bibtext: @inproceedings{
  hu2024minicpm,
  title={Mini{CPM}: Unveiling the Potential of Small Language Models with Scalable Training Strategies},
  author={Shengding Hu and Yuge Tu and Xu Han and Ganqu Cui and Chaoqun He and Weilin Zhao and Xiang Long and Zhi Zheng and Yewei Fang and Yuxiang Huang and Xinrong Zhang and Zhen Leng Thai and Chongyi Wang and Yuan Yao and Chenyang Zhao and Jie Zhou and Jie Cai and Zhongwu Zhai and Ning Ding and Chao Jia and Guoyang Zeng and dahai li and Zhiyuan Liu and Maosong Sun},
  booktitle={First Conference on Language Modeling},
  year={2024},
  url={https://openreview.net/forum?id=3X2L2TFr0f}
  }
abstract: The burgeoning interest in developing Large Language Models (LLMs) with up to trillion parameters has been met with concerns regarding resource efficiency and practical expense, particularly given the immense cost of experimentation. This scenario underscores the importance of exploring the potential of Small Language Models (SLMs) as a resource-efficient alternative. In this context, we introduce MiniCPM, specifically the 1.2B and 2.4B non-embedding parameter variants, not only excel in their respective categories but also demonstrate capabilities on par with 7B-13B LLMs. While focusing on SLMs, our approach exhibits scalability in both model and data dimensions for future LLM research. Regarding model scaling, we employ extensive model wind tunnel experiments for stable and optimal scaling. For data scaling, we introduce a Warmup-Stable-Decay (WSD) learning rate scheduler (LRS), conducive to continuous training and domain adaptation. We present an in-depth analysis of the intriguing training dynamics that occurred in the WSD LRS. With WSD LRS, we are now able to efficiently study data-model scaling law without extensive retraining experiments on both axes of model and data, from which we derive the much higher compute optimal data-model ratio than Chinchilla Optimal. Additionally, we introduce MiniCPM family, including MiniCPM-DPO, MiniCPM-MoE and MiniCPM-128K, whose excellent performance further cementing MiniCPM's foundation in diverse SLM applications. MiniCPM models are available publicly~\footnote{\url{https://github.com/OpenBMB/MiniCPM}}.
title: MiniCPM: Unveiling the Potential of Small Language Models with Scalable Training Strategies
authors: Shengding Hu Yuge Tu Xu Han Ganqu Cui Chaoqun He Weilin Zhao Xiang Long Zhi Zheng Yewei Fang Yuxiang Huang Xinrong Zhang Zhen Leng Thai Chongyi Wang Yuan Yao Chenyang Zhao Jie Zhou Jie Cai Zhongwu Zhai Ning Ding Chao Jia Guoyang Zeng dahai li Zhiyuan Liu Maosong Sun