \n\n<blockquote>\n <p>As a factory-calibrated, real-time CGM system with exceptional\n accuracy, the Dexcom G6® will be transformative for people with\n diabetes, who will no longer be required to prick their fingers for\n diabetes management</p>\n</blockquote></li>\n<li>The <a href=\"https://www.fda.gov/newsevents/newsroom/pressannouncements/ucm577890.htm\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Freestyle Libre</a>, which since late 2017 has been officially approved by FDA.</li>\n</ul>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/12316", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/9229/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 14982, "author": "Jan", "author_id": 3002, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/3002", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Commonly prescribed dose of aspirin for certain types of arthritis can be as high as 4 g/day (<a href=\"https://www.drugs.com/dosage/aspirin.html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Drugs.com</a>).</p>\n\n<p>For angina pectoris and heart attack prevention, even low doses (75-325 mg/day) can result in gastrointestinal bleeding (<a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17257477\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">PubMed</a>).</p>\n\n<p>According to one study (<a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10643705\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">PubMed</a>):</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Mini-dose aspirin...(75 mg/day), caused significant changes in renal\n function and uric acid handling within 1 week in a group of elderly\n inpatients...</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Surely, side effects depend on the dose and treatment duration but also on an individual's susceptibility. So, I think it would be irresponsible to mention any specific aspirin dose as \"safe dose\".</p>\n\n<p>The recommendations about \"Safe Daily Use of Aspirin\" by the US Food and Drug Administration <a href=\"https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/ResourcesForYou/Consumers/BuyingUsingMedicineSafely/UnderstandingOver-the-CounterMedicines/SafeDailyUseofAspirin/ucm291434.htm\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">FDA.gov</a> do not mention any aspirin dose at all.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 14983, "author": "DoctorWhom", "author_id": 6776, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6776", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Aspirin is a platelet inhibitor. As such it has a <a href=\"https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-disease/in-depth/daily-aspirin-therapy/art-20046797?pg=2\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">number of bleeding risks</a> - including GI bleeding as described above. Risks also include increased bleeding risk from injury including cuts, bruising, or hitting your head and having a brain bleed. And actually, even without head trauma, an <strong>intracranial hemorrhage risk increases with the dose of aspirin.</strong> The same dose of aspirin is not safe for everyone.</p>\n\n<p>This does NOT mean that aspirin is too risky to <a href=\"https://www.health.harvard.edu/heart-health/weighing-the-risks-and-benefits-of-aspirin-therapy\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">take for primary or secondary prevention of heart disease, ischemic stroke, etc</a> - it means you need to have a discussion with your doctor on the <a href=\"http://stroke.ahajournals.org/content/36/8/1801\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">risks and benefits of whether daily (or even as-needed) aspirin is <strong>right for your personal situation</strong></a> and if so, what dose. And you/your doctor need to know what other medications you take daily and what others you might take when you need it - because some interact with aspirin. Again you need a doctor to advise you on what daily dose is right for you.</p>\n\n<p>Arthritis pain has many possible treatments. Your doctor can help develop a specialized treatment plan.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 14985, "author": "BillDOe", "author_id": 2833, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/2833", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Aspirin, just like all NDSAIDs, affects enzymes associated with pain transmission; they are COX-1 and COX-2 (cyclooxygenase-1 and 2). COX-1 helps protect the stomach and intestinal lining from the acids the stomach produces <a href=\"https://www.rxlist.com/cox-2_inhibitors/drugs-condition.htm\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">¹</a>. Since NSAIDs inhibit the production of these enzymes, they also leave your stomach and intestinal lining somewhat unprotected from acids. This is what can cause damage from long-term use of NSAIDs. It's not so much that they burn a hole in your stomach, but that they reduce the protection offered by the COX-1 enzyme. Of course, the higher the dose, the greater the effect on these enzymes, and the longer NSAIDs are taken, the greater the gastrointestinal risk. Except for low-dose aspirin, NSAIDs should not be taken longer than necessary.<br><br>__________<br>1. <a href=\"https://www.rxlist.com/cox-2_inhibitors/drugs-condition.htm\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://www.rxlist.com/cox-2_inhibitors/drugs-condition.htm</a></p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/12317", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/9230/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 12371, "author": "Count Iblis", "author_id": 856, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/856", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Eating cholesterol is bad for the body, and <a href=\"https://youtu.be/EJr3MUNc14Y?t=316\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">this why people are saying otherwise </a>. Eating any kind of saturated fat is bad even unsaturated fats should only be used in small amounts. The only fats the body needs are the Omega-3 and Omega-6 essential fatty acids, but we only need a few grams per day of these.</p>\n\n<p>To understand the problems with eating cholesterol and (saturated) fats in general, it's helpful to get back to the basics. Our bodies have evolved for a very long time (tens of millions of years) as monkeys living in trees who got the vast majority of its energy in the form of sugars and starches from foods packed with useful nutrients. This has led to our bodies becoming dependent on a very high nutrient to calorie ratio.</p>\n\n<p>While our more recent ancestors did eat meat, indigenous populations who still live like our recent ancestors will typically get a far smaller fraction of their proteins from meat compared to us. They get the bulk of their essential amino acids from vegetables, but that requires eating vast amounts of vegetables and then you not only get the required amino acids but also vast amounts of other compounds. We may not require the amino acids from vegetables anymore because we eat more meat and dairy products, but if our bodies have evolved under the conditions where our bodies were flooded with all the compounds from the vast amounts of vegetables, then it's foregone conclusion that we're going to harm our bodies (perhaps in subtle ways) by eating less vegetables.</p>\n\n<p>Evidence that this picture is largely correct comes from studies done on indigenous populations, <a href=\"http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(17)30752-3/fulltext\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">like this recent study on the Tsimane people</a>. And <a href=\"https://nutritionfacts.org/2014/11/11/we-can-end-the-heart-disease-epidemic/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">here</a> you can read about the results of an older study:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Maybe the Africans were just dying early of other diseases and so never lived long enough to get heart disease? No. In the video One in a Thousand: Ending the Heart Disease Epidemic, you can see the age-matched heart attack rates in Uganda versus St. Louis. Out of 632 autopsies in Uganda, only one myocardial infarction. Out of 632 Missourians—with the same age and gender distribution—there were 136 myocardial infarctions. More than 100 times the rate of our number one killer. In fact, researchers were so blown away that they decided to do another 800 autopsies in Uganda. Still, just that one small healed infarct (meaning it wasn’t even the cause of death) out of 1,427 patients. Less than one in a thousand, whereas in the U.S., it’s an epidemic.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>The problem with cholesterol in the diet is then not just the cholesterol itself, but also with this indicating that you probably eat less vegetables and fruits than that cholesterol being all that harmful by itself (but note that even a little cholesterol in the diet does do some harm). People who eat more eggs and meat and use more cooking oils, will typically not eat large amounts of vegetables. There are compounds in vegetables like broccoli (e.g. lutein and zeaxanthin) that will prevent cholesterol from oxidizing, and it's the oxidized cholesterol that causes damage. If the cholesterol doesn't do the job it's supposed to do because it's getting oxidized, your body will produce more of it, leading to even more oxidized cholesterol and more damage to your arteries.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 13943, "author": "LаngLаngС", "author_id": 11231, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/11231", "pm_score": 3, "selected": true, "text": "<p>The current outlook is: Dietary cholesterol is <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21690178\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">largely</a> a <a href=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199108223250813\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">non-issue</a> still overburdened with much anxiety and even <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7730926\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">hysteria</a>. While certain levels and ratios of &quot;blood cholesterol&quot; (different lipoproteins, triglycerides etc.) are still treated as indicators of <em>possible</em> trouble that <em>may</em> call for <a href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/cholesterol/treating_cholesterol.htm\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">intervention</a>, that intervention is likely pharmacological in nature and less through <a href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-cholesterol/in-depth/reduce-cholesterol/ART-20045935?p=1\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">dietary means</a> of reducing cholesterol intake. <a href=\"https://heartuk.org.uk/cholesterol-and-diet/low-cholesterol-diets-and-foods/dietary-cholesterol\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Dietary</a> <a href=\"https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/cholesterol/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">cholesterol</a> is not &quot;The Bad Guy&quot; to <a href=\"https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/panel-suggests-stop-warning-about-cholesterol-in-food-201502127713\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">avoid</a> at <a href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms14241\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">all</a> <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19906248\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">costs</a>.</p>\n<p><strong>So, <a href=\"https://health.clevelandclinic.org/2015/02/why-you-should-no-longer-worry-about-cholesterol-in-food/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">no</a>, eating (too much) cholesterol is not that bad in <a href=\"http://www.acc.org/latest-in-cardiology/articles/2015/08/19/12/57/the-debate-about-dietary-cholesterol\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">itself</a>.</strong> (But keep in mind that 'eating too much cholesterol' may be the result of eating too much and too fat in general. <em>That</em> is bad.) The type of natural fat ingested is less important over-all and even blood cholesterol or lipo-proteins are under fire as being much less of a value in predicting health outcomes or even being a <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16398902\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">worthy</a> <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12974874?\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">target</a> to intervene at all:\n<a href=\"http://www.ravnskov.nu/2015/12/27/myth-9/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">People with high cholesterol live the longest</a>.\nAnd that might almost explain why decreasing cholesterol intake leads to an increase in the absorption rate and an increase in cholesterol synthesis.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/british-journal-of-nutrition/article/dietary-cholesterol-from-physiology-to-cardiovascular-risk/2AD4493E735677B9298CCC17FA790539\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Jean-Michel Lecerf and Michel de Lorgeril: &quot;Dietary cholesterol: from physiology to cardiovascular risk&quot;, British Journal of Nutrition, Volume 106, Issue 1, 14 July 2011, pp. 6-14, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114511000237</a>:</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>Dietary cholesterol comes exclusively from animal sources, thus it is naturally present in our diet and tissues. It is an important component of cell membranes and a precursor of bile acids, steroid hormones and vitamin D. Contrary to phytosterols (originated from plants), cholesterol is synthesised in the human body in order to <strong>maintain a stable pool when dietary intake is low. Given the necessity for cholesterol,</strong> very effective intestinal uptake mechanisms and enterohepatic bile acid and cholesterol reabsorption cycles exist; conversely, phytosterols are poorly absorbed and, indeed, rapidly excreted. <strong>Dietary cholesterol content does not significantly influence plasma cholesterol values,</strong> which are regulated by different genetic and nutritional factors that influence cholesterol absorption or synthesis. <strong>Some subjects are hyper-absorbers and others are hyper-responders,</strong> which implies new therapeutic issues. <strong>Epidemiological data do not support a link between dietary cholesterol and CVD.</strong> Recent biological data concerning the effect of dietary cholesterol on LDL receptor-related protein may explain the complexity of the effect of cholesterol on CVD risk. [emphasis added]</p>\n</blockquote>\n<p><a href=\"http://advances.nutrition.org/content/3/5/711.short\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Mitchell M. Kanter, et al.: &quot;Exploring the Factors That Affect Blood Cholesterol and Heart Disease Risk: Is Dietary Cholesterol as Bad for You as History Leads Us to Believe?&quot;, Advances in Nutrition, September 2012, vol. 3: 711-717, doi: 10.3945/​an.111.001321</a>:</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>For much of the past 50 years, a great deal of the scientific literature regarding dietary fat and cholesterol intake has indicated a strong positive correlation with heart disease. In recent years, however, there have been a number of epidemiological studies that did not support a relationship between cholesterol intake and cardiovascular disease. Further, a number of recent clinical trials that looked at the effects of long-term egg consumption (as a vehicle for dietary cholesterol) reported no negative impact on various indices of cardiovascular health and disease. Coupled with data indicating that the impact of lowering dietary cholesterol intake on serum LDL levels is small compared with other dietary and lifestyle factors, there is a need to consider how otherwise healthy foods can be incorporated in the diet to meet current dietary cholesterol recommendations. Because eggs are a healthful food, it is particularly important that sensible strategies be recommended for inclusions of eggs in a healthy diet.</p>\n</blockquote>\n<p><a href=\"http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/early/2015/06/24/ajcn.114.100305.short#fn-1\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Samantha Berger et al.: &quot;Dietary cholesterol and cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis&quot;, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 102: 235-236; July 15, 2015, doi: 10.3945/​ajcn.114.100305</a>:</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>Forty studies (17 cohorts in 19 publications with 361,923 subjects and 19 trials in 21 publications with 632 subjects) published between 1979 and 2013 were eligible for review. […] Dietary cholesterol was not statistically significantly associated with any coronary artery disease […] or hemorrhagic stroke. […] Dietary cholesterol did not statistically significantly change serum triglycerides or very-low-density lipoprotein concentrations. Reviewed studies were heterogeneous and lacked the methodologic rigor to draw any conclusions regarding the effects of dietary cholesterol on CVD risk. Carefully adjusted and well-conducted cohort studies would be useful to identify the relative effects of dietary cholesterol on CVD risk.</p>\n</blockquote>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.springer.com/us/book/9780387485706\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Erik Rifkin, Edward Bouwery: &quot;The Illusion of Certainty [Health Benefits and Risks]&quot;, Springer, New York, 2007</a>,\nchap 8: &quot;Elevated Cholesterol: A Primary Risk Factor for Heart Disease?&quot;, p. 91:</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>But let’s <strong>assume for a moment</strong> that Fig. 8.1 is correct. Let’s say the gentle upward trend from the lowest to the highest cholesterol level is legitimate. Let’s forget about difficulties in excluding diabetics and people with genetic abnormalities, and in normalizing for age and unknown additive or synergistic effects of multiple risk factors. Then in a group of 1,000 individuals with elevated cholesterol, there will be approximately 1 additional death annually when compared to 1,000 individuals with normal cholesterol. Therefore, 99.9% of the individuals with elevated cholesterol would not be affected. [emphasis added]</p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>That is important: just assuming the hypothesis once taken for granted: &quot;eating eggs clogs your arteries&quot; (the so called &quot;diet-heart hypothesis&quot;) is correct <a href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2753.2011.01767.x/abstract\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">does not translate well</a> into statistical observations for the general population or <a href=\"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14017430801993701\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">public health</a>.</p>\n<p>To give an outdated but relatable picture to this statistical figure:\n&quot;1987 wies S. Seely nach, daß eine lebenslang durchgehaltene cholesterinarme Kost die Lebensdauer lediglich um drei Tage bis drei Monate, bestenfalls jedoch um ein Jahr erhöhe.&quot; (Translation: Seely had proven in 1987 that lifelong avoidance of dietary cholesterol would lead to prolongation of a life by just 3 days to 3 months overall, but one year at the most. Cited from: Werner E. Gerabek, Bernhard D. Haage, Gundolf Keil and Wolfgang Wegner: &quot;Enzyklopädie der Medizingeschichte&quot;, Walter de Gruyter: Berlin, New York, 2007, p. 282. Note that these calculations are <a href=\"http://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/6/6/e010401\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">now viewed as likely even much less pronounced</a>.)</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.springer.com/de/book/9789048188741\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">A. Stewart Truswell: &quot;Cholesterol and Beyond. The Research on Diet and Coronary Heart Disease 1900–2000&quot;, Springer: Dordrecht, Heidelberg, 2010</a>, p. 158/9:</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>[citing: Dietary Prescription to Reduce the Risk of CHD from “ABC of Nutrition”, 3rd Edition (1999) [840] <em>slightly outdated now, cited here for illustration of how outdated some advice to reduce dietary cholesterol is:</em>]</p>\n<ul>\n<li><p>Total fat. Reduction is not essential for improving plasma lipids but should reduce coagulation factors and day-time plasma\ntriglycerides and contribute to weight reduction.</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>Saturated fatty acids. Principally 14:0, 16:0 and 12:0 should be substantially reduced from around 15% of dietary energy in many\nWestern diets to 8–10%.</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>Polyunsaturated fatty acids. Mainly linoleic acid (18:2 ω-6): they should be about 7% of dietary energy (present British level), up to\n10%. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids should be increased, both\n20:5 and 22:6 from seafoods and 18:3 from canola (rapeseed) oil, etc.\nMonounsaturated fatty acids. Ideal intake if total fat 30%, saturates\n10% and polyunsaturated 8% would be 12% of total dietary energy.</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>Trans fatty acids. With the help of margarine manufacturers these are being reduced. The UK Department of Health recommends no more than\n2% of dietary energy. Avoid older hard margarines.</p>\n</li>\n<li><p><strong>Dietary cholesterol. This boils down to the question of egg yolks. Eggs are a nutritious, inexpensive and convenient food. The UK\nDepartment of Health recommends for the general population no rise in\ncholesterol intake.</strong></p>\n</li>\n<li><p>Salt (NaCl). Restriction to under 6.0 g/day is advised for the general popula- tion (100 mmol Na). It is more important for coronary\npatients.</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>Fish. The UK Department of Health recommends at least twice a week, preferably fatty fish. It should not be fried in saturated fat.</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>Fibre. Oatmeal is recommended.</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>Vegetables and fruit. These are low in fat, and contain pectin and other fibres, flavonoids and other antioxidants, and they contain\nfolate. Expert Committees in Britain and the USA recommend five\nservings of different vegetables and fruit per day (400 g/day average\nweight).</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>Soy products (not salty soy sauce) recommended.</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>Alcohol in moderation, two to three drinks per day is beneficial for middle- aged people at risk of coronary heart disease but cannot be\nrecommended for the general population because of the greater danger\nof accidents in younger people and of all the complications of\nexcessive intake.</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>Coffee should be instant not filtered.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</blockquote>\n<p>Even the very controversial researcher Ancel Keys had to reach this conclusion:</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>So Keys reached the counter-intuitive conclusion “there can be little doubt that, other things being equal, the serum cholesterol level is markedly influenced by the proportion of calories supplied by fats in the diet, that vegetable as well as animal fats have this effect, <strong>and that the dietary cholesterol itself is unimportant at all levels of intake practicable with natural foods.</strong>” [p. 14; original at Keys A (1952): &quot;The cholesterol problem.&quot; Voeding, 13: 539–558.]\n_{(Notice the date of this statement and that these conclusions about fat he drew were not unbiased but <em>designed</em> to promote carbohydrates.)}</p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>Further references:</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/16187636-cholesterol-and-saturated-fat-prevent-heart-disease---evidence-from-101\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">David Evans: &quot;Cholesterol and Saturated Fat Prevent Heart Disease. Evidence from 101 Scientific Papers&quot;, Grosvenor House Publishing, Guildford, 2012</a>. (Popular translation of and comments on selected papers, obviously biased but entertaining and not entirely incorrect.)</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.bdi.de/fileadmin/PDF/bdi_aktuell/2002/11/Bdi02_11M.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Frank P. Meyer: &quot;Das Aus für die Cholesterol-Legende&quot;, BDI aktuell 11-2002, 14–19</a>.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.thincs.org/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">The International Network of Cholesterol Skeptics</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://link.springer.com/978-1-60327-571-2\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Fabien De Meester, Sherma Zibadi and Ronald Ross Watson: &quot;Modern Dietary Fat Intakes in Disease Promotion&quot;, Springer: New York, Dordrecht, 2010.</a></p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/12368", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/385/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 12435, "author": "Jason C", "author_id": 21, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/21", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>I highly recommend seeing a doctor, although to put your mind at ease, I can tell you both from research and heavy personal experience that <a href=\"http://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/guide/what-causes-heart-palpitations\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">palpitations</a> can also be caused by <em>many</em> things including stress, anxiety, depression, <em>sleep deprivation</em>, <em>dehydration</em> (possibly chronic), poor nutrition, caffeine, nicotine, <em>alcohol</em>, other drug side effects, etc. While scary, usually they aren't life threatening, but always best to see a doctor to be safe when it comes to your heart.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 12572, "author": "Jake", "author_id": 9476, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/9476", "pm_score": -1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>I am a bit older than you (22), and I have had the same problem. One night, during new years I was binge drinking with friends and the next morning I felt my heart pounding with some light chest pains. The pounding has continued up to this day, but it is a lot lighter and I don't really notice it until I focus on it or lay down to sleep. The best advice I can give you is:\n1) See your doctor to have your mind put at ease\n2) Drink lots of water \n3) Avoid alcohol, caffeine and drugs ( I still drink alcohol, it's hard not to when all our friends are but I limit and try not to go overboard or I end up feeling like shit)\n4) Remind yourself you're fine and try to exercise a bit. </p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/12427", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/9351/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 12487, "author": "jj78", "author_id": 9423, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/9423", "pm_score": 3, "selected": true, "text": "<p>Viagra <a href=\"https://www.bpas.org/more-services-information/erectile-dysfunction/viagra/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">does not cause a spontaneous erection</a>. You have to be sexually stimulated in order for it to take effect. This particular film scene would suggest that Franco was sexually aroused by the 'chase'. \nHope this helps clear things up for you. </p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 12739, "author": "Mark D Worthen PsyD", "author_id": 9632, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/9632", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>I generally agree with <em>jj78</em>, although I would add a couple of provisos.</p>\n\n<p>a) The answer partly depends on how one defines 'spontaneous', an adjective with more than one meaning:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p><strong>spontaneous</strong> <em>adj.</em> 1. occurring, produced, or performed through natural processes without external influence: <em>spontaneous movement</em>. 2. arising from an unforced personal impulse; voluntary; unpremeditated: a <em>spontaneous comment</em>. - From Late Latin <em>spontāneus</em>, from Latin <em>sponte</em> (voluntarily).<code>[i]</code></p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Along the lines of what <em>jj78</em> wrote, if the thrilling chase caused the character to become sexually aroused, then his erection would not meet the first definition of 'spontaneous' because there was an external influence.</p>\n\n<p>On the other hand, one might argue that since Franco took Viagra, he <em>wanted</em> to achieve an erection at some point in the near future, which would satisfy the second definition of 'spontaneous', i.e., it was a voluntary act. Sure, that argument is a bit of a stretch, so let's move on to a more important point.</p>\n\n<p>b) Perhaps <em>Dhanraj Kumar</em>, the OP <code>[ii]</code>, is asking if Viagra can cause an <em>unwanted</em> erection. If that is the case, then the answer is a qualified 'no'.</p>\n\n<p>I say 'qualified' because there are two uncommon exceptions:</p>\n\n<p>1) About 2.5% of men <code>[iii]</code> who take sildenafil (the generic name for Viagra) report experiencing priapism <code>[iv]</code>, a condition made famous by the commercials for Viagra and similar medications that warn of \"an erection that lasts for more than 4 hours.\" </p>\n\n<p>In the cited journal article (see footnote <em>iii</em>) the authors note, \"However, for most of the priapism cases, the reporter indicated that the case was not clinically severe. Also, for most of the priapism cases, the reporter indicated that the patient had recovered or was recovering without sequelae at the time of the report.\" <code>[v]</code></p>\n\n<p>2) In another sildenafil research study <code>[vi]</code> 15% of the men reported \"recovery of spontaneous erection\" after taking the medicine for a limited period of time. (They subsequently stopped taking sildenafil and continued to enjoy normal erectile function.) In this instance, the authors are using 'spontaneous' in the sense of a 'natural process', which I recognize is not exactly what we're talking about here, but I wanted to mention it for completeness. </p>\n\n<hr>\n\n<h3>Footnotes</h3>\n\n<p><em>i.</em> \"spontaneous.\" <em>Random House Kernerman Webster’s College Dictionary.</em> 2010. Copyright 2005, 1997, 1991 by Random House, Inc. Accessed 24 Jun 2017.</p>\n\n<p><em>ii.</em> OP = original poster, i.e., the person who asked the question.</p>\n\n<p><em>iii.</em> Giuliano F, Jackson G, Montorsi F, Martin-Morales A, Raillard P. Safety of sildenafil citrate: review of 67 double-blind placebo-controlled trials and the postmarketing safety database. <em>International Journal of Clinical Practice.</em> 2010;64(2):240-255. doi:10.1111/j.1742-1241.2009.02254.x <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2810448/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\" title=\"PMCID = PubMed Central Identification Number - PubMed Central (PMC) is the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) free digital archive of biomedical and life sciences journal literature.\">PMCID:PMC2810448</a></p>\n\n<p><em>iv.</em> <strong>priapism</strong> <em>n.</em> an abnormal condition of prolonged or constant penile erection, often painful and seldom associated with sexual arousal. It may result from localized infection, a lesion in the penis or the central nervous system, or the use of medications or recreational drugs such as cocaine. It sometimes occurs in men who have acute leukemia or sickle cell anemia. - <em>Mosby's Medical Dictionary,</em> 8th edition. 2009. Elsevier. Accessed 24 Jun 2017.</p>\n\n<p><em>v.</em> Giuliano, et al., p. 248.</p>\n\n<p><em>vi.</em> Son, H., Park, K., Kim, S.-W., &amp; Paick, J.-S. (2004). Reasons for discontinuation of sildenafil citrate after successful restoration of erectile function. <em>Asian Journal of Andrology,</em> 6(2), 117–120. <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15154085\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\" title=\"PMID = PubMed Identification Number - PubMed is the U.S. National Library of Medicine medical research literature database\">PMID:15154085</a>.</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"/questions/tagged/priapism\" class=\"post-tag\" title=\"show questions tagged &#39;priapism&#39;\" rel=\"tag\">priapism</a> <a href=\"/questions/tagged/sildenafil\" class=\"post-tag\" title=\"show questions tagged &#39;sildenafil&#39;\" rel=\"tag\">sildenafil</a> <a href=\"/questions/tagged/viagra\" class=\"post-tag\" title=\"show questions tagged &#39;viagra&#39;\" rel=\"tag\">viagra</a> <a href=\"/questions/tagged/erectile\" class=\"post-tag\" title=\"show questions tagged &#39;erectile&#39;\" rel=\"tag\">erectile</a></p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/12438", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/9371/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 12487, "author": "jj78", "author_id": 9423, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/9423", "pm_score": 3, "selected": true, "text": "<p>Viagra <a href=\"https://www.bpas.org/more-services-information/erectile-dysfunction/viagra/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">does not cause a spontaneous erection</a>. You have to be sexually stimulated in order for it to take effect. This particular film scene would suggest that Franco was sexually aroused by the 'chase'. \nHope this helps clear things up for you. </p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 12739, "author": "Mark D Worthen PsyD", "author_id": 9632, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/9632", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>I generally agree with <em>jj78</em>, although I would add a couple of provisos.</p>\n\n<p>a) The answer partly depends on how one defines 'spontaneous', an adjective with more than one meaning:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p><strong>spontaneous</strong> <em>adj.</em> 1. occurring, produced, or performed through natural processes without external influence: <em>spontaneous movement</em>. 2. arising from an unforced personal impulse; voluntary; unpremeditated: a <em>spontaneous comment</em>. - From Late Latin <em>spontāneus</em>, from Latin <em>sponte</em> (voluntarily).<code>[i]</code></p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Along the lines of what <em>jj78</em> wrote, if the thrilling chase caused the character to become sexually aroused, then his erection would not meet the first definition of 'spontaneous' because there was an external influence.</p>\n\n<p>On the other hand, one might argue that since Franco took Viagra, he <em>wanted</em> to achieve an erection at some point in the near future, which would satisfy the second definition of 'spontaneous', i.e., it was a voluntary act. Sure, that argument is a bit of a stretch, so let's move on to a more important point.</p>\n\n<p>b) Perhaps <em>Dhanraj Kumar</em>, the OP <code>[ii]</code>, is asking if Viagra can cause an <em>unwanted</em> erection. If that is the case, then the answer is a qualified 'no'.</p>\n\n<p>I say 'qualified' because there are two uncommon exceptions:</p>\n\n<p>1) About 2.5% of men <code>[iii]</code> who take sildenafil (the generic name for Viagra) report experiencing priapism <code>[iv]</code>, a condition made famous by the commercials for Viagra and similar medications that warn of \"an erection that lasts for more than 4 hours.\" </p>\n\n<p>In the cited journal article (see footnote <em>iii</em>) the authors note, \"However, for most of the priapism cases, the reporter indicated that the case was not clinically severe. Also, for most of the priapism cases, the reporter indicated that the patient had recovered or was recovering without sequelae at the time of the report.\" <code>[v]</code></p>\n\n<p>2) In another sildenafil research study <code>[vi]</code> 15% of the men reported \"recovery of spontaneous erection\" after taking the medicine for a limited period of time. (They subsequently stopped taking sildenafil and continued to enjoy normal erectile function.) In this instance, the authors are using 'spontaneous' in the sense of a 'natural process', which I recognize is not exactly what we're talking about here, but I wanted to mention it for completeness. </p>\n\n<hr>\n\n<h3>Footnotes</h3>\n\n<p><em>i.</em> \"spontaneous.\" <em>Random House Kernerman Webster’s College Dictionary.</em> 2010. Copyright 2005, 1997, 1991 by Random House, Inc. Accessed 24 Jun 2017.</p>\n\n<p><em>ii.</em> OP = original poster, i.e., the person who asked the question.</p>\n\n<p><em>iii.</em> Giuliano F, Jackson G, Montorsi F, Martin-Morales A, Raillard P. Safety of sildenafil citrate: review of 67 double-blind placebo-controlled trials and the postmarketing safety database. <em>International Journal of Clinical Practice.</em> 2010;64(2):240-255. doi:10.1111/j.1742-1241.2009.02254.x <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2810448/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\" title=\"PMCID = PubMed Central Identification Number - PubMed Central (PMC) is the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) free digital archive of biomedical and life sciences journal literature.\">PMCID:PMC2810448</a></p>\n\n<p><em>iv.</em> <strong>priapism</strong> <em>n.</em> an abnormal condition of prolonged or constant penile erection, often painful and seldom associated with sexual arousal. It may result from localized infection, a lesion in the penis or the central nervous system, or the use of medications or recreational drugs such as cocaine. It sometimes occurs in men who have acute leukemia or sickle cell anemia. - <em>Mosby's Medical Dictionary,</em> 8th edition. 2009. Elsevier. Accessed 24 Jun 2017.</p>\n\n<p><em>v.</em> Giuliano, et al., p. 248.</p>\n\n<p><em>vi.</em> Son, H., Park, K., Kim, S.-W., &amp; Paick, J.-S. (2004). Reasons for discontinuation of sildenafil citrate after successful restoration of erectile function. <em>Asian Journal of Andrology,</em> 6(2), 117–120. <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15154085\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\" title=\"PMID = PubMed Identification Number - PubMed is the U.S. National Library of Medicine medical research literature database\">PMID:15154085</a>.</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"/questions/tagged/priapism\" class=\"post-tag\" title=\"show questions tagged &#39;priapism&#39;\" rel=\"tag\">priapism</a> <a href=\"/questions/tagged/sildenafil\" class=\"post-tag\" title=\"show questions tagged &#39;sildenafil&#39;\" rel=\"tag\">sildenafil</a> <a href=\"/questions/tagged/viagra\" class=\"post-tag\" title=\"show questions tagged &#39;viagra&#39;\" rel=\"tag\">viagra</a> <a href=\"/questions/tagged/erectile\" class=\"post-tag\" title=\"show questions tagged &#39;erectile&#39;\" rel=\"tag\">erectile</a></p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/12453", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/9386/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 12695, "author": "Chris Rogers", "author_id": 7951, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7951", "pm_score": 4, "selected": true, "text": "<p>We have all heard the saying that \"Laughter is the best medicine\" and some people in the medical community have been sceptical of the healing power of laughter, but that's changing. In fact, doctors have begun to support laughter therapy to complement traditional treatments for injuries and diseases like cancer. From research, it does seem like laughter <strong>is</strong> the best medicine (in compliment to other traditional medicine).</p>\n\n<p>Psychologists studying the science of happiness believe that practising certain positive behaviours like laughter can bring the pleasure, engagement and meaning that comprise happiness (<a href=\"http://www.latimes.com/la-he-happy8-2008sep08-story.html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Jameson, 2008</a>)</p>\n\n<p>Some serving in the military are being trained to use genuine and forced laughter as stress relievers to help prevent and treat conditions like post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) that can result from harrowing experiences like combat duty (<a href=\"http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5165226\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Burbank, 2006</a>)</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.helpguide.org/articles/mental-health/laughter-is-the-best-medicine.htm\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">According to helpguide.org</a>,</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p><strong>Laughter relaxes the whole body</strong>. A good, hearty laugh relieves physical tension and stress, leaving your muscles relaxed for up to 45 minutes after.</p>\n \n <p><strong>Laughter boosts the immune system</strong>. Laughter decreases stress hormones and increases immune cells and infection-fighting antibodies, thus improving your resistance to disease. (<a href=\"https://health.stackexchange.com/a/4526\">See also @JohnP's answer</a> in the Health Stack Exchange question <a href=\"https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/4477\">Does laughing improve immune system?</a>)</p>\n \n <p><strong>Laughter triggers the release of endorphins, the body’s natural feel-good chemicals</strong>. Endorphins promote an overall sense of well-being and can even temporarily relieve pain.</p>\n \n <p><strong>Laughter protects the heart</strong>. Laughter improves the function of blood vessels and increases blood flow, which can help protect you against a heart attack and other cardiovascular problems.</p>\n \n <p><strong>Laughter burns calories</strong>. OK, so it’s no replacement for going to the gym, but one study found that laughing for 10 to 15 minutes a day can burn about 40 calories—which could be enough to lose three or four pounds over the course of a year.</p>\n \n <p><strong>Laughter lightens anger’s heavy load</strong>. Nothing diffuses anger and conflict faster than a shared laugh. Looking at the funny side can put problems into perspective and enable you to move on from confrontations without holding onto bitterness or resentment.</p>\n \n <p><strong>Laughter may even help you to live longer</strong>. A study in Norway found that people with a strong sense of humor outlived those who don't laugh as much. The difference was particularly notable for those battling cancer.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Paediatric hospitals also use therapeutic forms of entertainment like clown therapy to help children tolerate the pain, nausea and anxiety associated with chemotherapy and radiation treatment. The 1998 movie \"Patch Adams\" was based on the real-life story of a doctor who used humour to treat patients while he was still in medical school. Patch Adams and his colleagues at the Gesundheit Institute in Virginia use a combination of clowning, singing and dancing to treat patients through entertainment in conjunction with traditional medicine (<a href=\"http://www.patchadams.org/patch-adams/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Gesundheit Institute</a>).</p>\n\n<p>Other internet sites including <a href=\"http://science.howstuffworks.com/life/inside-the-mind/emotions/laughter-cure-illness.htm\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">How Stuff Works — Science</a> states</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Laughter sets off a chain reaction throughout the body that promotes physical and psychological health. Regular and frequent guffawing can both prevent illness and help you get well. Laughter lowers your body's hormone and cortisol levels. (Cortisol is a stress-induced chemical that can lead to heart disease, high blood pressure and excess belly fat.) Laughter also strengthens your immune system because it increases the production of antibodies in your saliva and in your bloodstream to stave off bacteria, viruses and parasites.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Laughter also helps with skin conditions. People suffering from eczema noted improvement in their complexions after consistently watching funny movies. When allergy patients laugh regularly, it reportedly shrinks their welts (<a href=\"http://www.jpsychores.com/article/S0022-3999(08)00290-0/fulltext\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Kimata, 2009</a>).</p>\n\n<p>Some cancer treatment centres incorporate laughter therapy sessions into a patient's treatment plan to increase the positive thinking and happy feelings that support the healing process (<a href=\"http://www.cancercenter.com/treatments/laughter-therapy/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">CTCA, n.d.</a>)</p>\n\n<p>As for laughter curing diabetes, I don't know about curing diabetes, but as How Stuff Works — Science states that laughter reduces cortisol levels which can lead to excess belly fat <a href=\"http://www.health.com/health/condition-article/0,,20188164,00.html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">getting rid of belly fat may lower Type 2 diabetes risk</a>. So diabetes might not be able to be cured by laughter, but laughter <strong>can prevent</strong> Type 2 Diabetes.</p>\n\n<h2>References</h2>\n\n<p>Burbank, L. 2006. <em>The Growing Popularity of Laughter Therapy</em> NPR [Online]<br>\n(Transcript) <a href=\"http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5165226\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5165226</a><br>\n(MP3 Audio) <a href=\"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/day/2006/01/20060120_day_11.mp3\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/day/2006/01/20060120_day_11.mp3</a></p>\n\n<p>CTCA, n.d. <em>Laughter therapy</em> Cancer Treatment Centers of America [Online]<br><a href=\"http://www.cancercenter.com/treatments/laughter-therapy\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">http://www.cancercenter.com/treatments/laughter-therapy</a></p>\n\n<p>Jameson, M. 2008. <em>C'mon, get happy</em> Los Angeles Times [Online]<br>\n<a href=\"http://www.latimes.com/la-he-happy8-2008sep08-story.html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">http://www.latimes.com/la-he-happy8-2008sep08-story.html</a></p>\n\n<p>Kimata, H. 2009. <em>Viewing a humorous film decreases IgE production by seminal B cells from patients with atopic eczema</em> Journal of Psychosomatic Research 26(2): pp 173–175<br>\nDOI: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2008.06.006\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">10.1016/j.jpsychores.2008.06.006</a> PMID: <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19154860\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">19154860</a></p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 12701, "author": "Antony", "author_id": 9548, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/9548", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<p>It's certainly beneficial and it has positive effects on our health. I see a lot of references on the answer above. But that's all to it. Otherwise we would be tickling patients day and night.</p>\n\n<p>There's absolutely no scientific evidence of laughter curing any diseases.</p>\n\n<p><strong>References:</strong></p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>Nothing came up on google, google scholar, pubmed, scopus, researchgate, mendeley. </li>\n<li><p>5 years of studying medicine so far and laughter cure hasn't come up </p></li>\n<li><p>I also asked other doctors for their opinions on the matter and they laughed at me. Oh the irony.</p></li>\n</ul>\n\n<p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> Laughter doesn't cure diseases.</p>\n\n<p>I propose a study to be done, where patients suffering from diabetes or other diseases get only to watch funny movies and take no medications. We'll get a definitive answer then.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/12471", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/9406/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 12570, "author": "Eric", "author_id": 44, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/44", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Simply put, it doesn't.</p>\n\n<p>Breaking the word <strong>prosopagnosia</strong> down you end up with:</p>\n\n<p><strong>Prosop</strong> is rooted in Greek for face, and gnosis is knowledge (<strong>agnosia</strong> is therefore lack of knowledge, or ignorance, but not in a pejorative sense).</p>\n\n<p>There are tons of <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnosia\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">agnosias</a>, which is defined as impairment of a single modality (like vision) from being able to process information correctly. As <a href=\"https://health.stackexchange.com/users/2833/bill-oertell\">Bill Oertell's answer</a> correctly points out, his pattern recognition skills are impaired visually and affects faces, birds, and I'm sure other similar objects. I'd imagine things with similar and subtle color changes (like hawks and human faces) cause issues.</p>\n\n<p>Further, something like dementia can impact facial recognition which is a subclass called developmental prosopagnosia, and that obviously carries a host of other impairments.</p>\n\n<p>Prosopagnosia is a disorder that can be caused by trauma, genetics from birth, and developmental conditions. It is a symptom, not a cause, and as such the cause will generally exhibit other symptoms as well.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 18986, "author": "Hot Licks", "author_id": 15982, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/15982", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Face blindness is typically associated with a loss of \"map memory\" as well, an inability to memorize the layout of some place and find your way around.</p>\n\n<p>Oliver Sacks describes this:</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2010/08/30/face-blind\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2010/08/30/face-blind</a></p>\n\n<p>I have both disabilities, apparently due to a case of polio at age 21 months.</p>\n\n<p>Oddly, the condition appears to affect \"formula memory\" in me, meaning I can't readily recall \"cookbook\" solutions to programming problems. Happily, this forces me to invent new solutions, and I've invented several in my career which were at least modestly notable.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/12479", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/2192/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 12497, "author": "CKM", "author_id": 2636, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/2636", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Correct me if I'm wrong but, the <em>sort</em> of sugar consumption that gets a bad rap is the consumption of simple sugars that result in <em>empty calories</em>. In other words, the consumption of sugar-laden, low-nutrient foods. </p>\n\n<p>Sugary drinks form a fine example, from pops to fruit juices: In an 8 fl. oz. serving of cranberry juice, I might consume 35g sugar. I don't get any protein, or fiber, but I get a fine dose of vitamin C; you get your 100% recommended daily value of vitamin C from a variety of sources.</p>\n\n<p>So I consumed 35g of sugar and I didn't consume anything else. If my lifestyle is sedentary, a lot of this sugar goes to the fat stores. <em>However</em>, 8 fl. oz. of cranberry juice never filled anyone up, either, and so it's quite easy to imagine that over time, as a percent of total nutrients for the day, multiple instances of \"<strong>35g aqueous sugar</strong>\" starts to become somewhat overwhelming.</p>\n\n<p>This is also why health organizations make the recommendation to switch from enriched, bleached flour products to whole grain products. The flour refinement process ends up stripping the natural nutrients, which they attempt to add back at the end of the process (<a href=\"https://wholegrainscouncil.org/sites/default/files/thumbnails/image/wg_vs_enriched_coloredHiRestext.jpg\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">just an example</a>). </p>\n\n<p>Nutrient density should be a key consideration in the <em>types</em> of sugary foods you consume. But, keep in mind this depends entirely on each individual's diet plan, and so here I've made broad statements.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 12498, "author": "Count Iblis", "author_id": 856, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/856", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<p>There are two problems with eating plain sugars. The first problem is that plain sugars are empty calories, causing you to miss out on essential nutrients as explained in detail in CMosychuk's answer. Another problem is that the insulin spike is different when eating plain sugar or the same amount of sugar found in fruits, <a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sHEJE6I-Yl4\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">see here</a> and <a href=\"https://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/07/31/making-the-case-for-eating-fruit/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">here</a>. The higher insulin spike after eating plain sugars causes glucose levels to drop below ideal levels, triggering a release of fatty acids. It is this response that causes damage to the body. The same mechanism plays a role in the progression of pre-diabetes to full blown diabetes. </p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 12693, "author": "Chris Rogers", "author_id": 7951, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7951", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<p>It is all down to the type of carbohydrates you consume. There are 2 main types of carbohydrate and they are <a href=\"http://www.diabetes.co.uk/nutrition/simple-carbs-vs-complex-carbs.html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">simple carbs (sugars) and complex carbs (polysaccharides)</a>.</p>\n\n<p>Because of their structures, sugars are metabolised more quickly in the body compared to complex carbohydrates. Therefore, sugars get turned into glucose more quickly for energy use, hence the term \"sugar rush\" from the build up of energy in the body. Any unused glucose will end up as fat and stored in the body's fat reserves.</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Sugars are found in a variety of natural food sources including fruit, vegetables and milk, and give food a sweet taste.</p>\n \n <p>Sugars can be categorised as single sugars (monosaccharides), which include glucose, fructose and galactose, or double sugars (disaccharides), which include sucrose (table sugar), lactose and maltose.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>What makes complex carbs different is that they are starches formed by longer saccharide chains, which means they take longer to break down.</p>\n\n<p>Chemically, they usually comprise of three or more linked sugars.</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>When dietitians and nutritionists advise having complex carbohydrates, however, they are usually referring to whole grain foods and starchy vegetables which are more slowly absorbed than refined carbohydrate.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Whole grain starches include the wheat grain and kernel which provide the majority of fibre and nutrients to be found in starchy foods.</p>\n\n<p>When it comes to picking starchy foods, such as rice, bread and any other products made from flour, it’s best to opt for whole grain versions of these products.</p>\n\n<p>We should not rely too much on carbohydrate though. Whilst whole grain foods impact upon blood glucose levels more slowly than other forms of carbohydrate, higher levels of carbohydrate can still raise blood sugar levels substantially. So whilst aiming for complex carbohydrates rather than simple carbs, you still need to keep within the recommended daily calorie intake and ratios of carbs to other nutrients such as vitamins and fibre.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/12496", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/3113/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 12497, "author": "CKM", "author_id": 2636, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/2636", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Correct me if I'm wrong but, the <em>sort</em> of sugar consumption that gets a bad rap is the consumption of simple sugars that result in <em>empty calories</em>. In other words, the consumption of sugar-laden, low-nutrient foods. </p>\n\n<p>Sugary drinks form a fine example, from pops to fruit juices: In an 8 fl. oz. serving of cranberry juice, I might consume 35g sugar. I don't get any protein, or fiber, but I get a fine dose of vitamin C; you get your 100% recommended daily value of vitamin C from a variety of sources.</p>\n\n<p>So I consumed 35g of sugar and I didn't consume anything else. If my lifestyle is sedentary, a lot of this sugar goes to the fat stores. <em>However</em>, 8 fl. oz. of cranberry juice never filled anyone up, either, and so it's quite easy to imagine that over time, as a percent of total nutrients for the day, multiple instances of \"<strong>35g aqueous sugar</strong>\" starts to become somewhat overwhelming.</p>\n\n<p>This is also why health organizations make the recommendation to switch from enriched, bleached flour products to whole grain products. The flour refinement process ends up stripping the natural nutrients, which they attempt to add back at the end of the process (<a href=\"https://wholegrainscouncil.org/sites/default/files/thumbnails/image/wg_vs_enriched_coloredHiRestext.jpg\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">just an example</a>). </p>\n\n<p>Nutrient density should be a key consideration in the <em>types</em> of sugary foods you consume. But, keep in mind this depends entirely on each individual's diet plan, and so here I've made broad statements.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 12498, "author": "Count Iblis", "author_id": 856, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/856", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<p>There are two problems with eating plain sugars. The first problem is that plain sugars are empty calories, causing you to miss out on essential nutrients as explained in detail in CMosychuk's answer. Another problem is that the insulin spike is different when eating plain sugar or the same amount of sugar found in fruits, <a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sHEJE6I-Yl4\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">see here</a> and <a href=\"https://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/07/31/making-the-case-for-eating-fruit/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">here</a>. The higher insulin spike after eating plain sugars causes glucose levels to drop below ideal levels, triggering a release of fatty acids. It is this response that causes damage to the body. The same mechanism plays a role in the progression of pre-diabetes to full blown diabetes. </p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 12693, "author": "Chris Rogers", "author_id": 7951, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7951", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<p>It is all down to the type of carbohydrates you consume. There are 2 main types of carbohydrate and they are <a href=\"http://www.diabetes.co.uk/nutrition/simple-carbs-vs-complex-carbs.html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">simple carbs (sugars) and complex carbs (polysaccharides)</a>.</p>\n\n<p>Because of their structures, sugars are metabolised more quickly in the body compared to complex carbohydrates. Therefore, sugars get turned into glucose more quickly for energy use, hence the term \"sugar rush\" from the build up of energy in the body. Any unused glucose will end up as fat and stored in the body's fat reserves.</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Sugars are found in a variety of natural food sources including fruit, vegetables and milk, and give food a sweet taste.</p>\n \n <p>Sugars can be categorised as single sugars (monosaccharides), which include glucose, fructose and galactose, or double sugars (disaccharides), which include sucrose (table sugar), lactose and maltose.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>What makes complex carbs different is that they are starches formed by longer saccharide chains, which means they take longer to break down.</p>\n\n<p>Chemically, they usually comprise of three or more linked sugars.</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>When dietitians and nutritionists advise having complex carbohydrates, however, they are usually referring to whole grain foods and starchy vegetables which are more slowly absorbed than refined carbohydrate.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Whole grain starches include the wheat grain and kernel which provide the majority of fibre and nutrients to be found in starchy foods.</p>\n\n<p>When it comes to picking starchy foods, such as rice, bread and any other products made from flour, it’s best to opt for whole grain versions of these products.</p>\n\n<p>We should not rely too much on carbohydrate though. Whilst whole grain foods impact upon blood glucose levels more slowly than other forms of carbohydrate, higher levels of carbohydrate can still raise blood sugar levels substantially. So whilst aiming for complex carbohydrates rather than simple carbs, you still need to keep within the recommended daily calorie intake and ratios of carbs to other nutrients such as vitamins and fibre.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/12500", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/9431/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 12552, "author": "Edd Davis", "author_id": 9480, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/9480", "pm_score": -1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>This is what we use in the ambulance service, they aren't cheap, but haven't had to lift a fallen person for many years because of this. I believe you can get some funding if you live in the U.K. But not sure about other counties. Great for people with spinal pains as you can start on it flat and slowly sit up as it raises. Your father can operate on his own but a lot easier with another person. If he struggles to \"shuffle\" onto the cushion then use of a \"slide sheet\" like EZ Slide (quite cheap) is great. We use these in conjunction every day. </p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://mangarhealth.com/uk/store/product/patient-lifting/elk-lifting-cushion/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://mangarhealth.com/uk/store/product/patient-lifting/elk-lifting-cushion/</a></p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 12566, "author": "Kate Gregory", "author_id": 400, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/400", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Any kind of mobility aid such as a walker or cane will reduce the incidence of falls, which is probably more important than helping to get up from them. The walker will also (if the brakes are on) serve as a device to help him get up. As well, any mobility aid tells onlookers \"this person has a medical condition.\" If he looks too young to fall down for medical reasons, people may assume he is drunk or high, and feel a reluctance to help him.</p>\n\n<p>You can overcome his walker resistance by telling him it's not for him to walk with, it's for him to get back up with. This <a href=\"https://www.saskatoonhealthregion.ca/locations_services/Services/Falls-Prevention/Pages/Tips/MobilityaidsImproveIndependence.aspx\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">page from the Saskatoon Health Region</a> has fall prevention tips and suggests a conversation with a doctor on what aid might be most useful. There is also <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_prevention\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">a Wikipedia page on fall prevention</a> that cites studies of strength and balance training and Tai Chi, along with changing medications and glasses, as ways to reduce falls. Certainly being stronger and having good balance would also help for getting up from a fall. A person who insists they are too young for a walker might be open to some training and therapy to improve strength and balance.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/12549", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/9475/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 12552, "author": "Edd Davis", "author_id": 9480, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/9480", "pm_score": -1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>This is what we use in the ambulance service, they aren't cheap, but haven't had to lift a fallen person for many years because of this. I believe you can get some funding if you live in the U.K. But not sure about other counties. Great for people with spinal pains as you can start on it flat and slowly sit up as it raises. Your father can operate on his own but a lot easier with another person. If he struggles to \"shuffle\" onto the cushion then use of a \"slide sheet\" like EZ Slide (quite cheap) is great. We use these in conjunction every day. </p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://mangarhealth.com/uk/store/product/patient-lifting/elk-lifting-cushion/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://mangarhealth.com/uk/store/product/patient-lifting/elk-lifting-cushion/</a></p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 12566, "author": "Kate Gregory", "author_id": 400, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/400", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Any kind of mobility aid such as a walker or cane will reduce the incidence of falls, which is probably more important than helping to get up from them. The walker will also (if the brakes are on) serve as a device to help him get up. As well, any mobility aid tells onlookers \"this person has a medical condition.\" If he looks too young to fall down for medical reasons, people may assume he is drunk or high, and feel a reluctance to help him.</p>\n\n<p>You can overcome his walker resistance by telling him it's not for him to walk with, it's for him to get back up with. This <a href=\"https://www.saskatoonhealthregion.ca/locations_services/Services/Falls-Prevention/Pages/Tips/MobilityaidsImproveIndependence.aspx\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">page from the Saskatoon Health Region</a> has fall prevention tips and suggests a conversation with a doctor on what aid might be most useful. There is also <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_prevention\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">a Wikipedia page on fall prevention</a> that cites studies of strength and balance training and Tai Chi, along with changing medications and glasses, as ways to reduce falls. Certainly being stronger and having good balance would also help for getting up from a fall. A person who insists they are too young for a walker might be open to some training and therapy to improve strength and balance.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/12565", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/9487/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 12648, "author": "Mark", "author_id": 333, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/333", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Calorie estimates from fitness trackers such as a FitBit are <em>extremely</em> unreliable, to the point where descriptions such as \"wild guess\" are reasonable. For example, a recent study found <a href=\"http://www.mdpi.com/2075-4426/7/2/3\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">errors of between 30% and 90%</a>, with walking being the form of exercise with the highest error rate.</p>\n\n<p>At a guess, I'd say the reason you're not losing weight is because the FitBit is overestimating your energy burn by about 2000 kcal a day. 5000 kcal a day is typical for someone engaged in heavy physical labor (eg. digging ditches).</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 12649, "author": "Junior Programmer", "author_id": 9536, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/9536", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>I can't post comment yet, so I will post it as answer.</p>\n\n<p><strong>Calories estimates are for reference only</strong> and that is <strong>nowhere accurate at all.</strong>\nYour body consumes calories even at rest, our body requires calories to operate at all time(heart-beat, respiration, etc.). I am going to say what all people say about weight losing strategy. Obviously the application you are using is misleading and the most effective strategy to pay attention to what you are going to eat.</p>\n\n<p>\"Do sports and do not eat more than you need\".</p>\n\n<p>As a postman, I can imagine you walk with a heavy bag every weekday, but the main factor in consuming your own calories is the intensity of your activity, you can walk slowly or in normal speed for 1 hour, the calories burnt/used are nowhere near race-walking for 30 minutes.</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>I mainly eat well with the occasional boost of the naughty stuff</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>This could be a problem, if you boost yourself with naughty stuff in short interval between diet and assuming that naughty stuff is a low quality calories food, you are not going to lose weight. Your body will store extra calories when you have more than you need, low quality calories provides high calories and does not fill your stomach well enough. If you are hungry, try something else.</p>\n\n<p>If you wish to lose weight, then pay attention to nutrition label, not only the calories, but the other nutrition like fat and sugar. Usually you won't find nutrition label in restaurant, but you should be able to determine what is good and bad for your nutrition goal. You will be more experienced as you try, I managed to go from 40\" belly to 34\" in a year by myself using the same strategies I typed. Resistance training can help too, but for this topic, you look for information in relationship between nutrition and resistance training.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/12589", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/9504/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 12651, "author": "threetimes", "author_id": 9533, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/9533", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<p>It's difficult to say, as the tan itself will reduce the level you are making. It acts as a barrier. You also have to account for showering. If you shower right after sun exposure, you will reduce some of your D3 because it is synthesized at skin level &amp; then absorbed. It is possible for a human to make 50,000iu in a day. There are always factors in play, such as complexion, tanning, and global location that will impact exactly how much a given person makes. There have been studies where this is attempted to be measured, but even in situations where they exposed 2 people to the same thing, they had one person with 20ng higher blood values than the other, and that is significantly higher. </p>\n\n<p>Personally I live in a Northern climate so I just supplement year round. If you take D3 (not D2) it is all coming from natural sources &amp; will operate within your body just as effectively as sunshine. I also supplement my children from birth. I can't swear it works, but I can say we have never needed a sick visit to a doctor other than one time for one child for excessive vomiting, which I have never thought D3 could prevent. We do not experience typical childhood illness at all &amp; we are not particularly careful other than to aim for a very high nG value on bloodwork because I happen to personally believe it matters for immune system functioning. So what we take is well in excess of what is generally recommended, but it's all completely approved through our Drs &amp; all have been extremely happy that we are taking the levels we are taking. I can also say I am the only parent I know of multiple children who completely skipped early infant illnesses. I worked too, so they weren't home all day with me, but none of my children ran so much as a fever or runny nose before age 2. They didn't inherit that. Their parents both were the typically sick children that you anticipate all kids will be, lots of coughs, colds, general stuff. </p>\n\n<p>Here is some info on the various nG levels that were found for various people under the same situations/exposures. <a href=\"https://www.vitamindcouncil.org/how-do-we-know-how-much-vitamin-d-you-make/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://www.vitamindcouncil.org/how-do-we-know-how-much-vitamin-d-you-make/</a></p>\n\n<p>Here is a lot of information on how D3 impacts immune functions. <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2678245/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2678245/</a></p>\n\n<p>Sorry I cannot be more accurate to determine precisely what a given person would make in a given situation. I do not think bodies work like that though. It seems on the studies I have come across, similarly sized people of the same complexion &amp; same exposure still manage to synthesize it differently enough to be notable. It's relatively easy &amp; inexpensive to get your blood tested for D3, at least where I live, so if you are truly curious about your own production, you can certain request testing. I think all people should be checked at least yearly. It's such an important nutrient. It behaves much more like a hormone than a vitamin &amp; there is a receptor for D3 on nearly every tissue &amp; cell type in your body. It impacts all things, from immune health to brain development &amp; function, to heart health. So I think on the whole, we are missing the mark medically when we so rarely test it &amp; recommend such low supplementation while living in an era where people see less sunshine that likely ever before. </p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 12656, "author": "Count Iblis", "author_id": 856, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/856", "pm_score": 3, "selected": true, "text": "<p>Vitamin D is produced in the skin by UV irradiation of 7-dehydrocholesterol. But vitamin D in the skin is also broken down by UV irradiation and this leads to a maximum equilibrium level of vitamin D in the skin of the order of 25,000 IU (different sources will give different figures of this maximum value, <a href=\"https://www.vitamindcouncil.org/about-vitamin-d/how-do-i-get-the-vitamin-d-my-body-needs/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">The vitamin D council says it's between 10,000 and 25,000 IU</a>).</p>\n\n<p>But this does not mean that you can get 25,000 IU per day from the Sun, because it takes a few days for the vitamin D in your skin to be transported to the liver where it gets converted to calcidiol. The maximum daily dose of vitamin D you can get from the Sun is estimated to be about 10,000 IU/day, <a href=\"http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/69/5/842.full\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">see e.g. here</a>. So, if you expose your body to UV radiation from the Sun for the first time since last summer, then you can produce 25,000 IU in your skin, but by the next day only 10,000 IU will has been taken away from there, this means that with 15,000 IU still left in the skin you can only add 10,000 IU until you're back at the maximum of 25,000 IU.</p>\n\n<p>This also means that to get a high dose of vitamin D, you don't need to expose your skin to the Sun every day. If we pretend that lower amounts of vitamin D in the skin don't affect the speed at which it is removed, then the body would be able to extract 20,000 IU in two days from the 25,000 IU, the amount of vitamin D left under your skin is then 5000 IU, exposing your skin to the Sun will add back that 20,000 IU. In reality, with lower amounts of vitamin D in the skin you'll extract less from it per unit time, so you won't get 10,000 IU/day if you go into the Sun every other day, but it's not going to be a factor of two lower as one could naively expect. </p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/12613", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/588/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 12678, "author": "Carey Gregory", "author_id": 805, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/805", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>This is basically a physics question, actually. </p>\n\n<p>Let's assume father and infant both start out at 37C core temperatures. </p>\n\n<p>The baby is placed against father's chest. Due to their size differences, about 40% of the baby's skin surface is in contact with the father while only about 10% of the father's body is in contact with the baby (estimated using <a href=\"http://www.uwmedicine.org/airlift-nw/Documents/burn-pocket-card-final.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Rule of Nines</a>). </p>\n\n<p>When they're both the same temperature nothing happens. But let's suppose one of them starts getting hotter than the other. What happens then?</p>\n\n<p>If it's dad, he becomes a big heat source for baby since he's in contact with 40% of baby's skin surface and a much larger body. He can only make it harder for baby to stay cool.</p>\n\n<p>If it's baby, baby can't radiate heat from 40% of his body surface, making cooling much harder.</p>\n\n<p>So I think the answer is your GP was right.</p>\n\n<p>(Meanwhile, millions of people around the world in tropical climates strap their infants to their body and go work in the fields all day long with no apparent harmful effects.)</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 12679, "author": "Isaacson", "author_id": 9145, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/9145", "pm_score": 3, "selected": true, "text": "<p>Your GP clearly has no understanding of Physics, nor of Anthropology. Firstly as the other answer points out, millions of people carry their babies like this in tropical climates and have done for hundreds of thousands of years. It's fairly insulting to presume that they must have been so stupid as to suffer great harm coming to their babies without doing anything to alter their habits.</p>\n\n<p>As to the physics, according to the second law of thermodynamics (Clausius's statement), heat will always pass from an area of higher temperature to an area of lower temperature. Consider that the only way in which baby might be in danger of getting too hot in either case, is if the outside temperature were high enough that it's ability to lose heat to the outside was compromised. That means that it's degree of contact with the outside air is irrelevant as that is causing the problem in the first place. Because of the second law of thermodynamics, when you put two bodies of different temperature together, they will homogenise to the same temperature, essentially becoming one unit. We have biological mechanisms to maintain homoeostasis. Presuming a healthy father, the adult's mechanisms will be more efficient than the baby's (they have a larger surface area to loose heat over and their heat loss system will be fully developed). By putting the two bodies together, therefore, the baby is becoming part of a system which is overall more efficient at losing temperature than it was on it's own.</p>\n\n<p>Another way of looking at the second law is that the baby can only pick up heat from the adult if it started off cooler than the adult, why would it have done that if both are in the same environment?</p>\n\n<p>Of course if the sling were made out of an insulating material, then heat could get trapped in that part of the adult's body which would comprise the entirety of the baby's body and so could cause some harm. Charitably, I suppose that's what the GP might have been thinking about, but you just need a less insulating sling material.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/12672", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/9564/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 12710, "author": "Antony", "author_id": 9548, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/9548", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>The list of tests in the link you posted is pretty complete. It is indeed a complete set of tests for that occasion.</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.webmd.com/diet/obesity/features/why-arent-you-losing-weight#1\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Here</a> is a bit more credible source though.</p>\n\n<p>Keep in mind though, only a doctor can always recommend the appropriate tests if needed, not the internet.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 15659, "author": "Graham Chiu", "author_id": 3414, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/3414", "pm_score": 3, "selected": true, "text": "<p>The majority of people who are overweight have difficulty losing weight. If they didn't there wouldn't be an obesity crisis in the western world.</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>OBESITY CRISIS: TWO BILLION PEOPLE NOW OVERWEIGHT AND U.S. IS ONE OF THE FATTEST NATIONS ON EARTH <a href=\"http://www.newsweek.com/obesity-crisis-us-childhood-overweight-two-billion-people-fattest-nations-624323\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">source</a></p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Doing blood tests on 2 billion people who can't lose weight is almost a complete waste of money and resources.</p>\n\n<p>As regards to a claim of a <em>proper diet</em> most people will tell you that they're on a good diet. And almost always that is incorrect because their knowledge of nutrition is misinformed. Again, if their knowledge were correct they would be less likely to be in this position. To support this at least one study has shown that nutritional knowledge is inversely correlated with healthy eating.</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Students with greater nutritional knowledge consumed less unhealthy fats and cholesterol. This finding magnifies the role of nutrition education as a potential tool in health campaigns to promote healthy eating patterns among college students. Results of this pilot study can inform the design of future nutrition education intervention studies to assess the efficacy of nutrition knowledge on pattern of fat consumption among college students. [1]</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>and</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Our results also demonstrate that black race and lower education within a low-income sample were independently related to misidentification of low nutrition and high caloric content foods. Misidentification was generally in the direction of believing that food items were healthier than they actually are. These findings are consistent with USDA survey results that found that black participants were less able than white participants to correctly identify foods with higher fat content [40]. [2]</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>If the physician considers that there might be an underlying issue, then <a href=\"http://www.health.com/health/article/0,,20429749,00.html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">thyroid function</a> might be the only reasonable test to perform if there are sufficient grounds on clinical suspicion. Otherwise, consider the drugs and mental status of the person as eating is a common go-to activity for the depressed.</p>\n\n<ol>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5050673/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5050673/</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3717981/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3717981/</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.uptodate.com/contents/obesity-in-adults-behavioral-therapy\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://www.uptodate.com/contents/obesity-in-adults-behavioral-therapy</a></li>\n</ol>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/12709", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/9600/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 12710, "author": "Antony", "author_id": 9548, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/9548", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>The list of tests in the link you posted is pretty complete. It is indeed a complete set of tests for that occasion.</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.webmd.com/diet/obesity/features/why-arent-you-losing-weight#1\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Here</a> is a bit more credible source though.</p>\n\n<p>Keep in mind though, only a doctor can always recommend the appropriate tests if needed, not the internet.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 15659, "author": "Graham Chiu", "author_id": 3414, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/3414", "pm_score": 3, "selected": true, "text": "<p>The majority of people who are overweight have difficulty losing weight. If they didn't there wouldn't be an obesity crisis in the western world.</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>OBESITY CRISIS: TWO BILLION PEOPLE NOW OVERWEIGHT AND U.S. IS ONE OF THE FATTEST NATIONS ON EARTH <a href=\"http://www.newsweek.com/obesity-crisis-us-childhood-overweight-two-billion-people-fattest-nations-624323\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">source</a></p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Doing blood tests on 2 billion people who can't lose weight is almost a complete waste of money and resources.</p>\n\n<p>As regards to a claim of a <em>proper diet</em> most people will tell you that they're on a good diet. And almost always that is incorrect because their knowledge of nutrition is misinformed. Again, if their knowledge were correct they would be less likely to be in this position. To support this at least one study has shown that nutritional knowledge is inversely correlated with healthy eating.</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Students with greater nutritional knowledge consumed less unhealthy fats and cholesterol. This finding magnifies the role of nutrition education as a potential tool in health campaigns to promote healthy eating patterns among college students. Results of this pilot study can inform the design of future nutrition education intervention studies to assess the efficacy of nutrition knowledge on pattern of fat consumption among college students. [1]</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>and</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Our results also demonstrate that black race and lower education within a low-income sample were independently related to misidentification of low nutrition and high caloric content foods. Misidentification was generally in the direction of believing that food items were healthier than they actually are. These findings are consistent with USDA survey results that found that black participants were less able than white participants to correctly identify foods with higher fat content [40]. [2]</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>If the physician considers that there might be an underlying issue, then <a href=\"http://www.health.com/health/article/0,,20429749,00.html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">thyroid function</a> might be the only reasonable test to perform if there are sufficient grounds on clinical suspicion. Otherwise, consider the drugs and mental status of the person as eating is a common go-to activity for the depressed.</p>\n\n<ol>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5050673/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5050673/</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3717981/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3717981/</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.uptodate.com/contents/obesity-in-adults-behavioral-therapy\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://www.uptodate.com/contents/obesity-in-adults-behavioral-therapy</a></li>\n</ol>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/12721", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/9612/" ]